r
-‘

THE EFEECT OF PARTECLE SIZE, SHAPE AND
DENSHY ON" MENEMUM PNEUMANC SUSPENSION
AND VERTICAL TRANS‘FGRT VELOCETLES

Thesis {or flu: Degree of D“. D.
MICHYGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Charles Erskine Rice
1960

llfljllllllllflfllfllll(lljfllflllfllllfljfllflll w LIBRARY

Midis , YtStatC
11:11:36!" lt)’

 

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE, SHAPE AND
DENSITY ON MINIMUM PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION
AND VERTICAL TRANSPORT VELOCITES

presented by
Charles Erskin Rice

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph.D. degree in} gricultural Engineering

 

@«VM

7/37 @///a
/

 

Date

 

0.169

 

f‘l

‘ P

-113 IDLIIJVI CJ. [I’RlICLE UIZILJE , DIIAIE All”

“\‘W‘Y‘l/

1213;;31-11 CN 1.11:1: 11.1 111131111111: SUSPEI‘ISION

Submitted to the Seneol for

AND VERTICNL TRANSPORT VELOCITIES

tnerles Erskine Rice

All 5815 ‘l'fixflc ‘1;

b“
w

'. : 1, 1.. v'.'-
Qaenceu Orenuate oLdQlSS

of Michigan State University of Agriculture and

Applied Science in partial fulfillment cf

the requirements for the degree of

DCCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Agricultural Engineering

J". p

1960

M /M

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nax1mum‘pr01egte'--,flg, notd nst the rublC OI urea ,
'7 -. "7.,

VrOILJJe VOJJL‘AE
unu'tne max1mun ve1001ty occxmr ed 1.nere tge ll e purneu u;-
‘u‘Ja l, C’ .

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meterm-nnticr c1 the .el-c-t1es. 1ne LJCL 01 lthfmelCJ
-.. - ' I, ‘ ": ‘ “' All ". - \. I: , ~‘r1 J -: \". I" ‘"
c- tne urea ccefiic 1<1L ”C‘ (tnet “Uh et ue uoeu) 11n1to tne

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rd " v- 7‘ ' A
U1;8.J.‘.LGS IJI’S-.i.1.e Islce

2
Formulas were developed for determining ”L” for

use in the velocity formula. Th: "h" value is used in

(3

place or the drag coefficient ”C”. Particle praycrtles

were used for the determination of "k".
The formulas are valid for the particles tested
when the transport velocities are between 1000 feet per

minute and #000 feet per minute.

Charles Erskine Rice

1:3 ELIECI CE rflfilICLB BILE, bflAQS IED
DJIIQ‘IL‘: CuT nII’IIZ‘IULI I‘I‘IEU‘IU‘JIC 81181733351011

LIED ‘V’ERIICAL 'lfifi'fb'l‘ 'RT VELOCITIE"

Charles Erskine Rice

A THEE IE;

“ubn’tteu to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State University of Agriculture and

Applied Science in partial Lullillment of

the requirements for the degree of

DCCICR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department 01 Agricultural Engineering

19-60

6'3 2 0 =7 / 5"
57’ 2. v" / (e .f

ACIJICMIJDJGEILHII'S
Many individuals assisted in maling possible the
work reported herein.

‘7':

Dr. A. M. Iarrall, need Ll the A OIicultu

Fl

(‘3

H
EU
,3

f—I
I

nearing Department made available the research assistantship
ior 18 months at Michigan State Univ eIsity.

ihe New holland Machine Company furnished the

(1‘

Lo

H

fia

iinancial support for he assistan 3:1
rhe College B :periment Station, University of
Georgia furnished financial support for completion or the
research at Athens, Georgia.
Dr. Rolland I. Hinnle, Mecranical Engine eer, Dr.
Howard homocnel, Meta lluIIical Engineer, Dr. William D.
Eaten, Mathematician, Dr. Merle L. Esu Iav, Agricu tuIa l

§

Engineer, served as guides ce committee members They con-

'1

tributed much in the way or encourag ement and guidance.

Dr. Wesley y. Bu one le, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Major Professor, has been of great assistance

LJO

In his guidance and encouragement.

Dr. Walter M. Carleton, formerly of the Agricultula
angineering Department and nOM with the Agricultural 3ngi-
nearing Research Division, United States Department of
Agriculture, guided the early phases of the work.

Mr. R. H. Driitmier, Chairman, Agricultural Engiu
neering Division, University of Georgia gave encouragement

and material support in the final stages of the work.

11

l

The author expresses most sincere appreciation to
these individuals and organizations and to all others who
assisted in any way.

The author also extends thanks to his wife,

Pauline, for her patience and help.

[—10
H
H:

: 1c J rafnaticn: Marth 1;, 15630 - :33 In}. :00“ E C
Agricultural Engineering suilding
Dissertation: ihe EIIect o: Iarticle Size, Shale and Density
on Minimum Pneumatic bu opens? on and Vertical
IranspoIt Jeloc ities.
Cutline of Studies
Iajor Subject: AIricultural BnLineeIinL
hinor Subjects: neonunlcal Engineering, Mathematics

niographical Items

Born: h rch 1(, 13'7, Colquitt County, Geor Lia

Experience: [gricultura l Engineer, oc'l Corserv L101 Derrice,
31+ *3... l' Lr' , lSILrI/D—lfilf".

united States Army, lBHZ-lih5.

University of Georgia, 19%7. Associate rroiessor
and Associate Agricultural Engineer.

Member or the American Society of Agricultural *ngineers.

. ,d- A—Jk

TABLE CF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...........................................
REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................
OBJECTIVES.............................................
EeUIPMENT..............................................
Development of Variable—Area Meter................
Vertical Pipe System..............................
Other Equipment...................................
SELECTION OF EATERIALS.................................
PROCEDURE..............................................
Suspension Velocities.............................
Vertical Transport Velocities.....................
AERODYNAMIC THEORY.....................................
RESULTS................................................
Test Results on Suspension Velocities.............
Minimum Transport Velocities Test.................
Comparison of Experimental Results with Theory....
APPLICATION............................................
SUMEARY................................................
CONCLUSIONS............................................
PROBLEMS RECOMMENDED FOR FUTURE STUDY..................
APPENDIX...............................................
Equipment Used....................................
Air Measurement Methods...........................

sample DataOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.00.0.00.00.00.00...

V

Page
1
3

PLEIFEREI‘ICES CITEDOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOO

GTE-EBB REP'EREI‘ICESOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0....0....0.0.0.0000...

vi

i“

"a

CD

0a)

D.)

10.

ll.

