—— .v '1'— "'V. W'-Jmm—w a. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN some FACTORS or PARENTAL niepmvmou AND DELAYOF 'NEED-GRATIFICATION Thesis far Iha Degree d3 Ph. D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Leonard Peter Campos E963 IH ESIS mama; II II III III II II IIII IIII I/ 3291 This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME FACTORS OF PARENTAL DEPRIVATION AND DELAY OF NEED-GRATIFICATION presented by Leonard Peter Campos has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Phodo degree in I S Y ChOlogy W , Major professor Date 17 MaY9 1963 0-169 LIBRAR Y Michigan State (la: .y MSU RETURNING MATERIALS: PIace in book drop to LIBRARJES remove this checkout from w your record. FINES wiII be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. 4.5.fi53} ABSTRACT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME FACTORS OF PARENTAL DEPRIVATION AND DELAY OF NEED-GRATIFICATION By Leonard Peter Campos The purpose of this study was to eXplore the rela- tionship between some significant gross parental depriva- tion factors and delay capacity by employing the method of a retrospective follow-up study. One hundred and three boys, of average intelligence, between 9 and 12 years of age, were sampled from six Michigan child-care institutions designed to care for "dependent and neglect- ed" children who have been separated from their homes. The three parental deprivation factors investigated in this study were, (a) age at initial separation from pa- rent(s), (b) duration of separation in substitute homes, and (0), number of separation movements. On the basis of theory and a review of the research literature, three hypotheses were formulated: 1) Subjects (Ss) initially separated from their parent(s) before the age of 5 years -but after 6 months-("early separated") will show less delay capacity(more impulsivity) than Ss separated after this age("late separated"). This was termed the "critical age“ hypothesis. 2) There will be a signi- ficant negative relationship between duration of separation Leonard Peter Campos and delay capacity, i.e., the more time a subject spends in substitute homes, the less delay capacity he will ex- hibit. 3) There will be a significant negative relation- ship between number of separation movements(from one home or home-substitute to another) and delay capacity. Three measures of delay capacity were individually administered to the Ss: a Story Completion Technique(SCT) devised by the author, consisting of 5 incomplete stories which Ss were instructed to complete and which were judged to measure capacity to delay need-acquisition(N-Acq), need-affiliation(N-Aff), need-aggression(N-Agg), need- nutriance(N-Nut), and need-achievement(N-Ach), respective--~ ly; the Sutton-Smith-Rosenberg Impulsivity Scale(IMP); and the Davids- Sidman monetary eXpenditure task(MET). Hypothesis I was tested for each parent separately and was confirmed for initial separation age from the mother(M-ais) and on delay capacity as measured by the total SCT and N-Acq, N-Aff subtests. With respect to ini- tial separation age from the father(F-ais), no signifi- cant differences between early and late separated Be on the delay capacity measures were found. When product- moment correlations were calculated, it was found that the difference between “early“ and"1ate" separated Ss (from the mother) was due as much to a low linear corre- lation between M-ais and delay capacity as it was to the so-called "criticality" of the five year age level. Leonard Peter Campos Low but significant correlations were found between M—ais and overall delay capacity as measured by the SCT, N-Acq subtest, N-Aff subtest, and IMP. The relationship of initial separation age to delay capacity was found to be higher for M—ais than for F-ais across all delay meas- ures except the N-Acq subtest(on which there was no dif- ference between M-ais and F-ais). It was concluded that age of initial separation from the mother was more cri- tical for the develOpment of delay capacity in preadoles- cence than age of initial separation from the father. In testing hypothesis II, a significant relationship was found between duration of separation and capacity to delay need- affiliation gratification as measured by the SCT N-Aff subtest(r of -.l9). It was concluded from this finding that the more time a subject spends in sub- stitute homes, the less capacity to delay need-affilia- tion gratification he will exhibit. With reapect to hy- pothesis III, on the whole, frequency of separation move- ments was not significantly related to delay capacity. The correlation of this factor and impulsivity as measured by the IMP approached significance, however(p (.10); 1.6., the greater the number of shifts from one placement to another, the higher is the 83' tendency to be impulsive (have low delay capacity) as measured by the IMP. In examining the contribution of the three gross parental deprivation factors to the deveIOpment of delay Leonard Peter Campos capacity, it was concluded that M-ais was the most sig- nificant factor for the prediction of a subject's capa- city to delay need-gratification. It was noted that the predictive power of this factor was nevertheless very low even when the effects of confounding variables are partialled out. The issue of uncontrolled factors Operative in suppressing a clear-cut relationship between "parental deprivation“ and personality functions such as "delay capacity" was discussed and it was concluded that any assumption of the constancy of such uncontrolled factors is Open to question. Also discussed were some implica- tions of this study for future research. Approved Major Professor mm?) M, #4; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME FACTORS OF PARENTAL DEPRIVATION AND DELAY OF NEEDhGRATIFICATION BY Leonard Peter Campos A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology 1963 f) M ‘5 \ Acknowledgements The writer expresses his heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Albert I. Rabin, major professor and chairman of the guidance committee, not only fer his encouragement and advice during the course of this research, but also for close to five years of graduate education in Clini- cal Psychology. My sincere thanks to other members of my guidance committee- to Dr. Charles Henley, for his advice on statistical analysis; to Dr. Hans Toch, for his criticisms; and to Dr. Bill Kell, for his understand- ing and confidence in me. Grateful acknowledgement of financial assistance is made to the National Institute of Mental Health withp out whose support from a Public Health Service fellowship (number MPM- 15, 613) this investigation could not have been carried out. I Assistance from many organizations and individuals made the planning and completion of this study possible. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the active c00peration of the administration and personnel of the following insti- tutions who participated in the study: Protestant Child- ren's Home, Grosse Pointe Woods, Mr. H. Shanks, Director, mr. D. Crockett, Casework supervisor; Methodist Children's 11 Home, Detroit: Mr. C. E. Nordstrom, Director, Mrs. M. Matthews, Casework supervisor; St. Vincent and Sarah Fisher Home, Farmington::Director, Sister Mary Magdallen, Director, Mr. R. Metzen, Psychologist; St. Francis Home, Detroit: Sister Dolors, Director, Sister Honora, Case- work supervisor; American Legion Home, Otter Lake: Mr. J. Terpstra, Director, Mr. D. Brouwer, Casework super- visor; Lake Farm for Boys, Kalamazoo: Mr. C. L. Dooley, Director. Many others gave generously of their time in the planning stages of the research. Special thanks are ex- pressed to Mr. R. Rosema of the State Department of Social Welfare, Michigan Children's Institute; Miss Gwenn German and Dr. Lee Blaske of the Catholic Social Services of Wayne County; Mr. R. W. Gaunt of the Michigan Welfare League; and Mr. Douglas Alexander, principal, of the Holt Junior High School. The writer is especially indebted to fellow graduate students who served as independent judges or scorers of various measures used in the study: Mr. Paul Berg, M.A., Mr. Ferd Colon, M.A., Mr. Burt Deming, M.A., Mr. John Lyke, M.A., and Mr. Mark Thelen, M.A. Finally, I should like to acknowledge the constant aid and encouragement of my wife, Mary Lois Campos, M.A., who, more than any other person, understood what this study meant to me. iii Table of Contents ACKnOWledgementso0000000000000000000.000000000000000 Chapter I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Introduction TheoryOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO0.000.000.... RGVieW 0f Research........................... Delay of need-gratification and Variables Of Age, Intelligence, and socio-cultural StatuS....................................... Present Problem and Hypotheses................. Method Sampling Of SUbJeCtSoeooooooeoooooooooooooooo Measurement Parental Deprivation Factors............... Delay of Gratification measures Story Completion Technique(SCT).......... Impulsivity Scale(IMP)................... Monetary EXpenditure Task(MET)........... ProcedureOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO... Results HyPOthGSiS IO....0...00.0..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO HypOtheSGS II and III-coco.coo-000000000000... Discussion of Results.......................... Summary and Conclusions........................ Implications for Future Research............... ReferenceS.......................................... AppendICGSQQOQeoooooooooooooooooooooooooooeooooooooo iv Page ii 14 15 20 22 27 33 36 37 43 47 51 55 59 65 List of Tables And Figures Table . ePage I. PrOposed Model of Continuum of Delay Capacity....... 9 II. Means and Standard Deviations of the Institution Sample on variables of 0.3., IQ, ISP, Parental Deprivation Factors, and Delay of Gratification IMeasures............................................ 23 III. Intercorrelaticn.Matrix of the Delay of Gratifica- tion measures...0.000000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 33 IV. Impulsivity Scale Items Balanced for Control of RCSPODSG Set........................................ 34 V. F tests of Comparisons Among Institution Subsamples For Various Delay Measures.......................... 39 VIa. t T 339 of Comparisons Between Early and Late Sep- are 9 Se fromIMother on the Delay Measures......... 41 VIb. t Tests of Comparisons Between Early and Late Sep- arated 83 from Eethe; on the Delay Measures......... 41 VII. Product-moment Correlations Between Parental Dep- rivation Factors,andiDelay of Gratification Meas- ureS0.0.00.00..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000.000.0000... 42 VIII. Product-moment Correlations Between Parental Dep- rivation Factors, Delay Measures, and C.A., IQ, 44 and ISPOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...... IX. Product-moment Correlations Between Parental Dep- rivation Factors and Delay Measures with Signific- ant Correlations of C.A., IQ, and ISP partialled out.46 Figures 1. Diagrammatic Representation of a Simple Need Grat- ification SequenGOOOOOO0.0.0.0000...0.0.0.0000....0. 2. Diagrammatic Representation of the Delay of Need- Gratification Behavior Sequence..................... 