THE PHYSiCAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LASANEN SlTEr-AN EARLY HISTORIC INDIAN POPULATION “Thesis fer the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNEVERSITY .RECHARD D. CLUTE 1969 muumnumflnmnnmummmunmmmiuul ' g 12;; j; 3 1293 106688 i’LZLLY g L ' BINDING IY ‘ 800K BINDERY M!" 1 “ME 8: SUNS LIBRARY 'ampms Hm. nIA=.. a .I.=l:I II’UII.'_E"': .. ABSTRACT THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LASANEN SITE--AN EARLY HISTORIC INDIAN POPULATION BY Richard D. Clute The Lasanen Site is located on the north side of the Straits of Mackinac within the city limits of St. Ignace, Michigan. The site can be dated between 1670 and 1700, probably nearer the end of that period. Jesuit missionary activity had been in the area for between one and two generations but the burial method was not Chris- tian as the pits were generally small, mass, secondary interments, with between one and thirteen individuals in each pit. The burial practice has similarities with the well-known Iroquois feast of the dead in Ontario. In addition to the presentation of the physical anthrOpology of the Lasanen burials, other Great Lakes area burial pOpulations were reviewed with the hOpe that relationships ‘both physical and cultural could be established. It was concluded that the burial practice found at the Lasanen 1 Richard D. Clute site is not an adaptation after the Iroguois method, rather, the Lasanen pattern was long established in the Straits of Mackinac area. THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LASANEN SITE--AN EARLY HISTORIC INDIAN POPULATION BY w:- o {4' Richard Di Clute A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of AnthrOpology 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Terrell W. Phenice for his assistance in the col- lection of the physical anthrOpology data and the presentation of that data and to Dr. Charles E. Cleland for his continual support and advice and for his ideas in the drawing of some of the conclusions of this thesis. I also wish to thank Dr. Moreau S. Maxwell and the De- partment of Anthropology and Dr. Rollin Baker and The Museum, Michigan State University, for the use of in- struments and facilities. ii TABLE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . LIST OF PLATES. . . . . . . . Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . CONTENTS II. DESCRIPTION OF THE LASANEN BURIAL III. METHODOLOGY . . . . A. Age and Sex . B. Age at Death. . C. Cranial Metric Data . . D. Postcranial Metric Data . E. Stature . . . . IV. CONGENITAL ANOMOLIES. A. Septal Apeture. B. Cranial Observations. . . l. Supra—Orbital Foramina. . . 2. Sutures into InfraQOrbital Foramina. . . . . iii Page ii vi viii 24 24 27 28 39 '39 46 46 48 48 53 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Chapter V. VI. C. Sutural Bones . Ear Exostoses . Howmqmmbw Hid Metopic Suture. Parietal Foramen. Pharangeal Fossa. Postcranial Observations. PATHOLOGIES . . . . . . . . A. Rhumatoid Arthritis B. Osteoarthritis. . . . C. Syphilis. . . . . . . D. Periostitis . . . .-. E. Apparent Fracture F. Benign Tumor. . . . . G. Orbit Trauma. . . . . H. Mastoiditis . . . . . I. Compression Fracture. J. Skull Trauma. . . . . DENTITION A. Dental-~Metrics . . . B. Dental--Pathologies iv Tympanic Dehiscences. Mylo-Hyoid Bridge . Parietal Notch Bone Sutures in Pterion Region Page 54 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 59 59 66 66 66 67 68 69 69 69 7O 7O 7O 74 78 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Chapter Page VII. ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . 84 VI I I . INTERPRETAT ION AND CONCLUS IONS . . . . . . . 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Age distribution of burials from the Lasanen site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2. Age at death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3. Male cranial measurements . . . . . . . . . . 30 4. Female cranial measurements . . . . . . . . . 31 5. Male mean cranial indices . . . . . . . . . . 32 6. Female mean cranial indices . . . . . . . . . 33 7. Classifications of cranial indices. . . . . . 35 8. Lasanen male postcranial measurements . . . . 4O 9. Lasanen female postcranial measurements . . . 41 10. Lasanen unknown sex postcranial measurements. 42 11. Mean postcranial calculations . . . . . . . . 43 12. Stature estimations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 13. Septal apeture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 14. Lasanen male cranial observations . . . . . . 49 15. Lasanen female cranial observations . . . . . 50 16. Lasanen unknown sex cranial observations. . . 51 vi ~I fr» «In LIST OF TABLES (Cont.) Table 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Sex comparison of cranial observations. . . Lasanen postcranial observations. . . . . Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental measurements--male . . . . . . . . Dental measurements-~fema1e . . . . . . . . Dental measurements-~unknown sex. . . . . Dental pathologies--maxi11a . . . . Dental pathologies--mandib1e. . . . . . . . . Percentage of frequencies of dental pathologies——maxilla. . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of frequencies of dental pathologies--mandible . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of male craniometry from other pOpulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital anomolies from other populations Postcranial morphology from other pOpulations vii Page 52 6O 72 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 99 101 102 Plate II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. LIST OF PLATES LOCATION OF BURIALS AT THE LASANEN SITE. DIAGRAMS OF LASANEN BURIAL PITS. . . . Figure l. Pit A Figure 2. Pit E Figure 3. Pit K DIAGRAMS OF LASANEN BURIAL PITS. . . . Figure 4. Pit R Figure 5. Pit P Figure 6. Pit M DIAGRAMS OF LASANEN BURIAL PITS. . . . Figure 7. Pit S Figure 8. Pit T Figure 9. Pit T' DIAGRAMS OF LASANEN BURIAL PITS. . . . . . Figure 10. Pit 1 Figure 11. Pit 2 LASANEN MALE SKULLS. . . . . . . . . . . . LASANEN FEMALE SKULLS. . . . . . . . . . . LASANEN FEMALE SKULLS. . . . . . . . . . CONGENITAL ANOMOLIES . . . . . . . . . . Figure 12. Anomolus Condyles S, D-l Figure 13. Craniosynostosis A-2, 6-1 CONGENITAL ANOMOLIES . . . . . . . . . Figure 14. Sacral Hiatus A-5 Figure 15. Cervicle Rib R-l viii Page 16 17 18 19 36 37 38 64 65 LIST OF PLATES (Cont.) Plate Figure Figure Figure Figure Page 16. Rotated Molars 2-3 17. Septal Apeture 18. Wormian Bones 2-1 19. Inca Bones 2-2 XI. PATHOLOGIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 20. Exosis Bridge and Pseudoarthrosis A-l 21. The A-l Sternum A-l 22. Poker-Spine A-l‘ 23. Ostietis FF-2 24. Clavicle Fracture S 25. Orbit Trauma O XII. SOME OF THE LOCATIONS OF MAJOR OSSUARY BURIAL SITES IN THE GREAT LAKES AREA . . . 95 ix I. INTRODUCTION The Lasanen site (20 MA 21) is located on the property of the late W. C. Lasanen, M.D., who died as the result of an unfortunate automobile accident in July of 1968. The Lasanen prOperty is within the city limits of St. Ignace, Mackinac County, Michigan, in the northeast quarter of section 18, T 40 N, R. 3 W. St. Ignace is located at the southern tip of the southernmost extension of land on the eastern portion of Michigan's upper penin- sula, just east of the exit from the Mackinac Bridge. The Mackinac Bridge connects Michigan's upper peninsula to the lower peninsula and divides Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Fort Michilimackinac and Mackinac City are at the south end of the bridge. The site lies on a 620-foot Nippiss- ing beach terrace and overlooks Moran Bay and Mackinac Island in Lake Huron to the east. The Lasanen site was first recognized by Dr. Lasanen as a result of a foundation excavation for a new house that now has been built on the property. Burial Pits had been disturbed exposing long bones and artifacts. 