LIST ca momma

Air and material velocity in the case of
thrower and pneumatic conveyors................ 7

Apparatus used in determining suspension
velocities...0.0.00.00.00.00000000000000000.... 13

Variable—area meterooooooooooooooooo00.000.000.000 1%

View of variable-area meter with a cylindrical
partiCle suspended.coco-0000000000000.ooooooo00 15

Two of the square edged orifice plates used
in fileasuring airOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOO. 17

Apparatus used in making minimum transport
.. r,
VBlOCity determinations.coo-00.000000000000000. lo

Some cylindrical particles used in the tests...... 21

DJ

Some rectangular particles used in the tests...... 2

Some equilateral triangular shaped particles

used in the teStSOOOCOOO.COCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.... 23
Some rectangular shaped particles of same size

but different densities used in the tests...... 25
Suspension velocities of rectangular particles

Oi.DouglaS i‘irO0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.... 33
Suspension veIUCIties of cylindrical particles

01‘ Ivl‘apleOOOOOOOO0.0.00.0...00.000.00.00...0.0.0 31+
Suspension velocities of equilateral triangular

partiCleS Of Douglbs biroooooooococo-0000...... 36
Comparison of suspension velocities for

diili'erent ShaPQSOOOOOOOO0.0.0.000...00.0.0.0... :57
Air velocities required for diIIerent shaped

pertiCleS With Common L/D ratiOSooooooooooooooo 33

Air velocities required for cylinders with
Conmon L/D I.atiOSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.00 J

i
‘O

A comparison of dimension effect on Maple
CylindeI.SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...0.0.0.0...O... 1+1

LIST CE‘EIGURES (Cont.)

A comparison of dimension effect on Douglas Fir

cylinders...o..o...o..o.....................

A comparison of dimension effect on Douglas
Fir tIOia-ngleSOOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOO.

Suspension velocities of cubes of the same size
but of different densities. Calculated and
experimental values are shown...............

Minimum transport velocities for rectangular
particles of Douglas Fir....................

A group of particles that tend to require high
suspenSion velCCitieSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Some of the particles on which tests were run....

Comparison of transport and SUSPEflSlJu
velocities of 3%" dia. cylinders...........

41+

46

1+8

L+9

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page

Velocity for Conveying Materials........... 9

H

1. A1

[\3
o

"Ii" values for Cj‘jrlj—nderSQOOOO......OOCO’OOOOOOOO 53

”K" Values for Rectangles....................... 5%

"K" Values for Triangles........................ 55

Data llaple Cy'lindersoooooooooooooooo00.000.00.00 71

Data. I'Ialq‘le CylinderSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 72

Data I'k‘lple cylinderSOOOOOOOO0000000000.000000000 73

(m -u 0\ \n -F L»
0

Data. Douglas 33111. rectangleSOOOOOCOOO0.0.0.000... 71+

Data Douglas Fir rectangles..................... 75

\O
o

10. Data Douglas l‘ir I.ectangleso.........OOOOOOIO... 76
11. Data Douglas rir triangles.............. ..... ... 77
12. Data. Douglas fir trianglesoooooooooo000000000000 78‘

130 Data Douglas Eir trianglesoooooooooo000000000000 79

=9-v . --~'— ~- are. . a v. ,1.
.1 ..LL LJF - eI‘C'VlJ. (ML will; (3.? I j-C/ Ltltul‘kfii 1:4;111 --U {lb-:11 e

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fn‘ . . ‘.-- ‘1“ .~ '\‘ “...'. \»* -'- v Q . ‘ ‘ r ‘ .\ ' “‘ '
rhis total or apircllnatcly c 1/2 billlcn man hours per year
'm 44 «.9- L A . .-4- Jury» am- we "a .... . “L ~ also --" 71.1
lo uS’Jq CO g; @3365; L; Cl- JL$¢U ill .. UV i.l-v, ..-gi Deflal.) .. r0“ CH9 1. ace

‘1

to another i.e. f‘ca mill to bin iron bin to punk. ror
’—-——, 9

exarple, 300 million tons of materials are handled by farmers

every year, and this is rurther accentuated since some of the

als art “an;l;c several tines

5“)
Cr
(T)
H

This study deals primarily with those grinciples

V;

vice-L .51 use

H

ir to elevate and convey. t is known ttat

$0

v i a ”1" v. ”as... n 17‘ -:-‘,
till U3 A.-C'\f'~z‘~.'. plLl .L0 “is O;'€31ct'u.l.-l{“ CC’ot hit“; CVJCI'

O

materia s
nechanical devices, however, tne easZ Cl cge‘aticn and
sinjlicity of installation ha‘e nade pieumatic conveying
a popular means of elevatinb silaQe, chopped hay, and grain
when groduct dahage is not of najor iz1m"rtance

The generally acce,ted pneumatic conveying rate is
50 fps (3,C CC fpn) (13). In the case of vertical elevation
the required air velocity must be suffic ient to su; ort the
particle plus 50 fps.

V

The present grcc cedure in calculating the u\

A

(T)
U)
P"
C"
:12"

taraneters for a {ntuxra tic conveying system is to use hand-

J 4.

book data collected on v

H

s"stoms. Usually, no allow-

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H'
F"
L

C.

I,
01,1;

1., _.,_ .3. A .
In? i-.t'-l‘olC US b0

F")
(-1-

ances are hade ior tne Size and snape c
1" I“\"\ V’ '7/“‘ . n4- 1, A -—~ A Afih'L‘ -:v., .. 3 ‘Q1 3(-
LJ'C €931“;ch .3th8, c 'o til“ 5:33:86; u time, 11C ; ICCGOLAI‘“. Leis

been developed to easily calculate those val Mu s. as a

‘ A.‘,‘-. ,- -.. -. .r" H , , ‘ 4..-}- .. ‘ -
‘esult CQMVCJlno systems tent to be over desi ned. The power

' ww-f‘ v-.‘_ r' < 1"
TCQUATCmUntS Oi
‘u‘ ". A ('0 ’w '. in ("' 1“ J‘ . 1 ‘) V m
Lil CCC‘oolilb C... but, inc;

..., .. .1 - n1, - He J.‘.. —' r a..-
4»: (MIL. Sikh’s Oi out, _.a.l oiclco.

}_Jo

S
rw.‘ M-n' ~71 W» - -1, ,-
inis thesis will llatent hetucds lo; tne deter—
Yu‘iqfivtil-lr mid V‘ . . H " ,.‘ '2 1‘1; "‘ .1" ‘ r "3““. ‘- ‘7 iv" 3" ~r-3«,—.--'~—: Ar 1 4‘ .«1-\r_‘ ‘, )4.
h. .L a; vii k, ...lnlhlttm Shul.\.l'lolull .lilv. 1.-..Il-l.uh-1 vbl elk, 1, orc.iio.vl L;

- '1 .' ' a r-n 4a? ‘*“-.-- a. -- 1,, , “
veloc1ties or gart les. lie relatiOnsnl, oi the ggrthle

.r -. ‘r . - A ‘,'~ "—f-.. . ...," *‘m’ ~ 411'. “‘- a. "fih ‘3 “'wr' ‘V’: w ‘.
51.5; , Sulfipe , 0.8-in o“. -,..i.u. out? l.L.LlJ..Ll.1:Liu V CALCJ. Lin: .3 ‘9. ill L20
e”rlored “ rF‘V‘P"c *“teor'r "“l te reesap+ei -r r

asifl... J. ’v 0 {1e ,Ukk‘) iLC~1.1_L balv J- J 941.1. ‘J i .L L u...) {-1 v k <t..-K L 0.;-

f- 3", I] -\ -' f . I‘ -. :' * “ "u . 4 ,-‘ via .1 - ”3—: 4‘ '3‘ A ‘-_“~/ 4» . ,-
stints uetorninea lor tn; CTlthul Velocities. -I’CClel

S‘
F
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(2)
, J
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f—N‘ «,‘/.‘,1,r . 4- ." ~,_f: ’r.w.J‘- Vv. ‘
1ne ea rly work concernin preuuutic trgub;c1b was

ccruucteo c

D
._
U}

ilage cutters which not only us the silage but
also elevated it 'nto the silo. ln 19:1 the n1411c1n
Society of Agricultural Burinee rs' Belt Xachir ery com;ittee

—
!