7 ”V b O c o o - ~. 0 D O s ' ~ I n O O O O h. h 0 v 0 C.‘I'..‘ are... 0.090' I O O O O o C O U s V I I o C D . O O I e O O O C O I 0 e e I r c O O C I U .0..."' 9.0.0... 0.... l 009...... teOIOIOQQ List of Appendices Appendix A. B. Selected Characteristics of the Institution Sample , A:I Source of Referral........................ A311 Reason for Referral...................... A:III Adjustment Behavior reported by Case- worker at time of current placement...... A:IV Legal Status Of Sample................... A:V Sibling Status of Sample.................. A:VI Marital RelationShip Of ParentSeoeoeeoeeo A:VII Proximity of Parent(s) to Ss............ A:VIII Frequency of Parental Visits........... A:IX Parental Attitude toward Ss(as reported by caseworker)OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000.0. Selected Characteristics of Institutions Participating in the Research................. C:I Guide to Placement History Chart Profiles.... C311 Case SChedUIGQQeeoeoeooeoeeoeeoeoooeeooeeeeo D:I Story Completion Test(Children's Form- A).... D:II Story Completion Test Stories and Scoring E. ScaleS(Children'8 Form A)eooeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo Impu181V1ty Scale............................. vi Page 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 69 70 72 77 80 82 87 I. Introduction Theory The role of the parent-child relationship in a child's ability or capacity to delay gratification of needs has been given a good deal of attention by psychoanalytic writers (Singer, 1955). The aim of the present thesis is to investi- gate the relationship between certain significant factors as- sociated with the deprivation of a stable parent-child relation- ship in boys placed in institutional care and the capacity to delay gratification of needs, or impulse-control. Within psychoanalytic personality theory, “delay of grati- fication" of needs is a pivotal eXplanatory concept for un- derstanding the development of a child's ego functions(Rapaport, 1950, 1951). A basic assumption of this theory on the phy- siological level is that stimulation of an organism initiates a state of tension which seeks discharge, bringing about a state of gratification(Freud, 1900, 1911). In infancy, the neonate demands immediate gratification of its needs, i.e., behaves in accordance with the "pleasure principle". The arousal of a need tension pressing for discharge results in a restless discharge of motor activity which eventually subsides upon contact with a satisfying object, as, for example, the breast or bottle under conditions of need-nutriance arousal. When this restless motor activity has been repeated frequently .L -\ in association with the satisfying object, the absence in re- ality of the object(after a delay) leads to its 'hallucinatory representation' as soon as the motor innervation is initiated by the aroused need(cf. Singer, 1955). This deveIOpmental step reflects the Operation of the pleasure principle. With parental training the child soon learns to delay need-gratifications, i.e., his behavior deveIOps in accordance with the “reality principle". This gradual change from the pleasure to the reality principle in behavior is achieved, as Fenichel(l945) states, "through the interposing of a time period between stmulus and reaction, by the acquisition of a certain tension tolerance, that is, of an ability to bind primitive reaction impulses by countercathexes“(p.51). This shift in behavior involves a change from wish-fulfilling to reality-oriented thought processes such as is reflected in planfulness and future time parapective. Eventually thought processes come to serve as substitute 'exPerimental action' for direct motor discharge as the discharge of need-tension is delayed(Rapaport, 1951). Block(1950) formulated the concept of delay capacity in terms of the construct of "ego-control", or, "an individual's characteristic means of handling or mediating both his internal need-tensions and the demands imposed upon him by the external world"(p. 6). He conceptualized the ego control system as functioning to maintain an effectively efficient balance for the individual between immediate and delayed gratification of needs. This balance is quantitatively eXpressed in terms Of the ratio of degree Of immediate over degree Of delayed gra- tification of needs(IG/DG ratio). This ratio tends towards maximization as a consequence of the pleasure principle. Individuals more or less maintaining an Optimal IG/DG ratio are designated as appropriate controllers. They se- lectively bind and discharge their need tensions depending on the reality conditions of their life situations and con- sonant with internal motivation. Individuals maintaining an IG/DG ratio above the Optimal range are designated as 22922 controllers. They tend toward immediate gratification of their needs when such gratification may be inconsistent with the total situation or their ultimate goals. Such individuals make decisions impulsively and do not accumulate much tension before they“blow Off steam". Individuals with an IG/DG ra- tio below Optimal range are designated as overcontrollers. They delay gratification Of their needs even when gratifi- cation would not be inconsistent with the total situation or ultimate goals. Because they tend to bind their need-tensions excessively, such persons accumulate large amounts before dis- charging them. In relating individual differences in delay or control behavior to develOpment, several writers distinguish between the early reliance on external controls(fear of punishment) and the later develOpment of internal controls involving feelings Of guilt derived from identification with the training parents or parent-figures(Bandura & Walters, 1959). Accord- ing to psychoanalytic theory as modified by Sears(l957) and others, the process Of identification originates in a de- pendency relationship with parent-figures, particularly the mother, in the early years. A child's mother becomes associ- ated with need-gratification and becOmes valued as a means to attain it. The identification behavior refers to an ac- quired need-system for which the satisfying goal response is acting like another person, in this instance, the parent(Sears, 1957, p. 152). The child's imitation of the parent is demon- strated, for example, in his fantasy doll play in which he frequently adopts the parent role. TO a significant extent,the Opportunity for parental identification based on stable parent-child ties is assumed to play a crucial role in the development of delay capacity. Precisely how this occurs is not yet clear. Singer & Sugarman (1955) speculate that, Perhaps children secure in a dependent rela- tionship with one or both parents may be more capable of restraining motor reaponses directed towards gratification of needs during temporary absences of parents. Such restraint might be accomplished by fantasied identification with the activity of the parents. In the case Of the relatively consistent and benign parents, the assurance of their return may reinforce delaying capacity and employment Of fantasy as a tempo- rary substitute(p. 117). Goldfarb(1955) conceptualizes the constellation Of in- tact parent-child ties as a "psychosocial climate" that pro- vides for the expression Of social emotions(attachment, I. sympathy, love) which serve as the basis for the ability to delay immediate gratification Of needs with the consequent develOpment of imagination and planfulness. This 'climate' provides stability to the parent-child relationship and is present only when the basic biosocial unit of the family is intact. When the parent—child ties are broken, delaying ca- pacity is assumed to be impaired. As employed in the present study, the term, “parental deprivation" refers to the absence or breakup of the basic biosocial unit of the family with the concomitant loss of need-gratifications consequent to the child's separation from his parents or parent-figures and placement in another substitute-home(relatives, boarding home, or institution). A definition Of the concept Of "need" gratification is important for understanding the theoretical rationale Of the present study. The term "need" has been defined by Miller & Swanson(l960) as "a system of action tendencies all Of which implement the same goal state or end state."(p.l23) The action tendencies are organized in an order of preference but anyone of them can be substituted for any other without changing the goal state. The goal state gives meaning to the interrelationship among action tendencies....We define needs only by their end states, the goals Of the action....Ex- amples of need systems are aggression, ambition, 9t00(pe 124) e The eXpression Of a need as an 'action tendency' imple- menting its goal or end state is well described in a con- ceptual schema discussed by McClelland, et. al.(1953) in their work on need-achievement: We perceive the behavioral sequence originating when a S eXperiences a state Of need or a motive(N). He may also be anticipating successful attainment Of his oal(Ga/) or anticipating frustration and failure (Ga-I. He may engage in activity instrumental(I) to the attainment of the goal(I/) or not(I-). Sometimes his goal-directed activity will be blocked. The Ob- stacle or block(B) to his progress may be located in the world at large(Bw) or it may be some personal de- ficiency in himself(Bp). He may eXperience strong positive and negative affective states while engaged in solving his problem, i.e., in attempting to gra- tify his motive. He is likely to experience a state of positive affect(G/) in goal attainment, or a nega- tive affect(G-) when his goal directed activity is thwarted or he fails. Often someone will help or sympathize with him-nurturant press(Nup)- aiding him in his goal directed behavior(p. 108). The authors diagram this analysis Of the need-gratifi- cation behavior sequence as follows: Obstacle ‘_——'I Person Bw a Ga/ Ga- G/ e- Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation Of a simple need gratification behavior sequence(From McClelland, et. a13, 1953, p. 109). The five states that a person may eXperience are located within the person in the diagram(the need, positive or ne- gative affective states, and positive or negative anticipa- tory goal states). The arrowed lines indicate the instru- mental activity involved/in attempts to attain the goal. The block in the center(which may also be located within the person) denotes the "barrier" which must be overcome if the goal is to be attained. The symbol of ”nurturant press“(Nup), refers to another person(usually a parent), its attendant arrow indicating the direction Of the aid. In the diagram above, aid is being given for the success- ful attainment Of the goal. The goal is indicated by a plus sign, defining how the various anticipations, affective states, instrumental activity, and so forth, are related specifically to the goal. This analysis may be used to de- scribe the behavior sequence Of gratification of any need system. As formulated in this study, the behavior sequence may consist Of a choice situation in which a person is confronted with an immediate or delayed gratification of a need. This situation is diagrammatically represented as follows: Barrier (Inhibitors) I Goal BW(e g., parental Delayed d sapproval) Gratification fil-N .