Van.~v-. , IIIII IIIIIEIIII IIIIIIIIIII IEIIIEII 319 310722 l 5”“ " . .9 IE. sP'wam u"‘ £ «If ‘ “FT 4- th _ .4 I‘ :} 25f .. a. . . _ .-;. “a, 'w- i v. vu‘j This is to certify that the thesis entitled MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY THE SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY I935 - 1963 presented by Wilbur Lewis Rykert has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science degree in Criminal Justice Kenneth E. Christain Major professor Date Mist 30 , I985 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution EV1531_] BEIURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to LJBRARJES remove this checkout from —,—- your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. -.—_—._ fl rem-:5 01:1 '0 7.2014 £9221; Pf‘ MICHIGAN STHTB UNIVERSITY THE SCHOOL.OF CRIMINILIJUSTICE AE'HICBIGIN’SEREE UNIVERSITY 1935-1963 By Wilbur Lewis Rykert A 13513 Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of m (1' serum School of Criminal Justice 1985 Copyright by m LEWIS mm 1985 THE HIS'm OF 1113 SCI-ml. or CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT MICHIGAN S'flflE UNIVERSITY 1935-1963 BY WILBURIEWISMKERI‘ In 1935, Michigan State Agriculture College established the first Bachelor's Degree Program in Police ministration in the United States. This is a historical explanation of national, state, arri local events underlying the establishment of the program. The developing program was exanined fran 1935 to 1963, at which time the School of Police Administration and Public Safety had developed a programmatic foundation suggestive of the current title—School of Criminal Justice. It was concluded that the Police Administration Course was pranoted by Michigan Police leaders familiar with the national issues surrounding police education, and able and willing to forge the political, institutional, and personal relationships for such a pioneering endeavor. The "Land Grant Philosophy" developed by the Michigan State Agriculture College influenced the 1935 decisim to establish the program. Recommendations for future relationships between university education air] criminal justice agencies are based on this unique philosophy. r3 I": We. 5‘ 14.. bd“ 4 PI? fe ACWEIXSEMENI‘S It ha been claimed that there is m history until it is produced by the historian, but that would be impossible without the preservation of historical artifacts. Therefore, I would like to recognize the personnel of Michigan State University, University of Michigan, and State of Michigan Archives for their stewardship of history, and assistance to those who explore the past. The written record provides a foundation, but the oral testimony of those who participated in the School's early developnent supplied the color arri spirit that makes current history a rewarding pursuit. Professor's Robert Scott, Ralph Turner, Arthur Brandstatter, Louis Radelet, arri Lem Weaver gave freely of their time ard were willing to share with me their early experience at Michigan State. Many thanks to Dennis Banas of the School of Criminal Justice for his assistance in developing a historical methodology, supplying leads and help with the analysis of historical situations. 'lhe matbers of my 'l'nesis Calmittee, Professors Kenneth Christian, Vincent Hoffman and Robert Trojamwicz provided the counsel that makes study at Michigan State University a happy and memorable event. Professor Hoffman displayed his own interest in criminal justice history and provided a very helpful examination of my work. Professor Trojamwicz encouraged me to atteupt this historical project. Special thanks goes to my Caunittee Chairman Professor Christian who burned the late night oil reading my many drafts arri constantly raninding me that the goal was to “finish the project." ii Chapter I. II. III. TABLE OF CONTENTS Education for Police? THE LAND GRANT PHILOSOPHY: A.MICHIGAN PRODUCT........... The Michigan LandGrant... Call for Federal Help... Michigan State Philosophy.............................. 19TH CENTURY CRIME AND PUNISHMENT........................ Early Criminal Justice Research........................ Civil War, Irriustrializaticn, arnd Transportation........ THE RDARING TWENTIES...................................... Prohibition and Corruption.............................. Cityand State Reform College and Cops THE CRIME COMMISSION MOVEMENT AND THE STATE CRIME MISSIm w MICHIWCIIOIOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCIOOOOOOO Federal, State, and Local Oarmissions................... The Michigan Camussmn Pre-crime Oaunission Training Efforts................... Chiefs of Police Assist Crime Camission................ Gathering National Data.... Police Training Reconunendations......................... Michigan's Police Training Experiment Developnent and Implenentation of a National Body of mlice legeOOOOOOOCOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO iii 10 12 14 14 15 17 17 18 20 27 27 28 29 31 33 34 35 37 THE 1930's: (DRRUPT'ICN EXPOSED. DEPRESSICN HITS, PROHIBITICN ENDS, FBI AND MICHIGAN STATE LEAD TRAINIM; mmm EE‘EOMQOOOOOQQQOa...ooaaoaoooooooooooooooooo Sigl'B Of m Tima...............o.o...............o.... kientific crim mtectionOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO cam for isOOOOOCOOCOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 'me mrt m mliceOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The Attorney General's Conference on Crime.............. MiChigan mlmationOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO mwelt SWEOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO nainim atmmant mllweSOOOOCOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO m MiChigm coalitimOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.00...00.0.0... meteweIShip Of Dr. [emym wweIOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Olmer's State POIiQOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0... memtmll comectionoooooaoa0000.00.00. ....... 0...... The Michigan State Philosophy in Action................. January to September 1935, The Critical Time........... 1935-1941MmmpmPWooooooaoooooooo00000000000 arm me FirSt DirxtorOOOOO0.000000000000000000000000 MUitim smenGOOOO ........ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO The Academic Program. Science and Art.... Administrative Concepts Technical Concepts The Training Director................................. Major Instructors..................................... Mime Wis mganizaOIOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOCOOOO sellim tm Grfluat$00000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO COnCIUSion 1935-41.00.0000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.... 1941-1946 m WAR MCIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO mxim:nm1m me Gals“...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO COllge mrganizatimOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.... iv 43 43 44 44 a. IX. 1946-1956 THE SUPERSTRIDIURE IEVEIDPS: IDENTITY E MCCOCOOOCC.COCCOOOOCOOOOIOCOOOCICOOCCOOCCCCOC.0... Arthur Brandstatter Returns to Michigan State........... Student Onganizaticn Revived............................ Seeking Identity........................................ Criminalistics at MSC................................... Broadening the Base..................................... Highway Traffic Adninistration.......................... National Institute on Police and Cbmmunity Relations.... Security Administration................................. Earl Cbnsiderations................................... First Ponmal Courses.................................. Security Moves Fbrward................................ Stabilization......................................... Campus Based Police Training............................ X. ANALYSIS, CGCLUSICNS, PKLTEICI‘IQL...”................... 1925-1945 Pre-history and a Fast Start.................. 1946-1956 Stability and Refinanent...................... 1957-1963 The Winds of Change....... ......... ........... 1964-1984 A Research Perspective........................ 1985 and Beyond......................................... A Final Wbrd............................................ APPENDIX A.- The Ralph F. Turner criminal Investigation Thesis..... APPmDIx B - Harold D. Snith - Michigan Municipal Ieague........... APPENDIX C - Albert A. Carroll - Grand Rapids Superintendent of ”liQOOOOOOCOOOOIOODOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00000000000000000IOOO APPENDIX D - Chronology - MSU and School of criminal Justice....... N Am MIX WOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0000000000000000000000.0... BIBIIIWICAL ESAYOOOOOOOO0000......OIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOO0.0..O. Im a WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 9O 90 93 94 95 99 104 106 111 111 113 114 115 118 123 123 128 129 131 133 137 139 145 147 152 154 167 173 HISTORY or THE SCHCDL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY I . INTKJIJCTIQI Sazgzandlhnxpse The history of the events leadirng to the Police Adninistration Program, now the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, and the social, political, and professional framework of the developing years, has rnever been adequately docunnented and analyzed. The purpose of this research was to test the proposition that the Police Administration ZProgramn at. Michigan. State College was influenced by national ideas and events, and that its futuristic character and speed of implementation was a result of Michigan's unique criminal justice leadership, arri the pioneerirg philoSOpy of Michigan State College. Further, it is proposed that: the success of the program.prior to World War II, was derived Eran the fact that Michigan State, with its five year gogram, was turning out an elitist product, backed by a strong marketing program.and supported by both high ranking college and police personnel; the program had been implemented as an article of faith and the originators hai their own reputation on the line; and, they had to make every effort to make the program succeed. The main period exalnined in this study covers the years 1925, to September 1935, as an analysis of events leading up to the h . in 1'12: ‘a 153 k implementation of the program, and September 1935 to September 1963. A brief review is also included coverinng the origin of the "Land Grant Philosophy", arnd early Michigan criminal justice research. The first period included exciting ard memorable years in the development of scientific crime detection techniques, and the formulation of police training arnd educational theories throughout the nation. It was the period during which Michigan criminal justice leaders experimented with police training programs and developed personal and professional relationships with key educators and adninistrators at Michigann State College. The later period was one of program developnnent with an interruption during World War II, and then a period of rapid developnent and growth as high school students and military veterans flooded the campus. The year 1963 marked the start of a new era of thought annd broadening service to the entire criminal justice system. Further a major change in the institutional settinng of the program was forthcaning. Therefore, 1963 marked a logical place to halt this historical examination. Education for Pol ice? In the spring of 1935, a new program was being proposed for Michigan's land-grant institution, Michigan State College. By Septennber, the new program was in place and Michigan State was the first college in the United States to offer students a scientific police training course leadinng to a Bachelor of Science degree in Police Aduinistratian. Since that fall of 1935, when thirty-nine adventurous students enrolled, the fame of the program arnd its graduates has spread throughout the world. 1 The original goal was to provide scientific I . ":10. uses...- 65' O ‘1 fig choifi in vie .Jj “U training and education to future law enforcement officers, and security officers arnd investigators for private business. 2 That goal was kept in view until it became evident that the entire criminal justice system could be served by the Michigann State College program. What forces suggested a role for institutions of higher education in the training of police officers? Michigan, up to 1935, had never produced a police executive with a national reputation for encouraging educatian for police officers. How then, can the swift developnnents from spring to fall of 1935 be explained? Were the founders aware of national movenents to educate police officers, or was the progran at Michigan State a home grown product? that was the nature of the leadership that enabled police, education, legislative annd executive officials to propose, plan, approve, and implement a revolutionary educational progran in such a brief time span? These questionns have never been fully explored. This- paper will attempt to more fully exannine and answer sane of them. Evidence will be presented supportirng the proposition that the founders of police education at Michigann State were well aware of national recommendations for educating police, encountered the opportunities to cannunicate widn recognized police leaders of the time, gained the interest of a pioneering educational institution, annd had a desire to not only establish a program of police education in Michigan, but also to be first in the nation. This is a slightly different conclusion than was reached by Professors John H. McNamara and Victor G. Strecher, of the School of Criminal Justice, in their 1976 history of the School, prepared for the National Criminal Justice Educational Consortium. They argued that the Michigan State program developed in isolation. Up to 1935, August Vollmer, fran California, was one of the most recognized police leaders in the nation. McNamara and Strecher spoke of his work in California and Chicago, his contributions to a national examination of crime, and his influence on other training programs across the country. Based on the recollections of former graduates of the early program who had, ”no memory of Vollmer's or other prograns...at the time", they concluded that there was, "no trace of these influences in the beginnings of the Michigan State Program." McNalnara arr] Strecher's historical account of the School focused primarily on the operation after the start in 1935. In their smunary of those early developnnents, they stressed the involvanent of the Michigan State Police (MSP) as a, ”co-sponsor and provider of instructional system.“ They said the progrann, "reflected the values annd interests of law enforcement in that period." Their evidence suggests that the law enforcement interests were those of the MSP. I-bwever, the facts now irndicate the program was a re-statement of local, state, and national thoughts on police training and education in the United States up to 1935. McNamara and Strecher were amused by the speed of program developnent after the idea was proposed to college authorities. They said, ”The delightful simplicity arnd speed of this developnent and approval are striking in this day of trilevel committees...” 3 Current evidence suggests the apparent speed was a result of several years of experience and possibly a belief on the part of the pranoters that they would not be first with a college degree program. It is sanewhat misleading to examine decisions at official meetings P III 73‘. P“ o\v of public agencies and assume, as in the case of the Police Adninistration Program, that the speed of developnent was a result of simpler times, mutational political behavior, or social spontaneous generation. A seed will not germinate and develop fruit when put to rest on barren rock, and the same can be said of the generation and growtln of ideas. The fact that the program at Michigan State was a first in the nation testifies to the conclusion that conceptual germination of pol ice education found fertile soil annd favorable environment at Michigan State. The first task of this researdn, thenn, is to review the developnent of Michigan State as an educational institution and of the so called "Land Grant Philosophy“ as a theory of mass education and community service. II. THE LAND GRANT PHILOSOPHY-—A MICHIGAN PRODUCT The Michigan Land Grant A student, visitor or new employee cannot be at Michigan State University for any great length of time before sane activity will be explained as resulting from the "land grant philosophy." But just what is this so called "land grant philosophy?" Answers come from many points of view. To some it may mean education for all regardless of wealth. To others it could mean a tradition of practical applied subjects. Annd to still others, it may represent a revered tradition, but without any idea of what land grant institutions were all about. The land Grant College System is often dated fronn the Morrill Act signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 giving a substantial grant of land to each state, the revenue of which was to be used for the developnent and support of agriculture schools. An example of the Morrill Act as a foundation for conununity service and educational action can be found in the two year research project that led to the establishment of the Highway Traffic Safety Center at Michigan State in 1955. The authors of the report, in recounending the develoguent of the Center as a way to meet the present and future needs of traffic safety said, ”We are abiding by the great principle of the Morrill Act, the promotion of the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.” Senator Morrill, they said, ”was a man of vision. He knew that the Land Grant College Act should be worded so as to include services and research impossible to imagine in the nnation as it was then (1862)". 1 Senator Justin S. Morrill may have been a man of vision, and was a very influential person but, the inspiration for the Land Grant College Act cane fronn the Michigan Congressional delegation in support of the recommendations of college President Joseph R. Williams. Michiganders were determined to keep the struggling Michigan Agriculture College (MAC) moving forward annd to use its own larnd grant financing schanne as a method of future financial support. A national program would insure revenue for Michigan. President Williams distributed his argunents to members of Congress and spent much time in Washington making personal contacts. He worked very close with Senator Morrill. The Senator's only speech in support of the Land Grant Bill included statements provided him by president Williams. 2 Actually, the political climate for education in Michigan was set forth in the Ordinance of 1787, for the government of the Northwestern Territory. MAC President TheOphilns C. Abbot in an early history of the school quotes the pertinent passage ”Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankinnd, schools 3 Abbot, and the neans of education shall forever be encouraged." writing in 1883, pointed out that MAC had alrealy supplied department heads for schools of agricu°lture in ten other states and had research results accepted in Englannd and Europe. This tradition was repeated later by the graduates of the Police Administration Program. While the adnninistrators of Michigann Territory did not mention agriculture when they called for the developnnent of the University of £2) Michigania, then the University of Michigan was established in 1837, a department of agriculture was required. Michigan's constitution was the first state in the Union to require the appointment of a State Superintendent of Public Instruction. The first Superintendent, Rev. John. D. Pierce, appointed in 1836, recommended in 1839, the establishnent of an agriculture college. then the State Normal College in Ypsilanti (the forerunner of Eastern Michigan University) was established in 1849 for the prime purpose of training teachers, it was also required to “give instruction in the mechanic arts, and in the art of husbandry and agricultural chemistry.“ 4 an April 2, 1849, the Michigan legislature approved an Act setting np the State Agriculture Society to which Johnn C. Hones became the first Secretary, and according to Abbot, the most influential person inthe quest to set np an independent college of agriculture at East Lansing. Due in part to Holmes' leadership, the new Michigan Constitution of 1850, conmanded the establishnent of such a school. Article 13, section 11 stated: The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement, and shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment of an agriculture school. The legislature may appropriate the twenty-two sections of Salt Spring Lands now unappropriated, or the money arising out of the sale of the sane, where such lands have already been sold, and any land which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such school, and may make the same a branch of the unniversity for instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected therewith, and place the sanne under the supervision of the regents of the university. 5 menty-two sections of land, as designated in the Land Ordinance of 1875, translates to 14,080 acres or about two-thirds of a standard Michigan wanship. Evern in a period when land was fairly cheap this provision provided a real incentive for development. While the Constitution suggested that the land go to the University of Michigan, it was only suggestive and not mandatory. Consequently, when Governor Johnn S. Barry, in 1851, called attention to this provisionof the new Constitution, the race was on to grab the lad or funds. The Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Chairman of the House Counittee on Agriculture reconnerded the Ag School be attached to the Normal School, (teachers college). The University reacted by establishing an agriculture program to prove they were worthy of the funds. that was required however, was to convince the State Agriculture Society led by Holmes. The Society was impressed by both schools but the developing farm lobby prevented action in favor of either school. 6 The society was leaning towards the University of Michigan. But the society had, since 1849, focused on the possibility of a separate agriculture school. The decision against the University of Michigan arose fron the fact that they refused to develop a practical progran and a systenn to provide information to non-student farmers. 7 In January, 1855, Governor Kingsley S. Bingham thought the ”soon as practicable“ time stated in the Constitution hai arrived and he cane out in full support of taking the appropriate action. Various bills were lO surmitted, and debated, but on February 12, 1855, Act 130, establishing the agriculture school as an independent entity and located near Lansing was passed into law. President Abbot gave high praise to John C. Holmes as the most influential person in the fight to set up the school as defined in Act 130. Holmes had all the answers. He had collected information far and wide and was ever ready to bend the ears of legislators and other persons interested in the idea. Later in 1857, '59 ad '61 he did a turn as professor of horticulture. With the establishment of the Agricultural College near Lansing the state went aheai with the sale of the public lands, but by the start of the second year of school, 1858, the money was rnearly gone and at the close of 1858 the College was $13,000 in debt. 8 Call for Federal Help Meanwhile the Michigan Congressional delegation was busy in Washington trying to gain Federal help. Substantial federal land holdings remained in nnost states and the idea was to replicate the 1855 Michigan Land Grant financing system on a nnational basis. President James Buchanan, who could not find the courage to dissuade the South fron leaving the Union vetoed the Land Grant Bill. It was left for President Lincoln to save both the Union and agriculture education, the latter wlnen he signed the Morrill Act in 1862. For Michigan State, the Act was signed just in time, as the 240,000 acres provided $22,000 per year at least up to 1883. With the increased financial support, interest developed in moving the college fron the Lansing area. The final push came in 1869, wlnen the University of Michigan A n tie-J LIE I If up . F1 11 sponsored a Bill to mve the College to Ann Arbor and make it a department of the university. The politics were with the farmers this time around. The Bill was defeated ad a $70,000 appropriation Bill for the college was passed by He State Senate 22 to 8. With this defeat of the University of Michigan, the urban newspapers turned around and supportd the College at Lansing. 9 It was never again challenged. During this ten year battle to gain independent status ad identity, an interesting scenario took place that was to solidify for all time the fundamental wilosophy of the Land Grant college system. During the hard tires of the late 1850's a proposal was made to turn the College into a technical school. Action was taken in 1860 in this direction but met with strong opposition fron the agriculture interests. Farmers, according to Abbot, felt, "that in their own institution, their sons were to receive an education not inferior to that givern in any college.” 10 This led the State Agriculture Society to push for a separate governing board, and in 1861 He College was reorganized and the State Board of Agriculture created as the administrative body. In other words the agriculture connunity wanted both the practical arts and the theories and philosophies that provided the foundations for the practical pursuits. This conbining of the practical and the theoretical was the hallmark of the land grant college movement, ad remains so to this day. Michigan State became an independent college of agriculture because there was: a gennuinne need to improve agriculture, support by leaders in the agriculture societies, belief that education must be open to all qualified students, belief that it should be a mix of theory and practical application, ad finally, belief that it should be taught by new 0319: 12 people who had practical experience. Further, Michigan had elected leaders willing to risk their political futures on unproven theories. This last ingredient is why Michigan State is recognized as the first successful independent college of agriculture, rather than New York, which intended to rely on private endownents, and failed, rather than authorize support fronn the state. In 1915, Dr. William J. Beal explained the learning theory of practical work and study that hai existed since the founding of the College. He said, "The student who could get work at the garden under my supervision, considered himself fortunate, for he learned to do things well..." 11 Recently Professor Eneritus Ralph Turner, of the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, in restating his on philosophy of a professional school said, "it is a place where people learn to do things well.” 12 Michigan State Philosphy The success of Michigan State did not spring fron extensive surveys of need, and years of precise planning. Instead, it came fron the ackndwledgnnent of an idea by bold leaders in the field of agriculture, responsible public leaders, and its ability to provide tangible results to agriculture producers. A unique mental chenistry conpourded fron ideas, visions of the future, the practical service role of education, the mixing of theory with practice, the notion of education unrestricted by social status or wealth, recognition of social issues, response to the needs of clientele groups, and responsive political leadership produced the "Michigan State Philosophy". With the enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, and the growth of other agriculture colleges, this outlook on education became known as 13 the "land grant philosophy." This partnership with people was continued as other prograns outside of agriculture developed. As each succeeding ministration developed its own style ad programnatic interests, the Michigan State philosophy of responding to peoples' needs continued - through a series of administrators infused with the founding spirit of Michigan State . III. 19TH CENTURY CRIME AND PUNISHMENT EarleCriminal Justice Research While the state and the embryonic agriculture college were developing, theories of crinne and punislment were being discussed in Michigan. Again, as in agriculture, the practical mind of Michigan pioneers can be viewed in tie issues surfacing as Michigan becane one of the first states to abolish capital punishment. The Michigan Legislature abolished capital punisnment in 1847 and, as the state grew ad crime increased, the age old question of the relationship of crime to capital pnmisl'mnent was argued. In 1869, Jackson Prison Agent (nnow called Warden) Henry H. Bingham, issued a report on Michigan criminals fron 1839 through 1869 to dononstrate the changes fron capital punishment to solitary confinement for life. Fron 1847-1869 58 persons were convicted of murder and sentenced to solitary confinennent for life. By 1869, 29 were still in prison. During this time, 13 died, 6 were discharged for new trial and were not reconvicted, 4 were pardoned, 2 escaped, and 4 had their sentences comnunted fronn solitary confinement to simple imprisonment for life. 1 In 1849, prison authorities had been given the discretion to move prisoners fronn solitary confinenent to tie general prison population. So, by 1869, only five were still in solitary confinement, three of these were insane. These people had been insane or at least a little insane when they came in, so that while prison officials conceded that 14 15 “long confinement...has a depressing effect upon the intellect," research indicated that "no case has occurred in this prison where a convict has beconne insane while in solitary confinement." 2 Along with the problems of capital punistment was the question of whether or nnot crime was on the increase. Bingham admitted that it was, but that it was due to tie increase industrialization of the state and nnot the abolishnent of capital punishnnent. In fact, he had statistics to stew that except for the years following tie civil war, per capita crime went down. 3 The point tere is that Michigan criminal justice officials were venturing into the world of research on crine and delinquency about the sane time that Michigan State College was being developed. Even though nno indications were present at the time to suspect that the college would, a generation later, serve the criminal justice coununity, the seeds of collaboration were being fornned in tie minds of enterprising people of the time. Civil War, Industrialization and Transportation The second half of the 19th century brought a dramatic change in law. enforcement problems and in society's response to these problems. The push west with tie opening of tie Erie Canal in 1825, was accelerated in the 1840's and '50's. The developnent and spread of railroads brought forth a more mobile criminal. The mobility of the police, however, remained static ad mre or less confined to local jurisdictions. In the 1850's as criminal gangs obtained bigger and bigger hauls fron the railroads, the voids were filled by private security. Onne of the more fannous railroad crook chasers was Allen Pinkerton. Pinkerton, as a young businessman was an anti-slavery proponent. men he left his short 518-} you» golit fine In tr .1 as he se'vi SOCCE 1") 16 stint as a Chicago police detective, he obtained a lucrative contract with a railroad also assisted by a lawyer naned A. Lincoln. Thus, Pinkerton became an expert in security, and connected with the right political organization. Pinkerton gained fame by protecting Lincoln on the way to his inauguration and later operated the first spy system for the new president. He was not as skilled in infiltrating the enemy camp as he was in tracking dom criminal gangs; and, he left government service in sonne disgrace, but his private detective agency becane very successful in the years fellowing the Civil Wtr. 4 After the war, police organizations grew in response to the increase in population ad crime in the large cities. The corruption that acconnpanied this growth eventually led to citizen reform movenents to control the corruption resulting from ganblirg, alcohol, and other. vice activities. (he of the attempts at reform in the late 1800's was the New York City effort by a citizen's gronp that resulted in Theodore Roosevelt being appointed President of the Police Board in 1895. In two years of office is gained a national reputation for ridding the police department of graft and corruption. 5 IV. 'HIEKIARIM'IWENI'IES Prohibition ad Corruption The year 1919 marked the end of a seventy-five year fight to prohibit tie sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States and the beginning of a lawless epoch that bronght into being modern organized crime and police work, widespread corruption, innovative police adninistrators, and citizen reform groups. The fourteen years of Anerican prohibition wrought profound changes on tie American social fabric ad on the operation ‘of the police function in the United States. August Vollmer, a giant among giants in tte modern police movement was tinkering with the idea of making use of the colleges for training police. In 1916 he pdblished his ideas on the role of a police training school and nnoted that ”a school - for the special training of police 1 His reconnendation involved officers is a requirement of tlne times." the selection of qdalified candidates ad then a school under the direct control of tie police department. mile Vollmer did nnot rule out the future possibility of persons attending a police training progran prior to employment, it was not in his plan at the time. He has very interested in using the colleges, but only to tie extent that trey could be controlled by the police. He was impressed by the English and European police systems. His police training and education philosophy was very close to tie system still used in England vinere the university training of police officers is 17 capa; 1'2"; @6911 in r: nqns effan 1.11 18 encouraged after they have proven thenselves in the field. 2 Cigg and State Reform For the next 30 years, Vollner traveled the United States in various capacities such as studying police departments, teaching police ministration, ad attending and providing leadership at the annual meeting of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. In 1920 re aldressed the Annual neeting held in Detroit. In spite of his unquestioned leadership, he was never able to beconne part of a team effort such as that which put together the Police Administration Program at Michigan State in 1935. In 1919, the improved technology fronn the recent World War was helping Henry Ford turn out his Model T by tie droves for consuners hungry to take avantage of this advance in transportation. "Any color as long as you order black,” was the slogan, and legend has it that Ford told his engineers to design the Mddel T so that a farmer could get a milk can in the back seat. In 1920, that milk can in tlne back seat was hauling a much more interesting, though illegal, liquid than that recounended by the agriculture specialists at Michigan State. Along with the cars came drivers who were careless with their own lives and contenptuous of tie lives of others. Soon the police were involved in the control of traffic and the investigation of nnnotor vehicle accidents. 