(13) suggested the fol owing fo1nula 101 rating sila;e
cutters:

A

(1) Tons yer Lour = thrcgt_arga 1g: x CB$§1£€¥ sin;

 

1Le comzn ittee also statuaroizeL tee 511a e cutter

f‘
(L
(11
(1'
m
0

Duffee (6, 7, 3) Teacrted o“ testiu

. ' '. '\ ,"' .". ’.' 'V r "" CV "' " ) ‘2 "* ‘ I-" 1' (\l,’ l‘v‘ " ,
ClUALLIY (1.1. SLLd‘JC ML. UK“. C: 3 4.3.1 lC/‘Ll‘f'. :33 101A 1C1 1-1(LU “4.1.8 pCJWBI‘

re UlrLM81tS were C.32€ hc/ton for cutting and C.;Qo uy/ton

m

for blowing. 11e ; wer for blowing was 71.72% of the total.

’ ‘ ' "‘ ‘ - I ‘ . I v ‘ ‘ V»; ‘-f r " I? '- ‘ '. ‘I ’ ' ‘r ’. "1 ‘. r ‘ 1
Tue relationsaip oetwecl hf“ aha l,ower re9t11euehts 1nu1catee

,-)

that steeds between 500 to 600 REM gave capacities couperable

with nigner steees ane required less horsepower. In his re-

port in 1925 Duffee

\J
H

;sented a new formula for rating

.--:

Q-

silage cutters. 1e also studied pressures founu at the
octtom of the elevation pipe. In the contarison of large
and Snail pipes it was found that, in general, horsepower
requirenents increased Wlbu a decrease in pipe size. For
the relationship of Speed and efficiency it was Ops erved
that caracicy is pr portional to speed and tl1at tne horse-

power curve is more abrupt than the capacity curve.

-1..-

In I923, Stewart (16) cslculated the volume of the

M1

s and developed a

C3
LJ.
(D
O
O
0
$1
"3
p.
(D
C.
C
‘i
U)
p
_1

-age at differ nt 57

gr);

e3
drawing snowing the results of his analysis.

In 19%6 Rancy (14) suggested the theory of free
threw for silage blowers.

In 19H9 , Longhouse (ll) reported on the performance
characteristics of long hay blowers. he found that the fan'
inlet size was very important. When it is too large, effi-
ciency is reduced and when it is too small, not enlugh air
can enter the inlet. He also reported that the shaft horse-
power varies as the cube of the speed, and that peripheral
speeds of 10,10 feet per minute are needed.

In 195C Lon;house (12) reported on the application
of fluidization to the convegring of grain. He conv-yed
grain in a one-inch pipe seventy-five feet long. Conclusions

.C‘

eached as a result 01 the fluidization studies are as
follows: 1. Grain either whole or ground can be conveyed
satisfactorily as a fluid, 2. ccnve cnier ce and ease of opera-
tion favor fluidization, and 3. initial cost and maintenance
should not be excessive.

In his text book seiner, et al (2) gin es irforua-
tion on the theory of the i.i peller blower presented oy Segler.

Segler states that the material has a lower velo-
city than the air in the uyoe portion of the pipe and a
sreater velocity as it leaves the Ml es.

fancy (14) has resorted that paddles loaded for a

distance eiual to 1/n the radius will unload in 450, and

those loaded for a distance equal to 1/3 the radius will
unload in 550.

Duffee (9) reported that normally only 2% to 3
inches of blade was used, and that less power was required
by 4 inch blades than by 8 and 10 inch blades. Serge (1)
reported that 5 inches of the blade was scored, and that the
blades were unloaded at an angle of 450 with the tangent
point.

Theoretically, elevation efficiency depends upon
kinetic energy imparted to the particle in the cases of the
,imaeller blower i.e., h = V“. The height elevated is always
less because of friction in its various forms. Duffee (9)
has stated tiat the power would double when the elevation
it is increased from 30 feet to 100 feet. De_Forest (h)
worked with 4 and 8 bladed impellers and the kinetic energy
imparted to the material. The kinetic energy imparted by
the 8 blade impellers was h3fi of input with an efficiency of
17.2%. The R blade impellers im;arted 57£ of the input with
an efficiency of 22.8p.

The actual height that blowers should be operated
is 40% of theoretical height according to Duffee (9). They
are often operated, however, at lower percentages of the
theoretical height. Power operation data normally used for
impeller—blowers indicate that most of them operate with

.‘I

-n.
Gil

iciencies running from 5 to 10 percent (14).

Segler (14) has done considerable work on pneumatic

conveying and on ingeller blower he states that there
is not sufficient experimental y deternined data available
for determining the coefficient for chaf
- .1 . - . ~ .0 o - 1. ..

conveying. segler reconnencs an elbow 01 o QlPMGberS ior
conveying, and the use of a diffuser which gave a 105
capacity increase.

:1, 1 5 ".VJ 1'1 2;; til“ 3: ‘ ill.- ‘i‘l 1

{enterson ( ) 01 os t e e one 01 i JGCL‘L] of
material into nneumatic cc nveying svsgems such as the bucLet

wheel, screw and the injector. 0 those can Le added the

:3 s o f“

direct entrance into the 1an nous1ng. -ne bucket wheel can
be used for ‘i liar treasures than the scr w. The bucket
wheel and screw both give excellent air flow efficiencies

of approx'mately 1003 [we ause of very low pressure loss.

The injector intake which operates on the principle of the
injector nu:p is of simple design and is suited for the
entrance of most materials. The air str am coming from the
blower is restricted in the nozzle and transferred to a high
velocity. The resulting velocity pressure in the conical

expansion is tr ansferied into static pres sure.

(D
i

Seg ler (l3 ) has shown that in an in ell r blowe-,
the material velocity is greater than the air velocity
during the first part of movement and that its velocity drops
below the air velocity ve1y ragidly tour rds the final gart
of movement (figure 1). The material velocity is always
below the air velocity in a pneumatic systen.

I- l“l ‘ ‘I

ins buffalo Lorge Congany (13) has published data

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on generally used conveying air velocities. inese are shown

The Buffalo Forge Congany (13) uses an exoression

developed from tests by H. Gasterstedt to deternine the

pressure loss resulting from the pressure of material in

A

d

tne air stream. They use a vertical resistance twice that
for horizontal movement for moderate lifts (approximately
fifty feet or less).

The energy required to accelerate the material

from zero to the conveyin

r‘
11/
r

U

velocity is significant. Tne

O

oressure lo 5 resulting iron th introduction of the mat-

J.

