CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS Thesis for thc Dogm of B. S. MTCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE C. E. Behrens 1949 SSSSSS Construction of Alphnlt Panama“ A Tho-1| gamma .0 The hall” of HICHIGAB STATE comer: of AGRICIETURE MID APPLIED SCIENCE 1’? C. E. gem-ens Gaunt. for a» Degree of 33011010: of Salem. June 19149 THESIS (’3 ACKHOWL wcmm T S I deb to extend. 3: We to Dir. Hunphflee of Ehe nausea state Highway Department. the mum Contraounc CompWo the ugh”: Departmente of Oregon. Berth Carolina. Tone and the Asphalt Inetttnte for eo kindly {mulling no with the neeeeeuv literature required in writing thle theele. 2-16855 TABLE OF CONTENTS Hieiery . . . . . . . . . . Petrol" “pm. . . e . . . . “pun Penetretien um . . . need nix - Open Graded In» . . . Road Ki: . Deane Graded Aggregate Type Plant Hind Asphalt . . . . . . Cohen-nation Equipment . . . . . Aepheltie Concrete . . . . . . comlu‘on e e e e e e e e e IKTBODUCTIOB there ere e nunbor e: beeiotypee e1 nephelt eurfeeee end pevfiute. “some nrinticne in uteri“ end oertein conetno- tien deteile have been eucceeehny need in the oonetruction or theee different typee. nu eeleotion of type. ee wen ee the uteri-.1 end enct eonetruotion detniie. my. therefore. be governed by e nunber of leul conditions. including ciinnte. volume and weight of trottie. ohmoterietiee e! loo-.11: miinble moi-n aggregate end eepheitic uterine. milnble conetruction equipment. and lentil: out. I have beccae grouly intoreeted in nephelt pavemente u during epring vmtion 1 undo e contact with the Stnndard Oil Coupon: with e peeeibility of becoming employed no on nephnit eoioe engineer. A1- theueh there he been nothing definite nentioned. I thought it would be leet advantageoue for De to leern about the diftorent eepheit eur- teoee in regard to both the ingrediente ueod end nethode of oenetrne- tien. hie ie not nonnt to be e. him technical report but tether one which deole nore general: with the difx‘erent type eurtacee end-their epeeiticeticne. 80 no to get en ever-e11 picture. I have oonbined the epeoii'icnticne of Michigan. Barth Carolina. Oregon. Tone end the Lephdt Inetitute ueing what in w nind would ultimtely give the beet reede. ‘ KISIOBI nephelt ie indeed not at new eubetance. There ere inetenoee which date book one 200.000 yeare where prehietcric eninle heve been found with their bonoe well eeturetod with eepholt. thie beet known e! In preeervetivee. In brief. the moon of the letting e! enterel eephelt will be dimeeed. Prehietoric hietory tolle no that tho ocean wee once univereel. covering the eerth in ite entirety. The tiret etirrinc of organic life no eenweed end one celled dieton. ' The cycle of life end deeth elowly built up n deep eedinantary bod through Motion of theee ergelie reueine on m. ocenn'e floor. Soletine 1.... one either en upnn. upheevel. or e deoending of cocoa level leaving mob of the eerth'e rock berren of water. Acconpenyinx thie change in dntun were incredible hent end preeeere end the ergenio eettlonent wee pertiell: tensed to petro- lean. Held in eelution in pomleu wee the'non-voletile hydrocerbcee celled cephelt. fleet of the petrolenn wee treppod underground but eele wee left expeeed to the eir and unlight which evepcreted the light volatile gaeoe end left the heevy eendvoletile reeidue. he only no 3200 yeere B. 0. templee end protection welle eroend eitiee were node of brick leid in eephelt eerter. neee etrecturee were etill intent eoee 3000 yeare hence. Renee in the luphretee volley need eephelt in the eenetrcetiee of their highweye. Reeidente in the vellq of the lndiee were found to hove lined their bethie‘ peele end irricetien cenele with eephnlt to prevent the ion of velueble weter threegh eeepece. Bebopcleeeer. King of Babylon. tiret need eephelt ee e ecrter for brick pevenente. Hie eon. lebuchednoeeer. wee ee inpreeeed with thie own ceniue ee e reedbuilder that he left the following ineeripticn on one of .1... the pnving bricko: “nebuchedneoeer. King of Bebylcn. he fie node Eoeglie end Bride gloriouo. eon of Rabopoleeeer. King of Bebylcn. i'he etreoto of Babylon. the proceooion Street of nebu end Norm. Iv lordo. which Hebopoleoeer. King of Babylon. the tether who beget no. he node e reed glietening with eophelt end burnt bricks l. the wine oupplient who i'eere their lordehipo. pieced ebcvo the bitunon end burnt bricko. n nighty metnctu'e of ohining duet. node then etrcng within with bitunen end burnt bricke eo e highlying reed. helm and Nerdnk. when you treveree thoee otroete in Joy. ney benefite for no root upon your lipo; lite tor diotent deyo. end wellbeing for the body. Before you I will edvence upon then. any I ettein eternel ego!