RESPONSE OF PINE SPECIES T0
VARhED SITE OONDITIONS l-N
NORT'HaEASTERN ARGENTINA AND.
IN OTHER SUB-TROPICAL REGSONS

Thesis for the Degree of Ph. D.
MMZHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
WILFREDO 1H. G. BARRETT
1970

   

mam WW: I L L

31293 10732 202
30 Michigan 8 me

Universir y

i‘HhSIS

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled
Response of pine species to varied site
conditions in northeastern Argentina and

in other sub-tropical regions.

presented by

Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

PhoDo degree in Forestgz

. (1’)»): [fl/:- // //:_': lit/f:

Major professor

Date April 20, 1970

 

0-169

 

' IIN‘DING IY
i. HUAG & SINS'
‘ 4 fit I. BIND!" INC.

ABSTRACT

RESPONSE OF PINE SPECIES TO VARIED SITE
CONDITIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ARGENTINA
AND IN OTHER SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS

BY
Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

Argentina annually imports U$S 110 million worth of
coniferous wood. Productivity of native conifer forests
could be increased by better management but still would not
satisfy the increasing demand of the internal market.
Planting of native species is limited by their slow growth
rate and site requirements. The cultivation of fast grow-
ing exotic species is the best way of increasing the soft-
wood supply. Their excellent performance in humid regions
of Argentina leads towards expectation of successful devel-
opment of those areas into large industrial-integrated
units.

The Northeast Pine Species Trial, begun in 1962,
was Argentina's first formal experiment in tree introduc-
tion. This trial includes 27 varieties or provenances of
17 warm temperate and subtropical pine species native to
Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, and southeastern and west-
ern United States.

One—year—old nursery seedlings grown in Castelar

near Buenos Aires were transferred to 14 plantations in

Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Rios
and the Delta of the Parana River, all in northeastern
Argentina. Each seed source was represented by a 36- or
64-tree plot at each location. A 3 X 3-meter spacing was
used. Leaf cutting ants were controlled for 3 years and
the plantations were weeded for 2 years. Three planta-
tions failed because of flooding or insufficient care.

Of the 11 successful plantations, 7 were located
in a warm temperate (mean annual temperature: 19 to 22°C)
region with no or infrequent frost, abundant rainfall uni-
formly distributed throughout the year or with greater
frequency in spring and fall. Two plantations (Saenz
Pefia and Marcos Juarez) were located farther west in a
warm temperate (mean annual temperature: 19 to 22°C)
region with a continental type of climate, with temperature
extremes varying from 45 to -10°C and a dry winter. Two
southern plantations (Atucha and Castelar) had a temperate
climate (mean annual temperature: 15 to 17°C), frequent
freezing temperatures in winter and abundant rainfall uni-
formly distributed throughout the year.

Mortality was high 1 year after field planting for

the slow growing, grass stage species (Pinus palustris, P.

 

tropicalis, P, montezumae, P. michoacana and E. rudis).

 

 

 

These species were characterized by a long juvenile stage

with a dormant terminal bud and a grass appearance. The

 

trOpical species (Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. cubensis

 

Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

and g. occidentalis) had low survival at temperate stations

 

with less than -7°C. Southeastern United States species

(Pinus elliottii and P. taeda) and Mexican species (Pinus

 

patula, P, douglasiana, P. pseudostrobus, and P, tenuifolia)

 

 

 

had high survival.

There was no relationship between height at time
of planting and height 1 year after planting. However
height at age 1 was strongly correlated with height at 5
years of age.

Seven seedlots had higher average heights at age 5
for the warm temperate, humid stations than the commonly

cultivated slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii),

 

 

but only 2, caribaea var. hondurensis and P. patula were

 

 

significantly taller (5% level). Caribbean pine from Hon-
duras also had significantly (5% level) thicker stem and
greater volume. Analysis of variance for height for all
species and locations indicates that little variance was
due to species X site interaction, but primarily to species
and plantations. When considering only the warm temperate,
humid stations of the trial, 77% of the variance was due to
species.

From the 5-year results, the following species were

found the most promising: Pinus caribaea, P. patula, P.

 

elliottii, P. oocarpa (from Honduras), P. douglasiana, and

 

 

P. insularis.

 

Climates of the test regions were compared with

climates of the region from which the most successful species

Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

were derived. Warm temperate or subtropical climates,
abundant rainfall uniformly distributed throughout the

year or with a greater occurrence in summer, were common

to both donor and recipient regions. No species which

grew well in northeastern Argentina came from a region with
a cold climate or having winter rainfall. Successful donor
areas also yielded poorly growing species under Argentine
conditions.

The species which grew well in northeastern Argen-
tina also grew well in subtropical areas of Brazil, Union
of South Africa, Malawi, Rhodesia, Australia and New Zea-
land where the minimum temperature was higher than -7°C
and rainfall was abundant and evenly distributed. Failures
were also the same in Argentina and those regions. The

literature data indicates that four species (Pinus greggii,

 

E. lawsonii, P. leiophylla and E, merkusii) not previously

 

 

 

planted in Argentina should be tested there.

An experimental design of a future species trial
considers the factors: number of species and provenances
to be tested, seed supply, sites and land area, trained per-
sonnel, number of trees per provenance, number of replicates,
spacing, design and border rows. The compact family design
tests 60 provenances of 13 taxa at each of 10 sites, with 5
replications per site and with one 5-tree plot per prove—
nance per replication. A border row of slash pine will

surround all plots of a single species.

RESPONSE OF PINE SPECIES TO VARIED SITE
CONDITIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ARGENTINA

AND IN OTHER SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS

BY

Wilfredo kaG. Barrett

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Forestry

1970

/

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to the members of the
Guidance Committee--Drs. M. W. Adams, G. Schneider, S. N.
Stephenson, D. P. White and J. W. Wright (Chairman)--for
their encouragement and assistance during the course of
this study.

Thanks are also due to the institutions of Mexico,
Central America and southeastern United States which fur-
nished the seed collection, and to the persons in charge
of the test-sites who assisted in the planting, care and
measurements of the plantations in the northeast of Ar-
gentina. Also he is indebted to the specialists who sent
their results from other areas of the world. Particular
thanks are due Mr. Alan G. Brown and Dr. Lamberto Golfari.

The financial support for this study was provided
by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria

(INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I V

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

CHAPTER.
I 0 INTRODUCTION 0 O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1
II. HISTORY OF CONIFER TESTING IN ARGENTINA . . 5
Pre- 1940 Conifer Introduction . . . . . 5
Two Decades (1940 to 1960) of Failures
and Successes in Forest Planting . . . . 8

Present Status of Forest Planting in
the Northeast I O O O O O O p O O I O O O 12

Northern Misiones . . . . . . . . . 15
Southern Misiones and northeastern
Corrientes . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Western and northern Corrientes . . l8
Concordia, Entre Rios . . . . . . . 18
Delta of the Parana River . . . . . 19

III. RECENT FORMAL EXPERIMENTS WITH SUB-TROPICAL
PINES IN THE NORTHEAST . . . . . . . . . . 20

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Material and Methods, "Northeast Pine

Species Trial" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Results from the "Northeast Pine Species

Trial" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Mortality O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 27
Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O

Age—age height correlations . . . . . 30
Height at age 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Diameter at age 5 . . . . . . . . . . 43
Volume at age 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Variation within species . . . . . . . 48

Species Summary from the "Northeast
Pine Species Trial" . . . . . . . . . 50

iii

CHAPTER

IV.

V.

VI.

Page
Results of Other Trials in the Northeast . 52
Puerto Piray, Misiones . . . . . . . . 52

Concordia, Entre Rios . . . . . . . . 52
Oliveros, Santa Fe . . . . . . . . . . 54

CLIMATIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AREAS OF

ORIGIN AND AREAS OF PLANTING IN

NORTHEASTERN ARGENTINA . . . . . . . . . . 55
Climate of Northeastern Argentina . . . 56
Climate of Successful Donor Regions . . 56
Climate of Unsuccessful Donor Regions . 62
ConClqu-ons O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 64

RESULTS OF PINE TRIALS IN OTHER COUNTRIES . 65

Correspondence of Argentine Test Results
with Results from other Areas in the
Southern Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . 70
Mexican and Caribbean Pine Species in
Southeastern United States and

Argentina 0 I I O O O O O O O O O O O O 77
Additional Promising Species for Testing
in Argentina 0 O O O O O O I I O O O O O 79

FUTURE SPECIES TRIALS IN NORTHEASTERN
ARGENT I NA 0 O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O 8 1

Species to be Included . . . . . . . . . . 81

Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Number of Trees per Provenance . . . . . 84
Plot Size and Number of Replications . . 86
Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Seed Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Organization and Expenses . . . . . . . 93
Anticipated Benefits . . . . . . . . . . 94

Cost Comparison Between Actual and Planned
Introduction Programs in Misiones . . . 95

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

APPENDICES O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O I I O I I 105

iv

Table

l.

10.

LIST OF TABLES

Origin of seedlots included in the pine
species trial in northeastern
Argentina I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Location and climatic characteristics of
test sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soil and vegetation of test sites in
northeastern Argentina . . . . . . . . . . .

Mortality at age 1 of Pinus species planted
at eleven stations in northeastern
Argentina I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Mortality at age 5 of Pinus species planted
at eleven stations in northeastern
Argentina I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Mortality at age 5 of groups of pine Species at
eleven test sites in northeastern
Argentina I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Correlations between heights at different
ages from planting at seven stations of
the Argentine Northeastern Species Trial.
All correlations were significant at 1%
level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Correlations (all significant at 1% level)
among mean heights of 24 pine species
planted at Concordia, Entre Rios. Note
that after the age 3 the correlations with
age 7 are very high . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Height of pine species 5 years after planting
at 11 stations in northeastern Argentine . .

Variance components of height at age 5 for
groups of species planted at 7 locations
in northeastern Argentina . . . . . . . . . .

Page

22

24

25

28

31

33

35

37

40

42

Table Page

11. Actual and relative height at age 5
(expressed as percent of Pinus elliottii
var. elliottii) of fast growing pine
species at six warm-temperate, humid
stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

 

12. Actual and relative diameter (breast high)
at age 5 (expressed as percent of g.
elliottii) at three stations . . . . . . . . 45

 

13. Actual and relative volume at age 5
(expressed as percent of P. elliottii)
at three stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

 

14. Relative height at age 5 of best pines and
other conifer species planted at Puerto
Piray, Misiones by Celulosa Argentina S.A.
(Height expressed as percent of P. .
e11iottii;67 dm= 100%.) . . . T . . . . . . 53

 

15. General climatic characteristics of regions
having species which grew rapidly in
northeastern Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . 58

16. Temperature and rainfall characteristics of
regions having species which grew rapidly
in northeastern Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 59

17. Summary of trials with temperate and sub-
tropical pine species in other southern
hemisphere countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

18. Climatic conditions and most successful pine
species in regions similar to northeastern
Argentina as regards pine planting . . . . . 69

19. Pine species not included in the "Northeastern
Pine Species Trial" but which were planted
in other temperate and sub-tropical regions
of the world with uniform or summer rain-
fall distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Humid regions (shaded) of Argentina,suitable
for planting conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. Site locations in the northeast of Argentina.
Solid lines correspond to annual mean
temperature in °C; dotted lines to average
annual precipitation in mm . . . . . . . . . l4

3. Height at ages 1 to 7 of nine pine species
planted at Concordia, Entre Rios . . . . . . 38

vii

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Total internal consumption of forest products in
Argentina during the 1961/65 quinquennium reached a yearly
average value of 200 million U.S. dollars, of which 55%
was imported. Forest product imports were about 10% of
the total imports of the country. Lumber, which comprised
62% of the forest imports was mainly of Parana pine
(Araucaria angustifolia) from Brazil, Monterey pine

(Pinus radiata) and Araucaria pine (Araucaria araucana)

 

from Chile, and a small amount of Spruce pine (Pigga_
abieg) from Europe. The remaining 38% was of pulp, paper
and hard-board of long-fibered conifer wood. Nearly all
imports were of conifer products.

The present Argentine consumption of conifer wood
has been calculated as 2.1 million cubic meters per year
(Castiglioni and Tinto, 1968). The consumption of paper
products is 25 pounds per capita per year, whereas in the
United States paper consumption was 514 pounds per capita
in 1969. An increasing trend of wood use is true in most
of the developed and developing countries of the world.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

has predicted that in 10 years Europe will be importing
wood instead of exporting it. Brazil, which provides 95%
of the conifer lumber imported by Argentina will exhaust
its Parana pine forests in less than 15 years (Takacs,
1968; Boggiano and Marinelli, 1963).

Native conifer forests now provide less than 5%
of total conifer wood consumption in the Argentine Repub-i
lic. There are 9 native species of conifers of which four
have some commercial importance. Their distribution and

importance are as follows. Araucaria angustifolia covers

 

40,000 hectares in a mixed forest in northeast Misiones.
The estimated usable volume is 390,000 m3. On a sustained
yield basis, with 3% annual increment, yield could be

12,000 m3 per year. Podocarpus parlatorei covers 100,000

 

hectares of pure and mixed forest in the northwestern
Andes, in the provinces of Jujuy, Salta and Tucuman.
There is enough wood to supply raw material to a lOO-ton-

per-day paper mill. Araucaria araucana covers about

 

80,000 hectares of mixed forest at 900 to 1,800 m at the
Cordillera de los Andes in Neuquen. Most of the forest
is in National Parks and is more than 200 km from the

nearest railroad. Austrocedrus chilensis grows in pure

 

or mixed forests in a narrow strip 5 to 15 km wide and
300 km long in the Cordillera de los Andes. The wood is
used locally for construction (Giordano, et a1., 1964;

Tortorelli, 1956).

The remaining native species, Fitzroya cupress-

 

oides, Saxegothaea conspicua and Podocarpus nubigenus,

 

are associated with hardwoods in the southwestern Andes.
The rain forest containing these species covers a total
area of about 30,000 hectares. Most of the timber must

be transported 100 km over lakes and unpaved mountain
roads and unbridged rivers to the nearest railroad. Egggf

carpus andinus and Pilgerodendron uviferum are small trees

 

of limited distribution in the Andes (Covas, 1938).

There is a possibility of increasing native forest
production by better management and by industrial develop-
ment of remote areas. This could double or triple the
present production.

Extensive commercial cultivation of most native
species has been rejected because of their slow growth as
compared with exotics. The only native species which is
cultivated extensively is Parana pine which is planted
in northern Misiones. In deep red permeable clay soils
it grows at a rate of 18 m3 per hectare per year. The
extent of its cultivation is limited by soil and climate

requirements. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii)

 

 

and loblolly pine (P. taeda) when planted in Misiones are

able to grow on a larger variety of soils, producing 25

to 35 m3 of wood per hectare per year. The native Andean
3

conifers when under cultivation grow 0.5 to 2.5 m per

hectare per year whereas in the same region cultivated

Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus radiata and a. ponderosa

 

 

have growth rates of 18 to 25 m3 per hectare per year.

To summarize, better management of native conifer
forests could increase production to satisfy 15% instead
of 5% of present consumption. By planting native species,
production could be increased further to 30%. But in the
meantime the desire for wood will also increase. There-
fore the gap between production and consumption will also
increase. It is reasonable to expect that the production
of conifer wood can equal or surpass the consumption by
planting faster growing exotic species.