——--——-—----’ I/ or- ‘ B'p(e £2",“guiit)lq Immediate Gratification I / or - Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation Of immediate versus delayed need-gratification behavior sequence. This diagram presented in figure 2 is an elaboration Of the previous one. In this situation, the behavior sequence entails a response choice between immediate and delayed gra- tification Of a need. The symbols have the same meaning as before except that here action tendencies differ with reSpect to the immediate or delayed attainment Of the desired goal. An individual may attain the desired goal or he may not depending on the extent Of his delay capacity. The nurturant press(e.g., mother), may or may not aid in the attainment Of the goal since this depends on whether it is desired immediately or after delay. The lines Of instru- mental activity as before indicate how an action tendency may lead to positive or negative(as well as doubtful) attain- ment of the wanted goal. This will depend on the anticipa- tory goal states within the person, the helpfulness Of the nurturant press, and the strength of the barrier or Obstacle, e.g., degreeof parental approval or guilt feelings. Given this choice situation between immediate or de- layed gratification Of a need or needs, an individual's responses can be dimensionalized on a quantifiable continu- um Of delay capacity. Table I presents a proposed model of the continuum Of delay capacity of need-gratificatiOn from least to most capacity. The model Of delay behavior was derived both e priori from the conceptual schema pre- sented above and e posteriori from the empirical distribu- tion Of responses to a Story Completion Test of delay capa- city(Campos, 1962). Table I Proposed Model of the Continuum Of Delay Capacity Degree of Delay Cepacity Very Low 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. Very High?. Behavior Immediate need gratification with 'positive' affect: without guilt, with pleasure, etc. NO recourse to instrumental activity or nurturant preSS. Immediate need gratification with 'negative' affect: with fear, guilt, anxiety,-etc. NO re- course to instrumental activity or nurturant press. Action tendency in behavior sequence is towards more immediate than delayed gratification Of a need. Immediate gratification attained via nur- turant press or instrumental activity. Anticis patory goal state for immediate goal is positive and nurturant press for immediate goal is posi- tive. Action tendency towards delayed goal is met with negative nurturant press. Action tendency toward immediate and delayed gra- tification is about equal. Anticipatory goal state, affective states, are marked by doubt or indecision. ~Vacillation in behavior sequence is indicative Of no definite resolution of choice between immediate and delayed gratification. Nurturant press and instrumental activity may be in the service of attaining both immediate and delayed need-gratifications. Action tendency in behavior sequence is more to- wards delayed rather than immediate need-grati- fication. Recourse to instrumental activity or nurturant press results in attainment Of delayed goal. Nurturant press and anticipatory goal states are positive for the delayed goal. Ac- tion tendency towards immediate goal is met with negative nurturant press. Delayed need-gratification without Obvious 'posi- tive' affect: with guilt, regret, reluctance, etc. NO recourse to instrumental activity or nurturant press. Delayed need-gratification without negative af- fect or with positive' affect: with pleasure, pride, no guiIt, etc. No recourse to instrumental activity or nurturant press. Delay capacity as- sociated with planfulness or future time perspective. 10 This model seven point scale or continuum of delay capacity delineates different degrees Of what Block(1950), it will be recalled, termed the "IG/DG ratio" or immedi- ate Over delayed gratification Of needs. Murray(l958) re- lated need-gratification to environmental determinants of behavior which he called "press". In the present study we assume that press-parental deprivation is related to de- lay of need-gratification. Review Of Research There are very few studies available which investigate the relationship between parental deprivation factors and delay Of need gratification. There is a growing research literature, however, that points up the importance of pa- rent-child contact in the develOpment Of delay capacity. On the basis of the inference that the perception of human movement(M) on projective inkblots is a function of delay capacity(cf. Singer, 1955: Dana, 1962), several investiga- tors have related this perception to aSpects Of the parent- child relationship. Testing the hypothesis that essential to the develOp- ment Of delay capacity is the Opportunity to identify with benign and loving adult-figures in childhood, Singer(l954) and Singer & Sugarman(l955) found that adult patients who produce a high number Of M reaponses on the Rorschach tend to describe parental figures as more benign and nurturant 11 on the TAT than Be who produce a low number Of M responses. On the basis of the inference that perception Of human move- ment reflects delay capacity, these investigators conclude that such delay capacity may have its origins in early pat- terns Of parent-child relationships. One sepect of delay capacity is the ability to wait. Singer(l96l) assumed that an important behavioral consequence Of the differential development of fantasy in children might be manifested in waiting capacity. He also predicted that children who report considerable fantasy play would also report greater closeness or "identification" with their mothers and generally greater contact with their parents. The Be were 40 school children, aged 6 to 9 years. Each S was seen in an interview and administered a questionnaire concerning parental contact. For example, 85 were asked if parents read to them, told stories, played with them, etc. Degree Of parent contact was scored on a scale Of 0-3 by two independent raters. The waiting task was the length Of time in seconds a child would remain seated or standing quietly. The Ss were divided into high and low fantasy groups on the basis of their answers to several questions about imaginative play activity. As predicted, high fantasy 83 were able to remain waiting for significantly longer time periods than low fantasy Ss; they also reported significantly greater association between themselves and their parents than did the low fantasy 88. 12 With respect to gratification Of need-aggression, a study by Bandura a Walters(1959) is pertinent. They in- vestigated aggression in adolescents by comparing two groups of 28 matched aggressive and non-aggressive boys. On the basis of data collected from parent and adolescent inter- view schedules, rating scales, and responses to a picture- story and story completion test, they found that Ss with poor internal controls in need-aggression had little Op- portunity to internalize parental standards. They found that a low control or delay of aggressive needs originates out Of a disruption Of the dependency relationship to parents. It was concluded that the frustration of dependency needs through lack Of affectional nurturance on the part of one or both parents provides the child with continuing insti- gation to aggression. An important line Of research which has been to a great extent on Observational and clinical case study levels Of empiricism is the work done on "maternal deprivation". The reader is referred to the extensive review of the literature by Ainsworth(l962) on the findings of the effects Of maternal deprivation within the context Of research strategy. The two personality variables found to be most affected by the deprivation Of the mother-child relationship are (a)“ the ability to establish and maintain deep and meaningful in- terpersonal relations", and (b), "ability to control impulse in the interest of long range goals"(p. 149). Many writers 13 have found the latter trait to be one of the primary salient features of children separated from parent-figures and placed in foster care environments(cf. Bender, 1950; Goldfarb, 1955; Bowlby, 1957). The conclusion is primarily based on Goldfarb's(l944, 1945) findings that 15 adolescents who spent their first 3 years in an institution gave more Ror- schach color responses(C, C / CFIIFC) than 15 adolescents (matched on sex and age) who were in foster care, i.e., boarding homes, at that time. Long standing conclusions of the purported effects or correlates Of maternal deprivation are currently under fire(cf. reviews Of Casler, 1961; O'Connor & Franks, 1961; Yarrow, 1961; Wootton, 1962). Citing one critic only, Yarrow(l96l) states, It is apparent that the data on maternal de- privation are based on research Of varying degrees of methodological rigor. Most Of the data con- sist Of descriptive clinical findings arrived at fortuitously rather than through planned research, and frequently the findings are based on retro- spective analyses which have been narrowly di- rected toward verification of clinical hunches.(p.487) There is some evidence that the role of the intact parent-child relationship is significant not only in the develOpment of delay capacity and its correlates but also in the much broader related area of "temporal eXperience" (Wallace & Rabin, 1960). To cite a recent investigation, Chambers(l96l), using Piaget's techniques, compared 26"ma- ternally deprived“ Ss(Ss who had at least 3 different foster home placements during their first 3 years Of life) with 14 an undeprived group- matched on age and IQ- on four different time concepts: comprehension Of 1) order of events, 2) du- ration Of intervals between events, 3) conservation of speed, and 4) age. A significant difference in comprehension Of these concepts in favor of the undeprived group was found. Chambers concludes that the parent-deprived child is de- .prived Of the stability and continuity Of parent-child re- lationships that help a child to structure time. This study suggests that perhaps some cognitive deficit may ac- count for the assumed low delay capacity of the parent—deprived Child. 