“ To prevent noter tron fluohing out. the. delete were widued et the beee by bovolling the bricke. rho «foot of the dark egoe left ito nerk on the progreoo of develop- ing non for eophelt. During thoee yooro ell reoenrch hed eeeeed. It heo been eeid that hed it not been for the dark ogoo nephelt would have contributed lergely to the neteriel develepnent of lurope. Petrolenn wee not nentioned in Europeen chroniclee until ebcnt 1200 1.13. Ihio oitneticn wee the remit of the Dork Agoo eonbined with the lock e! petroloue in Europe. Anphnlt only occurred in thoee eeuntrieo whore petroleu wee obtnineble on for thouoondo of yoero eophelt rennined una- knewn to the white reoe. It wee not until only in the Eighteenth Century thet depoeite of linootone impregnated with oephelt were found in Frence. Switeorlend end Ger-en end non bogen to dieoern the peooibilitieo o! the neteriol. In 1802 thiednprogneted rock wee need in e neotio torn to loy bridge tleoro. oidowelho end for ncore in buildinge. rheoe eonetrectione were no oetiolectory thet in 1838 nephelt inprogneted rock wee brought to *5- inerioe to pave e eidowelk in the portioo of the Merchant'o Exchange in Philadelphia. Pario need it in oonpreoeed fore for paving otreeto in 1851} end fifteen yoere later London paved nereedneodlo otreet eleo with rock nophelt. In 1870 and 1876 it wao need in How Jeroey end Weehington roopoctively no experimentel pavenente. It took oevorel yoere for nan to gain eight of e very inpertont fect. namely that it won't the lineotono but rather the eephalt whid wee the inpcrtent eateriel. For eevorel yoere ton upon ton of lineetene inprognated with cephalt were ohipped to the different perto of the world void of nch natoriel. finally. after oouo thought. reoeeroh began to diocover that it wao not the lineetono but rether the eophelt which eon- teined the importent proportion. they eleo concluded further thet the eggrogate need not be lineetcne but could be ouch dureble naterielo ee eteno. gravel or oand. flow with thie problcn oolved. the next otep wee to find e eource from which nophalt could be occured. i‘he oource wee e runerhnblo nophelt lake located in Trinided being diooovered by Sir Welter Rnliogh. lt wee not until 1836. however. thet n mall part of thie naotic nateriel wee firot need for paving in Englend. then in 1876 nephelt fron thie lone wee brought to wellington to ley the firot nephelt pavement of e nodorn type which ie now called ohcet eophelt. It won eenetruoted by firot nelting the nephelt end niring it with dried end end e dnet filler. The mixture wee then laid on e nitablo founde- tion end compreeeed by n roller. he cephalt eupply wee increneed by the diecovery of another lake in Ber-ides. Venonuole in 1891. within e very ehort tine the demand for enphalt wee fer greetor then the oupply eo onother eource had to be found. for eone tine the oil pro- duooro were compleining that they didn‘t know what to do with the block .6. otichy reoidue whioh remained eftor the erecting proeooe. there ooened to be eone difference. however. in the per oont ofleopholt preoent. the eophelt booed oil wee found to be noot velnable with contento oenetinee no high ee 50 per cent eophelt. Although the oouroe wee on center to e prayer. it took oone tine before it wee realised whet en inpertent iton aephalt reoiduo wee. 1n feet. for e few yoere eopholt wee oonoidored the 5ng1y duckling' of the petroleun indnetry. however. einoo 1900 the production of eophelt fronorude petrolenn heo been