There is a general knowledge as to which species
should be planted in each region but little information
is available on which is the best species, provenances with-
in species, for each of the planting sites.

Due to the economic importance of this knowledge,
research should be undertaken in this field. The search
for the best planting material should have priority over
all other types of forest research. This is the reason

for the present work.

CHAPTER II

HISTORY OF CONIFER TESTING IN ARGENTINA

Pre-1940 Conifer Introductions

 

In spite of the great importance of the cultivated
conifer forest to the economy of Argentina, introduction
of forest trees did not until recently follow scientific
methods.

Probably the first pine species introduced into

Argentina was Pinus halepensis, brought by the early Span-

 

ish settlers with their grapes and olive trees. Little is
known in this regard about the three hundred years of the
Spanish occupation. From what can be seen in the old
Spanish cities of northwestern Argentina there were little
interest in tree introduction. Toward the end of this
period, Roman Catholic influence was noticeable in churches,
convents and cemeteries in which were planted Italian

species such as Pinus pinea and Cupressus sempervirens.

 

 

Interest in planting trees increased in the 19th
century with the settlement of Buenos Aires Province by
European colonists. They planted species from all parts
of Europe. Mediterranean species were best adapted and

later became the most common. But the important tree

collections started after 1850, when large ranches called
"Estancias" were installed in what is now the Argentine
corn belt (Buenos Aires and adjoining parts of La Pampa,
Santa Fe, and Cordoba provinces). Most landowners were
influenced by French culture. They hired French land-
scapers to design large parks and gardens. The plants
were obtained from important French nurseries such as
Andrieux Vilmorin at Les Barres. A good example is the
park of the Estancia "Huetel" in Bolivar (Buenos Aires).
It covers 400 hectares and was built in a modern Versailles
style with more than 200 forest tree species. Many species
are naturalized and reproduce naturally. Due to the in—
ternationality of Vilmorin and other large European nur-
series of this time, the collections gathered at these
estancias, although predominantly European, also had
American and Asiatic species which were grown in Europe at
the time. Most species were chosen for ornamental rather
than forestry purposes.

At the beginning of the 20th century, German and
English immigration resulted in greatly increased interest
in small diversified parks and gardens which required a
large variety of ornamental conifers. At this time, many
fully loaded ships came from France, Holland and Germany
with grafted conifers. There were large nurseries dedi-
cated to the multiplication of ornamental conifers. The

same trend continued until 1940 (Peluffo, 1902-38). It is

no longer possible to find such a large variety of

Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Thuja, Cupressus and other orna-

 

 

mental conifers in such nurseries as it was 30 years ago.
Present emphasis is toward fewer varieties produced in
larger quantities.

Experience gained in neighboring Uruguay can be
applicable to Argentina. Antonio Lussich, a ship captain
and owner of a shipping company, was responsible for much
tree introduction. Between 1880 and 1900 he planted 2,000
hectares along the Atlantic Ocean coast, in the low moun-
tains of Punta Ballena, 10 miles west of Punta del Este.
Those plantations, mostly of conifers, are the most im-
portant tree collection in South America. They contain
the common European trees and constitute the most complete
collection of Mexican pines found in a single place.
Approximately 40 Mexican species were planted in groves
or in groups of several trees. Rare Asiatic conifers such

as Pseudolarix, Sciadopitys, Thujopsis were mixed with

 

 

 

more common Asiatic species (Del Castillo Lussich, 1960).
A. Lussich and J. Pira, founder of Piriapolis, were re-
sponsible for most of the pine plantations along the Uru-
guayan coast. The forested coast is now the main tourist
and recreation resource of Uruguay.

Botanists, botanical institutions, botanical
gardens and other official agencies, made less contribution

to Argentine conifer introduction. Most botanical gardens

such as the one in Buenos Aires, were planned more as a
public recreation park than a collection.

The National Park Administration made an important
contribution at the Forest Station of Isla Victoria located
in Lake Nahuel Huapi in the foothills of the Andes. The
park was created in 1925. During the first 10 years its
officers built up an important collection of conifers, in-
cluding the most interesting species adapted to cool cli-
mates and heavy winter rainfall. Nearly 50 species were
planted in rows or in small forest plots. The nursery of
this station distributed seedlings to the entire south-
western region as far south as Tierra del Fuego. Most of
the conifers cultivated in western Patagonia came from
Isla Victoria. The nursery distributed seed of the most
successful forest species such as Pinus ponderosa, P.

contorta, P. radiata and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Barrett,

 

1954).

Two Decades (1940 to 1960) of Failures
and Successes in Forest PIanting

 

 

The early cultivation of coniferous species was
basically done for ornamental purposes. Interest in
large-scale commercial forest plantations arose in the
early 1940's. Both government and industry realized the
need for long-fibered wood which could be supplied in
quantity only by planted conifers. Many large plantations

were extablished, particularly in the northeastern part of

the country. Often there was little knowledge of possible
performance or ecological requirements of the species used.

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) was one of the first

 

species to be planted extensively, and also was one of the
biggest mistakes. This Species was chosen because seed
was cheap and easily available, nursery growth was rapid,
initial survival in plantations was high, and early growth
was rapid.

In 1944, Celulosa Argentina S.A. planted 50 hec-
tares of Monterey pine at Puerto Piray, Misiones. A few
years later Fiplasto S.A.I.C., a hardboard manufacturing
company, planted 80 hectares along the Parana River at
Ramallo, Buenos Aires. Their example was followed by other
private landowners. The owner of "Estancia San Ramon"
near Saladillo, Buenos Aires, also planted 80 hectares of
Pinus radiata. In all of these cases Monterey pine
growth was good for a period of 6 to 8 years. Thereafter,
the plantations became affected by many kinds of diseases
and insects. After an additional period of 3 to 4 years
the plantations were abandoned or destroyed. This hap—
pened whenever the species was planted in areas without
cool moist winters or permeable soils (Golfari, 1959;
Barrett and Garbosky, 1960).

In the same year, 1944, Celulosa Argentina planted

several hectares of European Pinus pinaster, P. halepensis,

 

 

and P. pinea, species which were common in Buenos Aires.

10

These species grew slowly, had poor form, and did not sur-
vive well (Celulosa Argentina, 1958). After a few years
they were clearcut to use the land for other purposes.
Such failures retarded the commercial planting of
pines. Most tree planters preferred the faster growing

and more adaptable Eucalyptus species. Between 1950 and

 

1960, nearly 80,000 hectares were planted with eucalypts
in Argentina. Successful plantations were established in

different regions of the country. Eucalyptus camaldulensis

 

had an excellent growth on moderately permeable clay soils;

E. viminalis grew successfully in Buenos Aires province;

 

E. tereticornis grew very well in Santa Fe; E. grandis
grew fast in Entre Rios and E. saligna did the same in
Misiones. These last two species had growth rates of 40
to 45 m3 per hectare per year. But all these plantations
were established on the basis of growth rate, without con-
sidering future use. Due to the small local markets and
limited industrial use of the wood, eucalypt planting
lessened after 1960.

In the last decade, there was an upsurge of in-
terest in conifer plantations. Some of Celulosa Argentina's
introductions were successful. In the late 1950's, this

company planted plots of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var.

 

eliottii) and loblolly pine (E. taeda) of unknown origin,
at Puerto Piray (Misiones), Rosario (Santa Fe) and in the

Delta of the Parana River. These trees grew well. After

11

a few years, the company promoted their cultivation.
These few plots were the starting point for the present
plantation area of 30,000 hectares in Misiones, of 5,000
hectares in Concordia, and of 3,000 hectares planted in
the Delta and along the coast of the Parana River.

The recent need for long-fibered wood has increased
interest in pine cultivation in many different areas of
the country. This is the case in the large humid region
of the northwestern mountains of Jujuy and Salta and also
the Sierra de Cordoba. Those regions are now at the same
initial stage of tree introduction as Puerto Piray was in
1944. There is no previous experience as to what species
should be planted. Foresters are following the same steps
that Celulosa Argentina took earlier, and are not taking
advantage of the experience gained in the northeast. As
an example, an BOO-hectare plantation of Monterey pine was
established at Rio de los Sauces in Cordoba. After 10
years, most of the trees are dead.

The federal government encourages forest planting
by means of liberal credits and tax exemptions. The
general policy is to produce raw materials to satisfy
Argentine consumption through plantations. This policy
is successful in provinces such as Misiones and Entre
Rios where past experience can reasonably insure that most
plantations will yield usable products. However, where
there is no such experience, many failures are apt to be

subsidized.

12

Present Status of Forest Planting in
the Northeast

 

The Argentine Republic has 1,072,745 square miles
of land area, extending north to south for more than 2,000
miles from 22° to 55° South Latitude. This longitudinal
extension is the cause of a large variety of climates;
they vary from sub-tropical to sub-boreal.

The best commercial growth of conifers is obtained
in the humid regions which occupy nearly 20% of the total
land area. The humid regions are located in the plains
of central and northeast of Argentina, in the mountains of
the Cordillera in the northwest, in the "Sierras de Cordoba"
and in a narrow strip along the Andes in the southwest,
from Neuquen to Tierra del Fuego (Figure 1). From these
areas, due to ecological and economical reasons, the
northeast of Argentina has been considered the best suited
to initiate a conifer tree species introduction program.

For the present purposes, northeastern Argentina
can be described as the region extending 1,300 km north
and east from the Parana Delta. It includes "Mesopotamia"
(provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes), or the region
between the lower Parana and Uruguay Rivers. It includes
parts of Chaco, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires provinces to
the immediate west of the lower Parana River. In the
northeastern tip of the country, between Brazil and Para-
quay, it includes Misiones province, bordered by the middle

portions of the Parana and Uruguay Rivers (Figure 2).

l3

 

\
\
\
| .

30°— 3

40°”
3
$:
6’
I
500— %g

 

0%

a
$ ”0
2»

x 7 g.
.03
”G Scale 1:25,ooo,ooo

‘

 

 

 

Figure l.—-Humid regions (shaded) of Argentina suitable
for planting conifers. Climatic data from
Burgos and Vidal, 1951.

 

 

u--- "s. -----
"Zn-u.
E‘
I

 

 

 

 

    
   

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2.——Site locations in the northeast of Argentina.
Solid lines correspond to annual mean tempera—
ture in °C; dotted lines to average annual

precipitation in mm.

Climatic data from Servicio

Meteorologico Nacional, 1958.

15

This northeastern region is warm and humid, capable
of supporting excellent tree growth where soil conditions
are favorable. The large navigable rivers provide econom-
ical access to the large population centers. Although
there were large areas of natural forest, these have been
overcut and are of low value. Industrial forestry is
nearly synonymous with "plantation culture." Five sub-
divisions of the region can be recognized as follows.

Northern Misiones.—-The northern half of the pro-
vince was covered originally by a subtropical humid forest.

The most important timber trees such as Cordia, Balfouro—

 

dendron and Cedrela were cut more than 20 years ago.
Logging left a degraded forest with few usable stems per
hectare. The land is still forested but the species are
of little commercial value.

The forest was for many years the main resource
of northern Misiones. Later, farmers cleared the forest
for agricultural use. They planted oranges, tung trees,
yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), maniot and maize. One
plantation of two hectares of the native araucaria was
established in 1930. Ten years later, large landowners
started extensive plantations which now total 23,000 hec-
tares. In 1949, Celulosa Argentina, after unsuccessful
trials with other species, started planting slash and lob-
lolly pines. Other large landowners and farmers did the

same. Due to the low market value of tung and yerba mate

16

in recent years, the popularity of pine afforestation in-
creased. There were 20,000 hectares of planted pines in
1967 (Asociacidn de Plantadores Forestales de Misiones,
1968).

Parana "pine" or araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia)

 

when planted in deep red soils of the lowlands, grows be-
tween 18 and 25 m3 per hectare per year. Its growth rate
is much less in shallow, stony or impermeable soils. For
this reason its profitable cultivation is limited to a
total area of 100,000 hectares. Part of that 100,000 hec-
tares is occupied by the large National Park of Iguazu,
and part is preferred for agricultural crops. Another
factor which limits cultivation of araucaria is the short-
age of seeds. Brazil stOpped seed export and Misiones
plantations produce few seeds because they are young and
have not been thinned enough (Golfari, 1966).

Little has been done concerning the improvement
of araucaria. In 1964, A. C. Frith, FAO expert from Eng-
land, started a provenance study with six origins. The
study was abandoned in 1966 when Frith left.

Many different pine species were tested by Celu-
losa Argentina under the direction of L. Golfari between
1944 and 1965. The method followed was to plant large
unreplicated plots of l to 50 hectares, depending on the

amount of seed available. In 1957 Celulosa Argentina

sent Golfari and a manager of the company to Central

17

America and the Antilles to collect seeds of Caribbean
pines for testing in Misiones. As a result of this trip
a 50-hectare plot of E. caribaea from Cuba and a similar
amount of E. caribaea from Guatemala were planted for the
first time. The results of these introductions were re-
ported by Golfari and Barrett (1967).

Slash and loblolly pine are intensively planted
as a result of the good growth obtained by the first
Celulosa Argentina plantation in 1944. Of the present

20,000 hectares, 95% is planted to E, elliottii var.

 

elliottii. This species is preferable to loblolly pine

 

in speed and percentage of germination, resistance to
damping off and juvenile growth. Loblolly pine would be
preferable if judged on plantation growth rate.

Southern Misiones and northeastern Corrientes.--

 

This region is partially subhumid subtropical forest and
partially "Campos" grasslands with occasional patches of
forest. The forest area is greatest in the north and
along the rivers. The extensive "Urunday" forest type,

dominated by Astronium urunday (Anacardiaceae), grows on

 

soils only 5 to 10 cm deep, and thus not suited for
afforestation.

Cattle grazing and agriculture are most important
in the Misiones-Corrientes region. In addition to the
crops grown in northern Misiones tea, tobacco, forage, and

grapefruit are cultivated.

18

In this region it is not possible to grow good
araucaria. Forest plantations are limited to slash and

loblolly pines, Eucalyptus saligna and "Chinaberry"

 

(Melia azedarach). A 200-ton-per-day paper mill is being

 

installed on the Parana River.

Western and northern Corrientes.--This is an area

 

dedicated to general agriculture; specifically to tobacco

and citrus on the sandy soils, and rice and cattle on the

loam and clay soils of the lowlands. It is characterized

by practically no frost, and by low rainfall in winter

and summer. There are few forest plantations of Eucalyp-

Egg. Recently one slash pine plantation of 1,000 hectares
was established.

Concordia, Entre Rios.--Near Concordia is a 100

 

km wide strip of sandy soils bordering the Uruguay River.
The main cr0p is citrus, with some general agriculture

and horticulture. Eucalyptus grandis was planted with

 

extraordinary success. By 1967, 16,000 hectares had been

planted with this species. Seed for most plantations came

from a row of trees planted on the local golf course.
Before 1955 the only pine species present were

the slow growing European Pinus pinea, E. halepensis and

 

E. pinaster planted in parks and citrus farms. In 1955
Celulosa Argentina gave a citrus farmer 1,000 seedlings
of slash pine which survived and grew well. As a result,

a eucalyptus planter-contractor promoted pine plantations.

