RETURNING MATERIALS: PV1€;I_J Piace in booE drop to LJBRARJES remove this checkout frdm _....<,...._ your record. FINES will , e__ be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. — RURAL mNMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA: A STUDY OF PARTICIPATION. OPINIONS. AND EVALUATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT CENTER'S PRCX-IRAMS AND SERVICES BY NADI FATMA VILLAGERS By Ismael KhaieeT Kutubkhanah A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partiaT fulfiiiment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Socioiogy T986 Mo>y)y7 ABSTRACT RURAL COMMJNITY DEVELOPMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA: A STUDY OF PARTICIPATION. OPINIONS. AND EVALUATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT CENTER'S PROGRAMS AND SERVICES BY NADI FATMA VILLAGERS By Ismaei Khaieei Kutubkhanah The sociOTogicai probiem addressed in this research is the adoption of innovations in the context of a traditionaT society. Specificaiiy. the primary focus of this study is to examine the viTTagers' participation. opinions currentiy hei d. and evaiuation of the various kinds of government-sponsored programs. These programs inciude the areas Of agricuiturai extension. heaTth. education and cuiture. and sociaT affairs. The target system was not viewed as monoiithic. Hence. we examine the reiationships between the dependent variab'le. participation. and the independent variabies (age. marita‘l status. ievei of education. sizetof famiiy. iength of residence. and distance from the center). The present research started with a survey Of reTated Titerature in the fie‘ld Of socio'logy and community deveTopment. In addition. informa'l interviews with some officiais. community deveiopment center workers. and severai rurai Teaders of the Wadi Fatma area provided vaiuabie background information that was used in constructing the instrument for this study. Various Saudi government Ismaei Khaieei Kutubkhanah documents were a‘lso consulted. A structured interview was used in gathering data for this study. This research instrument was refined into its finaT form foTTowing a piTot study. FinaTTy. the instrument was typed in Arabic and administered to a seiected sampTe. A randomized sampie of 260 househoid heads was seiected from a popuiation of 2.050 househoid heads in six viiiages of the Wadi Fatma region served by the community deveTopment center. 0f the totai sampie of 260 cases. 245 were incTuded in the finaT anaiysis. Data were anaiyzed using frequency anaTysis and cross-tabuiation techniques. Six hypotheses reiated to the participation of heads of house- hon in the community deve‘lopment center programs were tested by emp‘loy- ing the chi-square procedure. The resu'lts of this anaTysis indicate that three of the factors--maritai status. TeveT of education. and Tength of residence--have a statisticaT 'ly significant re‘lationship to participation. The proportion of household heads who participate in the community deveiopment center's activities and programs is higher among those who are married. who have a higher ‘leveT of education. and who have resided Tonger in the area. Age. distance to the center. and number of persons in the househoid do not have a significant reTation- ship to participation. Participation tends to increase with increasing numbers in the househoid. but the reiationship is not statisticaiiy significant. Based on the findings of this study. a number of recommen- dations for change are made. and suggestions for further research are provided. 5? , .. fivnfinfiw ~DI" ' :745=7\- . (\(ufv - -/ v_~:.. ‘1 "2“ r~., 'V‘ " (Rafi. /§~ . v~rv . '1' .. r. o «Vr E. a . s“. .t. 6|. 33 . 34 .5. . ‘ AA. ’ 4' \(IK/ . O ”a l€¢L1.vM...flo . «w . T3 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST MERCIFUL AND THE MOST BENEFICENT This dissertation is dedicated to my mother (may her soul rest in peace!) for her constant prayers and encouragement; my father, my uncle, and my mother—in-law for their moral support and prayers; and my two brothers, Ibraim and Armed, for their support. Last but not least, this dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Rtma, and our children, Hanan, Hatem, and Banan, for their patience and encouraganent to complete this study. ii ACKNWLEDGMENTS All praise and thanks are due to Allah for his providence and Inerciful divine direction throughout my life. and peace be upon his prophet and messenger. Mohammed. The completion of this work would not have been possible without Allah's help and guidance. I wish to express my deep gratitude to my comnfltiee chairman. Professor J. Allan Beagle. for his generous assistance. positive sug- gestions. and valuable advice throughout the entire doctoral program. Sincere appreciation and gratitude are extended to my committee mem- bers. Professors Christopher Sower. Philip Marcus. and Denton Morrison. for their advice. encouragement. and constructive comments to the study. I would be remiss in my duty if I were not to acknowledge the help and cooperation I received from the Dean of the College of Arts and Humanities. Dr. Suliman Al-Kanam; Dr. Abdallah Al-Keriji. for his advice and useful recommendations; and to all faculty members of the Sociology Department at King Abdul-Aziz University for their sugges- tions. I also express my appreciation to the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and to the Director and all workers of the community development center in the Wadi-Fatma area. who were of great assistance in facilitating my task during the collection of needed information for this dissertation. Special thanks also are due to all the villagers of Wadi Fatma who participated positively in this study and were of great help in collecting the necessary data for this research. Finally. I take this opportunity to thank King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia. for granting me a scholarship to complete my advanced studies in the United States. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF Tml-ES O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O O 0 LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1. WE mml—EM O O 0 O O O O O O 0 Introduction to the Study . Objectives and Importance of the Statement of the Problem and Its Theoretical Moorings .. . .. . .. . .. Study Organization of the Study . . . . . . II. MODERN SAUDI ARABIA: A BRIEF BACKGROUND Historical Background . Location........ The Population . . . . . Climate . . . . . . . . Social and Political Structure Econanic Features . . . . . . III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. INCLUDING THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The Concept of Community Development . . . . . . New Perspectives of Development The Theory of Community Development Community Development as a Worldwide Approach to Improving Village Living Conditions The Effect of the Community Development Approach on Traditional Communities . . . . . . The Concept of the Target System . . . . The Concept of Change Agent . . . . . . Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page xiv XV -l NOON \l U'ihN 12 l4 17 18 21 24 28 34 4O Indicators of Villagers' Participation . . . . . Participation and Socioeconomic Factors The Significance of Public Opinion in Rural Development and in the Decision-Making Process . IV. mMMJNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTERS AND THE APPLICATION OF CHANGE AGENT AND TARGET SYSTEM CONCEPTS IN SMDI MMIA O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Development Plans in Saudi Arabia The Second Development Plan (1975-1980) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The First Development Plan (1970-l975) . The Third Development Plan (l980-l985) . The Fourth Development Plan (1985-l990) Macro-economic Analysis of the Fourth Plan International Benefits and Opportunities Kingdom's Development Plans . . Governmental Social Programs . . . Social Security . . . . . . . . Social Welfare . . . . . . . . . Community Development Programs . Social Insurance . . . . . . . . Special Programs for Nomads . . Community Development Centers . . Historical Background . . . . . Stages in Selecting Locations for Community From te cocoa-00030000... Development Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organizational Structure of the Rural Community Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Staff of the Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Objectives of Community Development writers 0 O O O O O I O O O I O O O O O O O O 0 Services and Programs Provided by the Community Development Centers . . . . . . SocialSection......... Educational and Cultural Section Health Section . . . . . . . . . Agricultural Section . . . . . . Summary of Community Development Centers. The Center for Training and Applied Research Community Development in Al-Diriyah Activities of the Al-Diriyah Center Research in Community Development vi Staff of the Training and Applied Research li’lAT-le‘lyah...............o. in Center A Word About the Center for Training and Applied Page 41 42 43 46 46 46 47 48 49 51 53 54 55 SS 56 57 S8 58 61 62 65 66 68 68 72 72 73 75 76 77 79 Page The Application of the Change Agent and Target Systems Concepts in the Community Rural Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of the Change Agent Concept . . . . . . Application of the Target System Concept in the Community Rural Development Programs . . . . . . . . 83 Community Development Will Benefit Target Systems If the Target System Concept Is Followed . . . . . 83 The Target System Can Be Divided Into Several Groups That Adopt New Proposals at Varying Speeds O O I O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O 84 Community Development Will be More Beneficial If the Early Adapters in the Target System Actively Participate in Program Planning . . . . . . . . . 84 88 V. STUDY SITE. HYPOTHESES. AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . . . . 86 The Study Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Geographical Location. Agriculture. and Water Resources of Wadi Fatma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Historical Outlook of Wadi Fatma and How It was "med 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 89 Residents of Wadi Fatma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Physical Structure of Wadi Fatma . . . . . . . . . . 91 Major Governmental Agencies and Institutions . . . . 92 Custans and Way of Life in Wadi Fatma . . . . . . . . 94 Rural Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Hypotheses and Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . 101 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 The Study Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Sampling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Research Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Validity of the Research Instrument . . . . . . . . 107 Observation. Infonmal Interviews. and Other Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Some Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 VI. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Distribution of the Sample According to Their Personal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Distribution of the Sample According to Awareness of and Sources of Knowledge About the Existence of Community Development Center Programs in their Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 vii Page Distribution of the Sample According to Partici- pation and Types of Participation in the Center's Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 The Degree of Helpfulness of Community Development Center Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Analysis of Agricultural. Health. Educational. and Social Programs of the Community Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Analysis of Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Participation of Household Heads and Their Age . . . 154 Participation of Household Heads and Marital Status 0 O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 156 Participation of Household Heads and Number of People in Their Households . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Participation of Household Heads and Number of Chijdren O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ‘60 Participation of Household Heads and Their Level of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Participation of Household Heads and Length of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Participation of Household Heads and Distance of Residence From Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Summary of the Hypotheses Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 167 VII. SUMMARY. FINDINGS. RECOMMENDATIONS. AND IMPLICATIONS . . 169 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Summary of Important Findings . . . . . 172 Findings Regarding Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Findings Regarding the Outcome Measures . . . . . . 173 Findings Regarding the Relationship Between Background Variables and Participation . . . . . . 176 Recommendations and Implications . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Recommendations for Further Research . . . . . . . . . 183 Page APPENDICES O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O I O O O O O 0 O O 185 A. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VERSIONS OF THE STRUCTURED INTERVIEW O O O C O 0 O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O 186 8. OFFICIAL LETTERS 0 o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o a o a 216 C. moss-TMULATIM TMLES o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 222 BIBLIOGRAH‘W o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o 237 Page APPEN DI CES O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O I O O O 1 85 A. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VERSIONS OF THE STRUCTURED INTEW IE" O O I O O C C O O O O O O C O O C O O I O O 186 B. OFFICIAL LETTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Co moss-'TMULATIW TELES o o o o a o o o o o o o o c o o 222 BIBLIOGRAH’TY o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o 237 ix Table 1. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. LIST OF TABLES Community Development and Service Centers in Saudi Arabia and Their Places and Dates of Establishment. and Location and Number of Areas and Villages . . Distribution of the Population and Sample According to Every Village in the Study Area (Wadi Fabna) . Distribution of the Sample According to Age . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Marital Status Distribution of the Sample According to Level of Educat‘ on O O O O O O O I O O O O O O I O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to Occupation . Distribution of the Sample According to Length of Residence in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Number of Persons in the Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Number of Children in the Household . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Awareness of the Canmunity Development Center . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the First Source of Information About Community Development Center Progrms O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to Participation in Community Development Center Programs . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Type of Participation in Community Development Center Programs Page 60 105 113 114 115 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 125 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. Distribution of the Sample According to Reasons for Not Participating in the Community Development Center Programs 0 O I O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to Degree of Helpfulness of Community Development Center Programs . Distribution of the Sample According to the Use of Various Community Development Programs and Services in the Past 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to the Current Use of Various Community Development Center Programs and sew1ces O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to the Reasons for Not Using Community Development Center Services and Progrms O O O O O O O O O O O I I O 0 I O O O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to the Types of Agricultural Services They Have Received From the Camunity Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Types of Health Services They Have Received From the Community Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Types of Educational and Cultural Services They Have Received From the Conlnunity Development Center . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Types of Social Services They Have Received From the Community Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to Their Satisfac- tion With the Various Community Development Center Programs and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Satisfaction With Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Family Need for Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Page 126 128 129 130 132 134 135 136 138 139 140 142 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Villagers' Need for Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Importance of Increasing the Number of Services Within Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Importance of Increasing the Resources in Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Importance of Increasing the Number of Workers in Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Importance of Establishing Units in Each Village of the Wadi Fatma Area for Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Degree of Importance of Increasing the Number of Lectures and Awareness of Every Kind of Community Development Center Program and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and Their Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and Their Marital Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and the Number of People in Their Households . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and Their Number of Children . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and Their Level of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and the Length of Their Residence in Wadi Fatma . . xii Page 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 161 163 164 38. A1. A6. A7. A10. A11. A12. A13. A14. Relationship Between Household Heads' Participation and the Distance From Their Residence to the Community Development Center . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and Age 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and Their Marital Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and the Number of People in Their Household . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and the Number of Their Children . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and Their Level of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and the Length of Their Residence . . . . . . . . . Relationship Between Household Heads' Awareness and the Distance From Their Residence to the Center Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and Their Age Range . . . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and Their Marital Status . . . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and the Number of People in Their HOUSOhO] d O O O O O O O I I O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and the Number of Their Children . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and Their Level of Education . . . . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and the Length of Their Residence . . Distribution of the Sample According to the Type of Participation and the Distance From Their Residence to the “nter O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O xiii Page 166 223 22A 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 23A 235 236 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Normal Bell-Shaped Adopter Categorization. Based on Innovativeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2. Change Agents Provide Linkage Between a Change Agency and Client and Target Systems . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Organizational Structure of the Community Development Rural Programs in Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4. Organizational Structure of the Al-Diriyah Center for Training and Applied Research in Community Deve1opment O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 78 LIST OF MAPS Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of Community Development and Service Centers in Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wadi Fatma and Its Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Page 10 59 88 G-lAPTER I THE PROBLEM WON In recent years. Saudi Arabia has become one of the largest oil producers in the world. The rapid increase of revenue due to this production has encouraged rapid development. Changes have taken place in all aspects of Saudi Arabian society. including the economy. educa- tion. health. and social welfare. The increase in revenue has given the government a large finan- cial base on which to build a development program. It must be pointed out. however. that money does not equal development. Development implies not only increased income. but a change within society that improves the lives of all of the inhabitants and raises the general standard of living. This goal cannot be fully achieved unless the people participate effectively and share responsibility for many pro- grams. As a part of the plan to achieve widespread development. gov- ernment community development centers have been established in some rural areas of the country. beginning in 1960. As a method and pro- cess. the Saudi government considers community development one of the most effective ways to accelerate social and economic advancement. Since many developing countries have embarked on successful development programs. it is reasonable toiassume'that this should hold true for Saudi Arabia as well. So far. however. the Saudi Arabian experience has not been highly successful. The community development center programs in rural locations are generally considered insufficient to fulfill the needs and wants of the residents. Further. the programs have not been highly helpful in encouraging the target system to par- ticipate effectively in the various kinds of programs offered. It is important for the future of Saudi Arabia that the quality of rural programs be improved. It is also vital to obtain citizen participation in the different kinds of program activities and in the decision-making process. especially to identify public needs and problems. WW1: Wearing: The sociological problem addressed in this research is the adoption of innovations in the context of a traditional society. Spe- cifically. the focus is on participation. opinions. and evaluation of various kinds of government-sponsored programs and services by rural community residents in one area of Saudi Arabia. The government pro- grams cover health. agriculture. education and culture. and social areas. The sociological problem is one in which two social systems. each with its own social structure. norms. and value orientation. come into contact and either achieve. or fail to achieve. socio-cultural linkage. In the case of government rural development programs. the Saudi Arabian government is viewed as a change agent seeking to introduce change into the target system. The villagers are viewed as the change target system. Government community development center workers. located in the rural areas. are seen as the primary change agents. It is part of our theoretical perspective that the change agent system often designs programs without sufficient input and involvement by members of the change target system. This circumstance may account for the modest success of community development in Saudi Arabia. It is possible that the two systems have not achieved linkage. that is. a substantial convergence of norms. values. and objectives. Sharkansky (1970) lists the following factors that influence the quality of and involvement in planned change: 1. . . . The specific attitudes that the citizens hold about public programs. . . 3 2. Demands. resources. and political support from individual citi- zens. political parties. and interest groups; 3. Demands. resources. and political support from individuals and institutions in other governments through “vertical" or "hori- zontal" intergovernmental rel ati ans; 4. The social background. skills. and values of administrators themselves; and 5. The structures. procedures. and precedents of administrative units. (p. 36) Among these five factors. the first is critical and important for several reasons. First. the people feel a part of the decisions affecting their lives and thus may feel more committed to the public policies. Second. when people feel a commitment to the decisions affecting their lives. there is a greater likelihood of their partici- pation and involvement. Finally. an input of opinions from a number of different people in the decision-making process brings about a recogni- tion of differing points of view and differing needs. The intention of this research is to analyze villagers' aware- ness. opinions. and assessment of the specific program areas. namely. agricultural extension. health. education and culture. and social affairs. 'The target system is not viewed as monolithic. Hence we want to examine how participation in development programs is affected by variables such as age. education. marital status. size of family. length of residence. and distance from the center. W The following are the main objectives of this study: 1. To describe and analyze the social and economic system of rural Saudi Arabia in general and Wadi Fatma village (the study area) in particular. 2. To describe and critically analyze the application of community development rural centers and the two community development concepts (change agents and target system) to the Saudi Arabian rural community development program. 3. To examine the knowledge. use. and opinions currently held by villages of the rural development centers' programs and services. These programs include the areas of health. agricultural extension. education and culture. and social services. 