3 In Michigan, tie State Troops had performed well as a home guard during the War; Governor Albert E. Sleeper in his address to tie legislature on January 2, 1919, reconnended that they be employed on a permanent basis - the state police organization was born in Michigan. On July 26, 1919, a football letter winning collegian fron Ferris Y up . anew. 33114 EELS Era-u 01:33 19 Institute, left college and joined the Michigan State Troops. This college educated man, Oscar G. Olander, was not a likely candidate for the horse mounted troops of the legendary Col. my Vandercook, but he would have been just what Vollmer envisioned. At 5 foot nine inches tall, moderate build, quiet and retiring, but with a strong temper that could surface when pressed, Olader soon gained the attention of Vandercook for his focus on detail and diplonatic ways. These were the formative years of tie Michigan State Police (MSP) . They were praised by many; others tried in vain to have the force discontinued. Eventually, the State Troops earned their right to renain as a full fledged state wide police organization. The developnnent of tlne MSP during this period is the story of the personal leadership of Connissioner Oscar Olander. He took a "rag tag" gronp of stout hearted men and guided then into a modern police organization of high international standing. Fronn 1923 to 1947, the name Olader meant the Michigan State Police. Oscar G. Olader was born in Cadillac, Michigan, and won a football letter before leaving Ferris Institute and joining tte MSP on July 26, 1919. No one can say how much his early college training contributed to his rocket like rise to the head of the organization, but he went through the ranks of Corporal and Sergeant in 1920, was pronoted to Lieutenant in 1921, and Captain and Deputy Conmissioner June 1, 1923. Civil service was nnot on the scene at that time, and administrators were free to choose officers according to their own judgement or as bent by politics. There is nno indication at this time that his rise was dictated by politics. Nevertheless, he was appointed Conmissioner in 1926 when he was 26 years old. 4 He was reappointed by several 2O governnors of both parties and remained Ccnmnissioner unntil his retirenent in 1947. Olander's personal dedication to developing courteous, citizen-oriented police officers placed an indelible stamp on every state police officer during his tenure annd for the next thirty years of the organization. This zeal for a well behaved officer was trannsmitted to Japan when 1e was called by General Douglas MacArthur to reorganize tie police systeu of Japan in 1946. His success in that mission, where others had failed, was probably because of his people oriented philosophy, rare in police adninistrators at the time. S In 1919, the horse was still the main transportation nnethod used by many police departments. This was especially true of tie State Troops. As roads opened up annd motor vehicle traffic started to grow, new methods were called for and tie motorcycle became tle way of life for both city annd rural police officers. Thanks to prohibition, the MSP were able to obtain cars, for their only source of this type of transportation was the confiscated cars of bootleggers. Tle State Capital, located in Lansing as a result of a legislative practical joke , 6 and Michigan Agriculture College at East Lansing becane a source of motor vehicle traffic frann Detroit and a route of bootleggers as they made their deliveries and continued on their way to Gram Rapids. Tie attraction of tie MM: cannpus annd tie need for traffic control through East Lansing was about to have its impact on the future Police Adninistration Program. College annd Cops In the fall of 1921, Donald J. Brenner, tl'e son of Mr. annd Mrs. Rudolf Brenner of Howell, Michigan, and first director of the Police 21 Adnnninistration Program, started as a freshman at Michigan Agriculture College (MAC). While MAC wm tlre ideal college for a young farm boy from Livingston County, he was nnot interested in farming and enrolled in the liberal arts progrannn and majored in literature. Brenner joined the local chapter of the Aurorian Literary Society, an off cannpus fraternity. National fraternities had been banned by the State Board of Agriculture in 1897. The rule was rescinnded in 1920 and in He spring of 1922, tne Aurorian society petitioned tne national office of Delta Sigma Phi for a charter as a local chapter. About 2,500 suldente were enrolled at MAC and the society projected the college could grow to “3,500 students within the next five or six years.” Robert S. Shaw, Deann of Agriculture, and Frank S. Kedzie, Dean of Applied Science both subnitted letters of approval to the application. Sanetinnne later it was approved. Brenner was listed as fresnman and a mennber of varsity boxing and All-Fresh Baseball Squad. 7 While he apparently enjoyed tie exclusivity and social activity of fraternal life, he also had a flair for excitennent annd physical connnbat. Be becane en accannplished boxer cnn tne teannns of MAC pugilists. He also boxed seni-pro in the tavern bouts in nearby cities. He was about six foot tall, with a slennder build that allowed him to fight as a welterweight, thus giving him a reach advantage over many opponents. 8 Brenner needed extra money to stay in school, so in April of 1922, he joined the East Lansing Police Departnnnent as a nnnotorcycle traffic officer. In additicnn to his job with East Lansing, l'e at one time held down a part time job as a cannnpus traffic officer, and soon became known as ”East Lansing's Famme College Cop", about tne same time as Vollmer's Berkley recruits were making their marks as "College Cops.” as n: a. in‘ at! 1 n‘ n th- 22 Motorcycles were effective against the vehicles of 1922, but they were dangerous machines then as new. In June of that year Brenner was chasing a speeder down Farm Lane toward Grand River (at that time Farm Lane continued its present path and exited on Grand River) when a driver on Grand River Avenue, turned into the cannnpus and hit him head on. He and his bike crashed through tie windshield and 1e was severely injured. 9 He carried facial scars for the rest of his life. He received other serious injuries in the line of motorcycle duty, but always seenned to bounnce back and continue his work. The injuries did interfere with his college progress, so that re did not graduate until 1927. It was. during Brenner's college years that the College name was changed. Tl‘e original title, Michigann State Agriculture College, was an accurate description of what the original college was all about. By the 19208, progrenns outside tie field of agriculture had been added. In the early days, the nest connmon nname used for the institution was the Agriculture College. In sane cases it was called tl'e State Agriculture College, but as other similar colleges developed around the nation, the nanne becanne Michigan Agriculture College (MAC). To correct this adaptation and to reflect the growing scope of the educational programs, tl'e nanne was officially changed to Michigann State College by the Michigan Legislature and signed by Governor Alexander J. Groesbeck, May 13, 1925. On January 8, 1927, after reaching the rank of Captain, Brenner resigned frann tne East Lansing force to study full time so that he could graduate that year. The Lansing State Journal noted on that date that re had spent nearly five years an tne department and was specializing in 23 personnel managenent at the College. According to the State Journal article, ”Brenner conducted his two man-sized jobs with considerable success." He was credited with making a large nunnnber of traffic arrests and working hard to catch bootleggers. His biggest haul was the capture of a truck loaded with "2,500 pints of whiskey, beer, and ale;" it was the largest single confiscaticnn np to tle time in East Lansing. While he found the netorcycle activity exciting, he did not envision his future life as a police officer. 10 On January 26, 1927, his teme town paper, the Livingston Denocrat, discussed his career as a police officer and called him the "bane of Speeders, the Nennesis of traveling bootleggers and the famed 'student cop' of Michigan State College.” 11 Brenner did net stay retired for long and on April 21, 1927, he was hired as day traffic officer for the College by board Secretary H.H. Halladay. The Detroit Free Press ne.ted that "This is the final nneve on tie part of tte authorities to persuade students to obey traffic regulations, so that cars will net have to be banned on cannnpus." 12 Brenner graduated in tie sunnmer of 1927, and was ennployed full time as the College Chief of Police. By 1933, the police and security responsibilities had increased and two more officers had been added to the force. The Michigan State News was very supportive of the work done by the cannpus ”private police force" headed by Brenner. Another MSC graduate, Dick Rogers, (later Chief of Police at East Lansing and Midland) and fonnner Air Force officer Tan Higgins rounded out tne organization ennployed to police a campus of 3,000 students. They were responsible for issuing 575 parking permits a year, and supervised a daily flow of 1,000 cars, and 10,000 during Farmers Week. Other duties included standard night watch activities and a cannnnitment to patrol the College property at least four times a night. Tie officers hai a nunnnber of duties similar and not so similar to those experienced by current campus officers. They had to keep lovers from parking cnn tte rennote lanes of MSC and to dispatch wild dogs that threatened the College's flock of sheep. 13 Tie College paper was favorably impressed with tie understanding of student life cnn the part of the officers and noted a firm but tolerant attitude on their part. This quiet but steaiy approach to cannpus policing was in contrast to the publicity of Brenner as a "speed denon cop” during his stay on tne East Lansing force. His flexibility must have innnpressed College officials and probably helped in his later appointment to head the Police Administration Program. Another indication of the trust President Shaw had in Brenner was the fact that he ha! Brenner and his wife stay at the President's hanne when 1e and his family were out of tom on vacation. 14 All was not quiet and peaceful for Brenner and his “College Cops" as they were called. On Tuesday May 21, 1929, Michigan State's baseball teann beat tine University of Michigan and tie celebrationn that evening turned into that the paper called a riot. According to the report, 7,800 students, (twice as many as actually were enrolled) took part in the hi—jinks including an attenpt to force their way into an East Lansing theater. Lansing and State Police officers were called to assist; and in the end, four students were arrested. Tm students were injured when they contested Brenner's authority. Brenner came out of the situation better than a Lansing officer who challenged the students to a 25 fight and was knocked out when the students hit him with a head of cabbage. 15 Sonne tinnne after taking the full-time job as campus chief, Brenner began studying law under tie experienced eye of Circuit Judge Leland Carr. Carr was holding regular lecture classes attended by a nunnnber of East Lansing students. Another of tne early developers of tie School, Dr. LeMoyne Snyder, also obtained a law degree under the tutorship of Judge Carr. A better choice of teachers could not have been made. The Carr family has enjoyed a long personal and professional relationship with the college; Judge Carr's son was and continues to be general counsel to the College. As prohibition came to an end, Brenner went quietly about his job as cannpne chief and law student. He conpleted his studies and passed the Michigan Bar in 1935, just in time to be thrust into the start of a major revolution in police education in the United States. Brenner had a good relationship with the Michigan State Troops. He was He type of person wne gained tte respect of their leadership, a courageous officer in the field and one who even after being seriously injured more than once kept caning back to the action. He was also able to cone through the nest riotous period of the prohibition era witleut _ any blennish on his personal integrity, not a simple task considering those problenn times. But, while Bremer studied law and gained experience in law enforcement, another Michigan farnnn boy hal entered MAC in 1922 and decided to stick with agriculture. John A. Hannah, son of a Grand Rapids chicken farmer, entered MAC in 1922 and, after graduation, entered the Agriculture Extension Service to teach farmers new to cull 26 uncooperative chickens and new to improve their flocks so to gain the higher prices during tie winter season. He became a nationally knnown expert in poultry science. Hannah did net play collegiate sports, but te was an avid fan. 16 This sports interest in the late 1920's brought him into contact with another great football and baseball fan, Oscar Olander, Conmissioner of State Pol ice. Olander's meteoric rise in the ranks put him in major control of the State Police in 1923, and full control in 1926. It placed him in the historical position to view fronn the top the problenns of law enforcennent during the prohibition era, the rapid technological changes and scientific applications to crime. He also was able to wield power, based on the support of bi-partisian political leadership, to the extent unnknnown by the leaders of similar state wide forces of any other state. Olander was well read, and in nest cases, hai studied and digested the issues long before staff ideas and reports were brought to him. 17 Before examining sonne of the issues that led Michigan into pioneering efforts in police training and education one must exannine national events. One of tie nest important criminal justice reform nnnovennents of the 1920's was the crime connnnission movennent. V. 'IHECRHE COMISSICNDDVEWI‘AND'H‘IESTATE calm comssnon on MICHIGAN Federal, State Land Local Connnnissions Tle crinne connnnission movennent of the 1920's was an outgrowth of city and regional attennpts to look at crime and corrupt public officials. The distinct types of crime connnnissionns have developed in tle United States. The nest prevalent is the watctdog type funded by citizens. Tie best knewn connnnission of this type is tne Chicago Crime Conmission. It was established in 1919 and, still active today, was a nedel for the nation. The other major fornn of crime connnnission is the government supported organization. Here again both single issne and broad brush agendas can be found. vanile both types may have similar goals, reducing crime and improving tne criminal justice systenn, evidence suggests the citizen groups have netivated elected officials to develop government supported organizations. 1 The local crime counission nevennents led in 1925, to the creation of a citizen funded group called tne National Crime Conmission. Because George W. Wickersham was a leader in this and in President Herbert Hoover's government connnnission, tne roles of tie separate conmissions are often missed. Probably the most significant result of the National Crime Conmission developed because of a letter sent to the governors of each 27 28 state in the spring of 1926, urging then to create crime connnnissions. 2 The influence on tie establisnnnnent of tie Michigan Crime Conmission is net known. The legislative history, if kept, perished in the 1951 fire of the Michigan Archives or exists in the papers of individual Conmission meneers. The Michigan Conmission The Michigan Legislature created tie State Crime Conmission of Michigan in 1929. The Conmission was given broad powers to: investigate crime in Michigan, prepare a codification of the criminal laws of the state, look into the activities of all criminal justice agencies, and make reconnendations on legislation, and operating rules of any state agency involved with the control of crime. It was also required to report to tie Legislature at tie start of tie bicennial session and at any other time so ordered by the governor or the legislature. 3 This Connnnission was very active in influencing tre direction of crinnne control in Michigan fronn 1930-1938, when the last report was made. It just disappeared as World War II brought forth a much more serious national problenn. 'nne Michigan Crime Conmission neld its organizational nnneeting in Lansing, August 15, 1929. Attorney General Wilbur M. Brucker, as required by law, was chairman. Four citizens were appointed by the governor, two senators by the President of the Senate, and two representatives by the House Speaker. Nine subconmittees were created with each chaired by a counission mennber. Conmissioner Charles H. Culver, a House menber fronn Detroit, headed the Conmittee on Police and Sheriffs. In preparation for its work, the Conmission menbers studied the 29 crine surveys conducted in other states inclnding Illinois, California, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania. 4 Shortly after tl'e Conmission's first meeting, the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police appointed a connnnittee to work with tne Connnnission and identified training as their first priority. Pre—Crinne Conmission TrainingEfforts Tie Michigan police chiefs did not arrive at tne training priority overnight. They had nearly ten years of frustrations and false starts as a result of police training legislation — Public Act 211 of 1925. The Michigan State Police becannne interested in training as Olander started to exert more influence on tre organization. He understood the need for training and was aware of leaders such as Vollmer. By 1923, [e was deputy Conmissioner and in a position to push tl'e training issue. mile it may be nere speculation to see Olander's hand behinnd training legislation in 1925, it is a reasoned speculation based on his political acunen and life long interest in training. Further, given the general opposition of local police officials to grant control of statewide training functions to the State Police, it is hardly plausible to explain the 1925 training legislation as originating with local authorities. In any event, Senator Howard Baxter, on March 10, 1925, introduced Senate Bill 175 that would ”Authorize tie Department of Public Safety to establish and conduct a training scneol for police for the instruction of law enforcing officers and to make appropriations therefore." 5 The idea was net innnnnediately popular and on the first vote, April 8, 1925, it lost by one vote. Sane very strong persuasion took place overnight because on the next day the bill passed by a 28-0 vote. The House of m5 3.7.1 30 Representatives concurred with a title nedificaticn and on May 6, 1925, Governor Alexander J. Groesbeck signed into law Public Act 211. 6 The law set forth sonne very interesting requirenents, sons of which exhibit a great deal of understanding regarding tl'e nature and needs of police training. The law stated that the school was to be held in Lansing, described who was authorized to attend, provided for a certificate of graduation, and proposed a nethod for the selection of instructors. However, tne nest fascinating part was He specificity of course work to be covered. The Act required the following subjects to be addressed: 1. Identification of criminals and fingerprinting 2. Methods of crime investigation 3. Rules of criminal evidence 4. Presentation of cases in court 5. Making of conplaints and serving of criminal warrants 6. Serving and use of search warrants 7. Enforcennent of general criminal laws 8. Snell arms instructions 9. Regulation of traffic and unniformity in enforcennent 10. First Aid 11. Ethics of the police profession 12. Courtesy in performance of duty 13. Jui-Jitsu 14. Extent of police authority 15. Confessionns and statennents 7 The tragedy of this whole scenario was that re funds were ever 31 appropriated for implennenting the Act. The nest likely explanation is that the gronp ogesed to tie State Police school had attacked the idea fronn a different angle and were less likely to feel public pressure by neglecting funding rather than to cone out in .opposition to the idea itself. Chiefs of Police Assist Crinne Connnnission Tl'e newly organized Crime Conmission provided a timely Opportunity for the Michigan Chiefs of Police to renew attenpts to obtain training for their officers. Tne week following tne Conmission's organizational nnneetinng, the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police (MACP), held their sixth annnnual meeting at Escanaba on August 20, 21, and 22, 1929. Chief John Tolan of Escanaba, 1929 President of MACP, tested the conference. Other officers included: First Vice president Caesar J. Scavarda of Flint, formerly with the State Police, who would later rejoin that department; Second Vice President Roy Reynolds of Ferndale; and, Secretary/Treasurer Donald 8. Leonard, a Michigan State Police Lieutenant in charge of tie Detroit District. 8 The issue of police training was given considerable attention by the chiefs at this meeting. Chief Williann I. Cross of Highland Park and Superintendent Albert A. Carroll of Grand Rapids addressed the convention on tne needs of training, but a solution to the training problenn was suggested by Harold D. Snith, Director of the Michigan Municipal League. Reviewing tne national scene Snith said, ”One of the significant advances in police training during the past year is the interest snewn by various universities in police training and police administration." Smith had obviously been in contact with his counterparts in New York, Massachusetts, and other states, and was also impress asst-1i Vol‘nnen a “zone York St New Yon tiefs is to non) finana nesolnt nah u, Scam tine Chiefs impressed by the University of Chicago, ”when that institution established a chair of police adninistration and chose Chief August Vollmer, known to all of you, to take charge of the work." He nentioned a “zone” plan of taking tne training out to small departments in New York State and said the Russell Sage Foundation had helped finance the New York training. He suggested tle Municipal League and tie Michigan Chiefs could co-sponsor training in Michigan. 9 As a result of these discussionns, tl'e chiefs appointed a conmittee to work with the newly established Crinne Conmission, to develop and finance police training. The goal of tie Chiefs was clear. In their resolution they said, “It is our opinion that such instruction should be made uniform throughout tte state...” Inconing President, Ceasar J. Scavarda, appointed ESP Conntnissioner Oscar Olander as chairman. Others on tne conmittee included: Lt. Donald S. Leonard, elected Secretary; Chiefs Robert Alspaugh, Pontiac; William 1. Cross, Highland Park; Peter Hansen, Muskegon; Caesar J. Scarvada, Flint; Johnn Tolan, Escanaba; and Superintendents Abner A. Carroll, Grand Rapids, and James Sprott, Detroit. 10 The Oonnnittee on Training net with Charles H. Culver, a nnnember of tie Crime Conmission in charge of police. He agreed to make then mennbers of his connittee. It «as net mere accident that led to Charles H. Culver's appointnnent to the Crime Connission and to becone chairman of tne police connittee. Before beconninng a State lepresentative 1e had been a nnnenber of the 11 He was also a member of the state Detroit Police Departnnnent. legislature in 1919 and supported the permanent establishment of the State Police. 12 This gave him both interest in He subject of training n13 cred Cannissi outside training Culver a the very Whil through Mir n: Secretar Uniting 33“ he in one httpi WUct 33 and credibility with the police representatives invited to work with the Conmission; it also helped him in his contacts with police agencies outside the State of Michigan. Gather ingNational Data Mr. Culver spent Septenber and October 1929, visiting tie police training programs of the New York City and Boston Police Departments. Culver also hal conmunicated with Cornelius F. Cahalane tie director of the very innovative New York State Training Progrann. While Culver was absorbing the state of tie art of police training through his travels, the police chiefs were busy on their own agenda. Their newly appointed connittee met October 16, 1929, and instructed Secretary Leonard to get information on the national state of the art by writing to the New York State Police, tne cities of Detroit, New York, 13 At San Francisco, and Berkeley, and to the University of Wisconsin. tne October 30th meeting, Chief Cross suggested tie State Police should net be in charge of the school, but that it be made independent. Because there was a law on tne books, PA 211, requiring tie DBP to conduct state-wide training, even though funds had never been appropriated for this purpose, it was proposed to repeal tne law. Lt. Leonard suggested that they go ahead and start the school under the State Police and then change tne law later. This idea was accepted, and Chairman Olander appointed Chiefs Cross, Scarvada, and Lt. Leonard to develop a training curriculum. The conmittee had sent qnestionnaires, "througneut the counntry and to all police and sheriff offices in tie state.” It was found that the vast majority of the Michigan Chiefs were in favor of the training idea . 14 delin' recn'. ifEdE 34 Police Training Reconnnendations On January 11, 1930, tie Conmittee met with the Crime Conmission and delivered its final report. They reconmended a Central School for recruit training, a Zone School to take training out to the renote areas, and a Continuation School for the purpose of keeping officers up to date. It was reconmended that tne Central School he held at East Lansing, as "it was thought that the State College might provide classroons for this purpose.” The report reconmended the State Police Training Act, Public Act 211 of 1925, be repealed and a state training act passed to. set up an independent scteol. This would allow the director to be nominated by tie State Crine Conmission and appointed by tie governor. Trey also recouneded a law allowing the State Police to be assigned to local departments while local officers were in school. This last idea was passed by the legislature in 1931. Conmissioner Oalver had brought Cornelius F. Cahalane, the spark plng of tie New York State program, to this meeting. He had very little new to offer except to reconmend the "zone" part of the training plan. The Chiefs ha] done their honework, and tne Crime Conmission approved the basic plan, including letting the State Police direct the operation until different legistation could be passed. 15 On January 30, 1930, the State Administrative Board released $10,000.00 to the State Police to conduct police training schools. It should be neted that DBP Conmissioner Olander acted the part of a Conmittee Chairman according "to tie book." He was never recorded as saying anything for or against proposals to rennove training fronn the State Police. This, it turnns out, was typical of Olander. He has been iescn theC r " (J 53 Min and n lichi 35 described as a very attentive listener, and spoke only when it would do tie nest good. He did, lewever, knew new to use tl'e legitimate power of the Chair, and the office of State Police Conmissioner. Michigan's Police Training Experinnent Chief Cross, who had started the move away fronn ASP directed training, was appointed to tie curriculun conmittee. On April 1. 1930. re resigned as Chief of Highland Park and was sworn in by Olander as a Captain of tie Michigan State Police and given the title of Training Director . 16 No further efforts were nnade to take the training away fron tne IBP. While the appointment of Cross may have been a good political neve by Olander, it was an excellent move for police training in Michigan. Cross had shown by his presentations before the Chiefs' neeting his dedication to tie cause of training. He, therefore, had their support and worked tirelessly toward bringing the best training to all parts of Michigan. The first school under this program was held in Kalamazoo April 1, 1930, with '35 officers fron Battle Creek, Kalannazoo, Three Rivers, and special officers fron the Grand Trunnk and Michigan Central Railroads attending.” By tie end of 1930, He first year of operation, 550 officers of all ranks and in all parts of the state had been trained. During tie next three years hundreds more police officers fronn all parts of Michigan were provided training under the ever. popular Captain Cross. 17 In 1931, the Conmission obtained additional legislative support for tie training of local police officers. As had been predicted by the police chiefs, snnall departnents could net release their officers fronn C) 36 duty to attend the schools. In 1931, the Legislature amended the training act to allow the State Police to replace local officers while they were in school. This act also mandated the training of fourteen specific subjects and left others to be added at the will of the State Police Connissioner. It may have been the first mandatory state wide police training curriculun in tle United State. 18 Altleugh the Michigan Crine Conmission had studied crime surveys and police training methods nationally, their records do not mention the Wickersham report. But, the chronology of events would lead to the conclusion that trey were aware of tie issue being prepared for the Report on Police, and were hot on the trail to nest the expected reconmendatione. An exanple of this attitude is tre fact that Culver brought the New York State training expert, Cornelius F. Cahalane to Michigan a year and a half before the Report on Police was published, in which his ”Zone" plan of state wide training was reconnnended. Tie training progran very quickly becane recognized nationally. George H. Brereton, Under-Sheriff of San Diego County, California, said in 1930, that tie Michigan State Police training progran, ”probably is one of the nest elaborate schools of its kind in the country.” 19 There is evidence, newever, that Cross was seeing a bigger picture than police acadeny training. In 1931, Cross pointed out that the ASP new required a high school diplona and that, ”college trained police officers are needed in law enforcennent." He added that nnany recruits in tle last ASP recruit school were college men. Cross had also said, “College athletes make ideal police officers...and a college trained man can listen, absorb and plan action." Further 1e said tie educated man 37 could, "cope with scientific crinne through an individual knowledge of science . " 20 Unfortunately, dedication and forward thinking does not always insure the life of a public progran. Tne depression caused a shortage of state funds and tle State Police also felt the cutbacks. Troopers were laid off. Ranking officers were denoted to save money. When He legislature failed to appropriate funds for the training program, Captain Cross was forced to leave and the glorious enperiment ended June 30, 1933. 21 The Develqgnent and Inplenentation of a National Body of Police Knowleye McNamara and Strecher found little direct inflnence fron August Vollmer on, tie developnnent of tne Michigan State Police Adninistration Program. Based on this proposition, they also implied that the program was a result of local rather than national ideas. But what is a nnational idea? And, new does an idea becone national? Did Vollmer personally think up all of tie innovations he was noted for? Or, was he just adept at implementing the ideas of others or synthesizing constellations of ideas and publishing then in a manner to influence others? It is net the purpose of this research to thoroughly explore these propositions, but Vollmer's attention to writing for publication and his urging of his officers and friends to do the sane is well knnown. His understanding of tie importance of publishing as a major strategy for technelogy transfer may ultimately prove to be the real genius of August Vollmer. A nere profitable line of inquiry is to examine the leadership of Michigan pol ice leaders to see how trey contributed to tie developnent 38 and implenentation of national police thinking during the l920's- the period of Vollmers' direct influence on national ideas. Tie role of State Police Oomnissioner Olander and other State Police administrators have been examined, but there were other Michigan pol ice executive such as Willian Rutledge of Detroit, Albert A. Carroll of Grand Rapids, and Alfred Seynneur of Lansing, who were active in the development and implennentation of national pol ice ideas. Detroit Superintendent Rutledge hal attended all but one of the annual meetings of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) fronn 1919 to 1929. In 1930, upon his retirenent fron Detroit he becannne the IACP's first full time Executive Secretary. Indeed, other than Richard Sylvester, it is fair to state that Rutledge had more innpact on the developnent of the IACP than any other single police chief in tie history of tie association. Part of this inflnnence was due to his leadership in training, records, and connnunication developments for the Detroit Police Department, and partly due to his ability to obtain substantial funds for tie operation of IACP prograns. It was Rutledge wne secured the Rockefeller Foundation funds to enploy Bruce Snith for his research on crime records, research that led directly to tie establisnment of the Uniform Crime Reports that were eventually administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 22 The IACP had, for years, struggled with the need to finance a full tine executive, but it was Rutledge who obtained tie pronise of outside financial support and was rewarded with the job of Executive Secretary. 23 mtledge operated the national IACP office fron Michigan, therefore Michigan police chiefs in tne early 1930's had a first rate opportunity to contribute to the pool of national ideas and 39 to take evantage of new ideas fron througteut the world. August Vollmer had been president of the IACP for tie year 1921-22 and his influence can be seen by the nunnber of college professors who were innvited to address the annual convention during his term. After Vollmer's term it. was a Michigan show for the next ten years. Rutledge held tle president's chair in 1923-24, and Albert A. Carroll of Grand Rapids in 1924-25. Alfred Seymour of Lansing was president of the Association in 1932. This Michigan involvennent in tre leadership of the IACP during the 1920's ad early 30's is convincing evidence that Michigan pol ice leaders had personal and professional relationships with west coast leaders such as Vollmer. As to the implennenntation of ideas, Vollmer was clearly the leader in recruiting scientific help fronn the colleges to assist in crime detection. A friendly biographer can, newsver, project his subject into a larger than life role. Alfred Parker, in his story of tie Berkley, California Police Departmennt credits Vollmer, in 1921, with putting into service "tle first radio equipped patrol car in tte world.” 24 It may have been true, but in a report to the 1929 nesting of the IACP, Rutledge pointed out that Detroit placed its first radio equipped car on the street in early 1921. He was net trying to claim that it was the first on tne street, but only that "Detroit was anong tne early pioneers in police radio developnent.” He went on to state, tewever, that "it was the first department in tne country to have a municipally owned station operated by licensed 25 He then police oerators and devoted exclusively to police work.” told tne delegate of tie many problens te hai with tte Federal Radio Conmission, and that it was 1928, before the station was operating to ’40 his satisfaction. Rutledge credits Conmissioner Higgins fron Buffalo, New York, as suggesting the benefits of police radio at the IACP convention in 1920. We was suggesting new ideas to whon? At tl'e 1930 IACP Convention, Rutledge again addressed tle delegates on the progress of police radio and recited the details of the battle between tie Federal Radio Conmission and tie State of Michigan. His acconnnnt also denonstrated that Michigan police officials were able to, tine and tine again, implennent ideas that others merely talked about. This was because they could cooperate to influence the political systen in tie nane of good “non-political law enforceaent.” Rutledge becanne aware that Counissioner Olander was asking the State Adnninistrative Board to release money for radio service at his State Police Posts. On March 19, 1929, mtledge wrote to Governor Green asking that state radio sets be placed in city and county sheriffs offices. He said te would support legislation to that effect. Olander supported us idea, and in June of 1929, Governor Green signed into law a bill setting up a state wide radio systen ad using state nensy to place receivers in city police and sheriff office. 26 Michigan police leaders and other officials were also active in making presentations before the IACP conference. In 1927, Rutledge covered the topic of standardized records. He was chairman of the conmittee on records and eventually obtained tie funds to design and implement the Uniform Crime Report program. Another prominent Michigander also addressed tl'e convention in 1927. John Barker Waite was at the time an instructor of law at the University of Michigan. He later becane Dean of the Law School at U of M. He published police texts on criminal law and was active at the Attorney General‘s Crime 41 Conference in Washington in 1934. At the local level, Waits was also very influential in preparing the Michigan Youthful Offender Act. In 1927, lewever, Waite's contribution was a severe reprimand of the police for not being nere courteous in everyday contacts with tre public. 