19

With the help of federal credits, 4,000 hectares of pine
plantations were established near Concordia in 1964.
After dry 1965, when slash pine survived poorly, many
planters switched to E. EEEQE‘

Delta of the Parana River.--Horticu1tural crops

 

and fruit trees were cultivated formerly in the fertile
alluvial soils of the delta. Frequent floods made this
cultivation hazardous. For this reason landowners have
changed to forestry, planting 100,000 hectares of willows
and poplars. Slash and loblolly pines grow at the rate of
up to 40 m3 per hectare per year. Because most of the
young plantations are destroyed by floods, their planting
is not recommended. A solution would be to construct a

4 m high dike, but then pines would compete with more

profitable horticulture.

CHAPTER III

RECENT FORMAL EXPERIMENTS WITH SUB-

TROPICAL PINES IN THE NORTHEAST

Objectives

 

The principal experiment, known as the "Northeast
Pine Species Trial" was undertaken in 1962 as a first step
toward genetic improvement of forest planting stock in the
Northeast. This trial includes simultaneous tests of
several pine species from sub-tropical parts of North and
Central America at a number of test sites in the north-
eastern part of Argentina. It was started in order to
learn the best species for the varied site conditions in
the region. A few additional species were planted at
some localities for the same purpose.

These trials were meant to give practical infor-
mation to tree planters. They also serve to show which
species deserve more intensive tree improvement work.

The experiments were limited to the Northeast for
practical reasons. Experience gained, however, can be
used in the planning of rational testing and planting

programs in other parts of the country.

20

21

Material and Methods; Northeast Pine
Species Trial

 

The seeds were obtained in 1960 when I attended
the FAO Seminar and Study Tour of Latin-American Conifers.
I had the opportunity to visit and obtain seeds from
Mexico, British Honduras (Belize), Cuba and southeastern
United States. The seedlots with their origin are listed
in Table 1. Accessibility of the parents was the only
criterion for parental selection.

Planting stock for the permanent field tests was
grown in the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria
(INTA) nursery at Castelar, Buenos Aires province. Seeds
were sown in a loam-sand mixture in July 1961. The seed-
lings were transplanted, using the same soil mixture, to
tarpaper pots of 6 cm diameter and 12 cm height after 3
months. Field planting was performed between May and July
1962. For location and characteristics of the test sites
see Figure 2 and Tables 2 and 3. The Parana Delta planta—
tion, destroyed by flooding, is excluded.

Prior to planting, sites with loam and clay-loam
soils were plowed and disked. Sandy soils were disked
only. Chemicals were used to control the ants which if
not controlled can eat all bark and leaves of young trees.
During the first 2 or 3 years after planting, the planta-

tions were kept free of weeds by disking and by hoeing

around the individual plants. Ants were controlled

22

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26

chemically for the first 5 years after planting at most
stations.

Permanent field plantations contained one 36- or
64-tree plot per seedlot. A 3 x 3-meter spacing was used.
In most plots of fast growing species, the crowns had
closed after 5 years. Most seedlots are represented at
Puerto Piray, Bella Vista, Concordia and Castelar. The
number of species was reduced at other stations due to
limitations of seed and planting stock.

Soils were selected for each test site choosing
the most suitable for pine, based on local experience.

They also were chosen because they are representative for
large areas. Therefore results of the test could apply
directly when planning the installment of future industrial
units. The Northeastern Pine Species Trial was not planned

to test for soil differences as much.

Results from the "Northeast Pine Species Trial"

 

In general, the plantations looked excellent at age
5. They were like checkerboard forests with heterogeneous
plots of different color, shape and size. The growth of
some Species was outstanding. The care given to most
plantations was also excellent. Unhappily not all of them
received the same treatment. The care given at some

stations was far from ideal. Many plants were lost and

27

others grew more slowly than was to be expected under the

prevailing soil and moisture conditions.

Mortality

First-year mortality (Table 4) was due mostly to
lack of care and ants. Transplanting shock was negligible
because the seedlings had been potted prior to field
planting. Greatest mortality occurred in Species with a
"grass-stage." Such Species have a period of little
height growth and general appearance of a grass plant.
They could not compete with the weedy vegetation and were
most apt to be cut by the laborers who hoed the grass
around the trees. The grass-stage Species with high

mortality were Pinus tropicalis, E. palustris, E. monte-

 

 

zumae, E. michoacana and P. rudis.

 

Plantations receiving little care were apt to
suffer heavy damage from ants. Most pine Species were
eaten a little. The most sensitive was E. patula which
suffered mortality of 53% at El Sombrerito and 45% at
Las Palmas.

The planting was performed after the low-temperature
period had passed, so frost damage was negligible during
the first year, except at Saenz Pefia and Marcos Juarez.
At those plantations, four tropical pines suffered mor-
tality of 25 to 97% whereas hardy pines suffered only 3

to 6% losses.

28

Table 4.--Mortality at age 1 of Pinus Species planted at eleven
stations in northeastern Argentina.

 

 

Mortality in percent

 

 

 

 

 

Warm-temperate, Temperate or sub-humid
Species of humid stations stations
M CA GV ES BV co SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES

 

SPECIES FROM SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

elliottii var. elliottii

3 - 0 0 0 0 3 6 3 0
elliottii var. densa

0 2 27 0 2 3 3 3 59 0
taeda

6 0 0 0 5 0 6 28 8 0

CARIBBEAN SPECIES

caribaea var. caribaea

3 16 17 5 14 25 16 94 59 14
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)
8 0 53 0 9 91 12 97 31 3
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)
6 0 33 0 5 94 5 94 42 0
cubensis
61 78 91 33 - - 72 - - 61

MEXICAN SPECIES

patula (Veracruz)
11 5 53 0 6 ll 45 6 16 0
patula (Puebla)

- 0 — 3 0 - 3 - - 0
oocarpa (Honduras)

- 28 - o 6 - - - - 8
oocarpa (Jalisco)

- 0 — 0 0 - - - - 0
oocarpa (Mexico, 2,000 m)

6 19 33 2 - 53 42 57 55 6

oocarpa (Mexico, 2,300 m)

- - - - 6 - - — - l9
oocarpa (Michoacan)

— 23 — 3 19 - - — — 3

29

Table 4 (Continued)

 

 

Mortality in percent

 

 

 

 

 

Warm-temperate, Temperate or sub-humid
Species of humid stations stations
Elfin—S CA GV ES BV co SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES

 

MEXICAN SPECIES (Continued)

pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus

- - - - 3 - - — - l4
pseudostrobus var. oaxacana
- - - - -- - - - - 0
douglasiana
' 0 0 33 0 0 3 6 36 19 0
tenuifolia
- - - - 11 - - - - 0
cooperi
- - - - l7 - - - - 4
engelmannii
— - - 3 11 — - — - 0
CALIFORNIAN SPECIES
radiata
- - - - 3 - - 6 6 0
GRASS-STAGE SPECIES
palustris
- - 27 - — - 12 - - 33
montezumae
25 26 80 3 17 33 58 50 83 2
michoacana
0 3 30 2 11 28 33 25 - 3
rudis
25 - — 3 l7 - - 50 - 6

 

Explanation of station symbols: CA = Cerro Azul; GV
Gobernador Virasoro; ES = El Sombrerito; BV = Bella Vista; CO
Concordia; SP = Saenz Pefia; LP = Las Palmas; MJ = Marcos Juarez;
AT = Atucha and CA = Castelar.

30

By comparing first and fifth-year mortality (Tables
4 and 5) it is clear that most subsequent mortality in-
volved tropical pines such as E. caribaea and E. oocarpa
at stations with cold winters. Others, including the
grass-stage Species, had a relative low increase.

Table 6 shows the percentage of mortality of groups
of Species at the eleven stations of the trial. The high
mortality of the temperate species is probably associated
with poor soil drainage. Low survival in "grass—stage"
Species seems to be associated with damage due to culti-
vation or winter cold. The high mortality at the fifth
year of "tropical" species is due to their susceptibility
to frost. Therefore it was low at sub-tropical stations

and high at the others.

Growth Rate

Ege-age height correlations.-—According to the

 

height of the planting stock, Species of this trial were
grouped in three categories. The tallest (0.25 to 0.50 m)

included E. elliottii, E. caribaea var. hondurensis, E.

 

 

oocarpa and E. radiata. The medium category (0.15 to

0.25 m) included E. taeda, E. elliottii var. densa, E.

 

patula, E. caribaea var. caribaea and others. The Shortest
category (less than 0.15 m) included species such as E.

pglustris, E. montezumae, E. michoacana, E. pseudostrobus

 

 

 

 

and P. engelmannii.

 

31

Table 5.--Mortality at age 5 of Pinus Species planted at eleven
stations in northeastern Argentina.

 

 

Mortality in percent

 

 

 

 

 

 

warm-temperate, Temperate or sub-humid
Species of humid stations stations
33-935- PP CA GV ES BV co SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES

 

SPECIES FROM SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Elliottii var. elliottii

0 3 - 0 0 5 0 3 11 3 3
elliottii var. densa

5 0 6 30 2 3 3 9 11 62 3
taeda

2 6 0 0 0 5 3 9 28 8 0

CARIBBEAN SPECIES

caribaea var. caribaea

4 3 16 17 5 14 55 55 100 100 100_
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)

17 28 2 53 0 9 100 67 100 100 100
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)

13 8 0 39 0 5 100 51 100 100 100
cubensis

12 83 80 94 55 - - 81 - - 100
occidentalis

25----- -- - --

MEXICAN SPECIES

patula (Veracruz)

25 11 5 53 0 6 22 48 6 l6 0
patula (Puebla)

15 - 0 - 3 0 - 9 — - 0
oocarpa (Honduras)

25 - 28 - 2 11 - - - - 100
oocarpa (Jalisco)

20 - O - 0 0 - - - - 100
oocarpa (Mexico, 2,000 m)

22 6 19 39 3 - 100 81 69 100 100
oocarpa (Mexico, 2,300 m)

22 - - - - 6 — — - - 84

oocarpa (Michoacan)
- - 26 - 16 25 - - - - 94

32

Table 5 (Continued)

 

Mortality in percent

 

warm-temperate, Temperate or sub-humid

Species of humid stations stations

 

 

 

P33?- PP CA GV ES BV CO SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES
MEXICAN SPECIES (Continued)
pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus
28 - - - - 3 - - - - 17
pseudostrobus var. oaxacana
5 - - - — - - - - - 0
douglasiana
22 6 0 33 2 0 28 ll 39 21 0
tenuifolia
12 - - - - 11 - - - - 0
cooperi
- - - - - 19 - - - - 6
engelmannii
50 - - - 23 11 - - — - 3
CALIFORNIA SPECIES
radiata
- - - - - 3 - - 8 6 0
GRASS-STAGE SPECIES
tropicalis
83 - - - - - - - - - -
palustris
32 - - 30 - - - 28 - - 35
montezumae
12 28 31 86 5 25 42 62 53 84 28
michoacana
20 3 6 36 2 11 28 41 33 - 3
rudis
34 28 - - 5 25 — — 53 - 6

 

Explanation of station symbols: PP = Puerto Piray; CA
Cerro Azul; GV = Governador Virasoro; ES = El Sombrerito; BV =
Bella Vista; CO = Concordia; SP = Saenz Pena; LP = Las Palmas;
MJ = Marcos Juarez; AT = Atucha and CA = Castelar.

33

Table 6.--Mortality at age 5 of pine Species at eleven test
sites in northeastern Argentina.

 

 

S-year mortality

Location of

 

plantations Temperate Grass-stage Tropical

Reasons for
mortality

 

speciesa species speciesc
WARM TEMPERATE, HUMID STATIONS
Puerto Piray 10 21 14 Lack of care,
Misiones disease
Cerro Azul
Misiones 5 16 13
Gob. Virasoro
Corrientes 3 12 18
El Sombrerito 23 51 36 Lack of care,
Corrientes ants, poor soil
Bella Vista
Corrientes 1 4 2
Concordia
Entre Rios 4 18 10
TEMPERATE OR SUB-HUMID STATIONS
Saenz Pefia Lack of care,
Chaco 11 35 89 ants, cold
Las PalmaS Lack of care,
Chaco 27 44 64 ants, poor soil
Marcos Juarez Lack of care,
Cordoba 19 43 92 ants, cold
Atucha ' Lack of care,
Buenos Aires 22 84 100 ants, cold
caStelar 1 22 100 Cold

Buenos Aires

 

a

 

 

E. taeda,fE. patuIa and E. douglasiana?

 

P. elliottii var. elliottii, P. elliottii var. densa,

 

bE. palustris, E. montezumae and E. michoacana.

 

 

C

E. caribaea and P. oocarpa.

 

34

There was no relationship between height at time
of planting and height 1 year after planting. Most of
the Species which were of medium height in the nursery
were taller after one year in the field than some species
which were tallest in the nursery.

Height at age 1 (from planting) was strongly cor-
related with height at age 5 (Table 7). The correlations
were calculated for seven stations and were significant
at the 1% level. The values varied from r = 0.73 at
Castelar to r = 0.94 at Gobernador Virasoro. The l-year
heights accounted for 53 to 88 percent of the 5-year
variance.

The low 1-to S-year correlation obtained at
Castelar was mostly due to the fast growth of sub-trOpical
pines during the first year before they were affected by
frost. The effects of winter cold during the second year
caused these non-hardy types to decline.

At Cerro Azul, the relatively low value of r in the
2- to 5- and 3- to 5-year correlation was due mostly to

fast growth in the last years of E. elliottii var. densa

 

and E. douglasiana which started off slowly and to Slow

 

growth in later years of E. EEEQE which started off rapidly.
At the subtropical stations such as Bella Vista

and Gobernador Virasoro, fast growing species at the first

year were also tallest in the fifth year; the age-age cor-

relations were high. Although the grass-stage species did

35

Table 7.--Correlations between heights at different ages
from planting at seven stations of the Argentine
Northeastern Species Trial. All correlations
were significant at 1% level.

 

 

 

 

, Number of Correlation between year
Stations 3 ecies
P 1 and 5 2 and 5 3 and 5
r. a at.
Cerro Azul 9 .85 .85 .86
MiSiones
Gob. Virasoro 15 .94 .95 _
Corrientes
E1 Sombrerito 13 .85 .92 _
Corrientes
Bella Vista 18 .93 .95 .99
Corrientes
Concordia
Entre Rios 24 .88 .93 .98
Las Palmas
Chaco 13 .83 .89
Castelar 22 .73 .84 _

Buenos Aires

 

36

not break their terminal bud dormancy during the first
year, their low initial height did not affect the 1- to
5-year correlation because they were also Shortest at the
fifth year.

The 2- to 5-year correlations are higher than the
l- to 5-year values (Table 7). Their r values vary from
0.83 at Castelar to 0.95 at Bella Vista and Gobernador
Virasoro. The 2-year data accounted for 71 to 90 percent
of the 5-year variance.

Height measurements were made during each of 7
years at Concordia. The correlations changed from the
first to the third year, but after the third year they
changed very little (Table 8).