0 Delay Of need-gratification and variables Of Age, intelligence, and sociO-cultural status There has been some research on the relationship between certain demographic variables such as age, IQ, and socio- cultural or ethnic status and delay Of need-gratification which is pertinent to the present study. With respect to the age variable, almost all investigators find delay capa- city to increase with age(Litwin, 1957; Mischel, 1958; Mischel & Metzner, 1962). Litwin(l957), using three measures of in— hibition- motor, affective, and cognitive inhibition- on 88 between 6 and 14 years of age, found that motor and affective inhibition increased with age. Cognitive inhibition, however, showed no increase with age. 15 As regards IQ, although the majority of researchers find IQ related to various measures of delay capacity, there is little consistency in the findings. Measures Of IQ have been found to relate positively to delay capacity in the studies Of Levine, Glass, & Meltzoff(l957), Spivack, Levine, & Sprigle(l959), Melikian(l959), and Mischel & Metzner(l962). On the other hand, IQ has not been found tO relate to meas- ures Of delay capacity in the studies Of Litwin(l957) and Siegman(l962). Singer, Wilensky, & McCraven(1956) and Levine, Spivack, & Wight(1959) find IQ related to measures Of delay such as scores on Porteus mazes, motor inhibition time, and N—reversal on the Wechsler-Bellevue(in adults), but not to measures Of delay such as time estimations and N-reversal on the W-B(in adolescents). With respect to socio-cultural factors, most studies show that lower or working class Ss exhibit less delay ca- pacity than higher or middle-class Ss(Schneider & Lysgaard, 1953; Warner, 1953: Singer, 1954; Miller a Swanson, 1960; Straus, 1962). There is also some evidence demonstrating cross-cultural differences in capacity to delay need-grati- fication(Singer & Opler, 1956; Mischel, 1958). II. Present Problem And Hypotheses As stated earlier, the aim Of this thesis is to in- vestigate the relationship/ of certain significant factors 16 associated with the deprivation of a stable parent-child relationship in boys separated from home(currently placed in institutional care) and the capacity to delay gratifi- cation Of needs. Ainsworth & Bowlby(l954) suggest that the factors in the following three periods be studied: (a) be- fore separation, (b) during separation, and (c) after separation(which not only covers the effects of separation itself but also all subsequent effects). It is Obvious that short of a complete factor analysis we can only deal with a limited number Of such factors in order to keep the experimental data down to manageable prOportions. Our ap- proach is to select what are generally recognized in the literature as some significant factors associated with pa- rental deprivation(after separation) and to predict their relationship to a Specific personality function, hypothe— sized tO be affected by deprivation, such as "delay capacity". Of the several research strategies available, the re- trospective followup study method was adopted in the present study. As defined by Ainsworth(l962), This strategy...requires the selection of a group of 85 all of whom are known to have had a deprivation eXperience in the BEEP: defined with a fair degree Of precision with respect to type and severity, and examination Of their present be- havior with a view to establishing the incidence of 'effects‘ that have been hypothesized to result from this eXperience(p. 119, italics mine). The difficulties inherent in this approach are recognized by the writer. Nevertheless, we concur with Prugh & Harlow(l962) who state, 17 Because of the complexity of the interaction among the multitude of variables which may vitally affect subsequent develOpment, prediction of symp- tom formation even under conditions Of very extreme emotional trauma would seem to possess, at the pre- sent, a low level Of confidence. While in a gross way we may forsee that some event will be likely to have a marked effect upon the individual per- sonality, the complicated forces which determine the precise nature Of this effect are still best seen ig retroepect(p. 24, italics mine). Three significant factors recognized by many writers (cf. Casler, 1961; Yarrow, 1961; Prugh & Harlow, 1962; Ainsworth, 1962) are: (a) age or develOpmental stage at which initial deprivation of the parent-tie through sepa- ration occurs; (b) duration of this deprivation; and (0) number of subsequent changes(discontinuity) in parent or home-substitutes after initial separation from the parent(s). With respect to the develOpmental stage or age at which parent-child separation initially occurs, Yarrow(l962) states that psychoanalytic theory regarding the effect of early exPerience on later personality development has Often been interpreted as postulating that the younger the child, the more severe and fixed the “damaging" effects Of the sepa- ration experience. The general consensus is that the separa- tion eXperience which initially occurs before the age of 5 years is likely to be most damaging, although the findings are not sufficiently clear to pinpoint any one age as being most vulnerable(Yarrow, 1962, p. 484). Casler(l96l), in his critical review of the research literature, concludes that the deprivation Of 'maternal love' can have ill effects 18 only after specific affective responsiveness(attachment) has been achieved by the child, i.e., after about 6 months Of age. Many other writers are essentially in agreement with this conclusion(Bowlby, 1958; Ainsworth, 1962; Lebovici, 1962; Prugh & Harlow, 1962; Scott, 1963). To quote Lebovici for one, "In the first 6 months Of life, the mother is only a functional Object, whose presence is essential, or so at least it appears, only in the case of need."(p. 86) We will assume then, that the age periOd before 5 years (but after 6 months) is a critical age period, i.e., the separation eXperience which occurs during this early period Of the child's develOpment is eXpected to be significantly more 'damaging' to the capacity to delay need-gratification than separation from the parent(s) after this age. We would eXpect that children(boys, in our sample) placed in a substitute home(relatives, boarding home, institution) after separation from parent(s) before the age Of 5 years would show less delay capacity(less impulse-control) than children separated after this age. Stated in the form of an hypothesis: 4 Hypothesis I Boys initially separated from their parent(s) and ..placed in a substitute home before the age of 5 years(but after 6 months) will show less delay ca- pacity than boys initially separated from parent(s) after the age of 5 years. An important aSpect Of this factor is that many 58 have eXperienced a cumulative series of separation experi- ences beginning in early childhood and continuing through 1? later childhood. Yet few studies give Specific data on the- length of time that the child has been exposed to the separa- tion experiences(¥arrow, 1962, p. 482). In relation to the critical age hypothesis stated above, another eXpectation is that the longer the child has been separated from home or his parent(s) while in substitute care, the less delay capacity he will exhibit. In the form Of an hypothesis, Hypothesis II Within a group Of boys(currently in institution care) there will be a significant negative rela- tionship between duration Of separation in substi- tute-home care and delay capacity. Another important factor is that such boys will vary as to how often they have been uprooted from their home or home-substitutes. Movements from one “home" to another weaken Opportunities for the child to derive gratifications from stable and enduring relationships with parent-figures. As reviewed by Yarrow(l962), research with Older children attest to the damaging effects Of repeated separations. With respect to delay capacity, we would expect that the greater the separation movements from one home to another, the greater will be the effect on delay capacity. Stated in the form of an hypothesis: Hypothesis III For the group Of boys(currently in institution care), there will be a significant negative rela- tionship between number of separation movements and delay capacity. 20 III. Method Sampling of Subjects In procuring the sample of $3, the State Department of Social Welfare Directory 3: child caring institutions and pIacement agencies ;p_Michigan(l96l) provided the major initial source for selecting institutions designed primarily to give group foster care to ”dependent and neglected" child~ ren. Such children are residing full time in an institutional setting maintained under the supervision of a licensed public or private(sectarian or non-sectarian) social agency. They have been separated from their homes for a variety of reasons related to the absence or breakup of the parent-child rela- tionship(parents' marital conflict, illness, death, etc.) and whose physical and mental condition are not so markedly dis- turbed as to require retention in an institution for the de- linquent, mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, or phy- sically handicapped. This was done to assure as much as possible that placement from home was due primarily to separa- tion of the child from the parent(s) accompanying family failure in line with our definition of ”parental deprivation“ (of. p. 5). Since our design called for testing boys only (of. below), institutions serving girls solely were not se- lected. Of a dozen or so agencies agreeing to participate, six with the largest samples were selected(two Catholic, two Protestant, and two non-sectarian). 21 Appendix B presents some selected characteristics of the six institutions participating in the research(1ocation by county, religious affiliation, style, number Of staff, number of children, staff-child ratio, ratio of professional to non— professional staff, number Of boys and girls, number of boys within the age range of our sample, ratio of these boys who attend the institution school as against public school, and personnel turnover as reported by institution administrators for the period between September, 1962 to March, 1963). Of these characteristics, type of institution, child-adult ratio, and personnel turnover, are of particular interest since they have been assumed to be relevant factors in parent- surrogate- child relationships. Institutions may be of the cottage, con- gregate, or mixed style; it is assumed that cottage style agencies provide greater Opportunity for individualized at- tention and closer interpersonal gratifications with parent- surrogates, such as housemothers, than congregate-style agen- cies. As for the child-adult ratio, there is greater Opporh tunity to develOp gratifying interpersonal ties with signifi- cant adults(parent-surrogates), the more personnel there are in contact with the child. It is assumed that with a higher staff-child ratio there is less deprivation of recognition and dependency needs. It's also assumed that shifting fig- ures in a child's life is another factor which may keep a child from forming close interpersonal bonds with parent- surrogates. We might eXpect, therefore, that the depriving 22 effect is greater, the higher the personnel turnover in any given institution. The variations in these three character- istics among the six participating agencies are presented in Appendix B. The Be consisted of 103 boys. In order to control for any possibly contaminating effects of sex differences, age, and intelligence, the sample was chosen so as to include boys (caucasian) only, between 9 and 12 years(more accurately 8.5 to 12.5 years) of age, and of average intelligence(as tested or estimated by the agency). As an additional measure of the latter, the W180 vocabulary subtest was administered to each 8 and an “equivalent" verbal IQ derived as suggested by Wechsler (1951). The correlation between this estimate of IQ and full scale IQs recorded in the case records was .53 and attests to the validity of using the former as an estimate of IQ. An estimate of socio-economic status was obtained using Hollingshead's(1957) Index of Social Position(ISP) of the fathers. Table II presents the means and standard deviations for the Ss' age, equivalent verbal IQ, and ISP(an N of 84 indicates that for 19 Se information about the father's oc- cupation or education was not available).