27 Also at the 1928, IACP Conference, Chief Carroll of Grand Rapids made a presentation on the Michigan Concealed Weapon law. In 1929, C.J. Scavarda as Onief of Police at Flint delivered a paper on identification bureau operations and Conmissioner Olader put forth a proposal to regionalize police work in the states by having the state police handle all police work outside of citie under 25,000 population. He also proposed that chiefs in all cities and the state police conmissionsr be appointed by a police conmission. The chief would hold office unless renoved for legal cause by the conmission. This was a radical proposal and was not given much support until proposed again in the 1950's. But, still only a handful of regionalized departments have developed. Olander had a good chance to nnaks it work in Michigan, and while the issue could benefit fron nere historical analysis, Olander's chance and Michigan's chance for this type of broad change in local police service disappeared when Olander was unnable to renove his corrupt officers prior to the election of Governer Kim Sigler. 28 Lt. Donald S. Leonard of the DBP discussed local ad state police cooperation at the 1930, meeting, and Leonard, with his lawyer's knowledge of parlimentary procedure, made decisive statenents that defeated a West Coast attenpt to defeat tie proposal for a full time IACP executive. 29 This sannpls exanination of the IACP annual proceedings supports the prOposition that Michigan police officials took part in tne give and 42 take of idea exchange with their counntsrparts across the nation. It also illustrate tie difficulty in establishing tl'e precise genesis of new ideas in police work as in any other field. VI. 'H-IE 1930's; CORRUPTION] EXPOSED; DEPRESSICN HITS, PWIBITICN ENDS, FBI AND MICHIGAN STATE LEAD TRAINEE AND EIIJCATICN EFFORI‘ Signs of the Times The Detroit Purple Gang had criminal activities going their way in early 1929. ‘NOt only did they supply illegal liquor in Detroit, but in other states as well. airing the first part of February, that year, trey received word fran "Big Al" Capone that re needed another load of whiskey fronn Michigan to nest the market requirenents of Chicago. Nationally, Capone was still America's top gangster, but trouble was brewing in Chicago. ' The gang of Bugs Moran felt Capone was slipping and started hijacking his liquor to supply their own custoners. The Purple Gang's whiskey was due in Chicago February 14, 1929. The Moran gang neard about the shipment and were in the Capone warehouse waiting to capture it. Bhg Al was doing great, so he decided a trip to sunny Florida would be good for his health, but 1e took special care to be publicly visible on this special valentines Day. Moran's boys did net fare too well. Sansone must have tipped off tle law, because suddenly tie police crashed into the warsneuse and lined the crooks up against the wall. Then instead of the usual arrest procedure, an act took place that was to be knewn in tne annals of crime as "The St. Valentines Day Massacre.” 43 44 The men dressed as police officers turned out to be menbers of Capone's mob, and with machine guns chattering they mowed down several menbers of the Moran ganng. Bugs was tardy that day and it saved his life. When 1e arrived at tne warel'euse ne tneught it was a police raid, so ne left before the shooting started. In Llorida, Capone held a celebration, but what seened a great victory was really the beginning of the end. Big Al had gone too far, America hal ha] eneugh. T'ne nation wanted its alcohol, but witneut the acconnpanying violence and corruption spanned by prohibition. 1 Scientific Crime Detection f The St. Valentines Day Massacre, is often viewed as a benchnnnark in American scientific detection of crime. Chicago officials and private citizens were outraged. They sought out New York firearms expert Calvin Goddard and asked him to work on tie case. His work led to a solution of the crime, and with the aid of private funds, he ennployed other scientific experts, and a scientific crime laboratory was set Le at Northwestern University. Ralan F. Turner, Professor Bneritus at Michigan State's Scneol of Criminal Justice points out that, in addition to tie publicity gained for scientific investigation fron this infanous crine, a publication was started to disseninate tl'e results of tie work accannplished by the outstanding scientists ennploysd at Northwestern. 2 The Michigan State Police took a small part in the Moran investigation and becane acquainted with the work of the Northwestern Crine Laboratory. men Northwestern started their short course in scientific investigation, BBP officers attended . Cause For Study. President Herbert Hoover had called prohibition, ”an 4S experiment neble in netivs ad far-reaching in purpose," but after ten years of enforcement and over three hundred thousand convictions, drinking alcoholic beverages was nere popular than ever. 3 Hoover had tried to enforce prohibition, but the vast corruption and rise in cannon crime called for new ideas. As early as 1925, a citizens' effort organized a National Crine Conmission under tne leadership of George Wickershan, U.S. Attorney General in the ministration of President Willian Howard Taft. The National Crine Conmission called for each state to organize an official crime conmission to advise the governor on nnatters of crine control. 4 President Hoover then picked LP. tne idea and appointed Wickershann to lead his National Conmission on Law (bervancs and Enforcement. This Conmission was later knewn by tne nane of it's chairnnan and in 1931 the Wickershan Report was nnnade public. Several volumes docanenting the crime problen in the United State were published. The Report on Police Tie Report on Police was produced under tne direction of August Vollmer, Chief of Police, Berkeley, California. He was on leave fran his. department and held an appointment as a professor of Police Aanninistration at the University of Chicago. 5 The Regent was the direct product of David G. Monroe and Earl W. Garrell of the Department of Political Science at the Unniversity of Chicago, working under the direction of Vollmer. Three issues donninated the Report on Police: the tenure of police executive, tl'e need for new methods of police canmunications and the lack of police training ad education. A major cannplaint regarding training was expressed as follows, "No pairs are taken...to educate, 46 train, ad discipline for a year or two the prospective patrolmen." Later on the report state: ”This literature...snews that police is rapidly becoming a scientific procedure in which men are given professional eiucation, are trained to use the latest resource of nedern science...“ 6 The report mentioned the need for education several time and pointed out tie two year progran at San Jose State Teachers Oollege in California. Finally, the authors recannended that state establish state-controlled schools, ”which will allow state-wide scteoling and then, for the man who wishes a scientific college 7 This last training, urge tl'e universitie to join tie work." rscaunedation is a bit misleading. Vollmer was asking the universities to help, but only after police officers had been selected, trained and indoctrinated by police officials. The programs at San Jose and at Wichita State both reflected this view. They were implenentsd by two of Vollmer's nest fanneus disciples, Willian Wiltberger and O.W. Wilson. Michigan State becane revolutionary because it reversed tne process - education followed by training. The police reconmedations net with favor fron the police connnunity, but other reports skewing widespread corruption thronghout the criminal justice systen were all but ignored by many officials. With the nation deep into tie Great Depression, and a change in political leadership in Washington, little progress was made on the basis of the Wickershan revelations and Federal funding we not forthcaning. While tte seed of police education had been planted and was growing in the minds of police and crinne conmission leaders across the nation, a conference we held in Washington D.C. that was to bring the idea into full bloan. h? The Attorney General's Conference on Crine Michigan Delegation. The election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt brought an end to prohibition, but the problen of crime still existed. His attorney General, Haner Cunmnings, sponsored a meeting called the Attorney General's Conference on Crine, Decennber 10-13, 1934. The meeting brought together 600 of tl'e nnost distinguished figures in the field of criminal justice, with the exception of August Vollmer, who had authored President Hoover's Report on Police. 8 Another notsable police leader net invited to the conference was Michigan's progressive Connissioner of State Police, Oscar Olander. Since the FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, would have certainly had a hand in inviting police personalitie to tle meeting, it is not surprising that Olander was net invited, e Olander had been very critical of FBI foul ups during their spring 1934 bouts with the infanous fugitive John Dillinger. The New York Times quoted him thus: ”Tie failure of agents to cooperate with tie Michigan State Police probably accounnted for Dillinger's safe passage through the state last week." 9 Tne track record of the Michigan State Police we too much to ignore, Iewever , so Captain Donald Leonard was invited to address the conference. Included in attendsnce e a prosecutor, was a future Chief Justice of tie U.S. Suprene Court, Earl Warren of California. Tte then Dean of the University of Oregon Law Scteol and a future U.S. Senator, Wayne Morse also attended. Future Senator Allan Bible cane frann Nevada. In 1968, Senator Bible would chair the U.S. Senate's Select Conmittee on Crime and produce one of tne best studie ever conducted on tne subject of crine against business. 48 The Michigan Delegation was well represented at this conference. Attorney General and Chairman of tie Michigan Crime Conmission, Patrick H. O'Brien, and Louis S. Cohane of Detroit, Chairman of the American Bar Association's Conmittee on Criminal Law were in tie audience. 10 Captain Donald S. Leonard of the Michigan State Police delivered a major address an tie progress of the Michigan State Police. It is interesting to nets that Captain Leonard covered the work of the Michigan State Police frann A to 2, but said nothing about tne training innovations undertaken in Michigan. 11 The University of Michigan was represented by Orlando W. Stephenson, School of wucation, and John B. Waite of the Law School. Others fronn Michigan included Police Superintendent Albert A. Carroll of Grand Rapids, Johnn R. Watkins fran Detroit, C.L. Stebbins of Lansing, and a Wayne County Assistant Prosecutor, Herbert E. Munro. Training we clearly on tte mind of tie sponsors of this conference. mnile many other topics were discussed, one could conclude that the real purpose of this meeting was to gain political support for the establishment of a new FBI training center. Roosevelt Speaks. President Roosevelt, set the stage for the training agenda in his opening remarks to the delegates. He sympathized with tie police by pointing out that the, "bandits have been better equipped...than the officials who are supposed to keep then in check.” He then put major blane for not being able to fight crinne because law enforcenent lacked, "facilities for training skilled nen for the work of detection, apprehension, and prosecution of accused persons..." 12 Attorney General Cunnnnnings in his address eksd support for a national training center and brought up tne possibility of "a degree 49 granting acadeny.” 13 FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover then held the crowd spellbound with tale of FBI confrontations with gangsters; and, he mentioned the need for scientific police training, college training, and a national training school. 14 The program was well directed. Andrew J. Kavanaugh, Chief of Police at Fairport, New Jersey, and later tie Chief at Miami, Florida, represented the International Association of Chiefs of Police. He called for "training in tie scientific tools which have made policennan's work indeed a profession." He called on the federal government to establish a West Point type progran of four years duration (and leading to a Bachelor of Police Science. He also eked that state schools be established and that tne instructors be graduate of the national school. Further, he recanmeded that the state schools "be maintained separately frann tne State ConsteularyJ' 15 Trainingat Land Grant Colleges. In an attenpt to denonstrate the denecratic process, a few persons were allowed to make renarks fran the floor. Mr. Luke S. May of Seattle, Washington, representing the Northwest Association of Sheriff's and Police we one of the few voices of the 600. He netsd the recent Suprene Court action allowing the continuance of tre R.O.T.C., reserve officer training progran, at the land-grant colleges. He has net interested in building a federal enpire of training schools. Instead, re tneught tie police could be trained at the currently available, "accredited institutions of learning.” 16 He suggested that tie conference sponsor a resolution urging Congress to fund the land-grant colleges with coordinators similar to the R.O.T.C. progran. That is tne last tl'e conference heard of Mr. May's suggestion. Less than a dozen of over one hundred proposed resolutions were 50 reported frann the resolutions conmittee. The training ideas reported back to tte delegate focused on a national police training acadenny. If you were a Michigan State Police officer or a member of the Michigan Crime Conmission, tne message we clear. There would be a national police training scneol, but if the states did net want federal officers running their schools tl'ey would have to get to work back hans. Mr. May fron Seattle, had a good idea about the R.O.T.C. progran. The Michigan delegation knew tle race we on and trey knew just what to do. The Michigan Coalition Back in Michigan, efforts got under way, in early 1935, with tie spadework of finding fertile soil for the new idee. It was net hard to find. State Police Heaiquarters we adjacent to Michigan State College, a land grant institution. It had the required R.O.T.C. progran and could furnish tl'e discipline reconmended by tne Wickershan Conmission. The State Police had been using Army Captain Ernest John, fran the R.O.T.C. progran, since at least 1928, to teach firearms and tley were 17 Scientific education was available at the pleased with his work. College and tie State Police were authorized by law to facilitate police training. Michigan's Crime Oannnission was supported by the state legislature, tre governor's office, tne State Attorney General, and the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police. A potential winning cannbination existed in Michigan. It would also seen reasonable to esunne that all these forces were anxious to reinstate the training halted because of tie depression. The political, professional, ad experiential winds of change were moving rapidly in that spring of 1935, but, e is often the case, a final catalyst is sonetimes needed to solidify ideas and actions. In 51 this drana of police education, Dr. Leneyne Snyder played an important role. The Leadership of Dr. LeMoyne Snyder Dr. LeMoyne Snyder's personal and professional leadership and dedication to the cause of scientific crime detection played an important part in tne establishnent of the Police Adninistration Progran at Michigan State Oollege. Dr. Snyder's father, Jonathan L. Snyder was President of tie College fran 1896 to 1915, and it we on the Michigan Agricultural College campus that LeMoyne Snnyder was born and raised. 18 Later, re attended tne University of Michigan Medical School and then transferred to the Medical Scneol at Harvard. During his internship in New York City is we present when tre notorions gangster Legs Dianond was brought in shot full of teles. It was enough to innpress the young physician e to tie results of hanan violence. linen Dr. Snyder returned to East Lansing to practice, he continued his interest in tne legal side of medicine. He studied law under Leland Carr and was later admitted to the Michigan Bar. Investigation of violent death becane an important part of Dr. Snyder's interests, and in 1933, re becane formally recognized e the Medico-lsgal Advisor for the Michigan State Police. 19 Dr. Snyder attended special scneols concerning this energing field and soon becane recognized e an authority on hanicide. By 1934, re we acquainted with the major contributors in the field of scientific crime investigation, and we determined to establish, in Michigan, a school for police officers with a focus on the msdico—legal aspects of investigation. Because, according to Dr. Snyder, re had a soft spot in his neart 52 for the University of Michigan Medical School, he approached University of Michigan (U of M) officials with a plan for a traininng program. 20 In 1934, a very successful pilot program was conducted at the U of M unnder the direction of the Divisionn of University Extension. James Bruce, Vice President for University affairs, bsP Conmissioner Olander, O.W. Stephensan, Professor of Educatien, annd Dr. Snyder made up the planning conmittee. It was Dr. Snyder's program however, with Olannder merely lending his support frann his position at the MSP. The program consisted of a series of sixteen lectures on medico-legal subjects taught by outstanding experts in the field; it we divided into four sessions from March 5, to April 16, 1934. One hunndred thirty officers attended this course at the University of Michigan. 21 It was Snyder's intent to expand this program and to set up a progran similar to the Bureau of Criminal Investigation at Northwestern University. University officials were not interested in pushing the idea, so, Dr. Snyder felt it would be better to turn to Michigann State College. Olander's State Police By 1935, Oscar Olannder he been at the helm of the [BF for nearly 10 years and had maintained good relations with local police officials, state and local politicians and college personnel by way of a football connection. He took an active part in professional organizations annd allowed his ranking officers to participate e well. Through his leadership, the b8? had, by 1935, met or exceeded the three major reconmendations of the Wickersham Conmission's Report on Police regardinng training, tenure, annd canmunications. In 1935, he he convinced the legislature to put his troops unnder 53 civil service, a good five years ahead of other state employees. As a result of this legislation, Olander also became tenured and removal required impeactment by the Michigan Suprene Court. Other advance made by the MSP durinng his tenure included: 1926 - Set standards for recruits. Five years later the Wickershan Camnission reconmended the exact sane standards. 1930 - The first state-wide police radio systen was established in Michigan by the State Police. This effort required a determined battle with the Federal Radio Conmission. The victory made possible police radio in other states. 1932 - The IBP Scientific Crime Laboratory was officially established. 1934 - A polygraph was added to the Detective Bureau. 22 Dr. Snyder was recently asked about the role of Olander in establishing the Police Administration Progran at Michigan State. He is of the opinian that Olander had very little to do with it except to lend his official support, and that Captain Caesar Scavarda did most of the work e far as State Police input. Scavarda had been brought back to the State Police from Flint and placed in charge of training when Cross we forced to leave because of a shortage of funds. Olander's official support was, however, a key factor. He could have killed the whole idea with just a word or an order to his officers. 23 The Football Connection Olander hal played football at Ferris Institute and his position e Conmissioner gave him an opportunity to continue his interest in 54 football and to help the ABC football program by giving jobs at State Police Headquarters to players in need of extra money. He is reported to have spent time watching football practice thus becaning acquainted with tlne coaches. Coach Janes Crowley, one of the famous Four Horsemen of Notre Dame, was the Michigan State coach from 24 Olander we knnown e a "pal of Jinn Crowley,“ 25 e we future Oollege President John Hannah. 26 In 1934 Olander was made an 1929-32 . Honorary member of tie MSU Varsity Club. men Crowley left, in 1933, Charles W. Bachman took over and brought Tan H. King frann Notre Dame e an end coach. King eventually becane the second director of the School of Police Administration and later turned it over to one of its early graduates and former football star Arthur Brandstatter. 27 ‘ Brandstatter was encouraged to come to Michigan State by John Hannah, prior to Hannah's becoming Secretary of the College. Brandstatter was one of the football players who had been given a job by Conmissioner Olander. It we, according to Brandstatter, the reasonn be becane interested in police work and transferred to the new Police Adninistration Progran in tte fall of 1935. Olander later joined forces with Hannah to bring Brandstatter back to East Lansing and Michigan State. Hannah appointed Branstatter Director of the Police Administration Program in 1947, a position he held until his retirennent in 1976. 28 As we begin to understand Olander's method of operation, it seems reasonable to speculate that re probably said a favorable word or two at a football practice or other social function. Although President Hannah cannnot recall Olander talking about college educationn prior to the SS formal action in 1935, we can be certain that he was kept advised of the progress by Captain Scarvada and Dr. Snyder. Olander's word was important for another reason. Like all institutions in 1935, Michigan State College we hard pressed for funds. Olander pronised instructors fronn his staff, free of charge to the College. He kept his word until lne left office in 1947. What did the State Police have to gain fron support of the progran? A review of euployment of tte early graduate will show that only a annall proportion entered the ranks of the MSP, and yet they continued to support the program. James Snyart, Olander's Chief Clerk (today the position is Director of Business Aduinistration) we eked if Olander's support we based on his desire to enploy college graduates. Without hesitation he replied, ”No, Olander didn't care about hiring college greuate, he wanted to upgrade all police.“ 29 Again Olander's pnblic statenents pledging aid and cooperation to all police agencies were followed by action. The Michigan State PhilosghLIn Action As we tie case in agriculture, nunerous attenpts had been made throughout the nation to develop degree programs in law enforcenent. 'I'l'e most energetic early activity we in the period fron 1925-1935, by August Vollmer and his disciples such e Orlando W. Wilson, and William Wiltberger. Wilson while Chief of Police at Wichita, Kanse, we able to initiate a program at Wichita State that involved primarily menbers of his department. 30 Wiltberger was euployed by San Jose State to develop a super recruit or pre-ennployment training progran. Students at San Jose State could couplets their bachelors degree at a sister institution, but the real 56 purpose of the program was explained by T.W. Macouarrie, President of San Jose State in 1930. He said trey had developed ”a progran of semi-professional training for immediate employment.” He further enlarged upon this statement by explaining that, “we have no idea of attenpting to turn out chiefs, captains, or experts of any kind." 3]” Clearly tie San Jose program we a connplete reverse of the one that developed at Michigan State. At San Jose, entry training was provided and if students passed they could go on to obtain an acadennic degree. At Michigan State, students would have to conplete over more than three years of solid acadennic subjects before being allowed to enter the police training [base of the progran. At Berkeley, August Vollmer was teaching police subjects at the University of California, but we not ready to push for a full degree program in police administration. . In a 1933 letter to Wiltberger, l'e expressed his belief that a progran should nnot be impleuented until near perfection was achieved. "It is of major importance“, l'e said, “that we do nothing until we are positive we are right." 32 In the spring of 1935, Michigan State was about to consider a progran in response to a demonstrated need and let perfection cone later. Again this was very similar with the way in which the Agriculture College started in 1855. Text books on agriculture had not yet been written, theories not developed, nnor instructors trained, but tie progran began. In 1935, O.W. Wilson had nnot yet written his famous book on police adninistration, and science we a relative newconer to the problems of American Criminnal Justice. But students learned science fron the established college progran, law and medico-legal science from S7 practicing experts, and police practice and administration fron the Michigan State police, knnown nation-wide for efficiency. 33 January to September 1935 — The Critical Time We are not pr ivey to the informal discussions that went on anong the menbers of the Michigan State Police, the State Crime Conmission, and Michigan State in early 1935. The papers of Captain Donald S. Leonard do nnot reveal any reports made to Conmissioner Olander nor do tie available papers of Olander reveal any discussions with Leonard regarding the Washington Meeting called by Attorney General Honer Cumings. MW President Emeritus John Hannah, who represented Michigan State at those discussions does not recall details but renenbers that it we a good'idea and they all agreed to act on it. 34 By June 1935, informal discussions had reached the point where the Crime Conmission felt confortable in making an official recounendation regarding the establishment of a school. On June 13, the Conmission adopted a resolution putting the wheels in motion. Tie first section identifies the impact of Attorney General Cunnnings' Decennber, 1934, crime conference. It states, "The attention of the Michigan Crime Conmission has been called to the reconmendations made at a recent Conference on Crime held in Washington D.C., for scientific police training.” The next paragraph implies that informal discussions had occurred on establishing a progran at Michigan State. It read, ”It appears to this Conmission that there is a possibility of instituting such training in the State of Michigan, throngh tl'e cooperation of the Michigan State Police at East Lansing and the Michigan State College.” 'I'ne chairman of tre Crime Conmission we then requested to appoint three menbers to meet 58 "with the State Board of Agriculture (governing board of MAC), the faculty of the Michigan State College, and the Michigan State Police...to work out a suitable course of scientific police training”. Tl'e resolution closed by urging the "conmittee to confer at the earliest possible date...and report back to this Commission at its next meeting." 35 Michigan State needed nno further pronpting, for on June 19, 1935, Michigan State President Robert Shaw appointed Deans Huston, Anthony, Dirks, Bmmons, and College Secretary John Hannah to the college conmittee. Tie interested parties held a joint conference on June 26, at the Crime Oounission office. Jay W. Linsey, Harry G. Gault, and Herbert P. Orr represented tle Conmission; State Police Conmissioner Olander, Lt. Van Loonis, and Dr. Snyder represented the State Police; and Dean Huston and John Hannah represented Michigan State College. 36 An attempt was made to gain information regarding personal papers of tne Crime Conmission Representatives. Jay W. Linsey, we a proninent trial attorney from Grand Rapids. He practiced law until his death in 1971 and to date fanily menbers have not been able to locate any papers regarding his work on the Conmission. 37 Harry G. Gault we, at tie tine, a prosecutor in Flint and most of his work on the Conmission involved criminal law issues. His law firm is still active in Flint, but 1e died in 1975, and nno papers regarding MSC have been found. 38 Herbert P. Orr, was a State Senator fron Caro. He was killed in an auto accident in 1937 and his personal papers were destroyed when his home burned a few years later. His brother, Myron David Orr, a lawyer and author, born in 1896, and still living in 1984, we a member of a 59 mounted police force in Michigan prior to 1917, the accepted date of the first Michigan State Constabulary. He recalls the work of the counission, but not in detail. He does have a vivid memory of Oscar Olander. He called him tte “best State Police Conmissioner ever." In response to a question regarding what made him so good he replied, "Because le we a square shooter. If ne told you he would do sonnething he would do it.” He said Olander was a very persuasive person who could, "sell refrigerators to Eskimos“, but if sonneone suggested sonething wrong, he could get very angry. 39 Another menber of this teann he also been described e one who could get his point across. John Hannah was described by Arthur Brandstatter, tne long time director of the Police Adninistration Progran which later changed its name to the School of Criminal Justice under his direction, “one of the most persuasive people I have ever known." 40 And so the stage was set, with the Crime Conmission acting e the State of Michigan's legitimatizing agent. On center stage were highly qualified staff, supporting dynamic persuasive leaders, and MSU sport fans, Johnn Hannah and Oscar Olander. Olander we at his peak of influence in Michigan police circles, and Hannah was just entering the adlninistrative arena where his nane and Michigan State University (DBU) would becone nearly synnonymous. It should be nnoted here, that the Crime Conmission's resolution did nnot mention anything about developing a degree progran. The goal we to provide scientific police training. Wnat the exact nature of the staff attitudes going into this meeting might have been we do not know, but the results reported fronn that meeting put police education and training on a higher level than anywhere in the United States. The vital points 60 were sumnnarized by Dean Huston e follows: The greuates of tie course be, first of all well trained college men with fundamental training in English and the sciences — both physical and social. That over-specialization be avoided in the first three years of training. 'I'nnat students be given instruction in criminal law and criminal evidence. 'lhat...the third years of training be given to a general survey in Police Science and Police Administration. That after approximately three years of training at the college...intensive training at the State Police...along special line for which his earlier training has fitted him. That four years of Military Selene be required so the student may becone trained in military discipline.. .41 And so the die was cast. Michigan State College was to provide another service to tie State in tl'e form of an academic program, and the Michigan State Police would provide needed training to the entire police service. Both organizations achieved objective relating to their respective missions. Onne interesting side play in this drama was a simple, but important conpranise reached by tle two organizations. Olander's State Police would provide roon and board for students during their field training, and the State Board of Agriculture, led by Hannah would waive the tuition for the last two courses of military science. 42 The State Board of Agriculture approved the program on July 13; faculty approved on July 23; and, the final go—ahead was given by the Crine Conmission, State Police and the College on July 31, 1935. In Septenber, 1935, twenty eight Freshmen, and eleven Sophonores and 61 Juniors who had transferred fron other programs entered this new landnark progran. 43 VII. 1936-1941 THE DEVELOPER PRCBRAM Brenner The First Director On the day the Board of Agriculture approved the Police Adnninistration Progran, July 31, 1935, they also naned Donald Julian Brenner e the first director. Brenner was still employed by the College and while tne board did not identify the position they approved an additional $2,500 in salary for his extra duties e Director of the Police Adninistration Program. 1 It seens clear however, that he was still Chief of Cannpus Police. The State Journal, in an article about his passing the Michigan Bar Exannination in the spring of 1935, stated that he was Chief of the Campus Police Department at tne time he passed tne bar exanination, and that the department "included a group of patrolmen and watcnmnen." The results of tie bar exanination were made public May 27, 1935. A total of 147 people took the exanination. Brenner and six other local residents were anong the 89 persons wne passed the test. Brenner's appointment cane without the conplicated search process often esociated with present hiring procedure. Tl'e fact is, however, his credentials net the highest standards of the times and would have been hard to meet by a nationwide search. He cane fronn a rural farnnn background that fit well into the philosophy of an agriculturally donninated college. He possessed ten years of solid pol ice experience during sons of the most trying times in recent police history, a degree 62 63 in business ministration with an interest in personnel administration, cannpus police and adnninistrative experience, and a proven ability to get along well with students and college officials. Finally, he gained a license to practice law under the tutelage of a judge with the highest standing in Michigan legal circles. These achievennents totaled to high standards by any measurement. His appointment also kept with the goal of land grant colleges by bringing in the proper mix of experience and elucational qualifications. Recruiting Students Tie financial situation for government and institutions in 1935 we net a rosy one. State Police training funds had been cut back, and the Michigan legislature cut $300,000 fronn the Michigan State College budget. 3 President Snaw's support of the new progran was a vote of confidence in his staff people wne worked so hard to bring the program on line. 'lhe program was approved too late to be included in the 1935 catalog so ad hoc pronotion we required on the part of college faculty and advisors. The nsinspring in this effort was Dean Ralph C. Huston, whose Division of Amlied Science hai been selected to manage the Police Administration Program. There were two nnain reasons why Huston's division we tie most appropriate one to house this new idea. First, the 1930's brought with it the notion that science could solve nest of tie problens of life on this planet. The 1933, world's fair in Chicago had developed the thene of ”The Century of Progress” wherein the main focus had been on tine scientific achievennents of the past 100 years and 4 how they would solve the next generation's problens. The past five years had been extrennely fruitful in the area of scientific aids to 64 crime solving. It was a logical and connen sensical approach to have future police officers and leaders trained in the scientific method and the science of the times. Second, and perhaps equally important was the fact that tne physical education progran we also under tne supervision of the Division of Applied Science. This gave Huston contact with college athletes who doninated the early police adninistration cleses. Sone students, such e Arthur Brandstatter, made the switch e soon e tl'e opportunity cane along; he had already becane enanored with police work while sweeping out the detective bureau at State Police Healquarters, a job, e noted previously, that had been created by Conmissioner Olander to support nnenbers of the football teann. Other students transferred because their advisors told then they stood a better chance for ‘ enploynnent in police work than in their, current majors. Robert Bouck, class of '39, we an exanple of this netted of recruitment. He was an engineering student and well on his way to his degree. Engineers were not being enployed in 1935 and the end of the depression was newhere in sight. His advisor told him there would be little chance for him to get a job in his chosen field and, witneut any real basis for such advice, told hinn he would do better in law enforcenent. Bouck he had an extrenely fruitful career in law enforcenent, but when discussing the incident recently, noted with good humor, that at the start of World War II engineers cane into great denand. 5 Other students such e Coy Bcklund, who already had his eyes set on his future career goals, may have selected the police adninistration course to gain wider experience in an area close to his chosen field. Bcklund, wle we described by one of his contenporaries e a ”real 6S entrepreneur fron the start", was selling insurance while attending college. He stayed with insurance and becane president of a major American insurance company. 