(I:

H; air may be estimated by

F].

erials into tne stream of nov
tne following extression:
(L) A = 2.£5 gr

A = 1ressure loss, inches of water

R ~ Katie, pounds material per pound air
Pv: Velocity eressure, moving air

crane (5) developed tneoretical equations for
deternin1ng tressure drops in a oneumatic syStem conveying
solids in a straignt section of pipe under steady state
conditions. Friction factors for air and the solid and the
design specification are required for tne solution 01 these
equations whicn were veriiied oy exterimentai work. Some
of tne conclusions Crane drew from nis work are:

1. Pressure drop due to solids increase as pipe

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strean epy031nt tne 1orces Cl brav1ty. VUHJ“Clal GQUlgLvnt
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Ve1ocity required to suspen1 or f1oat a part1c1e. 1n tapers

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and stretching over a turied wood fern. Since the ior‘ had

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Apparatus used in determining suspension velocitie

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(D
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(—A-
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(
H»
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C)
C)
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‘L
H.
H
Cf-
i
*J
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,_

‘ ‘ *."‘ A P I ”fl.' _ o 1‘ ,. $.1A ‘ fl 0 A! _ w-u'

tiie Sizllézl I; eebee UI‘lL .LCC'J ; Grisl b pea 'VLLG C(‘J. (31.113 tlLfl Ci ‘VLLG

° 2 ' -,, L. . .0 - :_ K , -.. , 5-: . .0 ,r W“:
air VClCClLJ it tee ,iiht wgere tne girtiele has susgehv.n

LS

' I " ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ n " J- : . ‘- ‘n \ 1‘~ I" \ v '~ r ‘ “ . I‘ ‘ ‘-

sode 0L LAC igfluidlcs Lleeteu GVJLLQ axe Lave Lhi_ r; r:-

0' ‘vj 4' (V r' (q. ' 1‘ r: i: 'L ': ,3“ ("1 #7.; Pi!“ T 1 v-. 1:;1‘3-1 i] '. ' +- 1“ 5.41 c‘ ‘. 3 f” ,‘x'. r: . s,
QU--J- U 1111...!» O4- UiAe 1-! ’~J- b-L‘~’—L -. \D V C(.. r—x ‘Js “viva/LUV ill ‘JlLOJ-L L) AQI::1L‘JlC/11

‘7

(1)

a 4_ " ,l.‘ .1- :_ fl _‘ A 9 _-_ Q _‘~ ... -‘ - " ° 1 ‘ rx ' ‘ A
lOClLJ Lue so the gosition tuey aSsuuea 1h tJG air stream.

I 77 f‘
. ‘ - .- .. .3,
.. '.J.J.1L&(_.‘12..L‘:J'v‘

\I)
L

' I
d-
C)
H
_.J
(D
(f)
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:_I
_l
U}
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.4
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i

’l

(L‘
4
r;

fil‘. . -- ' ,
.ue experiw
‘ "' " IN 9‘, 'C' + :‘ v v. ' ‘ “ 4‘ . .' ‘v’ 'V ' ‘I J“ ‘
aloe“. Prelixil mra tests were 3th to LGL€£L113 tue name er
9 ,L. : ,. 1-: v." ._.- ,. J. ...,m. I ‘ -,.. ' -, “(\ .L ‘ .A J-‘. L D ,
Oi I‘IJXJliCetuioiio “LLLV .2-» .L’LA .-e retLiilfiei... 1-5.830 C‘-l bu‘: c‘LbO Je

J. ._ f- . -L~',‘ ‘ 1 .. - '3 4—1,\ 9 IV:{
ests twenty replicatlens v-3e Len a_‘1d ised 1L use nnaLM' -

d- cr
‘1-
3

Ion c: the data.
The particles we“e ingected one at a time for

j. r . '\ r ‘I‘ ' , ’\ 4‘ “ P" ~ ‘ .\ ' : '1 ". -‘ . ' v ‘
ester UJL-itlun 0L ILL: eL. : t CL s ~C= slete t*« I.elbltj'LHflfll

4-‘r‘ -- : u f‘ '
the UlOCitJ oi air.

Vertical Transport Velocities

‘

The method used to determine effect on minimum

trzads; ort velocity caused by size, sh Luge and density of the

particle on minimum traastort velocities called for the use of

.‘

the vertical pipe system. The exgierimental design used was

L

the raidomized block. Prelimina 1y tests were run to deter—
mine the number of replications that would be required. As
a result of these tests ei:1t replications were used in
analyzing the data.

9

The fan speed was adjusted to urnish air at a

["93

velocity below the antici1a ted air inuln transport velocity of

the 3article under test. The test particle was injected

throu Oh the port Opening and then the tort was closed. The

p;

(0

sp=e Ol the fan was thuglgfihJuoteu until the larticle becaie
visible in the plastic section, and then the speed would be

increa ed in increments equal to aggroximately 20 feet per

be trans-

:2.

minute or air velocity until the particle woul

J

‘ 1 \\ J“1 ) s 't . ‘.‘..‘--. (-c 'r s LA,” I- , 1 '1‘ ‘17} w ‘A' J—
ported do the veltical i“ate system and out the top Ol b

, e

i)

system. One minute was allowed between increme ent increase
to ::er;it stab ili ation of the particles.

The air velocity in the ertical line system at
which the particle was transported was deteruined by
tra Hvel e Ol the yipe with a iot wire anemometer, and checked
by the use of a pitot tube.

The time allowed for t1.‘e {article to be elevated

3% feet was 1 minute. A reasonable estimate for the average

-. ‘ A , '» ”'1" o a

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f-I

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an"? V‘7r

‘ ‘ O 0 3
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~r‘-i,r~r~.--~'~':'n ,—.-‘ 4—1—3 “flow-3,47“... “yawn! 4-H?) t .',.
J.--\/ ‘Je...Uv.—U—L'-~' U b-AV gi.- Ll..\r-L.’\.I|J *VVLV_L; LIA-AV 0"] O-Lv Uoi

ABRCDI L.21 1C LEISURE
The aerodynamic properties of a particle depends
upon the phvsical characteristics of the 1 rticles, the
operties of fluid in m:“ich it is located, and the applied
force. The fluid cc dered in this study was air.
Lapple and Shepherd (lC) develOped a mathematical

analysis which handles the relations of these properties.
(3) 14111 = (VP/0p ~7/pfl)

g(//gp ;,/C:) - F

By definition:

(A) r =c: g1? /9A
2

/5 -c v2 #-
7gp 2g

+\
be»
\ _.
O‘Q

9-—~

A = projected area of particle. Square feet.
/4’ = fluid Specific weight. Pound per cubic foot.

/‘DI>:= particle specific weight. Pounds per cubic foot.
v"p = particle volume. Cubic feet.

— particle aerodynamic drag coefficient, dimensionless.

V = relative velocity. Feet per second.
F = force. Pounds
N = particle mass.

W = particle weight. Pounds

9 = time. Seconds.

Re = Reynolds number.