The growth of several species at Concordia, Entre
Rios during the period 1962 to 1969 is Shown in Figure 3.
The Species selected represent fast growing species (E.

patula, E. caribaea var. hondurensis), the species most

 

 

cultivated locally (E. elliottii var. elliottii and E.

 

 

taeda), intermediate species (E. pseudostrobus), and slow

 

growing and grass-stage species (E. engelmannii and E.

 

montezumae).

 

Special attention should be given to the height
growth trend in E. radiata. This species was the tallest
during the first 5 years, with a growth rate of 1.7 m per
year. After this age it started to decline and was passed

by four other seedlots in the next 2 years. This trend

37

Table 8.-—Correlations (all Significant at 1% level) among
mean heights of 24 pine species planted at Con-
cordia, Entre Rios. Note that after the age 3
the correlations with age 7 are very high.

2%

 

Correlation between height at

 

 

Age
Age
2 3 4 5 6 7
l .91 .90 .90 .88 .86 .74
2 .97 .94 .93 .93 .83
3 .98 .98 .97 .95
4 .98 .97 .97
5 .99 .97

 

38

 

10

Height, meters

patula?

9r elliottii var. elliottii

 

 

0 1 2 5
1962 63 64 65 66 67
Age and year

 

68

Figure 3.-~Height at ages 1 to 7 of nine pine species

planted at Concordia, Entre Rios.

 

69

39

is explained by the warm and humid summers of the Concordia
area. Eiggg_radiata has failed in other areas with Similar
climates.

The age-age correlations are important because
they indicate the trustworthiness of the data from rela-
tively youthful test plantations. The one species (Eiggg
radiata) known to fail at later ages showed signs of de-
cline by age 5. The trend observed by other Species in—
dicate that many valid predictions about growth at ages 10 to
15 (pulpwood rotations) can be made by age 5 (Nanson, 1968).

Height at age S.--Height was measured in July 1967

 

at the eleven stations of the trial (Table 9). An analy-
sis of variance was performed which indicates that 50% of
the variance was due to species and 45% to plantations.
Both species and plantation were significant at 1% level.
Species were grouped according to their origin
and growth habit, and variance was partitioned separately
for each group (Table 10). Variation within the south-
eastern United States species and Caribbean Species groups
was due more to plantation than to species. The Mexican
pine group was more heterogeneous. It includes fast grow-
ing species such as E. patula and slow growing ones like

E. engelmannii. In that group, 71% of the total variance

 

was due to species. In the grass-stage group, variation

was due to Species and species x plantation interaction.

40

Table 9.--Height of pine species 5 years after planting at 11
stations in northeastern Argentina.

 

 

Height in dm

 

Warm-temperate,

Temperate or sub-humid

 

 

 

 

 

 

Species of humid stations stations
35% PP CA GV ES BV CO SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES
SPECIES FROM SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
elliottii var. elliottii
67 65 61 63 66 64 51 53 42 37 43
elliottii var. densa
71 70 61 60 66 54 56 51 37 - 30
taeda
66 74 61 60 66 62 45 35 39 43 44
CARIBBEAN SPECIES
caribaea var. caribaea
71 66 61 70 70 57 Dead 45 Dead Dead Dead
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)
78 85 76 75 83 59 Dead 48 Dead Dead Dead
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)
80 93 70 82 83 61 Dead 45 Dead Dead Dead
cubensis
47 44 47 - - - - Dead - - -
occidentalis
43 - - - - - - - - - -
MEXICAN SPECIES
patula (Veracruz)
Dead 84 78 79 87 67 Dead 47 45 43 52
patula (Puebla)
Dead - 78 - 73 62 - 63 - - 48
oocarpa (Honduras)
62 - 68 - 76 59 - - - - Dead
oocarpa (Jalisco)
62 - — - 56 44 - - - - Dead
oocarpa (Mexico, 2,000 m)
48 51 50 45 51 — Dead Dead 29 Dead Dead
oocarpa (Mexico, 2,300 m)
53 - - - - 41 - - — - Dead
oocarpa (Michoacan)
- - - - 37 46 - — - - Dead

41

Table 9 (Continued)

 

 

Height in dm

 

 

 

 

 

 

Warm-temperate, Temperate or sub-humid
Species of humid stations stations
5235 PP CA GV ES BV co SP LP MJ AT CA
ENTRE BUENOS
MISIONES CORRIENTES RIOS CHACO CORDOBA AIRES

 

MEXICAN SPECIES (Continued)

pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus

48 - - - - 36 - - - - 33
pseudostrobus var. oaxacana

51 - - - - - - - - - 53
douglasiana

50 74 64 58 62 55 Dead 26 50 46 45
tenuifolia

38 - - - - 41 - - - - 24
cooperi

— - - - - 15 - - - — 16
engelmannii

l7 - — - 15 17 - - - — 14

CALIFORNIA SPECIES

radiata

- - — - — 72 - - 45 55 56
GRASS-STAGE SPECIES
tropicalis

17 - - - — - — - - - -
palustris

29 - - 38 - - - Dead - - 16
montezumae

37 33 22 13 25 25 Dead Dead 31 33 19
michoacana

32 35 33 32 36 34 Dead Dead 31 - 30
rudis

19 - - - 25 24 - - Dead - l9

 

Explanation of station symbols: PP = Puerto Piray; CA =
Cerro Azul; GV = Gob. Virasoro; ES = E1 Sombrerito; BV = Bella
Vista; CO = Concordia; SP = Saenz Pena; LP = Las Palmas; MJ =
Marcos Juarez; AT = Atucha; CA = Castelar.

42

Table 10.--Variance components of height at age 5 for groups
of Species planted at 7 locations in northeastern
Argentina.

 

 

Percent of total variance

 

 

Item Southeastern Caribbean Mexican Grass—stage
U.S. species species species Species
Species 0 12* 71** 56**
Plantation 68** 67** 12** 0
Interaction 32 21 17 44

(Sp. x Plant.)

 

*Significant at 5% level.

**Significant at 1% level.

43

The mean relative heights of the 10 fastest grow-
ing origins planted at six warm-temperate stations are Shown
in Table 11. All were converted to a percentage of Pinus

elliottii var. elliottii, the variety most commonly

 

 

planted. Six origins exceeded the standard variety on the
average for the six test Sites. Analysis of variance of
the data on which Table 11 is based, indicate that 77% of
the total variance was due to species or variety, 10% was
due to plantation, and 13% to species x plantation inter-
action. Both Species and plantation effect were signifi-
cant (1% level).

Diameter at age 5.--Diameter breast high (outside

 

bark) was measured at three stations in the 5th year after
planting on the 12 fastest growing species or varieties.
The analysis of variance at 3 stations indicates
that 77% of the total variance was due to species, 5% to
plantation and 18% was due to the interaction of species
x plantation or error (Table 12). Although 5 Species per-
formed better than Slash pine, only E. caribaea var. 2227
durensis was different at the 5% level.
At Concordia, the coolest of the three stations,

the commonly planted Pinus elliottii var. elliottii ex—

 

 

hibited the greatest diameter growth. It was considerably
inferior to other origins at the two warmer stations.

Volume at age 5.--The complex trait volume is a

 

function of diameter, height, and form. It gives the best

44

Table ll.--Actua1 and relative height at age 5 (expressed as
percent of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) of fast

growing pine Species at six warm-temperate, humid
stations.

 

 

 

 

Relative height at
Species of Species
Pinus Cerro Bella Puerto Gob. E1 Con- Average
Azul Vista Piray Viras. Sombr. cordia

 

 

--------------- Percent of slash pine------------
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)
143 126 119 115 130 93 121
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)
131 126 116 125 119 92 118
patula (Veracruz)
129 131 — 128 125 104 123
taeda
114 100 99 100 95 97 101
elliottii var. densa
108 100 106 100 95 84 99
douglasiana
114 94 75 105 92 86 94
caribaea var. caribaea
101 106 106 100 111 89 102
oocarpa (Honduras)
- 115 93 111 - 92 103
eliottii var. elliottii
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
michoacana 54 56 47 54 51 53 52

 

Actual height, decimeters
Station mean
71.7 69.5 64.1 63.3 62.5 57.2

elliottii var. elliottii
65 66 67 61 63 64

 

Least Significant difference at 5% level: For Species,
9.6%; for plantations, 4.8 dm.

45

Table 12.--Actua1 and relative diameter (breast high) at
age 5 (expressed as percent of E. elliottii)
at three stations.

 

 

 

Species of Stations

Pinus

Species
average

 

Cerro Azul Bella Vista Concordia

 

--------- Relative diameters, percent--------
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)

132 122 94 116
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)
125 127 98 117
patula (Veracruz)
119 115 86 106
taeda
128 101 90 114
elliottii var. densa
116 114 94 108
douglasiana
120 105 83 101
caribaea var. caribaea
109 107 80 99
elliottii var. elliottii
100 100 100 100
oocarpa (Honduras)
- 106 79 97
patula (Puebla)
- 100 79 95
michoacana
79 - 63 71
cubensis
54 48 - 48

 

Actual diameter, cm
Station mean

11.9 12.8 11.7
elliottii var. elliottii
11.2 12.3 13.6

 

Least Significant difference at 5%: For species,
14.9%; for stations, 1.0 cm.

46

estimate of Species performance not only because it com-
bines three independent traits but because it is itself
one of the most important objectives of cultivation.

The volume of each Species was calculated on the
basis of individual tree height and diameter measurements.
AS form factor I used a coefficient of 0.50 for all
Species. This value slightly favors conical Species such

as E. patula, E. douglasiana and E. taeda. Volume was

 

calculated on the basis of Single trees rather than amount
per hectare.
Volume data accentuate the differences among

Species. For example, P. caribaea var. hondurensis

 

(mtn.) at Cerro Azul was 43% taller, 32% thicker and 151%
greater in volume than the standard species, slash pine.
The same provenance of the Caribbean pine at Cerro Azul

had approximately 700% greater volume than E. michoacana

 

whereas height and diameter were only 150% and 68% greater
respectively. Sometimes small differences in height and
diameter caused large differences in volume. At Cerro
Azul, E. E2292 had 14% greater height and 28% greater diam—

eter than E. elliottii var. elliottii; the volume was 97%

 

 

greater.

Considering three stations, there are seven pines
with more volume on the average than Slash pine, although
only_E. caribaea var. hondurensis was Significantly dif-

ferent at the 5% level (Table 13). Approximately 24%

47

Table l3.--Actual and relative volume at age 5 (expressed
as percent of E. elliottii) at three stations.

 

 

 

 

 

Species of Stations Species
£5323 Cerro Azul Bella Vista Concordia average
--------- Relative volume, percent-----------
caribaea var. hondurensis (Mountain)
251 190 86 165
caribaea var. hondurensis (Coast)
222 207 90 165
patula (Veracruz)
202 177 80 143
taeda
197 105 78 119
eliottii var. densa
148 135 73 114
douglasiana
167 117 63 109
caribaea var. caribaea
121 130 61 100
elliottii var. elliottii
100 100 100 100

 

Actual volume, dm3
Station mean

58.2 58.1 38.5
P. elliottii var. elliottii
33 40 49

 

Least significant difference at 5%: For species,
48%; for stations, 12.0 dm3.

48

of the variance was due to species, 36% to plantation and
40% to interaction of Species x plantation and error. F

values for Species and plantation were significant at the
5% and 1% levels respectively.

Variation within species.--Slash and loblolly pines
were characterized by uniformity in individual height
growth and growth habit. All trees had straight stems at
all Sites of the test. The coefficient of variability for
5-year height varied from 10 to 13%.

The varieties of E. caribaea were more variable.
Coefficient of variability varied from 13 to 22% for 5-
year height. Form was also variable. Only 10% of the
tree had straight stems. Long branchless terminal shoots
("fox-tail" growth habit), appeared in 15 to 25% of the

trees of var. hondurensis.

 

Other species had intermediate height variation,
but were uniform in growth habit, characterized by heavy

branching. This is true for E. douglasiana, E. pseudostro-

 

 

bus and E. tenuifolia. E. patula with the same growth

 

habit, had a more uniform height growth.
Variation in height in the grass-stage species

varied with the duration of the grass-stage. Pinus elliottii

 

var. densa with a grass-stage of only 1 year, was as uni-

form as E. elliottii var. elliottii at age 5. E. montezumae

 

 

 

and E. michoacana, with grass-stages lasting 2 to 3 years

 

were of intermediate variability in S-year height. The

49

grass-stage lasted anywhere from 2 to 5 years in E.

palustris and E. tropicalis, with the result that individual

 

 

trees varied from 25 to 400 cm tall at age 5.

From the standpoint of immediate utilization, the
more uniform the stand the better. But from the stand-
point of genetic improvement, very little can be gained
from uniform stands. Variation can be due to environment
or genetics. If most variation in a Species such as E.
caribaea is due to environment, by improving or finding
the best nursery or cultural techniques or by finding
the best site, the production could be increased easily.
If the variation is due to genetics and is inherited,
breeding through selection or hybridization will be the
most promising way to increase production.

The same can happen with an irregular grass-stage

species such as E. palustris. The variation may be due

 

to the lack of knowledge of how to handle the seedling
stage or the need of a specific type of cultivation.

When the environmental cure is found, its application can
increase rapidly the productivity of this species. On
the other hand if this grass-stage is due mostly to in-
herited factors, by breeding methods a higher yield can

be obtained easily.

50

Species Summary from the "Northeast
Pine Species Trial"

Following is a summarized description of species
and variety behavior at all stations of the trial after
a 5-year period of observations.

SPECIES FROM.SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

E. elliottii var. elliottii. Uniformly fast

 

 

growth at all stations; good form.

E. elliottii var. densa. Short grass-stage;

 

slightly sensitive to frost; uniformly fast growth; good
form.

E. taeda. Similar in growth to E. elliottii var.

 

elliottii but heavier branching.

 

CARIBBEAN SPECIES

E. caribaea var. caribaea. Fast growth at frost-
free sites; 30% of trees with good form.

E. caribaea var. hondurensis. Fast growth at
frost-free sites; poor form, not uniform.

E. cubensis. Frost sensitive; poor survival;
medium growth rate; good form.

E. occidentalis. Frost sensitive; poor survival;

 

medium growth rate; good form.

MEXICAN SPECIES

E. patula. Fast growth; conical trees with dense

branching.

51

E. oocarpa from Honduras. Frost sensitive; fast
growth and many good stems.

E. oocarpa from Mexico. Frost sensitive; medium
growth rate; poor form, crooked and forked stems.

E. pseudostrobus. Medium growth rate; poor form,

 

dense branching.

 

E. pseudostrobus var. oaxacana. Medium to fast
growth rate; poor form, dense branching.

E. douglasiana. Medium to fast growth rate; poor

 

form, dense branching.

E. tenuifolia. Medium growth rate; poor form.

 

E. cooEeri. Slow growth; good form; valuable as
an ornamental.

E. engelmannii. Slow growth; poor form, dense

 

branching.

CALIFORNIA SPECIES
E. radiata. Fast growth rate the first five

years; decline in later years.