6 Hardly any canpus attention was drawn to the Police Administration Progran e it we developed during tl'e spring of 1935. But, when students returned to school in the fall, it nnade the front page of the State News with huncrous, but very supportive treatment. Frederick C. Olds'well researched article said students in the progran would graduate with tlne title of "Police Adninistrator". This may have been a bit of wishful thinking on the part of a prospective student, but it did reflect the adninistration's tepe for tie future graduate. Olds went on to point out the broad based education that the future officers would receive and then advised future traffic violators not to be surprised if “you find your traffic ticket written up in perfectly rhymed Spencerian stanza.” He also included a very‘ perceptive statenent fronn Director Brener who said, “While police training was an innovation in educational circle, there he been a definite need for such trained men and other colleges undoubtedly will install similar courses in the future." 7 In October 1935, Michigan State hosted tne Michigan Crime Conference at the Union Building ad, e mentioned earlier, was well represented by Dean Huston. Huston, e a division adnninistrator, was ever conscious of cost. He took pains to point out that tne police progran had been started witneut any extra cost to the college. mile this may have resulted fron some, in todays terms, " creative budgeting", most of the course were taught by currently ennployed instuctors and by free instruction fron the State Police. In fact it we tne tl‘e State Police who were being ”creative" 66 with their budget. As the Board of Agriculture records indicate, the State Police not only esigned their people e instructors, at re cost, but transferred nenney to the college for part of Brenner's salary. While this kind of maneuvering might seen a little strange today, it gives testineny to what can be acconplished when adnninistrators and politicians see eye to eye on a progran. After all, this progran included e co-sponsor a Crine Conmission made Le of legislators and led by tne Attorney General. They had to make it work, and a suggestion fron Olander to transfer funds or personnel would have re opposition. August Vollmer, had struggled for years to interest tne universities in police education, ad with some considerable success. Yet he had never been able to put together such a coalition of interests e gathered together for the Michigan State progran. A Anether enall but vital incentive for prospective law enforcenent students was the possibility of financial aid. In discussing the acadenic progran, Robert Bouck described Brener e very effective in the teaching of criminal law and willing to esist students when possible. Brener's other college dutie required him to deal with traffic problens during football games, Farmers Week, and other campus events. Law enforcenent students were called upon to help and also gain experience. Brener made Bouck a supervisor in the traffic detail at the handsone salary of 50 cents per noun. 8 The Academic Progran Sciennce and Art. Fron 1935 until World War II, the Police Adnin- istration Program was the closest approximation to a police West Point progran ever to be developed in the United State. The West Coast schools led by San Jose State were nere interested in entry level 67 training, whereas Michigan State was clearly proposing a school for leaders and adninistrators. It was a very conplex program when one considers the regimen of five years of full time work to canplete a bachelor degree, e contrasted with the normal four year duration of nest prograns. There were three strong dimensions that contributed to this connplexity: first, the heavy concentration on the physical sciences; second, the full four year progran in ROTC leading to a Reserve Officer Conmission: and third, the clesroon and extended field training in police work. There is also sone evidence to suggest that the germ of lateral entry was in the minds of sone police administrators e the original field training students were pronised, but never granted, an Honorary kserve Conmission in the Michigan State Police. Even thongh the police structure did not accept this idea, the early graduate did move to top positions very quickly. The Division of Applied Sciences, led by an experienced acadenic leader and research scientist, we hone base for the Police Progran. Dean Ralph C. Huston, Ph.D., cane to Michigan State in 1911, e an esistant professor of Chenistry. By 1925, is we Professor of Organic and Bio-Chenistry, and in 1930 he was appointed Dean of the Division of Anpl ied Science. The departments of Botany, Chenistry, Entonology, Geology, Physics, Physical Education, Physiology, and Zoology were all under his direction. Four prograns led to a Bachelor of Science Degree: Applied Science, Physical Education for Men and Wonen, and Police Adninistration. Tl'e intention of tne Applied Science course we to provide a "sound fundanental knnowledge of the sciences”...and the application of tie science in tie fields of industry, agriculture, and 68 the arts.” Authors of the 1939 college yearbook, the Wolverine, said the new Police Progran we growing and lauded the cooperation with the State Police. Graduate were said to be "placed with federal, state, municipal, or industrial police force, usually in the capacity of technical experts.” 9 The original police concentration included five formal courses in addition to the field experience requirenents: they can be broken down into two general aree, law ad police operations. Two criminal law course were offered: criminal law and criminal evidence. These two courses have remained e a fundanental core of the program to this date (1985). Tie quality of tie legal instruction he always been a hallmark of the Michigan State progran and becane a standard adopted by other leading schools of police adninistration and criminal justice. Brener taught the first law classes, and with the exception of one year during a chage in tl'e progran, the law course have always been taught by law school graduates. The Police Science courses, later called Police Adnninistration, require more than a cursory exanination to gain an understanding of the conceptual foundation they offered. Care must also be taken net to attenpt a direct conparison between 1935, and 1985. A more appropriate conparison might be to conpare these two eds of the continuunn with the epistenelogical state of police science and adninistration existing during each time frame. In other words, to what extent did the courses in 1935 deliver state of the art knowledge and theory in conparison to that delivered in any other time periods including 1985? While it is not tre intent of this research to make such a time line 69 conparison, it is important to keep the time dimension in mind as a closer look is taken of the 1935 progran. The first police operational course were designated e Police Science 301, 302, and 303. McNamara and Strecher cited former School Director Arthur Brandstatter, fronn an earlier study, e indicating that these courses were "related to skills and police procedural matters", and that no public adninistration concepts were included unntil the progran revision of 1946 - 48 the period when re becane director of tie progran. Ttey did note newever, that "police administration predated public administration on the Michigan State Canpus" and that ”Today's (1976) conmonplace elenents of police ministration, traceable to O.W. Wilson's initial textbook, were still to be develOped." Strecher concluded that 'tle linkage of police ministration and public ministration clearly had not taken place.“ 10 Based on information other than prograns and textbooks, that conclusion may net be fully justified. One student in the pre-World War II progran advised that the one serious drawback to the police course we tie lack of textbooks; yet another 1939 graduate, Robert Bouck, recited fron menory sons of the text books he had real on technical subjects such e fingerprints and ballistics. 11 The differences in recollections may well be related to tie particular interest of the student. Bouck, a fornner engineering student, was probably nere taken up with technical issues where nere infonnation we published, wheree others were more interested in administration. The three Police Science courses can be better understood if adninistrative and technical concepts can be viewed apart fron each other. Administrative Concepts. O.W. Wilson's text was indeed a nenonental 70 step forward because it put on paper his experience and thoughts e well e tre idee he had gained fron his mentor, Angust Vollmer. The Michigan police officials teaching administration to Michigan State students shared much tne sane value base of professional ism, integrity, and training e Vollmer and Wilson, but they were net so inclined to put tne concepts and principle that guided their actions into print. The State Police instructors were experienced police and public adninistrators. They were operating on concepts gleaned fronn the field by trial and error, esociation with other business and public leaders and tie available literature. Olander was a master bureaucratic politician, — able to survive several governors of both pantie, and successfully defeating constant threats to the life of the State Police organization. Eventually he gained solid support fron municipal and county police agencie, the extent to which has never been dniplicated by his successors. His relationship with legislators we a regular one. For exanple, be we a regular at the bull session table at the former Olds Hotel in Lansing where legislative deals were reputedly cut e often e in the halls of the capitol building. Legend has it that, as opposed to many adnninistrators, when tne check cane l-e paid his share, so e not to be "in the pocket” of legislators and lobbyists. 12 He we able to doninate tne State Police organization in a way similar to that which Hoover did in the FBI, but in a much nere open and decentralized fashion. He seldon interfered with the work of subordinate once they were appointed, ad many field officers in his later administrative years criticized him for his lack of field leadership, e opposed to sons of the nere colorful unniform division 71 leaders. During the corrupt times of the 1930's Olander, at the request of local authoritie, had menbers of tie department sworn in e police chiefs of these troubled cities unntil the city fathers could gain control of the situation. In one of these situations a State Police officer acted e chief of police for the city of Hantrannck for several nentl's when tie entire city government we found to be corrupt. One of Olander's close esociates, who was similar in his service orientation to pol icing, but much more given to colorful speeche and actions, was Caesar J. Scavarda. In the late 1920's he resigned his State Police position and becane the chief of the Flint Police Department. He then did a turn e Flint City Manager before returning e director of training for tie State Police where he played an influential role in the development of the Police Adnninistration Program at Michigan State. After retirenent, Scavarda we recruited by the United State State Departnnnent and becane Director of Public Safety for West Berlin under tle occupation force. 13 Olander and his Chief of Detectives Harold Mulbar were also requested by Us State Departnnent to study rural policing in Japan ad make reconmendations. Their service style of policing was accepted by the Japanese Government while a nere rigid systen proposed by a retired New York City Conmissioner was rejected. After retiring, Milbar returned to Japan e a police consultant and died in that country. 1'4 Olander's concepts of service and cooperation extended to the decisions as to where State Police posts should be established. Conplaints about traffic problens and criminal activity contributed to these decisions, but local posts were not established unless there we 72 visible support ad an invitation from the local conmunities. He would not reconmend a new post unlee tl'e local jurisdiction would furnish to the state a location ad a building to reuse the operation. He knew that when the local taxpayers bought into the systen they would appreciate the good service ad would be nere forgiving of bad incidents than if 1e hal imposed his will on tne area, based on crime statistics. Early in 1930, citizens in the Reed City area eked the State Police to establish a post in their area. Olander said is would help then out if they would purchase a police vehicle and provide an office ad sleeping quarters for tie officers. On July 1, 1930, tie citizens agreed to the proposal and one week later officers had been sent to the area and a post established. 15 Auget Vollmer was interested in the idea of police radio —- Michigan made police radio a reality. The Detroit Police Department had been one of the first cities in the nation to use police radio on a regular basis. But, to meet tne Federal Radio Connission (FRC) rules they were supposed to provide time for entertainment. The Detroit Police radio station KOP met this requirenent by broadcasting a line of Yankee Doodle prior to broadcasting nessages to their officers. The State Police picked no the idea and Olander convinced not only tl'e state legislature to appropriate neney for the project, but obtained pledges of money fron the Michigan Bankers Association; he told then it would help cut down bank robbery. On this point he nnade good. The police radio and a new blockade systen devised by Lt. Van Leonie, cut Michigan bank robberies to zero in one year, while the FBI was being frustrated in their attenpt to catch John Dillinger. 15 Michigan had the first state wide police radio systen in the United 73 States, but they had to fight a FRC determined net to let the police have a dedicated channel. Olander esigned Captain Leonard, wne had earned a law degree, to esist Attorney General Wilbur Brucker in the preparation of a proposal for Governor Fred Green. When the FRC resisted, Green then declared that he was going ahead with the police radio schene regardless of tne decision of tne FRC. Tie Federal Radio commission threatened to jail the Michigan Governor if he let the state operate a radio without their permission. Governor Green countered by stating he would arrest anyone who interfered with the police authority of the State. The Federal Radio commission caved in; following Michigan's lead other states quickly developed their own plans for state wide police radio. 17 This openness of administration, trust of subordinates and delegation of considerable autononny to conplete a job we effective, but it had its drawbacks. mile Olander was in Japan for the State Departnnent, a grand jury indicted one of his top adnninistrators for ganbling graft. This officer, Captain Lawrence Lyons, was sent to prison for his part in accepting bribe in the Inghan and Oakland and 'Wayne county areas. Olander had tried to fire Captain Lawrence Lyons several years before, but his style of managenent had allowed Lyons to gain political support to the extent that Olander could net fire him. then Lyons was canght 'dirty", Olander we held responsible by Kim Sigler, a reform talking Governor. 18 Olander resigned rather than take his case to the Supreme Court. He we succeeded by Donald S. Leonard wl'e had been given a free hand by Olander to carry out duties for the State Police consistent with his law 74 training. But, Leonard had used the authority to build his own political power base. Leonard cane to power e Governor Kim Sigler's ”Mr. Clean”, and made sweeping changes in the State Police organization. 19 Leonard clearly wanted to be Conmissioner, and it was also clear that Olander had been preparing him for tte job. Olander, however, we only 46 years old and even after 20 years e Conmissioner, showed ne intention of retiring. He had legislative tenure and could not be fired except by impeachment by the Muchigan Supreme Court. Leonard could not wait and the Lyons affair gave him his opportunity. Leonard did net like civilian experts ad the informal nethods of Olander. He was much in the mold of J. Edgar Hoover and the professional nedel of O.W. Wilson. He was less trusting than Olander and tried to professionalize police work throngh regulation and control of discretion. Both Leonard and Olander were dedicated and tenest adninistrators wte wanted tte best for Michigan and tte State Police, but their contrasting styles make interesting studies in administration and theorie regarding tte relationship between tte police and the policed. One officer pit it this way "Leonard was e hard e Olander was soft.“ 20 The irony of this historical clash of style is that today the O.W. Wilson - Donald Leonard closed type of adninistration is no longer the accepted nedel. More attention is being paid to the Vollmer professional model and the people oriented model of Oscar Olander. This brief encounter with the ctnanging State Police philosophy is important to this study because of tie State Police impact on early police administration students and the changing relationship between the 75 college and the State Police e each developed a new identity in the 1950's and 60's. One of the nnost colorful and service oriented officers in the State Police we Ceasar Scavarda. He had more direct impact on the teaching of Olander's concepts than any other instructor. In fact, Captain Scavarda we teaching “race relations" to MSC graduate in 1946, nearly ten years before the first police-conmunity relations seminar came to campus. 21 We can be esured that these service oriented, conmunnity based concepts were being taught in tte police adninistration course in 1938 by State Police instructors, but they were overshadowed by the nere formal classe of tte ROTC progran and tte lack of reducing these concepts to stated propositions . Scavarda ad his other state pol ice instructors taught the service orientation e a matter of pol icy .rather than concepts; conmands e to what to do were taught, rather than entertaining scholarly discussions of tte conceptual basis for their conmunity based policie. Today we can forgive then for their nesnnerizing nethods used to develop courteous people oriented police adninistrators, rather than publishing their concepts in text books. Tectnnnical Concept_s. In the technical area, books did exist ad students were required to study texts on firearns, fingerprinting, and criminal invetigation. Here again the best learning resulted fron student interaction with instructors wte were real experts in their fields. The 1943, catalog was the first to identify the State Police instructors in tte progran, tewever, a 1939 MSC Bulletin described the program ad listed mowers of the State Police used to teach in the 76 program. Sone of the nnenbers of the State Police team were technically oriented and others had a bent for administration. Two of the instructors in 1939, Joseph Childs and Donald Leonard rose in the ranks to becane head of the department. Others were pioneers in technical areas of police work and could offer students state of the art information on fingerprints, records, canmunications, and public relations. The‘Traininngirector. The team was led by Captain ceasar J. Scavarda. Scavarda was born in 1900 in upper Michigan and joined tte Michigan State Troops at a very young age. He always claimed he was only sixteen years old at tte time and hal given tte wrong age in order to be accepted. He stayed in the organization when it becane the Michigan State Police. In the later part of the 1920's te left tte State Police and became Chief of Police for the City of Flint. It was during this time that he we on tte training conmittee for tte Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police. He then spent about two years as City Manager of Flint and returned to the Michigan State Police as Captain and Director of Training in 1934. Scavarda was an outspoken supporter of police training and hal witnessed the rise and fall of tte early efforts to develop state wide police training. Scavarda was a strong supporter of the people oriented police philosophy of Oscar Olander and very proud of tte work of tte State Police. He also had some family competition in the police business as his brother we a Captain on tte Lansing Police Department during the same years and held a command officer's rank perhaps longer than anyone in tte history of the Lansing Police Departnnent. 22 Olander and Scavarda were an interesting study in opposites. mile Olander was the 77 quiet business like persuader of legislators and governors, Scavarda was a more direct action oriented person displaying tte stereotypical emotionalism of second generation Italians. He was a tough disciplinarian and hai two professional subjects that could stir fron him a storm of colorful language to show his displeeure. One was crooked police officers, and the second after his experiences in Flint - politicians. The later developed when he had to fight hard to clear his nane during a political investigation of Flint corruption. 23 In spite of their differing personalities the two leaders teaned up to provide training and discipline based on a philosophy of police as courteous service—f0cused representatives of the people. Scavarda we an avid hunter and a very sociable person to have in camp. He could tell stories with the best about the exploits of police officers. An interesting sidelight to this is the fact that he seldom related gossip about State Police administrative problems to his non-police friends. 24 Scavarda lectured to Michigan State students on race relations, police courtey, managenent, honesty, and dedication to tte pol ice profession. In addition, he managed the field esignnnents of student officers and encouraged then in their pursuit of jobs. When Robert Bouck 39' was considering an offer from the Secret Service, Scavarda, in spite of his loyalty to tte State Police, encouraged tte young graduate to go with the Federal governnnnennt. Bouck recalls him saying that the Secret Service job paid nere than te received e a Captain. Bouck we never sure that it was true, but he took the advice and never regreted it. Dining the 1930's, the nnotorcycle was a major mode of transportation 78 for patrol officers in the State Police. Chasing Speeders over bad roads and in all kinds of weather on a motorcycle, we dangerous business, ad took a terrible toll on officers of the State Police. Scavarda we concerned about this problen and apparently saw tte need to make change in this type of patrol on the open highways. He once saw student Brandstatter trying to learn tnow to ride a motorcycle. He asked Brandstatter wtnat he was trying to do. Brandstatter advised him that he wanted to learn to ride because te tteught that we what a good police officer should be able to do. Scavarda then told him a series of ”war storie" about officers wte hal been killed or injured for life on bikes ad advised him that if he wanted to avoid such a fate he should never let anyone knew te could handle a motorcycle. Brandstatter never did, and was forever grateful for the advice. Brandstatter had the chance to return tte favor over ten years later. In 1950, Brandstatter, then Campus Police Chief and Director of the Department of Police Adninistration, we offered the job e Police Chief for tie Allied section of occupied Berlin. John Hannah did not think it appropriate for Brandstatter to take tte leave fronn Michigan State. Brandstatter reconmeded Scavarda for the job. Scavarda had retired in 1948 and was working as a public relations officer for the Michigan Trucking Association, but he missed police work. He took the job in Berlin and died there in 1955. 25 Scavarda and other members of Olander's staff had, on many occasions over tte years, been called on to help with managenent problens in local police departnnents. They had also esisted a number of state in tte developnent of state police organizations. This, coupled with his city experience in Flint, convinced him that supporting 79 the educational program at Michigan State was an effective and efficient way to help improve law enforcenent on a wider base than could be effected by the State Police acting alone. He worked tirelessly to further the goals of the Police Adninistration Program. It is quite likely that he treated the students similar to State Police recruits when indoctrinating then into the ethics of tenesty and public service. If te could net win with logic he could strike terror in tte hearts of recruits with description of Hades for anyone wtno did net live up to his vision of a police officer. Several persons were interviewed wtno had known Scavarda and, in every case, the nention of his nane brought forth a sense of mirth when recalling this colorful, friendly, passionate supporter of tte State Police idea of training and education for all police. When Olander we fired by Governor Kim Zigler in January of 1947, for net detecting the graft involving his second in conmand, Scavarda like nest officers in tte State Police felt a deep sense of betrayal. However, Scarvada displayed his loyalty to Olander and an attitude of understanding in his typical manner. In response to a question of tow Olander could let Lyons get into the inner circle of administration, he replied, ”When tte Lord picked his twelve apostle, he ended up with Judas -- can we expect nere of a police conmissioner?” 26 Major Instructors. Donald S. Leonard we another member of tte teaching staff in 1939. It is doubtful if he spent a lot of time with the clese because te we, at that tine, Captain and conmanding officer of the Detroit District. Leonard had joined the Troops a short time after Olander , but e a young trooper had suffered a motorcycle accident that required his esignment to non-hazardous duty. He was one of the few 80 entering police work at that time with a college degree; and with the permission of Conmissioner Harry Jackson, he we allowed to do office work at the Detroit Post and attend law school. 27 He was an excellent student and after passing tte bar renained with tte State Police. He was active in the pronotion of police training and represented Michigan before the FR: hearings, tte victory bringing state wide police radio to all state. He becane an expert in Civil Defense during World War II. He tanght tte criminal law to State Police recruits and would have been an innnpressive addition to the lecture staff of any college. After retirenent te served e Detroit Police Conmissioner and later still e a Recorders Court Judge. As a politician, tewever, he was no match for tte popular G. Mennen 'Soapy" Willians when te made a runn for the governor's office. Annottner dedicated but ten-pol itical pol ice officer teaching in these early clese we Joseph Childs. Childs cane to through the ranks by specializing in traffic control. In 1939, he was in operators license adninistration. He we a serious non-dramatic speaker who we an expert on his subject and did nnnch to further the cause of traffic safety adninistration in tte State of Michigan. After tte Michigan prison riots in 1952, Leonard retired fron the State Police and Governor Williams selected tte more mild mannered Childs to lead tte departnnnent. Conmissioner Childs conmaded the State Pol ice during one of the most dranatic expansions in its history. It we based on tte idea of cutting down traffic accidents with enforcenent action. The students at Michigan State were being taught by a true leader in the field of traffic safety. Lieutenant Harold F. Mnlbar was a respected nember of Olander's tean 81 in the field of criminal investigation. A non-scientist himself, he did muctn to support tte idea of scientific crinne detection. Later in 1946, te was selected by General MacArthur's staff to go to Japan with Olander to advise then on rural police operations. He gained the respect of the Japanese and, after retiring fron the State Police, returned to Japan to work and to retire. Oe of the technical experts who put Michigan ahead in criminal investigation we Sgt. Lenny Snith. Firearns identification e an important and court accepted practice was fairly new in the 1930's. Sgt. Snith we at tte leading edge of this technique. Students attending his sessions would cone away with the latest knowlege in this area. While they ttnenselve would not be experts, ttey would knew enongh about the area to be able to ennploy such expertise in departnnents ttey would later adninister. Of all the experts that the State Police had to parade before the Michigan State students in 1939 none had becane e legendary e Captain Ira H. Marmon head of the Bureau of Criminal Investigation and Identification. As a trooper he had becone interested in the possibilities of fingerprint identification and started his own personal file of prints. Tradition had it that te kept this file in a box under his barracks bed, and e interest grew in his work other officers ad departments started sending him prints; thus the State Police identification bureau was born. 28 Marnen's influence on fingerprint identification we an important part of tte progran and offered real state of the art expertise, as his operation pro-dated the identification bureau of tie FBI. James E. Enyart was Olander's Chief Clerk (Director of Business 82 Adnninistration). He was tutored under Olander who had been the Clerk for Colonel Vandercook, tte first Connissioner of State Police. Ernyart was a civilian enployee, but held in high regard by the sworn personnel because of his constant interest in their welfare. 29 He we knewn for his tight nenetary control and his ability to save btdgeted funds so they could be transferred to aree of need. In other words, he got the state their nneney's worth fron funds sent. to the State Police. Part of Olander's success with tte legislature can be attributed to his accurate accounting of funds ad tenet presentations to elected officials. Dr. LeMoyne Snyder we, e he been pointed out, associated with the State Police e their Medicolegal Director. He was the first person in any United State police departnnent with this title. In 1933, Olander had put him on an annual retainer to work for the State Police. In 1938, Snyder proposed a medical exaniner systen for Michigan, but failed to win legislative approval. 30 Then in 1948, he urged the consolidation of tte State Police and State Health Department crime labs—a fact that has been finally acconplished in recent years. Olander we very receptive to Snyder's idee of expanding tte crime lab, however, his successor Donald Leonard was net technically oriented and we quite upset when Snyder pointed to tte lack of progress in tte lab 31 operation. Leonard soon found an excuse to cancel Snyder's contract with ttne State Police, an act that met with severe criticisn fron the Michigan Press, and a local prosecutor. 32 Snyder went on to international fame in the area of honicide investigation. His reconmendations for crime lab development were 30 years in advance of his time, and another exanple of tte forward thinking instruction presented police students in 1939. 83 Snyder was an exannple of civilian expertise that Olander would bring in when te tteught it would help his organization. Other exanples included a radio egineer he hired away fron the connpany that installed tte state wide radio systen, and Orin Lucus, who we an expert in highway safety statistics. These and other sworn and civilian experts were included in tte instructional progran when required. The 1939, “Police Adninistration Bulletin" also listed the nanes of Detroit Police Conmissioner Heinrich A. Pickert, Superintendent Fred W. Frahnn, ad Director of Police Training, Lieutenant Claude Bronme. Detroit we involved in the internship progran and this listing recognized their participation. Honines Legis Organized The Police Adnninistration students organized a professional fraternity in April of 1938. The fraternity was open to police students wte had gained junior status. T'tey called tte organization Honines Legis (Men of the Law). The stated pinpose of the fraternity was to “instill in its menbers a greater interest in scientific police work and ministration, and to facilitate and pronote cooperation and fellowship anong then and between menbers and those men wte have already made their mark in the field of ministration of police activities.” Part of their format we to invite local police authoritie to speak at the meetings and to travel to various departnnents to view "the practical application of what he been learned in tte class noon." 33 Forty-five students joined ad elected officers e follows: F. H. Backstron, Conmissioner: C.L. Jenson, Captain: C.J. Hanilton, Desk Sergeant: M.J. lbckwell, Sergeant - at - Arms. Faculty Advisors were D.J. Brener and Dean R.C. Huston. This we clearly tte first law 84 enforcenent fraternity in the nation and was to remain active until the end of 1942, when tte war depleted tte Police Adninistration Progran. After the war Honines Legis was not reconstituted. The origin of the fraternity is not clear, but it must be renenbered that Brener had been a menber of a very strong fraternity and may have influenced the students in that direction. In 1940, the fraternity changed its nnenbership rules and opened it to sophomore with at least a 1.2 average on a 3.0 scale. One of the purposes enplained in the 1941 yearbook was to foster contacts with future enployers: it appears that this effort did lead to jobs. In 1941, the fraternity showed its appreciation to the State Police by granting honorary menbership to several officers. 34 Selling of the Graduates The Police Adninistration Progran hal been started, in part, because police ad college officials had projected the idea that there would be a market for educated police candidate. Therefore, considerable effort was expended to make this projection a reality. Starting with the 1939 greuating class, tte college produced a brochure to be sent out to all prospective enployers. A graduation picture ad a brief listing of the activitie of each student we included and enployers were instructed to 35 This call the College or Conmissioner Olander for nere information. tactic worked very well, e it put tte graduate into direct contact with the professional network. Ibbert Bouck was a good example of tow it worked. Olander's office had sponsored him for a position and further study at the Traffic Institute at Northwestern University. His background in engineering would have made him a natural for this position. In the neantine the U.S. Secret Service had heard about the 85 program through the brochure or other neans and had written Olander eking about tte progran and if tne could reconmend anyone. Olander reconmeded Bouck ad, e stated before, Scavarda influenced Bouck in that direction. There were only 200 agents in tte Secret Service when Bouck joined. With the United States entry into World War II, the organization grew very fast and Bouck soon found himself in charge of personnel. He hired so many nnen fronn Michigan State that he was charged in a friendly manner e having created a Michigan State Club. He we responsible for hiring H. Stuart Knight who just recently retired e Director of tte Service. 36 Up to 1941, nearly all of the Police Adninistration graduates were hired prior to graluation so that tte predictions of tte progran developers were justified. World War II changed the entire College e it changed everything else in tte world. In 1941, the entire graduating class was called to active duty. Austin VanStratt said that te and six other graduate had joined the State Police after graduation in 1940, ad were all called into the service. He we tte only one wte returned to tte State Police after the war. The others stayed in the military or found other jobs. He retired fron ASP and new teache Criminal Justice at Northwestern Michigan College at Traverse City. 37 Conclusion 1935 - 41 In April of 1941, Brener resigned his position with tie College to take a security job at the Rec factory in Lansing. In July, Ton King we appointed to direct tte progran along with his other adninistrative duties. The first pnase of the progran had eded. Brener was involved with security for nest of tte war years, during which te we a 86 consultant for security at air installations. The end of World War II found hinn in Indianapolis, Indiana. In tte early 1950's he returned to the enall town of Holly, Michigan, which is a short distance fron his boyhood hone in Howell. He became the Chief of Police and tte City Attorney. All te lacked for a clean sweep of the criminal justice systen we an appointment e tte judge. Brener's days e police chief in Holly must have taken him back to the roaring twenties and his experience chasing bootleggers, because just outside Holly we a resort 38 Red was a friend of Joe runn by the notorious ganbler led Allen. Louis and later Muhanmad Ali, and in tte early 1950's people conning to the resort caused considerable trouble in Holly. Brenner called Allen to his office and told him everyone we welcone in town, but if tte trouble did not stop te would make it hard on Allen even though he was outside tte Holly jurisdiction. After that Allen enforced tte rule and there was re nere trouble in Holly. Eventually Brener's law practice picked up and he becane a respected member of the Genessee County Bar. He died there in 1965. 