4. To analyze and examine how the villagers' participation in the different kinds of programs of the community development center is affected by a number of variables. such as age. level of education. marital status. length of residence. size of family. and distance from the center. This study is important for several reasons. First. no syste- matic study of its kind has been conducted before in Saudi Arabia. This statement was confirmed by an interview conducted by the researcher in 1983 with the director and workers of the community development center in Wadi Fatma and with administrators in the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. In addition. a search was made of the literature to find any studies related to this area of concern. Second. such infor- mation has broad implications for rural community development. change agents. administrators. and primary change agents (workers). Personnel in these areas will be able to perform their functions more effectively once they have a better understanding of villagers' opinions and assessment of community development center programs and services. Such information will enable them to play a major role in knowledge of the major needs and problems of the villagers and then to identify possible improvement programs for all residents of the rural areas of Saudi Arabia. W The study is organized into seven chapters. as follows. Fol- lowing this introduction to the study. a brief background concerning Saudi Arabia is presented in Chapter II. The literature related to community development theory. concept. programs. and participation is extensively reviewed in Chapter III. The background of rural community development centers and the application of the change agent and target system concepts in Saudi Arabian society are presented in Chapter IV. The research hypotheses. research design and methodology. and a description of the population and area of the study are found in Chap- ter V. Chapter VI contains the research findings and analysis. while the summary. conclusions. and recommendations are presented in Chapter VII. CHAPTER I I MDERN SAUDI ARABIA: A BRIEF BACKGRQJND Because this research is concerned with the community develop- ment programs in Saudi Arabia. it is deemed appropriate to familiarize the reader with Saudi Arabian society. This chapter briefly touches on the historical background. geographical location. population. climate. social and political character. and economic characteristics of Saudi Arabia. NW The Arabian peninsula. of which four-fifths is at present the country of Saudi Arabia. has a civilization that stretches back almost to 3000 8.0. A significant historical and cultural change occurred in the seventh century AD. when Arabs brought the Islamic religion to the peninsula. A new set of rules. language. religion. and patterns of living has characterized the Arabian peninsula ever since. The spread of Isl am to a large area during the early Islamic empire period made Makkah a major cultural center in the Islamic world. During the sixteenth century the Ottomans invaded the Arabian peninsula. where they reigned supreme until the first world war. An Islamic government was established in 1932 when King Abdul Aziz A1- Saud (the founder of contemporary Saudi Arabia) was proclaimed King of Saudi Arabia. Since then the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been ruled by the house of Saud. For almost 24 years (1901-1925). Ibn Saud led successive campaigns against the tribes of the Arabian desert and united them under his rule. Before the creation of the Kingdom. the tribes of Arabia lived in a constant state of insecurity. and tribal rivalry was the main principle conditioning desert life. Jazaqum Saudi Arabia occupies four-fifths Of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia. According to the WM; (1971). ”the area of the Kingdom is officially estimated at about 970.000 square miles (about one-third the size of the United States" (p. 1). Saudi Arabia extends from the Arabian Gulf in the east to the Red Sea in the west. It borders Kuwait. Iraq. and Jordan to the north; Qatar. the United Arab Emirates. and Oman to the east: and Yemen and the Republic of South Yemen to the south. The country consists of five provinces or regions. Each region has its own distinctive characteristics. The western (Hijaz) region is a coastal plain confined within a narrow space by mountains that drop sharply toward the Red Sea. This region has a long history of spiri- tual importance to the Muslim people since it contains the two holy cities of Makkah and Medina. Jeddah and Taif are the region's major cities. The important feature of this region is the m. in which about two million Muslims from all over the world make the journey to Makkah and Medina during the pilgrimage season each year. The central region (Najed) covers the largest part of the country and includes El-Kassim. Hail. and Alaflag. At the center of this region is the Kingdom's capital city of Riyadh. The Eastern Region (Al-Hasa) is the country's wealthiest area in resource endow- ments since it contains the massive oil deposits. In this area there are several important cities. such as Dammam. Dhahran. and Al-Khobar. The southern region (Asir) includes the major towns of Abha. Jizan. and Najran. In this area mountain peaks rise to 10.000 feet. with ample rainfall for cultivation. The northern region (Tabouk) borders on Jordan and Iraq at the northernmost points of the country. A map of Saudi Arabia (Figure l) is provided on the following page to help the reader visualize Saudi Arabia's geography. Wen According to the 1974 population census. there were slightly more than seven million people in the country. with an annual growth rate of 3 percent. In the 19805 Saudi Arabia's population is estimated at 8.244.000. Of this number 27 percent is nomadic and 39 percent live in towns with 30.000 or more inhabitants. The population is young; 44 percent are under 15 years of age. (El-Mallakh. 1982. p. 20) It is very difficult to obtain reliable population statistics of the unsettled Bedouins because of the great changes in their lifestyle. Many of them have turned to stable agriculture and some to life in the cities. However. it has been estimated that about 1.9 million are unsettled or nomads. 10 .mwnmca _e=mm "_ am: ‘ 0°. . 00:2 1"! ‘1‘ 8.988qu °d . f . v.5 . mum 32501 \.v 333 22.623. mw \ 83.... em. or m sea \s... 226» . scar} .. ESQ .031 O .. “ennui... 103”»... .I II I .l ..l l .I \o ..1.. i p. .. to. 2.6.: ..H....... . ,e M. 638:0 ca .523. .. 649 V6 llloau‘o-l \ loot \oo/ . .3 .. b 11 The large migration experienced in Saudi Arabia from rural to urban cities by villagers and nomads is usually the result of a search for better employment opportunity. higher wages. better education. and a better standard of living. The urban population has grown very rapidly because of the large influx of people from the interior. as well as from outside the Kingdom. The number of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia has increased rapidly in the past 15 years as a result of the huge development plans. especially in the major cities of the nation. The 1974 census indi- cated that the non-Saudi population in the country was 791.105 (Daghis- tani. 1979. p. 13). whereas other sources have put the non-Saudi popu- lation at 1.5 million in the same year (Middle East and North Africa. 1981. p. 664). However. this figure increased dramatically and was estimated at over three million in 1981. The population of the three million workers from South Asia and Yemen. who receive relatively low wages. has declined while the number from the United States. Europe. and East Asia. who receive relatively high pay. has increased. (U.S. Department of Agricul- ture. 1981. p. 11) From this information. it is likely that the foreign work force in Saudi Arabia doubled between the early 19705 and the early 19805. There are three urban population complexes in Saudi Arabia: the western area. which includes Jeddah. Taif. and the holy cities of Makkah and Medina; the central area. which includes the capital city of Riyadh and the Oasim section; and the eastern area. which includes the cities of Dammam. Al-Hofof. and Dharan. 12 91mm The climate in Saudi Arabia is controlled by the subtropical high-pressure system. The annual average rainfall is about four inches. except in the southwest region. where it reaches an average of 12 inches because of the effect of the summer monsoon of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. Throughout most of the country. the rain- fall usually occurs during the spring and winter. The summer is very hot and dry. especially in the interior. where the temperature reaches a maximum of 120 degrees Fahrenheit and averages 112 degrees. The winter is cool and dry. with occasional temperatures near freezing in the interior of the country. The coastal strips are under the infl u- ence of the adjoining seas; the relative humidity is usually higher there than in the interior areas (Al-Fiar. 1977. p. 56). W Although Saudi Arabia has been undergoing some social changes (especi ally after the discovery of oil and the changing structure of the economy). it still retains an essentially traditional character. The tribe is the main unit of social organization in the country. Kinship ties and recognition of mutual obligations within the kin group are principal norms in Saudi Arabian social organization. The family is the center of the social structure. and loyalty to the family over- shadows all other obligations. Individual members participate in major family decisions. but the final answer to a question rests in the hands of the father or the head of the family. Women are increasingly being 13 consulted in the decision-making process. The basic family is the extended family; descent is traced through the paternal lines. An individual's well-being is the responsibility of the whole family. and the family's well-being is the individual's utmost concern. If the head of a household dies. his family is absorbed into the larger family group. The older children of the deceased usually join the household of the paternal grandfather or that of the oldest surviving brother. The widow may stay in the husband's family. or she may return to her own family. in which case she takes the youngest children with her (Al-Abbadi. 1981). The people of Saudi Arabia are all Moslems. The role that Islam plays in the Saudi Arabian society is not only a religious one. but it is a whole social and constitutional system. and the people abide by its principles. Saudi Arabians in general have three differ- ent types of structure. each with its own social and economic condi- tions. The first and smallest group is the desert nomads (Bedouins). They live in tents and move from pl ace to place looking for grazing land for their camels or sheep. They believe that kinship or blood relationship is the basis of community social and political life. The influences of the twentieth century are drawing the nomads into the world of the villages and towns. As a result. their numbers have recently been declining rapidly. The second group is the large population that lives in vil- lages. The villagers live on terrain that varies from the mountains in the southwest and the north to the torrid flat and plateau regions of 14 lower Saudi Arabia. Their housing varies in composition from stone and cement to dried mud. The major occupation for these individuals is farming. The third but most powerful population group lives in the cities. which are centers of economic. political. and cultural life. Social differences among classes are clearer in the cities than in other communities. This urban population presents a more complex social and economic structure than does either the nomadic or village sector. EconomiLEeatures From an economic perspective. Saudi Arabia is the world's largest government-owned oil product exporter. Most of the government revenues are derived from revenues of the government-owned oil compa- nies. The Saudi economy is based. 75 percent on average. on the oil revenues. Indeed. the dominance of oil in the country's foreign exchange. government revenues. and as a main source of growth in the national income is the most obvious characteristic of the economic system of the country. The government of Saudi Arabia is well aware of the dangers of depending on a single oil resource as the only source of income. Concern about this situation has pro- vided one of the objectives of the country's development plan. by diversifying sources of national income and reducing dependence on oil through increasing the share of other productive sectors in the gross domestic product. (Looney. 1982. p. 99) The Saudi economy is characterized by the dominant role of the government. which provides nearly all the essential public serv- ices. The public bureaucracy is involved directly in providing free education. health care. postal services. social security. and most of the means of public transportation. . . . The government also subsidizes housing and many foods. and recreational and social programs are provided at no cost. (Looney. 1982. p. 22) 15 Further. the economy and the government-sector services in Saudi Arabia are based increasingly on industrial production and export of petrochemicals and natural gas. In other words. it is obvious that the oil industry dominates the structure of the Saudi Arabian economy. Related industrial establishments. such as mineral exploration. oil refining. and construction. are owned and operated by the government. Industrial enterprises outside the oil sector are small scale and privately owned. Manufacturing (excluding oil refining). utilities. and mining have had high rates of growth. particularly since the early 19705. but they started from an extranely small base and remained minor parts of the economy in 1984. Together they contributed a little over 2 percent of GDP in 1982. but planners expected considerable growth later in the decade. Much of the foundation would be in place by the mid-19805. The large petrochemical plants at Al-Jubayl and Yanbu would begin operations'that were expected to spur investors. Development of metallic minerals was also expected to begin. (Nyrop. 1984. p. 142) Agriculture has become a minor part of the economy since 1950. when perhaps 90 percent of the population were nomads or small farmers. Agriculture. including some fishing. contributed only 1 percent of the GT? in 1982. although it employed almost 24 percent of the labor force. Before the mid-19705 the value added by farming in real terms increased slowly (only 1.6 percent a year in the decade up to 1972). Farm incomes were low. causing a substantial migration of farmers and nomads to urban centers. where higher paying jobs were sought. A number Of factors have contributed to the relative lack of suc- cess. Overall. agricultural development has been hampered by the very nature of Saudi agriculture. Elements such as small land holdings. inefficient farming operations. dispersion of farms over an extensive land area. inadequate water supply. and harsh climate have all tended to hinder growth in the sector. Existing institu- tions. including the system of land tenure and water rights. have 16 also slowed growth by impeding adoption of improved technology. . . . Finally. the major factor impeding Saudi agriculture develop- ment is the scarcity of water. (El-Mallakh. 1982. p. 79) However. the government recently has allocated a larger share of the national revenues to the development of agricultural resources. In the last half of the 19705. the agricultural sector grew at an average rate of over 5 percent a year. substantially higher than overall population growth. By 1983. farmers were again supplying an important part of the country's food needs. but at high cost (Nyrop. 1984). The outlook for increased domestic production of foodstuffs may improve if new agricul- tural lands can be made productive. if water resources can be success- fully developed. and if Saudi farmers can be trained in and induced to accept modern agricultural techniques suited to local conditions. Finally. another major characteristic of the Saudi Arabian economy is its capital surplus. "This surplus of capital. due heavily to the oil revenues. makes development projects feasible because the capital needed for various essential outlays no longer limits devel opment" (Mughram. 1973. p. 276). GiAPTER I I I REVIEW OF LITERATURE. INCLUDIm THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The major objectives of this study. as stated in Chapter I. were to describe and critically analyze community development center programs and the application of change agent and target system concepts in Saudi Arabia; to examine the knowledge. use. and opinions currently held by villagers toward the various rural programs and services; and finally to examine how participation in community center programs is affected by several factors. such as age. level of education. marital status. length of residence. size of family. and distance from the center. In pursuit of these objectives. an extensive>search for the related literature began with a review of 8301 and ERIC computer search. an investigation of the Social Science Index. and a review of .D1ssentat1Qn_Abstzacts_1n1eznatlnnal and Saudi government publications and documents on community rural development center programs. The search for the related literature. especially on the relationship between participation in rural development center programs and several independent variables that were investigated in this study. turned up very littl e. Within these limited resources. the available related literature is organized into seven major categories of review. The format for its presentation in this chapter is as follows: 17 18 l. The concept and theory of community development 2. Community development as a worldwide approach to improving village living conditions 3. The effect of the community development approach on traditional communities 4. The concept of the target system 5. The concept of change agent 6. The concept of participation and the relationship between participation and socioeconomic factors 7. The significance of public opinion in rural development and in the decision-making process Each of these topics is addressed in turn in the pages that follow. W The term "community development" is generally applied to commu- nities located in rural areas. The United Nations Report.of Social Progress Through Community Development points to this fact in the following words: In the world today. there may be from three to five million rural "communitiesfl'. . . local groups possessing some cohesiveness and some common institutions--ranging from Nomadi tribes of fifty mem- bers up to densely-settled agricultural villages of several thou- sand inhabitants. Such groups comprise up to eighty percent of the people of the so-called economically un-developed countries. (Vykuntapathi. 1975. p. 5) Since community development came to be recognized as an effec- tive and powerful method. capable of being consciously applied for promoting rural improvements in less developed countries. many attempts 19 have been made to define community development. The term "community development" was officially adopted at the Cambridge Summer Conference on African Administration in London in 19A8 and was defined as: A movement designed to promote better living for the whole commu- nity with the active participation and. if possible. on the initia- tive of the community. but if this initiative is not forthcoming spontaneously. then by the use of techniques for arousing and stimulating it in order to secure its active and enthusiastic response to the movements. (Cary. 1970. p. 25) Many other definitions have evolved since that conference. but Chris- tenson and Robinson (1980) point out that the concept of community development is still in need of ”mature. professional identity" (p. 3). Considerable disagreement and confusion on meaning exist. Part of the problem of defining community development is defining what is commu- nity. Christenson and Robinson suggest that "community is best defined by four elements: (1) people. (2) within a geographically-bounded area which is (3) involved in social interaction and (4) with one or more psychological ties with each other and with the place they live" (p. 6). By these criteria. tribal nomads. although they do not settle permanently in one place. they are involved in social interaction. have psychological ties with each other and with the geographical area in which they travel and thus form a community. The second part of the term is development. Development means improvement. that is. planned or directed change in the direction of equal distribution of social goods such as education. housing. and participation in the political decision-making process. 20 Biddle defines community development as "a social process by which human beings can become more competent to live with and gain some control over local aspects of a frustrating and changing world" (p. 78). At the same time. Dunham (1977) defines community development as an organized effort to improve the conditions of community life and the capacity of community integration and self-direction. Commu- nity development seeks to work primarily through the organization of self-help and cooperative efforts on the part of the residents of the community. but usually with technical assistance from gov- ernmental or voluntary organizations. (p. 122) Thus. promotion and improvement of the community is the goal of community development. with emphasis on the participation of members of the community. The United Nations (1971) defines community development as a process in which efforts of local people are united with govern- ment to improve economic. social and cultural conditions in commu- nities. to integrate them and help them participate fully in the nation's progress. (p. 6) According to the U.N.'s definition. community development has been defined as a process designed to create conditions Of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and the fullest possible reliance on the community's initiative. The U.N.'s definition has been applied to the Saudi community development rural program. which aims to help people of the communities to learn how to help themselves with technical assistance and several kinds of services provided by the specialists in order to encourage the initia- ti on of sel f-hel p. 21 In his presidential address to the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society. Copp (1972) defined community rural development as "a process aimed at improving the wel l-being and sel f-realization of people living outside urbanized areas through collective efforts." A good single definition to describe community development is that given by the International Cooperation Administration (Dasautoy. 1977): Community development is a process of social action in which the people of a community organize themselves for planning and action. define their needs and problems. make group and individual pl ans to meet their needs. and solve their problems. execute their plans with a maximum reliance upon community resources. and supplement their resources when necessary with services and materials from governmental and non-governmental agencies outside the community. (p. 123) In the rural areas of the developing countries. where the lack of knowledge and know-how affects the development process. technical assistance is required in order to help rural people learn how to help thensel ves. Women: According to the early economic perspectives. the wealth and development of nation-states have been primarily measured by income: Gross National Product (GNP) or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per cap- ita. Wealthy and developed countries are those with high GNP per capita. Conversely. poor and developing countries have been charac- terized by low income per capita. Thus rates of growth or development have been commonly measured by "annual increments in national income or product expressed in monetary terms" (Harbison. 1972). 22 However. in recent times. writers and planners are beginning to question the rationale or wisdom of regarding income maximization as the supreme or primary objective of the economic and/or development policy of nation-states. Equally important goals such as the minimiza- tion of unemployment or underemployment. maximization of education. knowledge and skills limitation. stabilization of population growth. and general improvement of the welfare of citizens are now gaining increasing recognition and prominence aspects of development. not merely economic growth through industrialization and the accompanying urbanization. The new and emerging alternatives stress. among other things. the following elements: The basic needs approach-~which focuses on the need for equality of distribution and also argues for the provision of adequate minimunI standards or basic human needs in terms of improvement in skills and knowledge through education. profitablexmm =z< .rzn._z._aqm_>m=_ >._._z=22cu ...: mz:—.—.e.z=§80 . . . .. ‘0‘ c . ..\ . 'qu '4 y or M . . v.1. vzmfizuu mum’s—km. t—ZDECU. $5.23... . . . x... .. .. 8.1181. .u. ....Im . .. . .. X»... ... . . .. h........... coo \\\\\\\\\ IOOOIOI ) .‘o ..... ‘1“ . . . o \ .. . . .... "...- 25.... .. . .. ...X prams: 22$... o H.... . . .. . ...... (.... 25.5... e . , . ... 3223/6 100-‘III11. .. g. .. II . . : .. .555. oasis. ..._ .... . . r 2 no «um . . .. 35qu .. ...---.--.-.. 2.:.—.~_ O 0 DIJ< :: <23»... . «we. .. . ..<~.uc >u_c=EEOO ecu co ursuusrum .mco.um~_cmmrc "n orsu.u mu_e: .m.uOm mu.c= .mco.umu:vw mu_c: zu.mu: nu_c= .mrsu.=u_cm< meogcou “cosmo_o>oo .Nu_c:EEOu —ou:¢ ucoeucmnoo acosurmaoo acoswcmooo mc_muo< .mmuom .oco_cu¢ co.umu:vu .mco_uoz ru.moz .mco_mo¢ acuewcmovo .mcau_:u.co< .mco_mo¢ l moouu_esou .mco_mww — ...ncoa ...Dom .- uo >c~m.c.x 05:u_:umto< uo >Lum.c~z _ —co_umu:ow mo >Lum_c.t _ — a....: .o >....c.x oouu.EEOQ “coeoo_o>oo >u.c:EEOU .mco.umz 65 representatives of local institutions. Each committee is divided into subcommittees whose activities are in line with the various operating sectors of the center. There are social. educational. health. and agricultural subcommittees. The technical staff of the centers serve as consultants to these subcommittees. each in his field of special in- tion. Through these committees. people attempt to determine their needs and collaborate to meet them through their mutual efforts. .513££_Q£_1hfi_92n12£§ The Saudi government has constructed a large building to house each center. with offices for the staff. living accommodations for some of them. a large club and meeting room. a lecture room. an exhibit area. a kindergarten. a clinic. and a library. The staff of every center is as follows: 1. A director 2. One or two male social workers 3. One or two female social workers 4. A cultural specialist 5. An agricultural specialist 6. One or two physicians 7. One or more nurses 8. A pharmacist 9. A clerk 10. A typist 11. Workers and messengers 12. Drivers 66 Each of the above personnel is financed and supervised techni- cal ly by the appropriate ministry participating in the programs. Coor- dination and control are exercised by the director of the center. The materials and personnel needs for the project are supplied by the four ministries: l. The Ministry of Agriculture provides machines. seed. ferti- lizer. and agricultural workers. 2. The Ministry of Health provides clinics. medicine. doctors. and nurses. 3. The Ministry of Education provides school buildings. teach- ers. class materials. and a library. 4. The Ministry of Social Affairs offers social workers and all personnel needed for counseling and improving the social condi- tions. In addition. all buildings of the centers were built by this ministry. WW Dexelnpmentfienters Local community development programs in the rural areas of Saudi Arabia aim at mobilizing the efforts of individuals and groups to participate in the activities and programs with governmental agencies to help people and improve available resources. allowing the community to meet its needs. It aims toward human development through the promo- tion of self-reliance and change in social attitudes. In these broad lines. the basic objectives for community development are as follows 67 (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. 1966. p. 18; Ministry of Planning. 1982. p. 4): 1. 5. 6. 10. To work toward making the desired changes within the framework of Islamic values to achieve balanced growth of citizens' physical and intellectual capabilities and to effectively use environmental resources. To spread awareness among the citizens in all [areas] of health. education. social. and agricultural factors. To raise and better the standard of living in the local comuur- nity by providing integrated services and programs to the rural population in different aspects. To establish village indigenous committees in which people can work jointly for the welfare of their communities. To encourage the people to participate effectively and posi- tively in the different kinds of programs and services. To increase the fitness of youth and to benefit from their energy in developing the community and improving it by estab- lishing youth athletic clubs in order to organize the youths for some constructive activities for themselves and their com- munities. To improve the health condition of the rural people through curative as well as preventative measures. To cOOperate in spreading literacy and spreading the functional teaching of reading and writing among the population. To give women a chance to participate effectively in community life within the framework of Islamic values concerning mother- hood and childhood and to increase social and health care for women and children. To help farmers improve their farming practices. as well as to encourage them to adopt new fertilizers. tools. seeds. techni- cal information. and treatment of plant disease and to follow modern methods of animal production. 