D = average particle diameter. Feet
A particle allowed to fall cith only iluid resist-

ance will ”0381 a naximum velocity, in a downwa'd direc

: m— ...m ° . :4 A -'4-. .— ..4- 4-1-... 0 JD 2 '
1f the 1a1t1cle 1ensic; 18 greater than tae llhlu eehs1ty,

suspend a
V‘ ‘ r" .‘L '. 1" ' 4“ 'L'- t‘ ’1 V' " L.‘ 4" fi' " ‘. 'L‘ " "H. ".- ' '~.\ "3 . . Y
must balance ULC steaud state velocity 01 tne baiticle h
‘- ~ .- ‘ a: .. '
the downward dilectio..

or velo-

H
(D
"5
Q?
(1"
1.:
'3
:3

have no acce

city and th velocity of the air would also ee the relative

q

-| .1 :1. ' _"'\ “ ' I ~ I- _' 1“ J- -‘- ~. ,‘ ‘, ‘ 7- ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘_ (R I
velocity 01 the air strean to the suspended particle.

; ' ‘ 3“ ‘ ‘." 1 ’t F. 1 7‘ "‘ ‘ 3 J. ’. ‘
since cue paitiele has no aCCBlElablOfl.

fe will suostitute dv = 0 into equation (5)

S
V
O

I I
0‘?
\6
F
I
(K?
C)
‘K

3;.

E5
‘o
;>
5°
1

<:
[D

I I
C W211)
f:

U
:6

 

(S) V = 2s

 

 

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1... )
‘x/ . /,
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4-a\ vv-‘- q‘,‘ ‘ ‘ '. -‘ 4- a '7' \‘l "’.
.Schnt ai'l 1e relerleo to as 'h”, and will

Ty the re"ationsnip o: the physical preperties

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V ——.——- O 1:)

04-11.1118 ‘.

'nla

. '1‘“ .L-' '7'-
.eulluu VchCltJ was

FT/MIN

SUSPENSION VELOCITY

I700

[600 '

|600 '

I550

l500

I450

1P

--°Loo

OJE
o
N
w

0.50

 

l
h

MAXIMUM PR

5})

 

 

32

 
 
 
  
  
    
     
  

VELOCITY

34

 

FT/ MIN

MAXIMUM PROJECTED
AREA

1N2

 

I/2"x l/2" x Z"
l/2"x|/2"x l-VZ"
I/fo/2"xI—v¢'
HER v2"xl"
I/2”xI/2"x 3/4"
V2"x|/2"x v2"
vznlxflx v¢

   

 

 

dr—r’

Figure ll.

ml.

AREA IN2
VOLUME

Suspension velocities of rectangular
particles of Douglas Fir.

IN3

FT/MIN

SUSPENSION VELOCITY

 

 

  
  
  
    
 
 

 

 

13 3/4"DIA x 2'
26001- .5 '6 l4 3/4"0|A qu/z'
15 3/4"DIA x I"
IS 3/4"MA x3M"
l7 3/4"D|A x Hz”
2400... IS 3/4"DIA x I/4M
2200 4.. VELOCITY FT/MIN
K)
2000<~g
DJ
240 W
D
_J
O
>
|800 4;?35‘
Z .
— m
<30.
LU
(I
<
moo.[ am
0
E
820. MAXIMUM PROJECTED
8 AREA IN2
E
I400 + .L5‘ '4 I6
V\X ‘
gt
0 T - :--_ _._. 4 ¢
5 7 9 II B
AREA IN2

VOLUME IN3

Figure 12. Suspension velocities of cylindrical

particles of maple.

A"

curve tu red upward.

It is possible to show this point of maximum sus-
pension velocity even more clearlv by adjustin
and plotting both the na xin n projected area and the ratio
of maximum projected area against the ratio of area

volume volume
(Figure 13). In Firure 13 the scales were so adjusted that
the two lines crossed where the maxinun projected area line

became horizontal and the rate of the maxi ILN ro;e_§gd area
volume

 

line turned upward.
This co bination was used to swzox the location of
the rPXinin required suspensiin velocity as a point on the

g°a h rather than the break in the line as shown in Figures

The effect of the L/D ratio was investigated in

tvo wa s. Figure 1% gives the required suspension velocities
for differ nt shaped perticles with a connon L/D = l. The

density of the cylinders was corrected to that of the other
particles. This graph indicates that with common L/D ratio,
cvlinders re: uire greater air velocities than the rectangular
and triar gular particles. Fiaure 15 compares the required
air velocities for suspension of different shaped particles
with common L/D ratios. The maximum susp nsion velocity
occurred 'itli an L/D = 1 except for the triaigular particles.
ne required suspension air velocity goes up as the L/D ratio
decreases to l and decreases as L/D decreases from 1 with

the excep tion of trianrulei rparticles shown. Figure 16

FT/ MIN

SUSPENSION VELOCITY

(g)

 

 

 

 

 

I5 I-3/8" A x 2"
l6 I-3/8" A x mm"
l7 I-3/8” A x I-I/4”
”300., I8 I—3/8" A x l‘ 4,
39 I-3/8" A x 7/8" a
40 I-3/8" A x 3/4"
4I I-3/8" A x 5/8" 40/
. 42 I-3/8“ A x I/2"
|700 r 39"
IS A
|600 .. “42
'0; I7 " VE LOCITY FT/MIN
LIJ l6 (1
2
I500 W2 3
_ O
:5 3
0: 0122.0" A42
< —
L4 I5
I400 ..stl m l.9 1b MAXIMUM PROJECTED
I— or AREA IN
0 < e
t I '6 I?
OIG‘QIBt s 8 39
E E “ c 40
o e 2:. AA 51—5..“ 42
l300"§0-5“£ '-7‘*I5 l6 I7 I8 39 40 4|
g 8 MAXIMUM PROJECTED AREA IN2
X °‘. VOLUME IN3
‘ 4 Jpx {L
52 <[
I L2 I
0 - . t : :
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
AREA IN2
VOLUME IN3

Figure 13. Suspension velocities of equilateral
triangular particles of Douglas Fir.

FT/MIN

SUSPENSION VELOCITY

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shows air velocities required for cylinders with common L/D
ratios.

Comparisons of re

pf)

uired air suspension velocities
of the same shape but of dif erent size particles are given
in Figures 17, 189 d1? (plotted on inverse semi-log paper).
The B axinum velocity for each size is of the same magnitude,
but occurs at a different volume. The maximum occurs in

the region where L/D is approximately 1 and the velocity
decreases with a decrease in volume as the L/D ratio goes
down.

The data obtained in determining the suspension
velocities for cubes of the same size but different densities
were used to calculate the suspension velocity of the heaviest
particle using the assump tion that the velocity would be
proportional to the third power. The average of the values

cula ted from ezpcrimental data for the suspension of the
heaviest oa ticle v.as ta} en as the oest esti of the
rec ired suspe 1sion velocity of the particle. It was used
as a basis for calculating suspension velocities for each
group of particles. The values obtained were plotted as a
line on the same graph with the experimental values (Figure

20). The calculated curve, and the experimental curve, are

sinilar.
Kinimun Transyort Velocities Test

The data obtained in the tests to determine

 

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FT/ MIN

VELOCITY

SUSPENSION

 

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I"PLASTIC CUBE NO 3 THROUGH IO

   

 

yogi, I wooo CUBE NO I AND 2.
[O
2900+
270m
2500~~ .
CALCULATED
2300--
‘ EXPERIMENTAL
ZIOO ‘r
1 09
{I ‘IO
0 ‘11 14, I i e,
03 05 O] as m
WEIGHT GR
VOLUME cc ~

 

Figure 20. SuSpension velocities of cubes of the

same size but of different densities.
Calculated and experimental values are
shown.