* Measurement Parental Deprivation Factors The measurement of these factors is based on the data * The accuracy of scoring WISC protocols and classifying oc- cupations and education were checked independently by two other Judges. 23 Table II Meansiand Standard Deviation of the Institution Sample for Variables of C.A., IQ, ISP, Parental Deprivation Fact- ors, and Delay of Gratification Measures Variable N Mean S.D. C. A.(chronologica1 age) 103 10.56 1.21 (Equivalent)Verba1 IQ 103 103.28 14.44 I S P(Index of Social 84 60.93 11.38 position) Parental Deprivation Factors 103 Total Duration of Separation 31.81 22.86 Duration in foster care 27.86 21.31 Duration in non-foster care 3.94 8.58 Total Placement MOvements 2.69 1.85 Movements to foster homes 1.84 1.40 Movements to non-foster homes .84 1.02 Age at Initial Separation from home 6.77 2.86 At separation from Father 5.53 3.17 At separation from MOther 6.45 3.00 Measures of Delay of Gratification 103 Story Completion Test-Total 3.23 10.30 #1(need-acquisition) 9.06 3.00 #2(need-affiliation) 9.86 2.82 #3(need-aggression) 8.35 3.74 #4(need-nutriance) . 6.66 3.35 #5‘need-achievement) 9.30 3.96 Impulsivity Scale 7.87 2.59 Money expenditure task 5.81 2.23 24 recorded on a case schedule as modified from a longer one de- vised by Maas & Engler(l959). Scales which were Judged to be relevant to describing the institution sample were selected for inclusion in the case schedule and placement history re- cOrd used in this study(cf. appendix CzI , II). Maas & Engler (1959) studied the case records of children in foster care in order to investigate factors associated with diSposition of such children. Case schedule scales were devised with proven reliability(better than 75% agreement among independent readers). A recent study by Betts, et. al.(1962), investi- gating factors associated with long and short term care of Se in foster care, has also demonstrated the usefulness of this case schedule. Appendix A, tables A:I through Azlx, present some selected characteristics of the institution sample based on data recorded on the case schedu1e(source of referral, reason for referral, adjustment behavior reported by case- workers at time of placement, legal status of the sample, sibling status, marital relationship of parent(s), proximity of the parent(s), frequency of parental visits, and parental attitude toward Ss as reported by caseworkers). Included with the case schedule is aplacement pattern or history chart adapted from that used by Maas & Engler for systematically charting out a profile of the chronology of foster and non-foster care from birth to current age. Appendix CSI illustrates the placement history chart used in the pre- sent study for deriving datazabout the parental deprivation 25 factors. Illustrative cases of Se separated before and after 5 years of age from either parent are presented in appendices CsIa through C:Id. Accuracy of reading the placement history charts was checked by another judge. Whenever possible, ac- curacy of recording data about the institution sample, including the parental deprivation factors, was reviewed by institu- tion caseworkers. In a few cases, missing information was supplied by a boy's family caseworker. With respect to the initial separation age factor, data was recorded for both parents and each parent taken separate- ly as well. Ss' initial separation age from the mother(M-ais) and from the father(F-ais) was recorded for separation to both foster(boarding homes, institutions) and non-foster care(rela- tives or friends) homes. With respect to M—ais, 37 Se were separated before 5 years of age(more accurately, 5.5 years), and 66 53 were separated after this age. For F-ais, 52 Se were initially separated before 5 years of age, and 51 Ss were separated after this age. Duration of separation was recorded by counting the num- ber of months Ss spent in placements outside the home and totaling for foster(FC) and non-foster care(NFC) placements. Separation movements were recorded by counting the number of lines of movement separations to and from F0 and NFC homes (of. appendix 03I illustrations). Several criteria were adOpted in advance of recording these data. In recording data on the factor of initial 26 separation age, any period of separation or separation move- ment occurring before 6 months of age were not counted in the enumeration of the data on the parental factors. The data on initial separation age from either parent is based on a period of separation of at least 3 months or 12 weeks duration. Sep- arations lasting less than 3 months were not Judged to be significantly impairing to be counted in recording data on initial age of separation from parent(s)(of 7 Ss, two had earlier separations of one month's duration, five had separa— tions of an unspecified time but were judged to be of a few weeks duration, at most). A few Ss(3) lived with adoptive or foster parents within a couple of months after birth, and with the exception of these Ss, all Ss lived in their natural home before separa- tion. No S in this study was in institutional placement be- fore the age of 6 months nor were there any Ss who were sepa- rated from Qgth parent-figures before this age. Any separation occurring before this age was from one parent only and this was usually the father(3 cases). Table II presents the means and standard deviations of the total duration of separation in months(to FC and NFC), total number of separation movements(to FC and NFC), and age of initial separation from the mother(M-ais), father(F-ais) and both parents(Ptl-ais). M-ais was found to correlate .95 with Ptl-ais and indicates that for practically all the Ss, the age of initial separation from the mother(to FC or 27 NFC) is usually the age of initial separation from both parents. Delay of Gratification Measures There are very few measures of delay of need-gratifi- cation in the research literature appropriate for testing preadolescents within the age range of our sample. Three measures were used in the present study: a Story Completion Test(SCT) devised by the present investigator, the Sutton- Smith-Rosenberg Impulsivity Scale(IMP)(Sutton-Smith & Rosen- berg, 1959, 1961), and the Davids & Sidman(1962) measure of delay of gratification, which we call the Monetary EXpenditure Task(MET). Story Completion Technique(SCT) The story completion method of measuring psychological variables has proven fruitful in many areas of research. It has been used in the study of personality dynamics in young children(cf. Wursten's review(1960) of the 'Madeleine Thomas Stories' and 'Despert Fables'); in the study of adolescent ag- gression(Bandura & Walters, 1959); in studies of creativity in children(Anderson & Anderson, 1961); in time perspective investigations(for review of studies of. Wallace & Rabin(1960)); and in social class differences in patterns of defense(Miller & Swanson, 1960). The story completion technique used in the present study is an attempt to operationally define the concept of “delay of needégratification". It measures the 28 degree to which a subject delays gratifying a need when con- fronted with a choice situation in which he is free to immedi- ately gratify or defer gratification of a given need. Five needs assumed to serve as a representative domain of important needs in the 35' behavior were chosen for in- corporation into short story situations: need-acquisition, need-affiliation, need-aggression, need-nutriance, and need- achievement(Sanford, et. al., 1943, found that these needs were among the tOp ranking needs in $8 of our age sample). As defined by Hall & Lindzey(l957), paraphrased from Murray's (1938) glossary of needs, the needs are as follows(p. 173)!) 1. "Need-acquisition" . To gain possessions and property. To grasp, snatch or steal things. To bargain or gamble. To work for money or goods. 2. "Need-affiliation" To draw near and enjoyably cooperate or recipro- cate with an allied object. To please and win affection of a cathected object. To adhere and re- main loyal to a friend. 3. "Need-aggression" To overcome Opposition forcefully. To fight. To revenge an injury. To attack, injure, or kill another. 4. “Needunutriance'H‘Y To have and to enjoy food and drink. 5. ”Need-achievement“ To master, manipulate or organize physical ob- jects, human beings or ideas. To overcome obstacles and to attain a high standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self- regard by the successful exercise of talent. Ten incomplete "story” situations were selected to com- prise an initial form of the Story Completion Test or SCT. * Since Murray(1938) does not given an eXplicit definition of this need, the present definition is from Sanford, et.a1., 1943. p. 179. .‘ 29 Two stories for each need were constructed in which a boy named 'Johnny' is confronted with the choice of deferring or immediately gratifying a need. In terms of the predomi- nant need to be gratified, as appraised by two independent judges, the stories were assumed to measure degree of capa- city to delay gratification of these needs. The 10 stories were divided into 2 forms, Form A and Form B, each form in- corporating an incomplete story for each of the five needs. A brief summary of the development of the SCT is given as follows(Campos, 1962): The SCT was initially develOped on a sample of 10 boys in Institution B(chosen at random from a list of cooperating agencies) who were of at least average IQ and between 10- 11 years of age(E group). A 'cross-validation' samp1e(C group) of 26 boys sampled from the Holt public school 6th grade classes and matched with the E group on age, IQ, and ISP, were also administered the initial form of the SCT. 0n the basis of the distribution of Rs of the E group, a tentative 7 point scoring scale was de- rived, employing the nomenclature of the model of delay capacity. The final revision of the scoring scales for each story was based on the distribution of Re to the incomplete stories by the C group. The model of the continuum of delay capacity was finally derived a posteriori, i.e., from the empirical data in this pilot study for use in the present research. The story endings were independently scored by two scorers. The reliability of the SCT for both the initial and revised forms was found to be quite high. Par- allel form reliability between Forms A and B was .96 for the E group and .84 for the C group(final form). Interscorer reliability was also adequately high: for the E group. 