1 Lyle M. Stone, who was supervising archaeological excava— tion during the summer at nearby Fort Michilimackinac, went to the site and immediately undertook salvage exca- vations for burial pits lying within the foundation boundary. Four pits were defined and completely excavated at this time, Pits A, B, D, and E. Several weeks later, during the week of Septem- ber 18-24, 1966, Dr. Charles E. Cleland of the Michigan State University Museum and a crew of nine anthropology students returned to the site to locate and excavate thirteen more burial pits. Artifacts excavated at this time were studied and returned to Dr. Lasanen but the skeletal remains described here were kept at the MSU Museum. A site report on the 1966 excavations will soon be available as a publication of the Michigan State Uni- versity Museum Cultural Series. In August of 1967, Dr. Cleland returned to the Lasanen site with a crew of eleven students for two full weeks of work. The adjacent undeveloped field to the northeast of the Lasanen house is owned by Mr. Prentice Brown, a former United States senator who resides in St. Ignace. Permission was obtained from Mr. Brown to excavate on this ‘R‘JL -rj‘h 1“ .. -. It“ ‘ m E. .. .91.? “Ill w; -G c. prOperty and the second stage of excavation at the Lasanen site was undertaken entirely on the Brown property. In the two weeks spent working on the Brown property, eight burial pits were excavated. These were numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9. The excavation of Burial Pit 5 was not completed and will not be discussed in this study. When work was stOpped on Burial Pit 5, the unexcavated materials were covered with black vis-queen plastic for possible future excavation. The exposed materials sug- gest that this burial is very large and may represent more than one pit. Portions of the overburden over the site had been disturbed by railroad activities early in the century. Few, if any, of the deep burial pits were disturbed by these activities but occasionally isolated human skeletal elements were found close to the surface of the ground. Perhaps these remains represent a burial pit or pits that were disturbed and the bones were scattered near the sur— face of the ground. The beach terrance in which the burial pits were placed is very wide and flat, sloping gently upward from the steep ridge at the edge of the terrace. The ridge drops abruptly almost thirty feet to a low terrace above the modern lake shore. The burial pits.lie very close to the edge of the upper terrace and seem to be randomly distributed. The large vacant field had small patches of very green grass scattered all along the terrace run- ning northwest from the Lasanen house and up to about fifty yards from the ridge. The hypothesis that the ; burial pits could be identified from these differences in flora was tested and proved to be accurate. The grasses were always more green and dense over the burial pits than surrounding grasses and more varieties of grasses as well as sweet clover were found in these small areas. All burial pits were excavated into undisturbed beach sand and gravels of the Nippissing beach terrace. Pit size and shape varied but they were usually rectan- gular and measured about three to five feet on a side. Burial pits were most frequently dug three to four feet below the present terrace surface. The sand-gravel soil of the site was very hard packed and very difficult to dig with hand tools. The 1967 digging was aided by the use of a back-hoe which scrapped off the t0p one to two feet of overburden exposing the dark organic soil of the burial pits. Artifacts and bones were usually concen- trated eight to ten inches thick. Burial Pit 3 was con- structed with wood planks along its sides, but most of the remaining pits had rock liners or none at all. A brief description of each burial pit is included to acquaint the reader with the variety of burial methods and problems encountered in the excavation. The dis- tribution of the burial pits is shown in Plate 1. An examination of the artifacts found associated with the Lasanen burials leads Cleland (n.d.) to conclude that the burial pits excavated by the Museum date from 1670 A.D. to 1715 A.D. The reasoning is that the Lasanen artifacts are unlike the artifacts from Saint Marie which dates prior to 1670 and unlike Fort Michilimackinac which was built in 1715. The artifact assemblage is like those at the Bell Site, Fort Albany, and the Shiperdo, Whineym and Lamery sites which date between 1670 and 1700. It is unfortunate that the artifacts do not furnish evidence as to the ethnic identity of the Lasanen peOple. Also, the Jesuit mission at St. Ignace was built in 1670 and although there was occupation in the Straits of Mackinac area before the mission was built there was a large popu- lation after it was established. :"'_'l '0_""_.::: ‘ ’30,. lOCAI’ ION OF IUIIMS AT fl" lASANIN SITE \...... ............. \ \ \ I Ii ’ \ 1 F PLAII I ‘ L'I’O O"'_'ltl_ll"—I':: II 'I The aim of this study is to present the physical anthrOpology of the Lasanen site. It is organized as a tool for comparative work. The anthrOpometry methods are from Hrdlicka (1952) except the section on dental measure- ments. Identification of paleopathologies, congenital anomalies, and the methods of calculating indicies are from various sources. The Lasanen cemetery is important because it is a rather large population sample and a great deal of data is presented. It is also important because the site is so accurately dated in the later part of the seventeenth century in the Straits of Mackinac area which is an area of intensive occupation at that time. The area is also well documented historically in the seventeenth century. One of the major goals of this study is to establish the ethnic group identity of the Lasanen peOple from the evi- dence supplied by the physical anthropology. In this paper, the terms 'burial pit' and 'pit' are used to indi- cate the grave pits which contained the burials, the terms 'burial' and 'individuals' indicate the single human int erments . II. Burial Pit A: Burial Pit B: Burial Pit D: DESCRIPTION OF THE LASANEN BURIAL PITS Number of Individuals-—13 Size--60 x 60 inches Lining--None Condition-—Disturbed by construction. The pit was difficult to interpret because of the number of individuals buried in the pit. Preliminary examinations pro- duced estimates ranging from eight to nineteen individuals but a minimum of thirteen burials seems to be the most accurate estimate. (See Plate II) Number of Individuals--4 Shape—-Rectangular Lining--Ceder bark (?) Condition--Partially disturbed by construc- tion though apparently not opened. Ceder bark could have lined the pit or have been used to wrap the burials. Number of Individuals--6 Shape--Unknown Lining--None Burial Pit E: Burial Pit F: Burial Pit FF: Burial Pit H: Condition--The pit was in direct line with the house foundation and was completely removed before it could be examined. Number of individuals-—2 Shape——Rectangular Size--54 x 36 inches Lining--Rock slab-partial Condition-—(See Plate II) Number of individuals-—1 Shape--Unknown Size--Unknown Lining—~Unknown Condition—-Comp1etely destryed by a bull- dozer. Number of individuals--4 Shape-—Rectangu1ar Size--36 x 30 inches Lining--Unknown Condition--Partially destroyed by con- struction. Number of individuals——2 Shape--Rectangu1ar Size--60 x 36 inches Lining--Unknown Condition--Large1y destroyed by construc- tion, very few bones were recovered. Burial Pit I: Burial Pit K: Burial Pit M: 10 Number of individuals--3 Shape--Rectangu1ar Size--54 x 36 inches Lining-—None Condition--All of the bones were concen- trated in the south end of the pit. Number of individuals--3 Shape--Rectangu1ar Size--50 x 38 inches Lining--Rock lined Condition-—Some of the bones were articu— lated but no skulls were present. (See Plate II) Number of individuals-—3 Shape--Rectangu1ar Size-—6O x 40 inches Lining--Rock lined Condition--Severa1 long bones from the individual that was represented by the most bones in the pit were distributed as though they were bundled and placed in the north end of the pit but the other bones were scattered throughout the burial pit. No skulls were re- covered from this pit. (See Plate III) Burial Pit 0: Burial Pit P: Burial Pit R: 11 Number of individuals--l Shape--Unknown Size--Unknown Lining--None Condition--The pit was shallow and ill- defined. Number of individuals--l Shape--Irregu1ar Size-~Irregu1ar Lining--None Condition--The cranium was lying on a piece of modern iron. The evidence suggests that the burial was discovered probably within the last fifty years and was reinterred a few feet west of the original grave fossa which was still definable at the time of excavation but contained very few bones. (See Plate III) Number of individuals--2 Shape--Rectangu1ar Size--48 x 36 inches Lining--Rock lined-partial Condition-~The long bones in this pit were alined with the long axis of the pit, which seems to be intentional. (See Plate III) 12 Burial Pit S: Number of individuals--l Shape: Rectangular Size--72 x 42 inches Lining--None Condition--The single individual reprep sented seems to have been rearticulated as it was placed in the grave. The scapulae, clavicles, radii, and ulnae were nearly in correct anatomical arrangement but the sacrum was placed up—side-down between the hip bones. The long bones appear to have been bundled. (See Plate IV) Burial Pit T and T': Number of individuals--4 and 2 Size—-Both about 65 x 48 inches Lining--Rock lined-partial Condition--The twin pits were dug side-bye side probably at the same time. An infant and a young child were interred in the fill above the two pits but were listed as individuals from Pit T. In Pit T' the skull was placed on the condyles of the mandible and a femur was prOpped up against the northwest wall of the pit. Some of the elements Burial Pit U: 13 in Burial Pit T' were in good articu- lation suggesting that flesh was still on some of the bones at the time the burial was covered. (See Plate IV) Number of individuals--2 Shape-~Obscured by bulldozing. The above burial pits were excavated in 1966 and were in- dicated by letters while those excavated in 1967 were indicated by numbers. The 1967 burial pits are: Burial Pit 1: Burial Pit 2: Number of individuals--4 Shape——Trapezoid Size-~45 x 28 inches at the approx. center Lining--None discernable Condition--The very straight sides suggest that wood planks may have been used to line the pit. Pit la was the actual burial pit although a burial designated 'lb,' an adult female, was interred above the defined burial pit. (See Plate