68 W112 War: As mentioned before. there are six urban community development centers and 16 rural centers. The centers in urban areas consist of three sections: social. cultural and health. The centers in rural areas have. in addition to these. an agricultural section. W211 Wrens. Indigenous committees are considered essential to the achievement of development objectives because the committees act to coordinate local activities and efforts. They attempt. with government support. to bring about social change in the right direction at the right time. Indigenous committees attempt to: 1. encourage the citizens to think about their community; 2. train them to think about and to face problems and to seek solutions by their own exertion and endeavors; 3. study these solutions logically. suggesting tools to achieve the solutions; 4. develop trust among the members and the community and encourage community residents to participate in projects. (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. 1981. p. 27) W15. The rural club is concerned fundamentally with social. educational. cultural. and physical education for youths (most of them between the ages of 14 and 20). the goal being to work with them until they gain maturity and skills to be able to be involved in building and advancing their communities. The clubs' role is simi- lar to that which the family and the schools play in preparing the 69 young to be responsible citizens of their nations. These clubs intro- duce the youths to the following programs: 1. Public service programs giving them the opportunity to be involved in serving the community to understand its problems and to work to solve them; 2. diverse cultural and sport programs; 3. farming programs; 4. programs to provide outlets for hobbies they have already or to direct them toward new hobbies. (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. 1981. p. 28) WIT:- To benefit from the energy and free time of youths. summer camps carry out projects in areas and villages in which the youths live. These projects. such as road improvement and road leveling. clean-up campaigns. and other efforts. are aimed at reducing the costs of these services as well as creating in youths personal responsibility and responsibility for good works for the community. Sgcjjl_lectures_and_nehates. The centers use lectures and debates as tools of extension and awareness in which issues that con- cern the citizens in the community are presented and discussed. W. The purpose of gi rls' dwellings (or houses) is to facilitate educational experiences for women. to educate women to support the community and to take care of their fami- lies. The centers seek existing local institutions to carry out this activity in exchange for administrative and specialist help. There is a total of 60 local dwellings (or houses) serving 2.877 women and girls. 7O Martens. One of the most important responsibilities of the centers is taking care of children and helping families to provide good education for their sons and daughters. especially in the stage before elementary school. The centers work to achieve this objective by cooperating in establishing kindergartens that work with three to six year olds. providing a facility that meets religious. social. and health requirements. The social specialist and health visitors super- vise this kindergarten. Usually. the centers give them ample mate- rials. sometimes also providing furniture or a location. The local population has a strong interest in the success of these kindergartens. W. Despite the basic con- centration of community development centers on carrying out operations for the local community in general. community development social work- ers devote some effort and energy to individual cases and problems of families in the area covered by the center. Winn The educational and cultural activities of development centers include sponsoring cultural competitions. establishing libraries. coop- erati ng with school activities. and fostering adult literacy. These efforts to upgrade local citizens are led and assisted by the centers' cultural specialists. WW5. The purpose of these contests is to provide good competition among youths and establish strong relation- ships. These competitions bring out youths' special abilities by encouraging them to continue their efforts to supply. through science 71 and knowledge. inputs that will contribute significantly to the compre- hensive development movement in Saudi Arabia and return benefits to all the citizens. Libraries. An awareness of reading is considered one of the major objectives of the cultural section in development centers. Therefore. there is a cultural library in every center. which citizens can frequent at their leisure. In addition. mobile library services are moved among schools and other citizen groups. such as clubs. There were 66 libraries in the 22 centers in 1984. 34 permanent libraries and 32 mobile library units. used by 20.246 citizens to borrow 4.786 books. .I111teLagy_gb111enation_glasses. One of the general objectives of the cultural sections in centers is an effort to put an end to illiteracy among the citizens in their service areas. Educational specialists made 519 visits from the centers to those classes in 1980. involving 144 awareness presentations. There was a total of 95 night school classes. W5. These committees repre- sent one of the tools for getting citizens to participate in develop- ment projects. by training them to research community problems in the cultural room and to pass or adopt fitting resolutions. as well as to participate in planning programs and implementing them. Whiting. The cultural sections in the cen- ters work with the youths and adults in the centers' service areas. In doing so. they visit schools; publish awareness papers; organize public 72 debates. lectures. and celebrations; hold diverse cultural competitions and artistry expositions; and promulgate various other activities. Winn W. These committees are tools for health edu- cation for citizen groups. also providing fi rst-aid training to members of these committees. Committee members receive beneficial health information to help them participate in and plan health conservation programs. I Wm. This activity involves preparation of publications. circulars. lectures. meetings. and cinema showings. In addition. extension visits of health observers and other methods of encouraging health awareness among the citizens are used. We: Most of the community development centers have clinics for free treat- ment of area citizens. A large number of citizens frequent these clinics. The clinics are also involved in public vaccination campaigns organized by the health ministry at various times of the year. In addition. the projects of the health sections in the centers include other activities. such as environmental services. child care. public campaigns for cleanliness. cover-the-pool efforts. and others. Aorisulturaljectirn Raising the economic standard of the villagers is one of the important goals of the community development programs. Through 73 agricultural extension units. the farmers may benefit in a number of ways. mummy Some centers prepare model fields to enable farmers to observe modern agricultural methods. to teach use of the correct fertilizers. and to show methods of planting new kinds of crops. They also distribute seedlings to the citizens. In 1980. the centers set up 21 model fields and distributed 48.911 agricultural seedlings for different crops. In addition. the agricultural section in the center provides other services. such as seed improvement. farmer training. insecticide spray. and others. WWW. Agricultural committees are important tools for the participation of farmers in researching their agricultu- ral problems and working toward solutions to them. The local commit- tees cooperate with agricultural specialists in their work (Taiyar. 1984). W mentienters Community development centers are the primary units in the rural areas of Saudi Arabia responsible for carrying out community development plans. The first center opened in 1960 with the aid of the United Nations. Now there are 22 centers in Saudi Arabia. In areas where no centers exist. there are indigenous community development committees that have as their goal helping people to help themselves. The centers should involve the community as a whole and work together to help bring about national development. 74 Community development centers are established only in those locations that can meet the specifications as set up in the three stages of standards. In the first stage. the area must have good communications and adequate water. In the second stage. studies are carried out and priorities are given to those locations with the high- est population and stability. deprived of basic services. where the citizens are willing to participate. The third and final stage is the decision of where to place the center. which is made by placing it either in the center of the area. in the village with the most existing government offices. or in the largest village. The basic objectives of the community development plan are: to spread awareness. to work toward desired change. to raise the standard of living. to increase individual participation. to organize volunteer efforts. to increase social stability of the family. to improve the local environment. to increase women's participation. to increase the involvement of youths. to form indigenous committees. to spread liter- acy. to carry out investigations. and to improve health. The urban centers are divided into three sections: social. educational and cultural. and health; the rural centers have an agri- cultural section as well. The social section directs the following programs: indigenous committees. rural club. youth summer camps. studying individual prob- lems and cases. extension visits to houses. women's committees. and kindergartens. These encourage social participation and the betterment of individual 5' lifestyles. 75 Increasing the community's educational and cultural level is carried out through the establishment of libraries. illiteracy oblit- eration classes. cultural committees. school activities. vocational training. and the encouragement of cultural and educational activities. The health section improves the community's health through health committees. extension services. health education. and clinics. These groups work together to reduce disease and increase public sani- tation. The rural centers also contain an agricultural section whose primary responsibility is to provide extension services. prepare model fields. and give other services such as seed improvement. insecticide spray. fertilizers. and others. Working together in the community development center. these various sections attempt to bring about a balanced approach to devel- opment. WWW WWII As any other developing country in the world. Saudi Arabia faces the problem of shortage of technical and qualified staff person- nel to carry out the program. This has led the government to establish a center for training and applied research in Al-Diriyah village. This center has served as a model for community development centers in Saudi Arabia. It is also one of the large-scale projects that is being executed in the country with the cooperation of the United Nations Development Program. 76 The Center for Training and Applied Research in Community Development (CTARCD) exists as a result of an agreement between the Saudi government and the United Nations Development Program and the Technical Cooperation Office (UNDP-TC) in June 1970 and launched on July 1. 1970. The major objectives and aims of the Center are: --To train senior-level personnel. field work staff. specialists and local leaders in the different fields of community develop- ment. --To advise and assist the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and other related ministries in the implementation of procedures conducive to efficient administration. supervision and evaluation of rural development programs. --To strengthen existing community development centers and assist in the establishment of new ones. --To assist the government in carrying out rural. social and eco- nomic development activities in selected areas; these activities will form an integral part of the training and research activi- ties. --To conduct action-oriented research whose result will be utilized in training and community development activities. --To offer specialized seminars and courses in agriculture. health. education. literacy. adult education. cooperatives. and social welfare. etc. (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Planning. 1975-80. p. 404) W W The Saudi government provided the Center with specialized Saudi nationals. Some of them assumed their posts as counterparts to the United Nations experts. Others fill technical positions as well as clerical and administrative posts. They are all being supervised by the director general of the Center. On the other hand. the United Nations provided the Center with international experts specialized in 77 the various fields of community development. They work under the supervision of the project manager. The organizational structure of the Center is shown in Figure 4. MW The Center performs two kinds of activities. training and research. Mummy. Training is the Center's most important task. The training activity of the Al-Diriyah Center is carried on in two ways: 1. Training administered at the Center itself in the form of training sessions (long or shorth 2. Applied fieldwork training periods. prepared and carried out under the direction of the Center. (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. 1975. p. 6) The training activity--already noteworthy for the results it has achieved with but limited means--must be considerably intensified to attain the goal of training managerial staff in the various sectors Of community centers. .Besearch_actjxjty. Development of social research is the second major objective of the Center. The research carried on at the Al-Diriyah Center has included descriptive. analytical. and statistical surveys designed to enable the evaluation of activity in the social affairs area. evaluation of training courses. and of activity in social development. 78 I Ministry of Labor National Community 5 Social lAffairs Development Committee 7 Deputy Minister for SocialI Affairs Chief Adviser/ Director-General Project Manager of the Center Trai 'n and Field ’ I n' 9 Assistant 1Director General of Center Work Expert I- .J Training 5 Field I Work Section Agricultural Extension Expert _J' Applied Research 5 Literacy 5 AdUIt I_ I Evaluation Section Education Expert Audio-Visual Aids I Audio-Visual Aids Expert Applied Research 8 Evaluation Expert I Section ISocial Statistics Expert Expert I Administrative for Mass Media Expert I Affairs Section Health Education [Educational Materials _J' Expert 1 Library | I _ I Iuonen's Activities] I I I Women's Activities#I_ 7 Expert - Editor of ‘ Educational Materials Cooperative Education Expert Figure A: Organizational structure of the Al-Diriyah Center for Train- ing and Applied Research in Community Development. (From Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Center for Training and Applied Research in Al-Diriyah, 1980.) 79 W W W As mentioned before. the CTARCD focuses on two major points. First is training for top personnel. and second is preparing social researchers to evaluate the activity and programs in the social affairs area. It is fine to have these things done. but one might ask whether the training the Center offers to community center workers is helpful to understand the needs and solve the problems of the villagers. whether those people who attend training programs implement the knowl- edge they have gained in their work. and so on. In my opinion. the Center does not provide the community development workers with adequate knowledge and skills which will enable them to work effectively with community people to encourage them to participate efficiently to increase their income. improve their living conditions. solve the problems of their communities. and help them to be sel f-sufficient. Individual participation is a critical issue facing the Center because its training programs are offered only to the top personnel. The center has not offered special programs for the individuals who are concerned with community development. In addition. the Center does not offer people any incentives to encourage their participation in its programs. W Wm mm: It must be remembered that concepts are theoretical interpreta- tions of a perceived reality. Concepts may be understood differently by individual people or in different countries. and the actual practice may differ somewhat but remain within the framework of the main ideas presented by the concept. In this section. the two key concepts. change agent and target systems. defined in Chapter III. are applied to the Saudi Arabian community development program. WWW W In Chapter III the concept of change agent was divided into four different components. As a quick review. this person or group of persons must (l) have the appropriate knowledge. credentials. and planning skills; (2) be able to work with people. both as a leader and as a team member; (3) understand the values and the culture of the people; and (4) have the patience to help the target system become more involved in the planned change. Since human characteristics are sub- Jective in nature. supporting evidence concerning change agents will be more difficult to obtain. Since it is not possible to review the qualifications of individual Saudi community development agents in the community development centers because that kind of information is not available to the public. one must deduce their characteristics by reviewing job performance. 81 WW skills. The national government requires community development centers to have a team of specialists (workers). This team includes a physi- cian. a nurse. a health visitor. social workers. a literacy specialist. and an agricultural extension worker. Forty-six percent of the workers have taken training programs at the Al-Diriyah Center for Training and Applied Research in Community Development. Courses dealt with specific issues concerning Saudi Arabian development. Despite this degree of competency. a high number of the centers' directors felt that some of their workers needed an additional training link to the community development areas and a sel f-help approach. in order to shift the clients from a position of reliance on the change agents to one of sel f-reliance. It must be remembered that most community development centers are still predominantly interested in having team members be technical experts instead of sel f-help trainers. When local residents have sufficient skills to accept sel f-help policies. there will either need to be a change in staff or current workers will need to improve their sel f-help training skills. W. Change agents have to work on a team if they are to work in a community development center in Saudi Arabia. In addition. the most crucial aspect of a change agent's Job involves designing annual plans and implementing these plans once they are designed. It is necessary to understand the needs of local resi- dents if one is to design a successful plan. Also. it is necessary to have knowledge of the residents' strengths and weaknesses if one is to 82 assess the degree of change a culture can accept during each one-year period. Since our findings in field research indicate that the major- ity of local residents believed the centers helped them to some extent. it is reasonable to assume that a majority of the change agents worked relatively well with residents to adequately reflect local needs in the annual plans. WW- Change agents need to understand the values. culture. attitudes. and beliefs of the people because without that knowledge successful plans and programs cannot be designed. To understand local residents. change agents must spend a long time in the community and participate in community affairs. In a survey conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. local residents were asked if they had had personal contact with service center workers. Sixty percent of the families said they had been contacted. This leads one to conclude that the change agents somehow had a good understanding of the values and culture of the people and therefore the people's needs. WWWflE We. Patience is a difficult charac- teristic to measure. However. a growth in target system participation is more tangible and easier to show. It is reasonable to suggest that growth in local participation may be positively associated with a change agent's patience. As has been shown. lack of local participa- tion in the center's activities and programs has been the most serious problem change agents face in Saudi Arabia. Historically. local 83 residents have passively accepted governmental programs. With the rise in the number of indigenous committees. one is beginning to see an increase in the number of local participants and a change in their behavior. But this change is just beginning and it will take time for the people to become full participants in the activities. plans. and programs of community development centers (Taiyar. l984). W W The concept of the target system was outlined in Chapter III. and its definition comprises three major points. They include: (1) community development will benefit local residents if the target system is used to identify the group of individuals who will benefit from planned changes; (2) people in the target system can be divided into several subgroups. ranging from innovators (early adopters) to laggards (late adopters). who adopt the new proposal at varying speeds; (3) and community development will be more beneficial if the early adopters in the target system (client system) actively participate in the planning of the program. To compare Saudi Arabia's target system to the one outlined above. it is necessary to apply data from the previous section about community development centers to the individual components listed above. WW mm W W The Saudi Arabian government has a list of guidelines that is used to establish the need for community development centers based on 84 perceived needs. Areas must have a certain degree of deprivation before they are considered potential locations for centers. Such areas of deprivation include public cleanliness. governmental and indigenous social services. treatment and preventive health services. cultural services and adult education. and agricultural services. Hence one may conclude that many Saudi Arabian localities are target systems or are potential target systems that can benefit from planned change. W W W When investigating the composition of the target system. one subgroup. the client system. is readily identifiable. It is composed of local leaders. and this group is the first to participate in planned change. Generally. this group is rather well organized and sometimes forms an indigenous committee. These committees actively participate in projects at the development centers in Saudi Arabian villages. WW WWII W W The early adopters. or the client systems in Saudi Arabia. are local citizens who participate in the community development process through indigenous committees. One study conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs indicated that Cl percent of the centers' directors said it would not be possible to practice center activities with the same competence and increase the villagers' participation in 85 programs without the existing indigenous committees (Taiyar. 1984). However. not all indigenous committees were able to participate to their expected capacity. Under half (41 percent) of these committees performed a primary role in determining community development activi- ties in their local communities. Only 12.5 percent of the centers' directors said that ideas for programs and projects came from the indigenous committees (Saudi Arabian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. 1974). Hence. one may conclude that the client system plays a more active role than any other part of the target system. but it could be even more active if center directors were more responsive. CHAPTER V STUDY SITE. HYPOTHESES. AND RESEARCH METHODOLmY The major objective of this survey research is to examine the knowledge. use. and opinions currently held by villagers toward the rural community development centers' programs and services. These programs include the areas of health. agriculture. social. and educa- tional and cultural services. Another objective of this survey is to examine how the villagers' participation in the community development centers' programs is affected by a number of variables. such as age. level of education. marital status. length of residence. and distance from the center. To examine these objectives in depth. primary data were collected from a sample of respondents selected from Wadi Fatma villages in the western province of Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this chapter is to provide details on the study design and methodology used in the present research. This chapter includes two sections. The first includes information in some detail on the research site (Wadi Fatma) and a study of the customs and way of life of the villagers in the area. The second section includes the research hypotheses. a description of the population. the sampling techniques used. and the research instrument. Also discussed is the 86 87 validity of the instrument. the pilot study. and procedures used for data anal y sis. W The focus of this section is on the Wadi Fatma area (the study area). The researcher attempts to describe briefly (l) the geographi- cal location. agriculture. and water resources of the region; (2) the historical outlook; (3) residents of Wadi Fatma; (4) physical struc- ture; and (5) the customs and ways of life in the area. W W Wadi Fatma is located in the western region of Saudi Arabia. near Makkah and Jeddah (see Map 3). It lies approximately 30 kilome- ters northwest of Makkah and 75 kilometers east of Jeddah. The valley (wadi) runs from the northeast village of Al-Mubarak to the westernmost village of Haddah. located 40 kilometers from the Red Sea. The width of the wadi averages 4 kilometers. This wadi covers an area of about 4.500 square kilometers. Wadi Fatma is bounded on the North by the Wadi Alaf and by Harra Al-Nahamiya. a flat lava-flow area. . . . At the eastern boundary many small mountains spread out. with Mount Daf. Faj (a narrow route between mountains) Al-Ramithy. and Faj Al-Karimy forming the western boundary. (Katakura. 1977. pp. ll-lZ) Geographically. Wadi Fatma is located in the vegetation area. Many plants of this area display an adaptation to dry conditions. the thorn plants being the most important. In the villages. where moisture is preserved in the sand. various types of wild trees and bushes can be observed. A rather wide variety of vegetables is cultivated in Wadi 88 AL-KHAYF TU TAIF T0 MEDINA A.BL- 'URWA? , \:\l\.\- -SHI\‘MS / AL-JUMUM p’- ABU- -SHA1 ,1 ~. UAF-ZAYHY TU JEDDAII O EI)Llé.-r\(é_tr;i"SEk\'ED BY A cu CENTERS ~ MAJOR «Imus ....- SECONDARY ROADS MAKKAH MAP 3: HAD! FATMA AND ITS LOCATIUN 89 Fatma. such as dates. clover. sweet potatoes. okra. sweet melon. cucum— bers. and tomatoes. Most agricultural fields are located at least one kilometer away from the residential areas. Agriculture survives around the water sources. such as springs. wells. and rainfall. There used to be 360 natural springs with water that was excellent for drinking and agricul- ture. but now most of them are dried up as the result of decreased annual rainfall in the area. or because of piping water to Jeddah and Makkah by a water company called Ain Aziziya. which was established in Wadi Fatma and supported by both government funds and private invest- ment. Wadi Fatma consists of a number of villages. ranging from 3 to more than 45 kilometers from one another. They are all connected by narrow. winding roads. some of which are unpaved. ‘The following list gives the names of all 28 villages of Wadi Fatma: Al-Jumum. Al-Riyan. Ain-Shams. Hadda. Hadh Al-Samed. Ben-Massood. Trfa. Al-Mubarak. Asffan. Al-Akalyh. Al-Oushashiya. Abu-Husany. Al- Khayf. Al-Burqa. Abu-Urwa. Abu-Shaib. Al-Bushur. Daf-Zayny. Daf- Khuza'a. Al-Brabir. Al-Hamish. Al-Samd. Al-Murshdiya. Sarwa'a. Al- Zelal. Al-Duh al-Saghir. Al-Duh al-Kabir. West Al-Nwahrih. East Al- Nwahrih. (Abdul-Jabar. 