GRASS-STAGE SPECIES

E. tropicalis. Long (2- to 5-year) grass-stage,

 

Slow growing.

E. palustris. Long (2- to 5-year) grass-stage,

 

but later medium growth; good form.

E. montezumae. Medium (1- to 2-year) grass-stage;

 

medium growth rate; poor form, dense branching.

52

E. michoacana. Medium (1- to 2-year) grass-stage;
medium growth rate; poor form, dense branching.
E. rudis. Medium (1- to 2-year) grass—stage;

medium growth rate; poor form.

Results of Other Trials in the Northeast

Puerto-Piray, Misiones.--Ce1ulosa Argentina S.A.
tested many other pine Species and other conifers during
the last 25 years. Besides the native araucaria which

is extensively planted, other Species such as E. bidwillii

 

and E. cunninghamii.and also Cunninghamia lanceolata and

 

 

Cryptomeria japonica have been planted. Araucaria angusti-

 

folia and Cunninghamia lanceolata had relative good growth,
although slower than that of pines. Other non-pine coni-
fers were not successful.

Among the pines, Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis

 

and E. insularis were the best. Height data for the most
promising conifers are given in Table 14. Among the many
other pine species planted by this company, the following

were considered inadequate: E. ayacahuite, P. canarien-

 

sis, E. cembroides, E. densiflora, E. halepensis, E.

 

 

 

merkusii (very poor survival), E. pinaster and E. radiata
(Golfari and Barrett, 1967).

Concordia, Entre Rios.--At the Experiment Station

 

of INTA, other pine species were planted in 1964. The

most outstanding Species were: Pinus caribaea var.

 

53

Table l4.--Re1ative height at age 5 of best pines and other
conifer species planted at Puerto Piray, Misiones
by Celulosa Argentina S.A. (Height expressed as
percent of E. elliottii; 67 dm = 100%.)

 

 

 

Species Height Remarks

 

Percent of Slash
pine height

Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis 112

Pinus insularis 105 Poor form
Pinus taiwanensis 98 Poor form
Pinus massoniana 93 Poor form
Pinus luchuensis 90 Very poor form
Cunninghamia lanceolata 80 Multiple stems

Araucaria angustifolia 72 Good form

 

54

bahamensis which at age 5 had 20% greater height than slash

 

pine; E. luchuensis had the same height as slash pine but

 

poor form; E. glabra had 90% of slash pine height. Re-
cently introduced was E. clausa which in sandy soils grew
1.90 m in 2 years. Slow growing species were E. thunber-

giana and E. halepensis.

 

Oliveros, Santa Fe.--Along the Parana River in

 

south of Santa Fe province, 17 species were tested in
1958 by Celulosa Argentina. The results were similar to
those at southern stations of the Northeastern Pine
Species Trial. Other Species planted which were not in-
cluded in the trial were slower in growth as compared
with slash pine. These others are: Eiggg echinata, E.

roxburghii, and E. canariensis. Others such as E.

 

 

cembroides, E. densiflora and E. strobus had very poor

 

 

growth and low survival (Golfari and Colombo, 1964).

CHAPTER IV

CLIMATIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AREAS OF
ORIGIN AND AREAS OF PLANTING IN

NORTHEASTERN ARGENTINA

Two guidelines which should be followed when in-
troducing and testing exotics are: (1) Study climates
of the world and select species from regions having
climates Similar to those of the regions to be planted;

(2) evaluate growth and wood properties of the tree
Species in the climatically suitable regions and plan to
introduce and test all species with desirable character-
istics (Wright, 1963).

In this chapter, climates of the test-site re-
gions in northeastern Argentina were compared with climates
of the regions from which the most successful species were '
derived, to determine similarities between donor and re-
cipient regions and guide future tree introduction programs
in Argentina.

It would be desirable to correlate both soil
preferences and performance of all introduced species

with their performance in their native habitats. However,

55

56

there are few such data in the literature for the Mexican

and Caribbean pine Species.

Climate of Northeastern Argentina

 

Northeastern Argentina is warm-temperate (average
annual temperature 18 to 21°C, average January temperature
25.3 to 27.5°C, average July temperature 13 to 16°C with
uniformly distributed rainfall (average annual rainfall
1,000 to 2,000 mm), with frequent winter frosts (minimum
temperatures of 0 to -10°C) and frequent late-Spring
frosts. A zone bordering the Parana River (including
the Bella Vista and Corrientes Stations) is sub-tropical,
with little or no chance of frost but with an otherwise

Similar climate to the remainder of the region (Table 2).

Climate of Successful Donor Regions_

 

The "Northeastern Argentine Pine Species Trial"
included species from a wide geographical range and
therefore from a large variety of climates. According
to the 5-year results, successful species came from as
far north as Maryland in the United States and as far
south as Guatemala and Honduras. Some donor regions
have continental-type (large summer-winter temperature
differences) to maritime type (small temperature varia-
tion) climates. Moisture conditions in the donor regions

vary from perhumid to subhumid. Climatic characteristics

57

of the donor regions are summarized in Tables 15 and
16.

There was only moderate agreement between the
general climatic conditions of these donor areas and the
test areas. Both types of areas have warm-temperate to
sub-tropical climates with uniform to summer-rainfall
distribution. The greatest discrepancy involves EEEEE
patula. This species occurs at high elevations in cen-
tral Mexico, a region with a cool climate, particularly
in summer. The annual mean temperature in the native
range of E. patula is about 9°C cooler than in the test
area and the average temperature of the warmest month is
almost 12°C cooler. In central Mexico rainfall occurs
mostly in the summer whereas it is uniformly distributed
in northeastern Argentina.

There is considerable variation among the climates
of the regions yielding the most promising exotics for
northeastern Argentina (Table 16). In the donor regions,
the absolute minimum temperature varies from 5°C to -23°C;
the annual mean temperature between 9 and 26°C; the
average temperature of the warmest month between 12 to
28"C; the average temperature of the coldest month be-
tween 7 and 25°C.

Successful donor areas also yielded Species which
were unsuccessful or slow growing. For example, the same

area which yielded Pinus caribaea var. caribaea yielded

 

58

 

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Eumz amp .umucH3 CHEsnnsm mumummEmuIEnm3 mmumpm
ou EHOMHED op CHEsm ou mumuomEmB UmuHcD cumummmhuSOm
mnsumummEmu EOHuanuuch wunumumemu
HmEEsm HHmmchm munHEdm mmmnm>¢ COHmmn Hocoo

 

 

.mcHucomH4 cumummmnuuoc CH prHmmu
30mm soH£3 moHommm mcH>m£ mCOHmmH mo mOHumHnouomnmno OHumEHHo HmnmcmoII.mH mHhme

59

Table l6.-—Temperature and rainfall characteristics of regions
having species which grew rapidly in northeastern

 

 

 

 

Argentina.a
. . Temperature Rainfall
Pine sPeCles Average Average Average Absolute aziigg:
annual July January minimum
°C °C °C °C mm
SPECIES OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
elliottii var. elliottii
18-22 25-28 9-17 -20 l,100-1,650
eliottii var. densa
22-24 26-28 15-21 - 8 1,000-1,500
taeda '
13-22 24—26 12-15 -23 920-l,550
ANTILLEAN SPECIES
caribaea var. caribaea
24-26 28 22 4 1,000-1,600
CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES
caribaea var. hondurensis
20-27 22-28 16-35 5 1,000-3,000
oocarpa (Honduras)
19-24 22-25 17-20 2 BOO-1,500
LOW ALTITUDE SOUTH AND CENTRAL MEXICAN SPECIES
douglasiana
12-20 15—22 10-17 -4 1,000-2,600
pseudostrobus
10-19 13-21 7-16 -6
HIGH ALTITUDE CENTRAL MEXICAN SPECIES
patula
9—16 12-17 7-11 -10 1,200-2,000
SOUTHEAST ASIA SPECIES
insularis
15-23 16-24 12-20 4 1,400-2,500

 

aData from FAO, 1962; Golfari, 1963.

60

the much less successful E. tropicalis and E. cubensis.

 

.And southeastern United States which yielded the success-

ful E. elliottii and E. taeda also yielded E. echinata

 

which has shown little promise in northeastern Argentina.
There can be several reasons why Species from the
same climatic region can grow at such different rates in

northeastern Argentina. E. tropicalis and E. caribaea

 

var. caribaea are sympatric in the low mountains of
northern Cuba, often occurring in the same stands. They
are unrelated, belonging to different sections. It is
improbable that both evolved in their present habitats.
It is more likely that one or both evolved elsewhere and

migrated into Cuba at different times. E. tropicalis'

 

closest relatives are in northern United States and in
Eurasia, and this species probably migrated southward to
its present range. The closest relatives of E. caribaea
are from the Caribbaean area. It is logical to assume
that, with different origins and different times of mi-
gration into Cuba, these Species differ in their degree
of adaptation to Cuban sites. If so, they would almost
certainly differ in their degree of adaptation to totally
new site conditions in northeastern Argentina.

Pinus palustris and E. elliottii var. elliottii

 

 

 

are closely related species from southeastern United
States. They often grow under the same climatic condi-

tions. However, the former has become adapted to deep

61

dry sandy soils with a low water table, and has-also be-

come adapted to fire. Young seedlings of E. pglustris

 

grow little in height their first few years but send
down a long thick taproot which enables them to survive
in the deep sandy soils. They also benefit by fire,
which reduces the amount of inoculum of the very serious

needle blight caused by Septoria acicola. E. elliottii

 

var. elliottii on the other hand has become adapted to
moister site conditions and is much less susceptible to
the needle blight. It has thus evolved a very rapid
growth rate, in both juvenile and older stages, and haS'
not evolved a fire-protection mechanism.

Four pine Species--E. gyacahuite var. brachyptera,

 

E. leiophylla, E. lumholtzii, and E. cooperi--1ive sym-
patrically in one small valley near San Juanito, Chihua-
hua, northern Mexico. These species belong to three dif—
ferent sections and probably evolved under very different
ecological conditions during middle and late Cenozoic
times and have Since migrated into the same area. Such
migration has probably taken place at several different
times, with the result that the species have had differ-
ent lengths of time to become adapted to their present
habitats. Possibly no one is as yet perfectly adapted

to San Juanito conditions with the result that all are
living together in a state of imperfect harmony. Thus,

it is not unusual that Poynton (1959) in South Africa

62

reported that E. gyacahuite var. bracgyptera was very

 

 

site-demanding and failed when tested under warm-temperate

conditions, that E. leiophylla grew rapidly under warm

 

temperate conditions but had bad stem form, that E.
cooperi grew slowly but possessed excellent bole form,

and that E. lumholtzii was very crooked and slow growing.

 

Climate of Unsuccessful Donor Regions

 

The earliest Argentine tree planters used trees
from cold temperate parts of Europe and the United States.
Most of such trees were planted near Buenos Aires and
south of that city. The best of 50 cold—temperate coni-
fer tree species--all of them commonly planted in the
northern hemisphere--grew only 40% as fast as Slash and
loblolly pines. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume
that introductions from cold-temperate climates, with
average annual temperature less than 12°C, would not
grow rapidly if planted in northeastern Argentina where
the climate is warmer than in Buenos Aires. The lack of
success of these species can be explained by their need
for a cold winter season or their inadaptability to warm
summer temperatures. Some introduced species grew as
rapidly as in their native habitats. But this is not
enough for commercial purposes when compared with the

growth of warm-temperate or sub—tropical species.

63

The temperate species which were not successful
in the Northeast Pine Species Trial came from regions
with a Mediterranean climate. These regions are southern
EurOpe and western United States. The climate of these
areas can be described as temperate, sub-humid to humid,
having rainfall mostly in winter and having cool summers
and mild winters.

None of the southern European species grew suc-
cessfully when planted in the test area. Eiggg’pinaster
grew Slowly in-the Northeast but rapidly along the Atlan-

tic coast, south of Buenos Aires. E. halepensis failed

 

in Misiones but had a relatively good growth in dry-
temperate zones. E. pig§3_was Slow growing wherever
planted.

Among the western United States species which

have been tested are Pinus ponderosa and E. contorta.

 

They grew poorly under Buenos Aires conditions but grew
better in cooler, winter rainfall areas in the west of
Argentina. Ponderosa pine was planted as an ornamental
in the Northeast and failed completely.

The west coast of the United States is the native
habitat of the most widely planted pine in the world.

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) is a good example of a

 

species highly Specialized to a particular environment
in spite of the extension of its cultivation. The clima-

tic conditions of its native area are:

64

Temperature: average annual 13.5 to l4.5°C
average of July 16.5 to 18 °C
average of January 10 to 11 °C
absolute minimum -7 °C

Rainfall: average annual 420 to 700 mm

(92% in winter)

The climates of the areas in the world where this
species is successfully planted match closely the climate
of the native area. The species seems to be particularly
sensitive to extreme warm summers or to cold winters
(warmer than 20°C and colder than -7°C), and to prevail—
ing summer rainfall. It has been planted repeatedly in
Argentina without success if conditions were not as des-

cribed above (Golfari, 1959).

Conclusions

 

Pine species which grew rapidly in northeastern
Argentina came from regions with warm-temperate or sub-
tropical climates, and abundant rainfall; distributed '
either uniformly throughout the year or more plentiful
in spring and autumn. But those areas also yielded many
Species which did not grow well in the Argentine trials.
To separate the potentially successful from the unsuc-
cessful species it is necessary to conduct trials in
Argentina and evaluate experience in other southern hemi-
sphere countries. Such evaluation is done in the next

chapter.

CHAPTER V
RESULTS OF PINE TRIALS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

The same Species of pines which were tested in
northeastern Argentina have been grown in many other
parts of the world. In this chapter I review the litera-
ture for these other countries, to learn how their re-
sults can be applied in Argentina.

In selecting the literature for review, I chose
reports from areas in which 20 or more pine Species had
been planted, and in which one or more of the species
which had proven most successful in northeastern Argen-
tina had grown well. There were usually several research
reports issued over a period of years for any given coun-
try; in such cases I chose the most complete recent'
report. The most valuable general references of this
type are listed in Table 17.

Most of these reports revealed that, if one of
the Species which grew well in northeastern Argentina
grew well in another region, other species which grew
well in northeastern Argentina also grew well in the
other region, and the failures were also the same. Con—
trariwise, there was almost total disagreement between
Argentine and other—region results if the fastest

65

66

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67

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68

growing species in the other region was one which had
grown poorly or failed in northeastern Argentina. The
exceptions were four reports from southeastern United

States where Pinus elliottii and E. taeda (very successful

 

species in northeastern Argentina) are native but all exotic
pines succumbed to cold or grew slowly.

The major areas of the southern hemisphere which
showed correspondence with northeastern Argentina results
are: central and south Africa, east Australia, north of
New Zealand and southeastern Brazil. Each of these coun-
tries have several different pine-planting zones, some of
which are climatically similar to northeastern Argentina
and some of which are not (Table 17).

Through a detailed study of those references I
learned that the.areas growing Argentine-successful pines
can be subdivided into four regions with different species
preferences. Those regions and the species most success-
ful in them are summarized in Table 18.