39 VIII. 1941 - 46 The War Years Ton King: ”Banking the Coals" Police work prior to World War II and for many years after was, by custonn and law, a man's world. Tte type of men qualified for the progran were all taken into the military, and in 1945, there were re graduate fron tte progran. T'te person responsible for keeping the progran alive was former football coach and administrative specialist Ton King. Ton King was born in 1896. He graduated in 1918, fronn Notre Dame where te played football under Knute Rockne. He coached high school football at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1924, and the next year went to the University of Louisville, where te had winning teans. He also coached basketball at U of L and produced chanpionship teens in 1928 ad '29. While at tte University of Louisville te found time to study law and. earned his LLB in 1928. He cane to Michigan State e an esistant football coach under Charle Bactman in 1933. In 1940, te left athletics for aoninistrative work. During the war years and shortly thereafter he could be called a ”firehouse aoninistrator" for tte many jobs he held. He performed outstanding service in all cases. In 1941, he was appointed Head of the Department of Applied Science, Professor of Law, and Professor and Aoninistrator of the Police Administration Course. In 1942, while keeping these positions, te we appointed Director of Placenent, and in 87 88 1944, Director of the Personnel Office was added to his duties. In 1948, te ended no with one job — Dean of Students. He worked in the alumni Office fron 1964 until his retirenent in July of 1966. After retiring fron Michigan State, King and his wife moved back to Louisville where te was soon involved in telping to raise neney for football scholarships. In 1968 te we U of L's consultant in alunnni relations. He died in Louisville January 4, 1972, at the age of 76. 1 The records indicate that King's role in tte Police Aoninistration Course was mainly one of keeping it going unntil the nen returned fron the war. MSU President Eneritus Jotnnn Hannah alluded to this suggestion in a recent interview. King did, tewever, teach the criminal law courses until 1947 , and because of his other jobs we effective in placing students. It was not King's style, tewever, to be just a caretaker, and he was looking for ways to expand tte progran during tte low tide of World War II. The war had hurt the progran in addition to the call no of nearly all able bodied men. Because of tte tie to tte ROTC progran, the stronger nere regulations kept the numbers low. Fronn 1941 on, students were required to earn "a 1.5 point-credit ratio in basic Military Science to be selected for advanced Military Science by the President of tie College or his representative, and the Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Students also had to pass the standard State Police physical exanination and be at least 5' 10" tall and weigh at leet 160 pounds. This cut the progran even nere than the military drafts. It is obvious that tte catalog descriptions and facts about tte progran were not updated until the Brandstatter era. The catalog was still stating, in 1946, that tte progran included tte cooperation of tte Crime 89 Conmission. 3 The fact is that the Crime Conmission, which helped start tte progran, ha] not existed since tte end of 1939. College Reorganization During the 1944-45 year a major college reorganization took place with the developnent of the Scteol of Business and Public Service. The new School we divided into departnnents whictn included: Business Adninistration, Hotel Aoninistration, Journalisnn, Physical Education, Police Adninistration, Public Adnninistration, and Social Service. 4 In 1945, while the program was at low ebb, Ton King, trying to cone up with ways to maintain tte progran and extend its practical service to the police conmunity, suggeted a short course progran for recruit training and refresher course. 5 This idea we placed on tte back burner, but cane into being in a major way during his successor's‘ tenure. With the end of the war and the enactnnent of the GI Bill of Rights, returning service personnel streaned to tte canpise. College all over the nnation were short of clesroon and dormitory space to say nothing of married teusing to acconedate returning servicenen, their wive and children. Michigan State, thanks to the insight of President John Herman and his staff we reaiy for tte crush. IX. 1946-1956: THE SUPERSTRUCI'URE DEVELOPS: IDENI'ITY ISSCIEHT Arthur Brandstatter Returns to Michigan State Tte first Police Adnninistration students graduated in 1938. Arthur Brandstatter was one of the three who graduated that year: he took a job e a Detroit police officer. His fellow graiuate were Edgar Jone and Ralph Orcutt. Brandstatter was born in McKee Rack, Pennsylvania, and later neved with his parents to Ecorse, Michigan, where he becane a high school football star. His athletic ability gained the attention of Agriculture Extension agent Jotnnn Hannah wte recruited him for Michigan State. 1 when Hannah becane Secretary to the Board of Agriculture in January of 1935, he was still single; he sub-let a roonn in his house to Brandstatter . 2 As Brandstatter progressed fronn promising freshman to an established football star, Oscar Olander maintained his interest in the football player, who had started his law enforcenent career cleaning tte State Police Detective Bureau. Both Olander and Hannah were to have a profound influence on Brandstatter's future career at Michigan State. During his last year on canpus 1936-37, Brandstatter we a menber of the non: Cavalry Unit ad Secretary-Treeurer of the ABC Varsity Club. Tte Varsity Club menbers not only played good football, but knew tew to party e well. They were credited that year with putting on "one of the 90 91 best formal parties of the winter term with ”Blue Barron and His Syncopating Sons." 3 Brandstatter's next year was spent in the ASP field training program and after that tte Detroit Police Department. As we the case with other Police Administration graduates he was called up for active duty in World War II and esigned to Military Police duty. In 1944, Art was sent to Ctnicago to attend Security Intelligence School. Clese were held at Chicago Wonen's Club on 11th St. The instructor in charge was Major Robert H. Scott of the Provost Marshal General's office. Brandstatter learned that [BC President John Hannah was in Chicago on business and made arrangnents to meet him for dinner. Afterwards, they engaged in an indepth discussion of the BBC Police AdministratiOn progran. Brandstatter presented sons of his own idee about tte future of the program, but did net realize until several years later the positive manner in which his views were received by President Hannah. 4 After conpleting the Security School, Brandstatter was sent to MacArthur's Far East Conmand and then to Korea to help develop the Korean police systen. Since 1909, Korea had been occupied by Japan and tte Japanese police organization. Therefore, tte new government of Korea was in need of esistance in the development of their new civilian police responsibilitie. ABC, in the fall of 1946, was feeling the impact of the returning veterans. Tte Police Adninistration Progran we starting to grow and Tom King was needed by President Hannah in other aree. Hannah had been impressed by Brandstatter's idee two years previous during his Chicago meeting, but Art was still in the military and out of the country: he needed to do sonething fast. Hannah also had another adninistrative 92 problen in the area of police work. The East Lansing Ctnief of Police, R.W. Rogers, had resigned to take tte Chief's job in Midland; his resignation affected police operations on the campus. In 1937, the East Lansing and MSC police operations hal been reorganized and under tte new Ctnief, former State Police officer Harold Haun; the East Lansing Departnnnent provided police service to MSC. MSZ's governing board, the State Board of Agriculture, telped finance the Chief's position and therefore, had a responsibility for input into the enploynnent decision making. 5 President Hannah had apparently discussed the East Lansing Police situation with Conmissioner Olander, because Ton King later related to Brandstatter the fact that Olander had suggeted to Hannah that he steuld try to get Arthur Brandstatter, wte had graduated at State about ten years before. After joining the Detroit Police Departnnent in 1938, Brandstatter does not recall ever talking with Olander prior to returning to tSC—another piece of evidence of Olander's ability use his influence at just tte right time. Hannah took the suggestion and had Tom King try to find. Brandstatter. A cable we sent to Korea, but Brandstatter could not be found. Hannah urged King to keep trying and after a call to Mrs. Brandstatter, it we learned te could be reached by Air Force radio. The call went out and Brandstatter accepted the job on condition that te could gain early release fronn tte Air Force. He we turned down but, after an appeal, won the early release. 6 Eet Lansing city records indicate that Brandstatter took over as Chief of Police February 18, 1946. On February 21, 1946 the Board of Agriculture approved his appointment e Chief effective February 15. 7 His stay at East Lansing was brief, e he resigned the East Lansing 93 title effective September 1, 1946. 8 Shortly after Brandstatter's return to East Lansing, Hannah made his move to replace Tom King in the Police Administration Program. At the August 15, 1946, meeting of the DEC Board, Brandstatter was appointed Associate Professor and Assistant Head of the Department of Police Administration effective Septenber l, 1946. Another DEC graduate Charles Pegg, class of '39, we appointed East Lansing Chief. Later MSU decided to handle its own police responsibilities and Brandstatter was appointed to the chief's position in 1947. He renained e Campus Police 9 Chief until 1960. A little over a year later, Novanber 20, 1947, Brandstatter we pranoted to Professor of Police Adninistration and Head of the Department. 10 While this would seem to be a very rapid move upwards, it should be understood that the delay in making Brandstatter the head of the Department was a mere formality because, according to D.R. Rodney, Dean of the School of Business and Public Service, Brandstatter was brought in and "was being prepared to take over eventually the direction of the department." Rodney further reported that the FBI had started recruiting their graduates and this was the first time —- the Bureau had taken persons without training in law or accounting. 11 Student Organization Revived Brandstatter assisted King with the program in 1946, and during that year a new Police Adninistratim student organization we formed. The pre-war fraternity was not reorganized and its successor was now called the Police Science Associatim. The Police Science Association claimed to be "one of the first student organizations of its kind in the country". The goal of this group we a bit different than the Hannines Legis Fraternity. 'Ihe 1948 yearbook, The Wolverine, described its 94 "ultimate aim is to bring to the student and citizen a greater appreciation of police problens.” 12 Later it was learned that V.A. Leonard at Washington State, mllman, Washington, had organized the Alpha Phi Siqna Police Science Honorary. Michigan State joined Alpha Phi Sigma in 1948 as Beta Chapter and described the honorary as “one of the first student organizationns of its kind in the United States". 13 Again the stated purpose was somewhat different than the other “first of a kind student organizations." Now the stated purpose was to promote 'a sense of unity among students of police adninistraticrn, science, and crime prevention.“ 14 In 1951 wanen were admitted into the fraternity. Daisy Kim became the first wunnan member e well e the first wane graduate of the Department of Police ministration. SeekinLIdentig Brandstatter agreed on the need to take more direct conunnand of the police instruction part of the program. Up to this time the only classes taught on cannpus were the two criminal law courses that had been taught by the attorneys, first Bremer and then King. Enrollment in the progran we increasing and it we clear that the State Police could not, and should not, carry the burden and responsibility for the academic part of the progran. In additian, the State Police leadership charged in January of 1947. mile the nnew DSP administration continued its ccoperatim with MSC, it we lean informal in approach than the more open administration of Conmissioner Olander. Conmissioner Leonard was seeking a new image for the State Police. He we also faced with increased activity as return to civilian manufacturing of automobiles and the elimination of wartime ge rationing and speed limits brought thousands of motorists to the highways. 95 But Conmissioner Leonard, trained nnot only as a police officer, but in the adversarial ways of the law, could react negatively to policies and friendships established by former Conmissioner Olander. It is as clear today, as it was to the MSC and MSP administrators of 1946-47, that the Police Administration Program at Michigan State had to stand on its own; and, while the cooperation would continue long into the future, the question of law enforcement leadership would cause some strain between the State Police and MSC. Brandstatter' s first task in developing independence and identity was to employ additional staff. He was faced with two major instructional tasks if he was to move the major police subjects to the canpus. Of the two major subject areas, police adninistration and scientific investigation, he was nnnost qualified in the area of adninistratim. The logical move and the one he made, we to teach the police administration course and seek his first new instructor in the scientific area. 'Ihis we eventually accannplished with the employment of Ralph TUrner. Criminalistics at ABC Turner we a trained scientist, he practical experience at the Kansas City Police Crime Laboratory, and had important contacts with nationally kmnm criminalists associated with the early days of the Chicago Scientific Detection Laboratory of Northwestern university. One of the early menbers of that gronp we C.W. Muhlenberger who left the Chicago Lab and set up the toxicology crime lab for the Michigan Department of Health in 1941. Muhlenberger he the respect of the Michigan State Police and soon Turner, as fellow scientist, also gained the support and respect of operating agencies e well as academic administrators. 96 mlph F. Turner earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in chemistry frcn the University of Wisconsin in 1939. His mentor, Dr. J.H. Mathews, Chairman of the Chemistry Department was one of America's pioneers in tte field of scientific criminal investigaticnn. He we in close contact with the Crime Detection Laboratory at Northwestern University and had not the Great Depression cut the funds for tie Chicago Lab, there is little doubt, but that Turner would have joined that organization. During his search for a job, Turner interviewed at Northwestern and while they were nnot able to offer him a job, the contact with the scientists at Northwestern provided career long professional and personal relationships. 'Iurner was able to land a job in the crime lab of the Kansas City, Missouri Police Department later that year and remained at Kansas City until coming to Michigan State in 1947. Turner and his colleagues at the Kanse City Laboratory gained national reputations for their effectiveness in crinnne scene search and tie analysis of evidence, but Turner we interested in teaching and made inquiries to the University of California at Berkley. Nothing becane of this approach and so he wrote to Tom King, tte World War II director of the Police Administration Program at Michigan State. King advised Turner that, because the war had so depleted the student body, no new positions were anticipated at that time. Turner nnnade an annual contact with King and in the mid 1940's we able to visit King at Michigan State. men Brandstatter took over the program and the need for additional staff developed with the increased enrollnnnents after tte war, the files left by King revealed Turner's persistent interest in Michigan State. During the sane m'IC encampnnent at Ft. Sheridan where Brandstatter first talked to Ibbert Scott about corrections, he invited Turner to 97 Chicago to talk about scientific crime detection. Turner and Brandstatter met at tie Blackstone Hotel and discussed the state of the art of scientific crime investigation and how an instructional program could help advance tl'e cause of nnnodern police adninistraticn. {this time Turner's goal to teach at Michigan State was realized and his amoinbnent as Assistant Professor of Police Adninistraticn was made effective Septenber 1, 1947. With two full time faulty members in the Police Adninistraticn Progran, curriculunn changes moved forward. Turner proved to be extremely versatile; in addition to teaching scientific investigative techniques, he was willing to tackle law and administrative courses. For the 1947-48 academic year, the original 301-303 Police Adninistratim serie taught by the State Police we maintained, but a new course, Police Administration and Organization, was developed by Brandstatter to start the weaning process. He also taught tre criminal law course. And, to make sure re was on top of the latest law rules, he attended the State Police classes in law conducted by lawyer Ouunissioner Donald Leonard. Turner designed and taught the new course Principles of Investigation. his course established a theoretical approach to the investigation process, and then attached to the theories the scientific technologies used to discover, preserve, and analyze crime scene and other evidennce. To suppleuent the lecture class on investigation, Turner developed a laboratory class called Scientific Crime Detection. These two clese proved to be a mainstay for the program and rennained a vital part of the progran for over 20 years. Turner also deve10ped and taught Police Records and Criminnal ENidence during his first year at Michigan State. 98 Based on his physical science background and the reigning neo-Freudiann psychology, Turner built an optimistic theory of criminal investigation. His theory encouraged enthusiasm for the investigative process, innovatian in tte search for investigative methods, and the idea that with work and the application of scientific prinicples—-crime could be solved. Turner also designed annother course during his first year at Michigan State. ‘nne course, titled Police Seminar (319), was designed to allow tlne indepth study of a special subject of interest. ‘Ihe seminar conncept was a first step in the developnent of courses where upper level students could pursne professional type instruction and relationships with their instructor. 'Ihis hallmark of a professional progran, started by Turner, is a continuing trait of tie Criminal 15 (See Appendix A for more on Turner's investigative Justice program. theories.) As a result of Brandstatter and 'mrner's first year of operation, substantial headway had been made at identifying specific course fran the general etagcr ies of pol ice courses formerly taught by the State Police. Starting in tl'e Fall term of 1948, State Police instructors were used only in the case of specific courses identified by Brandstatter e falling outside of tte tine or experience of regular instructors. By fall of 1948, Turner had developed a three term laboratory sequence leading to a criminalistics concentration. He also developed tte seninar conncept into individual research with a course called, 'Ihesis (450). Further developnnent toward specialization continued in 1948 when Brandstatter brought Robert H. Scott to MSC to teach criminal law and to develop a specialty in corrections and delinquency preventim. 99 Broadening the Base Robert H. Scott we born and raised in Albany, New York. He earned his Bachelor of Arts Degree and reserve lieutenant's connmission from Yale University in 1931, and his LLB frann tlne Albany Law School of Union University in 1934. He was admitted to the New York Bar later that year. Scott then moved to Cambridge, New York, and started his general practice of law in the firm of Lawton and Scott. Cambridge provided a small town environment in the pleasant, historically important regions of tie Northern most part of New York State. It we tl'e kind of place a young attorney could serve a conmunity, understand the people, raise a fanily, and evennutally retire with a sense of satisfacticnn and pleasure. In 1941, World War II changed this very predictable pattern for Robert Scott and others in similar ccnnmunities across tte nationn. On Decennber 8, 1941, the day after Pearl Harbor, he volunnteered for duty and cnn January 29, 1942, Lt. Robert Scott entered active duty and soon becane Chief, Departnnennt of Law and Administration, Provost Marshal General's School. During the war years, l'e had a variety of duties including instructing in military law, Trail Judge Advocate, acting as Defense Counsel, and Law Menber of General Court Martial. This position was similar to the position of a circuit court judge. In the later part of tie war he we assigned e Director of Training for tte Security Intelligence School in Chicago where re net Military Pol ice (MP) student Arthur Brandstatter. After the war cane to a close, Scott was esigned to the MC progran at the University of Michigan with the acadenic title of Assistant Professor of Military Science and Tactics with a focus on the Military Police unit. One of his duties in this positicnn was to attend 100 the annual IUI'C, MP exercises at Ft. Sheridan, Illinois. In the sunnmer of 1947 during the m encampnent, Scott he] an interesting reunion with former student Arthur Brandstatter. Brandstatter had remained active in tte Army Reserve and had accanpanied the MSC, FDIC MP Unit to Ft. Sneridan. The war time experiences of administering military justice had etposed the L9 and caning country lawyer frann upstate New York to a wide range of human imperfections. Military manpower requirenents had drafted into the nation's service the willing and unwilling, tle good, bad, and indifferent, the courageous and the weak, and forced the honest and trusting to live side by side with the hunan predator of the pre-war world. The conflict, confusion, clash of culture, and paranioa of total war provided the grist for tie mill of military justice. For the military tribunals, the available choices were not always in the interest of the natim or of tie youthful violators. Behavior that disrupted the military effort could not be allowed, but at the sane time, to place all violators in prism for the duraticnn of the war deprived the front line generals of needed manpower. As a way out of this dilenma, the military instituted a program where selected violators could, over a three month period, earn their way out of confinement and back into active duty with the prospect of having a clean slate uponn discharge. Robert Scott had been involved in developing this process. It was obvious to him that if the good results he had experienced in tie military could sanehow be transferred to the civilian world of crime and criminals, many young people might be spared a life of crime. He we convinced that he could transfer tie military model to civilian corrections. This was the thrust of the discussions 101 he had with Brandstatter during the Home encampnnent. 16 Brandstatter was now faced with an interesting possibility. During the first ten years of the Police Administration Program, the emphasis was on catching criminals, and while a few greuates had drifted into the world of corrections, here was the possibility of improvimg correctional training and perhaps preventing delinquency as well. Brandstatter could see the possibilities of growth in such an idea. In addition, tte mann with tie idea, Robert Scott, had another dimension that the school needed—he was a lawyer. A lawyer to teach the law courses would continue tte tradition and relieve Turner and himself to pursue their own subject areas. Brandstatter, in the style of his mentor, John Hanndn, offered Scott a position at Michigann State. He would teach the law courses and develop his ideas to be used in the developnnent of new courses. Lt. Col. Scott resigned fronn the U.S. Army in tinnne to accept an appointment as Associate Professor at Michigan State fbr the fall term 1948. During the year 1948-49, Scott taught the two criminal law courses and coupleted his research in tie area of delinquency and crime prevention. airing the next acadenic year (winter term 1950) he implennented two new courses Crime Prevention (324) and Custody and Detention (328). In the spring term Juvenile Law (433) was presented. This developing progran gave an opportunity for wonen to enter the Department of Police Administration. About six wonen signed up for Crime Prevention, including Daisy Kim, a 1951 graduate and tie first woman graduate of the Police Administration Program. Scott continued to develop his correctional and delinquency courses and teach the three law courses. In addition, he also helped out in other areas by teaching Evolution of Police Administration, 102 Interrogation and Case Preparation, and on one occasion, Traffic Adninistration and Organization. As was the case in the police area, the service philosophy of Michigan State came together with Scott's interest in assisting practitioners. A number of training programs were conducted in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Correctionns. Ge direct result of his work was the developnnent of a new career position---Correctional Counseler. This program was quite successful—so nnnuch so that Scott was eked, in 1954, to take an eighteen month leave of absence fronn Michigann State to assist the Department of Corrections to develop their youthful offender program along tte lines 1e he suggested. This offer was too good to pass up, because it gave him a chance to put his theorie into practice. At about tte sane tine his assignment with the Departnnent of Corrections was being proposed, another major developnnnent was taking place within the Department of Police Administration. Louis mdelet fronn the National Council of Christians and Jews (NCIZJ) in New York had proposed that Michigan State, through its Police Administration Progrann put on a conference relating to police and community relations. Scott was assigned to coordinate the developnent of the proposed program. He accepted the correctional assignment, but fronn the spring of 1954 until the First Annual Conference of the National Institute of Police and Conmunity Relations, held at Michigan State in tte Spring of 1955, Scott held nunerous nneetings with faculty, Radelet fronn mm, and other interested persons trying to hannmer out a progran for tre police conmunity. 17 In leading the planning sessions, Scott used his penetrating legal training to force participants to exanine, justify, and support every 103 facet of the program they were about to launch. As a result of the intense planning, tl'e inital progran was not offered as exploratory, but as a fully developed organization called the National Institute on Police and Conmunity Relations. Tte Institute we launnched in 1955; and, in aldition to fulfilling a much needed service to the police and to tie people they served, it provided a showcase activity on tie part of the Department of Police Administration for the centennial celebration of the founding of Michigan State College. 18 Scott was nnaned lead of this Institute and handled this responsibility effectively and efficiently in addition to his work at the Department of Corrections. The eighteen nnonth correctional assignment turned into an eighteen year career with Michigan Corrections. As Deputy Director in charge of the Youth Division, he was responsibile for the developnent of parole cannps and cannp prograns for youthful offenders. In 1964, Governor Romney appointed him to develop a state planning agency, and in 1965, he becane a menber of tie Michigan Parole Board. In 1972, after eighteen years of putting into practice the concepts he had discussed with Brandstatter, in 1947; Bob Scott retired fronn tte Corrections Department to becane, once again, Professor of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. For tl'e next ten years Ire taught corrections fronn both theory and practice, and in 1982 retired to beconnne Professor Emeritus, Criminal Justice. His impact on tie Michigan correctional systen was publicly recognized in 1984, when Michigan nanned its first regional correctional institution in his honor, tte Scott Regional Corrections Facility. 19 Today Professor Scott keeps regular hours at his cannpus office and is in constant contact with public officials who seek his advice on 104 correctional matters. He still has faith in the malleability of youth and the search for better ways to encourage young people, in trouble with the system, to enhance their own lives throngh lawful behavior. He attribute his success in corrections to tie concept of ”responsible administration". By this re neans that while one may have a new idea or theory, practice resulting fronn these new idee must result in a responsible consideration of all factors that impinge on a situation. Translated in correctional terms, re pointed out that, while he we dedicated to providing youthful offenders with opportunities to improve their lot in life, is always kept in mind tie need to protect tl'e public from crime. 20 During his tenure with the Department of Corrections he was influential in developing legislation that led to what is new known as the Holmes Youthful Training Act. Decision making during his career did not have the assistance of extensive quantitative research studie. Programs developed by Scott were the result of a keen ability to observe and understand youthful offenders and a willingness to take tl'e many risks involved with experimental prograns, and at the sane tine be guided by the need to be responsible for tie safety of citizens. Fron 1948-1951, Brandstatter, Turner and Scott made up the full time faculty and were assisted by the MSP in the area of traffic ministration, and field service training. This was a period of stable growth and developnent, and the strengthening of tie basic police ministration, police science (criminalistics) , and corrections areas. Highway Traffic Administration By 1951, the slaughter on the highways was beconning a national disgrace and traffic safety movenents were starting to put pressure on 105 Congress and the State legislatures to take new actions in the face of this carnage. The Michigan State progran had a traffic oonnponent almost fron the start, but class offerings were limited nnainly to the subject of police traffic duties. Tte National Safety Council had, for many years, recognized the role of Engineering and Education, in addition to Enforcennent, as vital to a conprehensive traffic safety progran. 21 In late 1951, Michigan State conducted research sponsored by the Association of Land Grant College and Universitie, funded in part by the Autonnotive Safety Fonn'dation, to determine how a college could contribute to a state's traffic safety progran. Gordon Sheere was one of three persons responsible for the research. Following the first six moan of tie project, it seened clear that there would be a role in traffic safety for Michigan State. 22 In anticipation of the reconmendation to be published in 1953, Sheele developed and taught a sequence of three courses in traffic adnninistration starting in the fall of 1952. By tre time the final report we published on October 13, 1953, the Police Administration Departnnnent had a full year of teaching tie required course. The research report, however , called for a much nnore connprehensive progran than could be accounnodated by tie police orientation of the Police Adnnninistration progran. The research had been initiated as a multi-disciplinary project and pointed out tte need for training, education, engineering, pnblic education, graduate and undergraduate course, research, and field technical assistance. The program was debated for the next year and a half. The grinnn traffic picture continued to deteriorate, so in tte fall of 1955, Michigan Governor G. Mennen Willians called the legislature into special session to face tte issue of traffic safety. Tte legislature passed a 106 total package that included funding of $300,000 per year to establish tte Highway Traffic Safety Center at Michigan State. 23 Five basic areas of activity were outlined: l. Undergraduate and graiuate stndy prograns 2. Snort course and conference training 3. Research 4. Field esistance 5. Information ad materials service, inclnding public education progran. 24 The Center was etablished as an independent, legislatively funded organization located at MSC. Only one other traffic related institute in the nation, the Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering at tte University of California, hai ever been funded with public money, and even the California institute was nnowhere near the comprehensive model funded at MSC. Gorden Sheehe was appointed to lead the Institute and continued to teach tie traffic course in the Police Adninistration progran throngh 1956. Sheehe retired fronn the Institute in 1977, and resides in the local area. Tte Traffic Institute continue at a minimal level today (1985) with one class in traffic ministration still being offered in the Criminal Justice progran. National Institute On Police and Conmunity Relations In tie spring of 1955, He first progran of tie National Institute on Police and Community Relations was held at Michigan State. Police officers and citizen leaders met to exanine themselve and each other in an attenpt to gain sonne understanding of their prejudices and of the racial tensions between white police officers and minority citizens. But while the tenor of the tines placed special emphasis on black/white 107 relations, the underlying principles of the Institute's agenda were a broai based attack on prejudice, be it racial, ethnic, or socio-econonnic based, and the fostering of a positive attitude toward the brotherhood of all persons. The social problens that created the need for such an institute and tie conceptual, financial, and planning process that produced the National Institute as a problen solving device did nnot occur overnight. America he a long and stornny history of racial conflict, but it also has a stronger history grounded in the pursuit of hunnnan rights. These rights were built into tte lofty principle espoused by the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional foundations of post-revolutionary government. Ttey survived tl'e crucible of Amer ican Civil War and were forged into the Constitutional revisions of Reconstruction. But the evils of prejudice do not disappear by fiat, and following tte Civil War, the intentions of the authors of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution were neutralized by a succession of U.S. Suprene Court 25 decisions that culnnninated in 1896, with Plessy V. Ferguson, in which tl'e Court held that separate but equal facilitie for black and; white would nnneet the Constitutional test of equality. Thus, for the next half century, state laws in both tte North and South reflected in varying degrees the pnilosophy set forth in Plessy. While tie industrialization of tie North bronght more blacks and southern whites into contact with each other, it was World War II that increased this migration and tte possibility of improved econonic status of marginally enployed persons fronn the agricultural South. This threat to tie old order helped make it possible for a nation at war to take time out for racial strife manifested by such occasions as the Detroit race riot of 1943. 