V) Number of individuals--7 Shape--Round Size-~95 (approx.) inches in diameter Lining-—None 14 Condition-—Four skulls were placed on the south perimeter of the_pit and two more were placed near the north perimeter. (See Plate V) Burial Pit 3: Number of individuals--3 Shape--Pentagon (Rectangular) Size——70 x 63 inches Lining--Wood planks on two sides, and one rock wall. Condition--One complete adult female skele- ton was recovered from the pit but many bones of the other two burials were missing. Burial Pit 4: Number of individuals--l Shape—-Rectangular Size—-90 x 60 inches Lining-—Rocks at the corners Condition--A single complete adult male burial. Burial Pit 6: Number of individuals--4 Shape--60 x 40 inches Lining--Rock lined-partial Condition—-Two feet below the ground sur- face, a complete extended coffin burial of a five—year-old child was found; it was intrusive into an earlier multiple burial pit. The coffin burial is 15 thought to date from about 1800 or about one hundred years later than the lower burial pit. Burial Pit 7: Number of individuals--2 Shape--Rectangular Size—-4O x 24 inches Lining-—None Burial Pit 9: Number of individuals--l Shape-—Rectangular Size—-62 x 36 inches Lining--Rock lined-partial Condition-—The floor was surfaced with rock slabs. In total, 24 burial pits were excavated and all were secondary burial pits although some of the indi- vidual burials may have been primary interments. Although the burial pattern resembles the ossuary pattern, the Lasanen burials are not ossuaries because the pits gen- erally contain only a few individuals, and some contain only one. The true ossuary burial is an interment of a large number of individuals, such as the Iroquois burials described by Anderson (1963) containing over 500 burials or the ossuaries described by Churcher and Kenyon (1960). The Fairty and Tabor Hill ossuaries are large mass burials 16 __ 23.—A mBHm AfiHMDm ZNZfimfiq m0 mzmmwfiHQ D IAGRAMS OF LA SANEN BUR IAL P IT S "g. s P" I PHI FI‘J PLATE 18 >_ 2“; p .2 a 6: mBHm A4HMDm Zmzmmflfl m0 mzfimwfiHQ l9 mBHm .HéHMDm Zm2¢mfi .mO mzflmwfim > mp1...— 3 6: — a: S a: 20 interred at the celebration of the Iroquois 'Feast' or 'Festival of the Dead' (Kidd, 1953; Guta, 1958). At these 'festivals' large numbers of Iroquois participated in the mass interment of kinsman. Close relatives ap- parently managed the disinterment and recovery of tempor- arily interred bodies which were tranSported, usually as disarticulated skeletons to the scene of the festival ceremony. There they were buried in a common pit with Iroquois dead of other villages. Burial Pit A was the largest Lasanen pit containing a minimum of only thirteen burials though the actual number may have been a few more. There is little doubt that mistakes were sometimes made in assigning bones to a particular burial but thirteen burials can be considered a fairly accurate estimate of the individuals in Burial Pit A. Another possible problem is that not all the bones originally placed in the burial pits were recovered and brought to the Museum. It remains that Burial Pit A is the largest burial pit excavated at the Lasanen site and it is not compar- able in size with the Tabor Hill and Fairty ossuaries. Another difference between Lasanen burials and ossuaries is that some of them contain rather well articulated 21 skeletons suggesting that they were primary interments. Perhaps the Lasanen burial pattern can be described most accurately as 'ossuary-like' burials since they resemble the classic Iroquois ossuaries except for size and the tendency toward primary interments. Burial Pit 2, which contained seven individuals was the second largest burial. Burial Pit D was next in size with six burials, Burial Pits l, 6, B, FF, and T all contained four individuals. Pits 3, I, K, and M contained three burials, while Pits 7, E, H, R, T, and U contained two individuals. Six burial pits contained single individuals, these are Pits 4, 9, F, O, P, and S. Burial Pit 0 contained only the facial bones and the frontal bones of a nine or ten year old child; no other bones were recovered and no definite burial pit could be located. The burial is notable because of the traumatic perforation through the medial interorbital area into the ‘brain case. Remaining single burials were mostly adults .and none of the remains were articulated. It should be kept in mind that in the Burial Pits l and T, supplemen- ‘tary burials were made in the pit fill while Burial Pit 6 xwas actually two burials of different time periods. Only 22 larger multiple burial pits contained articulated skel— etons, Burial Pit 2 is most notable in this regard since it contained two burials that were partially articulated. I noted earlier that some of the skeletal elements from the pits which were exposed by construction work may not have been recovered by the Museum. Of the thirteen identified individuals in Pit A only one unbroken adult skull was received at the Museum although two other broken adult crania were also received. Burial Pit B which con- tained“four individuals including two adults did not have any skulls in the pit either. Also Burial Pits K and M both produced three burials yet each contained two man- dibles but no crania. Burial Pit l is the only pit exca- vated in 1967 that did not have skulls in the burial pit and it had very few recovered bones compared to the other 1967 burial pits, but Burial Pit 2 and every other burial pit excavated in 1967 under controlled conditions had every skull accounted for. This evidence leads me to believe that some bones were lost during dirt moving oper- ations or left the site in an unexplained manner, espe- cially from Burial Pit A, from the 1966 excavations. Another complication was the emergency of the salvage 23 Operation which may have detracted from accuracy in the excavation procedure. The following year in August, 1967, only eight pits were excavated and one of these Pit 5 was not completed in the two weeks Spent working at the site. Only four days were spent working in 1966. The slower pace in 1967 indicates the greater care that was taken during the second stage of excavation. The difficulty encountered in examining Burial Pit A during the academic year 1966—67 stimulated an ex- periment in excavation technique in August, 1967. When Pit 2 was Opened and it was assertained to be a large and complex burial pit a new technique was tested. Every major element from Burial Pit 2 was marked with a number before it was taken from the ground and each bone was then drawn on a grid plot and given the number indicated on the marked bone. The technique proved very helpful and probably did not add much to the time required to carefully excavate this large and complicated burial pit. The utility of the method proved itself in the time saved in the laboratory reassociating the skeletal elements of individual burials. III. METHODOLOGY A. Age and Sex Age determination was derived by a variety of methods. Greatest reliability was given to dental erup- tion sequence as specified by Anderson (1962) although this aging technique is limited to the first twenty or twenty-one years of life. After the age of complete dentition, dental attrition was used with caution and was given increasingly less reliability as attrition in- creased. As a rule if the first molars showed no wear the individual was assigned an age in the early twenties and if the third molars had slight attrition the burial was aged twenty-five to thirty-five years of age. Beyond the age thirty-five and often for younger burials, dental attrition was used but long possible age ranges were assigned. As a rule, cranial suture closure was not used to age burials because of its low degree of reliability. Postcranial epiphisial closure was used for aging accord- ing to Anderson (1962) as was pubic symphisis aging cri- teria, also after Anderson. 24 25 Sexing of skeletons was done completely non- metrically with greatest reliability given to pelvic observations, mostly by the width of the sciatic notch. Secondary reliance was placed on cranial observations, a general appraisal of the ruggedness, size of the mas- toid process development and sharpness of the orbit borders usually gave some impression of sex. Sexing of skeletons was often impossible because of the small number of bones that were recovered from a particular individual and only relatively mature individuals of fifteen years of age or older were assigned sex. In three instances sex was assigned on the basis of relative size of elements though I have stated that sexing was done non-metrically. Burials B—1 and M-1 were designated as males on the basis of the large size and masculine musculature of the bones. Likewise, Burial A—9 was designated as female because of the smallness of the bones. Age was estimated for every identifiable individ- ual (Table 1). It must be admitted, however, that some age assignments could be open to question. Often, the age estimate was only a minimum-maximum age bracket. Young individuals were eSpecially troublesome to age when only TABLE l.