growing by loepo end bounde. I At firot petroleun eophelt wee conoidared ee oololy n highwey notoriol end no lergely e city paving oonotituont. With the ineuguretion of the greet Ioderel Highway progron in 1915. eophelt proved iteelf . edepteblo to the requiremento of lower eooto povenente thet it econ donineted the field'whorever e .41.... duotloeo necedon or and nrfece wee dooired. while low coot nodificetien of the otonderd eheot eophelt end nepheltio concrete pevonente pernitted thoee nporletive typee to be extended to the lone inportent thoroughfereo. i'cdey on per oent of city ....... end l00 per cent of nodern otete highweyo ere of eophelt. PETROLEUM ASPELL! nephelto ere block or dark brown eclid or ooni oolid oenontitiouo notorielo which grednelly liquofy when heetod with the prodonineting ocnotituento being bitnnene. Bituen ie on organic nateriel of very oenplox otructuro. It io defined by the Anerican Society for footing notoriele ee '1 nixture of native or pyrogenoue hydrocarbon end their nen-netellio dorivetiveo which nay be gaeeo. liquide. vieeouo liquido. or eolido which ere oclueblo in urban dieulphide.' Aophelt prodncto ooneiot of notoriele of varioue ooneiotoncieo. hero ere the liquid notorielo that are no ooft or even fluid et nonol tempereturo (71° 1‘) end their coneietency connot be deternined by the penetretion toot. lent there ere the oeni eelid uterielo er nephelt onente which have e penetretion verying free 1&0 to 300. The final eleooifioetion io terned eclid or herd eephalto which hnvo e nornel ponetretion of 10 or leeo. Root of the preduoto need in the United Steteo ere prohoed fren the refining of petroleu. i'hero ere eeverel prooeooeo through which eophelte ere recovered but diotilletion ie the principle nethod. no dietilletion precooo ooneiete of noohenicel eeperetion of the urine premto in the eriginel neteriel. petrolm. without chonicel ohonge. I'wc produote ere fornod in tho precooo: diotilleteo which ere firot veporieod end then oo11ected by condeneetion; end rooidneo. the heevior producto. which rennin in the etill. i lerge percentage of thie reoidno io eophelt when nephelt-beering petroleun in being refined. 1n e11 ceoeo before eophelt preduoto ere need in peving nixtureo they not be eoft enough oo they nay be oonpeoted end the ninerel eure- geto nay beoone well coeted with the bituninoue notoriel. it prooent -8- e11 eophelt pevenent. with the exception of rock nephelt. contein liquid eophelt or nephelto nade into liquido. Liquid eephelt produoto include rooiduel producto. nixtureo of reoiduel producte end diotilleteo. end onuleione. ‘ Beoiduel oile produced by otreight frectional dietilletion ere non- vcletile compoundo commonly called 'olcw curing.“ which indicatee thet the lighter or geoeeuo notoriel preoent evaporete very olewly. Aloe ' eone liquid eophelte which are produced by nixing reoiduel produoto with hoevy diotilletee ouch eo doioel oil ere termed 'olow curing'I or roed oilo. Another type in hnown no I'cut beck“ eophelt. none are prodnoed by fluxing the hoevy reoidue with the lighter end noro voletilo diotilleteo. 'hepid curing‘I out beck cephalte ere produced by fluing with geoolino er nepthe end 'uodiunecuring' by fluring e eeni oolid eophelt with horooine. hunting oonodete of eoftoning e hoevy product by the addition of e lighter end nore voletile notorie'i. The function of the diotillete io temperery. ueing it to enable epplicetion to roed when or the nixing of the nephelt with the aggregate in plant mixing. After plecing.the diotillete eveporeteo lowing the rooidnel eopholt in pleoe. ASPHLL'I' PWTIOI MACADUK nephelt Penetretion Mecadun io n type of povenent whore broken otene eggrogete of roletively ooereo end uniforn oioe fregnonto ie oproed ever e bone to e thichneoo greater then 15 inchoo. key eggrogete epplied. end the two interloched by compaction. not aophelt io then epplied covering eeeh individual otono. binding then together. The eopholt io epplied et the curfeoe but penetreteo the layer of etcne before cooling. finelly the ourfeoe io covered with e oouroe of otone chipe which cello the