In the temperate to warm-temperate areas of Africa
and Australia all Species listed in Table 18 grew well al-
though some were better than others. This was not true,
however, for the cool-temperate and sub-tropical parts of
those countries. In the cool temperate areas where EEEEE

patula and E. pgeudostrobus were the best, the three fast-

 

growing sub-tropical species, E. caribaea, E. oocarpa, E.

 

insularis succumbed to cold. Contrariwise, Pinus patula

 

 

69

Table 18.--Climatic conditions and most successful pine
species in regions similar to northeastern
Argentina as regards pine planting.*

 

 

 

Temperature Annual mean Rainfall Most successful
region temperature distribution species
°C
Cool temperate 12 to 15 Highest in Pinus patula,
summer P. pseudostrobus
Temperate to 15 to 21 Uniform P. elliottii,
warm-temperate P. taeda
Temperate to 15 to 21 Highest in P. eliottii, P.
warm-temperate summer taeda, P. patula,
P. pseudostrobus,
P. douglasiana
Sub-tropical 20 to 25 Highest in P. caribaea,
to tropical summer P. oocarpa,
P. insularis

 

70

and E. pseudostrobus were unhealthy when planted in sub-

 

tropical areas.

Correspondence of_A;gentine Test
Results wIth Results rom

Other Areas in the Southern Hemisphere

 

Most successful Species of the Northeast Pine
Species Trial also grew excellently in some other areas of
the southern hemisphere. For instance Eiggg caribaea had
fast growth in low, subtropical humid areas of eastern
South Africa, Rhodesia, Malawi and Queensland, Australia.
E. patula was successful in mountainous summer-rainfall
areas of eastern South Africa, where it was considered the
best species. Poynton (1959) reported many very success-
ful stands. Among the best was one at Nqadu. At 43 years
of age it had a standing volume of 1,996 m3 per hectare,
for an average increment of 45 m3 per hectare per year.
This species was also successful in parts of Rhodesia and
Malawi with cool summers. The southeastern United States

species E. elliottii and E. taeda were fast growing in

 

warm-temperate, uniform rainfall areas of south and east
South Africa, Malawi, Rhodesia, Queensland, North New Zea-

land and Brazil. The Mexican E. douglasiana was reported

 

by Poynton (1959) as a fast growing and well formed species
in temperate summer-rainfall areas of South Africa.
Mexican provenances of E. oocarpa failed in several

countries of Africa as reported by A. L. Lamb (Barrett and

71

Mullin, 1968), whereas the Central American provenances
grew rapidly on warm-temperate and subtropical sites of
South Africa and Rhodesia. D

The slow growing Species of the Argentine test
were also slow growing under the climatic conditions des-

cribed in Table 18. This was true for Pinus montezumae,

 

E. michoacana, E. engelmannii, E. rudis and E. cooperi.

 

They grew Slowly at South Africa, Rhodesia, Malawi, Aus-
tralia and Brazil. One exception was the fast growth ob-

served by E. pgeudostrobus in cool summer-rainfall areas

 

of South Africa, Rhodesia, Malawi, and the Capital Terri-
tory of Australia. There,the species grew as well as E.
patula, although with heavier branches. In Argentina, E.
pseudostrobus had medium growth with poor form. It is
possible that the seed source tested in Argentina was a
poor one or that the best ecological conditions for this
Species are not found in northeastern Argentina.
Altogether, there was good general agreement be-
tween Argentine test results and test results obtained in
four climatic zones of other southern hemisphere countries.
Fifty—one pine species not yet planted in northeastern
Argentina have been tested in these same four climatic
zones of other countries. It is probable that the results
for these other 51 Species would also be applicable to
northeastern Argentina. For that reason they are listed

and described briefly in Table 19.

72

Table 19.--Pine species not included in the "Northeastern Pine
Species Triar'but which were planted in other
temperate and sub-trOpical regions of the world
with uniform or summer rainfall distribution.

 

 

 

. Growth Climate in
SpeCies Country rate Remarks test area
arizonica S. Africa Medium Heavy TE h MO
branching
Rhodesia Slow -- TE h MO
Malawi Slow -- TE h MO
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h MO
attenuata S. Africa Medium -- TE h U
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h U
ayacahuite S. Africa Medium Forked TE h MO
Rhodesia Slow Form poor TE h MO
Brazil -- Unsuitable WTE h MO
banksiana S. Africa Slow Unthrifty TE h U
bungeana Australia __ no survival TE h U
N.S. Wales
canariensis S. Africa Very slow -- TE h MO
Malawi Very slow -- TE h MO
Brazil -- Failure WTE h MO
cembra Australia C.T. Very slow -- TE h U
cembroides S. Africa Very slow -- WTE Sh MO
Australia C.T. Very Slow -- TE h MO
Rhodesia Very Slow -— WTE h MO
contorta Australia C.T. Medium -- TEsflIU
S. Africa Slow Stunted TE h MO
clausa Australia Medium For dunes TE h U
N.S. Wales
coulteri S. Africa Slow -- TE h MO

Table l9.--(Continued)

73

 

 

 

. Growth Climate in
SpeCies Country rate Remarks test areal
densiflora S. Africa Slow Crooked TE h MO
Rhodesia Slow Neglected TE h MO
durangensis S. Africa Slow to Form good TE h M0
medium
Rhodesia Slow Form good TE h MO
Australia Slow to -- TE h M0
New S. Wales medium
Brazil -- Unsuitable WTE h MO
echinata S. Africa Slow Form poor TE h MO
Rhodesia Medium -- TE h MO
Brazil Medium -- WTE h MO
flexilis S. Africa Very Slow Form poor TE h MO
gerardiana S. Africa Very slow -- WTE h MO
glabra Australia Medium Ornamental TE h M0
New S. wales
greggii S. Africa Medium -- TE h MO
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h U
griffithii S. Africa Slow to Form good TE h M0
medium
Rhodesia Slow Ornamental TE h MO
halepensis S. Africa Slow Form poor TE h U
TE h MO
Brazil -- Unsuitable WTE sh MO
hartwegii S. Africa Slow -— TE h MO
herrerai Brazil -- Unsuitable WTE h MO
insularis S. Africa Medium to -- ST h MO
fast TE h MO
Rhodesia Medium to Form poor WTE h MO
fast WTE sh MO
Brazil Fast Form poor WTE h MO

Table l9.--(Continued)

74

 

 

 

. Growth , Climate i
SpeCies Country rate Remarks test area?
jeffreyi S. Africa Very slow Stunted TE h MO
khasya S. Africa Medium to -- WTE h MO
fast-
Malawi Medium to Crooked WTE h MO
fast
koraiensiS S. Africa Very slow Form fair TE h MO
lambertiana S. Africa Very Slow -- TE h U
lawsonii S. Africa Medium to -- TE h MO
fast
Rhodesia Medium to -- TE h MO
fast
leiophylla S. Africa Fast Crooked, TE h MO
forked WTE h MO
Rhodesia Fast Form poor WTE h MO
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h U
Brazil —- Unsuitable WTE h MO
luchuensis S. Africa Medium Form poor TE h U
lumholtzii S. Africa Medium Form poor WTE h MO
massoniana S. Africa Medium to Form poor TE h MO
fast
Rhodesia Medium Form poor TE h MO
Australia Medium Form poor TE h U
New S. Wales to fast TE h MO
merkusii S. Africa Medium to Form good WTE h MO
fast
Malawi Medium to -- TE h U
fast
monticola Australia Slow -- TE h U

New S. Wales

Table 19.--(Continued)

75

 

 

Growth

Climate i

 

SpeCies Country rate Remarks test area?
muricata S. Africa Medium Form good TE sh MO
Malawi Slow to Form poor TE h M0
medium
nigra S. Africa Slow -- TE h MO
Australia Slow to Form good TE h U
New S. Wales medium
Brazil -- Unsuitable WTE h MO
pinaster S. Africa Slow Form good TE h MO
ponderosa S. Africa Slow Stunted TE h MO
Australia Medium -- TE h U
New S. Wales
pinea S. Africa Slow Form poor TE h U
Rhodesia Slow -— TE h MO
pringlei S. Africa Medium Form fair TE h MO
Australia Slow -- TE h U
Capital Terr.
resinosa S. Africa Slow Failure TE Sh MO
rigida S. Africa Slow Form poor TE sh MO
Rhodesia Slow Neglected TE h MO
Brazil -- Failure WTE h MO
roxburghii S. Africa Slow to -- TE h M0
medium WTE h MO
Rhodesia Slow -- TE h MO
Malawi Slow to Form good WTE h M0
medium
sabiniana S. Africa Slow Failure TE h MO
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h U
strobus S. Africa Slow Failure TE h U

76

Table 19.4-(Continued)

 

 

Growth

Climate in

 

SpeCieS Country rate Remarks test area
strobus var. S. Africa Medium Poor health WTE h MO
ChlapenSlS Rhodesia Medium to -- TE h MO

fast
sylvestris S. Africa Slow Stunted TE h MO
taiwanensis Brazil -- Failure WTE h MO
teocote S. Africa Slow Form poor TE h MO
Rhodesia Medium -- TE h MO
Australia C.T. Medium -- TE h U
Brazil -- Failure WTE h MO
thunbergiana S. Africa Slow Crooked TE h MO
Brazil -- Failure WTE h MO
virginiana Australia Medium Ornamental TE h M0

New S. Wales

 

1Climatic nomenclature follows, Holdridge, 1947; Thornth-

waite and Hare, 1955 and Golfari, 1965.

Temperature regions Humidity provinces

TE = Temperate h = Humid
WTE = Warm-temperate sh = Sub—humid
ST - Sub-tropical

Rainfall distribution

U

= Uniform
M0 = Monsoon type
(highest in summer)

77

Results in northeastern Argentina are based upon

5-year-old tests except for E. taeda and E. elliottii.

 

South African data are based upon plantations 25 to 55
years old, and 20 years' data are available from several
other countries. Because of the close correspondence be—
tween Argentine and other-country data as regards which
species grow well, it is logical to assume that some in-
ferences about future performance in Argentina can be made
from the older other-country data.

In these other countries Pinus palustris grew

 

slowly when young but reached considerable heights and
had good stem form at older ages. This Species also grew
slowly when young in northeastern Argentina but neverthe-
less seems to have good potential for longer rotations.

Larguia (1967) noted that EEEEE caribaea var.
hondurensis grew rapidly but was variable and had poor
growth form in Argentine tests. Lfickhoff (1964) observed
the same behavior in young stands in South Africa but
found that the variability lessened and the form became
good in thinned older stands. It is probable that the
same thing will happen in Argentina. If so, the species
Should be favored there.

Mexican and Caribbean Pine Species

in Southeastern United States
and Argentina

 

 

 

In southeastern United States slash and loblolly

pines are successful trees. The climate there is

78

warm-temperate with uniform rainfall distribution. But
the results from the cultivation of exotic pines do not
agree with the results in the northeastern Argentine
region.

Zobel SE.2£° (1956) reported very poor growth and
low survival of 18 Mexican pine Species tested in east
Texas and western Louisiana.

Kraus (1963) described the performance of native
and exotic pines at Olustee, Florida. Five provenances
of Caribbean pine were killed immediately by frost. Four-
teen provenances of seven Mexican species were dead after
a period of 3 to 4 years. The species which lasted long—
est was EEEEE patula. It was highly susceptible to tip moth
and' had poor form characterized by multiple stems.

Saylor (1969) reported the result of testing 17
Mexican species in three southeastern States. Within-
Species mortality reached 50% after 6 months in Alabama,
Tennessee and North Carolina. All trees were dead after
2 years. Species from high mountains which were not
affected by the cold weather were affected by the high
summer temperatures.

Grigsby (1969) in Arkansas reported similar re-
sults from 12 provenances of Caribbean and Mexican pine
Species. Only the 6 native Species from the southeastern
United States were successful among 49 pine Species

tested.

79

According to these papers, failure of the Mexican
and Caribbean Species was due to the extreme temperature
conditions (-23° to +43.5°C), to which the native slash
and loblolly pine are adapted. Wright (1962) considered
southeastern United States as a successful donor region
but a poor recipient for all forest trees.

Additional Promising Species for
Testing in Argentina

 

 

From the study of the literature of southern
hemisphere plantations I found some species not included
in the Argentine Trial which deserve Special attention.
These are:

E. greggi. A native of Mexico, it was planted in
southeastern Africa and Australia where it exhibited
medium growth rate, good stem form and a heavy crown.
Special attention Should be given for future breeding
work in areas where E. patula is planted. They are closely
related and their hybrids grew rapidly in Australia.

E. insularis. A native from the Philippines it

 

exhibited a medium to fast growth in South Africa when
planted in warm and humid, summer rainfall areas with
little frost. In Rhodesia it is considered one of the
most adaptable pine Species because it performed well
under moist or dry conditions. The only complaint was

the poor stem form in all plantations. Its cultivation

80

in Argentina would be restricted to frost-free areas.
It would be advisable to obtain seed sources better.
adapted to winter cold and also to test the related E.

khasya and E. yunnanensis.

 

E. lawsonii. Originally from Mexico,it performed
well under South African and Rhodesian conditions. Al-
though not a remarkable tree in native stands, it grew to
a considerable size with good form under cultivation and
produced excellent quality wood.

E. leiophylla. Native to Mexico, it grew rapidly

 

in warm-temperate sites of southeastern Africa and Aus-
tralia. Most plantations are characterized by trees with
poor stem form. On some cooler Sites Stem form was good.
E. merkusii. Native to southeast Asia, it ex-
hibited medium to fast growth with fair stem form when
planted in warm and humid, summerPrainfall region. In
Argentina its introduction failed because of improper nursery
handling. Research Should be directed in this field.
Most other pine species which have not been in-
cluded in any southern hemisphere plantations are from
cold climates and are apt to be of limited commercial

interest in Argentina.

CHAPTER VI

FUTURE SPECIES TRIALS IN NORTHEASTERN

ARGENTINA

The Northeast Pine Species Trial showed which of
17 species were suited to northeastern Argentina in general,
but failed to give desired information on species X Site
interaction or on genetic variability within Species.
Also, they did not include a number of species found to
be promising when tested under similar conditions else-

where. Therefore, new trials are necessary.

Species to be Included

 

According to the 5-year results obtained in the
northeastern Argentina trial, the following species are

most promising and should be included in new tests: Pinus

 

elliottii var. densa, E. caribaea, E. patula, E. douglasi-

 

ana and E. oocarpa. The average performance of those

species was as good or better than of E. elliottii var.

 

elliottii and E. taeda which are now commonly planted.

 

Encouraging results from plantations in other
southern-hemisphere countries Show that new tests Should

also include:

81

82

ZPinus insularis, E. leiophylla, E. merkusii and E.
lawsonii. Those species were not planted before in Ar-
gentina, but Show good growth under similar ecological
conditions in other places. A Mexican seed source of E.
pgeudostrobus was included in the northeastern trial but
grew poorly whereas this species grew well in other warm-
temperate localities. That discrepancy is due possibly
to within-species genetic differences, and the species
should be re-tested.

Up to 10 provenances of each species will be in-
cluded if possible. According to personal experience
when collecting Mexican seed, it will be possible to ob-
tain more than 10 provenances of some Species but not more
than 3 of others. I estimate it is possible to obtain 50
provenances of 11 species in one year. Such a test should

also include 5 selected provenances each from E. elliottii

 

var. elliottii and E. taeda to be used as standards.