108 Black citizens were invited to fight for their nation, but in segregated units. Tte right to die for one's nation, separately but equally, did net sound right to the feisty President fronn Missouri; and on July 26, 1948, by Executive Order Number 9981, Trunan, in a courageous but unpopular neve, integrated the arned forces of the United State. The joys of victory in Europe and Asia overshadowed the disheartening enperienoe of returning non-white and religous minoritie wte, many time found the countries they had liberated to be nere accepting of then e hunans than tte nation they had fought to protect. Still, for the nest part, the battle for their own and their children's rights went forward in tie courts and not tie streets. Tte legal victory for equality cane in 1954 when the school desegregation cases were decided by Brown vs. the Board of Education. 26 Ttey specifically overuled the separate but equal doctrine of Plesstvs. Ferguson. Again, tte legal victory did not change peoples' tleughts and actions overnight; and, those persons and organizations with years of experience in fighting prejudice mobilized for the problens they correctly perceived coming in the aftermath of the court's decision. This understanding and recognition that tie police would be caught up in the rumblings of change inspired the notion of conmunity relations training for police. Tte person nest responsible for accepting the challenge of working with the police in this area was Louis A. Radelet, wte at the time of Brown vs. Board of Education we tte National Progran Director for the National Conference of Christians and Jews, (NCCJ), stationed in New York City. Louis "Lou" Iadelet was born and raised in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In tte late 1930's re entered tte University of Notre Dane with junior 109 status and focused his studies on sociology. He had his mind set on the sandy of law, but one of his professors encouraged him to consider a teaching career. He then settled on a progran that would qualify him to teach college level sociology, one that would by-pass tte Masters progran and lead directly to a Ph.D. World war II interrupted this plan and te was drafted for the duration. It we during his military experience that re cane across the organization that would becane a major influence on his professional career and to which re would contribute his energy and ideas for many years. (he of the activities that allowed service personnel to avoid sane of tie less desireable dutie was a progran put on by tie National Council of. Christians ad Jews. For want of something better to do, Lou went to a few of the sessions. The progran focused on tte problens of racial and religious discrimination and the need for all people to recognize the brotherhood of man. He we not impressed - not yet. After the war, te returned to Notre Dane to teach and finish a Master's degree. In addition to teaching, 1e held a part time job in research for the local welfare departnnnent. During this period, a teaching colleagne invited him to attend several meetings of tire local mCJ chapter. Initially, re attended out of curiousity as a result of his military enperience. He soon becane interested in tte progran and showed such interest that the organization offered him a part time job. It turned out to be a full time job in disguise, and re soon found himself with two full tine jobs. mCJ soon recognized his work ad adnninistrative abilitie, and in 1950 offered hinnn a full time position as a regional administrator with an office in Detroit. One of NCtJ's prograns was to provide training for teachers at all levels to kelp then cope with the problens of discrimination ad bigotry 110 that they experienced in the classroon. One of these meetings brought him into contact with Hoyt Coe Reed, Professor of Social Science at Michigan State University. Radelet's success in Michigan gained him anether pronotion—this time to New York where he eventually directed mCJ's national effort in program developnent. During his prograns in varions parts of tie nation, te observed a few police officers attending the sessions. These officers were in special units and viewed thenselve e teachers. Tney saw value in the anti-discrimination material being discussed. As racial tensions built around He desegraticn case in 1953 and '54, pol ice leaders oder the banner of the International Association of Chiefs of Police held a joint meeting with NCEJ in Philadelphia. (In the way back to New York, after what appeared to be a successful session in Philadelphia, Harold Lett, then a director of m, encouraged Radelet to think about developing a program for police along the lines of the one tl'ey presented to teachers. 27 Here was the educational leadership in law enforcenent in the 1950's? Schools of police adnninistration were not teusehold words, but Lou had teard sonething about the progran at Michigan State during his work in Detroit. He had one contact at tl'e cannpus at East Lansing —— Hoyt Coe 'Dick" teed. He put a call through to feed and a short tine later, a serie of meetings were being held between Radelet, faculty of the Police Adnnninistration Program, and other cannpus departnnents. According to Radelet, tte driving force behind tie planning sessions was Rnbert Scott. He had designed and taught the courses in delinquency and corrections, and in addition had, on occasion, tanght nearly every other course in the progran. As has been nnnentionned, the first Institute was held at BBC in the 111 Spring of 1955 with Lbbert Scott handling the local administration and Radelet representing the noon, who provided nest of the financial support. As the program becane nere and nere popular and drew national attention to Michigan State, Brandstatter began to see tte need for working the conmunity relations concepts into the academic progran. After several talks, Radelet agreed to accept an appointment on the Police Adnninistration faculty ad to head up the Institute progran. In 1964, he offered his first course entitled Police and Connmunity Relations. The course has been offered ever since. 28 Police and Conmunity Relations (Pal), is new standard fare in police and criminal justice prograns across the nation. And, while the national institute sessions are ne longer held each year at Michigan State, the substance of the program and current ideas regarding PCR are made available in tte continued no date of tire major American work on the subject - Police and ConminitLRelations by Louis Radelet. Security Adnnninistration EarleConsiderations. Security administration was another special off-shoot of the Police Adnninistration Progran that obtained official recognition in the very productive period between 1950-55. It is generally recognized that tie security progran we established under the able direction of Dr. Albert C. Germann in the spring of 1955. The genesis of tie progran, tewever, trace to tte very beginning of the police ministration progran. Dean Ralph C. Huston, in his first published statenent in Novennber 1935, stated, ”Manufacturing plants and nercantile etablishmennts have indicated a need for nen trained in (police science). Insurance ccnnpanie, banking systens, and law firms n 29 may find places for then as special investigators. With so much of tie early progran design conning fronn tie State 112 Police, the question could be raised e to why the MSP would have shown an interest in security. This question would be pertinent today as police and security agencies often debate their respective roles and relationships to each other. It is interesting ad perhaps quite relevant to this study, to nete tte fact that tie DSP originated e a security force to protect the Detroit docks and the looks at Sault Saint Marie in World War I, and their efficiency in that assignment, not general law enforcenent work, led to their police status in 1918. airing the Second World War their security and civil defense work took on an even larger role. Within a week after Pearl Harbor, MSP had secured plans for all utility facilitie including power generation dans in tie State of Michigan and had energency plans made for their protection. Since the start of serions traffic accident investigation and traffic law enforcenent in the 1930's IBP worked with insurance organizations to pronote safety on tte roads of Michigan. Tte banking industry support of state wide pol ice radio is a classic study of law enforcenent/brsiness cooperation, even granting tte fact that tte banks had a special interest in gaining speedy response to bank robbery. During World War II, the [BF was concerned, as was the FBI and other major law enforcenent agencie, with tie possibility of espionage and sabotage in fine defense industries. This concern was passed along to MSC students in 1944, and perhaps even before, during Police Administration 302 and 303 held at the State Police headquarters. Captain Scavarda, Sergeant Robertson, and Trooper Valentine covered Civilian Defense, Protection of Defense Areas, and Sabotage and Espionage, 30 This we about tte sane time that security officers representing the defense industries were meeting with government 113 officals; their efforts led to the formation of the American Society for Industrial Security. In addition to the subject of security being included in the lecture sessions, tte involvenent of industry we evident in the very early Field Service Training Progran. By 1946, the State Police placed the discussions of Industrial Plant Security first on tte list of subjects in Police Administration 303. Instructors for this subject were M.B. Gordon, H.E. Purchase, N.O. Kiefer, and J.R. Stone of tie Oldanobile Motor Divison of General netors. 'nnese sane officials were involved with tie progran through tlne late 1940's. During He 32 weeks scheduled for Field Service Training, two weeks were spent in Plant Protection at Oldsnnnobile, and two weeks with tie Auto-Owners or other insurance conpanies . 31 As the college took over the course work, specific nention of security subjects disappeared fron tte catalog listings, but renained in the description of the Field Service Training program. In 1950, when tte field training we nine instead of twelve montts, Plant Protection at Oldsmobile was included and described as "A study of the problens and procedure of industrial policing, fire protection, and safety, and participation in the duties of a plant protection officer including gate work, beat and plant control." Time we also spent at Retail Credit Conpany. This company developed into one of the largest credit bureau services in the world. Subjects covered included ”comercial investigation work for national concerns including insurance, personnel reports ad credit work." 32 First Formal Courses. As Brandstatter, Turner and Scott continued to exanine and expand tte progran in tl'e early 1950's it becane clear that a sizeable number of graduates were entering the field of security. 114 In 1955 Brandstatter net with representatives of Ford, Chrysler and General Motors. Tl'ey verified tl'e need for college trained personnel in private security. These findings along with the clear evidence that police adnninistration graduate were moving into security pronpted the initiation of a new speciality—Security Adnnninistration. 33 The introduction of Security Administration as a degree concentration in the spring of 1955, gave Michigan State the position of being the first college or university in the United State to offer a degree in security. The second course in the concentration, Prevention and Control of Accidents we offered in tl'e winter term of 1956. Later that year, the first person in the Unnited States to graduate with a degree in Security, greuated from Michigan State. Brandstatter had esigned Dr. Albert Gernnnann, who had both police experience and acadenic credentials, to develop tie security progran. He had been a police officer with the Ios Angeles Police Departnnnent and received his Master's and Doctoral degree in Public Adnninistration fron the University of California. He started teaching at Michigan State in Septenber of 1954. His major area of interest we law enforcenent, but he worked hard to develop the security area. Gernnann was a popular instructor and denanded high quality work fronn students. In addition to his teaching ad course developnnent, he found tine to co-author with Frank D. Day ad Robert R. J. Gallatti the tent Introduction to Law Enforcement. This text was the first major introductory law enforcenent tent published in the United State and becane tl'e standard for police administration prograns througneut the United States. Gernnann left [BC in 1957, for California State College at Long Beach and taught there unntil his recent retirenent. Security Moves Forward. Dr. Germann created considerable interest 115 in the security progran during the two years he worked on its developnent. It we new time to place soneone in charge whose primary interest was security. Such a person was found in Robert Sheehan. Sheehan cane to Michigan State with a graluate degree fronn Tufts College at nedford, Massachusetts. while in college, he worked as a police officer for tie Everett, Massachusetts Police Department. He also gained practical security experience by working with several New England industrial plants. He entered the United State Amy in 1955, and served as a Special Agent in the Counnter Intelligence Corps unntil 1957. 3‘ Sheehan started at Michigan State in tte fall of 1957, as Assistant Professor in charge of the security progran. He was at Michigan State for three years. In addition to teaching tte two security courses and an interviewing ad interrogation course, he developed a new course in retail security that we implenented in the 1959-60 acadenic year. - In the spring of 1960, Sheehan left Michigan State to head up the Departnnnent of Law Ennforcennent and Security at Northeastern University. He stayed at Northeastern unntil retirenent. Stablization. While tte security progran we making reasonable progress, the frequent change in leadership had not led to the stabilization noted in other areas such as police science and delinquency prevention. Brandstatter was looking for an experienced adninistrator wte could develop tie security progran and maintain relationships with governmental ad private security agencies. He found what 1e we looking for in Dr. Leon Weaver. Weaver cane to MSU with nearly 20 years Federal government experience in military intelligence, strategic planning, civil defense and mil itary/private bnsiness security. 116 Weaver received his doctoral progran in Political Science at the University of Illinois in 1942 and then entered the War Department as a civilian in the personnel office. Later he was commissioned a Lieutenant in tte Marine Corps Reserve and assigned to air connbat intelligence. The Office of Strategic Services (068) gained his service to research and write on political intelligence involving nations of the Far East. After the war, he transferred to another section of tl'e State Department and provided technical assistance to many pol icy conmittees involved with the occupation ad nermal ization of both Western and Eastern nations. In 1951, he entered the Federal Civil Defense Agency ad continued in that agency until moving to Michigan State in 1960. At tle time of his appointment, Ire was the Emergency Flaming Consultant and Program Officer, Office of Civil Defense Mobilization and stationed at Battle Creek, Michigan. Brandstatter had net Weaver at an American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) meeting in 1957, and had discussed with him sore points on security education. Several minor contacts were made with Brandstatter over tie next year or two and in tie Spring of 1959, Brandstatter was skewing a strong interest in bringing him to Michigan State. As a high ranking official in tte Civil Defense establishnent, ad with many years of governmental service, the prospect of leaving government enployment at that point was a major decision for Weaver. Brandstatter had the resources to conpete and the offer of a tenured professorship we enough for him to get his man, and on Septenber l, 1960, Weaver started his teaching career at Michigan State . 3S Weaver brought a new dinension to the security progran. His 117 administrative experience neved the program to a higher conceptual level than before ad through the adnninistrative approach, re revised the Master's degree in Security. The first Master's degree in Industrial Security Adninistration we awarded in tte sunnmer of 1963. Weaver was a prolific writer in security and personnel adnninistration. His article have had broad appeal and rage fron security to political analysis ad apartheid in South Africa. He produced a major security text book and prepared tie article on security for the Encyclopedia Britannica. The security program grew along with the other criminal justice prograns and according to Haye Larkins, eighty-one Bachelors of Science degrees in Security had been awarded through 1962, with over seventy sundents enrolled in course on an annual basis. 36 Weaver taught the general administrative courses as well as security unntil he retired in 1979. He continue his interest in security and in tte broader issues of political science. The Security Progran at Michigan State has had an interesting evolution fran a major interest in plant protection and insurance, to the problens of business/government security problens spawned by World War II, and then to tie broader concepts of security adnninistration wherever managers were required to face the security issue. Today security is again in a period of transition, and while this study is not designed to enter upon that discussion, it can be noted that the period fran 1963 to tie present (1985), gave rise to new research in security and law enforcenent. Today, security and law enforcenent roles are being blurred in sane aree, and in others more sharply defined. The need for professional security education has never been greater. Michigan State, by history ad tradition, he an outstanding record for 118 service to business ad public organizations and is sure to meet the future educational and service needs of tne security industry. Canpus Based Basic Police Training The 1945-55 period produced one other major project for the Department of Police Administration at Michigan State - cannpus based basic police training. While tte progran at Michigan State we never intended for recruit training, in the mode of the West Coast Conmunity College, Tau King had reconmended sane involvennent in in-service training during World War II. Brandstatter was familiar with the extensive training developed for the Michigan State Police and the Detroit Police Department. But, with the enception of a few other large cities, basic police training, in 1946, did not exist. ‘ The early history of the police training effort in Michigan has been covered earlier frann tte 1925, law allowing tle State Police to provide local police training to the very good, but snert lived, training frann 1930-33. According to Richard Wild, an attenpt was nnade to start a police training program under the adnnninistration of the Detroit Police Department in 1937. Federal funds frann the George-Dean Vocational Training Act were sought and tie idea gained support frann tle Michigan Association Chiefs of Police, but the progran never got off the ground. 37 Following World War II and Brandstatter's appointment as lead of the Police Adninistration Progran, interest in training was again aroused. Brandstatter ad State Police Conmissioner Donald Leonard becane heads of their respective organizations at about the sane time. Leonard, appointed in 1947, to create a new image for the State Police, 119 following the Carr-Sigler Grand Jury graft indictments, carried a "Mr. Clean" image. His aaninistrative style we to keep very close control of the organization and at the sane tinne rebuild public confidence. But, Leonard we putting all of his resource into tne State Police organization and was net as interested as his predecessor in using the 1925 training act to train local police. For Brandstatter, this was a time for building the acadenic progran ad placing tie major teaching role where it rightfully belonged -— in the college clesroon ad net at State Police Headquarters. mile this move made sense to Conmissioner Leonard, 1e still enjoyed tie acadenic relationship with the College and issued his own press release each time a gronp of police adnninistration students graduated. His news release, of course, enphasized the State Police role in the progran. This and tte fact that tte State Police Training Director held the trunnp card, in supporting or net supporting a particular graduate, did net kelp Brandstatter increase tie stature of tie College's role in job placenent ad student evaluation. There is a good chance that the State Police we judging all field service students by their own standards even though nest students would net cleose to join that organization. Onne leading State Police official of the 1950's put the situation thus, "if you were recruiting fronn the FBI, whose evaluation would you believe, a proven organization like He State Police or sane acadenic at the college":m The answer would be quite clear to an officer with pride in his organization and confidence that tte State Police way we always the best. Tte nub of the debate was the classic one between education and enperience, and MSC had an obligation to students that went far beyond their field service training. In early 1950, Ralph Turner ad Robert Scott were assigned tne task of working out a solution to tie problen and. fonwe ongd SEW pron Pct, att 19? 0t f: 120 and, as a result, field service training with the State Police went forward and continue to this day. Brandstatter never doubted the viability of the State Police organization, but te did see it slipping away frann tte Olander model of serving all Michigan law enforcenent. He urged Conmissioner Leonard to provide local basic training e provided under the 1925, Police Training Act, ad went so far as to suggest that in not providing the training, tie connissioner we not acting according to law. In the meantime, the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police were attempting to get an inservice training progran of their own under way. They proposed to use the so called "zone“ plan that had been used in the 1930's to cover tte entire state. The Chiefs were not too enthused about the prospect of State Pol ice control, so they started seeking other ways to pronote tte training of their officers; Michigan State provided the alternative. . Delegates to the Michigan Chiefs Convention, in June 1950, called for tie establistment of a central police acadeny and with tie director and staff mder the direct control of the Executive Conmittee of the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police. 38 They wanted tte State Police to l'elp but net "run the show”. The Chiefs had a dilenma. They did not want tte State Police to have total control over tie school and yet they lacked the resources to incorporate an acadeny and raise the neney for staff and operational costs. There is re evidence to indicate that the State Police would offer facilities and personnel to be placed unde tte control of tte Chiefs. By December 6, 1950, the reality of the situation had neved the Chiefs frann setting no their own school to asking Michigan State to provide the coordination and hire staff. 39 Brandstatter had prepared 121 the College for this develognent, and on Decennber 14, 1950, he hired a coordinator for the training school wte started work January 1, 1951. The Chiefs were very supportive of what they called their own progran. The title: “Coordinator" gave tie Chiefs a sense of progran ownership and an aderstanding that they would participate in the decision making procee. Brandstatter selected Pontiac Police Chief, Charles Rhodes to coordinate tte police training progran. One cannot miss tte similarity of Rl'ede' appointment with the appointnnnent of Cross by Olander in 1930. Rtede we well respected by his fellow chiefs and helped further Bradstatter's and IBC's credibility with local police chiefs. The State Police cooperated with tie progran and assigned their very able training director, Captain Robert Mirray to serve on the planning connittee. The first school of twenty recruits entered the basic training progran on April 2, 1951. In connenting on tte historical aspects of Michigan police training, Wild pointed out that "alnest 26 years to the day after passage of He first police training bill in Michigan and after years of effort, a central police training scleol was etablished, 40 What but ironically not under tte original police training bill.” Wild was net aware of was the fact that Conmissioner Leonard, who did not want to implennent tte 1925, Training Act in 1950, had played a key role in proneting State Police training under the sane act in 1930. This first training school opened up a host of opportunitie for Michigan State. Wnile the basic schools provided the springboard, a nest of special inservice training schools were offered in all parts of Michigan. In 1965 , Wild conducted a survey of police chiefs and found thatth the chi was a throng? tna'mi police Act, 39901 for scho ava Pol 0m 122 that the program put on by Michigan State received very high marks fron tl'e chiefs. The training progran gained nnunnnerous friends for Michigan State and we a source of recruits for tie degree progran. Fran April 1951 through June 1965, 3,851 law enforcenent officers were enrolled in 157 training course, including 1,082 who cannpleted one of tie forty basic police training courses held during the sane period. 41 While the State Police had resisted basic training under the 1925 Act, the training activity of the College stimulated their interest in specialized inservice training. On November 19, 1951, Conmissioner Leonard annemced that "Special classes in fingerprint identification and breaking and entering will be conducted by tie Michigan State Police for municipal, sheriffs' ad State Police Officers at a series of schools to be held througl‘eut tne state." Tte sane release stated that 'Scteols in other subjects are to be held later." ‘2 Thanks to Brandstatter's leadership, and tte resource re had available to him at Michigan State, the 1950's were productive times for police training and education in Michigan. For tte nnnost part the scteols put on by the Michigan State Pol ice were net duplicates of the one at Michigan State. Michigan State ne longer provide basic police training, but the tradition of transnnnitting new information to criminal justice practioners by way of special training course continue to this day. The rapid growth ad diversity during this period led to a nanne change in 1956. Tte purpose of tie change was to reflect tie progran's expanded role. The new progran title was "School of Police Adninistration and mblic Safety.” Brandstatter's title was changed fronn Departnnnent Head to Director of the Scteol. X. ANALYSIS, WEBSIWS, MD WONS 1925-1945 Pre-history and a Fast Start The thesis of this research was to test the proposition ”that the Police Adninistration Progran at Michigan State College we influenced by national ideas ad events, ad that its furturistic character and speed of implennentation we a result of Michigan's unique criminal jetice leadership, and the pioneering philosophy of Michigan State College." The evidence clearly supports this thesis. It has been denonstrated that Michigan polie, municipal and state officials, and citizens were concerned with the need to improve police training a decade prior to the develognent of tie progran at Michigan State in 1935. Evidence presented leaves ne doubt that Michigan police leaders at the state and local level knew and associated with tie recognized police education advocates of the l920'and 30's such as August Vollmer. What was surprising, tewever, we tl'e evidence that Michigan police leaders may well have played an important part in influencing the thinking and spreading the fanne of sane of these early national figure. Bruce Snith, for exanple, had his rising reputation accelerated when Willian Rutledge, a 35 year mennber of tie Detroit Police Department obtained private funding to enploy Snnnith for his landmark research on uniform crime records. In enannining the ability of Michigan police officials to cooperate 123 124 to attain political eds, the fight for police radio is instructive. Police througteut tte nation were tinkering with police radio during the 1920's, but an organized effort on the part of Michigan police officials convinced an independent thinking governor, Governor Fred Green, to tackle the Federal bureaucracyb—and win. History is replete with evidence that leadership and statesmanship is required to turn ideas into reality, ad these factors have been placed in evidence e regards Michigan's progress in scientific crime detection and police administration. The stereotypical anti-training and education attitude often associated with police adnninistrators of the 1920's and 30's is absent in the pronouncements of Michigan chiefs of police of that era. Michigan was also one of the early developers of a State Police system; but its systen, caning about as a result of World War I, was a fragile one until well into tte 1930's. . Oscar Olander's stateananship like leadership was the genius that fbrged that fragile organization into a strong well respected police institution. But a key to his administrative genius was understanding the limits of his organization. He did not build a great organization because 1e simply aspired to build a strong State Police. The State Police becane a strong organization because Olander's guiding principle we to serve tte people directly and to help other police organizations to do the sane. These were simple and direct motive, ad can best be observed by tie manner in which he provided personnel, facilities, ad his departnnental budget to insure tl'e success of an educational progran that, in tte first years, seened to benefit the federal law enforcenent effort nere than his State Police organization. 125 Olander knnew what was going on nationally and had experienced an educational environment that helped in his own rise to the top of the State Police. He also had a good sense of timing. He had supported Lelbyne Snnyder in his attenpts to start a progran at the University of Michigan and, when Michigan State showed a more solid long term interest in police education, 1e provided the key resource. Tte significance of that support must be enphasized. New programs were net possible because of tl'e cut in funds due to tie Great Depression. Dean Huston's renarks regarding the fact that the progran was put on at ne extra cost to the College must be interpreted as a public statenent designed, in part to stifle any critisnn of the college for starting new prograns during the severe budget limitations. It is quite unlikely that even Olander had a five year progran in mind when first contacts were made with college officials. But Olander ad other Michigan police leaders were in a position to evaluate the early and continuing efforts of Vollmer and associate to involve institutions of higher learning in the development of police professionalisnn. Tte evidence strongly suggests that Vollmer and O.W. Wilson wanted to take aivantage of the status enhancennent of college based training, but needed to be in full control of tie course developnent of any college program. T'ne political climate in Michigan as regards chief of police tenure, was clearly different than in other states. The State Police organization ad major cities such as Detroit and Grand Rapids provided long term tenure for their chiefs. The leadership gap we in the smaller cities where Olander had, for sonne time, been supplying troopers to act as local adninistrators when local chiefs were not able to deal 126 with the problens of crime ad corruption. A basic training progran, even college-based, would not solve this problen. The real need in Michigan was a progran to turn out administrative candidates. There is nno question but that August Vollmer led the way in seeking specialized scientific crime detection help from the college scientific conmunity. A defect in the Vollmer approach, however, was once the benefits of science became clear, professors would have to become interested in crime matters an an individual basis and then only as a sideline business. By 1935 it was becoming obvious that the scientific approach to crime detection would have to be built into the overall fabric of police ministration. At this point it is essential to summarize the "Land Grant Philosophy“ as deve10ped at Michigan State College. Since the reorganization of the College in 1861, a general education followed by professional training became the hallmark of the ”Land Grant Philosophy." It had been demanded by the original agriculture clientele group, and every governing board and adninistrator up to 1935 was so inflated with this idea, that any suggestion to reverse this process in 1935 would have been rejected an principle. We must recall that it was Dean R.C. Huston in his first public report on the progran who pointed out, in nno uncertain term, that 'gradnntes of the course be first of all well trained college men," and that it was Huston who was the key college figure because he was the head of science, and physical education—important areas of training for the police interests. Michigan State's insistence on basic education first, may nnot have been unique in the pol ice educaticnn approach. Future research on the 127 subject might well be directed to the question of how a similar stance at the University of Chicago and the University of California might have delayed their response to some of Vollmer's proposals. In any event, it seems clear that Oscar Olander, LeMoyn-e Snnyder, and menbers of the Michigan Crime Conmission were faced with this educational priority at Michigan State. The situation was tailor made for an Olander type negotiation. With all of the problems of law enforcenent resulting frcm prohibitien, or at least seening to, and the recent attention to police training ad education by a new Federal adninistratian, Michigan State was in a positicnn to serve tte people of Michigan. The State Police, backed by a politically based Crime Canmissicrn was in a position to offer personnel, facilities, and money to further the vocational/professional aspects of a progran, if Michigan State would extend its current resources to provide general educationn. The deal was struck. This spirit of working out a progran to serve an important clientele group has been a proud tradition of Michigan State leadership, and demonstrates that even complex issues can be dealt with when a positive leadership attitude exists. President Hannah recently said that the “Police Pdministration Program was a good idea then (1935) ad is still a good idea," but he renninded tte author that adnninistrators ha a great deal more latitude in 1935 without a full time legislature and that "when a good idea was proposed we would just say, lets do it."1 Up unntil the time of actual program implennentation, the history of tte School of Police Adninistraticn Course was the story of police ministration ad scientific crime detection in the United States and Michigan. After all, the college did nnot expand into police education 128 on its own—it responded to a stated need from the field. To some, that may be viewed as a much too conservative positicnn, but it does help insure the success of a progran once it is established. It would, indeed, be very difficult to argue that a professional progran could have any chance of success if not supported to a high degree by the field it intends to serve. Once tte educational institution deve10pes its own research base and professionally based expertise, its service and leadership roles becane sonnewhat of a balancing act between leading and pushing new ideas on its major clientele group. Tte educaticnn insituticn that moves too far fran the practical concerns of operational professionals will lose support, but if it falls behind it will no longer be able to serve the field. Therefore, it seems reasonable to propose that the most productive state of affairs is a constant interaction between a professional school and its clientele gronps. The Police Administration Progran performed this function renarkably well fran 1935 through 1945. 