1983. p. l35) W M Knowledge of Wadi Fatma during the pre-Islamic period is very sparse. It is certain that from earliest times the valley was an important traffic center for camel caravans passing between Makkah and Medina. It was also a prosperous residential area. at one time even more prosperous than Makkah because of the abundant spring. (Katakura. 1977. p. 19) 90 There is no unanimous agreement among historians concerning the naming of the valley. As a matter of fact. the Wadi (valley) has been known by numerous names. Some ancient names were Wadi Al-Sharif. Wadi Mur. and Mur Dahran. Mur means a passage between two mountain ranges. The Arabic word Dahr means backbone. and Dahran is a doubled form which emphasizes its meaning (Katakura. 1977L It is not certain when the name Wadi Fatma was first given to the valley. The most possible idea tells us that the name Fatma comes from a person. Fatma.Al-Kazaeya. a young girl from Kaza. one of the original tribes that settled in Wadi Fatma. In spite of her youth. fiabna was a courageous person who defended her tribe and territory with such strength and determination that all contesters finally acknowl- edged it belonged to her. It should be mentioned in passing that the name Wadi Fatma has no relation to Fatma. the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). In the area of Wadi Fatma there are many artifacts scattered throughout the valley. but the most important historical sites in the area are as follows: (1) a huge tombstone on the mountain in Wadi Fatma belongs to the tomb of Fatma Al-Kazaeya. This is one evidence of the reality of the person for whom the valley was named; (2) Al-Roadah Mosque. located in the Roadah village and built more than 200 years ago; and (3) the Abu Shaib Fort. In addition. other sites include various castles and mosques. whose historical value has not been deter- mined. 91 MW Traditionally. the villages of Saudi Arabia are characterized by a tribal social structure. The tribal origin of the inhabitants of Wadi Fatma can be traced to a number of tribes. such as: l. Ouraysh--one of the oldest tribes in the area. This tribe makes up about 35 percent of the population in the area. 2. Lihyan tribe--live in the Ain-Shams. These people are mostly farmers. and they live by raising animals and by growing pro- duce. They make up 15 percent of the population. 3. Al-Shayouwage. This tribe of people are called in Islamic religion Al-Ansar. Most members of this tribe live in Daf-Zayny and make up 15 percent of the population. 4. The Herb. This tribe settled in Wadi Fatma much later than the other tribes. It is made up of a mixture of people from different backgrounds. They comprise 15 percent of the population. Most of them live in Al-Jumum. 5. The remaining 20 percent of the people in Wadi-Fatma are represented by different tribes. such as Salem. Zhrian. and Al-Shadah. W A compact. nucleated structure is the first striking impression one gets of most Saudi villages in general and of Wadi Fatma in par- ticular. A cluster of houses stand close to each other. divided by winding alleys and paths that do not seem to have any regular design or plan. Some of the houses are built of mud bricks and logs and leaves from palm trees. whereas others are made of concrete. To a casual 92 observer. such a mass of dwellings shows no evidence of differentia- tion. Upon investigation. however. one finds that the people are conscious of the existence of distinct sections. Each one of these sections usually forms the life of one kinship system or tribe. Amid the clustered houses there is usually a central cpen square where people hold social gatherings or trade. Villagers meet there very often during their leisure time to discuss the problems of the village and exchange news. Another important physical structure that is conspicuously different from the rest of the buildings in the village is the mosque. It is usually larger and cleaner than the other village buildings. Each village has at least two small grocery shops and elementary schools for both boys and girls. In some cases. adjoining the houses are small plots used as gardens for vegetables. flowers. or fruit trees. During the greater part of the year. the farmers go to their fields early in the morning and back to the village at sunset. The above structural pattern provides the individual with a situation that is highly conducive to interaction. There is a high degree of intimate association. but it is segregated by sex. A genuine feeling of neighborhood and a keen consciousness of belonging to the community prevails. Wade: andJnstitutions The village of Al-Jumum holds most of the government agencies and institutions of the Wadi Fatma area. Al-Jumum is the center of the 93 area. in which they coordinate with the city of Makkah. The major administrative agencies and institutions in Al-Jumum are: l. The headquarters and offices of the ruler (amir). the representative of the Saudi government in Wadi-Fatma. Formerly there were four separate headquarters. located at.Al-Riyan..Al-Khayf. Al- Tayf. and Al-Jumum. but in 1955 it was decided to organize one main office in Al-Jumum. making the other three offices local branches. A new branch was recently added in Ain—Shams village. 2. The court was established in 1961 by the central government to settle judicial problems according to Islamic law. 3. The police station was established in 1960. The police keep order in the area. provide public security. and assist the ruler in various matters. 4. The municipality is actually a branch of the Makkah munici- pality. which was established in 1963 to handle the increasing respon- sibil iti es of this area. Its primary functions are providing street lights. keeping the public areas clean. and developing ideas for town planning. Several other types of administrative institutions are located in Al-Jumum village. such as schools. Red Cross. post office. phone company. and a community development center. discussed in detail in the preceding chapter. 94 We BnLaLEamJJx In rural Saudi Arabia in general and Wadi Fatma in particular. two types of family can be found. The first is the nuclear family. consisting mainly of husband and wife and their children. The second type is the joint family. which is the most important social and eco- nomic unit. The joint family consists ideally of the man and his wife or wives. their married sons and their families. and their unmarried sons and daughters. Members of the joint family usually live under one roof as one unit or household. with a very strong sense of solidarity and loyalty. Socially and economically. the oldest male. the father. has absolute authority over all members of his family. He is the household head. He is responsible for managing the affairs of the family and is its representative to the outside world. The father is revered by the rest of the family and is considered the symbol of authority and family solidarity. This is not only based on the tribal system of patrilineal descent and patriarchal residence. but is also considered a religious duty according to Islamic teaching: Thy Lord hath decreed. that ye worship none save Him. and (that he show) kindness to parents. If one of them or both of them attain to old age with thee. say not NFieP unto them nor repulse them. but speak unto them a gracious word. And lower unto them the wing of submission through mercy. and say: My Lordl Have mercy on them both as they did care for me when I was little. (Koran 17:23-24) The relationship between father and sons is marked by deep respect and complete obedience to the will and authority of the father. 95 but the father who has only one son tends to be permissive in his relationship with him. This relationship also changes to mutual respect as the sons grow and especially when they share with their father the economic burden of the family. By then. the sons are treated as men. Mam Marriage is obviously an agreement between families. When a village boy hints that he is interested in getting a wife. the first thought that comes to his family usually is that he should marry his 11m; mm (daughter of his paternal uncle). Such a marriage is usually encouraged for many reasons-~not only because this intermarriage will strengthen the solidarity of a kinship group. but also because it assures the boy's parents that the girl who comes to live with them will fit smoothly into their way of life. The girl is not a stranger to the boy's family. and her premarriage loyalty is the same as theirs since they belong to the same kinship group. .Eint.amm marriage also assumes an economic importance. Islamic inheritance laws. as laid down in the Koran. prescribe that daughters as well as sons must share in the father's inheritance. Such marriages insure that the daughter's share will remain within the immediate kinship group. And finally. a very important fact in most Wadi Fatma villages is that blood. and not marriage. takes priority in all social relation- ships. Hence marriage to hint amnIis preferred above all types of marriage. The twin ties of blood and marriage tend to achieve 96 solidarity and common interest among members of the family in rural society of Saudi Arabia. Marriage in rural areas of Saudi Arabia and Wadi Fatma in particular involves the following procedures: 1. Arranging and engagement for marriage. Arranging of man- riage is done mostly by the young man's father or mother. or a close relative if the mother is not available. Sometimes the young man himself goes to the parents of the desired young woman and asks them for the hand of their daughter. The father of the young woman then customarily says. "Would you please wait for awhile?" Usually in a week or so the girl's parents will return with their answer. Although the people say that parents should not consult with their daughter concerning her will in the matter. somehow mother and daughter always managerto communicate with one another. and in practice the young girl's feelings are generally respected. Most of the time the mother or relative plays a major role in choosing the bride for the groom by describing her looks and behavior to him. Young people do not have a chance to meet each other until they get married. When the milk: (engagement contract) is drawn up. the fathers of the prospective bride and groom meet at the house of the imam (Muslim religious leader) accompanied by two male witnesses from both families. On the contract paper are inscribed the names of the groom and the bride. the date of the occasion. and the amount of the dowry. One copy of the document is given to the prospective groom and another 97 to the prospective bride. This milk: is. in fact. more important than the actual wedding ceremony (Katakura. 1977). 2. Dowry. One of the most important aspects of engagement in Saudi Arabia is the main; (dowry) or money which the groom's family give to the bride's family. After marriage is agreed upon. the amount of the dowry is discussed. Islamic law prescribes that the engaged man must pay a min: to his betrothed. but no dowry is required from the bride's side. The dowry varies from place to place and from situation to situation in the Wadi Fatma area. The dowry usually is spent to buy the bride beautiful clothing. gold. and sometimes a savings account in the event of divorce. Also. the men: is used to buy the bride whatever she needs for her new home. but mostly this money is spent on gold itans. 3. Wedding party and marriage. When the marriage contract has been drawn up and the dowry has been paid. the family and close rel a- tives of the bride and groom celebrate the wedding party. At the wedding party. friends greet close relatives of the bride and groom by saying. "Congratulations to you." and the relatives answer. "God give you the same good luck." The night of the wedding. the bride stays with her closest friends at her family's home. This pattern continues for five to six days. On the wedding night she will be taken from her home to the groom's home by her mother and close relatives. The wedding usually takes place on a Monday or Friday night. followed by a dinner for the near community. relatives. and friends. 98 After dinner the men and women gather together in two separate places for singing and socializing. The party will last until early morning. On the wedding night the groom and his bride will get together and receive the wedding gifts (usually gold or money) from their rela- tives and friends. After this night the groom and bride live as man and wife. The wedding season in Wadi Fatma is usually in late summer and early fall. especially'in September and October. This is partly because the nights are more pleasant during this time than in the hot summer and are the longest nights of the year. Then. too. schools are out for summer vacation until October. so that students and teachers are home to join the wedding party and also to help with wedding preparations. Death. When a person dies. close relatives or friends nearby cry out and begin to wail. Although wailing for the deceased was forbidden by the Islamic religion. this cry still serves as a kind of official notice in the villages of Wadi Fatma that a death has occurred. After death. the villagers gather in the house of the deceased for three nights. The first and second nights. the family will receive just close friends and will serve coffee. On the third night (end of the days of mourning). sheep are slaughtered to provide food for the mourning family. friends. and poor people. On the fourth day. sheep are killed for a party. The women at this time will express their sadness by crying and wearing black. 99 When a young person dies. villagers express greater sorrow. sometimes postponing any scheduled festivity. such as a wedding. But the death of an aged person is considered natural in the due course of life. so people return to their normal pattern of living earlier. After the third day of mourning. the people in most of the villages of Wadi Fatma return to their normal pattern of living. Wings. Although trust in modern medicine is steadily increasing in Wadi Fatma. some people in the area still seek folk medical traditions. One such popular cure. called kay:binar. involves laying a heated stone or piece, of iron on the area of pain. Although the skin is burned and a scar remains. the Bedouins claim that the most painful diseases have been healed by this procedure. For stomach and intestinal troubles. a treatment called 11mm is used. The patient abstains from food for one or two days and drinks only mint or herb tea. When a person is bitten by a scorpion. the infected part of the skin is cut away immediately; raw garlic is placed on the area. If someone breaks a leg. they may use pieces of special wood and herbs to hold the leg until it heals. W. The village family of Wadi Fatma arises shortly before dawn. After Alzflit prayer the mother. or sometimes the father. will first begin making Arabian coffee. After being roasted. the coffee beans are pounded in a bell-shaped container. Then the coffee is placed on the fire. As the sun comes up. breakfast (generally including coffee. dates. eggs. bread. and yogurt) is usually eaten out in the sand 100 garden. The father goes to work. and the mother begins her household chores. such as cleaning and sewing. Around 7:00 a.m.. the children of school age are sent off to school. which generally convenes around 7:30. About noon the second prayer of the day. a1:zuhz. is observed. and then at 1:30 p.m. or so the children return from school for the day. Shortly thereafter. the husband returns from work. The main meal of the day is served. including most likely boiled rice with meat and tomatoes. vegetable salad. and coffee. The family takes a nap in the afternoon. through the hottest period of the day. then rises to observe the afternoon prayer. alzasn. The farmers might return to the fields to work until sunset. while the children have time to play or do homework or help around the house. The fourth prayer of the day. mm. is observed around sunset. at home or most often at the mosque by the men. Shortly afterward. the family eats its evening meal. After supper and after praying the last prayer. nigh. people generally gather together in small groups at various dwellings for a short social time. The women are glad to see each other as they spend most of their day in their own dwellings. Generally. however. the Bedouins retire early. around 10:00 p.m. Wm. The men who work in agriculture do not have much free time--just enough to eat. sleep. and spend some time with their family. During harvest time. sometimes the men will stay out in the fields during the whole day. stopping only for a light snack at midday. 101 During these periods. by the time they return at sunset they are totally exhausted. Government employees and students spend free time in the clubs of community development centers or in the coffee shops with friends. The elders usually spend their free time in the open square. They talk about the good old days. discuss the problems of the village. and exchange news» The women have many tea parties with friends and visit family members. W- Hospitality and generosity are typical qualities of villagers in Saudi Arabia. and they are the main things in which people in Wadi Fatma take pride. They open their houses to friends and relatives. offering them the best that they have in the way of food and shelter. The Bedouin's generosity. as Berger (1964) puts it. appears in "his being generally more willing to give than to receive" (p. 142). The offering of food is the essence of Arab hospitality. Pre-Islamic astell as Islamic poetry has been devoted to the glorification and affirmation of the virtue of hospitality. WWW After reviewing literature on organizational participation and adoption of innovation. a decision was made to state hypotheses in the null form. Several considerations led to this decision. Most of the research done in this area was carried out in Western. non-Islamic cultures. Studies often are concerned with a particular type of organization that has no counterpart in Saudi Arabian society. Studies of participation in extension most often deal with agriculture and 102 related activities. Our study considers four different program efforts. only one of which is agriculturally oriented. In our study. logic would tend to dictate the direction of some of the relationships. For example. distance from the center should be negatively related to participation. or a family with young children should use health serv- ices more often than a family without young children. However. in most instances. the direction of relationships is not obvious. based on existing literature or logic. Limitless: The following null hypotheses were tested: Hol: Ho 2: H03: Ho 4: Ho 5: Ho 6: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and their marital status. There is no significant relationship between heads of house— holds' participation in the community development center programs and their age. There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and their level of education. There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and their length of residence. There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and the total number of people in the household. There is no significant relationship between heads of households' participation in the community development cen- ter programs and the distance from residence to the center. 103 mm The target population in this study comprises all Saudi house- holds in Wadi Fatma villages served by the community development cen- ter. Non-Saudi citizens were excluded from this study because most of the non-Saudi citizens have been in Wadi Fatma for only a short period of time. Another reason for their exclusion is that non-Saudis cannot use every kind of service in the center. Further. their evaluations and opinions concerning the services of the community development center may be influenced by different cultural. socioeconomic. and environmental factors than those affecting Saudi citizens. The respondents in this study are the male heads of all house- holds surveyed. It is realistic to use this approach because the survey questions addressed the social service needs of the entire household. and traditionally the head of the household is the spokes- person. Thus. if other members of the household were to be inter- viewed. it might not be appreciated by the head of the household. Also. to interview others might raise doubts and suspicions that the interviewer did not trust the answers of the head of the family. Wm As mentioned before. the target population of this study included a sample of household heads in each of six villages (Al-Jumum. Daf-zayny. Abu-shaib. Abu-urwa. Ain—Shams. and Al-Khayf) of the Wadi Fatma region served by the community development center. This area was chosen because of its location in an area served by a community devel- opment center and because of its fairly representative nature of the 104 target population for which community development was planned on a national level. In view of the homogeneity of the population and the cost and time available for the research. the researcher took a sample of 260 household heads out of approximately 2.050 household heads in the six villages (about 12 percent). Due to the lack of statistical information on population num- bers and characteristics for the villages and residents of Wadi Fatma. the sampling process became critical. The investigator attempted to collect relevant information through other sources. The author was able to obtain a complete computer file of Al-Jumum village from the electric company. This file contained the names. numbers. and addresses of subscribers. There were 1.040 households in Al-Jumum village in winter l985. Several households without electricity were added to the list. Because there is a lack of data available about the number of households in the other five villages mentioned above. the author obtained a list of all household heads from the local leaders and indigenous committees in every village and local area. This list was the sampling frame of the study. The sample was selected randomly from each village by using a table of random numbers. A simple random sampling technique was used in this study to ensure that each indi- vidual in the defined population had an equal and independent chance of being selected as a member of the sample. Ten household heads were out of the region during the time of data collection. and for five respondents the data were incomplete. 105 Thus. 245 cases of the total sample of 260 were included in the final analysis. Table 2 shows the distribution of the population (2.050) and the sample (245) in each village of the study area. Table 2.--Distribution of the population and sample. according to every village in the study area (Wadi Fatma). Tbtal Tetal Number of Name of Village Number of Households Households in Sample3 Al-Jumum 1.040 130 Abu-Urwa 250 28 Ain-Shams 210 24 Abu-Shaib 200 23 Daf-Zayny 185 21 Al-Khayf 165 19 Total 2.050 245 aThe total number of the sample in every village represents about 12 percent of the total number of population in every village. Want A structured interview was developed for the purpose of col- lecting research data. The development of the instrument involved several steps. First. a comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken in the field of sociology and community development and programs. Various Saudi government documents were also consul ted to acquire a sound background and knowledge for the construction of a questionnaire relevant to the study. 106 Second. in an informal interview. some community development officials in the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and community development center workers in the Wadi Fatma area were asked to state the major components of community development programs. to know the major services. needs. and problems that face the villagers. The results were classified and organized into groups and categories. Each category contained items that dealt with particular types of services (agriculture. health. social. and cultural and educational). Third. the methods of developing the structured interview were discussed with the major adviser and members of the writer's doctoral committee to revise and modify its components. Fourth. the approved and revised version was translated into Arabic and then was given to some graduate students at Michigan State University. all faculty members of the Sociology Department at King Abdul-Aziz University. Saudi Arabia. and all social workers in commu- nity development centers in the Wadi Fatma area. The writer talked individually to every person who received a copy of the structured interview and took comments and suggestions for revising the Arabic form. Then the final Arabic form was given to two faculty members of King Abdul-Aziz University in Saudi Arabia to translate it into English. The original English form. which had been written by the researcher. was compared to the translated form that the translator had converted from the Arabic translation. This two-way translation. English to Arabic to English. helped to assure that the Arabic form was equivalent to the English form and that the exact meaning was 107 translated into the subjects' language. Arabic. in order to ensure better understanding of the structured interview items. The structured interview (see Appendix A) is arranged in seven maj or sections: The first section. Questions 1-7. contains items designed to collect personal data relevant to the purpose of this study. such as marital status. age. level of education. and length of residence of the head of the household. The second section. Questions 8-13. contains general questions about community development center programs and household heads' reac- tion to and participation in the programs. The third. fourth. fifth. and sixth sections. Questions 14-51. contain questions about each kind of service and program of the commu- nity development center. Included are the following programs: agri- cultural extension programs. health programs. educational and cultural programs. and social programs. The seventh section includes some observations and comments from the interviewer. WWW Assuming that the validity of an instrument consists of its ability to measure what it set out to measure. the researcher took the following steps to insure the validity of the instrument. First. he consulted with members of his doctoral committee and some faculty members of the community development department at 108 Michigan State University for advice and suggestions throughout the process of developing the instrument. Second. a tentative draft of the questionnaire was submitted to some graduate students who were currently taking courses in the field of sociology and community development at Michigan State University so they could comment on the questionnaire items. This was done so that the graduate students could indicate whether any questions seemed ambiguous to them and whether some needed revision. Third. based on the comments by members of the writer's doc- toral committee and the graduate students to whom the questionnaire had been submitted for review to ensure validity. the researcher thoroughly revised the questionnaire to meet the standards of clarity and accu- racy. Fourth. the writer tested the subjects' understanding in regard to the questionnaire items. (The procedure that was used is explained in detail in the section on the research instrument.) Using the preceding steps and procedures. the instrument was improved and was then readied for administration to the subjects of the research. WW5. W Data also were collected through observation in order to learn more about the cultural and social aspects of the community of Wadi Fatma. Before interviewing the sample in all six villages of Wadi Fatma. the researcher made several visits to the area of study in order 109 to discuss several issues with residents of the area. During the interviews. the researcher also observed what was happening in par- ticular households and in the village. Additional information was collected by consulting the follow- ing sources: 1. Saudi government publications and documents on community development center programs. 