-45-

minimum transport velocities were plotted in the same manner

5 the data from the suspension velocity tests. The nature

In

of the curves was the same. The values obtained and the
analysis were comparable to the results on the required
suspension velocities. (Figure 21).

The particles with dimensions approximately those
of a sphere or cube required higher suspension and higher
minimum transport velocities (Figure 22).

Figure 23 shows some of the test particles. The
corn pith had to be dropped from the tests because it dis-
integrated before the required number of replications could
be made.

Figure 2% shows the transport and suspension velo-
cities reqzired for 3/# inch diameter haple cylinders. The
transport values are higher than the suspension velocities.
'According to Segler (15) the particle velocity would be

about one third the increase in air velocity.
Comparison of Experimental Results with Theory

The velocities were calculated for particles tested
and the value of "C” determined that could be used in for-

mula (ll) and obtain the same velocity.

.3. .
(11) c2v=8.03 w
A flp

These experimentally obtained "C" values were

MINIMUM TRANSPORT VELOCITY FT/MIN

2600

2500

2400

23CK)

2200

2I00

 

2000

Figure 21.

   
  
 

 

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D A lux Inxzfl
3 I“x I" x HA9."
0 I"X I'x I-I/4"
' D IHtPXI'
E I“x I'x 3/4"
F 'le r. x 3/8“
3.0
N
3
<1
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C)
u
...-
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In
7
8
a 13F
x
<
2
F
5 6 7 a 9
AREA IN 2..
VOLUME IN 3

Minimum transport velocities for
rectangular particles of Douglas Fir.

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C .‘11~L&1(Jn \l]-) CAL \ SD] XV'II :kIAq H H --lvf" H ‘ \rr ' "JD, 1‘” n

T? 71 q‘:'(‘ 1") .~ 1 r ‘3 xv. “ 4-,» ‘.”’_) r?
4 Or...U..ino .‘4L.l I." («L"\".3-~C: ekl UV _. V‘v k.I.‘l

... r ’- <~ . 3‘ 1 . 4. . - I . A r“ #“ ~ - l - ‘.
‘Y! . "\ Yt/‘fi, ~ _ '1 r ..‘1 v J .3?- _‘ ’, 1 I‘. '13 1. fl-
t¢1‘3 ‘ .~;4‘ri»’...‘ I. ‘x. ‘JO—OC-L 'J‘ . I ; O‘.C‘. I‘ll‘v 8 CI; b1.'_)l -‘I:.1 4111b ~.. 8 ..e; O

- . y~ ,-~ ‘ '. '.— . J- "E‘ ' \‘ ‘ , J ‘ 1 ,~ _‘~ . ~I ‘. ‘Q A. ’3 ’5 '3 ‘ a Y" 7" , \ ~S‘ r.) 1 . * \
tin hisn lb iron the era, cocii-c.ent ”c". ine :PchltleS
/ .

" ~ "" ‘.I' v 3" ' . I“ . q \ ' 4~'-. ‘r'V.VI""' ”'1" I 2" ‘
cohs1aeied were as follows: volume, area, malirwm yrcdfic 9Q
— a: 1 ' -- ~ . '
area, finJ ci-vasions.
m“ ’I'-"' r g V o ' ‘ , N J‘ J- a 1" -v- '\ - - . .s '
1J3 ' x, Values mere ;':I.(.'b ecu 101‘ a a; ”tlculal‘
mu

m‘ ",\V“\‘,‘ '3‘ ,_’,-) :1 .'—r\‘.r‘.‘.. .lnc '14” O '1 1‘».\+_. ‘ ‘Y'\ C. ‘ (“’44 'L ‘
Q41! tank/.1 I‘LL; ; V (/4. «:u-L Lila v»... . ..-;J.D 11,14 C... IAA-‘j. JlCIl "hi-.5) klg ILL LIC/

m1- ... _ .- -u .-. J- 0
this -111 C1213 chI’l.

(‘f

'1 6
"TI V. J 3'1 r‘. "‘ r‘ .. I: I ‘ {J T‘ .:3 C. fl.) VA.
l_; liC A _-l. J. .5 A-ALv\ \\ C I 1‘.- 55 ‘J IJ'~-‘.. A

f"‘- ~ - \ ~, ' ~34 . A ‘pn "r. 'r 4-. ‘1 . .-.. a I . "V “ ‘1 r ' . n‘v‘ ‘

”he _:Cpe1t1es Cl the pait1cles wele inserted as variau es

-0 ' ‘ _ O - ‘ ' 1‘ -.v-.~ f" r‘. ' ,“ I“ "\ J. " .

1n this genelal iOIMUla inl constants deter inex.
. o_ . 5,. ,-, - 1. 1 - l,‘ .1 a . -,

The lori lula t ; It a 11 es CC' the cylindrical form

' ‘ 4—2 .,,., .
1s ci the t,»e.

.... .
-7
1
J5 4.:

Uhere: V = Volume in.3
L = Length in.

D 2 Diameter in.

-51-
mp8 => maximum projected area in.2

Area in.2

A
The formula that applies to rectangular particles

is of the type:

I{ :: (tr) 3-4-2; + D

W z
_ +
(13) K —(p) .. mpa+O
S A
Where: L = Length in.
S 2 Side in.
mpa = maximum projected area in2.
A = area in2.
D = O

The formula that applies to the triangular particles
is of the same form as for rectangular particles.

1

(1%) K = L) 7’+ 2 mba + .3
3/ " A"
Where: D = .3

These formulas checked out with maximum error of
18.2 percent on the heavy plastic 1 inch cube and less on
the others. The average value obtained differed from the
experimentally obtained value by less than 10 percent. There
was no statistically significant difference in the two sets
of values.

The suspension and minimum transport velocities
do not cover a wide range of velocities and the range of

"C" values is limited. The formulas obtained are valid in

the range of velocities from lCOO feet per minute to #000
feet per minute.
The formulas can be used with the theoretical

formula to Obtain required suspension and minimum transport

velocities with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

HA

-3:—

 

 

TABLE 2
"K" VALUES F OR CYLII‘TUERS

Particle 8"? E Drag
Maple "K" Coefficient
leinder§_ Calculated” __.__"§__'f_-__
B/M" dia. x 2" 1.02 1.0%
3/4" dia. x 1-3;" 1.00 l.lI+
3/h" dia. x 1" .98 .97
3/”" dia. x 3/%" .96 .97
3/4" dia. x a" .98 1.10
3/I+" die. x at" 1.07 .96

 

I3
I
E1

"K" VALUES PC; RECTAIGLES

A i,
A .

..J

 

article: Drag

Douglas Fir ”K" Coefficient
Mgeppangles Calcula_eg.-_-____;g3L

 

 

~35" 1 73:" x 2" 234+ 2.22
%" x %” x 1%" 2.16 1.93
f" x %” x l" 1.81 1.77
..." X :28." X .32." 1.33 1.511.
y. 1.. x e 1.20 1.13

 

"K" VALU‘

 

Particles:
Douglas Fir
Triangular s

H?"