72% perfect agreement(87% agreement counting discrepancies of only one point) in scor- ing; for the C group, 89% perfect agreement in scor- ing. In the E group, test-retest reliability between the initial form of the SCT(all 10 stories) and the final revised form(minor changes in wording) adminis- tered a month later was .66(p c.05). Approximately 3 months later when the 10 Ss of the E group were 30 retested with form A in the present study, test- retest reliability was still quite high(rho of .56). The C group was retested on Form A five months later and the test-retest reliability was found to be .80. The SCT was 'validated' against M-threshold on the Barron M-threshold inkblots. Briefly stated, the theory was that human movement perception(M) on the Barron measure serves as an indirect or sub- stitute fantasy form of delay capacity because it permits a partial discharge of need-tension asso- ciated with delay of need-gratification. The M variable has been singled out as a well construct- validated measure of delay capacity in adults and some adolescents(Dana, 1962). In the E group, the correlation of M-threshold to total SCT scores was significant at the 5 to 10% leve1(p<.10 7 .05). In the C group, the correlation approached signifi- cance(p (.20). It was pointed out that there was considerable attenuation in the validating criterion due to errors of measurement(imperfect reliability) so that the validity coefficients are actually un- derestimated. Nevertheless, for the group of Ss as a whole(N of 36), the correlation between SCT scores and M-threshold- after partialling out for the effects of age and ISP- was .38 and significant p (005 o The SCT, together with standardized instructions and scoring scales for each of the incomplete stories(Form A), may be found in appendices D:I and D:II. 0n the basis of the need or need-system to be delayed or immediately grati- fied, the five incomplete stories judged to measure delay of need—acquisition, affiliation, aggression, nutriance, and achievement, respectively, are as follows(Form A): 1. Johnny is passing by the toy store window where there are many interesting toys he can buy which he would like to have. He sees a model airplane he likes very much. But he doesn't have enough money right now to buy it. ' 2. Johnny is home alone and his friends invite him to come outdoors and join them. But Johnny is in- doors studying to pass his tests. 31 3. Johnny gets into an argument with Jack, one of the neighborhood boys. He is getting angry and won- ders if he ought to hit Jack. 4. Johnny is very hungry and wants to eat right away. But he has to wait until it is time for dinner. While dinner is being cooked in the kitchen, he spots a cookie on the living room table. 5. Johnny is thinking about the time when he will be promoted from school. He is trying to decide if he would rather continue his schooling or get a job and make some money so that he can buy the things he wants now. The SCT measure assumes, of course, individual differ- ences in delaying capacity. However, we do not know to what extent scores on the SCT are a function of differences in delaying capacity or differences in need-strength. An- other important point to bear in mind is that needs are not gratified in isolation from one another. Thus, it is obvious that in the stories more than one need may be ex- pressed. In story one, 'Johnny' is faced with the situa— tion of how to gratify his need for a model airplane when he doesn't have the money to buy it right away; his choice of resolving the situation may be to immediately gratify his need(e.g, take or steal it) or delay gratifying it(save up his money for it). In story two, the choice is between joining friends right away(immediate need-affiliation) or staying indoors to study(delayed need-affiliation). Note here that need-achievement is also operative. In story three the choice is between hitting or not hitting a boy(immedi~ ate versus delayed need-aggression gratification). In 32 story four, the choice is between gratifying a need 'for a cookie' now or 1ater(immediate vs. delayed need-nutriance gratification). In the fifth story, the choice is between continuing in school or getting a paying job right away. In this story it is obvious that both need-achievement and need-acquisition gratification are Operative. It was judged to reflect a choice situation between immediate versus de- layed need-achievement gratification. Interscorer reliability of the SCT in the present study was quite high: r of .96 between two independent scorers. Table II presents the means and standard deviations obtained by the institution sample on the SCT measures. The score assigned to the Ss was the combined scores of the two inde- pendent scorers. On a 7 point scale, in which a score of one indicated"very low", and a score of seven indicated “very high“ delay capacity, the maximum possible range of scores on the SCT(total) is 10 to 70 points; the actual range of scores was from 18 to 61 points with a mean of 43.2 and S.D. of 10.3. The intercorrelation matrix for the five stories of Form A of the SCT is presented in table III. The average intercorrelation of the five SCT subtests was .21(p (.05, two tailed test) with intercorrelations ranging from .01 (between N-Nutriance and N-acquisition subtests) to .43 (between N-nutriance and N-aggression). The intercorrela- tions between SCT subtests and total SCT ranged from .39 33 Table III Intercorrelation Matrix of Delay of Gratification Measures h ( Eggal) Nficq Nfiff Nfigg NfNut Nfich IMP MET SCT(Total) .39** .56** .65** .73** .69** -.26** .57** #1 N-Acq .04 .05 .01 .16 .18 .19“ #2 N-Aff .23‘ .31** .22* -.25** .30** #3 N-Agg .43** .17 -.23* .33*“ #4 N-Nut .42** -.36** .45** #5 N—Ach -.12 .49** Impulsivity Scale(IMP) -.38** Monetary EXpenditure Task(MET) ifiI’ <.05, two tailed test, 101 d.f. *‘P (.01 to .73. the SCT need—systems. Impulsivity Scale(IMP) The Sutton-Smith-Rosenberg Impulsivity Scale(l959) has These data suggest an underlying unitariness of been found to be sufficiently reliable and valid for use with Ss of our age group. for use with 4th to 6th graders. It was adapted from the MMPI Ma scale The authors' basis for se- lecting and creating the items was adopted from murray's(l938) definition of 'need-impulsion', or, as the authors state, ‘ tendency to respond quickly and without reflection... a rather 34 coarse variable including such elements as short reaction to social press, quick intuitive behavior, emotional driveness, lack of forethought and readiness to work without a carefully constructed plan."(p. 212) The Impulsivity Scale or IMP consists of 19 items found to reliably distinguish between low and high impulsive child- ren(as rated by teachers) and to relate to peers' percep- tions of 88' impulsivity as measured by a sociometric tech- nique(Sutton-Smith & Rosenberg, 1959, 1961). Test-retest reliability was found to be .85. As originally constructed by the authors,it provides for yes-no type of reSponses and all items are keyed so that 'yes' Rs are scored for impulsi- vity. As suggested by investigators of reSponse set(Couch & Keniston, 1960; Henley, 1961), in the present study the items were "balanced" so that for approximately 50% of the items(9) 'no' Rs were scored for impulsivity. The criterion for judging the reversibility of the items was agreement by two judges. Table IV presents the originally worded item and its corresponding reversed item: Table IV Impulsivity Scale Items Balanced for Control Of ReSponse Set Original item Reversed item 4. I like to wrestle and I dislike to wrestle and horse around. horse around. 9. I don't think you should I think you should always always have to do what’you have to do what you are are told. told. 10. 12. 15. 18. 19. 24. 27. 35 I like to go with lots of other kids, notjust one. It's hard to stick to the rules of the game when you're losing the game. I don t think I'm as happy as other people. I like throwing stones at targets. I get into tricks at hallo- ween. I usually say the first thing that comes into my head. Whenever there's a fire en- gine going someplace I like to follow it. I like to go with just one kid, not with lots of other kids. It's easy to stick to the rules of the game when you're losing the game. I think I'm as happy as other people. I dislike throwing stones at targets. I don't get into tricks at halloween. I hardly ever say the first thing that comes into my head. I don't like to follow a fire engine whenever it's going someplace. To avoid the confusing effect of double negatives in Rs to the IMP items, a true~false reaponse format was employed in place of the yes-no format. was devised to score the protocols for impulsivity. An objective scoring stencil Total score for each S were the number of items answered as keyed for impulsivity. Ten filler items comprising every fifth item of the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale or CMAS( Castaneda, et. al., 1956)- not counting the lie or L items- were inter- Spersed among the IMP items. In the present study, the cor- relation between IMP scores and the CMAS filler items was .15 and not significant. Appendix E presents the standardized instructions and items of the IMP measure. 88' Table 11 reports the mean and standard deviations of the IMP scores. Scores ranged from 3 to 15 points(out of a possible 0 to 19 points), with a mean of 7.9 and S.D. of 2.6. Table III presents the intercorrelation between the SCT 36 and IMP and indicates a significant relationship between these two measures of delay capacity(r of -.26, p (.01), i.e., the higher the delay capacity as measured by the SCT, the lower the impulsivity, as measured by the IMP. Monetary EXpenditure Task(MET) Davids & Sidman(1962) devised a task in which the S is asked what he would do with a specified sum of money and when would he spend it. "This procedure", the authors assert, “provides indices of the subject's tendency to seek immedi- ate gratification or to delay gratification in the attempt to attain more distant goals."