--Age distribution of burials from the Lasanen site. 26 Burial Male Female ? Burial Male Female ? ‘ A-l 50+ M-l- 25-35 -2 '18-20 -2 14-15 -3 18-21 -3 0 -4 12+ 0 9-10 -5 8-9 P ~ 25-35 . -6 8-12 R-l 22-25 -7 35-45 -2 1-2 -8 25-35 S 40+ -9 45+ T-l 3 -10 16-18 -2 - 0; -11 20+ -3 21-30 -12 45+ -4 8-12 -13 0 T'-l 18-20 3-1 21—25 -2 25-35 -2 25+ U-l 25+ -3 8-12 -2 11-12 -4 -l 1a-l 25-26 0-1 15-18 -2 20—25 -2 18-21 -3 18-20 months -3 12-16 lb 30-40 -4 10-15 2-1 40+ -5 2—3 -2 30-40 -6 20-30 -3 25-30 E-l 20-22 -4 20-22 -2 25+ -5 3 F 6-8 -6 6 FF-l 25-30 -7 0 -2 50+ 3—1 17-20 -3 18-20 -2 6 -4 4-8 -3 20-24 months H-l. 8-14 4 35-40 -2 25+ 5-1 5 I-l 65+ —2 25-35 —2 50+ -3 30-40 -3 15-18 -4 12 K9]. 50+ 7-1 7 -2 10-15 -2 3 -3 0 9 25 TOTAL 15 19 42;. 76 Burials 27 a few non-diagnostic bones such as ribs were present. In these cases, relative size of the bones were sometimes the criteria used in assignment of age. Care was always taken to give a large range of possible age. It is important that possibly some of those in- dividuals that were represented by only a few bones in some burial pits could have had bones in other pits and were actually counted twice or perhaps more times. There could be no guard against this possibility. B. Age at Death Five categories were established. It can be seen that only 9 individuals or 12 percent of the total burials are below the age of two years. This figure may be low considering the burial practice used by the Lasanen people. The very young may sometimes have been treated differently than the adults since two infants were found in the back fill above Burial Pits T and T'. Also, manipulation and handling of the bones before secondary interment may have resulted in the loss of many bones. The number of infant bones recovered from the entire site 28 is only 5. The possibility that infants are inaccurately represented among the recovered bones is quite high. In the age category 40-plus, six males and only two females were included alone with one individual which could not be .rLI: designated sex, it is safe to say that males lived longer 5 than females. In the child-bearing years, which include i the two age categories 12-18 and 18-40, 17 females but 1 only 9 males were counted. The reasons for the differ— ;__; ences could be various, such as males killed away from home and childbirth complications. There are also 17 questionable sex individuals in these two age groups; therefore, the male to female ratio could be changed radically (see Table 2). C. Cranial Metric Data The anthrOpometric methods used for the Lasanen site follow the guide presented by Hrdlicka (1952). In- dices representation is patterned after the exampled used by William Bass (1964). The Tables of Cranial Measure- ments are presented in Tables 3 and 4, while mean indices of male and female crania are presented in Tables 5 and 6. 29 .2 p Igyioflub .l h an: dafi is." N.mm H.HH o.mN v.55 OCH OCH X NV H m N ha m CBchcD o.mm N.NN m.©v N.NN I I X 0H N ma N I I memem h.®® 5.00 H.®N I I I X ma 0 m I I I mmamz $.00 05 m H.Nv NM m.HH m m.NN NH m.HH m X 44608 .m.6 X .02 .m.B R .02 .m.B * .OZ mHINH .Oz NHIN .m.9 8 .Oz NIm .nummp um mm00009 .00000000 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 - 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0 0~ 0~ 00000 .00: .0000 0000>00009 on ~n on 0~ 0~ o~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 00~0 0~ 0~ 00 00 0~ 00000 .00: .0400 .0000I.000 000 no. 000 000 000 000 000 000 ~00 000 000 000 000000 0000000000000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ~00 000 ~00 000 000 0~0 000000 .0000: .00: 00:00 000 ~00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000000 .00: “40:05”. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.~0 0.00 0.00 00000 0000000I00000= 00 00 00 0o 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000: 00 .0000 .00: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00000 .00: .0000 .00: 0~ - m~ o~ 0~ 0~ v~ 0~ 0~ 0~ v~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00000 .00: .0000 .00:. m- ~00 000 000 0~0 0~0 000 .000. 000 000 000 .000 .0000: .00: mammals: 0. 0 m 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x M 0 0 ~¢ 00 0a ~0 0t 00 00 . ~0 0. M 00 :0. 00.. m 00 .0 000 I 00.0 x 00.. 0.0 0:. < 0:. < 000 0 0:0 ~ 0:. _ ~ 0.0 ~ 0:. F 00 00.. 0000.00.30.02 01000000000 00!- :ocaoSIId 039:. 41 Q L 0BH 000 000 .000 000 000000 .00: 000000 000 00~ 00~ 0o~ 00~ ~00 000 ~00 000000 .00: 0000 :0000 0.00-«canons: 0: 3n -~ 0- 0.~0 000.000 .00: 000000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.~0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ~.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00000 000000 0.00 0.00 ~.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00000 000.000-00000 0~ 00 0~ 00 - - 00 00 v~ 0~ - 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 00 o. 0~ 0~ o0 0~ .0000 .000 .0000 .00000 0~ 0~ 00 00 00 0~ o~ 00 00 00 ~0 ~0 «0 00 00 00 00 00 ~0 00 00 00 00 00 0000 .000 .0000 .0000-.000 000 000 000 o~0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0~0 .000 0000000000000 000 ~00 000 000 000 000 000 .000 .0000: .000 00000 ~.0o 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ~.00 0.000 0.000. 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00000 0.00: 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.-0 0.0~0 o.0~0 0.~00 0.000 0.00 0.00. 00000 000000000 00 00 ~0 00 00 0v 0' 00 00 00 00 0000 00 0000 .00: 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 00 - 00 00 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 0~ .0000-.000 .00000000 0~ 00 00 00 00 00 00 ~0 00 0~ 0~ o~ 00 00 00 00 0000>0000~ .00000000 0~ - 0~ 00 0~ 0~ 00 0~ 00 00 00 - - 0~ 0~ 00 .0 0~ 00000 .00: .0000 0000>00000 00 00 0~ 00 - - 00 0~ 0~ 00 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~ 00 00 0~ 0000a .00: .0000 .0000-.000 0~0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ~00 ~00 000000 0000000000000 000 0~0 000 000 ~00 000 0~0 ~00 000 000 000 000 000000 .0000: .00: 00000 0~0 000 000 000 00. 000 000000 .00: NHUH>440 n.0n 0.~0 N.Vh n.~h ~.~0 0.05 IOU00 ~000§0hu000l0= 00 00 ~0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00a: 00 .0000 .00: .00. ~0 00 .00. ~0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0. 00 00 00 0. 00 00 00 00000 .00: .0000 .00: .00. 00 00 .00. 00 00 - - - o~ o~ - - 0~ - 00 00 .~ 00 - 0~ 00000 .000 .0000 .00: ~00 000 000 oo~ 00~ 000 ~00 000 000 000 00~ .000 .0000: .00: 0:00:20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0o 0. 0. ~00 00 0. 00 00 ~0 00 0. ~0 0 000 0 000 u 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 0.0 ~ .00 00 000 00 0.0 .00:0£0000¢0E 01000000000 @0060. 09:000....: 00z<9 42 TABLE 10.--Laaanen unknown sex postcranial measurements. Pit A Pit A Pit B Pit B Pit FF #8 #11 #1 #2 #1 R L R L R L R L R L HUMBRUS Max. Morph. Len. 322 Max. Diam. Mid. Shaft 19 21 21 Min. Diam. Mid. Shaft 14 l4 14 Max. Diam. of Head 40 4S Humero-Pemoral Index 75.2 CLAVICLE Max. Length FEMUR Max. Morph. Length 440 382 432 434 Physiological Length 434 378 428 428 Ant.-Post. Diam. Mid. Shaft 27 24 24 25 29 29 Trans. Diam. Mid. Shaft 28 24 24 24 26 27 Subtroch. Trans. Diam. 34 30 32 27 31 3O Subtroch. Ant.-Post. Diam. 25 23 22 27 25 29 Max. Diam. of Head 43 38 4S Pilaetric Index 96.4 100.0 100.0 104.2 111.5 107.4 Meric Index 73.5 76.7 68.8 100.0 80.6 96.7 TIBIA Max. Morph. Len. 364 364 Physiological Len. 350 250 Ant.-Poat. Diam. Nut. Fora. 28 37 34 Trans. Diam. Nut. Fora. 23 27 30 Tibia-Femoral Index 81.8 81.8 Cnemic Index 82.1 73.0 88.2 RADIUS Max. Length 244 240 216 Humero-Radial Index ULNA Max. Length 264 236 FIBULA Max. Length 43 on H o.o¢m m N.Nom N m.mmn N sumcoa .xmz NaomHm o.omN N N.ovN v m.m4N v m.HmN m o.moN v zumqoq .xaz «zap N.NN m v.0N m xwunH Hchamuouoesm o.mNN N o.¢NN H m.NmN N m.mmN N m.HoN m N.mmN m sumaoq .xuz mpuoaa N.mm N o.mN H ¢.HN HH N.oN HH o.vo m N.No N xuan oHauco m.Hm H m.Hm H ¢.6N m m.mN v m.om H N.om v xooca HmuoaomuoHaHa m.oN N o.NN H o.HN NH v.HN NH N.NN o H.NN m .auom .uaz .aan .acuue o.Hm N o.Nm H N.oN NH v.on NH N.vm o m.mn m .muom .usz .auHa .uuomn.u:¢ 0.0mm H 0.6mm H o.mem o m.an o m.4mm v ¢.omm m .coa HuonoHoHnagm o.vom H o.e6n H m.6mn v N.omm n m.mom m 6.6Nn m .coa .smuoz .xux anmaa N.NN m H.Ho m m.Nm N m.Hm m H.mm N m.Hm m noocH oHuuz m.HoH m N.moH m m.VOH m N.moH m N.moH m m.moH HH xoucH UHuunaHHm o.mq H m.Hv N m.H¢ a o.mv N N.mv 6 m.mv a omen no .aan .xnz m.mN m o.mN m m.eN N o.mN m m.mN a N.NN m .auHo .uuom .ucc .nuouunsm o.Nm m m.mN m o.Hm m o.mN m o.Nn m H.Hn a .emHa .ucaua .nuouuAsm N.oN m N.¢N m H.vN a N.NN m m.oN a N.oN HH awasm .uH: .euHa .ucoua N.oN m o.mN m N.mN m N.vN m N.oN m H.mN oH uumsm .qu .aaHn uuomu.ua< o.Hmv N o.mov N N.NNw o o.mHv m m.ovv o N.va m camcoq HuuHmoHothna o.va N o.Nov N N.NNQ o N.va o m.mvv N N.Hmv o numcoa .nmuo: .xn: «Drum HvH H v.NNH m m.mvH m 6.64H m aumcua .xu: uHoH>¢ao N.mN H m.HN v N.NN N N.NN n N.NN m xoucH Hauoaumuouoaam m.Nv N N.ov 6H N.oe m o.v¢ m m.v¢ m can: no .aaHn .xm: o.VH n N.NH HH m.mH m m.oH m «.mH a unmsm .eHz .auHa .cHz N.oN m N.oN HH N.oN m N.NN m n.vN oH pumam .eH: .aaHn .xu: o.NNn H o.Non N m.Non e N.on m o.VNm m .coa .nnuox .xuz mommzam coo! .voum can: .uoum coo: .uoum can: .vouh coo: .uoum new! .uoum uuoa usmHm uuoq unuHm puma uamHm vecwauouovca oHneum «Hm: .eeoHueHsono Hewcuuuunom coe:||.HH manta 44 used in preference to the right. Metric conversion to the English system was made at the ratio of l inch:2.52 cm. Statures of the Lasanen burials are generally quite large. The mean male stature is estimated to be 5 foot 7 inches and the female mean is 5 foot 4.9 inches. r...