1/ 'I

TABLE H

 

fi.‘ ‘_. H. f“)?‘\",".fi"‘1 Tfim
13;) fCL. 1.;‘1ln-.;: 'o
"
brag
'7" ~~¢-.'r.. - Y
"n‘ Coe111c1eut
‘ .
Calcu'qtec "C"

 

- ...-... “vm- "

1 3/8" x 1"
5/8"

1 3/8” K %”

1 3/61! X

H H H

. . .
U1 47 0 ~ \0
U1 LO 0\ O
i- H

O O
\ 3 \7)
C0 0)

}.J

 

 

“W r-—

APTLlCATlCK
The information develorcd in the stud? has L«

L .
ooh r

Cr.
"5
h
:3
C!
H
d.
O
H.)
H)
r:
{-1
J
:3
Q;

application in the field of

matelials. The y;ower and air velocitie to trans-

U)
*‘S
O
Q
1.
H
('
p

o p 1‘ . _ .L .3
one 01 the martlcles

V’)
}:

port material is effected b; the diLen.
transported.

In the trans ort of forages, long or extrcuely
short cuts would req‘ire less air velocity than particles
cut in lengtgs approxiLately equivalent to the diameter

of the p.rticle, i.e. = l.

 

Ukfi

. 1--,. .-fl. , 1.4 -4, t -. .. '.
In the trans Olt o1SLaller materials, tne results

FJO

obtajred ndicate that grain tha has been rolled or crushea
could be trcnsported with less air velocity than the original

grain.

relation to its volume, tLe lower the air velocity that is
req‘ired for the sare deLsitv.1reatLent of Latsrial to
obtain greater prcjccted area would reduce the air velocity

¥.

and save tower.
An application of the princip es involved would be
the handling 0: materials lor 3re1a1so aniLa l 1eeis. They

could Up us ed in tne nau.lins of L terials from the arm or

{n

r‘. J- r\ ‘-' V. r.- : “ J‘- " 3' 1‘ ‘ ’2 t f" o‘ .1 . - n ‘1' i q. ‘,'\ 1*
ab any stage 1L t-e Later1als Jdndllng at tne feea Llant.

F)

a o o I 1
1Le air veloc1ty rc<1i1efl to SLSpend a v" X 3" x
Douglas fir garticle was lHSC feet per minute, while lor a

1 , 1 ., 1 y. . _° , ‘ . ‘ . , 1A 1.1,- 1- - -
y" x g" A 3" ,a1t1cle tne veloc1tf has 1705 1eet yer Llnute.

To this velocity 3000 fee per minute conveying air velocity

be

must be added to obtain the total required velocities of
4450 feet per minute for %" X L" X 2" particle and 4705 feet
per minute for the %" x %" x %” particle. According to well

known fan laws the horsepower required for a unit fan varies

1 V J_7»‘ ' . [.1 -.. '1" . -‘ 1 L. r. -' fl «1 7A.: A
as tne cuoe of the revolutians ,er minute can cholc ieet

J

I)"
p.
C)
1.).
(of
1}
1..)
1.4
('1‘
K
(3
1.:
\3
.
[O
(D
’ 5
O
C

}
c+
E
H
(I)

~‘ v,‘-. ~A fi 7 4-1‘\ . .' , ‘
yer Linute. On this 0a

1

horsepower to convey the '11“ len {37.18 $919,111 the 2" lengths.
Since the suspension velocity of the 2“ lengths is the same
as the 2" lengths it will also require 17.2 percent more
horsepower to convey the %" lengths than the i" lengths.

If the susepnsion velocity for the %" x %" X 1“
Douglas Fir particles was not known and the Drag Coefficient
"C" was not available, the approximate suspension velocity

can be calculated by the method develoned.

(13) K = ‘1) t + 2 Lna + 0
s "lf“
K =(0.2)‘3’2‘+2 0,25
.5 1.00
= (0.5) i + 0.5 + 0

=— 0.705 + 0.5 =—l.205

(11) Ctv = ‘w r49
A-7U/éh3
(1.205)%V = 8.08 \/0.001146 x 1-
(0.001735 (33) (0.0755

(1.205)%v 8.08 9.6 2
0.07E

(1.205)%v 8.08 \/8.96
(1.205)%V = 2h.2

 

V = 22.1 ft/se
V = 1320 ft/min

The exterimentally obtained value was lHMO ft/min.

‘5

xentally and

.-

r115 . ’| “A . ’.\ --~ . " V .- '1 ‘ .‘ 'K"" I‘:
t--e d111erence aetneen the tvo values, eAueri.

calculated, is 50 ft/min or 3.6 tercent.

rm. um: -.. , - . c —,-~ : -'
inc 0 v-1ue ontiinsd 1rtl 033 eateriLental

I. ..1

«C.

1-1, .- 2 - r! .1 ”-4.4. ‘ . z‘ , .Z’
en ~ W15 1.13 conaarec to the "L' Cu'Culw'3U value 01 1.20,.

‘~7\ ‘.,, r‘.'f
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This study was baset on the following hypothesis:

0 :_ i _ ‘ I _ ._ ‘ ‘_- o .0 I m‘ "
13 related to the phv31cal ‘IOCEIL198 01 the parti‘ cle. 1nese

properties include densi V, size, shape and surface con-

The conclusions based on properties of density,
size and shape are as follows:

1. The suspension velocities and minimum trans-
port velocities are related to the L/D ratio:
i¢§J_the reauired air velocity increzse s as
L/D approaches 1. Observations iniicate that
required air velocities are minimized as L/D
"reno'ches zero.

on velocities and minimum trans-

Ho

2. The suspens
port velocities are related to the
maximum,pr9jected area ratio: 911- The required

volume
velocity increases as the ratio decreases
and reaches a maximum as the ratio reaches
a constant value.

3. The suspension velocities and minimum trans-
port velocities are related to the maximum
projected area: i¢§4_ The required velocity
increases as the maximum projected area de-
creases and reaches a maximum at the point where

the maximum projected area reaches a constant value.

%. The suspension velocities and the minimum

("A

r. ‘1“ "‘ 4' 1 » . . ‘ ': -" .~ re 7““ ‘ : "V '3' ' ‘
transport Veloc1t1e are a,prollaauely pro-

.L

J-‘ ..."‘ [‘1 ,‘ ,\,, L, , ' '1‘:" J.-. ‘r‘ 7"
portional to Le cu1e o1 tnc vensities c1 the

material.

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easel on the physical properties of the material

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when 1-ag coe111c1ents a'e not aVeileole.

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1e plastic v1” riatle-olea mete: has oevelopec so
11‘ J. . 1.; " .‘1 ,‘1 ‘ . _ w ' ,- - " .
that the floatinn p--rt1cie cou1a ee seen 1n a cwlurr of
. h "" ‘ . l 1 I. " r- . r‘p rzjj . " Vt: V»! “a -,1- § .— -v
air 01 gradua1ly leCPUaSan Vc1C01t§. some (1 the pa-ticl es

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Va; leb ‘1'..LQO.L‘Y 111 L113 3 :9 8115.101]. V3.1.UC1 J TC‘Q‘111I‘C‘L1 C11 9 b0 the

.-~‘.1 . . N r ‘ f “' ‘f‘ . \ ‘, < ’1, ’.- ‘l': r~ 1“,
teniorary pos1tion a ssu.1d my tne particles. inc 1111at1e-

A .1 ‘. ° ~. , - , ..n _- .-..- ‘-, .‘1, ,‘ -.z 1
31.3913. 11813111" ‘qu aole 1D £1081. (331.568 to 11.113121 811 1.1113 TsuhlI‘eC.