(p.172) On this task each boy is asked, "Suppose somebody gave you ten cents, what would you do with it?". The S's R is recorded. The S is then asked, "When would you spend it?" The S's R is recorded verbatim. These instructions are repeated for one dollar and ten dol- lars(instead of 100 dollars used by the authors for high school , age 88). Each S's response is scored in one of 3 categories: (a) 'immediate spending'; (b) 'short term saving'; and (0) 'long term saving' on the basis of criteria of agreement be- tween two scorers. In the present sample of 103 Ss, there was disagreement in categorizing the Ss' responses on only 6 cases or 94% agreement between two judges. Responses of 'immediate spending' were assigned a score of one; Rs of 'short term saving' were scored two points; and Rs of '1ong term saving' were scored three points. The score 37 for each S was based on the average of the two scorers. A total score was assigned to each S based on the combined Re to the three different sums of money. We have called this task the Monetary EXpenditure Task or MET. Table II reports the mean and standard deviation of the Ss' MET scores(5.8 and 2.2,respectively); scores ranged from 3.0 to 9.0. Table III indicates a highly significant correlation be- tween this measure and the SCT and IMP(.57 and -.38, reSpect- ively). The significant intercorrelation of these three measures offers some evidence of the construct validity of the concept of “delay of need-gratification". Procedure On the basis of advance lists of all boys meeting the age(9 to 12 years) and IQ(at least average)criteria provided by institution administrators, Se were sampled for inclusion in the final eXperimental population. Non-caucasian Ss, as well as 33 not meeting the age and IQ selection criteria, were excluded from the sample. Any case records which were not considered reliable enough in yielding dataabout the placement history of the Ss were also excluded from analysis. In this way, from a total of 137 boys within the age range of 9 to 12 years, 34 cases were excluded for a final total sample size of 103 boys(cf. appendix B). Each 3 was seen individually for approximately a half hour and administered form A of the SCT, the IMP, and the 38 MET according to standardized directions(cf. appendix D:I and appendix E). For Ss who had difficulty in reading the IMP items, the items were read to them as they indicated their Rs. The 85 were randomly assigned to different orders of administration of the three delay capacity measures in order to counterbalance possible order or serial effects. The WISC vocabulary subtest was always administered after these measures. An attempt was made to read the case records for the case schedule and placement history data independently of the test data collection. Ideally, the most valid procedure would have been to test the Ss "blind" to the placement history data. However, because of scheduling arrangements this was not always possible so that in approximately 50% of the Ss, the placement history data were recorded prior to testing the $3 on the delay capacity measures. IV. Results Before testing hypotheses, the data on the delay of need- gratification measures were pooled for all the institution subsamples. F tests of comparisons,presented in table V, gave little indication of any significant differences in delay capacity between the subsamples and attests to the validity of this procedure(Fmax tests of heterogeneity of variance were also not significant). An inspection of table V shows I mm .m.z HH.H mm.m Hm.e an.~ mm.e 0H.» om.h mm.m an.n mean mm.h os.m nm.e ens .m.zmH.m mn.m He.s we. oo.a om.m ms.m me.s me.w oe.s mn.m ma.m sn.m .mcem in; flees: .m.z NH. om.e mm.m os.ne nm.m NN.HA me.e no.0m oh.m a.ea on.m Hm.Hm cm.e ee4iz he .m.s mm. me.m ne.m eo.m Ha.s oo.m cm.s NN.HH ma.m se.ee oo.s os.HH om.e scene as .h.2no.H oe.m es.m hm.ma we.» mw.m oh.e so.me on.» ms.sfl ne.s sm.eH om.m quiz ma .m.z me. as.» oo.oH om.o~ es.e Ho.w se.e nm.e oh.e. em.m He.e hm.o om.oH ceoz soap Iwnmnom no 909852 so. In: so. 1:: mo.: Ho. ems M ma. In: NH. In: oa. Ha. mzH M No. as. no.1 no.1 Ho. mo.I Bow N acapmnmdom no qofiawnsa we. In: wo.. In: 50. mo. Baa N in: It: *Hm.u in: it: *mH.I mfiH N emu. wow. *mw. *NN. *ma. *Hm. Bow H nonpofi Home It: In: It: III 00. «0. am: N in: III at: In: In: NH.I mEH H In: me. Ill ma. mo. 0H. Bow N nonpwm scum :oapmnmmmm HeepeeH as see emmH wmmxwe.o on.e.o emH om .e.o m smamewunuqm poo ceaamdpnmd mqoapmaonnpb ego eeaaeeesem amalgam .oH..<.o no encepeaessee eeeeauesmee nee: essence: heaon one unouonm noapm>anmon prnoumm noospom maoupmaonnou pneaos panachm NH Danae I Olll I cl AI ; fl I I .I III. ll‘lil’ II ) ‘l‘ll‘l‘llnllsvll f t . .0 ll Pl I 6" I | U I V. Discussion of Results The so-called “critical age" hypothesis(I) was tested for each parent separately, i.e., initial separation age from the father(F-ais) and initial separation age from the mother(M-ais). This hypothesis was confirmed for M-ais on total SCT, N-Acq(need-acquisition), and N-Aff(need-affilia- tion) subtests. In addition to investigating whether the five year old level was operating as a "critical age" for differentiating 89 on delay capacity, product moment corre- lations were computed between initial separation age and the delay capacity measures. Confirmed was the finding of a significant relationship between M-ais and the total, N-Acq, and N-Aff SCT tests. It would seem, then, that the rela- tionship between M-ais and these delay measures found in testing the critical age hypothesis is due as much to a low linear correlation between these measures as it is to a dif- ference in "early" vs. "late" separation. This certainly was the case withimpulsivity as measured by the IMP. M-ais was found to relate significantly to impulsivity even though there was no significant difference between "early" and "late" separated $3 on this variable. The earlier Se are separated from their mother, the more "impulsive” they report them- selves to be on the IMP measure.- With respect to F-ais(ini- tial separation age from the father), a low significant cor- relation was found between this factor and delay capacity 47 48 as measured by the N-Acq and N-Aff SCT subtests. It Will be noted, however, that a comparison between the scores of “early" and "late" separated Ss(from the father), did not yield any critical age difference that achieved signifi— cance. In all comparisons, across all measures of delay capa- city-except the N-Acq subtest on which there was no differ- ence- the relationship of M-ais to delay capacity was higher than the relationship of F-ais to delay capacity. On the overall SCT scores this difference achieved statistical sig- nificance and on the N-Aff subtest it approached significance. Since M-ais and F-ais are significantly related(r of .65), the question may be raised as to whether the correlation between M-ais and delay capacity is attributable to the ef- fect of initial separation from both father and mother, i.e., due to effects of F-ais. This question can be answered by partialling out F-ais from the relationship between M-ais and total SCT, N-Acq, N-Aff subtest, and IMP scores. With the exception of the N-Acq subtest, in which partialling out initial separation age from either parent reduces the cor- relation to a level of non-significance, the relationship of M-ais to the other delay capacity measures on the whole remains significant(for total SCT, r is .21, p 4.05; for N- Aff., r is .23, p (.05; and for IMP, r is .17, p (.10). It is apparent that M—ais is more critical for the development of delay capacity than F-ais. 49 The M—ais factor, of course, is related to the other parental deprivation factors(r of-.61). This is to be ex- pected since all three factors are associated with the pas- sage of time. Tests of hypotheses II and III indicated little significant relationship between the factors of dura— tion of separation and frequency of separation movements and delay capacity. The only significant correlation was that between duration of separation and need-affiliation gratification delay capacity(r of -.l9), indicating that the longer the time 83 are separated from their natural home and live in substitute homes, the less capacity they have to defer gratifying their affiliation needs. 0n the whole, little relationship was found of delay capacity with separation duration and separation movements. In weighting the contribution, then, of these three gross parental de- privation factors to the develOpment of delay capacity in preadolescent boys, it is apparent that the factor of ini- tial separation age from the mother(M—ais) is the most sig— nificant one. The retrOSpective follow-up study is designed to answer the question: To what degree can we predict present test performance from the occurrence of some prior event such as M-ais? We did find that, on the whole, the relationship be- tweenquais and the three measures of delay capacity were in the expected direction, the relationship of this factor to SCT(including N-Acq and N-Aff) and IMP scores being sig- 50 nificant(with age, ISP, and IQ partialled out, they were .22, pa¢.05, and -.21, p (.05, respectively). In interpret- ing these correlations, however, it is obvious that such low correlations have little predictive power. For relation- ships of this magnitude, the leek of relationship or coeffi- cient of alienation is about 98%, indicative of a predictive efficiency of only 2%(i.e., 4% of the variance is accounted for). Certainly we cannot be uncritical concerning all the uncontrolled factors operating in this kind of research. This study cannot answer the question as to what degree many of the intervening determinant events in the Ss' deve- lopment between birth and current age are operative in sup- pressing the relationship of the gross "parental deprivation" factors to personality functions such as "delay of need-gra- tification". In relating the gross parental deprivation factors to delay capacity, we assumed a constancy in quan- tity and quality of parental and substitute-parental care for the Ss as a whole. The validity of this assumption is, of course, open to question. The factors of duration of separation and frequency of separation movements are associated with time spent in sub- stitute-homes. This separation occurs in a variety of set- tings obviously varying in opportunities for need-gratifica- tion. Can we assume that substitute-home care(by institu- tions, boarding homes, relatives) provides less "mothering" 51 than care within the natural home? We cannot know, e.g., (a) to what degree "substitute—mothering" is adequate; and (b) to what degree "masked deprivation"(Prugh & Harlow, 1962) is Operative in both the natural home and in substitute homes. Theoretically, if substitute home care is adequate and pro- vides Opportunities for identification with nurturant parent- substitutes, then we might eXpect the relationship between the so-called parental deprivation factors and delay capa- city will be suppressed. Appendix A, Table A:VI, shows that at the time of this study, 69% of the Ss' parents were either divorced or sepa- rated. Table A:II shows that the majority Of the 83 were in their current institutional placement because one or the other parent, usually the mother, was unable to care for the child due to marital conflict between the parents. When one con- siders the parental attitude towards these 83 as reported by caseworkers(Table A:IX in appendix A), we find that 37% of the fathers have "withdrawn" from the Ss(usually after divorce, separation, or desertion) while 30% of the mothers are reported to be "rejecting". Regardless Of whether this situation is the effect rather than the cause of separation, we must answer our original question decidedly in the negative. VI. Summary and Conclusions The purpose of this study was to eXplore the relationship 52 between some significant gross parental deprivation factors and delay capacity by employing the method of a retrOSpect- ive follow-up study. One hundred and three boys, of average intelligence, between 9 and 12 years of age, were sampled from 6 Michigan child-care institutions designed to care for"dependent and neglected" children who have been separated from their homes. The three parental deprivation factors investigated in this study were age at initial separation from parent(s), duration of separation in substitute homes, and number of separation movements. 0n the basis of theory and a review Of the research literature, three hypotheses were formulated: 1) Se initially separated from their parent(s) before the age of 5 years ("early separated“) will show less delay capacity(more im- pulsivity) than $3 separated after this age("late Separated"). This may be termed the "critical age" hypothesis. 