our feeo. thie pevenent ney be leid on my beoe which in edequete to noot the traffic conditione. However. it io dooireble thet eophelt necedun be pieced on on eophelt necedun beoe couroe. epooificetieno otete thet the ninerel aggrogete nuot ooneiot of broken otono or broken oleg of uniforn quelity throughout. the chipo nuet be oleen. free free onceoo duet. eoft oley end flet or elongeted. Per cent weer in eocordenoe with the Leo Angoloo Abreoion root not not be leeo than lto. 1f oleg in to he need it met be electric or eir-oooled bleot furnece oleg uniforn in denoity. free fren gleeoy pioeeo end not weigh 70 poundo per cubic foot. Aggrogeto Ooeree Intornediete lino ginplifiod Prectice no. 3 ' 67 1a ' Per Cent Per cent Per Cent Totel Peering by Weight by Weidlt by Veiflt 2" eieve 90-100 - .. 1 1/2” eieve 35-70 - o- 1" eieve 0-15 100 - 3/3‘ eieve .. 90-100 100 1/2- eieve 0-5 - ~100 3/3- .1... -- 20-55 75 lo. h eieve «- 0-10 5-25 Ho. 8 eieve -- 0-5 0-5 ‘10- For the ourfeoe couroo it in required that eophelt oenut propered by the refining of petroloun be need. It not be free free ninorel nettor. water. tor and tar producto. Alec. it ohell be uniforn in der- ecter end nuet not foan when heated to 350° Fahrenheit. In the initiel end oeel coat on R.C.-3 eophelt out beck io need. Penetretion of Originel Sample et 77°F" 85 to 100 100 to 120 100g..5oeo. . . . . . . . 120to150 nub Point. (Cleveland Open cup) “I. . ago; 1.25; Lone on Heating et 32501.. 5 hro. Per Cent ' 1. 2. Ponetretion eftor Loon on fleeting. i of Originel.......... 7o} 70} motility et nor. . . . . . . . 100} 60} Per cent Soluble in Carbon Totrechlorido 99.5} 99.5} Iofore eny eggregete ie pleced the bone not be free fron e11 leoe end foreign netter. Bone nothod to hold eggregeto in plece not e1oe be deviled. One of theoo io the nee of oido forne oet on e firn conpeoted beoe. they not be eeouroly oteked for beck oupport 200 feet ehoed of point where ego grogeto in being opreed. nuot have e beck fill two feet in width end e height to confer- with profile gredo of ehoulder. rho oecond nothod in to fern the ohouldor with e vertical face for the full depth of nrfece eoureo 200 foot in edvenoo of the opreeding. Both ceeeo when eonplotod not ellow roller to peee ever the aggregate ebutting either with helf of the roller mmpplle. When epplm the aggregete it nuot be done in ouch e feohioe to pre- vent eogrogetion. If trucko ere need it io ouggeoted thet they dunp their lead end let it be diotributed by none other moeno. If e neohenicll epreeder io doing the Job it nuet be no deoigned oc to opreed the aggregete in ouch e manner to obtein uniforn compaction. one finiehed product io .11- checked for uniforn crown.by the nee of e template. In.regerd to preventing eegregetion. power gredere ehculd not be need for eproeding purpeooo. following the opreading in the dry rolling operetion. thie operetion ie done with either a three wheeled or tendon roller weighing not leeo then 10 tone end capable of compeoting from 300 to 330 poundo per inch width of reer roller. Rolling begine et the oideo end.prooeedo towerd the center everlepping by onehalf the width of reer roller on eech ouccoeeive trip. For each 20 ten or frection of eggregete depooited in en hour. there ehould be e nininun of one roller in operetion. To check for proper texture three toot heloo ero:nade et intervelo of 200 feet end toot openinono token free then. Irreguleritioe ere then checked for on if there ere eny oectiono which very one-fourth an inch in e ten foot otroteh.perello1 to the center- 1ino proper oorreotione ere undo. Bolling in then continued.unti1 eggre- geto no longer creope or weveo ehned of roller. the firot epplicetion of eophelt oonent io unifornly applied et the rete cf 2 gallono per equero yerd with e tollorenee of only .1 gellen either wny. end epplied only when ceuroo io perfectly dry throughout ito entire depth. Such cleee tolerenoeo ere required‘beoeuee en ozeeoo of eophelt will deotrey the interlocking producing e wevy rotted pevonent end e deficiency pornito weter to enter which tondo to deotrey both bitunen end otono end if froeeing ooouro the bond io deotroyed. There ere definite periodo of tho yeer during which eophelt necedun ney be laid. Oregon end Californie dooignate the nontho included between.fley 1 end Octo- her 1; in Rhodo Iolend it'o between Hey 15 end October 15; in lcrth Gero- 1ine only when the tempereture ie ebovo 90 end the nephelt Inetitute epooifieo tenporeturoe ebovo R5“. rho tenporeture of the nephelt itoelf nuet rengo between 275°and 350° inmodietely prior to epplicetien. .12- here ere eovorel proeentiono taken during epplioetien with otonderd diotribntor to prevent lepping. 