Sites

One of the main objectives of new experiments is
to learn Species X site interaction. The soil Should be
uniform and representative of the soil types to be used
in the future pine afforestations. But convenience of
the persons who will take care of the trials must also
be considered because trained personnel are scarce. With

these criteria in mind, Sites in each of three northeastern

provinces were selected, as follows:

83

Province of Misiones. Warm-temperate, humid, summer
rainfall. Elevation, less than 300 m, except for (d).
(a) Zaiman. INTA Experiment Station; gray, alluvial,
Slightly permeable soils.

(b) Alem. Forest Service Experiment Station; deep red
permeable soils.

(c) Puerto Piray. Celulosa Argentina; stony soils on
Slope.

(d) San Antonio. Forest Service Experiment Station;
deep brown-red permeable soils, elevation 800 m

(native area of Araucaria angustifolia).

 

Province of Corrientes. Warm-temperate, sub-humid, summer

rainfall. Elevation, less than 150 m.

(a) Gobernador Virasoro. Establecimiento Las Marias;
deep red permeable soils.

(b) Ituzaingo. Establecimiento Sangara; deep sandy
soils.

(c) Corrientes Capital. INTA Experiment Station;
black, semi-permeable soils.

(d) Bella Vista. INTA Experiment Station; deep sandy

soils.

Province of Entre Rios. Temperate, humid, uniform rainfall.
Elevation, less than 50 m.
(a) Concordia. INTA Experiment Station; deep sandy

soils.

.4.‘

84

(b) Concordia. INTA Experiment Station; black-gray
semi-permeable soil.
(c) Concordia. INTA Experiment Station; shallow

sandy soils.

At these stations, limited amounts of land area
are available. Individual parcels of land will probably

be smaller than 3 hectares.

Number of Trees per Provenance

The total number of trees necessary for testing
genetic differences is smaller than has generally been
thought necessary in Argentina. Most forest researchers
there advocated large plots in the belief they could
learn about silviculture and management as well as gene-
tic differences.

There is not a direct theoretical approach to
estimation of optimum test size for provenances and spe-
cies. The closest approach is that suggested by Robert-
son in 1957 (Falconer, 1960). He estimated optimum
progeny Size for half-sib family selection according to

the following formula.

Optimum half-Sib

= .56 __—2
family Size N h
where
h2 = individual tree heritability.

.A‘

85
T = total number of trees per progeny test, deter-
mined by economical factors.

number of families to be selected.

N

To obtain approximate answers, I used Robertson's
formula, using a between/over total variance ratio for
provenances in place of heritability. Assuming a low
heritability (10%), if 5 provenances are to be selected,
and if the total number (T) of trees included in the test
is 15,000, the number of trees per provenance should be
97. The initial number would be 194 if half are to be
thinned.

It is understood that the larger the number of
trees tested per provenance, the more accurately the gene-
tical potential of the provenance can be estimated. But
there is a limitation to the total size of an experiment.
If we increase the number of trees per provenance, we must
reduce the number of provenances. Selection differential
associated with between-provenances differences must then
decrease. Robertson's formula gives the balance to improve-
ment within and between populations to be tested.

Therefore the number of 250-tree per provenance
that I will use is not unrealistic and compromises maximum

(gain, number of provenances and land area available. The

250 trees will be Split in 10 plantations. Each 3-hectare
jplantati0h.will contain 25 trees of each of 60 provenances

for a total of 1,500 experimental trees per plantation.

4‘

 

 

86

Plot Size and Number of Replications

The general idea, very common years ago, was that
forest trees should be tested in large plots to provide
forest conditions. However, it was found that plots of

64 to 100 trees were too small to give reliable silvicul-

AI.

tural data and too large to be efficient statistically.

Also, they require more land than is available for test-

ing. A 60-provenance test, replicated three times with
lOO-tree plots would require 32 hectares.

Statistical efficiency decreases rapidly with
increasing plot size, according to Wright and Freeland
(1961). As measured in a yellow poplar tree plantation
in Michigan, experimental efficiency for various plot

sizes was as follows:

Size of experiment

 

 

 

Relative .
Trees per . . needed to give
plot inggrgizéon same information
p as 100 l-tree plots
number percent number of trees
1 100 100
5 54.6 185
10 21.8 460
64 18.5 512

Optimum number of replicates can be determined
according to the following formula if experimental vari-
ances are known and if one fixes desired precision before-

hand (Wright and Freeland, 1961). For the example it is

I!

m

87

assumed that one wishes to detect (at the 5% significance

level) differences as small as 5% of the mean.

 

Standard error of a = Error Mean Square
provenance mean Number of replicates

This equation can be solved for "Number of replicates"

as follows:

 

N = Number of replicates = Error Mean Square = EMS
Standard error of 2 (SE)2

provenance mean

The desired "Standard Error of Provenance Mean" is calcu-
lated by dividing the "Least Detectable Difference" (fixed
as 5% of the mean) by a value of the statistic "t" for the
appropriate (5%) Significance level and degrees of
freedom. 4

For a sample calculation I used an "Error Mean
Square" = 178 derived from a Pinus elliottii provenance
test near Puerto Piray. The plantation mean was 154 cm
and 5% of the plantation mean was 7.7 cm. Thus the for-

mula for number of replicates is for t 025_13 = 2.160

N = —§fl§—-= ———lZ§——-= 178 = approximately 14

(SE)2 (7.7/t)2 (7.7/2.160)2
This ideal number of fourteen 8-tree plots per
origin per plantation is based upon the assumption that

it is desirable to detect differences as small as 5% of

 

 

88

the mean at each plantation. For the ten plantations,
it would be necessary to plant a total of 10 x 14 x 8 =
1120 trees per provenance, a practical impossibility.
Therefore it is necessary to either (1) change the assump-

tion, or (2) improve experimental precision by reduction

 

of the error mean square. Reduction of the error mean

square can be accomplished only by improved experimental

procedures--better care in the nursery, better transplant-

If

ing, better soil preparation, better weed and ant control
in the plantations. That is a worthy objective which may
or may not be attained in the planned new provenance-
species tests. If not achieved, the detectable difference
with 5 replicates will be 10%.

The actual experimental design was determined by
considering all the following factors.

1. The taxa to be tested. Thirteen taxa are promising
enough to be included.

2. Probable variability within species and varieties.
There is probably enough variability to warrant
testing a total of 60 provenances.

3. Seed supply. A few hundred seeds can be obtained
easily from each of 60 provenances. Requests for
greater quantities of seed would reduce the number
of responses.

4. Land area available. Individual land-parcels of

3 ha can be obtained at 10 locations. Parcels much

 

89

larger than 3 ha would be difficult to obtain.

5. Maximum gain. According to Robertson's formula
maximum gain will result by testing about 194 trees
per provenance if heritability is about 10% and
total experiment size is 15,000 trees. This will
permit testing of 77 provenances but it is doubtful
whether that many can be obtained.

6. Maximum precision. The desired precision of de-
tecting differences of 5% of the mean will not be
achieved unless the total size of the experiment
is increased beyond practical capabilities. With
present techniques, using 5 replicates, differences
as small as 10% of the mean can be detected.

7. Availability of trained personnel. Available per-
sonnel at most stations are not experienced in
following sophisticated designs.

The final compromise design to be used is as follows:
60 provenances to be tested at each of 10 sites,
5 replications per site, each replication to

contain one 5-tree plot per provenance.

Spacing

Common planting distances for Pinus elliottii in

 

commercial plantations in northeastern Argentina are
2.5 x 2.5 m, 3 x 3 m or 2.5 x 3 m. Spacing of 3 x 3 m
was used in the Northeast Pine Species Trial. With such

spacings, crown closure occurs at about the 5th year and

90

serious competition occurs by the 6th or 7th year, when
dealing with the fast-growing species. Volume production
remains high but there is little possibility of early
fruiting unless the stands are thinned heavily.

For the planned new species-provenance trials I
have selected a 3.5 x 3.5 m spacing which provides each
tree with 12.25 square meters of growing space. With
that spacing, 50% of the experimental trees can remain
until age 20. It is also expected that a 3.5 x 3.5 m
spacing will provide good conditions for early flowering.
A thinning at age 8 will reduce density to 600 trees per

hectare, providing approximately 17.5 square meters grow-

ing Space per tree.

Arrangement

In one mixed plantation,Pinus radiata grew rapidly

 

at the start and almost crowded out Pinus taeda, al-

 

though the latter species proved best in the long run.

The competition was such that the difference in growth
rates was much greater than if the two species had been
tested separately. The same may happen in the new experi-
ments, where species as different as g. patula and E.
caribaea are grown in close proximity. It is less likely
to happen if different provenances of the same species

are grown in adjacent rows.

'11 ll“ liq I ll

91

To minimize these undesirable competition effects,
a compact family design will be used. Species will be
randomly distributed through each block and provenances
of the same species will be randomly distributed in adja-

cent rows. A border row of g, elliottii var. elliottii

 

 

will surround the plots comprising a single species. If
competition appears to accentuate growth differences at

an early age, these single border rows will be removed.

A double border row will surround each plantation.

The compact family design will also affect the
statistical precision of the experiments. Because prove-
nance of the same species will be planted in adjacent
rows, precision will be greater when testing between-

provenance than when testing between-species differences.

Seed Procurement

For each provenance, 250 seedlings will be required
at the 10 stations. An additional 800 seedlings per origin
are desired in order to establish small supplementary seed
orchards (see later). The number of seeds per gram varies

from 28 in Pinus elliottii to 60 in P, patula. Assuming

 

50% germination, 60 to 90 grams per origin should suffice.
This amount of seed is feasible to obtain by mail

request. This is possible to do because many government

agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service provide seed and

good origin data free or at reduced prices for research

92

purposes. Many other countries are undertaking species
and provenances trials. For this reason some cooperative
seed collection expeditions have been organized. Among
such cooperative efforts are those by FAQ, by the Common-

wealth Forestry Institute at Oxford, England (Pinus caribaea

 

and P. oocarpa), by the Forestry Research Institute at

Canberra, Australia (2. insularis and E, merkusii) and the

 

Norway-East Africa expedition to Central America and Mexi-
co. For a fee, as yet unknown, it will probably be possible
to obtain seed and data from such agencies (Burley, 1969).
Special consideration should be given to the future
seed supply of tested species and provenances. It is very
probable that seed of the most successful provenances will
not be available in large commercial quantities when the
experiments are completed. In this case, from a practical
point of view the experiments would not give maximum bene-
fit. Therefore it is advisable to plant one isolated plot
of one hectare of each provenance, in order to assure a
minimum seed supply for any successful provenance. Accord-
ing to Argentine data, one hectare of a 25—year-old Pinus

elliottii plantation near Rosario, Santa Fe produced a

 

yearly average of 50 kg of seed, enough to plant 450 hec-
tares per year. Thus minimal seed orchards established

at the same time as the replicated plantations can supply
some of the need for improved seed as soon as any provenance

is proven satisfactory.

I] I‘ll III. I] ll III. 11 till I II I.!4 LIIII I ll I } l I ‘1. I‘

93

Organization and Expenses

This trial can be performed by present personnel
and facilities of INTA as a part of its regular work.

This includes assistance by seven experiment stations of
INTA. In addition there will be collaboration with two
stations of the Argentine Forest Service at Alem and San
Antonio (Misiones), with Celulosa Argentina at Puerto
Piray (Misiones), with Establecimiento Las Marias at
Gobernador Virasoro (Corrientes) and with Establecimiento
Sangara at Ituzaingo (Corrientes).

The new experiments will be supervised by myself
and three INTA professional foresters. One at Cerro Azul
(Misiones) will be in charge of all Misiones and the
Virasoro plantations; one at Bella Vista will be in charge
of the other three Corrientes plantations and one at Con-
cordia, Entre Rios will be in charge of plantations there.

The experiment stations and extra INTA collabora-
tors will supply land, facilities and some labor assistance.
The INTA nursery of Castelar will supply labor and
facilities.

The plants will be raised at Castelar, transplanted
to tar paper pots and kept till the following year when
they will be transported to the planting sites. The
planting will be performed under the direction of INTA

personnel with contracted labor.

 

 

11.]! .ll li.l]l] 1'. fr»!!! I." ‘1

94

Cost of the planned species trial is estimated as

follows:

Expenses

during five years

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Nursery

Transport of seedlings

Planting and care at 10 stations
Travel expenses 4 men, 4 years

Seed collection, by mail

Personnel and facilities

 

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

Nursery labor, 2 men, 1/3 time

Researcher, 1 man, 1/10 time,
during 5 years

Technical assistance
Facilities and vehicles

Total cost

Anticipated Benefits

of INTA and other official and private agencies

Argentine pesos

 

m$n 125,000.-
m$n 75,000.-
m$n 1,500,000.-
m$n 140,000.-
m$n 500,000.-
m$n 1,200,000.-
m$n 1,600,000.-
m$n 250,000.-
m$n 5,990,000.-
U$S 17,100.-

Considering that the result of this trial can in-

crease total pine production 10%, I calculated the probable

benefit from the species-provenance experiment.

As a

basis for calculation I took the expected planting rate

of Pinus elliottii for the lO-year period 1975 to 1985

 

(Castiglioni and Tinto, 1968).

Those authors expect an

annual planting of 10,000 hectares for a total of 100,000

hectares through 1985.

l‘lll...1l‘ illlllli

 

I ll, .l I iil‘l III III II. III lI-IIW .I

95

The estimated yearly increment of P, elliottii is
25 m3 per hectare. The 10% increase will therefore be
2.5 m3 per hectare per year or a total of 250,000 m3 for
the 100,000 hectares. After a full rotation of 25 years

3 of wood.

this increase would represent 6,250,000 m
The present value of a cubic meter of wood is m$n 2000.
A 10% increase in volume of the plantations performed
during 10 years would mean an increase in value of
m$n 5,000,000,000 (equals U$S 14,000,000). If the cost
of the species trial is about 6 million Argentine pesos
(U$S 17,100), the benefit-cost ratio would be very large,
about 850 to 1. The benefit-cost ratio will be appreci-
able even if there are large errors in estimating benefits
or costs.
Cost Comparison Between Actual and

Plannedilntroduction Programs
in Misiones

 

The experience gained by Celulosa Argentina S.A.
in introducing pines and other conifers to Puerto Piray
led to the present forestry develOpment in the whole Pro-
vince of Misiones. Other private companies or official
institutions such as Garuhape S.A.I.C. or the Instituto
Agrotechnico de Misiones played a minor role in the intro-
duction of exotics.

Celulosa Argentina started planting Pinus radiata

 

and other species in 1944. By 1965, forty pine species

96

and a few other conifers were introduced and tested. From
the beginning, all plantations were destined to produce
wood and pulp for the company's paper mill at Puerto Piray.
However, many plantations failed. In the case of slash
pine, the company proceeded from the first experimental
plantation in 1944 to large scale planting in 1949. There-
fore, for purposes of estimating experimental acreage, I
regard the first 5 years' planting with any one species

as experimental, and plantations made after such a 5-year
test period as commercial.