2. Interviews with administrators and workers in the community development center. 3. United Nations publications in the field of community development rural programs. 4. Books and articles in the field of sociology and community development. mm Before administering the structured interviews to the selected sample and before collecting the final data. a pilot study was carried out in winter 1985 to insure and determine villagers' reaction and participation. and whether there would be any problems or confusion regarding the subject matter and items of the structured interview. The following procedure was followed: The final Arabic version of the structured interview was administered to 20 householders of Wadi Fatma villages served by the community development center. The sample represented families of different socioeconomic status. age. level of education. marital status. and locations in the area of Wadi Fatma. The time needed to complete the questionnaire schedule ranged from 20 110 to 30 minutes. depending on the respondents' level of education. It took more time for illiterate respondents to finish the questionnaire schedule. An analysis was made of the responses to each item for the purpose of identifying possible problems in construction of the items of the instrument. Based on all responses. direct feedback and com- ments were received from the research subjects. which led the researcher to revise the instrument according to these findings. These procedures were necessary to determine whether the structured interview would elicit the data needed for the study and whether it was written in a clear and comprehensible manner. Finally. the instrument was neatly typed in Arabic. Copies were then administered to the study sample. W113: The interviews and the process of data collection were not without some difficulties. One such difficulty encountered was the attitude of the public toward the survey. Although this situation was not encountered at all interview locations. it appeared that some people lacked knowledge and orientation concerning the purpose of the survey and how it related to them. Because of a lack of awareness. some residents seemed to fear strangers knocking on their door once or twice a day. seeking information about their household and their opin- ion about community development in the area. Such situations required 111 more complete explanations and polite persuasion in order to secure an interview. natLAnastJs After collecting and coding the responses (computer labora- tory--FORTRAN coding forms). a card-punching process was used to pre- pare the data for the computer. Each structured interview was punched twice by two different technicians as a verifying process. The two cards of each respondent were compared. and when the cards differed the information was punched again. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed in the analysis. Several statistical techniques were used to achieve the objec- tives and to test the hypotheses of this study. 1. The characteristics of the sample and the findings concern- ing the opinions and assessments in regard to use and adequacy of rural community development center programs and services were tabulated and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. 2. For the purpose of ascertaining relationships between the dependent factor. participation. and the independent variables (age. education. marital status. size of family. length of residence. and distance from the center). chi-square was used as a measure of associa- tion and a test of significance. The results of any chi-square test regarding this study are presented in cross-tabulation tables. Statis- tical data were considered significant at the 0.05 level. The results of these analyses are presented in Chapter VI. G-iAPTER VI PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The data gathered from the villagers' responses to the struc- tured interview will now be used to (1) describe the characteristics of the sample; (2) describe and analyze how the household heads responded and reacted to the various items of the structured interview; and (3) test possible relationships and associations between participation in the community development center activities and programs and the fol- lowing variables: age. level of education. marital status. size of family. length of residence. and distance from the center. WW Mammals: As previously stated. the sample of this study consists of 245 male Saudi household heads who are living in Wadi Fatma villages of the western region of Saudi Arabia. Tab1e3 shows the distribution of the sample according age. The ages ranged from 20 years to 60 years and over; this range in ages is rather wide. The highest number of household heads is in the age range between 30 and 39 years (26.9 percent). and the lowest number is 60 years and over (8.6 percent). By combining some of the categories. we find that there are 52.6 percent llZ 113 young adults (20 to 39 years old). 38.8 percent middle-aged individuals (40 to 59 years old). and 8.6 percent 01 d-aged (60 years and over). Table 3.--Distribution of the sample according to age. Age Group Frequency Percent 20-29 63 25.7 30-39 66 26.9 40-49 44 18.0 50-59 51 20.8 60 and over 21 8.6 Total 245 100.0 The high percentage of young adults among the household heads may be explained by the high birth rate and by marriages at younger ages in this area and other rural areas of Saudi Arabia. Migration of young people recently to Al-Jumum village. where the community devel op- ment center is located. might have increased the number of young adults as the heads of households. The low percentage of old-aged people among the household heads can be explained by the fact that the life expectancy (as reported by several villagers) is between 60 and 65 years of age. Table 4 shows the distribution of the household heads according to their marital status. We observe that a majority of them (82 per- cent) are married. and the smallest group is either separated or divorced (1.2 percent). The total number of single individuals who 114 were never married comprises only 18 percent of the sample--a rather small number. Table 4.--Distribution of the sample according to marital status. Marital Status Frequency Percent Single (never married) 35 14.3 Married 201 82.0 Widowed 6 2.4 Separated/divorced 3 1.2 Total . 245 100.0 The high proportion of married people is the general situation in this region and in Saudi Arabia as a whole and is largely due to the Islamic way of life. in which marriage is highly encouraged by the community. Also. both sexes are encouraged to marry early. A few of those who are married now have been married more than once. Separation and divorce are not encouraged at all. One other reason for the high percentage of marriages is that in Wadi Fatma men are allowed to marry women from the same tribe or from tribes that are lower in status than their own tribes. Thus men can easily find marital partners in this region. The distribution of the household heads according to their levels of education is presented in Table 5. The lowest level of education is ”unable to read and write." and the highest level is ”college education." Almost one-fourth of the sample (24.9 percent) 115 are unable to read and write. and almost one-third (29 percent) are able only to read and write. The ability of some villagers to read and write. as indicated by the‘villagers themselves. results from their desire to read the Koran. the holy book of Islam. This shows the role of religion as a positive factor in the matter of education. Only a very small proportion of the sample (6.9 percent) have a college educa- tion. We observe that a majority of the household heads are either unable to read and write. are able only to read and write. or have only attended elementary school (71.9 percent). Thus. we can conclude that a majority of the household heads in the study sample have had very little formal education. Table 5.--Distribution of the sample according to level of education. Level of Education Frequency Percent Unable to read and write 61 24.9 Able only to read and write 71 29.0 Elementary school (some or completed) 44 18.0 High school (some or completed) 52 21.2 College (some or more) 17 6.9 Total 245 100.0 Although a majority of the household heads have received little formal education. the figures indicate an improvement in terms of the number of illiterates as compared to 20 years ago. At that time. there were no schools in the villages of Wadi Fauna. and it was difficult to send children to urban schools. such as those in Makkah or Jeddah. due 116 to transportation problems. Now. there are primary and middle schools for boys and girls in most villages. and children can attend secondary school in Al-Jumum. Transportation allowances are given to the chil- dren by the Saudi government to encourage them to attend school and to continue their education to the highest level. As in most of developing nations. the psychological value of education in Saudi Arabia in general. and in Wadi Fatma in particular. is tremendous. Many villagers in the region reported to the researcher that "education is the way to a better future for the younger genera- tion.” The experience of the early out-migrants and of young people who had an opportunity to obtain an education and join government institutions or companies was enough to make them believe in the value of education. In the region itself. the government has recognized this fact and. in recent years. educational facilities and school attendance have increased. But. in spite of this effort. there is still a need in the Wadi Fatma region for more schools and educational services. Table 6 shows the distribution of household heads according to their occupations. A wide variety of occupations is represented: unemployed. retired. laboring work. farming. government services. and business. Nearly one-half (45.2 percent) of the household heads are farmers. and more than one-fourth of them (27.8 percent) work in gov- ernment services. Most of them (73 percent) are either farmers or government officials. and the rest are either businessmen. laborers. unemployed. or retired. 117 Table 6.--Distribution of the sample according to occupation. Occupation Frequency Percent Farmer 111 45.2 Government official 68 27.8 Businessman 24 9.8 Unemployed/retired 22 9.0 Laborer 20 8.2 Total 245 100.0 The table indicates a wider variety of occupations than in earlier periods. in which the main occupations in Wadi Fatma were agricultural activities. The decline in the proportion of the active population engaged in agriculture is due to the increased level of education for the young villagers in the area. The changes in the level of education give them some other alternatives for their occupa- tions. Some of the villagers work in government services. such as schools. police offices. court. and the community development center. Others are employed by business organizations or manage their own trades. Those who do not have land and have very little formal educa- tion usually work in labor services. ‘The unemployed people are usually the old-aged. the retired. and the handicapped. These individuals are usually supported by the governmental social security agency if they once were governmental employees. or sometimes by their older children or relatives. 118 The distribution of household heads according to length of residence in the Wadi Fatma area is shown in Table 7. The number of household heads increases as the number of years of residence increases. The lowest number of respondents (4:1 percent) have resided in the area for less than one year; the greatest number (43.3 percent) have lived in the area for more than 20 years. A majority of the household heads (84.1 percent) have resided in the area for at least five years. Table 7.--Distribution of the sample according to length of residence in the area. Length of Residence Frequency Percent Less than one year 10 4.1 One to four years 29 11.8 Five to nine years 41 16.7 Ten to twenty years 59 24.1 More than twenty years 106 43.3 Total 245 100.0 The results suggest that most of the household heads are famil- iar with the services and programs offered by the community development center and changes that have taken place in the activities and programs of the center. Some of them reported that they had lived in the village for less than ten years. moved to an urban area for some time. and then returned to the village. In recent years. the number of people. especially young adults. who live in Al-Jumum village. where the community development center is 119 located. has grown more rapidly than that of any other village of Wadi Fatma. The major cause for this growth is the migration of people from remote villages to Al-Jumum to find jobs in government services. to conduct business such as trading. and to enjoy better living conditions and services that are not available in the smaller villages. Table 8 shows the distribution of household heads according to the number of persons in each household. including the household head himself. The lowest number of households (15:1 percent) comprise one and two persons. followed by those with three to five persons (28.6 percent). The highest number of households (56.3 percent) have more than five persons. Hence. a majority of the household heads (84.9 percent) are responsible for at least three other persons in organizing the family life. Table 8.--Distribution of the sample according to number of persons in the household. Number of Household Members Frequency Percent One to two 37 15.1 Three to five 70 28.6 Over five 138 56.3 Total 245 100.0 There are several combinations in the make-up of a household or family. A household may comprise just the head himself; the head and 120 his parent(s). brothers. and sisters; or the head and his wife and children. and this is the common pattern of most households in the Wadi Fatma area. These combinations explain the size of the households. ranging from very small (between one and two persons) to very large ones (more than five personsL. The average size of a household was even bigger in the past. when there were 10 to 12 children from one mother or several mothers. "Although the size of the rural household in Saudi Arabia became progressively smaller during the last two cen- suses as the result of increasing the level of education for the citi- zen. and the level of life became more complicated. it was still greater in comparison with the urban households" (Mahgub. 1976). The distribution of household heads according to the number of children in each household is presented in Table 9. ‘The number of children ranges from none to more than four. More than one—third (37.6 percent) of the household heads have over four children. and the rest have either no children (20.8 percent) or three to four children (15.1 percent). Most of the household heads (79.2 percent) have at least one child. The distribution of the number of children may be explained by several factors. The households with no children are those in which the heads are not married. are married with no children. or are elderly with grown children. The percentage of households with at least one child can be explained by the fact that the Islamic religion encourages people to marry and to have as many children as early in life as possible. By looking at the percentage of households with three or 121 more children (52.7 percent) and the percentage of households with more than five persons (56.3 percent) (see Table 8). it can be concluded that the households with five or more persons are those that include two parents and three or more children. Table 9.--Distribution of the sample according to number of children in the household. Number of Children Frequency Percent None 51 20.8 One to two 65 26.5 Three to four 37 15.1 Over four 92 37.6 Total 245 100.0 WWW Wm WM It was thought that after more than 20 years of operating the community development center in the Wadi Fatma region. it would be interesting to know how many people had actually heard about the commu- nity development center. Table 10 shows that out of a total of 245 respondents (heads of households). 86.9 percent are aware of the exist- ence of the development center; a small number of them (13:1 percent) are not aware of the center's existence. Table A1 in Appendix 0 displays the relationship between age of household heads and awareness. The results indicate decreasing 122 proportions of household heads who are aware of the existence of the center (20-29 years. 96.8 percent; 30-49 years. 86.4 percent; 50 years and over. 79.2 percent). The proportion of awareness for married household heads is slightly higher than that of single household heads (Table A2. Appendix C). The proportion of awareness also increases with the number of people and children in the household. the household head's level of education. and length of residence (Tables A3 through A6. Appendix C). The proportions of awareness among household heads are not significantly related to the distance from place of residence to the center. However. the proportion increases with distance (Table A7. Appendix C). Table 10.--Distribution of the sample according to awareness of the community development center. Aware Frequency Percent Yes 213 86 .9 No 32 13 .1 Total 245 100 .0 From Table 11 it appears that there are five sources of aware- ness of the existence of the development center in this area: radio or television. family or relatives. center workers. center activities. and friends or neighbors. The center activities are an important source of awareness of the center's existence for 49.3 percent of the household heads. Center workers are also a source of awareness for 16.9 percent 123 of the household heads. We observe that a development center. through its activities and workers. plays an important role in making the household heads aware of its existence (66.2 percent). The next most important sources of awareness are family members. relatives. friends. or neighbors (31.5 percent). Radio and television contribute very little (2.3 percent) as a source of awareness of the center's existence. Table 11.--Distribution of the sample according to the first source of information about community development center programs. Source of Awareness Frequency Percent Center activities 105 49.3 Friends or neighbors 43 20.2 Center workers 36 16.9 Family or relatives 24 11.3 Radio or television 5 2.3 Tbtal 213 100.0 Table 10 indicates that most of the household heads are aware of the existence of the community development center in their area. Surprisingly. the major source of awareness is not radio or television. even though there is a radio in every household and a television set in some of the households. One reason for the small role of radio and television in spreading awareness of the center is that adults usually prefer to gather and talk and exchange news in the open square inIa village or in the front yard of a house or coffeeshop during their free time rather than watching television or listening to the radio. One 124 other reason is that there are now fewer radio and television commer- cials on the centers and their activities and programs. Hence. villagers become the source of communication. rather than radio or television. The major source of awareness is the activities of the centers themselves. primarily the health services that most villagers 1.156. W Wm: Table 12 shows the distribution of the household heads who are aware of the existence of the community development center. according to their participation in the center's programs. The data show that. although they are aware of the center's existence. only 37.6 percent of the household heads actually participate in the center's programs. Almost two-thirds of them (62.4 percent) do not participate. Table 12.--Distribution of the sample according to participation in community development center programs. Participation in Programs Frequency Percent Yes 80 37 .6 No 133 62.4 Total 213 100 .0 Tables 10 and 12 indicate that although most of the household heads (86.9 percent) are aware of the existence of the community 125 development center. only a very small number of them (37.6 percent) actually participate in the center's activities and programs. Most of them do not participate. In terms of the total sample. only 33 percent or one-third of the household heads participate in the center's activi- ties and programs. There are three types of participation in the programs: con- tributing time. money. or materials; participating in the center activities; and attending meetings (see Table 13). A majority of those participating in the programs (75.0 percent) take part in the center activities. such as health or social services. Some of them partici- pate by contributing their time. money. or materials (43.0 percent) or by attending the center's meetings (40.5 percent). Table 13.--Distri bution of the sample according to type of participation in community development center programs (N = 80). Type of Participationa Frequency Percentb Participation in activities of center 60 75.9 Contribution of time. money. materials 34 43.0 Attendance at meetings 32 40.5 8In most cases. villagers indicated more than one response. bPercentage of cases. Again. the type of participation can be classified as ”contrib- uting" (contribution of time. materials. money. and attending meetings) and "receiving" (participating in the center's activities and 126 services). The data indicate that. among those who participate. the participation is most frequently in the contributing category rather than in the receiving category. This is good in terms of the self-help concept of community development. The data in Table 14 show the responses of sample members concerning their reasons for not participating in the center‘s pro- grams. The major reason for not participating is lack of publicity about the center and its programs (67.7 percent). Some respondents indicated that they have no desire to participate (12.8 percent). and others indicated that they do not have time to participate in the center's programs (19.5 percent). Table l4.--Distribution of the sample according to reasons for not participating in the community development center programs. Reasons Frequency Percent Not enough publicity about the center and its programs 90 67.7 Not enough time to participate 26 19.5 No desire to participate 17 12. Total 133 100.0 The data indicate that. among those household heads who do not participate in the center's activities and programs. only one-third (32.3 percent) fail to participate because they do not desire to or do not have time to participate. Some villagers reported that they have lost interest and desire for participation in community development 127 programs and projects because of delays in approval. Usually after a local project. such as establishing a kindergarten or youth club. is agreed upon by the villagers and the center. it must be approved by the regional committee. Before it can be implemented. the project must be approved by the Central Department at the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. Such a process is lengthy. As a result. residents feel less motivated to participate in community development center activities and programs. Most of the nonparticipants (67.7 percent) do not partici- pate because they do not know about the center and its activities and programs. One would anticipate that more people in this region would benefit from the center's activities and programs if greater effort were given to publicizing the center and its activities through mass media and other sources. Valuable information about the problems and needs of the villagers could be obtained if more of them participated in the community development programs. W W The household heads in the sample were asked to indicate the degree of helpfulness of community development center programs. It was observed (see Table 15) that most of the householders who are aware of the existence of the center feel that the center's programs are either highly helpful or moderately helpful (68.5 percent). Some of them feel the programs are either not helpful or slightly helpful (31.5 percent). 128 Table 15.--Distribution of the sample according to degree of helpfulness of community development center programs. Degree of Helpfulness Frequency Percent Highly helpful 36 16.9 Moderately helpful 110 51.6 Slightly helpful 59 27.7 Not helpful 8 3.8 Tetal 213 100.0 The total sample of 213 household heads comprises those who are aware of the existence of the community development center. including those who do not participate in the center's activities and programs. The table indicates that only some of the sample think that the cen- ter's activities and programs are highly helpful. Those who find the center's programs the most helpful seem. from the author's direct contact and observations. to be a few villagers. who have frequent contacts with the center's programs and workers. Thus. the rural people do not deny the value of the community development center in improving their villages; they do believe that the program has potential to help them in every kind of service. But the operation of the program. its inadequate facilities and services. did not address their felt need as it should do. Several of the respondents reported that they see the community development workers as not having enough professional ability to help them with their problems and to understand their perceived needs. It may be concluded that the activities and programs do help the villagers. but not really enough. 129 More improved programs should be introduced by examining people's needs and problems. W W In this section. an attempt is made to describe and analyze how the household heads responded to the various items in the structured interview. The discussion is focused on the agricultural. health. educational. and social programs and services provided by the community development center. The data regarding the respondents' use of various programs and services in the community development center in the past and present are presented in Tables 16 and 17. The analysis of the data shows that the most frequently used programs and services in the past and present are health programs and services. The least frequently used programs and services in the past and present are agricultural extension pro- grams. Table l6.--Distribution of the sample according to the use ofvarious community development programs and services in the past. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Programs Total and Services Used Freq. S Freq. 2 Responses Agricultural 88 41.3 125 58.7 213 Health 183 85.9 30 14.1 213 Educational 100 46.9 113 53.1 213 Social 124 58.5 88 41.5 212a aNImIber of missing observations = one. 130 Table l7.--Distribution of the sample according to the current use of various community development center programs and services. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Programs Tetal and Services Used Freq. x Freq. S Responses Agricultural 56 26.3 157 73.7 213 Health 193 90.6 20 9.4 213 Educational 124 58.2 89 41.8 213 Social 153 71.8 60 28.2 213 By comparing the figures in the two tables. we notice that the use of various programs and services has increased for all types of programs except for agricultural programs. The highest increment is in the use of social programs and services (13.3 percent). followed by the use of educational and cultural programs and services (11.3 percent) and health programs (4.7 percent). This indicates that the need for health. educational. and social programs and services has increased recently as compared to the past. Workers in the center reported that there has been an increase in the number of users of the center's programs in the areas of treatment. adult education and literacy. and youth activities. More parents send their children to kindergartens and demand better quality preschool care and education. The decreased use of.agricultura1 programs.and services was explained by the director of the community center as being the result of the changes that have recently occurred in the types of occupations held by the villagers. The change from agricultural activities to 131 other types of occupations. such as government services and business activities. As a result. the number of farmers using the agricultural unit of the center is less than before. Another reason for the decreased use of agricultural programs and services is that there are currently many other agencies. such as agricultural cooperative exten- sion. that render services to the farmers. As a result. farmers can obtain services from alternative sources other than the community development center. When the household heads were asked to indicate their reasons for not using the various services and programs offered by the commu- nity development center in their area. more than one-half (an average of 52.0 percent over all services) said they do not use the various services or programs because they do not know about the programs and there is not enough publicity about the center's services from the workers or other sources (see Table 18). Not needing the services was cited most often as a reason concerning the agricultural services area (24.3 percent) and least often concerning educational and cultural services (3.4 percent). The other major reasons for not using the services are that workers are not very helpful (an average of 28.0 percent over all services) and that the center is too far away (an average of 21.2 percent over all services). The next most frequently mentioned reason is inconvenient hours (an average of 14.7 percent over all services). The least frequently cited reason is not needing the services (an average of 14.0 percent over all services). 132 .mummu mo ummucoucomo .cOmmcL oco coca ucoe ooumu_cc_ mcumm___> .mummu 050m c_m 5.0— o. o.:_ m. o.o~ : m.m m maze: uce_ce>couc_ ~.e_ o. m.- ON o.om o s.m_ m. >mzm cm. ooh a.mN m. ~.m~ ow o.os m m.~_ NN .sca_ae be: menace: o.m_ m :.m m o.m _ m.:~ om ou_>cum m_;u one: u.eoa «.3 mm 93 mm o.om o. .12 3 .333... $on 305. 3ch w .oocm N .oocm w .oocu ON .oucu Aomuzv Ammuzv Aomnzv, Ana—"2v meu_>com mou_>cum .mcsu_:u mou_>cum muu_>com chmmux .mmuom new .mco_umu:em ;u_mo: .mcau_:u_cm< m meocmoca ocm muu_>cum mo mua>b .mEmLmOLQ new mou_>c0m coucou acceeo_u>oo >uwcsseoo mc_m: uoc com chmmoc ecu cu mc_ocouom o_nEmm ecu mo co_u:n_cummouu.m_ u_nmh 133 By looking at all types of services together. we notice that the major reason for not using the center's programs and services is that people do not know about all of the types of services and programs that are offered. Other reasons. in order of decreasing frequency. are that workers are not very helpful. the center is too far from one's residence. inconvenient hours. and not needing the service. It can also be observed that people most frequently do not need the services in the agricultural section. Such respondents probably work in govern- ment services and business organizations. The data with regard to the types of agricultural. health. educational. and social services and programs the respondents have received from the community development center are presented in Tables 19 through 22. The analysis of the data in Table 19 shows the types of agricultural services given to the people in Wadi Fatma. The following agricultural services are arranged in order of most to fewest heads of households who have received them: insecticide services (85.7 per- cent). seed-improvement services (78.0 percent). fertilizer services (60.7 percent). supervision and training (53.6 percent). and livestock improvement services (27.2 percent). Some of these services were only available in the past and have been reduced. Livestock improvement services. as reported by agricultural workers. are less available at present. The supply of fertilizer to farmers was one of the major services in the past. but now the service has been reduced greatly. Seed-improvement services are still available. The current major service offered by the agricultural section of the center is 134 insecticide spraying. Thus. the agricultural unit currently does not provide farmers with much in the way of needed services. advice. or training. Table 19.--Distribution of the sample according to the types of agricultural services they have received from the community development center. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Services Total Received“ Freq. Z Freq. 1 Responses Insecticide 48 85.7 8 14.3 56 Seed Improvement 43 78.0 12 22.0 55b Fertilizer 34 60.7 22 39.3 56 Supervision/training 30 53.0 26 47.0 56 Livestock Improvement 15 27.2 40 72.8 55‘ “In most cases. villagers indicated more than one answer. bNumber of missing observations = one. cNumber of missing observations = one. Table 20 shows the distribution of the household heads accord- ing to the types of health services they have received from the commu- nity development center. Nearly every one of them has had health treatment (97.4 percent). The next most frequently received services are mother and child care (68.4 percent). The least frequently received services are home visits (32.6 percent) and health lectures and awareness (19.7 percent). The interview with the health workers revealed that some of the services are no longer provided by the cen- ter. Health treatments. mother and child care. and immunization 135 services are still available at the center. Health awareness lectures. home visits. child delivery. and hospitalization have been reduced greatly or are no longer available. The main reason for discontinua- tion of some services is the shortage of facilities and health workers at the center. The center's area of coverage has become larger and the number of people served has increased greatly. whereas the number of doctors. nurses. and other workers has remained the same as it was several years ago. Hence. the workers do not have time to visit vil- lages. They just work at the center and provide treatment. mother and child care. and immunization. The center usually becomes so crowded that it is very difficult for the patients. especially those who are very sick. the elderly. and small children. Table 20.--Distribution of the sample according to the types of health services they have received from the community development center. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Services Total Received“ Freq. X Freq. 5 Responses Treatment 188 97.4 5 2.6 193 Immunization 156 82.1 34 17.9 190'3 Mother and child care 132 68.4 61 31.6 193 Gynecological 100 51.8 93 48.2 193 Home visits 63 32.6 130 67.4 193 Health lectures/awareness 38 19.7 155 80.3 193 aIn most cases. villagers indicated more than one answer. bNumber of missing observations = three. 136 Table 21 summarizes the data concerning the distribution of subjects according to the kinds of educational and cultural services they have received from the community development center. About three- fourths CTLA percent) of the respondents indicated that they have received the literacy/adult education service. The next most fre- quently received services are the home visits.(40.3 percent). The least frequently received service is vocational training (21.8 per- cent). Table 21.--Distribution of the sample according to the types of educational and cultural services they have received from the community development center. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Services Total Received“ Freq. S Freq. 1 Responses Literacy/adult education 96 77.4 28 22.6 124 Home visits 50 40.3 74 59.7 124 Seminars/panel discussion 49 39.5 75 60.5 124 Library reading 45 36.3 79 63.7 124 Vocational training 27 21.8 97 78.2 124 aIn most cases. villagers indicated more than one answer. According to the educational worker at the rural development center. vocational training is not currently offered by the center. Also. seminars and panel discussions are offered less frequently than in the past. Most young adults do not know about services provided by the library in AJ-Jumum. The library opens at irregular times. which creates difficulties for the young adults who want to use the library 137 services. Also. the number of books and journals is very small and does not meet the needs and desires of the young people. Adult education is entirely the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. The role of the worker at the community development center is solely to encourage people to attend classes. Because of the limited role of the center in this operation. the people perceive the classes as part of the function of the school in their community rather than of the center. From Table 22 it can be observed that the major social service received is kindergarten (81.7 percent). This service is the most recognizable one. and some individuals perceive it as one of their community needs. The next most frequently received services are games and sports (55.6 percent). child care counseling (43.8 percent). and summer activities and camps (41.8 percent). The least frequently received services are home economics and sewing training (27.6 percent) and home improvement (35.5 percent). Home improvement services concern improvement of rooms of a house. such as the bathroom or bedroom. for which the center will contribute about 50 percent toward the cost of construction and mate- rials. Such services have currently been reduced. The youth clubs are not appreciated by the villagers for a number of reasons. First. the clubs are poorly designed and equipped. Second. adults are unfamiliar with the importance of the cl ubs. to youths' development. Thus these clubs are not perceived as useful to their children. Some parents believe that the clubs take children away from their school work or 138 from helping their parents on the farm. Kindergartens are relatively better equipped. with some recreational facilities and female staff members. A girlsl club has been formed in Al-Jumum village. Its activities include combating illiteracy. training in home economics. sewing. and child care. The response of the Saudi women to partici- pate in various aspects of this club is quite promising. Table 22.--Distribution of the sample according to the types of social services they have received from the community development center. Yes Responses No Responses Kinds of Services Total Received“ Freq. Z Freq. 1 Responses Kindergarten 125 81.7 28 18.3 153 Games and sports 85 55.6 68 44.4 153 Child care counseling 67 43.8 86 56.2 153 Summer activities/camp 64 41.8 89 58.2 153 Home improvement 55 35.5 98 64.5 153 Sewing training/ home economics 42 27.6 110 72.4 152b “In most cases. villagers indicated more than one answer. bNumber of missing observations 8 one. Concerning villagers' satisfaction with the programs and activities offered by the community development center. the majority of the sample are most satisfied with health services (79.8 percent). whereas they are least satisfied with services related to agricultural extension (64.3 percent) (see Table 23). 139 Table 23.--Distribution of the sample according to their satisfaction with the various community development center programs and services. Satisfaction Kinds of Programs Yes Responses No Responses and Services Total Freq. Z Freq. % Responses Agricultural extension 36 64.3 20 35.7 56 Health 154 79.8 39 20.2 193 Educational and cultural 92 74.2 32 25.8 124 Social 120 78.4 33 21.6 153 Table 24 shows the distribution of the sample according to the degree of satisfaction with services they have received from the commu- nity development center. Of those who said they were satisfied with services. only 16 percent are very satisfied with services (considering all services together). Others expressed moderate satisfaction (56.5 percent) or slight satisfaction (27.4 percent) with the services. Of those who received agricultural services. 11 percent are very satis- fied. 50 percent are moderately satisfied. and 39 percent are slightly satisfied. Of those who received health services. 22.7 percent are very satisfied. 60.4 percent are moderately satisfied. and 16.9 percent are slightly satisfied. Of those who received educational and cultural services. 9.7 percent are very satisfied. 54.8 percent are moderately satisfied. and 35.5 percent are slightly satisfied. Of those who received social services. 20.8 percent are very satisfied. 60.8 percent are moderately satisfied. and 18.3 percent are slightly satisfied. The 140 ON. m.m_ «N m.om mm m.o~ mu .m_u0m um m.mm mm w.am om n.m m .mc=o_:o ocm .mco_umuaou am. m.o_ ow a.oo mm m.- mm ;u_mo: em a.mm s_ o.om m. o... e .mcse_=omee< N .uocu N .oocu N .oocm ou_wm_umm ee_»m_umm oe.mm_umm .muok >_u;m__m >_ouwcoooz >co> uum>com mo oc_x co_uummm_umm wo octave .uu_>com one EmcmoLa coucou acoeao_o>oo >u_c:EE0u mo oc.x >cu>o ;u_3 co_uum»m_umm mo magnet on» ou mc_ocouum o_aEmm ecu mo :o_u:a_Lum_aII.:~ o_nmh 141 figures for the various services indicate that household heads are more satisfied with health services (83.1 percent very satisfied and moder- ately satisfied) than with the other services. The least satisfactory services are the agricultural extension services (61 percent very satisfied and moderately satisfied). Whereas Table 23 indicates that high percentages of the household heads are satisfied with various services in general. the breakdown of degrees of satisfaction (Table 24) shows very low percentages of the household heads are very satisfied with the serv- ices. For the most part. respondents are either moderately or slightly satisfied with the services offered by the center. Many improvements are needed in all services in order to render more satisfactory serv- ices to the villagers. The data in Tables 25 and 26 show the responses of the total sample regarding the degree of family and villagers' current need for agricultural. health. educational. and social services and programs. The family needs are the needs of the family as perceived by the head of household. whereas the villagers' needs are the needs of others (outside the family). as perceived by the heads of household in the sample. By combining the "much needed" and "very much needed" cate- gories. we observe that the order of family needs is as follows: health (91.9 percent). educational and cultural (68.1 percent). social (61.6 percent). and agricultural (20.0 percent). By combining the ”much needed" and "very much needed" services in Table 26. we again observe a similar pattern in the degree of villagers' needs: health 142 o.oo_ mam o.oo_ mam o.oo_ mew o.oo_ mam .muOF m.~ h o.~ m 0.0 o :.wm am vouooc uoz ~.o_ m~ m.m m. m. N ..s. N: ououue u_uu_4 m.m~ No :.N~ mm m.n m. m.:~ co venue: possuEOm m.cm cu. ~._m om. m.u: n__ n.m_ _: cocoon sue: o... AN m.e N. ..e: we. m.m m oooooe nose sees N .uucu N .Uocm N .cocu N .oocu _m_uom .mco_umu:cw cu_mo: co_mcouxu uu_>cum mo oooz .mL:u_:u_cm< ou_>cum mo oc_x >__Emm mo oucmuo .oum>cum ocm EmLmoLn coucuu ucueao_u>uo >u_cseeou mo oc_x >Lu>o Lo» coo: >__Emm mo cocoon ecu cu mc_ocouum o-oEmm 0:» mo co_u:n_cum.oII.m~ o_amh 12.3 o.oc_ maN o.oo_ maN o.oo_ m:N o.oo_ maN _muoh o o a. _ 0.0 o N.. m emcee: uoz o.m m o.N m m. N m.N w. cocoon o_uum4 ..eN mm ..m. NM Wm m. 93 3 3.50: amazeeom” a.mm NM. a.mo mm_ m.:: mo_ a.ma NN. cocoon cos: .1: .9. ma. mm ...? a. «5 ..N .882 zoo... Cos N .oecu N .oocu N .oocu N .aocm co mcoux ou_>com mo oeoz _m_u0m —mco_umu:om cu.mo: _mc:w—:u_cw< .mcomm.__> mo oucmoo ou.>cum mo ec_x .uu_>com ccm Emcmoca Loucuu acoan_o>eo >u_c:EEou mo oc_x >Le>u Low one: .mccmm—__> we uocmoo ecu cu memocouum e_aEmm ecu mo :omu:n_cum_onu.mN c.3mh 144 (93.9 percent). educational and cultural (82.5 percent). social (72.3 percent). and agricultural (59.6 percent). By combining the "1 ittle needed" and "not needed” categories. we observe that the order of family's least-needed services is as follows: agriculture (55.5 percent). social (13.1 percent). educa- tional and cultural (9.3 percent). and health (0.8 percent). The order of villagers' least-needed services has a similar pattern: agricul- tural (8.5 percent). social (3.6 percent). educational and cultural (2.4 percent). and health (0.8 percent). Agricultural services are least needed by both the families and villagers. Agricultural exten- sion services became important a decade ago. when farming was the primary occupation. as well as the basic economy of these communities. However. the number of farmers has decreased significantly» and the number of people who work in government services and business organiza- tions has increased. Table 27 displays the frequency and percentage of household heads responding to the degree of importance of increasing the number of services within each category offered to them by the community development center. The degrees of importance indicate priority of development in the services offered by the community development cen- ter. Within agricultural. educational and cultural. and social serv- ices. the greatest number of household heads perceived increasing the number of services to be ”important"; only within health services did the household heads rate the degree of importance as "very important)‘ We observe that. comparing different services. the rating of "very 145 98. mm. 98. ..N. ode. mm. 98. em .38 . . . . acmuL0aE_ 9... cm 1...... 2 ...o. 8 92 e. acetone. :23... «...... mm ...mm NN a.m.. mm 3... R .5369... N.~N ..m 9: .N ..e. mm ....N N. eemtooe. 38> N .oocu N .00.. N .00.. N .uueu m 00 0:0 mu: 00 commc0uxM 0UCMHLOQE_ — _ m — 3 cm ...“: : —m..:u—:u_..m< *0 00.309 uu.>.um mo ocmx .ou.>com ocm Emcmoca coucuu uncan_u>oo >u_cseeoo mo cc.x >co>u c_;u_3 mou_>.um mo cease: ecu mc.mmucuc_ mo oucmucoae_ mo oocmoo on» o» me.ocouum u_eEmm ecu mo co_u:n.cum_oII.NN o_nmh 146 important" is highest in terms of percentage of household heads in favor of increasing the number of health services (46:1 percenth By combining the ”important" and "very important" categories. it is seen that the majority of respondents agree on the importance of increasing the services in all sections (89.1 percent for health serv- ices. 70.0 for agricultural services. 80.0 percent for educational services. and 80.4 percent for social services). Although not all of the villagers need agricultural services. those who do need such serv- ices need more of them. particularly fertilizer and seed improvement. livestock improvement. and farm visits for agricultural extension serv- ices. In terms of the health section. more services are needed in the gynecological. infant delivery. and hospitalization areas. In the educational and cultural section. more services are needed in young children's and youths' programs. library services. and vocational training. Finally. in the social section. more services are needed in increasing the number and improving the quality of kindergartens and helping young women become better housewives. Table 28 shows the distribution of the household heads accord- ing to the importance of increasing the resources in each kind of service offered by the community development center. ‘The results indicate that. for all services. most household heads rated the degree of importance of increasing the resources as "important." Among the services. the percentage rated "very important" by household heads is again highest for health services. 147 0.00. mm. 0.00. :N. 0.00. mm. 0.00. mm .mu0h . . . ucmu.oae. m 0 0. 0 . N 0 . N m.m m >.u;0..m >.0> ... .m .... mom 9. ...S s. 9.: o. 23.8.... :22 .m 0.0: mm 0.0m m0 m.Nm N0. m.mm 0m ucmu.oae. ..m. 2 m... ... 02 e. m.~. N $3.82. is. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. co.mc0uxm 0ucmu.an. .m.uom .meo.umusom no.00: .m.:u.:u..0< .0 00.000 0u.>.0m mo 00.x .0u.>.0m 0cm Em.0o.a .0uc00 acoeao.0>0o >u.c:EEOu .0 00.. >.0>0 c. m0u.:Om0. 05 0530.0... u.o 0003.09... .0 00.000 0... cu 05.0.0000 0.053 05 h.o co.u:0..um.0i.mN 0.00... 148 By combining the "important” and “very important" categories. we observe that most household heads agree on the importance of increasing the resources in all types of services (62.7 percent for social services. 62.1 percent for educational services. 75.1 percent for health services. and 66.0 percent for agricultural extension serv- ices). We also notice that increasing resources is least important for the social and educational services. Table 29 indicates that most of the household heads agree on the importance of increasing the number of workers in every section in the center. The results show a similar pattern of rating between the importance of increasing the number of workers and the importance of increasing the number of services. Most household heads rated "impor- tant" within the agricultural. educational and cultural. and social services. For health services. most household heads rated the impor- tance as "very important." Also. among the services. increasing the number of workers was rated "very important" by most household heads for health services. Again. the results indicate the priority for increasing the number of workers should be given to the health serv- ices. By combining the "important" and "very important" categories. it appears that the number of workers should be increased most in the health services (91.7 percent) and agricultural services (89.9 per- cent). ‘The center needs more doctors and nurses and other medical workers in order to improve the health treatment at the center and to establish other small clinics in the villages of the Wadi Fatma area. 149 0.00. mm. 0.00. :N. 0.00. mm. 0.00. 00 .m»Oh . . . . ucmu.oee. N — a N m m — m M N >—u£m.—m >L0> a... NN ..N. m. m.. m. ~.N e acme.oos. ...;e..m 0.mm Nm m.0m 0. 0.0: mm 0.0m 0N ucmu.oae_ :..m a. a.mN on N... Nm ~.mm «N .eoo.oos. >.o> N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. co.mc0uxm 00:00.005 .m.uOm .mco.umuaem £0.00: .m.:u.:u..0< .0 00.00” 0u.>.0m .o 00.x .0u.>.0m ccm Em.0o.0 .0uc0u u:0EQO.0>00 >u.::Eeoo .o 00.. >.0>0 c. n.0x.oz .o .0053: 0:. 0c.m00.uc. .o 00:0..005. .0 00.000 ozu cu 0c.0.ouum 0.aEmm 0:. .o cO..:0..am.0II.mN 0.00. 150 The center also needs more workers in every other development area so that visits can be carried out to villages and families located far from the center. The present workers are primarily foreigners. who have differ- ent cultures and values than the villagers of the Wadi Fatma area. In addition. workers often lack an understanding of the complexities of the innovations and sometimes suggest changes that cause further diffi- culties and complications. Some community members referred to the failure of the demonstration farm that the workers planned and con- ducted with the cooperation of some of the community farmers. After implementing the project. the workers were not consistent in following up its progress. and consequently it was a total failure. It would be beneficial to both the center and the villagers if local people could be recruited and trained for the jobs of the center. The cooperation between the villagers and the center's workers would then be enhanced. A majority of the respondents (91.7 percent) agreed that community development center units should be established for health services in every village (see Table 30). The degree of importance of establishing units in each village by the most household heads varies among the kinds of services ("very important" for health services. ”important" for agricultural and educational services. and "slightly important" for social services). As for between-service ratings. most household heads rated establishing a health service unit in each vil- lage "very important." Most of them rated establishing a social serv- ices unit in each village ”slightly important." The results indicate a 151 0.00. mm. 0.00. 0N. 0.00. m0. 0.00. mm .0u0h . . . . 0:00.002. m 0 0. w . 0 . N m a. w >.uc0..m >.0> m.~m .m 0.0N mm m.. e. o.m~ e. ocoo.ooe. ...:o... 9% .3 900 o... m. 0.. m... .. ... MN 23.69... m... m. ..e. ow m.om mm e.m. .. oeeo.oos. ..e> N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. :o.m:00x. 0 0o 0 o. 00 0 . 00:0..oae. . . m . : .0 :0. 50.0 : .0.:u.:0..0< .0 00.000 00.>.0m .o 0:.x .00.>.0m 0:0 20.00.. .0uc0u uc0eao.0>00 >u.:seeou .o 0:.x >.0>0 .o. 00.0 05.0. .00: 0:. .o 000...> :000 :. mu.:: 0:.00..0mum0 .o 00:0..005. .0 00.000 0:0 0. 0:.0.ouu0 0.050m 0:. .o :o.u:n..um.0II.0m 0.00. 152 higher priority for establishing a health service unit and a lower priority for establishing a social services unit in each village. Some workers and community members reported that subcenters or units can be established either by having one unit for each large village in terms of the number of villagers or by establishing one unit for several smaller villages. A village-level worker residing in the village and working face to face with villagers can be a stronger stimulus than occasional visits by the center workers and project technicians. The village units would also solve the problems of the center being too far from the people and of inconvenient hours. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of increasing the number of lectures and awareness of each kind of service and program offered by the community development center. The results shown in Table 31 indicate that the degrees of importance of increasing the number of lectures and awareness for all kinds of services are almost the same. Within each kind of service. most household heads rated all kinds of services "important." The results indicate that the same priority should be given to increasing the number of lectures and awareness of the services of the development center. On combining the "important" and "very important" categories. it can be seen that most household heads agree that the number of lectures about and awareness of each kind of service should be increased (87.6 percent for health services. 78.4 percent for social services. 78.2 percent for educa- tional and cultural services. and 73.0 percent for agricultural exten- sion services). Lectures and awareness of all kinds of services are 153 o.oo. mm. o.oo. .N. o.oo. mm. o.oo. 0m .meo. . . .... . ... . Z. . enmfimg e..~ mm m.m. .N m.m m. ..e. m Heme.oos. ...;o_.m ..oe Nm 0... mm o... 0.. a... eN ocme.ooe_ m.m. mN e.om mm e.om mm m.e~ m. oeee.ooe. >.2. N .00.. N .00.. N 1.00.. N .00.. 00.>.0m .o 0:.x .0u.