1946-1956 Stabilith Refinenent The post world war period of 1945—1956 called for new approaches, and Arthur Brandstatter rose to the occasion with brilliant staff selections that met tte professional and acadenic needs of the times. His own education and professional experience had been strongly connected to the police side of tie School, but l'e quickly moved into other areas men it seened appropriate to do so. By 1956, Brandstatter had completed the work he set out to accanplish ten years before. Five areas of concentration in addition to police adnninistraticnn hfi been molded into tte progran, and to recognize this diversity, the name of the school had been changed to the School of 129 Police Administration and mblic Safety. All six specialty areas were managed by personns with sound experience and acadenic credentials. Enrollments were steadily increasing and in the off campnns world, criminal justice agencies were going about their business with quiet resolve. The baby born children of World War II were experiencing some child rearing changes but trey would not reach tte crime prone age until the 1960's. The available crime statistics were reflecting some increases, and tie development of police adnninistraticn prograns throughout the nation was picking up after the hiatus caused by the war. Michigan State was tie model being selected by other colleges and unniversities interested in developing prograns in police administration. This favored status, and the slow but steady growth in police educational programs, was flattering to Michigan State, but it also created the genesis of the faculty turnover dilenma that surfaced in the 1960's. 19157-1963 The Winds of Change Tte growing national stature of tte School of Police Adnninistration and Public Safety at Michigan State made it a good place to seek high status employment in educaticnn related to tte adninistraticn of justice. The reverse of this situation, however, was that Michigan State was also a good place to recruit staff for new programs based on the Michigan State model. Starting in the early 1960's, faculty turnover becane a clear adnninistrative problen. 2 Older tenured professors remained as a sol id foundation, but as for new instructors, a short stay at Michigan State made then very attractive to other.: developing programs. This turnover 130 and the competition fron other schools, forced Brandstatter to allocate more of his time to faculty selection and personnel adnninistration. While l'e was still able to recruit outstanding instructors who net his field experience criteria, sons were not able to present the academic credentials required by major universities. This problen was nnot unique to Police Adnninistration. As a result of the educational boon brought on by government paid tuition for returning war veterans, the pool of experienced professionals with advanced degrees could nnot neet the demand in many areas. This universal problen may have been one factor leading to the major college reorganization that culminated in the break up of the School of Business ad Public Service and tte attacl'ment of tie School of Police Administration and Public Safety to the College of Social Science. Tte business prograns needed to conpete salary wise to bring to Michigan State experienced business professionals. In general, business was knnownn to pay higher salaries than could be expected in the public service area. If the School of Business could move the public service program to another ad'ninistrative unit, they might be able to justify higher salary schedules. As the debate heated up in the early 1960's, it becane clear that the Police Adninistration Progran would have to find a new hone. The emerging College of Social Science seemed to be a reasonable alternative. While many faculty menbers were not fully confortable with the Social Science alternative, the prospect of facing the budget process as a small unit as opposed to beconing a part of a larger and stronger unit left nno other practical choice. 3 When the reorganization was connpleted in 1963, tte School of Police Adnninistraticn and Public 131 Safety was a part of the College of Social Science. In addition to tie growing pains of police education, Michigan State University was now changing rapidly fronn an agriculture college with other prograns to a true university that expected to find its way into recognition with the great universities of the nation and the world. Leading this charge was President John Hannah who realized that each department must develop a faculty with high acadenic standing if Michigan State was to becane recognized as a great university for teaching, research, and service. President Hannah's leadership to bring Michigan State true university status and the attactment of tie Police Adninistration Program--a professional school-—to the more academically oriented College of Social Science, put the School of Police Aduinistration and Public Safety in a bird. The pool of practitioners with advanced degrees had not expanded enough to fill the need. Eventually, Bradstatter was oder pressure to consider new staff nnnore on the basis of traditional acadenic grounds than on field experience. For the most part, however, this period was one of quiet development and it was nnot until tte late 1960's and early 70's that national and world events would focus on Michigan State University and the School of Police Adnninistration ad mblic Safety. 4 1964-1984 A Research Permective Tte educational turmoils and charges of tie 1960's and 70's, both good ad bad, which were shared by the School of Police Adminstration and Public Safety (changed to tte School of Criminal Justice in 1971) have nnot been included in this research. The history of that period renains to be explored at another tine. 132 The dynamics that created those changes fron 1964-1984 are numerous, conplicated and elusive, and beyond the scope of this study; but, it is new time to begin that study while information is available and the memories of students and faculty are still alive to tte precise issues ad answers of that period. It must be pointed out, however, that when the protests of the 1960's attempted to rennove police education fronn college canpuses, Michigan State l'eld firm. Unfortunately, August Vollmer's dreann at Berkeley died. When Federal money flowed into Criminal Justice education in the 1970's, Michigan State expanded accordingly to meet the challenge of the times. Whereas, it can be argued that sone institutions went for the money with little regard for a sound foundation of practical relationships with the field to which they sreuld have been committed. men the neney went away, many of the prograns foundered and instant criminal justice experts followed the neney to other fields. Michigan State cane out of the experience in a solid position to meet tie challenges of tte future. matever the final analysis of that period might be, it does seen to this author that tte role of Federal neney in furthering progran expansion ad change should be carefully examined. Further, the sudden exit of Federal monies for criminal justice education and its impact on the program at Michigan State should be explored. Finally, it is suggested that a research hypothesis be formulated to test the proposition that the rise ad fall of Federal neney during the 1967-77 period was an anonaly that temporarily directed tte School fron the basic Land Grant Philosophy of education ad research, as a direct service to an occupational field, to a prime focus on education as an 133 instrunnent for change with less regard for servicing the percieved needs of line agencies. But, it would also seen that a similar hypothesis should be applied to operational agencies during this period, because it may well be the case that by accepting direct Federal money for research, innnovation, ad technology transfer, the occupational field may have neglected their partnership responsibility to help nuture their own university based professional educational progran. All told, Michigan State, Michigan police and other criminal justice agencies survived very well this period of addiction with and then witldrawal of Federal funds. 1985 and Beyond The period 1925 to 1935 was certainly an exciting tine during which strong police ad educational ad political leadership developed in Michigan. Tte apparent sudden developnent of the Pol ice Adninistration Progran can new be viewed as a longer term developnent that energed in final form in July 1935. me developuent of the progran fronn 1946 to 1963 was a natural progression toward developing a full academic base for police aduinistration and an unfolding into other criminal justice areas as needs were identified ad resources becane available. The move into basic police training was in keeping with tie technology transfer idea of the Land Grant College systen, a conbination of leading and pushing clientele groups into new directions. The question of tew this historical analysis can help in the future gets to tte roots of questions concerning the relevance of historical analysis. The historical essay may be interesting and it may provide a bit of confortable nestalgia, but few can it be used in tte social science sense to predict the future? The answer is that historical 134 analysis is net intended to predict in the sense of a regression analysis. While many similarities can be seen in the events of various historical periods, history does net, in fact, repeat, so why then would one propose to predict tte future? In terms of future guidance fron this historical analysis, the first goal is to seek sole understanding of tte past—an explanation of the institutions, leadership styles, problens and available options that were used to develop uniqne problen solutionns for tie time under study. The second goal is to identify basic concepts that could be applied to future developnnennt, and finally, concrete suggestionns as to new these concepts may be managed or utilized in the problem solving process. he first goal, explaining the past, has been set before tte reader for evaluation. As regards the second goal, an interpretation of the historical picture would seen in order. If any one concept could be used to describe the process fronn 1935 to 1963, it would be the goal orientation of the participants in tte organizing and building process. As an institution, MSC was dedicated to advancing the goals of professional and occupational groups by providing a broad basic education ad then furnishing or coordinating the technical education required of a particular cliente gronp. Educational proposals not in line with this goal would have little chance of moving forward. Police leaders viewed education and training as a way to create more responsible ad effective police administrators, and to improve their agencies' ability to meet public expectations through tl'e scientific detection of crime. Program administrators in the 1935-68 period recruited staff who were professionally and acadenically oriented to meet the operational goals of line criminal justice agencies. It is 135 clear that Brandstatter's staffing goal was to enploy persons who could teach courses that appeared to be directly related to the professional concerns of client gronps. Another concept that was evident in the early program, and eventually moved to tie background, was the personal stake operating agencies assured by telping to insure the success of the program. In other words, tie educational institution and tie client group felt the need to make the progran work. Another concept at work during the 1950's and 60's was to link good ideas to a research base, with a high probability of innplennenting the research results. ~ Applying these concepts to the future is net the nest simple of tasks. Tte reader is asked to take "judicial notice" of the fact that enployment practices in and out of academia have changed dranatically in tl'e past 20 years. Deans and department Chairpersons of professional schools are often under pressure to fill positionns based on social goals little related to the educational goals of client group. This results in courses being developed around tte needs of instructors rather than tie needs of the professional field. In criminal justice education, a maturity has developed that tends to isolate many criminal justice educators fronn their operational agencies. In the world of criminal justice education, Michigan State ne longer donninates tte field as it did in the 1950's, nor is there any need for it to do so. Further, nnot all criminal justice prograns have tne "Land Grant Philosophy" of education, research, and service that one finds at Michigan State. But as Michigan State is no longer the "master 136 in the field", neither is it obligated to conne under the controlling influence of tie field of criminal justice education. Michigan State University has taken its place with the great universities of tie world. Its national and international contributions to the improvennents of the human condition have been long recognized and are most likley to continue. The fact remains, tewever, that its first priority is to the citizens of the State of Michigan through the education of students, research aimed at improving tlne econonic and personal health ad safety of Michigan citizens, ad service to the client groups attached to its professional schools. Granted, graiuates of the School of Criminal Justice find careers beyond the borders of Michigan as often as they do within tte State, but it is Michigan that provides major research environments and can gain the nest through the utilization of research and technical assistance fron tte School's faculty and staff. Future criminal justice problens and their solutions can ne more be predicted than tte past relived, but a renewal of faith in the historical concepts of a professional school built on the [and Grant Philosophy of full and unconpromising cooperation with its professional clientele, could make Michigan State the wave of the future a it was in tte past. The current ministration of the School of Criminal Justice is steafastly conmitted to tie Michigan State Land Grant Philosophy of service. Now, in 1985, it is time for Michigan's criminal justice professionals to identify their research needs and educational priorities, and communicate then to their professional school—Michigan State. Together, tte criminal justice challenges of 1985 and beyond can be net. 137 A Final Word In the fall of 1985, a major celebration is planned for the fiftieth anniversary of the School of Criminal Justice. At that tinne the History of the School since 1935 will be recounted, debated, and menorialized by many of the over 6,000 graduates of the progran. This discussion has tried to provide a background of tle times, tte needs, attitudes and philosophies of the individuals ad institutions that led to the establishment of the Criminal Justice program at Michigan State University. The final question: my did DBU accept the challenge of police education at a tine of financial depression, ad when police education was net yet accepted as a college role? Tte answer may lie in that strange intangible called the "Michigan State” or "land Grant Philosophy." In 1915, Beal expressed it as coming fron, ”strong men of vision wte have seen He importance of giving instruction a practical bent." 4 The original program was administered by the Department of Applied Science. The Dean of that Department R.C. Huston ha taken a leading role in the program's developnent. During the October 1935 Crime Conference, re expressed tie Michigan State pioneer and visionary spirit of service. He told of being asked what the nen would be qualified to do after ttey conpleted the course. In a humorous vein re said, "We might say we can tell better after they have completed it." And then in a more serious note re concluded his renarks by saying, ”We feel that, if the experiment is to prove successful, out first problen is to train 5 tie men." It has been suggested that the future of criminal justice education 138 could be enhanced by strengthening the historical partnership between Michigan's pioneering School of Criminal Justice and its clientele organizations in the State of Michigan and elsewhere. Tb para-phrase the skeptic of fifty years age, "what good would such an arrangenent do?” The answer also ectees fron history. "We can tell better after we try“; therefore, our first goal is to make tte effort. If indeed, one can view history as prologue, then the leadership of education conbined with the world of criminal justice experience can produce the wisdon to nest the future. APPENDIX A m BALE! F. TUNE}! CRIMIML INVESTIGATICN THESIS APPENDIX A THE BALE! F. TURNER CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIQJ THESIS Dr. Hans Gross, a criminnologist at the University of Prague in the late 1800's, has been aptly called tl'e father of modern criminal investigation. This tribute was based on his writings related to criminal psychology and his fanone work The System Der Kriminalistik, first translated into English in 1906. The nest widespread edition of his work was the 3rd Edition published in England in l934. It was edited by an officer in the Metropolitan Police to take account of the technoloy existing at the time, but tie innvestigative techniques are those of Gross. Gross wanted his investigators to gather and analyze facts about crimes and criminals, If these chores were properly acconpl ished criminals would be brought to justice. August Vollmer was an early reader of Gross and, according to Alfred E. Parker, obtained many of his ideas regarding 1 The work that influenced scientific investigation fron Gross. Vollmer was Gross's Criminal Psychology, which pre-dated his later work on investigation. Therefore, Vollmer was influenced more by considerations of what makes criminals think and act than by tl'e search for evidence. men Gross later turned his attention to the search for facts, tl'e systen was conplete; new facts at tte crime scene could be plotted against known criminal- behaviors and thus suspects or classes of suspects could be identified. Tte problen, of course, was that the human personality is much more complex than Gross and the next generation of scientists could imagine, but tne search for facts was an idea that survived some of the early conclusions about criminal 139 140 behavior. That classic line, fron television's Dragnet series, "Just the facts M'an,” was an interesting depiction of detectives who seened to knew exactly what facts they were looking for and expected crime victims to also knew tte difference between fact and non—fact. Hans Gross approached social science fron the phenonmological point of view. He warned his investigators against taking facts and statenents at face value because of the way the senses can be deluded by not always being able to inmediatly detect the true meaning of the phenonena under observation. Onne of his nest important cautions to investigators, and one that is essential today, was to avoid the preconceived idea of a crime solution before the facts are collected and analyzed. As a true pinenononologist, Gross rejected the idea that science and social science in particular could be coupleto objective. Therefore, criminal investigation depended to some extent on the subjective evaluationns of trained and experienced investigators. He pointed out that activities performed by investigators which appear as simple routines to non-investigators, may be tte result of training and experience. The 1934 edition of his work made a strong impression on leaders of scientific crime detection in tie English speaking world. Physical scientists such as Eelph Turner ad his instructors ad colleagues were discovering nunerone ways in which science could help solve crime through the analysis of evidence. But, the critical problen was the collection of evidence and connecting it to a suspect in a manner acceptable to the legal systen. 141 This lack of evidence collection ability resulted in nunerous works in the 1940's and 50's that addressed tl'e problen of new to search for evidence. Most of these writings stressed the need for resourcefulness and innovation on the part of investigators, the development of experienced intuition, ad an artful approach to the crime scene, victims, witnesses, and suspects. Lacking in nest of tie literature of the time, tewever , was a stated theory or conprehensive model that explained why evidence wa left at a crime scene and why all crimes were net solved. Conmon sense dictated that a gm found at a crinne scene should be subnitted for analysis. But, what theory could lead to innnovations by investigators when the obvious leads in an investigation cane to an end? As a result of Turner's field experience and interest in teaching, re felt tte need to develop a conceptual franework to support a criminal investigation. The abstract ideas were used to develop what Turner called his hypotheses for a criminal investigation. T'he first construct is sort of a meta-physical picture of good and evil that is believed to exist side by side in tie personality of every individual. Developing this picture requires some interest in the Freudian personality theory, where there is that bit of good in all people that breaks out ad forces the criminal to leave a clue. The other construct is nere supportable via the physical sciences and involves tte idea that the ennvironment of a situation is changed by either an accidental or intentional intrusion into the situation. In tte criminal situation, the identification of these changes becone the clues that identify the criminal. These two ideas are conbined to support Turner' 3 thesis as to why crimes can be solved. His thesis is set forth in what Ire calls two 142 hypotheses as follows: 1. “It is impossible for a person to conmit a crime without leaving clues.” 2. ”If all the evidence is collected ad properly analyzed, it will leai to tie guilty party." In the first hypothesis, Turner does net restrict the leaving of clues at tte crime scene nor place any limit on the tine it will take for clues to surface. Further, he does net claim that sufficient clues will always be available to tte investigator. Trey may be destroyed prior to the investigative attempt, ignored because of lack of knewledge or techniqle, or instrunents may not be sensitive eneugh to find then. This is an optimistic approach that suggests future success through training, experience, and research. The second hypothesis is an optimistic conditional statennent. Its power is revealed upon further analysis. This statenent could be adjusted to state the case that "if sonne of the evidence is collected and sons of the evidence is properly analyzed, it may lead to tte guilty party. The reverse of the original hypothesis is also revealing, for it would state that, ”If ne evidence is collected or if collected evidence is improperly analyzed, it cannot lead to the guilty party.” The last two derived statenents are probalby more subject to verification than the original assertion. After all, we have sufficient quantitative evidence in support of tie proposition that, "collected and analyzed evidence has led to guilty parties." Likewise, we have research indicating that cases are closed without arrest when no evidence is collected or collected evidence does not lend itself to adequate evaluation. 143 It must be recalled that Turner's statement referred to all evidence ad not just residual trace evidence. Investigative research during the 1960's and 70's distracts one's attention fron this all enconpassing hypothesis. One might forget, for exanple, that the police officer arriving at the scene of a reported crime ad directed by a witness to "arrest that person I saw hold up the cashier,” has been provided with evidence the interpretation of which may lead to an arrest. If the arrested person was in fact guilty, then He proposition is supported. If the arrested person turns out to be net guilty, the proposition still stands because tl’e evidence was not properly analyzed by tte officer. The important ad far reaching signifigance of Turner's conditional statennent on evidence collection is that while it may not be proven to a scientific certainty, neither has it ever been proven false. Further it provides an optimistic outlook for tie future not found in tte current literature on criminal investigation. ksearch during the past fifteen years regarding the investigative process sunnnarily disnissed art as a part of investigation,2 and used as investigative standards, practices enployed at the time of the sttdies without regard to how well those practices met theoretical propositions such as the Turner Thesis. 4 The nest recent criminal investigation research is new ten years old or more and has left students and practioners alike with a legacy of pessimism and despair, leading to the proposition that ”nest criminals do not leave clues and nest clues left are not identifiable or capable of interpretation." This is ironic because it cones at a time when science is nnore capable than ever before to discover ad properly analyze evidence . 144 deay the philosophers of science are rediscovering the phenonnenolcgical view that led Gross to his instructions on criminal investigation over 100 years ago. The Turner Criminal Investigative Thesis is also as up to date as it was twenty or thirty years ago and needs to be rediscovered and reconsidered in future research on the investigative process. It puts tie art back in tte art and science of investigation. It encourages innovation, invention, experience , and a belief that crime can be solved. APPENDIX B mm D. sum — MICHIGAN MUNICIPAL LERGUE APPENDIX B HAROLD D. sum MICHIGAN MLNICIPAL IEAGJE The 1929 convention of tie Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police devoted considerable time to the issue of police training. Onne non—police speaker, Harold D. Snith, hal sone good ideas and seened to know what was going on across the nation in the police training area. Snith represented tte Michigan Munnicipal league (MIL), which under his leadership was starting to have significant impact on Michigan legislative decision nnaking. The munnicipal league movenennt was a response to citizen reform movenents of tie late nineteenth century and resulted in tte forming of the National Mmicipal league in 1894. The Michigan Minicipal league was founded in 1899 to help cities and towns with problens of municipal administration. The Michigan organization had some impact on the political systen, but soon fell behind tte efforts of other states because it lacked funds for a full time staff. By 1925, ML leadership realized the need for a full time staff and after a couple more years of struggle, tte position of Executive Secretary was established. The first person to take this position was Harold D. Snith wte took office in January, 1928. Snith was an extremely energetic executive and put the ML on a sound track for tie future. He quickly becane knewledgeable in all aspects of municipal ministration, and the police issues of the times led him to tie problen of police training. When re appeared before the police clniefs te had done his rennework ad made a credible presentation. 14S 146 When it was organized, the Michigan Minicipal Beagle had a very close relationship to University of Michigan; this relationship continues today with the run. office located in Ann Arbor. 1 Snith graiuated fron the University of Kansas in 1922 with a degree in Engineering ad then obtained his Master's degree in municipal adnninistration fron the University of Michigan. He did research for the City of Detroit and consulted for a number of cities and states before taking on tte job of developing tte Michigan Municipal League. Snith developed a reputation as an expert in municipal finance and in 1937 Governor Frank Murphy appointed him as Michigan Budget Director. When Governor Murphy was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt a U.S. Attorney General, Snith's expertise cane to the attention of the Roosevelt ministration. The President appointed anith as Director of the Budget in 1939 ad re served in that job until 1946. Snith gained a reputation in Washington of always having government financial information available at instant notice. This ability gained for him the utmost confidence of President Roosevelt. 3 APPENDIX C ALBERT! A. CARNIL — GRAN) MPIm SUPERINTENDENP CF POLICE APPENDIX C ALBERI‘ A. CARROLL SUPERIN’I'ENDEN'I‘ OF POLICE GRAN) RAPIIS, MICHIGAN Onne of the main thrusts of the Wickershan Conmission's Repgrt on go_l_i_c_e_ was tl'e need to provide chiefs of police with substantial tenure so they could do a professional job. The Michigan State Police under Oscar Olander and the Detroit Police Department under the leadership of Willian mtledge appeared, in the 1920's and 30's, to have achieved progress in this area. But Michigan's second largest city had also established a record of long tenure for its chiefs. None was more successful in tte pursuit of longevity than Albert A. Carroll who was Superintendent of the Grand Rapids Police Department Fron 1914 to 1936. Carroll was a strong supporter of police training. He was active in nnational police activities during the Vollmer era and attended tte 1934 Attorney General's meeting in Washington that led to the Michigan Crime Conmission supporting the Police Administration Progran at Michigan State. The Grand Rapids Police Department has an interesting history of education and leadership. Tte City of Grand Rapids was a busy frontier town in the years following the Civil war. It was the center of the Michigan railroading and lumber industry, and a supply center for the expanding development of Northern Michigan. In 1856, the city pOpilation totaled 7,000 people, who were served by 200 saloonns and a fine red light district. The leadership of the Police Department, like that in nest cities of the tine, changed with each election. Reform 147 148 cane in 1881 when a nenpartisian Board of Police and Fire Conmissioners was created. While change did not cone overnight, a good start was made when Willian Eastman, a lawyer, was appointed chief. He was able to hold on to tie job for three years, during which he developed training manuals for the officers, ad tried to steer then on the road to legal enforcenent of tie law. The manual continued long after his tenure in office. The person who brought Grand Rapids into the world of nedern police work we Harvey O. Carr who took over after lawyer Eastnnan resigned in 1893. Carr had no background in police work, but decided to learn, and so attended a meeting in Chicago where a number of chiefs were meeting to exchange ideas. The group liked Carr and made him charter secretary-treasurer of what we to becane tte International Association of Chiefs of Police. He reld this position for nearly 25 years and is credited with moving Chief Carroll to tie presidenncy of tl'e esociation in 1924. Carr remained e chief until 1914 and had both political ad connission power to implennent many of tie new idee of the time. He supported training, ad implennented a first rate record bureau and identification systen. He also developed a crime laboratory for the city ad surrounding area. Carroll was born in Iowa. His father was a hometeader and neved to Wisconsin when 1e we a year old. A few years later, his father died. Shortly thereafter, he and his nether cane to Holland, Michigan to visit an older brother in tne lumbering business. The mother returned to Wisconsin to wind up the family business there, but died leaving Carroll an orphan at age seven and in tte care of his brother. He left school at age 13, to work ad help support himself, and 149 developed into a strong athlete who neither sucked or drank. He was an anateur boxer, coached a local wrestling teann and we a world class oarsman. He was successful in a number of business ventures but he had a strong interest in farming, and operated a farm near Grand Rapids all during his law enforcenent career. 2 Carroll was about 35 years old when he first entered law enforcement and politics. The Kent County Sheriff we having trouble with prisoners escaping ad eked him to take a job e turnkey. According to news reports, "In three days re had whipped nine prisoners wl'e attacked him in breaks for freedom" 3 This made him popular in local politics and he we later elected e a police court clerk and two terms e County Sheriff. After his last term e- sheriff, re retired to his farnn and took no part in law enforcenent activities until l'e we selected for chief upon the retirenent of Carr in 1914. Carroll was a self educated man who once said "I found unless I had sonething more in He head, it we tie pick ad shovel for ne, and this started ne on a course of reading and study." This personal interest in study led him to be one of tte more progressive chiefs of tte time. He was concerned about the problens of youth ad made his officers stop using “third degree“ tactics long before tte Wickershan Conmission exposed the problen on a nationwide basis. He was quoted e saying that, "the use of third degree methods is barbaric... it is possible to wring a confession fron an innocent man." 4 Carroll pioneered in giving public recognition to officers who provided outstanding service and also gave then extra vacation time e an incentive for good work. Superintendent Carroll we elected President of the International 150 Association of Chiefs of Police during the Montreal convention July 14-18, 1924. He presided at the next years meeting held in Indianapolis, Indiana July 13-16, 1925. The convention that year went quite smooth and very little controversy we brought to the floor. One scenario was interesting regarding the future of police education. Carroll hal been advised by Chief Willian Wiltbeger, then Chief of Evanston, Illinois, of an offer by Northwestern University to coordinate a sunnmer police training school. Carroll asked Wiltberger to read the letter to the convention. Wiltberger then urged the Association to accept tie offer. One speaker wanted to postpone consideration of the idea, but August Vollmer spoke in favor of the proposition and pit forth a motion to have a conmittee appointed to work with Northwestern. The netion was seconded and after President Carroll added a favorable conment on it fron tte chair the motion we carried. In retrospect, one woders kew long Vollmer and Wiltberger had been working to obtain such an offer fron Northwestern. Tie important point is, tewever, that Carroll had been part of the plot to get the IACP moving toward the use of college facilities. Later in the day, Carroll also used his authority e President to ek another speaker to make an unscheduled talk before He convention. He had heard of tl'e presence of Professor G.T. Ragsdale fronn Louisville, Kentucky. Ragsdale cane with the title of Director of police School for the Louisville police Department. 4 Ragsdale told of his activities e a non-police officer in bringing to the pol ice department outside resources that could help police officers do their work. He was probably one of the first civilian directors of 7 police training in tte nation. The evidence makes it clear that "Ab" Carroll knew what was going on 151 in the world of police training and esisted the work of the Michigan Chiefs in 1929. After attending tte Attorney General's meeting in Wehington in Decenber of 1934, re would have been an advocate for the Police Adninistration Progran at Michigan State College. He gained national attention when after 20 years e head of the department, be we fired for political reasonns in 1933. Tte case was watched by proponants of civil service, ad a year later, he won his case before tte Michigan Suprene Court and we re-instated. He retired February 1, 1936 on his own decision. 5 He ruled the department with an iron hand and there we never a breath of scandal regarding his ministration for the nearly 22 years te was Superintendent of Police. Albert 'Ab" Carroll died January 7, 1941 at tte age of 75 years. On January 29, 1941, Frank M. Sparks, editor of the Grand Rapids Herald piblished a tribute to Carroll. He had knewn Ab for 37 years and credited him with beconinng "one of the nest outstanding superintendents of police in tie nation.” He talked about Carroll's love of sports and then alluding to his record of professional integrity he said, ”Ab was thoroughly impatient with anybody who didn't play a square gone at all times." 6 AWENDIX D cmema-nsuamscmcrcamnmaus‘rlcs 1855 1861 1909 1925 1935 1937 1938 1940 1941 1944 1946 APPENDIX D CHIODILXEY—MSIJAI‘DSCMOFCRIMINALJUSTICE Agriculture College of the State of Michigan established February 12, 1855, by Michigan Public Act 130 of 1855. State Agriculture College re-organized with its own board of control called tte State Board of Agriculture. In the years following the reorganization, the college was informally called Michigan State Agriculture College and the State Agriculture College of Michigan. The nane we officially changed to Michigan Agriculture College. The official name was changed by the State legislature on May 13, 1925 to Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. The State Board of Agriculture approved the Police Adninistration Course on July 31, 1935, and appointed Donald J. Bremer as Instructor of Police Administration. Responsibility for tie progran we placed on the Division of Applied Science. August 1, 1937, Donald J. Brener was appointed supervisor of tie Police Adninistration Oourse. His appointment we made cooperatively ad on an equal basis with the Michigan State Police. A course in mblic Administration was established. Donald J. Brener we called tie Co-ordinator of the Pol ice Administration Course. Brener resigned and Tom King was appointed Professor of Police Adninistration and Head of the Course. The School of Business and Public Service was established and Police Adninistration we made a Department within the School. T‘om King was made Head of the Department of Police Adninistration. Arthur Brandstatter appointed East Lansing Chief of Police February 15, 1946. an August 15, 1946, re we appointed Associate Professor and Assistant Head of the Department of Police Administration effective September 1, 1946. His 152 1947 1955 1955 1956 1963 1963 1971 198? 