‘ '< 45 TABLE 12.-‘Stature estimations. Burial Elements Used Stature English MALE 1a-1 R. Fem. 163.94 5' 5.1" 2-1 L. Fem.—Tib. 169.58 5' 6.9" 2-2 L. Tib. 164.83 5' 5.5" 2—4 L. Fem.—Tib. 172.61 5' 8.5" 4 L. Fem. 168.89 5' 7.0" A-l R. Fem.-Tib. 172.12 5' 8.3" FF-Z R. Fem.-Tib. 169.68 5' 7.3" K-l L. Tib. 160.80 5' 3.8" M-l L. Fem.-Tib. 175.17 5' 9.5" P L. Fem. 162.23 5' 4.4" S R. Fem.-Tib. 176.27 5'10.0" T'-2 R. Hum. 170.29 5' 6.7" Mean (#12) 168.79 5' 7.0" FEMALE 1a-2 R. Rad 159.62 5' 3.3" lb L. Fem.-Tib. 162.23 5' 4.4" 2-3 L. Fem. 162.66 5' 4.6" 3-1 L. Fem.-Tib. 166.14 5' 5.9" 6-2 R. Fem. 164.37 5' 5.2" 9 L. Fem.-Tib. 169.92 5' 7.4" A-9 L. Fem. 161.37 5' 4.0" A-12 L. Hum. 166.27 5' 6.0" D-l L. Hum. 160.82 5' 3.8" D-2 R. Fem. 160.51 5' 3.7" R L. Fem.-Tib. 165.53 5' 5.7" T-3 L. Hum. 164.13 5' 5.1" Mean (#12) 163.58 5' 4.9" UNDETERMINED A-8 L. Fem. 167.17 5' 6.3" B-2 R. Fem. 154.47 5' 1.3" FF—l L. Fem.—Tib. 167.73 5' 6.6" Mean (#3) 163.12 5' 4.7" 1W IV. CONGENITAL ANOMOLIES A. Septal Apeture Observations were made on only adult humerii. Of 18 male humerii, three exhibit septal apetures, two of the apetures were from the same individual, therefore, two (22.0%) of the nine males‘have septal apetures. A total of nineteen female humerii were available, twelve (63.0%) had septal apetures. Eight (62%) of the thirteen females have septal apetures. Individuals of unknown sex had two humerii representing two individuals neither of which had the apeture. (See Table 13) Calculating all adult humerii together, ten (42%) of the twenty-four individuals are represented by humerii 'with the apeture in one or both humerii. Of the thirty- nine total humerii, fifteen (38%) have the apeture. Com- paring all right and left humerii shows that five of nine- teen (26%) right humerii have a septal apeture while ten (50%) of twenty left humerii have an apeture. 46 ‘47 quHuHsz omumn 5H3: damem usaom can n\~ x 0:02 vocwfiuouocca .H M .H alum old HH\H mxo x anHuHsz HH\v m\n x x x x mound HH\N m\o x Edens: eQH Q4 x .298 HH\o m\o unflom can Hn\n m\¢ x x ocoz onEum .H M M M .H .H .H M A M .H M .H .H M .H Hmuoa NIB MIR HIM HIM HIQ NHIQ mld MI< Nlo HIM MIN AH m\o mxo onHuHsz m\H m\H x x omumq a\H m\o x ssHooz «Kc Qo HHnsm m\o m\o ucaom cam m\b m\m x x x x x x x x ucoz can: A M .H .H M A M H0909 M all Nlmm .onduoma AnamomII.MH Hands 48 8;; Cranial Observations VA list of observations following the example used by Bass (1964) was used as a check list for the Lasanen crania. This list (Tables 14, 15, and 16) include pre- pubertal and adolescent burials as well as adults. Table 17 compares the observations according to sex. 1. Supra-Orbitalqroramina The frequencies of single foramen is approximately equal for male, female, and questionable sex or immature individuals. The males have a much lower frequency of supra-orbital notches than do the females or the question- able sex skulls. This is e3pecia11y true in the case of the right supra-orbital. Multiple foramina were quite frequent for all three categories, seventeen of sixty observable supra-orbitals or 28% have multiple foramina or multiple notches. Of all observable supra-orbital margins, 10% have no foramina. As a matter of convenience, skulls with multiple foramina were also listed in the 'yes' category. 49 m\m x x x o: munch @\v x x x x no; Hooocnuonm o\m x x x x x x o: @\H x max ousuow camouoz @\o @\m x x x x x x x x x x o: m\m m\o x x «0% .muom Hmuowumm voucsocoua ESHUOE usmHHn m\m m\m x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0:0: monoumoxm umm m\N m\> x x x x x x x x x x o: ocom m\m m\a x x x max nouoz Hmu0fiumm w\m m\m x x x x x x x x o: ovkum o\H m\~ x x x no» ofio>£loahz ucofioam m\m m\m x x x x x x x x x x x x x asunnm cacoafiwa m\o m\o ucoaoum moocooufifion @\~ :MaEHoz @\H m\H x x mu:H m\ 0 ¢\ 0 W202 N202 N202 2202 N202 N202 MEWOHM m\o ¢\H Hmcouou mocom Housusm N\ o N\ o x N\ o N\ o x D\H P\H x m 3ouum: :ofimom :oflumum b\@ h\@ x x x x x x x x m ooH3 :N moususm .muom m\m w\m x x x x x x x x x x x x x o: .nuOImuwcw m\a m\H mo> Oucfi oususm 9\H m\o o: Q\N m\v x x x x x x oamwuase ©\~ m\a x souo: coedusm m\o m\m x x x x x x x x x x x x new Hmuanuonaumsm .H M .H M M .H M .H M .H M .H M .H M HfluOB NI.B HIH «It v GIN NIN AIN olCOwum>uflflQO HflwCUHU ”Hg COGfl03ll.¢d NJQ‘F 50 ow\¢ x x x x x x x x x 0: 0H\A x 00» Manon Ae0mcmum£m MH\MA x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0: mH\o 00> oususm 0H0000z NH\oA ma\m x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0: «H\N ~H\v x x x x x x 00h :0Eduom Amuofiumm HH\ H :3 x .3984: AH\o Aa\o .005 AH\o AH\o unmfian HH\oA Hfi\AA x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0:0: 00mounoxm Ham Ofl\w 0H\m x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o: 0:0m £0002 ow\v OA\H x x x x x 00> Hmuoflumm M\N m\o x x x x x x x x x x x x o: m\A Q\N x x x 00% omuwum cwoMSIOAhz ~H\o md\N x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0:00AM 0:0E0Au vacumEha Nw\o nH\o x x x. x x x x x x x x ucououm 000:000AS0: HH\0 x x x x x x :nwauoz mucH 0:02 A VHH\ m msoz :20: :20: 382 mzoz m an He:suou 00:0: Hmuousm m\o m\o x m\o m\o x m\m M\m x x x x M .um: :0am0m m\w m\m x x x x x x x x x x x x M on“: :0wuoum :w oususm o\m oa\h x x x x x x x x x x x x o: .mu0m Amuwnuo m\v oa\m x x x x x x x 00h .mumcw 00:“ oususm NH\N NH\H x x on mH\v mH\¢ x x x x x x x x .UA:E nH\m mH\m x x x x x x x x £000: :0Emu0m mH\m mH\h x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 00> AuuwnuOIaumsm A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M M A M A M A M Hauoa AI.B nla mlhh AIM «In AIO OAIM m mum Aim MIN AA NIflA InlllllllllllnL flflflnflflflflnflnflflnnnflu oQCOMUMNVHOOQO HflflCMHU Odgw :flcfllflqulomH ”flan. 51 TABLE 16.--Lasanen unknown sex cranial observations. 64 2-5 2-6 3-2 6-11 7—1 A-S I-2 Total L L R L R L L R R L Supra-orbital yes' x x x x 4/8 5/8 foramen notch x x x x 3/8 2/8 mult. x x 1/8 2/8 no x x 1/8 1/8 Suture into infra. yes x x x 3/7 2/7 orbital fur. no x x x x x x x 4/7 5/7 Suture in Pterion wide H x x x x x x 5/5 4/4 Region nar. B 0/5 0/4 K x Sutural Bones Corunal Bregma Inca NONE NONE NONE 3 /7 (None) Wormian x x x 4/7 Dehiscencee present x x x x x x 5/7 5/7 Tympanic Element absent x x x x 2/7 2/7 Mylo-hyoid Bridge yes 0/7 0/7 no x x x x x x x x x x x 7/7 7/7 Parietal Notch yes 1/5 0/4 Bone no x x x x x x x x 4/5 4/4 Ear Exostoses none x x x x x x x x x x 6/6 6/6 slight 0/6 0/6 med. 0/6 0/6 pronouc. 0/6 0/6 Par ietal Poramen yes x x x x 2 /7 3/7 no x x x x ’ x x 5/7 4/7 Metopic Suture yes 0/8 no x x x x x 8/8 Pharangeal Posse yes 0/4 no x x x x 4/1 52 TABLE l7.--Sex comparison.of Lasanen cranial observations. Male- Female Undetermined t 8 - 8 t 8 8 .3. .L ‘ R .L'. ' R L . Supra-orbital yes 88 66 54 62 ~ '50 63 foramen ~ notch 11 22 38 23 38 25» mult. 44 22 31. 31 . 13 25 no 0 ll 8 15 13 13 Suture into infra. yes- 11 ll 30 44 43 29 orbital for. no 39 89 7o 56 57 71 Suture in Pterion width 86 ‘86 75 75 100 100 Region notch i4 14 25 25 0 O ' K 0 O 0 O x O O 0 0 Sutural Bones corunal ll 0 bregma 0 0 (None .45) (None .45) inca ll 11 wormian 22 .55 57 Dehiscences present 0 O 46 SO 71 71 Tympanic Element absent 100 100 54 50 29 29 Mylo-hyoid bridge .yes 40 17 25 13 O 0 no 60 83 75 87 100 100 Parietal Notch yes 13 22 10 40 20 0 bone no 87 78 90 60 80 100 Bar Exostoses none 100 100 100 91 100 100 slight O O 0 O med. 0 O 0 0 pronounc. O 9 O O Parietal Foreman yes 0 33 33 17 29 43 no 100 67 67 83 71 57 Metopic Suture yes ll 0 0 no 89 100 100 Pharangeal Posse yes 44 10 0 no 56 90 100 53 2. Sutures into Infra- Orbital Foramen Significantly more female than male crania have sutures into the infra—orbital foramen. Of the nine male- crania observed, all nine had both orbits preserved, only ”'53. ‘5." the skull of Burial P shows sutures into the infra-orbital foramen. Both orbits of nine female crania could be ob- served and the right side of a tenth female was also .L___ available. Symmetry was not the rule in the case of the females as four of the nine complete faces had sutures into the foramen on only one side. Three of the four were on the left side, one burial had sutures on both sides, four had no sutures on either side, and the tenth had a suture on the right side which was the only side observable. The questionable burials have seven faces, two vwith bilateral sutures into the infra-orbital foramina and four without, the seventh face has the suture on the right side only. 54 3. Sutures in Pterion Region Both sides of all observable crania were con- sidered as one unit since the sutures in the pterion re- gion are symmetrical in pattern. Of the seven male skulls with features observable, six had a wide 'H' pattern while the seventh had a narrow 'H' pattern. Eight females were observable, six had a wide 'H' and two had narrow 'H's. Five questionable sex skulls all had wide 'H's. The p0p— ulation total is seventeen wide 'H', three narrow 'H', with no other patterns present. 4. _§utural Bones With the exception of a single example of Inca ibones and a coronal sutural bone the sutural bones of the (Lasanen crania are limited to Wormian bones. One male, JBurial 2—2, has large Inca bones and another male, Burial S has a small sutural bone on the left side of the coronal suture. Burial S also has wormian bones as does Burial P. Of the nine male burials with skulls preserved, one has Inca bones and two have wormian bones, while six have no sutural bones . 