>.0m 0:0 50.0o.0 .0uc0u ucoeao.0>00 >u.::eeou .o 0:.x >.0>0 .o 000:0.030 0:0 00.3.00. .0 .0050: 0:» 0:.m00.0:. .o 00:0..oae. .0 00.000 ecu cu 0:.0.oou0 0.0200 0:. .o :o.u:a..um.0II..m 0.00h 154 necessary in exposing the villagers to the services. This will even- tually lead to a two-way communication in that the villagers can express their problems and needs to the center's workers for future planning of the center's activities. programs. and other services. AW Participation of the household heads in the programs and activities of the community development center is considered to reflect their overall participation in the various components of the center's programs and services. In this section. an attempt is made to test the relationships between the dependent variable. participation. and the independent variables (age. marital status. education. length of resi- dence. size of family. and distance from the center). Chi-square was used as a measure of association and a test of significance. The results of the chi-square tests carried out in this study are presented in cross-tabulation tables. The significance level is 0.05. Associa- tion between participation and the previously mentioned variables is discussed in the following paragraphs. WW headLanILIbeiLAge Table 32 shows the relationship between the participation of household heads in the community development center's services and programs and their age. A chi-square value of 4.97 with three degrees of freedom indicates an insignificant relationship between age and participation. Thus. participation in community development center activities and services does not depend on age. The small variations 155 ..N..o u ooeeo...ce.m m u .o Nm.e . Nx N.N o.oo. Nm o.oo. mm o.oo. N. o.oo. .0 .moo. mm. a... an N... .N ~.oN o: ...m mm oooo.o.o.ee ooe on om o..m m. N... N. a.mN N. m... 0N oome.o...ma N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. .meo. Lose oee om me-oe mm-om «NIoN eo.ooe.o.e.me .m.00> :.v 00:00 00< .000 ..0gu 0:0 :o.u0a.u.y.0a .0000; 0.000000: :003000 0.00:0.00.0NII.NM 0.00h 156 in the type of participation is shown in Appendix C. Table A8. From Table A8 one can observe that the percentages of participation in terms of financial contribution and involvement in the center's activities are nearly the same for all ages. This can be explained by the fact that financial and other kinds of contributions are highly encouraged by the Islamic religion as a way of life and that all ages are affected. There is a small variation in the percentages of attending meetings. with higher percentages in the age groups of 20-29 and 40-49 years and lower percentages in the 50 and over age group. We may conclude that the variation in the percentage of participants according to age range is mainly due to variations in the number of household heads who attend meetings. WWW Mammy: The relationship between the number of household heads who participate in community development center activities and programs and their marital status is presented in Table 33. The calculated chi- square value of 5.68 with one degree of freedom indicates that a sta- ti stically significant relationship exists between the marital status of the household head and participation in community development center activities and services. The classification of "single" household heads includes those who have never married. widowers. and those who are separated and divorced. Participation includes financial contributions. attending meetings. or using the center's activities. programs. or services. 157 NN.o.o . ooemo...ce.m . a .o 00.. . Nx m.~ o.oo. .m. o.oo. NN .eeo. mm. ..mm No. N..w eN oooe.o.e.mo eoe on em m.o. 4N 0.0. 0 o.oo.o.o.m. N .00.. N .00.. .eeo. oo...ez o.e=.m eo.eme.o.o.o. 0300.0 .0...0z .mau0um .00..0E ..0zu 0:0 :o.u0a.u.u.0a .0000; 0.000030; :003.00 0.50:0.u0.0¢II.mm 0.00h 158 Table A9 in Appendix 0 indicates that a higher proportion of married household heads participate through financial contributions and the center's activities as compared to single household heads. In con- trast. we observe that a higher proportion of single household heads participate by attending the center's meetings. Table 33 indicates that only 18.8 percent of the single household heads participate in the center's activities and programs. in contrast to 40.9 percent partici- pation for married household heads. There could be many explanations for this finding. One of them may be that married household heads participate in the center's programs because of the needs of their families for the services and programs offered by the center. Wm! WWW Table 34 shows the relationship between the number of people in the household and participation in the services and programs of the community development center. A chi-square value of 4.54 with two degrees of freedom indicates that there is no strong evidence to sup- port the existence of a relationship between the number of people in a household and participation of the household head in the center's programs. The results suggest that a higher proportion of household heads participate in the services as the number of people in their households increases. Table A10 in Appendix 0 indicates that house- holds in which there are three to five persons participate more in all types (financial contributions. center activities. attending meetings) 159 mmo..o . ooeoo...ee.m N I .o a... . Nx m.N 0.00. .m. 0.00. mm 0.00. mN .000h mm. o.». 0N a... Na o.o0 oN eeme.o.o.me .o: on em o.N. mm ..mm ON o.oN m oeee.o.e.me N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. .0000 m :00h 0.0: mIm NI. :o.uma.u.u.0. 0.000. .0 .0053: ..000 c. 0.000. .0 .0053: .m0.000m:00 000 0:0 :o.u0..u.0.0. .0000; 0.0000000 :003000 ..00:0.u0.0¢II.0m 0.000 160 than households of smaller or larger size. N0 small families of one or two persons reported attending meetings. W05 AOLNWO As shown in Table 35. there is no regular pattern with regard to the number of children and the household head's participation in the center's programs and activities. The figures indicate less participation among household heads who have no children. as compared to those who have one child or more. However. the calculated chi- square value of 3.02 with three degrees of freedom indicates an insignificant relationship between the number of children and participation in the center's programs. Hence it may be concluded that the participation of household heads is not related to or determined by the number of children in the household. but we observe that the household heads with no children participate less than those with children. Table A11 in Appendix C indicates that households with one or two children participate more in financial contributions and attendance at meetings than those with no children. three to four children. or five or more children. Household heads with three to four children reported the greatest incidence of meeting attendance. We Wanna The results of testing the relationship between level of educa- tion and participation of household heads in the activities. services. and programs of the community development center are presented in Table 161 ommm.o . ooemo...eo.m N . .o No.m . Nx m.N o.oo. om o.oo. Nm o.oo. N. 0.00. mm .meo. mm. m.0m mm m.N0 oN 0.0. .m ...N 0N oooo.o.o.me ooe oo om ...: Nm m.Nm N. e.o: .N 0.0N o. oomo.o.o.oa N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. .0uoh 0.0: .o m 01m NI. 0 :o.uma.u.u.0. ce.o..eo .o .eee=z .:0.0..0u .0 .0050: ..000 0:0 :0.000.u.u.0o .0000; 0.0000000 :003000 0.00:0.00.0¢II.mm 0.00h 162 36. A chi-square value of 35.26 with four degrees of freedom is sta- tistically significant. This indicates that a statistically signifi- cant relationship exists between level of education and participation in the center. In other words. the household head's level of education is an indication of whether he will or will not participate in the center. The percentage of participation in the center's programs increases with an increase in the level of education. The higher the level of education. the more household heads participate in the cen- ter's activities and programs. Table A12 in Appendix 0 indicates that the level of participation tends to rise with each increment of educa- tion. This increase in participation is associated with increased education. particularly in center activities and meeting attendance. WW anflangtbflesidence Table 37 shows the relationship between household heads who participate in the community development center's activities. services. or programs and their length of residence in the villages of Wadi Fatma. The calculated chi-square value of 18.26. with four degrees of freedom. indicates a statistically significant relationship between length of residence and participation in the center's activities. In other words. length of residence is an indication of whether or not one will participate in the center. The longer individuals live in a village. the more they tend to participate in the center's programs. 163 oooo.o I oocoo...co.0 : . .o 0N.mm . Nx m.N 0.00. N. 0.00. 0m 0.00. mm 0.00. N0 0.00. 00 .000. . . . . . 0000.0.u.00 N: e N. N o N. .N e 3 3 N ..N e. 0 Ne em .2 8 ea e.N0 e. c.0m mN N.em N. a.mN 0. ..N. 0 eomo.o.o.ea N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. 0.0: .0 .00000 .00000 0...: .o .000h 000..00 00.: >.0u:050.u 000m :00 000.00.... :o.u0..u.u.0. :o.u0u00m .0 .0>00 .:o.u0u000 .0 .0>0. ..000 0:0 :o.u0o.0.u.0a .00000 0.0000000 :003000 0.00:0.00.0¢II.0M 0.00h 164 ..oo.o . ooemo...ee.0 . a .o 0N.0. . Nx N.N o.oo. oo. o.oo. em o.oo. mm o.oo. m. o.oo. N .ooo. mm. e... e. o.em NN m.Ne mN N.NN m. N... e .....o.wm”eoe am e... e. o.o. NN ..N. e ...N e N... . oooo.o.0.ma N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. .000» :MUM0W.WH 0.00> 0NI0. 0.00> mIm 0.00> :I. :MMH>0MHM :o.000.u.0.0. 00:00.000 .0 000000 .0500. .003 :. 00:00.00. ..000 .o 000:0. 000 0:0 :o.000.u.0.0a .00000 0.0000000 c003000 0.00:0.00.0¢II.NM 0.00» 165 The figures indicate greater participation among household heads who have lived in the area for ten years or more than among those who have lived in the area for less than ten years. Those who have lived in the area for a longer time are more aware of the center's existence and its activities through contact with the center's workers and through using the different services and programs provided by the center. and this encourages their participation. Table A13 in Appendix C displays the relationship between length of residence and type of participation. Unfortunately. the number of respondents in several categories is very small. Participation in center activities is most clearly associated directly with increased residence. Surprisingly. attendance at meetings declines with increasing years of residence. Wade AW The relationship between household heads' participation in the community center's programs and the distance of their residence from the center is presented in Table 38. The distances are classified as short (0-6 miles). medium (7-20 miles). and long (over 20 miles). Three villages--Al-Jumum. Abu Urwa. and Abu Shaib—are classified as being a short distance from the center. Two villages--Daf Zayny and Ain Shamis--are classified as being a medium distance. One village-- Al-Khafy--is classified as being a long distance. 166 00N0.o . eoeeo...ee.0 N . .o 00.0 I Nx N.N o.oo. 0. o.oo. .e o.oo. em. .moo. mm. ...0 .. .... mN «.00 mm eeoo.o.o.oo go: on cm 0.0. N a.me 0. N.mm mm oomo.o.0.oa N .00.. N .00.. N .00.. moo .0..z oN .o>o .0..: oN-N no..z 0-o . P 0:00 50.00: 0.000 :o.000.0.0.0. 00:000.0 ..00000 0:0500.0>00 >0.:05500 000 00 00:00.00. ..000 50.. 00:000.0 000 0:0 :o.000.0.0.0a .00000 0.0000000 0003000 0.00:0.00.0¢In.wm 0.00h 167 A chi-square va'l ue of 0.94 with two degrees of freedom is insignificant This indicates that there is no statistica'liy signifi- cant re‘lationship between distance from the center and participation. This finding may be expiained by the fact that a'Ithough the center is ‘located in A'l-Jumum. some services such as youth c'lubs and kindergar- tens are provided in individua‘l vi'l'lages in the area. Thus househo'ld heads can participate in the center's activities by using the units in their vii'lages or nearby vii‘lages. as weT'I as the center itseif in A1- Jumum. Tab'le A14 in Appendix C indicates that variations exist in reiation to type of participation and distance. Participation in center activities increases with increasing distance. but the reverse is true for attendance at meetings. Participation in financi a1 contri- butions does not exhibit a clear pattern in re] ation to distance. WM: Six hypotheses reiated to the participation of heads of house- hoi ds in community deve'lopment center programs and services were tested by emp‘loying the chi-square procedure with the Tevei of significance set at 0.05. The resuits are as foi‘lows. 1. The re'lati onship between the maritai status of heads of househo‘lds and participation was found to be significant. The propor» tion of married heads of househo'l ds who participate in community deve‘l- opment center programs is higher than the proportion of sing‘le heads of househoids. 168 2. The reiati onshi p between the age of heads of househol ds and participation was found to be not significant. There is no particu‘lar pattern between age and participation. 3. The relationship between Teve‘l of education of heads of househoids and participation was found to be significant. The propor- tion of heads of househoids who participate in the community deveTop— ment center programs increases with higher 'leve‘ls of education. 4. The re'l ationship between Tength of residence of heads of househo‘lds and participation was found to be significant. The propor- tion of heads of househo‘lds who participate in the community deve‘lop- ment center programs is higier for those who have resided in the area more than ten years. as compared to those who have ‘Iived there 'less than ten years. 5. The re] ati onshi p between the number of peop‘le in the house— hon and participation was found to be a‘lmost significant (significant at a‘l pha 8 0.10). The proportion of heads of households who partici- pate in the community deve‘lopment center programs increases as the number of persons in the househon increases. 6. The relationship between distance from p‘lace of residence to the center and participation in the center's activities was found to be not significant. There is no particu‘lar pattern between distance from the center and participation. CHAPTER V II SUMMARY. FINDIKGS. RECOMMENDATIONS. AND IMPLICATIONS Sumac! W The sociological problem addressed in this research .is the adoption of innovations in the context of a traditional society. Specifically. the intention of this research is to analyze villagers' awareness. use. opinions. and evaluation of various kinds of government-sponsored program and service areas. namely. agricultural extension. health. education and culture. and social affairs. The target system is not viewed as monolithic. Hence. we want to examine the relationships between the dependent variable. participation. and the independent variables (age. marital status. level of education. size of family. length of residence. and distance from the centerh mm The following were the main objectives of this study: l. To describe and analyze the social system and way of life of rural Saudi Arabia and Wadi Fatma villages (the study area). 2. To describe and critically analyze community development centers and the application of change agent and target system concepts in Saudi Arabia. 169 170 3. To examine the knowledge. use. and opinions currently held by villagers toward rural development center programs and services in the liadi Fatma area. 4. To analyze and test the relationship between villagers' participation in the different kinds of programs offered by the commu- nity development center and the following independent variables: age. marital status. level of education. size of family. length of resi- dence. and distance from the center. Methodology W. The target population in this study comprises all Saudi household heads in liadi Fatma villages served by the community development center. This area was chosen because of its location in an area served by a community development center and because it is fairly representative of the target population for which community development was planned on a national level. In view of the homogeneity of the population and the money and time available for the research. the investigator selected a sample of 260 household heads out of 2.050 male household heads in the six villages of liadi Fatma (Al- Jumum. Abu-Urwa. Ain-Shams. Abu-Shaib. Daf-Zayny. Al-Khayf) by using a table of random numbers. Of the total sample of 260 cases. 245 were included in the final analysis. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis and cross-tabulation techniques. W. The following six null hypotheses were formulated for this study: 17] Ho l: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and their marital status. Ho 2: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- hol ds' participation in the community development center programs and their age. Ho 3: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- hol ds' participation in the community development center programs and their level of education. Ho 4: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- hol ds' participation in the community development center programs and their length of residence. Ho 5: There is no significant relationship between heads of house- holds' participation in the community development center programs and the total number of people in the household. Ho 6: There is no significant relationship between heads of househol ds' participation in the community development cen- ter programs and the distance from residence to the center. W The present research started with a sur- vey of related literature in the field of sociology and the community development concept. Various Saudi government documents were also consulted. In addition. informal interviews with some officials. com- munity development center workers. and several rural leaders and resi- dents of the Wadi Fatma area provided valuable background information that was used in constructing the instrument for this study. The structured interview was arranged in seven maior sections: control information and general questions on rural development center programs. agricultural extension programs. health programs. educational and cultural programs. social programs. and some observations and comments from the interviewer. Before administering the structured interview to the selected sample and collecting the final data. a pilot 172 study was carried out in winter 1985 to determine villagers' reaction and ensure their participation. and to ascertain whether there would be any problems or confusion regarding the subject matter and items in the instrument. Finally. the instrument was neatly typed in Arabic and administered to the study sample. W The summary of findings is divided into three parts. The first deals with demographic characteristics of the household heads. includ- ing age. marital status. level of education. occupation. length of residence. number of persons and children in the household. and dis- tance from the center. The second part deals with the outcome meas- ures. which include household heads' awareness of the existence of the community development center. sources of information about the center. participation. helpfulness of the center. use of and satisfaction with the center's various activities. family and community need for serv- ices. and need to increase services. resources. workers. lectures. and center units. The third part summarizes the results of the statistical tests conducted in the study. W W A majority of the household heads in the study (52.6 percent) are young adults between 20 and 39 years of age. The rest of the household heads were middle-aged. between 40 and 59 years old. and ol d- aged. 60 years and over (47.4 percent). A majority of the household 173 heads (82 percent) are married. whereas only 14 percent have never been married. Very few of them are either separated or divorced. In terms of education. the household heads have received a rather low level of education. Seventy-two percent of them have either completed elementary school. are able to read and write. or are illit- erate. Only 21 percent have completed high school. and just 7 percent have completed college education. Regarding occupation. a majority of the household heads are farmers (45 percent) or governmental officials (28 percent). The remaining 27 percent are businessmen. laborers. unemployed. or retired. For the most part. they have resided in the village for at least ten years (67.4 percent). The remaining 32.6 percent have lived in the area for less than ten years. Concerning the number of persons in each household. there are more households with a large number of persons than those with fewer persons. Fifty-six percent of the households have more than five persons. The number of children per household varies from no children to more than four. Thirty-eight percent of the households have four or more children. We .Qutmfleasunes The findings indicate that a large portion of the household heads (87 percent) are aware of the existence of the community develop- ment center. The center's activities are the most important source of information about the center. Other sources include friends. neigh- bors. center workers. family members. and relatives. Radio and 17‘) television are the least important source of information. As for participation. although 87 percent of the household heads are aware of the center's existence. only 38 percent of them have participated in the center's programs. Of those who have participated. 76 percent have participated in the center's activities. The remaining 24 percent have participated by attending meetings at the center or by contributing ti me. materials. or money. The major reasons for not participating are lack of publicity about the center and its programs (68 percent) and not having enough time to participate. Only 13 percent of the respond- ents indicated that they do not have a desire to participate. In terms of the center's helpfulness to the community. only 4 percent of the household heads think the center's activities are not helpful at all. Most of the respondents indicated that the activities are moderately helpful (51 percent) or slightly helpful (28 percent). Only 17 percent think the activities are highly helpful. Health pro- grams have been used most frequently in the past and the present. followed by social. educational and culturaJ. and agricultural pro- grams. The use of social programs currently has increased from 58 percent to 63 percent. whereas the use of agricultural programs has decreased from 41 to 26 percent. For all four programs. the major reason for lack of participation was that householders did not know about the services (more than 50 percenth Other reasons are that activities and services are too far away. are offered at inconvenient hours. or workers are not helpful. Twenty-four and three-tenths I75 percent of the household heads indicated that they do not use agricul- tural programs because they do not need such services. Looking closely at various programs. we obtain the following relative frequency of use of specific activities. For agricultural programs. the most frequently used services are insecticide services. followed by seed improvement. fertilizer. supervision and training. and livestock improvement. 'The most frequently used services in the health area are medical treatment. followed by immunization. mother and child care. gynecological services. home visits. and health awareness. In the educational and cultural area. the most frequently used services are literacy/adult education. followed by home visits. seminar/panel discussion. library reading services. and vocational training. Kinder- gartens are the most frequently used service in the social area. fol- lowed by games and sports. child care counseling. summer activities and camps. home improvement. and home economics and sewing training. In terms.of satisfaction. alnajority of the household heads expressed their satisfaction with all programs--80 percent with health services. 78 percent with social services. 74 percent with educational and cultural services. and 64 percent with agricultural services. Concerning the degree of satisfaction with services they have received from the center. on the average over all services. only 15.8 percent of the sample are very satisfied with the services. The others feel that these services are moderately or slightly satisfactory (84.2 percent). The household heads indicated that. in terms of family needs. the highest needs are in the health services area. followed by educational. I76 social. and agricultural services. The degree of villagers' need for the services followed the same order as did the family's need. Sample members also indicated that the number of services should be increased in all program areas. especially in the health services. followed by educational. social. and agricultural services. Respondents feel the center should increase the resources and number of workers in the health and social service areas. The majority of respondents (9l.7 percent) feel that units of the center should be established for health services in every village. The degree of impor- tance of establishing units for other kinds of services and programs varied. Villagers also expressed the need to increase the number of lectures on awareness of all services. especially in the health area. W W W This study includes six variables concerning household heads' marital status. age. level of education. length of residence in Wadi Fatma. number of people in the household. and distance from the place of residence to the community development center. This was done in an attempt to determine whether certain factors influence household heads' participation in the center's activities or programs. It was found that three of the factors--marital status. level of education. and length of residence-~have a statistically significant relationship to participation. Age. number of people in the household. and distance from place of residence to the center do not have a significant relationship to participation. We may conclude that the 177 proportion of household heads who participate in the community develop- ment center's activities and services is higher among those who are married. who have a higher level of education. and who have resided longer in a particular place. There may be an effect of the number of people in a household on the participation of household heads. but there is no strong evidence to support this claim. WWW Based on the outcome measures and the results of statistical tests of the relationship between participation and various predictors. the following recommendations and implications are suggested. l. The community development center workers should take posi- tive action to encourage more villagers in their area to participate effectively in the center's programs and services. The search for more villagers to participate in project activities and services may con- tribute to the longer-term goal of building a sense of responsibility. independence. and self-reliance. Villagers' participation implies that they themselves have a major say in the choice of innovative activi- ties. in deciding the methods to be used. and in organizing the differ- ent kinds of contributions they make to the programs. Local residents' participation is essential for meaningful rural development. Rogers (1976) says that "if a development program is to benefit the people. the people must participate in considering. planning. and implementing their development plans" (pp. l30-31). I78 2. One of the major problems facing community development centers. according to the findings of this study. is lack of public- ity. Such lack of publicity has been the major reason for nonpartici- pation in the center's activities and programs. It is therefore suggested that more awareness and publicity of the center's programs and services be provided to the villagers. People should be better informed about which community development programs are provided at their local centers and how they can benefit from all or some of them. Information can be communicated to the villagers directly. through center workers. lectures on awareness of programs and activities offered by the center. printed bulletins. posters. flash cards. and many other devices. Information can also be communicated to the vil- lagers through public media. such as special radio or television pro- grams. The importance of radio and television coverage appears in its role of carrying information and educational programs that must appeal to the rural population and thus be geared to their everyday interests. needs. and problems. Media may be used to encourage rural youths and women to con- tribute to the development of their communities. Programs and services for youths may include information about volunteer activities. hobbies. sports and physical education. new technologies. and local events. Educational media may be used to address women's interests and needs. including topics such as homemaking skills. child care. and cottage industries in which women can participate. 179 Radio and television presentations may include programs dealing with regional agricultural differences and requests for information. news programs concerning new technology and farming methods. and mar- kets for agricultural products. The telecommunication service's agri- cultural programming should be designed to increase rural people's awareness and understanding of the importance of agriculture regionally and nationally. 