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‘ W . "‘ nt": p- D ... ” N“. w 31‘“

perw1ttee reading 01 10w 1.ressure crops.
('7 . e ,— ww - 7 n‘” - . A‘F‘ r . .»
1he 131 OM’GIS uer 1 usco -u: c srurrce 11. Cir. 113

blower used to deterrine minimum transgcit velocities had

a Variasle s;eed drive to permit variation of air velocity,
An djustable gate to control air intake was used in the
suspension ve locitr tests.

vfi ‘ L.
I

138 ritot tube was used in 11a11n: :rav‘rses of tne
pipe cross section and in checking the calibra W1 n of the
hot wire ane.LoLe er.

m. a... - . s . . »‘. ‘. ’— °
1ne not wire aneLomet~r has uSet to once; a1

ve1 ccities calculated using

(—f.
FV
H
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U}
Q
C
Q
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to :easure air ve loo cities reqrired for transport.
The vertical pipe sys tel: was developed to permit
injection of material into the svstem, the lecsu euent of

VI

air velocity, and to permit the return of particles. A

clear

atio

y‘
AA.

astic

AIR IEASURJLELT LETHUDS
The velocity calculations were based on a develOp-
ment of Polson and Lowther (17) in their expansion of the
work of Durley.
Durley's equation was:

1
(2gb)?

(15) v

v velocity feet per second.

g "acceleration of gravity feet per second.

h total differential head feet of air.
This equation was modified to give the weight (W)

of the air discharged per square foot of orifice per minute.

<16) W $11." 69;; x .lélg-}yj%
v L‘g'W

: 60 (6H.L+w§v5.l§l§;_él)%

W = weight pounds per minute per square feet.
1 = total differential head, inches of water.
.V = specific volume, cubic feet per pound.
5.1916 = constant to convert inches of water to
pounds per square foot.
The value for V is determined from the equation of
a perfect gas.

PV = RT

v = 5391.121-

Substituting in equation 16

(18) w = 60 611.11): 5.1336 117%
53-3It *

= 150.21 (Alf-Y

(l7)

 

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sssure younds per square loot.

P

H
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W

R =.A constant 53.3% for air.
The discharge (a) in pounds per ninute for an
1.5

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oriiice Cu (1 inches ii.<;ia etc; tweniu he.

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: 6.:133 d; 5:5

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If standard CoildlolCLS Ci a;.(:.:. l.1C-1€S 0.. ng. arm

26) w 6328 d2 (i) pounds per minute.

H
H
o

‘

Corrections Can be naue by nultislying coefficients

.

for the orifice and by correction factcr for conditions

After tne weight sf air flox through the orifice

4‘

per minute was deter ined, the velocity in feet ter minute

L

 

2:) v = 9. = w again...
A. g] ‘V E’% C
2'."
J.

= Velocity feet

£3 «d
H

cwm
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Area square feet.
a. r. sol. - cubic feet ger pound.
d = diameter of the rotcmeter at the point of

-,‘ fiv~ Q’s. -: ‘5
S $358121: ..OI] inCneS .

uaticn was cleared to the following f0"; when

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Minimum Temp. 85
3.2. 74.h
Transport Velocities Date 9-15-56

 

 

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.o & Shape Kearside Center Farside

ft/nin ft/nin ft/min Cylinder
25 VV 3000 3050 3000 3/%" dia.
26 22 2250 2300 2300 symbol.
27 KR 3000 3050 3000 VV-2"
2E vv 3050 3100 3000 ww-ié"
29 II 2700 2850 2700 XX-3/h”
30 2; 2300 2350 2300 _ yy-%"
31 LA 3100 3100 3050 ZZ-z“
32 2w 3100 3150 3100
33 KY 2900 3000 2900
34 XX 2950 3000 2950
35 22 2200 2250 2200
36 UV 3000 3100 3050
37 2W 3000 3000 3050

 

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DAI
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Particle Suspension Transyort
Size Area Volume Velocity Velocity

 

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in. ind in3 ft/uin ft/min

—””-”----m--.--- ----H --- -*..—- -- -....- “o- .w-. ---~‘ ---- .. ----—- - --‘-—.—.—

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2720
2720
25-x
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Suseension Transyort

Area Volume Velocity Velocity

in2 163 ft/uin ft/uin

Particle
Size

in.

 

 

 

 

h ‘— --.-.- --.-.--—.

 

--fl ..—- ... -2- ----- ---H---.-- ~. ---

5/8 dia. x 2 4.5% 0.61 2420 2963
S/E die. x 1% 3.55 0.06 2460
5/8 012. x 1 2.58 0.31 2500 2750
5/8 dia. x 1/4 2.08 0.23 2500 2900
5/8 dia. x % 1.59 0.15 2500 2333
5/0 dia. x z 1.10 0.08 1725 21l0
3 dia. x 2 3.53 (.39 2110 2700
E 016. x 1% 2.74 0.30 21:0 2716
dia. x 1 1.96 (.20 2200 2666
% dia. x 3/4 1.57 c.15 2300 2650
E 0'2. x 5/C 1.37 C.l2 2300 2:16
016. 2 § 1.16 0.10 2240 2750
g dia. x : c.7c 0.05 170 2600

 

 

 

Eartiéle

Size

H.

L1

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3/8 dia. x 2 2.50
3/0 die. X 1% 1.39
3/5 012. x l 1.40
3/6 013. x 3/4 1.10
3 E 012. x CV8 0.96
3 8 die. x % 0.61
3/0 dia. x 3 0.52

..- ----I..- - -

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Velocity

in3 ft/min
0.22 1055
0017 1950
0.11 2000
0.00 2060
0.07 2000
CoCC 2060
0.03

Volume

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3/0 013. x 1% 1.59 0.17 1950
3/0 512. x l 1.40 C.ll 2000
3/0 012. X 3/4 1.10 0.00 2000
3 0 die. x 5/8 0.96 0.07 2000
3 8 dia. X 0.01 0.06 2060
3/0 012. x z 0.52 0.03 1300

 

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1999.

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Laney, R. R., The Free Th1ow Theory of

Thrower Discharge. Unpublished p.pi

Inter national h.1rvester Co: .any, C

1946.

Se3ler, G., Construction of Agricultural

ilogers, Lgndtcgrnische Forscnung pp. 2-10,
9

Stewamt, E. A., Cutting Ens ilage with
Electric Motors, Air1ctttu :1 Engineering
10: 179-179, 19%

 

Polson and Lo ther, The Flow of Air through
Circular Orilices in thin Plates, Universit
ffi_

oi Illinois, fingineering on,cr1 .‘en t Station
Bulletin 230.

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ee Tlarow Theory of

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Snace oi brains and need

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11_\_,'-,1 ..:_- ' “KN 31+.
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2nd Ed., United