153 resignation fron the East Lansing Police Department was also effective on Septenber first. Brandstatter was pronoted on Novenber 20, 1947 to Professor and Heal of tie Department of Police Adninistration. Michigan State College was changed to Michigan State University of Agriculture ad Applied Science. January 1, 1956, the Departnnent of Police ministration was changed to tie School of Police Adnninistration and Public Safety. The title of Department Head was changed to Director of tie School. Master of Science progran implennented. It was approved in 1955. Michigan Constitutional Convention shortens the University' 3 none to Michigan State University. The School of Business and Biblic Service is disbanded ad The School of Police Adnninistration and Public Safety joinns the new College of Social Science. . Tte Schools nane is changed to tie School of Criminal Justice. Might the Scteol be organized into a College of Criminal Justice ad Security Adninistration? CHAPI'ERANDAPPENDIXI‘UI'BS CHAPTER AND APPENDIX WES Phases}. 1Ralph C. Huston, ”Police Administration Course at Michigan State College,” paper presented at tie Michigan Crine Conference, October 9—10, 1935 reported in Report of the Crine Conmission of Michigan, 1936 (Lansing: Franklin DeKleinne, 1936) pg. 84. 2Ibid. , pp. 86-87. 3John H. McNamara, ad Victor G. Strecher, "Michigan State Progran," National Criminal Justice Educational Consortinm Report, 5 Volones, Gilbert H. Bruns, afCarolyn O'Hern, eds. fin.p.': National Criminal Justice Educational Consortilm, 1976), 1:136-143. Chapter II 1Gordon H. Sheene, Leslie R. Silvernale, and David J. Luck, What Can The College Do About The Traffic Problenn (East Iansing: Michigan State College, 1953), p. 13. 2William Janes Beal, History of the Michigan Agriculture College (East Lansing: Michigan Agriculture College, 1915), pp. 36-40. 3Theophilus C. Abbot, "The Michigaan State Agriculture Oollege," Report of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, Vol. VI (Lansing: W.S. George & Co., State Printers ad Binders, 1884) p. 115. 4Ibid., p. 117. Ibid., p. 120. Ibid., :1). 119—121. Beal, pp. 6-16. coumun Abbot, p. 132. 9Abbot, pp. 123-124. loAbbot, p. 123-124. 11heal, p. 134. 12Interview with Professor Ralph Turner, MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, May 11, 1984. See also Resource Analys_is School of Criminal Justice IBU Fall 1971, Prepared by Ralph Turner, "Professional schools are supposed to teach students to do things well,” p. 9. 154 155 Chapter III 1H.H. Binghan, "Tte abolislment of Death Penalty,“ Report of the Pioneer Society of Michigan, Vol. VI. 3). 99-102. 2lbid. 3'lbid. 4Jannes Horan, The Pinkertons (New York: Crown Pub., Inc., 1967), 5Ralph c. Mindy, Crine Conmission Handbook (Baltinnore: Criminal Justice Conmission, 1956), pp. 14-25. Chapter IV lAugust Vollmer and Albert Schneider, ”Tie School for Police as Planned at Berkeley," The Journal of the Annerican Institute of Criminal Law Jand Criminolfll Vol. VII, Tte Northwestern University, (Chicago 1917), pp. 877-898. 2 Ibid . 3Walter D. Ladd, Organizingfifor Traffic Safety inJour Conmunity (Springfield: Charles C Thane, 1959) pp. 15-23, 52-58. 4Detroit (area), DailLMirror, August 3, 1931, (Michigan State Police Files, Olander paper, Scrap Book Vols. 3&4, Record Group 79-45, State of Michigan Archives and Historical Collections), Lansing, Michigan. 5Interview (telephone) with John Oscar Olander (Commissioner Olander's son) Cleveland, Ohio, May 15, 1984. Mr. Olander said his father was a good listener and made his reconmendations fit into the Japanese culture. This approach also verified by Ralph Turner, Note No. 12. Chapter II. 6Frank E. Robson, "How Lansing Became the Capital," Pioneer SOCieth V01. XI, ms 237-2430 7To Delta Sienna Phi, Application by the Aurorian Literary Society to becone a local chapter of Delta Signa Phi, East Lansing, ca 1922, pp. 2-24 (Donald J. Brener collection, Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 1985). 8 Interview Donald Brenner (son of Donald J. Brener) April 12, 1985. 9"Brenner Expected to Recover," Lansim, MI State Journal, June 4, 1922. 10"S‘.:udent Stripes, Instead of Police Stripes, Brener Goal ," fie Lansing State Journal, January 8, 1927, p. 3. 156 11"Student Cop Quits Chasing Erring Motorists," Howell, MI Livingston Democrat, January 26, 1927, p.1. 12"MSC Appoints Traffic Officer for Flivers,” DetrOit Free Press. ca. April 21, 1927. 13"work of College Police Includes Various Dities," Michigan State News, May 18, 1933, p.1. 1‘1Brennner Interview, Ibid . 15"2 Hurt, 4 held in use Riot,” Lansing Capital News, May 22, 1929. p. 1. 16John A. Hannah, A Meneir (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1980) 33. 110-114. 17Interview (telephone) James Ennyart, May 14, 1984. Ennyart was Olander's Chief Clerk in charge of business adninistration and worked very close with him. M 1Murdy, Introduction . 2Murdy, mas-20. 3Crinnne Conmission of Michigan, 1930, p. 5. 4Ibid., p. 6. 5Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan 1925, Regular Session (Lansing, Michigan: Robert Snith Co., 1925). p. 246. Cited by Richard A. Wild, "An Evaluation of the Law Enforcement Training Basic Polie Course at Michigan State University" (Masters Thesis, Michigan State University, 1965) p. 6. 6Journal of the Senate, pp. 602, 625, 880, 1,075. 7public Act 211 of 1925, public Acts of 1925, State of Michigan (Lansing, Michigan: Robert Snith Co., 1925), pp. 310-311. Cited by Wild in DB Thesis. 8Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police, ”Proceedings, 6th Annual Connvention,’I August 20-22, 1929, Donald S. Leonard papers, Box 30, Michigan Historical Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan). This collection contains one of the few available early proceedings of the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police. Their own office in Lansing does not have these early proceedings. 9Ibid., Harold D. Snith, "Discussion of a Training School for Policemen". an. 66-68. 157 loIbid. , an. 89-92. 11Michigan Manual: Official Directory and Legislative Manual (Lansing: State of Michigan, 1927) p.644. 12Michigan State Police, Fiftieth Anniversa say Michigan State Police, 1917-1967. (Lansing: Michigan State Police, 1967), p. 12. 13Donald 8. Leonard Papers, “Minutes of Police Training Conmittee, October 30, 1929." 14Ibid. 15Leonard Papers, Minutes, January 11, 1930. 16Michigan Association of Chiefs of police (MACP), Ibid. 17Crinne Conmission, 1930, pp. 19—20. 18Crine Conmission, 1932, a). 11-12. 19George H. Brereton, "Police Training Its Needs ad Problen,‘ Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1935-36, pp. 247-254. 20Williannn I. Cross, cited in "More Thorough Training”. an editorial, The State Trooper, 12 (August 1931) :16 21Donald S. Leonard to John p. Moran, October 22, 1934, Leonard m, box 17. 22Proceedings of the Annual Conventions of the Integgational Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Reprint Edition in 5 volunes 1893-1930. (New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1971) Vol. V. 1930 Convention, pp. 126-151. 23nhid. 2“Alfred B. Parker, The Berkeley Police Story (Springfield: Charles C Thane, 1972), p. 36. 25IACP Convention, 1929, Arno Press, pp. 68—71. 26Ibid., 1930, pp. 58-63. ”Ibid., 1927, pp. 131-133. ”Ibid., 1929, pp. 96-100. 29Ibid., 1930, pp. ll-118 ad 126-151. 158 Chapter VI 1Richard Hanmer, M's Illustrated History of Organized Crine (Chicago: Playboy Press, 1975) pp. 59-74. 2Ralprn F. Turner, Ibid. 3Sanuel Eliot Morison, and Henry Steele Conmanger, The Growth of _t__hg American Refine, 2 Vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), 2: pp. 529-530. 4Murdy, pp. 36-38. 5National Conmission on Law Observance and Enforcenent, The Report on Police, by David G. Monroe, and Earl W. Garrell, under the direction of August Vollmer (Wehington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931, ”n.p.“. 6ibid. , pp. 4-10. 71bid., pp. 84-85. 80.5. Department of Justice, Proceedings of the Attorney General's Conference on Crine, ”n.p.," Washington D.C., October 10-13, 1934, directed by U.S. Attorney General Honer winnings, n.p. 9New York Tinnes, April 26, 1934, 1:4. 10Proceeedings—Confeerence (in Crime. Ibid., pp. 471-498. 11lbic1., pp. 388-401. 12lbid. , pp. 17—18. 13Ibid., p. 6. 1"Ibid. , pp.24-26. 15Ibid., pp. 435-444. 16Ibid. , p. 340. 17State TIOQEE, 9 (March, 1928) 12. 18Lenneyne Snnyder papers, Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections. 19"Helpful to State Police," Editorial, The State Trooper. 15 (May 1934) :8. 20Interview (telephone), LeMoyne Snyder, May 15, 1984. 21Don Rogers, ”University of Michigan Begins Course in Law-enforcenent,“ The State Trooper, 15 (April 1934) :9—10. 159 22"State Police System, Now Model in Efficiency, Born in War Energeney,” Detroit Tines, Sunday Supplenent, May 2, 1937. (State Police files, Olander, box 22 Michigan Archives. This article on the history of tie DSP we requested by Jones P. Welsh, of tte Tinnes Editorial Department in a Letter to Olander March 10, 1937. Olander approved tl'e project and advised Welsh by letter March 22, 1937. The project was referred to Minnie Wakeman at Olander's Bureau of Safety Elucation. Tte article cane out in tie Times exactly e Wakennan wrote it. James Enyart, (nete IV-17) said she wrote nest of Olander's material. He would get an idea, discuss it with her for a short time and she would write it re such that re very seldon changed it. 23Snnyder interview, Ibid . 24Madison Kuhn, Michigan State: The First Hundred Years (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955), pp. 396-399. 25Dai1yMirror, August 3, 1931, Ibid. 26John A. Hannnan, A Menior, Ibid. 27Kuhn, p. 426. 28Arthur Brandstatter, ”mnnah Archives Project," ”Brandstatter Taped Memoirs; Transcribed by Jane H. Denison, Michigan State University Archives ad Historical Collection. 29James myart, Ibid . 30Willian Wiltberger papers, Box 6, article fron University of Wichita (Kansas) The Sunflower, June 3, 1935. Describes police science degree progran to be aided fall of 1935 1e! by O.W. Wilson, Michigan State Archives and Historical Collection. 31T.W. Mac Qiarrie, "San Jose State College Police Scteol,” Journal of Criminal Law, Etc_._, Ibid. pp. 225-261. 32August Vollnner to W.A. Wiltberger, Septenber 16, 1933, Wiltberger papers, Ibid. . 33E.W. Puttkanmer, "The Organization of a State Police," Journal of Criminal Law etc., Ibid., 3:. 747. 34Interview, John A. Hannah, East Lansing, June 1985. 35R0Ce HUStm' Ibid. 36Ibid. 37Interview (telephone) Mrs. Jean DeWindt, daughter of Linsey, May 17, 1984. 38Interview (telephone) Mrs. Harry G. Gault, May 17, 1984. 160 391nterview (telephone) with Myron David Orr, brother of Herbert P. Orr, May 17, 1984. 40Brandstatter , Ibid . 41R.C. Huston, Ibid. 42Crine Conmission, 1936, pp. 1-11. 43R.C. Huston, Ibid. Chapter VII 1Minutes of the Board of Agriculture, July 1935, Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections. Actually, Bremer carried tte title of Instructor of Police Adninistration. During the first two years, it was Dean R. C. Huston who was making the major decisions. In the July 1938, Rpport of the gecretary of the Board of Agriculture, President Shaw reported that “Mr. Donald J. Bremer, Instructor in Police Adnninistration we appointed supervisor of the Police Administration Oourse on August 1, 1937". "This appointment," re said, “we made cooperatively, on an equal basis with the MSP". In the Board's 1941 report, Brener was called a coordinator. Brenner's salary we never included in tte budget for tie Division of Applied Science but was carried in the physical plant operation with the security force. This factor, in addition to the IBP supplement, allowed Dean Huston to claim no increased cost to the educational btdget. men Tan King took over l'e we listed in tte budget for the Division of Applied Science. 2State Journal (Lansing) . 3Michigan State News, April 19, 1935. 4A CenturLof Progress: International Emosition (Chicago: Max Rigot Selling Co., c.a. 1932) Inside cover. 5Interview, lbbert Bouck, class of 1939, Chicago, May 1985. 6Interview, Ernest Brener, East Lansing, May 1985. 7"New Police Oourse Now Offered State Students," Michigan State News Septenber 20, 1935, p. l. 8 Bouck, Ibid. 9Michigan State Student Yearbook, The Wolverine, 1939 (East Lansing: pp. 70-71. 10Strecher ad McNanara Ibid., p. 154. 11Interview, Robert Bouck, Ibid. 12Parts of this legend were conmunicated by every person interviewed 161 who knew Olander. One current lobbyist for a national organization, said 1e worked with Olander and every Conmissioner since, and none could match him for the trusting relationship he maintained with the legislature. He always found a way to turn sane money back to the state at the end of the year. This is much different than current strategy (in nnost agencies) to spend what is left over at tte end of the year. The trust he established went beyond party lines so that when he really wanted sanething vital for tie State Police—he got it. Olander's business like attitude sometimes covered the fact that he was at reart a police officer. One former captain, wte had tl'e utmost respect for Olander, was surprised to recently learn that the Conmissioner had been a trooper at one time. For nearly 60 years re tleught Olander had cane into the department e a civilian—-"because re did net act like a cop'. 13Interview (telephone), Jean Petosky, Lewiston, Michigan, daughter of Caesar Scavarda. l4Interview, Ralph Turner, Ibid. 15Michigan House menber Miles M. Callayhan to Gov. Fred Green 7-1-1930 and 7-8-193) (Gov. Fred Green Papers, record group 49, B194, F7, State of Michigan Archive ad Historical Collection, Lansing, Michigan). 16Interview (telephone) retired ESP Captain mbert mrray, Lansing, May, 1985. 17William P. Rutledge, "Radio's Growing Place in Police Work," paper presented August 4, 1930, Thirty-Seventh Convention of tte International Association of Gniefs of Police, mluth, Minnesota, August 4-7, 1930. Proceedings of the Annual Convention, Ibid., 1930. 18 Ibid . 19 Kim Sigler to Oscar Olander, January 3, 1947, Leonard Papers, Analysis of Leonard papers, Ibid. 20Interv iew, Robert Murray, Ibid. 21Michigan State College Catalog, 1946-47, p. 426. 22Intervivew (telephone) Victor Scavarda, Lansing, April, 1984. 23Interview, Jean Petosky, Ibid. 24Interview (telephone) Harold Glasseen, Lansing, May, 1985. 2SInterview, Ibbert Mirray, Ibid. 26Interview Arthur Brandstatter, July, 1985. 27Leonard papers, Ibid . 28Fiftieth AnniversithMichigan State Police, Ibid., p. 37. 162 29Interview, Robert Mirray, Ibid. 30Crime Conmission of Michigan, 1938, pp. 3-9. 31L.eMoyne Snnyder to Donald Leonard, February 25, 1948, Leonard papers, Ibid. . 32William H. Frankhauser to Gov. Kim Sigler, August 6, 1948, Leonard papers, Ibid. ”Wolverine, 1939, Ibid., p. 72. ”Wolverine, 1941, Ibid., p. 196. 351939 Police Administration, brochure, Brener papers, Ibid. 36Interview, Robert Bouck, Ibid. 371nterview (telephone) Austin Van Stratt, May 1985. He sent a copy of the 1940 class brochure, and evidence that students received letter grades for their participation in the field training program. 38Personal knowledge of Wilbur Rykert during assignment as State Police officer in the Pontiac area 1957-1963. "lbd" was a classic gambler of tie 193l's tr'aflitim, an anachronisnn resulting frann the racial segregation of even illegal activities such as gambling. Now deceased, Red was intelligent, self educated, humorous, generous, in the Robin Hood sense, and lived by his wits. In todays world, a young man of Red's ability would stand a good chance to rise on He legitimate side of politics. md flaunted his gambling activities, and while Federal agents had identified major drug suppliers frann the United States and Canada as attending his social activities, an elite Michigan State Police squad identified him only as a gambler who they tried to put out of business without succeess. Rad had located his Social Club on a hill in the center of his eighty acre farm. Any suspicious movement could be detected for nearly a mile in all directions. His savvy at detecting informants was denonstrated when State Police officers in an adjacent county thought they had placed an informant inside his club. Allen detected the informer and turned him as a double agent on tl'e State Police. The agent convinced the police that Red was paying off the State Police in his county, so they were never consulted prior to the ”Big raid“. Actually, it was the other districts own informant who let Red know the exact tine of the raid. When the State Police arrived he had cold soft drinks for then and invited them to stay for a chicken barbecue. Red was an outlaw through and through, and yet re would turn in persons wanted for violent crimes. With Michigan now operating a huge lottery business and wifin sane possibilities for casinno gannbling, Red would today be a good candidate for a state civil service job. 39Interview Donald Brener, Ibid. 163 Chapter VIII 1mm King File, Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections. Also, Tan King File, University of Louisville, Archives and Historical Collections. 2John A. Hannah, Interview, Ibid. 3m Catalg, 1946-47, p. 121. 4Wolverine 1946, Ibid., p. 23. 5Report of the Secretaerof the State Board of Agriculture, 1945, p. 98. Chapter Ix 1Brandstatter Memoirs, Ibid. 2John Hannnnah, Interview, Ibid. 3Wolverine, Ibid., 1939, pp. 191, 110. 4Brandstatter Memoirs, Ibid. SSecretary Board of Agriculture, 1938, p. 24. 6Brandstatter Memoirs, Ibid. 7Secretary Board of Agriculture, 1946, p. 136. 8East Lansing City Records, Obtained from Clerks office by telephone. 9SecretaerBoard of Agriculture, 1947, p. 51. loIbid., 1948. p. 69. nIbid., 1947, p. 233. leolverine, 1948, p. 172. 13Ibid., 1949, p. 115. “Ibid., 1951, p. 138. 15Interview Ralph Turner, June 1985, and analysis of EU catalogs. “Interview, Robert Scott, April 1985. ”Ibid. 164 18Interview Louis Radelet, May, 1985. lgRobert Scott, Ibid. 20161:]. 21Ladd, p. 58. 22Gordon H. Sheehe, Leslie R. Silvernale, and David J. Luck, What can the Colleges do about the Traffic Problen (East Lansing: Michigan State College), October, 1953, p. 27-32. 23Ibid. , "Supplennental Ccunnents," a three page sunnmary and update printed after 1957. 24Ibid. 25Plessy vs. Ferguson, 163 U.W. 537 (1896). 263m vs. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 27Interview Louis Radelet, Ibid. 281613. 29Ralph Huston, Ibid. ”MSC Catalog, 1943-44, p. 259. 31MSC Catalog, 1946-47, pp. 426-428. 32MSC Catalog, 1949-50, p. 412. 33Hayes Carlton Larkins, "A survey of Experiences, Activities and Views of tie Industrial Security Adnninistration Graduates of Michigan State University,” (Masters 'Ihesis: Michigan State University, 1966) p. 19, citing a 1965 interview with Arthur Brandstatter. Rykert's 1985 interview with Brandstatter determined that it was the directors of Security for these organizations that Brandstatter talked to about- a security program. 34Ibid., p. 22. 35Interview, Leon Weaver, May, 1985. 36Larkinns, p. 1. 37Richard A. Wild, "An Evaluation of the Law Enforcement Training Progran Basic Polim Course at Michigann State University," (Masters 'I'nnesis: Michigan State University, 1965) p. 12. 38Wild, p. 15, citing tte Training Conmittee report given at the annual meeting of the Michigan Association of Chiefs of Police on June 21, 1951. 165 ”Ibid. 401616. , p. 16. 41Ibid . , p. 19. ”Michigan State Police: News Release, November 19, 1951, Leonard Papers, Ibid. gmer x Interview, John A. Hannah, Ibid. Strecher and McNamara, p. 160. Interview, Ralpn Turner, Ibid. #WNH In 1954, Police Administration faculty menbers participated with other faculty in a project to assist South Vietnam. This project continued for several years. Later as protests against U.S. involvennent in Vietnam grew, MSU cane under fire for its involvennent. In April, 1966, Rannparts Magazine claimed menbers of the Police Administration program were connected with He CIA. his was a cannplicated issue and should be explored in depth. Therefore, it was nnot covered in this thesis. Appendix A lAlfred B. Parker, Ibid., p. 54. 2Peter W. Greenwood, Jan M. Cnaiken, and Joan Petersilia, _Th_g Criminal Investigation Process (Lexingtan, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Canpany, 1977), p. 37. 31his material is based on the authors nearly 20 years reflections cnn Turner's Criminal Innvestigatian Thesis and an observing tl'e behavior of police elministrators and line police officers following the impact of tte 1970's research an tie criminal investigatian process. “line importance of investigative theory and the need to develop new research in this area was inspired by observing tre frustrations of students attempting to deal with this 1970's research. Criminalistic students appear to be as eager as ever to explore tre world of scientific crime detection, but there is a good chance that they will be faced, in tie 1980's and 90's, with tte sane challenge that Turner faced in the l940's-that of convincing line officers and administrators that good investigatian can provide cost effective results to a conmunity concernel with the problems of crime. Finally, a discussion was held with Professor Turner, in June 1985, to clarify sane of tte main features of his thesis. 166 Appendix B 1George A. Bell, The Michigan Municipal League: An Analysis of Policies and Services (Ann Arbor: Institute of mblic Administration, Unfiversity of Michigan, 1957), pp. 1-8. 2"The Leagues Director,“ Michigan Municipal Review, Septenber, 1930,3p. 165. Harold D. Snith file, Michigan Mmicipal League, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 4Fiftieth AnniversithMichigan State Police, Ibid., p. 52. Appendix C 12.2. Lydens, ed., The StorLof Grand Rapids (Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1966), SP. 140-156. 2"On Job Nearly 22 Years,“ Grand Rapids Herald, Decennber 17, 1935. 3mm. 4161:]. 51bid. 6 Frank M. Sparks, ”Reflections of an Editor," Grand Rapids Herald, January 29, 1941, p. 4. 71AC1> Convention, Ibid, 1925, pp. 52—59. BIBLIGERAH‘IICAL ESSAY BIBLImRAH-IICAL ESSAY The decade prior to tie start of tie Police Adninistration Program, nnow School of Criminal Justice, was a period of rising prosperity, a failed experiment with prohibiticnn of alcoholic beverages, and finally, degrading poverty. It was a period of gangsterism that solidified an American brand of organized crine based an old time Mafia terror, corruption of public officials, and the provision of illegal services to a demanding public. It was also a period during which menbers of the public, honest law enforcenent officials, and leading scientists worked together to reform law enforcenent and develop scientific nethods for the investigation of crime. Police training and educatian at major universities was one of the results of people in many areas of life cooperating in an attenpt to improve law enforcement and control crime. Michigan State University, became, and continues to be a leader in this continuing challenge. As history goes, 1935 is not in tte too distant past, but it is in this transitional time when the generation of adults of the time passes an and their renaining papers and docunents are found and prepared for examination. Had this project been attempted fifteen years ago, many people could have testified to events in police work prior to 1935, but very few documents would have been available to match against recollections. It is also unfortunate that more police officials had less a sense of history than the need to empty files to make roan for ever pressing business. We are forturnate, however, to have a number of very good collections in Michigan, sane of which have not yet been explored. One of the 167 168 outstanding records of a police official's tenure is in the scrap books of Conmissioner Oscar Olander of the Michigan State Police. His career-long secretary, Dorothy Cowen, prepared detailed clippings from newspapers and filled nere than two dozen large books cnn crime and police work during the many years of Olander's tenure. These and other State Police records are at the Michigan State Archives and new available for research. A relatively new collection is the papers of Donald S. Leonard, Olander's successor. He was active in tte affairs of state and national police associations for nnest of his career. This collection, housed at tie University of Michigan, contains sane of tie only knewn primary sources ‘of information regarding police training developnnents in Michigan fran 1924-1935. an the nnational scene, one of the nest valuable and astounding collections, probably at any archive, is held at tl'e Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collection, in the William Wiltberger papers. He was a police officer on August Vollmer's Berkeley, California Police Departnnent in the mid 1930's and remained a life long confidant of Vollmer. He held various law enforcenent positions in may parts of the nation and was responsible for making a success of the educational progran at San Jose State College. His papers were willed to DSU and have yet to be processed. They were very valuable in this project and will contribute to tte further understanding of police history in the future. Anether remarkable founntain of primary source material is contained in tte annnnual proceedings of tie International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). 'nne proceedings of early conventions fran 1893-1930, 169 have been reproduced in a five volune set by Arno Press and the New York Times a part of their Police in Anerica series. This set is tte only good source of information on some of these early meetings. The early transcripts are extrenely valuable because they contain not only the formal rennarks of speakers, but many of the extenporaneous debates as well. Fran 1930, tte original IACP publications are more readily available. The 1893-1930 collection is of great value to historians because of the detail that we recorded and published witl'eut editing - a Standard practice by modern association management. Today, students learn police history, as they do other history, fran distillations presented in general text books. ' mile the general textbook treatnnent of criminal justice history is a necessary fact of acadenic life, students should be aware of the many points of view that historians teld in approaching their data. One of tte best ways to evaluate these points of view is to examine original statenents. These early IACP proceedings are good sources for such evaluation. A rich source of Michigan history is the Pioneer Collections, an annual report started in 1877 by the Pioneer Society of tie State of Michigan, later called the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. A general reading of these collections will introduce tte reader to the general character of Michigan pioneers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In particular, one will be struck by tte strong concern for basic education as well as the unique proposal for an agriculture college that canbined both art and science. Mr. Donald Brener, son of Donald J. Brener, the first Director of the Police Adninistration Program, has contributed a valuable file of news clippings, photos, and publications that brings a nere detailed 170 understanding of the early years. This material will be preserved in tl'e Michigan State University Archives. The student year book, the Wolverine, is a good source of fact as well as narrative and pictorial nestalgia. And, tte annual reports of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture provide detail and some insight into tte developnental process. Two or three qnite rare books and docunents contribute to our understanding of events leading np to tie MSC progran in 1935. Forenest of these is the only knewn copy of the bound proceedings of the Michigan State Crime Connnissicn that operated fran 1930-1938. This copy is at the Michigan State university Library. Neither the library of the State of Michigan nor tte Michigan Archives were aware of this Cannission publication. Of major interest for this project was the published renarks of Dean R.C. Hustan, tte nest active participant of the Michigan State teann that developed the Police Administration Program, and the proposal by Lemyne Snyder to develop a medical exaniner departnnent in Michigan. The Wickershan Canmission's Report on Police is also a good docunent an police conditions and recannendations of the 1930's, but the nest valuable reference to the history of the subject of this thesis is the proceedings of tte Attorney General's Conference on Crime of 1934. This was a gathering of 600 people fran all over the United States and many of then renained interested in law enforcement for tte next 40 years. The Michigan delegation brought back ideas and an ambition to make MSC first in police educatian. Dr. IeMoyne Snyder, a legend in police work when this writer joined tie Michigan State Police over twenty five years ago, was available by 171 telepl'ene fran his honne in California. He has a vivid nnenory of 1935 and was helpful on a number of points. Professor Ralpn Turner, studied and worked with some of the originators of the Scientific Crime Lab at Northwestern University and also becane and renains a world reknewn expert on scientific crime detection. He brought his expertise to Michigan State in 1948. Now retired, his advice and recollections are valued by new and old students alike. Professors Louis Radelet, Leon Weaver, and Rnbert Scott provided the richness of first hand observations concerning their long association with Michigan State university. Professor Kenneth Christian provided a student's perspective of tte 1950's at Michigan State. President John Hannnah, in a brief interview was able to confirm sane of the judgments made concerning conditions and relationships involving tte college during the 1930's and 1940's, and exhibited his constant concern for serving people that was tl'e hallmark of his long and continuing service to Michigan State University. Arthur Brandstatter discussed a broad range of issues fran both his student and adnninistrative days at Michigan State. In trying to find the "Michigan State, or Land Grant Philosophy," Beal's History of the Michigan Agriculture College, and Kuhn's Michigan State: The first Hundred Years, were very lelpful. The proof that revolutionary ideas of merit can be carried forward to succeeding generations can be seen in John Hannah's A Meneir as re brings Michigan State College into tte cannunity of great universities. His leadership helped charge the nanne to Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in time for tie centenial in 1955. He was a delegate to the Michigan Constitutional Convention in 1953 that made the final 172 change to the simple but all encompassing name-«Michigan State University. Fran these three sources, one can detect the historical continuity of tte "Michigan State Philosophy". Fran tte clearing of land with cross cut saws and breaking the land with teanns of l'erses to the post World War II nuclear age, tte "peoples college" and service philosophy was the same—but applied to new problens such as the need for police training and educatian in the 1930's. Finally a great deal of appreciation must be extended to those who were interviewed by telephone with re forewarning of tte subject matter. The telephone was often required because of the distance and because, altneugh alert with keen menories of tie 1930's, tie health of sane people would net permit visitation. It is to this senior generation that a more canplete and continuing docunentatian of law enforcenent and criminal justice history should be‘ produced. INIEXOFMMES DIDEXOFNAMES Abbot, Theophilus C. 8, 11 Allen, Red 86 Ali, Muhamnad 86 Alspaugh, Ibbert 32 Anthany, E. L. 58 Bactman, Charles W. 54, 87 Backstran, F. W. 83 Barry, Gav. John S. 9 Baxter, Howard 29 Beal, William J. 12, 137 Bible, Allan 47 Binghan, H. H. 14-15 Binghann, Gov. Kingsley S. 9 Bouck, Robert 64, 66, 69, 77, 84-85 Brandstatter, Arthur 54, 59, 64, 69, 78, 88, 90-101, 103-104, 111, 114-116, 114-116, 118, 120-121, 128, 130, 135, 152, 153, 171 Brandstatter, Mary 92 Brener, Donald 169 Brener, Donald J. 20-25, 62, 65-66, 83-86, 94, 152, 160 n. 1 Brener, Rudolf 20 Breretan, George H. 36 Broane, Claude 83 Bruce, Janes 52 Brucker, Wilbur 28, 73 Buchanan, Pres. Janes 10 173 Cahalane, Cornelius F. 33, 34, 36 Cohane, Louis 48 Capone, Alphonse 43-44 Carr, Harvey 0. 148-149 Carr, Leland J. 25, 51 Carroll, Albert A. 41, 48, 147-151 31-32 I 38 p 39 ' Childs, Joseph 76, 80 Christian, Kenneth 171 Cowen, Dorothy 168 Cross, William B. 31-33, 35-37, 121 Crowley, James 54 Culver, Gnarles H. 28, 32-34, 36 Cunnings, Haner 47-48, 57 Day, Frank D. 114 Dianend, "Legs" 51 Dillinger, John 47, 72 Dirks, H. B. 58 Eastman, William 148 Ecklund, Coy 64 Emma, Lloyd C. 58 Enyart, James 55, 81, 82, 159 n. 22 Ford, Henry 18 Fralnm, Fred W. 83 Gallatti, Robert 114 Garrell, Earl W. 45 17h Gault, Harry G. 58 Germann, Albert C. 111, 114 Goddard, Calvin 44 Gordcnn, M. B. 113 Green, Gov. Fred 40, 73, 124 Groesbeck, Alexander J. 22, 30 Gross, Hans 139-140, 144 Halladay, H. H. 23 Hamilton, C. L. 83 113111181, Jam, A. 25.26, 54' 57-60, 78, 88, 90-92, 126, 131 Hansen, Peter 32 Haun, Harold 92 Higgins, Conn. 40 Higgins, Tan 23 Holmes, John C. 8—10 Hoover, J. Edgar 47, 48, 74 Hoover, Pres. Herbert 27, 44-45, 47 Huston, Balm C. 58, 60, 63-65, 67, 83, 111, 125-126, 137, 170 Jackson, Harry 79 Jensen, C. L. 83 John, Capt. Ernest 50 Kavanaugh, Andrew J. 49 Kedzie, Frank S. 21 Kiefer, N. O. 113 Kim, Daisy 94, 101 King, Tan H. 54, 85, 87-89, 91-94, 96, 118, 152, 160 n. 1 Knight, H. Stuart 85 Larkins, Hayes 117 Leonard, Donald 8. 31-33, 41: 47-48, 57, 73-74, 76, 79-80, 82, 94-95, 118-120, 168 Leonard, V. A. 94 Lett, Harold 110 Lincoln, Abraham 6, 10, 16 Linsey, Jay W. 58 Loanis, Lt. Van A. 58, 72 Louis, Joe 86 Lucus, Orin 83 Lyons , Lawrence 73 Mathews, Dr. J. H. 96 MacArthur, Douglas 20, 81, 91 Macouarrie, T. 56 McNanara, Johnn H. 3-4, 37, 69 Marnen, Ira H. 81 May, Luke S. 49-50 Monroe, David G. 45 Moran, ”Bugs" 43, 44 Morrill, Justin S. 7 Morse, Wayne 47 Muhlenburger, Clarence W. 95 Mulbar, Harold 71, 80 Munro, Herbert E. 48 Murphy, Gov. Frank 146 175 May, mbert 121 Obrien, Patrick H. 48 Olander, Cann. Oscar G. 12-20, 26' 29' 32-35, 38' 40.41, 47' 52-55, 57-60, 64, 66, 70-71, 72‘74' 76' 78‘79' 81-85' 90' 168 n. 12 Olds, Frederick 65 Orr, Herbert P. 58 Orr, Myron David 58-59 Parker, Alfred 39, 139 P899: Charles 93 Pierce, Rev. 8 Picket, Heinrich A. 83. Pinkertan, Allen 15-16 Purchase, H. E. 113 Radelet, Louis A. 102, 108-111, 171 Ragsdale, G. T. 150 Reed, Hoyt Coe "Dick" 110 Reynelds, Roy 31 Rhodes, Charles 121 Robertson, Sgt. Carl W. 112 Rockne, Knute 87 Rockwell, M. J. 83 Rodney, D. R. 93 Rogers, Richard W. 23, 92 Ranney, Gov. George 103 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 47-48, 146 Roosevelt , Theodore l6 Rutledge, William 38-40, 123, 147 Rykert, Wilbur 162 n. 38, 164 n. 33 Scavarda, Caesar J. 31-33, 41' 53' SS, 71' 75.79, 85' 113 Scott, Robert H. 91, 96, 98-104, 110, 113, 119 Seymour, Alfred 38-39 Shaw, Robert S. 21, 24, 58, 63 Sheehan, Robert 115 Sheere, Gordon 105—107 Sigler, Gov. Kim 41, 73-74, 79 Sleeper, Gov. Albert E. 18 Smith, Bruce 38, 123 Snith Harold D. 31, 145-146 Snnith, LeRoy 81 Snnyder, Johnathan L. 51 58, 82-83, 125-126, 170 Sparks, Frank M. 151 Sprott, James 32 Stebbins, C. L. 48 Stephenson, O. W. 48, 52 Stone, J. R. 113 Strecher, Victor G. 3-4, 37, 69 Sylvester, Richard 38 Taft, Pres. William Howard 45 Tolan, JOhn 31-32 176 Truman, Pres. Harry S. 108 Turner, Ralph 12, 44, 95, 96-98, 104, 113, 119, 139-144, 154 n. 12, 171 Valentine, Tpr. Jannes 112 Vandercook, Roy 19, 82 VanStratt, Austin 85 29, 37-39, 45-47, 55-56, 66, 70' 72' 74' 123-126' 132' 139' 150, 168 Waite, John B. 40-41, 48 Wakenan, Minnie 159 n. 22 Warren, Earl 47 Watkins, Johnn R. 48 Weaver, Leon 115-117 Welsh, Jannes P. 159 n. 22 Wild, Richard 118, 121 Williams, G. Mennen 80, 105 Williams, Joseph R. 7 Wilson, Orlancb W. 46, 55-56, 69, 74, 125 Wiltberger, William 46, 55, 56, 150, 168 "nnnnn