55 A significantly greater number of female crania exhibit sutural bones. Eleven female crania could be observed. Six (55%) of them have wormian bones while they were present in only 22 percent of male crania. Seven crania of questionable sex were observable and four (57%) had wormian bones. Considering all crania together, a total of 27 were available with 8 having wormian bones or 29 percent and only one with Inca bones. The evidence suggests that there may be more females than males in the questionable sex categories. 5. Tympanic Dehiscences No male crania had tympanic dehiscences, but 6 (46%) of the female crania had dehiscences in the right. tympanic plates and six (50%) of twelve left tympanic plates have dehiscences. Five of seven right and five (xf seven left, or 71 percent of questionable sex tympanic plates also have tympanic dehiscences. Like the much high percentages of female and questionable sex wormian bone: frequencies, the female and questionable sex 56 tympanic dehiscences also suggest that more female than male individuals are in the questionable sex category. 6._ Mylo-Hyoid Bridge Both ascending ramii of five male mandibles were observed. The right side of one mandible exhibited a bridge while the left did not; three mandibles exhibit no bridges while one mandible has bridges on both sides. Eight female mandibles were recovered, six of which did not have bridges, one which did have bridges on both ramii and one which has a bridge on only the right side. None of the seven questionable sex mandibles have bridges and no differences in mylo-hyoid bridge frequencies between sexes were found. It is perhaps of some significance that the right ramus of male and female mandibles had 40 percent and 25 percent frequencies of mylo-hyoid bridges resPectively, ‘while the left ramii had only 17 percent and 13 percent respectively. 57 7. Parietal Notch Bone Nine male crania were observed, one (11%) ex- hibited bilateral parietal notches while another exhibits a notch on the left side only. All other male crania §_-”“ lacked notches. Both crania with parietal notches were from Burial Pit 2. Both parietals of nine female crania were preserved and two others had just one parietal pres— ‘Wi ’L'.--') ‘I ent. Of the nine bilateral pairs six show no notch bones while one had a notch or assessory bone on both sides. In twin Burial Pits T and T' a female crania from each pit exhibits the bone on the left side but not on the right. Two other female burials had only one side ob- servable. Burials 1b and A—lO, the former had a notch bone on the left, the latter does not have the assessory bone. Four questionable sex crania with both parietals present did not have notch bones but the fifth, Burial 2-6, which had only the right side present did have par- ietal notch bone. No sex difference is present but four of the seven individuals that had parietal notch bones were from Bur- ial Pit 2, and two were from the twin Burial Pits T and 58 T'. This fact also suggests genetic relationships be— tween the individuals in the respective burial pits. 8. Ear Exostoses E_“1m Nine male crania have no occurances of ear exostoses. Twelve female crania were recovered of which : ten have bilateral sides; one cranium had only the right 1.... external auditory meatus observable and the twelfth has only the left, this skull, Burial 1a-2, has a pronounced exostoses--the only one observed, there were six unsexed crania. 9. Parietal Foramen While there probably is no sexual difference in the total frequency of parietal foramen, there may be a sex difference associated with the side on which the foramen occurs. Nine of nine male crania have no fora- men on the right parietal but three (33%) were observed on the left. Of twelve female crania, four (33%) exhibit Ia foramen on the right parietal but only two crania (17%) 59 have a foramen on the left parietal. Seven questionable sex crania have two right parietals with a foramen and three left parietals with a foramen. 10. Pharangeal Fossa A sexual difference was evident for the occurrence of pharangeal fossae. Four of nine males (44%) have the fossae, while only one of ten females (10%) have it. None of the four questionable sex crania have a fossa. 11. Metopic Suture Nine male, thirteen female, and eight crania of unknown sex were observed. One male from Burial Pit 4 has a remnant of a metopic suture near the glabella. C. Postcranial Observations A few postcranial observations of congenital anomolies were noted and might best be presented in the form of a table. (See Table 18) Six anomolies occurred .1 . . W ‘m. y “l. .‘.I (Al...- in. 60 x Gaucho.“ Hmsu0um manfla :0 Hsmm 0:0m Amuwmfiooo :H :0Emuom uonz 0Hnficcmz c0ucu0m .vu0> mo .mUHMHmmO .HHH x .:0Emuom .mcmne .QAQ muHoHnmchm x I Eduomm mo :OHuMNHHMQEsq x QHM 0H0N>H0O x 0Hsouonsa caoummafin0m x mamas 0:wumamm x x x Escn0um .mowmfimmo .HHH x :0Emnom Amu:0z .000 x nonmam Annomm x mflmoumoshmofl:muo moaud mo noun c0msm:9 x x moamcsoo msaoaosd T-L 2‘9 I'9 T'E V-Z E‘Z QT Z-.m t-.m T-H Z-N T‘W T-I e-JJ S-Q T-O OI-V S‘V Z-V T-V .m:0wum>u0nno Amw:muounom 00:000AII.0H Manda 61 more than once, double transverse foramina of the cer- vicle vertebrae, occurring twice on female vertebrae from thirty possible burials with cervicle vertebrae present. Lumbarization of the S-l sacral segment occurred twice, once from a male and once from an individual of question- able sex, from sixteen observed sacra. Irregular ossi- fication of the sternum occurred three times, the irreg- ularity had different forms, one, for example, had only one side of a sternabrae formed. I have previously sug- gested that the Lasanen burials are lineage burial pits. Further support for this prOposition is from the frequency of irregular ossification of the sternum. Of three ir- regularly formed sterna, one is from Burial Pit D but two are from the same small Pit M. Burial Pit M had three individuals, a male 25 to 35, an adolescent of question- able sex and an infant. The two older burials have the anonoly. Two incidences of premature cranial suture closure were presented in the collection. (Fig. 13) A recent Study by Bennett (1967) at the University of Arizona in- dicates that premature suture closure, or craniosynostosis, resultus from a malformation of the cranial base. Bennett IW-- - i 62 found that most often the sagittal suture will close while the other sutures are patent, but a variety of patterns can occur. The five undeformed skulls showing cranio- synostosis Bennett had in his sample were all highly dolichocranic, averaging 72.8 and ranging from 69.3 to 75.9. Burial A—2, an eighteen to twenty year old male is dolichocranic at 70.4 and has the greatest maximum length of any skull from the Lasanen sample, 189 milli- ‘mfi. .--. . - meters. The sagittal suture is completely fused. Bur- ial 6-1 is a five year old child, the age is based on the skull's dental eruption sequence, the sagittal is also fused except 25 millimeters at the bregma. Unlike the A-2 skull and the dolichocranic skulls in Bennett's sample, the 6—1 skull is very round in shape. Sacral Hiatus is described by Anderson (1963248); perimastoid tubercule is also described by Anderson (1962: 16) as a down growth from the jugular process just medial to the mastoid process. Anderson (1963:44) describes Spinabifida as the condition when the right and left neural arches of an altas fail to fuse with each other. One individual, Burial 2—3, has a mandible with a tinird molar rotated about 90 degrees in the alveolar. 63 (Fig. 16). Also, one individual Burial A-l has a sternal foramen (Fig. 20). There are two individuals whose skulls have occi- pital condyles which have developed irregularly (Fig. 12). Burial D-l, a female of 15 to 18 years of age, exhibits condyles which have developed asymetrically as one con- dyle has develOped to a lesser inferior plain than the other condyle. Burial S, a 40—plus year old male shows the same asymmetrical development but also has the atlas fused to the occipital condyles, a condition known as platabasia (Hagie, 1968). The fusion may be due to path- ological condition or it may be a result of the abnormal occipital condyle development. /. ‘ IIKV 64 Congonncl Anemelles "I. 13 finality-uteri: Plate IX l‘cl.l1|l‘l.|||i . III... DIIIII. 11 J.‘ 65 Congenital Anomalies Fl 9. 15 Cervicle lib l-l r 16 [stated leler 2-3 Hg. 11 Septal Apeture A-3 H9. 18 Her-ial lanes 2-1 fig.- 1! In: loses 2-2 Plate X V . PATHOLOG IES A. Rhumatoid Arthritis The proximal condyle surface of a tibia from Burial FF-l has signs of rhumatoid arthritis. B. Osteoarthritis Seven incidences of osteoarthritis were noted but only two were well develOped. The two most severe cases were both males; Burial A-l is a 50-plus year old and had by far the most extensive development (Fig. 20-22). The atlas and axis are fused as were vertebrae T-6 through T-12. Extensive vertebrae body destruction has produced severe forward arching of the whole spinal column includ- ing the fused segment; this phenomenon is called Marie- Strumbell disease or poker-Spine (Hagge, 1968). This ixuiividual also shows arthritic involvement at all artic- ulating joints, with the most extreme development at the 66 -‘ID 1hr?) '.