3. Community development centers throughout Saudi Arabia need to build a communications network. Such a network would enable these centers to benefit from each other's progress and experience. 4. A flow of ideas throughout the community development hier- archy should be maintained so that those who are engaged in regional or national planning of community rural development programs and services can stay in touch with what the people in local communities and vil- lages think and feel. 5. There is a shortage of personnel and qualified workers in the various services and programs offered by community development centers. Therefore. it is suggested that additional training centers are needed to train workers at all levels and to provide them with the appropriate knowledge and skills to form a good relationship with clients in the rural communities. Through this relationship. the community members are helped to cope with their present and future problems and are encouraged to contribute ideas and suggestions regard- ing solutions to their specific problems and difficulties. In )80 addition. center workers should be allowed to practice what they learned during their training period. 6. Community development center workers should encourage and help the villagers in their communities to help themselves. Through the sel f-help approach they can work together to examine and improve their situation. design strategies to deal with various segments of their surroundings. and implement plans for improvement. The role of community center workers should be to facilitate the process of sel f- help and to encourage this process even at the expense of retarding change. Community development work should start where the people are; however. this does not mean agreeing with whatever people say or want to do. For exampl e. the people may desire a youth club or a small- scale industry in their village. but it is not the purpose of community center workers to obtain the club or the industrial plant. Instead. the workers should help the people think through what they want. why they want it. the short- and long-term effects. and whether what they desire will produce the intended results. 7. The findings of this study showed a strong relationship between level of education and participation in the community develop- ment center. The proportion of household heads who participate in the center's activities is higher among those who have more education. Therefore. emphasis should be made on increasing the level of education of the local residents. Investment in education will be profitable in terms of development human resources. In addition. when people are better educated they are able to accept change more readily and are )8] more likely to participate in the programs offered by the community development center. Moreover. they can participate in the various programs by identifying their community's needs and determining alter- native solutions to those needs. They can also participate in the planning and decision-making process to improve the effectiveness of the community development services in their area. 8. A greater effort should be made to stimulate adults to join literacy classes. possibly through incentives such as grants and rewards offered to those who successfully complete the courses. An effort must also be made to organize more literacy programs in every village. The teachers and educational workers should be able to speak the tribal dialect and relate the introduction of written words and their meaning to the local dialect. The adult literacy program should include not only education for reading and writing. but also education for village life. It should help the villagers to know the resources. needs. and problems of their local community and how they can cooperate to solve those problems. 9. Because of the distance between villages and the community development center. shortages of transportation. and inconvenient hours for many villagers. it is suggested that subcenters or small units be established in every village or combined small villages to provide for all programs. especially in the health and educational areas. A village-level worker residing in the village and working face to face with the villagers can be a stronger stimulus than occasional visits by the center's workers. l82 10. Each community development center should have basic data about the environment and the community it serves. such as a map of the area showing the location of various institutions. charts indicating population distribution. education ratios. and project achievements. Such data are useful illustrative tools for visitors and center work- ers. as well as for people of the community. Also. the information collected should be used for diagnoses covering as many aspects of community life as possible. The audio-visual unit can help produce useful charts for the centers. ll. Certain small-scale village industries. like spinning. food processing. fruit and vegetable preservation. and so on. should be planned and established within the rural community development center's programs. Small-scale industries play a vital role in the development of the rural community. They provide employment to many villagers. and increase the incomes and raise the standard of living of many others. They also help villagers meet their needs for food. clothing. and other important items of daily life. Emphasis on the promotion of rural industries has been found in community development programs in India. Pakistan. and Egypt (Issawi. 1947). 12. It is clear that close interaction and communication between rural community development planning and national planning is mutually advantageous to both the community and the nation. Therefore. to achieve the maximum results from the community development programs. interrelation between the national development programs and the devel- opment of local communities in project areas is recommended. 183 13. Since the rural development program was planned to be comprehensive and it has been functioning through l6 centers throughout different areas of the Kingdom. and since some of its goals have been reached. more community development centers are needed for regions that are not currently exposed to these services and programs. As a result. more villagers could benefit from this innovation. If the Saudi Arabian government accepted all of the recommenda- tions outlined above. there would be both immediate and long-term effects on planned change efforts. At first. Saudi Arabian community development centers would experience a period of relatively slow prog- ress. More emphasis would be placed on building centers and training change agents (workers) than on specific programs. Once the additional centers were constructed and needed staff members were trained. new programs would begin. Villagers would be encouraged to learn new skills that would allow them to participate more fully in the programs and activities. The programs would continue helping the people. but with increased emphasis on having the villagers develop the necessary skills to help themselves. Eventually these recommendations will lead to a much more rapid acceptance of and participation in community development programs. Once the population is better educated. it will respond more readily to proposals for planned change. WM 1. It is recommended that more detailed survey research with regard to the attitudes. opinions. and assessments of local residents and their readiness to participate in the programs of rural community 1814 development centers should be conducted in other Saudi rural areas served by community centers. Application of this study. therefore. would be necessary to generalize these findings over different regions. 2. The researcher recommends further study that focuses on the change agents' (center workers') attitudes toward and evaluation of the community development center's programs and services and participation of local residents to determine whether or not the views of local residents and center workers are the same. 3. It is of great importance for researchers to conduct a similar study to measure the attitudes and opinions about and partici- pation in community development programs by villagers in other develop- ing countries that have identical community development center programs and services. APPENDICES l85 APPENDIX A ENGLISH AND ARABIC VERSIONS OF THE STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 186 187 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH. THE HIST MERCIFUL AND THE MOST BENEFICENT STRUCTURED INTERV IEW: A STUDY OF VILLPGERS' ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS TWARD THE COAMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER'S PRmRAMS IN THE WADI FATMA AREA OF SAUDI ARABIA Prepared by Ismael Khaleel Kutubkhanah l88 STRUCTURED INTERVIEW No. of the structured interview I. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION I. 2. Name: Marital status a. __ Single b.{____,Married c. ____ Widowed d. Separated/divorced Age group a. ____ 20-29 b. _ 30-39 Co __ 40-49 d. ____ 50-59 e. 60 and over Level of education a. ____ Illiterate b. ____ Can read and write 0. ____ Elementary school (some or completed) d. ____ High school (some or completed) e. College (some or more) Occupation a..____ Farmer b. ____ Businessman c. ____ Government official d. ____ Laborer e. Unemployed/retired Length of residence in the area (approximate) a. Less than one year b. ____ One to four years 0. Five to nine years d. ____ Ten to twenty years e. More than twenty years Camputer Code No. II. 189 Number of persons in the household a. Total persons b. ____ Number of children 0. Number of others GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER AND ITS PROGRAMS 8. 9. 10. II. 12. Are you aware of the community development center in your area? Yes No a. b. If.yes. how did you first come to learn about the center and its programs? a. ____ Radio/television b. Family/relatives c. ____ Workers from the center d. Activities of the center e. Friends/neighbors If yes. do you take part/participate in any programs of the community development center in Wadi Fatma? Yes No a. b. What kind of participation have you given? a. Financial contributions b. ____ Activities of center c. Attendance at meetings How helpful do you think the center is to you and to the people of your village? a..____ Highly helpful b..____ Moderately helpful c. ____ Slightly helpful d. ____ Not helpful at all Computer Code No. 9-10 II 12 13 14-16 I7 III. 190 13. If you don't participate in any programs of the community development center. why not? a. I don't have the desire to participate in the activities of the center b. Not enough publicity about the center and its programs c. ____ I don't have enough time to participate in the center's programs Now I would like to ask you some questions about all of the kinds of programs of the community development center in the Wadi Fatma area. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROGRAMS 14. Have you or any members of your household ever used/taken part in the center's agricultural extension programs? Yes No a. b. l5. Do you or any members of your household now use/ take part in the center's agricultural extension programs? a. Yes b. No 16. If yes. what kinds of agricultural services have you or any member of your household received? a. Improved seeds Yes No b. Improved livestock Yes____ No c. Fertilizer services Yes No d. Supervision and training Yes____ No e. Insecticide services Yes No f. Demonstration farm Yes No Which one service was most beneficial to you? Which one service was least beneficial to you? Cbmputer Code No. 18 19 20 21-26 191 Computer Code No. 17. Are you satisfied with the agricultural exten- sion services that you have received? 27 a. Yes b. No 18. If.yes. how satisfied are you with the agricul- tural extension services that you have received? 28 a. Very satisfied b. ____ Moderately satisfied 0. Slightly satisfied 19. If aware but do not use agricultural extension services. why do not not use these services? 29.33 a. Didn't know about this kind of service being offered Yes No b. Too far to the center Yes No c. Inconvenient hours Yes No d. Workers not very helpful Yes No e. Don't need this service Yes No 20. If not aware of the center. where do you obtain agriculturerrelated information or advice? 34-39 a. From agricultural cooperative extension Yes No b. From agricultural engineer Yes No c. From relatives Yes____ No d. From friends/neighbors Yes No 0. From radio or television Yes No f. From no source Yes No 21. In your opinion. how great is the need for agricul- tural extension services for you and your family? 40 a. b. c. d. a. Very much needed Much needed Moderately needed Little needed Not needed 22. 23. 192 Computer Code No. In your opinion. how great is the need for agri- cultural extension services in your village? 41 a. Very much needed b. ____ Much needed c. ____ Moderately needed d._____ Little needed e. __ Not needed In your opinion. how can we improve the agricul- tural extension services of the center? 42-46 Very Impor- Slightly Very Imp. tant Imp. Slightly Imp. a. Increase number of agricul. services ____. _____ ____. ____. b. Increase center's agricul. resources _____ ____. ____ _.__. c. Increase number of agricul. workers _____ ____. ____. ____ d. Establish agricul. unit in every village ____ ____ ____ ____ e. Increase number of lectures for vil- _____ ____, ____. ____. lagers' awareness IV. HEALTH PROGRAMS 24. 25. Did you or any members of your household.exer use/ take part in the center's health programs? 47 a. Yes b. No Do you or any members of your household now use/ take part in the center's health programs? 48 a. Yes b. No 193 26. 28. 29. 30. Cbmputer Code No. If yes. what kinds of health services have you or any members of your household received? 49b54 a. Treatment Yes No b. Mother and child care Yes____ No c. Immunization Yes No d. Gynecological Yes No 0. Home visit for awareness Yes No f. Health lectures for awareness Yes No Which one service was most beneficial to you? Which one service was least beneficial to you? Are you satisfied with the health program's services that you have received? 55 a. __ Yes b. No If yes. how satisfied are you with the health program's services that you have received? 56 a. Very satisfied b. ____ Moderately satisfied c. Slightly satisfied If aware but do not use health services. why do you not use these services? 57-61 a. Didn't know about this kind Yes No of service being offered b. Too far to the center Yes No c. Inconvenient hours Yes No d. Workers not very helpful Yes No e. Don't need this service Yes No If not aware of the center. where do you obtain health services and get treatment? 62-65 a. From the central hospital in the city Yes No b. From the clinic center Yes No c. From a private doctor Yes No d. Prepare the suitable tradi- Yes No ti onal treabnent 31. 32. 33. 19h In your opinion. how great is the need for health services for you and your family? a. Very much needed b. Much needed 0. ____ Moderately needed d. ____ Little needed e. Not needed In your opinion. how great is the need for health services in your village? a. _____Very much needed b. Much needed c. ____ Moderately needed d. ____ Little needed 0. Not needed In your opinion. how can we improve the health services of the center? Very Impor- Slightly Imp. tant Imp. a. Increase number of health services ____, _____ ____ b. Increase center health resources _____ ____, _____ c. Increase number of health unit workers ____, _____ ____, d. Establish health clinic in every __ __ __ village e. Increase number of lectures for vil- ____ ____. ____ lagers' awareness V. EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL PRCX-IRAMS 34. Did you or any members of your household.e¥&£ use/ take part in the center's educational and cultural programs? a. Yes b..____ No Computer Code No. 66 67 68-72 Very Slightly Imp. 73 I95 Camputer Code No. 35. Do you or any members of your household now use/ 36. 37. 38. 39. take part in the center's educational and cultural programs? a. Yes b. No If yes. what kinds of educational and cultural services have you or any members of your household received? a. b. c. d. e. Which one service was most beneficial to you? Literacy/adult education Use library for reading Vocational training Seminars/panel discussion Visit home for awareness Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Which one service was least beneficial to you? Are you satisfied with the educational and cultural services that you have received? a. b. If yes. how satisfied are you with the educational Yes ____ No and cultural services that you have received? Very satisfied b. _____Mbderately satisfied C. If aware but do not use educational and cultural Slightly satisfied services. why do you not use these services? b. c. d. 0. Didn't know about this kind of service being offered Too far to the center Inconvenient hours Workers not very helpful Don't need this service Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No 40. 41. 42. 196 Computer Code No. In your opinion. how great is the need for educational and cultural services for you and 87 your family? a. Very much needed b. Much needed c. ____ Moderately needed d. Little needed e. Not needed In your opinion. how great is the need for educa- tional and cultural services in your village? 88 a. b. Much needed Very much needed c. ____ Moderately needed d. Little needed e. ____ Not needed In your opinion. how can we improve the educa- tional and cultural services of the center? 89-93 Very Impor- Slightly Very Imp. tant Imp. Slightly Imp. a. Increase number of educational and ____. _____ ____. ____ cultural services b. Increase center's educational and ____, ____. ____. ____ cultural resources c. Increase number of educational and cultural workers d. Establish educational and cultural unit ____, ____. ____. ____. in every village e. Increase number of lectures for vil- lagers' awareness 197 Computer Code No. V I. SOCIAL PRmRAMS 43. Did you or any members of your household axe: use/take part in the center's social programs? 94 a. Yes b. No 44. Do you or any members of your household new use/ take part in the center's social programs? 95 a. Yes b. No 45. If yes. what kinds of social services have you or any members of your household received? 96-101 a. Home improvement Yes No b. Child care counseling Yes No c. Sewing Yes No d. Summer activities/camp Yes No 0. Kindergarten Yes No f. Games and sports Yes No Which one service was most beneficial to you? Which one service was least beneficial to you? 46. Are you satisfied with the social services that you have received? a. Yes b. No 47. If yes. how satisfied are you with the social services that you have received? a. ____ Very satisfied b._____ Moderately satisfied 0. Slightly satisfied 48. 49. 50. 51. 198 Computer Code No. If aware but do not use social services. why do you not use these services? 104-108 a. Didn't know about this kind of service being offered Yes No b. Too far to the center Yes No 0. Inconvenient hours Yes No d. Workers not very helpful Yes No e. Don't need this service Yes In your opinion. how great is the need for social services for you and your family? 109 a. Very much needed b. Much needed c. ____ Moderately needed d. ____ Little needed 0. Not needed In your opinion. how great is the need for social services in your village? 110 a. ____ Very much needed b. Much needed c. Moderately needed d. ____ Little needed e. Not needed In your opinion. how can we improve the social services of the center? 111-115 Very Impor- Slightly Very Imp. tant Imp. Slightly Imp. a. Increase number of social services .____ _____ _____ ____ b. Increase center's social resources ____, ____, _____ ‘____ c. Increase number of social workers __ __ __ __ d. Establish social unit in every ____, ____ _____ village e. Increase number of lectures for vil- ____, ____, ____ lagers' awareness 199 Computer Code No. VII. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE DWELLING 52. a. b. Number of rooms in house: 116 One Two 0. Three d. Four or more 53. Do you own or rent your house? 117 a..____ Own 0. Rent 54. Which of the following do you have in your home? 118-122 a. Refrigerator Yes____ No b. Washing machine Yes c. Air conditioner Yes d. Television Yes e. Telephone Yes No No No No THIS CONCLUDES THE INTERVIEW. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND COOPERATION. INTERV I EWER WSERVATION Type of dwelling: 123 a. __ Villa b. __ Apartment 0. d. General a. b. c. d. Traditional house Other (specify) condition of dwelling: 124 Very good Good Average Poor Interviewer's comments: Date: Interviewer's village: a. b. c. 200 Al-Jumum Daf-Zayny Ain-Shams Computer Code No. 125 d. _____A1-Khayf e. 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SOCIOLOGY MST LANSING ' IICHIGAN “lie-1111 18 December 1986 TO "ROM II HAY CONCERN: Re: Hr. Iemael ltobkahnh Ae Chair of Hr. Iemael Ktobkahnh'e Ph.b. Guidance Committee, I wieh to inform you that he hae acquired approval of hie dieeertation plan. Ae reported to you earlier. he hae completed all of hie coureework and the compreheneivee. Thie meane that he in now ready to collect the data for hie dieeertation. fie plane to etudy the application of rural development practicee in Saudi Arabia, and epecifically to evaluate the effectiveneee of the Rural Develop-ent Center'e proxreme in Hedi tetme. while he now hae prepared the baeic queetionnaire to be ueed. he will need to coneult with Center pereonnel before he tranelatee it into Arabic. He will have to prepare a random eample of informante in the eeveral villagee and will then conduct the interviewe. He . have diecueeed the time required to complete all aepecte of the fieldwork and our beet eetimate ie from 3-6 monthe. Hr. Ktobkahnh plane to return to Hichixen State to cerry out the analyeie and the writing of hie dieeertation. If all goee well, he ehould be able to complete the writing and oral examination by December 1985. Sincerely youre, 31'; , - 7 «“2“ /’,L_ .._ J. Allen Beegle Profeeeor JAB/om NSUeaMWWyh-mm 218 32:}? IZQ/t’ 1:01 KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Inlandfliphn Mm bfl'a‘é‘m’fihlfi KING AIDUlAZIZ IIIWEIISIIV mum er 1111 1111 11111111118 2.51.191 "1.11 , hph‘lI 2.15. "1..\\ \VQ'VN p-U‘ ~{\‘k\\9 .332” Date , ,1)..." 3...;me at..." 341),..114911; 3.11.... gflJa1 org we.“ H’s...“ a1...)..11, Incl-9." 9.... 9.1.1.1." ”1.11.21 1.1.... o- USE-'11 l—naLpJI Us” ”I ,5 6.3”“th / 4.1-4| 0| 03-") a ”II 11.—...... 5"” WI a1....°.1..!1,.:.1..,.1....11 H 8% empil 9...] 1...”..1', W1 Lab—19!! 19:41 931,. acy.-4.41- “qu1 54.11.! . 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APPENDIX C CROSS-TABULATION TABLES 222 223 mo.o 1 oucmu_c_cm_m m 1 we oom~.m 1 «x mew o.oo_ NA o.oo_ a: o.oo_ we o.oo_ me .muoh NM m.o~ m. m.m_ m o.m_ a ~.m N ocmzm “oz m_~ ~.m~ Am a.mm mm a.mm hm a.mm .9 ocmz< N .oecu N .aocm N .uocu w .Uocu .mu0h L0>o ucm om maoo: mm1om mNION mmocoum3< mumo> c. omcmx om< .omm vcm mmocoLmZm .mumo; v—ozomao; couZuoa awcmco_um_oz11._1< o_nmh 22h o~oo.o 1 oucmu_m_=m_m _ 1 uu mm.m 1 ~x mam o.oo_ .ou o.oo_ :: .muOh mm 0.0. cu m.n~ N. uLmZm uoz m_~ o.om .m. ~.~N Nm ogmz< w .cmLu w .aogu .muo» uo_ggmz a.mc_m mmocoum3< maumum .mu_gmz .msumum .mu_LmE L_ucu can mmocuLmZM .mvmo; v.0;omao; couzuon n.5mco_um_u¢11.~1< u-nmh 225 oooo.o 1 oucmu_1_cmmm N 1 ma mm._~ 1 ~x mcu 0.00. mm. o.oo_ cs o.oo_ hm _wu0h um ..m n m.». m. a.~m ~_ 0Lm3m uoz m_~ m.:m .m. :._w mm 0.5m mN uLmZQ N .uugu N .60»; & .aogu .muOh m such one: mum N1. mmocugm3< u_aoom mo guessz L_ocu .v.o;om:o; c. o_aooa mo Logan: ocu vcm mmucogmzm .mumo; v.0;omao; coozuon a_;mcomum_o¢11.m 1< 0_nmh 226 wooe.o 1 uucmuwm_cm_m m 1 mu w~.N_ ~x maN 0.00. Na o.oo_ mm o.oo_ mm o.oo_ .m .muOh Nm N.N N m.m_ m c.0N m- m.mN N. uLmZm uoz m_N m.nm om m.wm Nm o.om Nm m.mn mm uLm3< N .uogu N .70»; N .ngu N .ngu .muOP who: go m cum N1. o mmocmgmz< .c1.u__;u 1.1;“ 1o cu.v__;u 1o Logan: 5095:: ocu tam mmocogmzm .mvmo; v.0;mmao; coozuua n.5mco_um_u¢11.c 1< opnmh 227 mmoo.o I oucmu.m.cm.m : u .v om.m. u Nx qu 0.00. w. o.oo. Nm o.oo. a: o.oo. .N o.oo. .m .muOh Nm o.o o w.m N o.:. m N.N. m m.aN m. 0Lm3m «Oz m.N o.oo. N. N.om om a.mm mm m.nw No a.mn m: N .aogu N .605; N .ucgm N .uogu N .ougu .23 ”fin” .fiw swam; ”“4..qu 222:: 135:5 co.umu:tm mo .o>u. .co.umu:um mo .m>u. L.ocu tam mmucoLmZm .mvmu; v.0;umao; cuozuun a.cmco.um.ox11.m 1< u.nmh 228 ~ooo.o 1 oucmu_._cm_m : 1 .u mm._~ 1 x N maN o.oo. mo. 0...... mm 0.8. ... o.oo. mN ode. o. .30... 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Lo>o 1:1 cm mmwo. mm-om m~-o~ .o 1..» mgmu> c. omcmm om< .omcm. 0mm ..ozu vcm co.uma.u.u.ma mo oa>u any 0» mc.v.ouum o.aEmm ozu No co.u:n..um.o11.w1< o.nmh 23] ..ochm oco cmcu 0.05 voumu.vc. mLQmm...> .mommu umos c.m om :N m .muoh NM ..mm mN o.om m mmc.uoue mc_ucouu< om o.mN om m.wm : mu.u.>.uum m..uucou am N.ma Nm m.mm N co.u:n..ucou .m.ucm:.u .MNON no...mz o.mc.m mo ua>k msumum .mu..mz .maumum .mu..me ..ozu vcm co.uma.u.u.ma mo oa>u 0:. cu mc.u.ouum o.aEmm ogy mo co.uan..um.o11.m1< o.nmh 232 .co.uma.u.u.ma mo ua>u 0:0 cmcu v.05 woumu.0c. m.00m...> .mommu umoe c_m 00 mm 0N m .muok Nm N. 3 MN a.m.. m o.o o 3:312. £232 00 N.NN 0: 0.mm 0. 0.00 : mo.u.>.uum m..oucou :m 0..: mN 0.m: m 0.0: N co.u:n..ucou .m.ucmc.u N .00.. N .Uo.u N .00.; .muOh m cmgh v.0: m1m N1. mco.uwm.waHmm 0.000; No 500532 .v.o:om:o; ..osu :. o.aoma .0 Logan: mcu ucm co.uma.u.u.ma mo oa>u on» o» 0c.u.ouum u.nEmm 0:».5.co.u:n..um.011.0.1< o.nmh 233 ..03mcm 0:0 cmsu 0.02 00000.0c. m.000...> 0gp .m0m00 «mos 2.0 00 .Nm N. .N 0. .mNON Nm ..mm N. o.om 0 0.N: o. o.om m mmc_umoe mc_w=ouu< 00 N.0N 0N 0.00 0 0.00 N. 0.0N N m0.u.>.uum m..0uc0u cm m.0: m. 0..: m 0.N: 0. 0.0: a 20.»:0..ucou .0.ucmc.u N .Uogu N .00.; N .0000 N .00.; a :0 am .0 0.0 .mNON 0.02 .o 0 01m N1. 0 0 .mo wayr a cu.u__;u .o .1353: .co.o__;o ..mc. 00 0005:: 0:0 0:0 co.uma.u.u.ma mo 00>» 0:0 00 0:.0gouum 0.050m 0:u.h.co.u:0..um.011...1< 0.00N 234 ..03000 0:0 2050 0.05 00umu.0c. m.000...> .m0mmu umos 0.0 00 :. 0N m. 0. 0 .muOh . . . . . mmc.u00s Nm 0 0N .. 0 a: m. N on a N 0. m m N. . 0:.0c0uu< . . . . . mo.u.>.uum 00 N mm N. N Nm :N N m0 m m N0 o. m N0 m m..o.=uu co 0: Lucou ... 0...... N N... N. ...? N N... m 2. N . 3.82: N .00.u N .00Lu N .00.. N .0000 N .00.. 0.0: .0 .00000 .00500 0...: .o mco.uma.u.u.mm a> .mNOP 000..00 50.: >L0u¢0E0.m 000m :00 0u0.0u..._ mo 0 h co.umu:00 mo .0>0. .co.umu:00 mo .0>0. ..0su 0cm co.umn.u.u.ma 00 00>. 0gp cu 0c.0.ouum 0.aEmm 9: .0 S..2:t£..--.N.-< 132 235 ..031cm 0:0 :05. 0.05 00.00.0c. m.000...> .10100 .102 c.0 cm :. NN : a . .1.o. Nm ...N .. .... m. 1.11 N 1.11 N 1.11. . 1wmwwuwwu< 11 a... N. ...N 1. 1.11 N 1.11 N 1.1 o 11..wquwm11 am 1... .N 0.1N m 1.11 N 1.1 o 1.1 o co..=dw“wumw.. N .00.0 N .00.0 N .60.0 N .00.0 N .00.0 .1.1. cwumow.wm 1.11» oN1o. 1.11» m-m 1.11» :1. cmnw»1wuw 1:1.wmawmww.1. 00:00.100 .0 c.0c0. .o 0.000. 0;. 0:0 co..00.u. .0uc0u.m0. ..00. ..00 00 00>. 0:. o. 0c.0.ouum 0.0501 0;..h.co..:n...m.011.m.1< 0.00k 236 ..03000 000 000. 0.05 00.00.00. m.0m0...> 00. .00100 .100 0.0 om N 0. mm .1.1. Nm N... . 0.0. m 1.11 NN . 11:..115 11.1.1..< o0 N.mm 0 N.NN m. m.cN mm 11...»..11 1..1.=10 gm N.mw 0 N.NN 0 a.mm NN co..=1...cou .1.uc1c.. N .00.0 N .00.0 N .00.0 11..z oN .1>o 11..z 1N1N 11..z 01o co..11.1...1. .0.0N 000. 50.00: ..00m 0 00 00>h 0000.1.0 ..0.000 00. 0. 00000.10. ..00. 00.0 0000.1.0 00. 000 00..00.0...00 00 00>. 00. 0. 00.0.0000 0.0001 00.00.20.30...1_011.:.1< 0.00» BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdu'l-Jabar. A. lbs Customs and m 91 1.119 in Manning 91 1110 £111.20 Raglan 0f the Kingdom .01 Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia: Tihama Publications. I983. Al-Abbadi. A. "Nomadic Settiements in Saudi Arabia: A Socio-historica1 and Anaiyticai Case Study." Ph.D. dissertation. Michigan State University. 1981. A'l-Abd. s. MWWQIMWMM. Egypt: Sirs-Ei-Lyyan. 1974. (In Arabic) Ai-Fiar. M. T. "The Faisa'l Settiement Project at Haradh. Saudi Arabia: A Study in Nomad Attitudes Toward Sedentarization." Ph.D. dissertation. Michigan State University. 1977. M-Farsey. Foud. Saudi Arabia: A Case Study .111 1101919an London: Stacey Internationai. 1980. M-Keriiiv A. Some W .11: 2010191203111 .111 Anab States. 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