Approximately 500 hectares of land were used for
such experimental plantations between 1944 and 1965. This
includes many plantations of native araucaria which failed
because they were planted in shallow stony soils. To simp-
lify comparisons I use Argentine pesos (m$n) at their
1969 values for all costs.

The planting cost of one hectare of pines, includ-
ing clearing of native forest, planting stock, planting,
and 2—years' after-planting care, was m$n 140,000. The
professional who directed and evaluated the work earned
m$n 2,500,000 per year. He dedicated approximately one-
fourth of his time to his work, during a 22-year period.

He also had some incidental expenses connected with plant
introduction.

These three items can be summarized as follows:

 

I ll I'- II [Ill 1 III II 1

 

97

Item Unit cost Total cost
Planting m$n 140,000/Ha x 500 Ha m$n 70,000,000.-

Professional m$n 2,500,000/yr x 22 yr/4 m$n 13,750,000.-
Salary

Incidental expenses .m$n 4,000,000.-

 

Total m$n 87,750,000.-

This estimate does not include interest, value of land,
etc.

At the time that Celulosa Argentina did its in-
troduction and testing work, there was no realization that
the work was experimental because there was full expecta-
tion that every acre planted would produce usable products.
It is worthwhile to consider what might have happened if
the work had been regarded as experimental. One profes-
sional forester could have been hired for 16 years and
permitted to devote 25% of his time during that period to
species introduction and testing. He could have tested
150 seedlots in each of 5 locations, with 5 replications
per site, 8-tree plots and 12 square meters growing space
per tree. To make such tests he would have needed approxi-
mately 150 x 8 x 5 x 5 x 12/10,000 = 36 hectare, or 40
hectares including border trees. He could have obtained
most of his seeds at nominal cost, but might have needed
to make special collecting trips to Mexico and Central
America. The probable costs (in 1969 equivalents) of such

a program might be summarized as follows:

98

 

Item Unit cost Total cost
Planting m$n-160,000/Ha x 40 Ha m$n 6,400,000
Professional m$n 2,500,000/yr x 16/4 m$n 10,000,000
Incidental expenses, including travel m$n 2,600,000

Total m$n 19,000,000

The costs of this hypothetical program are only
25% as great as the amount actually spent. The largest
saving was due to the use of smaller, more efficient
plots.

As for results, the unplanned experimentation re—
sulted in the introduction of 40 pine species in a 22-year

period. Only two species--Pinus elliottii var. elliottii

 

 

and g. taedaf-were planted on enough sites to provide data
on site preference. The experiments included only one or
two origins per species, so that there was no opportunity
to learn the best seed origins within species. If the
research had been planned, more species could have been
tested, and there would be data on variability within
species as well as on site preferences. It is probable
that growth-rate increases of 10% or more could have been
obtained as early as 15 years ago, and that actual volume
growth during the last 15 years could have been increased
proportionately. The value of the increased volume would
have been much greater than the cost of the experimenta-

tion.

99

This brief analysis shows that research of the type
planned is expensive if calculated in terms of pesos. But
it is inexpensive if calculated in terms of probable re-
turns. It is likely to be least expensive and most pro-
ductive if actually considered as research rather than

as a series of casual experiments.

 

Illlllllll ‘I III III Ill 1.! 1111] III l l.1 ‘I-fnv

LITERATURE C ITED

LITERATURE CITED

Asociacion de Plantadores Forestales de Misiones, 1968.
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Barrett, R. L. and L. J. Mullin, 1968. A review of intro-
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Barrett, W. H., 1954. Las coniferas cultivadas en la
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and A. Garbosky, 1960. Efectos del suelo en el
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and L. Golfari, 1962. Descripcion de dos nuevas
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Burgess, I. P., 1967. Experimental plantings of conifers
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Burgos, J. J. and A. L. Vidal, 1951. Los climas de la
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Burley, J., 1969. Breeding tropical pines. Second World

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100

101

Castiglioni, J. A. and J. C. Tinto, 1968. Proyecto para
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Celulosa Argentina S. A., 1958. Repoblacién forestal con
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F.A.O., 1962. Seminar and study tour of Latin-American
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, 1967. Mexican pines species trial. Forest Re-
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, 1965. Regiones potencialmente aptas para
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, 1966. Importancia de la repoblacién forestal
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, 1968. Conifers suitable for planting in the
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and W. H. Barrett, 1967. Comportamiento de las
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and O. E. Colombo, 1964. Comportamiento de 17
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Grigsby, Hoy C., 1969. Exotic trees unsatisfactory for
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Holdridge, L. T., 1947. Determination of world plant
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Lfickhoff, H. A., 1964. The natural distribution, growth
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Nanson, A., 1968. La.valeur des tests précoces dans la
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the United States and Brazil. Southern Conference
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Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, 1958. Estadisticas cli-
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pp. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

, 1958. Estadisticas climatolégicas. 1941-1950.
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Streets, R. J., 1962. Exotic forest trees in the British
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Thornthwaite, C. W. and F. K. Hare, 1955. Climatic classi-
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Tortorelli, L. A., 1956. Maderas y bosques argentinos.
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104

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APPENDICES

105

 

 

 

 

on.v sm.mas.m ma Hobos
Hm oo.a n w> mm.ov mm.mm¢ NH Hm x am
so mH.m u m> 18> m + m> u :«ev.oa em.mmv ms.mmm.m m .ucmHa
NH mm.o u m> um> b + m> u «om.v om.>ma Hm.mmm m mmaommm
mmHUmmm ZémmmHmdo

om.m mh.mmm.a ma amuoe
mm oo.H u m> mm.mm -.mm~ Ha Hm x mm
mm H¢.~ u d> 1m> om.~ + m> u 44ss.m mm.omH mm.mmo.a m .ucmaa
o mo.o u m> um> mw.m + m> n mm.o mm.m na.mH m mmfloodm
mmHUmmm .m.D zmmBmfimmBDOm
mmwommm mo mmsoum an mUGMHHm> mo mflmhamcfi

v¢.mH vm.v¢a.mm hm Hmuoe
m oo.H u m> mm.m¢ oo.mma.m mo an x mm
ms om.m u m> 1d> mm.H + m>‘u «:em.ma m~.mos om.mam.s m .pcmHa
om ¢H.m u m> um> vm.m + m> u ««mm.w~ mm.mo~.a v>.mmm.mm mm mmflowdm
mmaamm man can wwouoocou.ouflumunsom Hm .ouommnfiw .bou
.hmuflm Gunman .mumfl> waawm .qud ounmu um mmflommm hm Ham mom

w mumavm some Umuommxm m cm: 0mm up condom

 

 

.Hmflue mmflommm mcHucmmud cumummununoz can «0 m was um Davao: How mommaum> mo mamaamc¢

106

.Hm>mH AH um unmoamflcmflm«.

.Hm>ma mm um uGMOMMHcmfim4

 

 

 

 

om.~ «.mmm ma
«4 oo.H u m> v.mm m.smm m Hm x mm
o o n m> 1m> m~.~ + m> u «m.o m.m~ s.sHH m .ucmam
Gm om.H n m> 1m> v.m + m> n *mv.m s.mma m.Hmm N mmflommm
mmHomam momemummamo

nm.m mm.mam.ma so
ea oo.H n m> ~¢.Gm mm.mmm.a as am x mm
«H om.o u m> 1m> oo.m + m> u «4mm.v Hm.oom m¢.mom.a m .ucmam
an sm.¢ u m> 1m> mm.~ + m> u «*ms.ma mm.aam em.vmm.aa ma mmflommm
mmHommm zaonmz

m mumsvm cows concomxm m Om: 0mm mp condom

 

 

Aomsqaucoov

107

 

coflumuamam now as mm.¢fl ma.mme “\K. Hmo.~H

 

 

a o I. u m o I
mmaom.m now 26 mm m+ ms.m~ x N\/. Hmo ~+ mm omq

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ho.n am.mme.oa Gm Hmuoe
ma oo.H m> mb.m~ hm.HmH.H Nw Hm x mm
ca as.o m> 1d> as.» + 0> u ««mm.s mm.H- mm.moa.a m .uamam
he hm.m m> um> mm.m + 0> u ««mm.am vm.ham mm.om~.m m mmflommm
mocmwum> mo mammamcd
unwonmm mumsvm coma cwuowmxm m Om: 0mm EmuH
~.>m m.mm m.~o m.mm s.a> H.48 ommum>m maoflumum
m.mm «m mm mm mm mm mm mcMUMOQOHE .m
m.om mm we mm No we om mamflmmamsoc .a
w.mm we Hm om mm on an mmsow .um> HHpMOHHHm .m
m.vo am am om mm «5 mo woman .m
m.¢m we am mm mm mm mm wfiuuoaaam .Hm> Hfluuowaam .m
«.mm mm mm . we n we Ammusocomv mdumooo .a
m.mm hm am on on mm an mmMQHHMD .> mmMQHnmo .m
o.mh am on me mm mm we Rummo&1mflmcmusuc03.>.mmmbflumo .m
H.m> am or mm mm mm om A.cpEv mflmcmudocon (Vocabflumo .m
o.mh no mm mm hm vm I Ausnomum>v Manama .m
mmmum>< .MHH> .nEom mumfl> Hand mmuflm
mmwowmm mwcuoocou .now Hm maamm ouumo ounmam
.mcflusmmufi

mo ummmnuuoz on» no mmfluaamooH pass: was Enos CH mxmu ca mo AEUV m mom um unmflmm

108

NH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

cowumucmam How 80 mm.ow u mmdMlMlM Ha NH
m 0 EU . I n.llllMllI . I
mmflom m H H mm H+ ma.a x N\/ Ha ~+ wm own
oo.m mm.oma om Hmuoa
mm oo.a n m> ma.H om.mH ha Hm x mm
mm mm.o u d> 1m> m.~ + m> u sa.m mm.» m .ucmam
vm Ho.a u m> um> m.o + m> u xxav.aa mo.~a vo.mma Ha mmflommm
cocoanm> mo mflmhamc¢
,ucwouwm mumsvm some pmuommxm Om: 0mm up EmuH
m.wm m.mm o.mm mmmuw>m mcoflumum
m.m I m.m , o.m mflmcmbdo .m
h.m m.m I m.m mcmomonofls .m
m.HH h.oa m.~H I Awanmsmv waspom .m
m.HH e.oa H.mH I Immusccomv mmumooo .m
H.NH m.oH N.MH m.ma mmmnflumo .> cowbflumo .m
m.~H G.MH m.~a ~.HH afiupoflaam .um> Happoflaam .m
m.NH m.HH m.~H ¢.mH mamflmmamsou .a
«.ma h.~H o.vH o.ma mmcmo .Hm> Hfluuofiaam .m
o.¢a m.~H ¢.NH ¢.va mommy .m
o.ma >.HH H.4H m.mH Auauomum>e Manama .m
¢.¢H v.mH m.mH o.va Aummoov mfimcmudpcos..> mmmnflnmo .m
~.va h.NH H.mH m.vH A.:wfiyumwm£mubpcon who? moonwumo .m
.MWMWMMM wwwuoosoo mumfl> maamm Hand onnwo

.mcflucmmu¢

cumummwsuno: mo mGOHumum pafifl: cam EHMS m um mxmu NH mo AEUV m mom um umumeHo

109

 

nodumucmam How so ~0.~HH n

m

m . -
sm.mma x n\/. med m.

 

 

mwflommm new EU mm.aaw n

m . -
so.m~a x m\/. mea m+ mm omq

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m
om.~ ‘ mo.mmm.w mm Hobos
cs oo.H u m> sm.mma ms.mms.a VsH Hm x mm
mm om.o u nw> “a; m + m> n ««NN.m mm.mmo.a m~.hmo.m m .ucmam
wm om.o u m> um> m + m> n «om.~ N¢.Nmm mm.mmv.~ b mmaommm
mocmflum> mo mammamcfi
uswoumm mumnwm some Umuommxm m m2 mm mo EmuH
m.mm H.mm ~.mm mmmum>m mcowumum
w.ov mv ov mm HflHDOHHHm .um> Hfluuoflaao .m
m.ov om mm ov mmmnflnwo .Hm> mmmnflnmo .m
m.¢¢ am as mm mcmflmmamsoc .m
m.wv on em mv omcmo .um> Hfluuoflaam .m
m.mv mm mv mw momma .m
o.mm mm an no Ausuomum>v masumd .m
c.bm vag mm. vb, Rummoov mamaouzccon .Hm> cowbflumo .m
c.5m .va .mh. mm; A.:H8xlmfimcmuspcon .Hm> mmmnflumo .m
mmmum><
,mmflommm mwpnoucou Mpmw> maamm Hand OHHmU

 

 

.mcflucmmn¢ cumummmnuuoz mo,cowumum m um mxmu m we AmEUV m com um mESHo>

VITA

Wilfredo H. G. Barrett

Candidate for the degree of

Final exam:

Committee:

Dissertation:

Doctor of Philosophy

April 20, 1970

Drs. M. W. Adams, G. Schneider, S. Stephenson,
D. P. White and J. W. Wright (Chairman).

Response of Pine Species to Varied Site

Conditions in Northeastern Argentina and
other Sub-tropical regions.

Biographical items:

Born:

Married:

Children:

Education:

Experience:

1947-1948.

1948-1949.

1949-1957.

1958-1961.

August 15, 1925, Feldkirch, Vorarlberg,
Austria.

Luisa M. Aguilar, Buenos Aires, October
10, 1952.

Wilfredo Orlando, September 10, 1953;
Guillermo Eduardo, September 26, 1955;
Roberto, August 15, 1957.

University of Buenos Aires, Ingeniero
Agronomo, 1948.

Michigan State University, Master of
Science, 1965.

Direccién de Investigaciones Agricolas.
Buenos Aires. Fellowship in the Instituto
de Botanica to work on Plant taxonomy.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia,
Buenos Aires. Assistant of J. Papadakis
to work on plant ecology.

Direccién General de Investigaciones
Agricolas, Instituto de Boténica. Research
in Taxonomy (Conifers).

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria
INTA Research in taxonomy and ecology of
pines.

llO

111

1962-1969. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agro-

Teaching:

pecuaria INTA Coordinator of research in
forestry. Research in forest tree
improvement.

1961-1964. Escuela de Ingenieria Forestal, Universi-

dad Nacional de Cordoba, Santiago del
Estero. Forest Tree Improvement.

Other experience and travel:

1958

1960

1965

1969

1969

Course in Chilean Forestry. South-central
Chile, September-November, 1958. Organized
by the Interamerican Institute of Agricultural
Science IICA of the Organization of the Ameri-
can States.

FAO, Seminar and study tour of Latin-American
Conifers. Mexico, British Honduras (Belize)
and Cuba.

Visited Experiment Stations and Universities
interested in tree improvement in the South-
eastern States. June to August, 1965 under
the sponsor of the Agency for International
Development.

Visited Experiment Stations of Italy, Austria
and Holland when in Europe as a member of the
Advisory Committee on Natural Resources Re-
search of UNESCO, Paris. June to August, 1969.

Attended the Symposium on the Productivity of
the Forest Ecosystems of the WOrld, Brussels,
Belgium, October, 1969.