~ '1 I 67 knee and elbow. Also, two ribs are joined by an exosis bridge which has a pseudoarthrosis; the two ribs appear to have been broken and healed forming the bridge at that time. The other advanced develOpment of osteo- arthritis is Burial 2-2, a male between 30 and 40 years of age at death. The develOpment was most severe on the lower thorasic and lumbar vertebrae but to a much lesser degree than Burial A—l. The other incidences of osteoarthritis were ob- served in two males, two females, and one individual of unknown sex. The youngest individuals with arthritis are a female of 25 to 35 years and an individual of un- determined sex over 25 years of age. C. Syphilis Burial A-2 has evidence of the beginning stage of tertiary syphilis on the skull and on several other bones . 68 D. Periostitis Periostitis or osteitis was observed on five in- dividuals, two males and two females and one individual of unknown sex. The youngest burial was an 18 to 20 r~uu year old female that has signs of infection on one femur i and on the cranium. Burial FF-2, a male of 50-p1us years has extensive osteoporosis and bone degeneration of the vertebrae and several compression fractures of the ver- tebrae bodies,one thorasic vertebrae body is only 3 milli- meters thick. Also, the cortex of several long bones is deformed (Fig. 23). The bones of Burial lb, a female ofv 30 or 40 years are very light weight; the cortex of the left femer is so thin it has nearly disintegrated at the distal end. Burial FF—l could not be sexed but is over 45 years old, only long bones were recovered from this burial and a tibia which has considerable anterior bow- ing has a moderate development of periostitis. The muscle incertions are marked and there is heavy clacification of the patellar ligament incertion. 69 E. Apparent Fracture Two males show simple bone fractures. Burial FF-2 has a healed rib fracture and Burial S, a 40—p1us year old male has a healed fracture of the right clavicle. When the clavicle broke, the ends overrode and fused in that position (Fig. 24). This clavicle is eighteen millimeters shorter than the left clavicle. F. Benign Tumor Burial P, a 25 to 35 year old female, has a be- nign tumor on a fourth or a fifth rib. G. Orbit Trauma Burial 0 is represented by only the frontal bone and the facial bones of a 9 to 10 year old child. A Perforation is through the lateral side of the right sidaus and part of the right orbit roof and enters the brain case. There is no evidence of healing (Fig. 25). 70 H. Mastoiditis Burial D, a female of 18 to 21 years has a large draining sinus on the right mastoid process which seems to indicate mastoiditis. I. Compression Fractugg Three burials have vertebrae which have compres- sion fractures. Two of these, Burials FF—Z and lb have ostietis. The compression fracture from Burial FF-2 was described previously, Burial lb, a female of 30 to 40 years has a lumbar and a lower thorasic vertebrae with some compressioning. Burial 4, a 35 to 40 year old male, has two throasic vertebrae, one 3 millimeter thick, as well as two other lumbar vertebrae which have some com- pressing. No other vertebrae from Burial 4 show any noticeable compression. J. Skull Trauma It is notable that the two skulls which show in- juries such as might be caused by a blow to the head are 71 both females. Burial 6-2 has a depression at the approx- imate middle of the left parietal about 45 millimeters in diameter and may have been made by a flat instrument. The effects of this blow can be seen on the interior of the skull. The injury was probably early in the life of E the 25 to 35 year old female. The other skull from Bur- ial 9 is a 25 year old female, the left temporal is de- pressed as if struck by a direct blow on the squamouus suture at the most superior point on the arc of the su- ture. The squamous is flattened if not somewhat concave. The only apparent fracturing at the time of the injury is a crack along the stephanion about 30 millimeters in length at the back corner of the parietal. Apparently as the skull dried after it was excavated a separation crack Opened continuing from the original crack all the way anteriorally along the stephanion line to the coro- nal suture. The temperol-occipital suture also separated perhaps at the time of the injury. The injury could have caused the death of the individual. 72 :0A000u00oumasmua Hasxm ousuooum scammondsoo mHuHoHoumms cabana anuo Hosea :chmm 0uauosuh u:0um&@¢ maufiumoNuom x maaecnmm x x mwku:unsooumo mwuwnguum cfioumssam m Nlo c NIN AH HI.B m m 0 mlhm Nlhh HIMM NID NIm NI: HI: 00Am0Honuom 00Ao0AonummII.mH mqm¢fi PATHOLOGIES .‘ . I: I3 , “ ,4 s t :3! 1 ff t ‘ A; He. 20 “s. 21 Fig. 22 Exssis Bridge and The l-l Sternum Peter Spine 1'1 Pseudoarthrosis l-l no.2; FHL" Osteitis rr-z Clavicle Fracture S “s. 25 Orbit Trans 0 Plate XI VI . DENT ITION A. Dental-Metrics 7. Mesial-Distal and Buccal-Lingual measurements were taken. The sample is quite small because so many -.. u‘iIhYH-I " "I. V ‘0 teeth were lost postmortum, but a few interesting notes can be made. All the mean mesial-distal calculations ._11. for mandibular teeth are larger for females than males, indeed, even the crown-module mean calculations shows that only mandibular canines are smaller in females than in males; all other female mandible teeth are larger. Female maxillary teeth, however, except third molars are smaller than male teeth or are about the same size. Male incisors, canines, and first molars are larger but pre- molars and second and third molars haVe about the same' crown-module size. Also, female mandibular third molars are larger than both first and second molars by a sizable margin, and the sample is quite large. 74 75 . I FEJMHQ ialHtiul-flum 0m.0A m mN.AAImN.m «~.0A m 0.AAno.m em.oa m m.AAIm.m m: Hm.oa N oo.NAnom.m mmum N m.AAnA.m vo.AA N N.NAnm.m a: 00.0H m om.0Hnov.0A v~.oa m 0.0Ana.o 0o.AA m N.HAnm.OA A: o~.N m mN.N nmm.0 Am.N N o.m nm.0 NN.0 N m.N nm.m mm om.N m mN.N nmm.0 om.N 0H «.0 nm.N «0.0 m m.N no.0 Am 0A.N 0 mm.N Imm.0 o0.N 0 0.0 nm.N 0N.0 N N.N no.0 O mm.m 0 om.m nom.m AN.m N m.0 nm.m mm.m-. 0 o.0.nN.c NH 0N.v m om.m nmv.¢ 0H.m m 0.m nm.¢ mm.¢ m ¢.m nm.m HH 0Anwc:0: 00.m N mN.0Anm¢.m 0A.oa N m.AAIN.N NA.m N 0.0Anm.N m: mm.0A 0A mN.AAnom.m vv.AA oH N.NAIA.OA «v.0: oa m.HAnN.m N: cm.AH 0A oo.~Hnoe.oa mN.AA AH 0.~Ano.AH Am.oa 0A 0.AAIm.m A: no.0 m 00.0 nom.N om.m m 0.0 no.0 00.0 ON 0.N no.0 mm 0A.m N 00.0 nom.N mm.m N m.m IN.0 mo.N 0 0.N nm.0 Am m~.m N 00.0 nom.N He.m N o.m no.0 0H.0 N 0.0 n0.N U mo.N m mm.m nON.0 0A.N m 0.m IA.0 No.N m ¢.N n0.0 NH mm.N m om.N nmv.N 0A.N m m.N LN.0 m0.N m m.m n¢.N HH 0AANX0: :00: .U0um 00:0: :00: .Umum 00:0: :00: .omnm 00:0: 0A000:II:30HU A00mcwanna0flosm A0umwnnnowm0: .0a0EInmucwfi0usn00E a0u:0nnn.om HAMGB 76 mm.HH 0 0m.NHI00.m 00.HH 0 0.0Hn0.0 HN.HH 0 0.mHnm.0H m: 00.0H 0H 00.HHI0¢.0H No.0H mH 0.HHI0.0 0N.HH 0H N.NHIH.0H N: 00.0H 0H 00.NHn00.0H 00.0H 0H H.NHIN.0 0m.HH NH m.NHn0.m A: 00.N 0 00.Nun0H.N 00.0 0 0.0 n0.N 0H.N 0 N.N n0.0 N0 00.N HA 0H.0 n00.0 0N.N HH 0.0 no.0 0N.N HA 0.N nN.0 Hm H0.N 0H 00.N I00.0 0H.N 0H N.0 n0.0 N0.0 0H 0.N n0.0 O H0.0 0H 0N.0 n00.0 No.0 0H 0.0 nN.0 00.0 0H 0.N n0.0 NH Hm.0 0 00.0 I00.¢ 00.0 m 0.N I0.v 00.0 0 0.0 n0.v HH 0HAH0:0: 0N.0H 0 0H.HHI0N.0 00.0H 0 0.NHI0.0 00.0 0 m.0Hn0.0 m: 00.HH 0H 0N.NHI00.0 om.HH 0H 0.NHIN.0 0N.0H. 0H N.HHIN.0 N: N0.HH 0H 00.NHnom.0H H0.HH 0H N.NHI¢.0H 00.0H 0H 0.NHn0.0 H: 00.0 HH 00.0 n00.N 0N.m HH 0.0Hnm.0 00.0 AH N.N nm.0 Nm 0H.0 0 00.0 n0N.N He.m m ¢.HHn0.0 00.0 m N.N no.0 Hm N0.N 0H 00.0 n00.N 00.N 0H 0.0 n0.N 0N.N 0H H.0 n0.N O 00.0 0 00.N n00.0 HH.0 0 N.N nm.0 H0.N 0 0.N IH.0 NH H0.N 0 00.N I0H.N 00.0 0 H.N nN.0 0H.0 0 0.0 no.0 HH 0HHHx0: :00: .U0nm 00:00 :00: .Umum 00:00 :00: .U0um 00:00 0H900:nl:3ouo H0smcHAnnH0H000 H0umH0nnon0: .0H0fimmnnmucmfi0usm00fi H0000QII.HN MAmH< :0H00z 0.0MH 0.vMH n.0MH 0.00H N.0MH 0.00H 0.NVH .a0H0n.ao0NNH0 N.0m 0.00H H.N0 0.00 v.HOH um .>H0n.m0noo:m N.NOH N.NOH c.00H N.HOH 0.voH :0H00:n00000:0 H.0HH m.0NH N.0HH 0.0HH N.0HH :0:0H00IH0H00HH:: 0.0MH 0.NMH N.00H 0.NOH m.vMH N.0MH 0.HvH 0a00H0n:0Hm00 N.00H N.00H H.0mH 0.HvH 0.0MH N.00H NImvH :0000um H0H:0HO 0.m0H m.m0H 0.00H NHO.NOH0 0.00H 0.v0H N.00H :00:0H H0H:0HO :00: ,:0:000H h..2.H.:m.:.Hn:=..:... «:000H0:0H0 00:50» HHHm :0009 NunH0h 0H0: .0:0Hu0H:mom H0:uo Bonn NHu080H:0u0 0H0a mo :onHH00E00nn.NN mqm¢a 100 Richardson cemetery and 7.2 millimeters narrower than the Fairty peOple. Also, the upper facial heighth of the Lasanen pOpulation is muéh longer than the other pop- ulations, but only the sites from Michigan have the fig- ures available. It follows that the nasal height is also higher. The upper facial index of the Lasanen crania is the most Leptorene. Metrically; the Lasanen crania are most similar to the 14th century Young site while the postcranial skeleton is most like the Juntunen burials, but not significantly different than the Young burials. Of the burial p0pulations reviewed only the PeoEle of Fairty_by Anderson had detailed account of congenital anomolies with which to compare with the Lasanen data and some of the calculations are very similar. For example, the total occurrences of tympanic dehiscenses from both sites is 39 percent of total temporals observed, and multiple supra—orbital foramina also from both sites is 28 percent. There was 6 percent occurrence of Inca at Fairty but only 3 percent at Lasanen. Mylo-hyoid bridge frequencies were 12 and 14 percent resPectively at Fairty and Lasanen. Another close comparison is septal apeture frequencies at Fairty, the right humerii had 29 percent 101 o¢\0N 00\0N 0H:u0m¢ H0um0m NH NN :oHu0NHH0nasq 4H NH omOHum oHONanHNz m. 0 00:00 00:H 00 NH 0H .00:00 :0Hau03 0N 0N .:0a0usm .nnon0umsm 0H0HuHsz mm mm 000:000Hn00 0H:0QE>B w a w w a & :0:000H H0::u::0 :000u0an0 . .00::om HWMHM NunHom .0:0Hu0dsmom u0nuo sown 00HH080:0 H0uH:00:oonn.0N 0A009 102 H00 .00 AN.000 0H0300 ,He0:0:Hv N0 .00 0H0: 0Hsu0um :00: 0 . NN 0 .0N H0H0§0I0H000 0.0M N.MM M.Nm M.MM OM xoocH.uHsmcoNumHm H.MO O.MN M.NN .. N.