2) There will be a significant negative relationship between dura- tion of separation and delay capacity, i.e., the more time a S spends in substitute homes, the less delay capacity he will exhibit. And 3) There will be a significant negative relationship between number Of separation movements from one p1acement(home or home-substitute) to another and delay capacity. Three measures of delay capacity were administered to the Ss: a Story Completion Test(SCT) devised by the author, consisting of 5 incomplete stories which Ss are instructed to complete and which were judged to measure capacity to 53 delay need-acquisition(N-Acq), need-affiliation(N-Aff), need- aggression(N-Agg), need-nutriance(N-Nut), and need-achieve- ment(N-Ach), respectively; the Sutton-Smith-Rosenberg(1959) Impulsivity Scale(IMP); and the Davids-Sidman(1962) monetary eXpenditure task(MET). Hypothesis I was tested for each parent separately and was confirmed for initial separation age from mother(M-aiS) and on delay capacity as measured by the total SCT, N-Acq, and N-Aff subtests. With reapect to initial separation age from the father(F-ais), no significant differences between early and late separated $8 on the delay capacity measures were found. When product-moment correlations were calcu- 1ated, it was found that the difference between "early" and "late" separated Ss(from the mother) was due as much to a low linear correlation between M-ais and delay capacity as it was to the so-called "criticality" of the 5 year age level. Low but significant correlations were found between M-ais and overall delay capacity as measured by the total SCT, N-Acq, N-Aff, and IMP measures. The relationship of ini- tial separation age to delay capacity was found to be higher for Meais than for F-ais across all delay capacity measures except N-Acq(on which there was no difference between M-ais and F-ais). It was concluded that age at initial separation from the mother was more critical for the development of delay capacity in preadolescence than age at separation from the father. 54 In testing hypothesis II, a significant relationship was found between duration of separation and capacity to delay need-affiliation gratification as measured by the SCT NeAff subtest(r of -.19). It was concluded from this find- ing that the more time a S Spends in substitute homes, the less capacity to delay need—affiliation gratification he will exhibit. As regards hypothesis III, on the whole, fre- quency Of separation movements was not significantly related to delay capacity. The correlation between this factor and impulsivity as measured by the IMP scale approached signifi- cance, however(p d .10); i.e., the greater the number of shifts from one placement to another, the higher is the ten- dency to be impulsive as measured by the IMP. In examining the contribution Of the three gross pa- rental deprivation factors to the develOpment of delay capa- city, it was concluded that M-ais was the most significant factor for the prediction of a S's capacity to delay need- gratification. It was noted that the predictive power Of this factor was nevertheless very low even when the effects of confounding variables are partialled out. The issue of uncontrolled factors Operative in suppress- ing a clear-cut relationship between "parental deprivation" factors and personality functions such as "delay capacity" was discussed and it was concluded that any assumption of the constancy of such uncontrolled factors was Open to question. 55 VII. Implications For Future Research 0f the three gross factors of parental deprivation, age of initial separation from the mother(M-ais) was found to be the most critical for predicting the development of de- lay capacity in preadolescent boys(a1though its predictive efficiency was quite low). The finding that M-ais is more important than F-ais(age of initial separation from the father) for predicting delay capacity is a finding that merits further research. The low predictive relation found between M-ais and delay capacity was partially attributed to possible confound- ing effects of other environmental and organismic variables. With reSpect to the former, we pointed out earlier that in- stitutional characteristics such as type Of institution, staff-child ratio, and personnel turnover, may be signifi- cantly related to capacity to delay need-gratification within the institution sample. We saw that the Se in the 6 insti- tution subsamples were homogeneous in delay capacity des- pite varying characteristics Of the institutions. Neverthe- less, we examined the rank order correlation Of the delay measures to institutional type, staff-child ratio, and person- nel turnover(which were assumed to be associated with Oppor- tunities for parent-surrogate-child ties). No significant systematic covariation between them was found. The relation- ship between staff-child ratio and MET scores approached 56 significance, however(rho Of .77), and suggests further re- search inquiry. Perhaps Of greater interest to the psychologist are the effects Of intervening organismic variables. There is some evidence in the research literature which suggests that anxiety is an important organismic variable associated with delay capacity or impulse-control. Siegman(l962), in his study Of the relationship between anxiety as measured by the TMAS(Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale) and impulse control (as measured by time estimations and a slow tracing ~motor inhibition- task) in 36 college age Ss found that high anx— ious 88 showed less impulse control than low anxious Ss. In the present study, it will be recalled,,the relationship between CMAS filler items and IMP scores only approached significance(p<£.10). The relationship between CMAS scores and delay capacity as measured by the total SCT and MET measures, however, was significant(p.<.05, r of -.20 and -.24, reSpectively). This finding confirms Siegman's re- sults, i.e., that high anxious 83 are more impulsive or, in our terms, have less delay capacity. In our review of theory, we discussed the vieWpoint that delay capacity may be the outcome of internal controls derived from guilt anxiety associated with parental training. (of. p. 3, Bandura & Walters, 1959; Sears, 1957). The 88 of theinstitution sample are assumed to have been deprived of stable parent-child relationships conducive to the deve- 57 lOpment of such internal controls. If this theory is valid, we would eXpect that in any comparison Of the present sample with a group of Ss(matched on age, IQ, and ISP) who have lived with their parents all their life, there would be a significant difference between the groups on guilt associated with impulsive need-gratification. It will be noted that a score Of egg on the SCT indicates immediate need-gratification without guilt and a score of twp immediate need-gratification with guilt. We might eXpect that the institution group will show less guilt with immedi- ate need-gratification than a control group Of Ss(used in an early pilot study(Campos, l962)for developing the SCT). It will be recalled that need-affiliation gratification was most affected by parental deprivation. If we examine Ss' responses to the SCT N-Aff(need-affiliation) subtest and compare the ”parentally-deprived" institution sample with the "non-parentally-deprived" control Ss on the proportion Of one and two scores, we find, applying Fisher-Yates test of significance, a significant difference in guilt associ- ated with impulsive expression of need-affiliation gratifi- cation. The institutional group Of Ss showed less guilt in expressing immediate need-affiliation gratification than the matched group of controls(p (.05). This finding adds further suggestive evidence for the validity that delay ca- pacity may be the outcome of internal controls derived from guilt anxiety associated with parental training. 58 The foregoing analyses are some of the findings which point to significant future research. The present study is not intended to be an investigation of all the relevant fac- tors operative in the relationship between parental depri- vation and the development of the capacity to delay need- gratification. Hopefully, it is assumed, however, to be a step in the right direction. In conclusion, a quote from Prugh & Harlow(l962) is pertinent: Only with continued Open-minded and thoughtful research...shall we be able to distinguish more clearly the significant factors involved in the relationship between early experience and subse- quent develOpment and, as a result, to delineate more fully and in greater detail the logical steps toward adequate prevention and treatment of con- sequent emotional disorders. (p. 25) References Ainsworth, Mary D. The effects of maternal deprivation: a review of findings and controversy in the context of research strategy. In Ainsworth, Mary D. & others. De- privation of maternal care: a reassessment of its effects. Geneva:Wor1d Health Organization, 1962, 97- 165 Ainsworth, Mary D. & Bowlby, J. Research strategy in the study of mother-child separation. Courrier, 1954, 4 Anderson, H. H. & Anderson, Gladys L. Image of teachers by adolescent children in seven countries. Amer. 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Maternal deprivation: toward an empirical and conceptual reevaluation. _Ppyphpl. _Bpll., 1961, 58, 459.. 490 Appendices Appendix A Selected Characteristics of the Institution Sample Table A31 Source of Referral Source N % Parents or relatives 22 .21 Private or social agency 19 .18 Child guidance or treatment center 19 .18 Juvenile Court 13 .13 School(V.T.) 13 .13 Public welfare agenc 10 .10 0ther(church, lawyerg 7 .07 Table A:II Reason for Referral Reasons stated N % * Parent unable to care for child 59 .57 Marital conflict in fami1y(resu1ting in divorce, separation) 39 .38 Parental illness(physica1 or mental) 30 .29 Parent unable to handle or su ervise child(because of his behavior? 24 .23 Boarding home adjustment failure 20 .19 Desertion by parent(s) 17 .17 Abuse or neglect by parents 18 .17 Death of parent(s) 16 .16 Other 9 .09 * Total does not sum to 100% because more than one reason is given for most of the cases. 65 Table A:III Adjustment Behavior Reported by Caseworker At Time of Current Placement Adjustment behavior reported N % * Social maladjustment 58 .56 Aggressiveness 42 Other 16 Developmental difficulties 36 .35 Immaturity 29 Other 7 School learning difficulties 36 .35 Symptom-free adjustment 17 .17 "Psychiatric" disturbance(neurosis, character disorder) 12 .12 Pre-delinquency(stealing) 6 .06 3 Does not sum to 100% because more than one category is mentioned in many cases. Table A:IV Legal Status of Sample Status N % Full custody remains with parent or guardian 64 .62 Rights modified- temporary(ward of the court) 27 .26 Rights modified- permanent(ward of the court) 13 .12 66 Table A:V Sibling Status of Sample Sibling status N % One or more sibs -all in foster care 38 .37 Sibs divided between home and foster care 29 .28 One or more sibs -all at home 18 .17 No sibs 14 .14 Other(sib in institution, AF, etc.) 4 .04 Table A:VI Marital Relationship of Parents Marital Relationship N % Divorced(includes annulments) 34 .33 Father remarried 5 Mother remarried 8 Separated