¢N MN smoaH OHnmsNumum 0.000 0.Nev 0.000 N.000 0.000 H0800 0.00m 0.0Nm ,m.N0m H.000 0.00M 0H0H9 0.0Nm 0.0Hm 0.000 M.Hmm 0.NNM mouoasm 0.HON 0.00m N.HON 0.NON 00H000 :0:000H .n0:su::n .:000H0:0H0 00:90» HMMMM. HHHH00 . .0:0H00Hamom Honuo scum 000H0:QHQS_H0H:0Mounomnn.0N 04049 103 occurrences compared to 26 percent at Lasanen and left humerii had 40 percent at Fairty and 50 percent at Lasanen. The greatest similarities in burial methods be- tween the Lasanen site and the other sites just discussed can be found at the Juntunen site. Both the Juntunen and the Lasanen burial pits are small or relatively small except one Juntunen burial pit, Feature 11, which con- tained 35 individuals. The other Late Woodland burial pits, Feature 18 had 6 individuals, Feature 34 had eight ‘burials, and Feature 43 had 6 individuals (or skulls). The earlier lst century Laural period Feature 45 had 8 individuals but was unlike the later JUntunen burial pits in that the burials are primary-flexed interments. The later Woodland burial method is similar to the Lasanen method as many are secondary reburials. Therefore, it is my belief that although there are similarities in ele- ments of the Iroquois feast of the dead with the pattern at Lasanen, the Lasanen pattern is not directly derived from.the Iroquois pattern, rather the burial methods at the Lasanen site had been practiced for many centuries, in the Straits of Mackinac area. In addition to the 104 evidence supporting the antiquity of the burial method in the Michigan, the similarity in cranial morphology between the Lasanen and Young sites could indicate a genetic relationship between the two pOpulations. The total evidence shows that the Lasanen site is probably a representation of one of the final if not the final Indian observance of a burial practice that had been used for several centuries in the Straits area and the Lasanen pOpulation is probably the same genetic stock that used the method for those centuries. The Lasanen pOpulation is most likely Alqonquian, and the burial practice is not derived directly after the Spec- tacular Iroquois feast of the dead described by many adventurers. Quimbe (1960:108-9) believes that the northern lower peninsula of Michigan in 1600 was occupied by Pottawatomi on the west side and Ottawa on the east side, including the territory of the Young site. He also places Chippewa in the northern peninsula at that time. Kinietz documents the history of the Huron after they were attacked and driven out of Ontario by the Iroquois in 1649. 105 The villages of the Huron prOper were first to be attacked. In 1649 some Huron sought safety with the Tionontati, other among the Neutrals, and another group on St. Joseph Is- land. After the attacks on the Tionontati and the subsequent destruction of the Netural vil- lages, the survivors who escaped captivity fled by way of Mackinac Island to the northwest shore of Lake Michigan. Hereafter these com- bined groups of refugees will be called Huron. A rendezvous with various Algonquian tribes was reported in 1653 to be taking place three days, i journey south of Sault Ste. Marie. A year or so § later the Huron and Ottawa had their village on . an island, according to Peter Radisson and . Nicolas Perrot. This was probably Washington E'“ Island at the mouth of Green Bay, formerly known as Huron Island. On the approach of a party of Iroquois they retreated to the mainland and built a fort near the Potawatomi village of Mechingan, where, according to Perrot, they successfully withstood a siege for two years. They then retreated further inland and in 1658 were reported by Druillettes to be six days' journey southwest of Lake Superior, where they were visited by Radisson and Groseilliers. Dif— ficulties with the Sioux, upon whose territory they were encroaching, required another move. Chaquamegon on the southern shore of Lake Su- perior was their next abode. They lived there near the Ottawa until 1670. The Ottawa then removed their residence to Manitoulin Island and the Huron to Mackinac (St. Ignace). Cadillac persuaded the Huron to settle near the fort which he built at Detroit in 1701. He reported in 1703 that only about twenty-five remained at Mackinac. (1965:2-3) In Michigan between 1670 and 1700, the major pOpu- lalxion was composed of Algonquian Speaking peOples and a Small reminant of Huron at St. Ignace. It is quite safe 106 to assume that the pOpulation at the Young and Juntunen sites were Algonquian peOples. It is possible that the Lasanen burials could be the burials of the generation that made the 52 burial interment at the Richarson ceme- tery, but anthrOpometric evidence does not support this hypothesis. The relatively small number of burials in the Richardson cemetery could represent the dwindling pOpulation of the migrating Huron who were still using the techniques of the Iroquois-Huron feast of the dead but with a small pOpulation. Until further evidence is available, the Lasanen burials most strongly suggest old genetic roots in the central Great Lakes as Algonquian genetic stock, indeed, the Lasanen burials could be the St. Ignace Ottawas who were Cadillac's hosts at a feast of the dead in 1695. ANDERSON, JAMES 1962 1963 BASS, WILLIAM M. 1964 BIBLIOGRAPHY E. The human skeleton: A manual for arche- ologists. National Museum of Canada Ottawa. The pe0p1e of Fairty: An osteological analysis of an Iroquois~Ossuary. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 193 Ottawa. The variation in physical type of the prehistoric plains indians. Plains An- thrOpologists. Memoir 1, Vol. 9, No. 24, Lincoln Nebraska. BENNETT, KENNETH A. 1967 Craniostenosis: A review of the etiology and a report of new cases. American Jour— nal of Physical AnthrOpology. Vol. 27, No. 1. BLAIR. ERMMA HELEN 1911 The indian tribes of the upper Mississippi Valley and region of the Great Lakes. Vol. 1, Cleveland. BREBEUF: JEAN DE 1636 BROTHWELL. D. R. 1963 The Jesuit relations and allied documents. Vol. 10, Cleveland. Digging up bones. British Museum (Natural History), London. 107 108 CHURCHER, C. 8., AND KENYON, W. A. 1960 The Tabor Hill ossuaries: A study in Iroquois demography. Human Biology. Vol. 32:249—273, Detroit. CLELAND, CHARLES E. n.d. The Lasanen site. (Unpublished manu- script) EYMAN, C. E. A n.d. Skeletal analysis of the St. Ignace ‘ ossuary, St. Ignace, Michigan. EYMAN, C.E., AND BETTAREL, R. L. n.d. Physical anthrOpology of the Juntunen site, 20 MKl, Bois Blanc Island, Michigan. FITTING, JAMES E. 1965 Late woodland cultures of southeastern Michigan. AnthrOpological Papers, Museum of AnthrOpology, University of Michigan, No. 24, Ann Arbor. 1966 Radiocarbon dating the Young tradition. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 5, Part 1 Salt Lake City. GREENMAN, E. F . 1937 The Young site--Appendices by Frederick R. Matson, Jr., and Byron 0. Hughes._ Occasional contributions from the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan, No. 6, Ann Arbor. 1958 An early historic cemetery at St. Ignace, Michigan. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 4, No. 2, Ann Arbor. GUTA, MARGARET (Translator) 1958 The festival of the dead. Michigan Ar- chaeologist, Vol. 4, No. 2, Ann Arbor. HAGGE. DON 1968 Personal communication. 109 HICKERSON, HAROLD 1960 The feast of the dead among the seven- teenth century algonkians of the Upper Great Lakes. American Anthropologists. Vol. 62, No. 1, Menasha, Wis. HRDLICKA. ALES 1952 Practical anthrOpometry. Ed. T. D. ‘ Steward, The Wistar Institute of Anat- 1 1 omy and Biology. Philadelphia. . KIDD, KENNETH E. , 1953 The excavation and historical identifi- cation of a Huron ossuary. American [ Antiquity. Vol. 32:359-373. Salt Lake City. KINIETZ. W. VERNON - 1965 The indians of the western Great Lakes 1915-1760. Ann Arbor Paperbacks. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.. McPHERRON, ALAN 1967 The Juntunen site and the Late Woodland prehistory of the upper Great Lakes area. AnthrOpological Papers of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 30, Ann Arbor. MONTAGUE. ASHLEY 1960 An introduction to physical anthrOpology. (Third Edition) Springfield. QUIMBE, GEORGE I. 1960 Indian life in the upper Great Lakes (University of Chicago), Chicago;. TROTTER, M., AND GLESER, G. C. 1958 A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death. American Journal of Physical AnthrOpology. Vol. 16:79-124. ,,,,,,, d