0n end Junetione the eprey io i-odietely ohut off end e pen inoerted under nonloe to cetoh the drippingo. then centiming oporetione building peper io placed oone diotence eheed of un- troeded nrfece no oproyoro ney be turned on end opereting at e opoeifiod . rete upon reeching thie point. Building pepor in then dootrcyed. It in wine to neko eo few tripe ee neceeoery ee eech odditionel trip increeoee the peeoibility of overlapping et longitudinel Jointo. i'enke ohould be out off before eoning completely empty co the leeo in heed coneee More flow on will the ncznleo if thq beccno otopped up. Iinnlly. the diotribn- tor ohould be drivonelengenerhededgeto hoop treetn-t ine otreiut line. So increeoo the flow end penetretion notion of eophelt. o. eoep- weter oclution ney be opreyed onto the reed ourfeee e few incheo eheed of the eophelt. the enoont need io epproxinetoly 10 per cent of the vclue of eophelt need. Per cent eoep need oheuld not be leeo then 1 per out of eoep end weter eolutien. For opete where dietributor wee uneble to reed or for eone roeoon didn't give unifor- oprey. e hend opreyor neully r. with eenproooed eir io need for touching up. I-odietely eftor eopheltic conont io pleced end the eophelt io otill worn. filler otono io eddod in ouch quentitiee oo to prevent the roller wheele fron oticking. on. mum diotribntor m..." nnticnod in the previeuo W in e pneunatic tired oelf propelled tenh which to cepeble of diotributing e uniforn oprey without etonieeticn. It i. equipped with covered piecee ef goer to do thie. I'o inure proper epplioeticn it heo e fifth wheel techeneter regiotoring opeed in feet per minute end enother toot-center reeding gollone per ninte. both vioible to the opereter. re. nephnlt it forced out of the oprey ber under preooure furniohed by e m which bee ito on power unit. there ere preeeure. volune. end tonporeturo gegoo .13. located in nich plecee no they ere coolly reedeble by inopoetcr. It in eepeble of mm widtho of 15 feet with e nininun of 6 foot with opooiol edJuotnente node for width leeo than 6 feet. If the width to too large to cover in two 15 foot tripe. 6 to 8 foot rune ere need until the eurfeco in completely covered. when the nochine io equipped with heeting fecilitioo the eophalt cement ohould be circulated continuelly. lunedietoly eftor eopheltic cenont ie placed end the ethnlt io etill were. filler otoneor key otono io edded in ouch quentitiee to prevent the roller Idieolo otioking. Sinulteneouely with the rolling.one11 quenti- tioo (10 to an poundo per oquero yerdJ ere continually edded end broonod ever the nerfeoe. Thin precooo io continued until e11 voido have bed filled by filler otono end the otono io thoroughly inboddod. enohcred in piece end ourfece ie onooth with no perceptible novonont under the roller. core neat be token on not to have the quantiw of filler otono oufficint no it covero rether then only fillo voido. Such an oneeeo would orneh under the roller forming e airplue of duet which would hinder the ndhoroneo of the cool out with the rolling operetion complete the ourfece io reedy fer the cool cent. the cool cent in epplied with diotributor et e rete of 0.! gellen per oquero yard with e tolerance of pluo or ninuo 0.1. Enough fine eg- grogete in then opreed over the surface to take up the ecpholt end the finel ceet it rolled with e 10 ton roller until the proper crown end profile (& inch to 10 foot length porellcl to center) in reached. Ueunlly two cool coeto ere required. the eecond one epplied in the cone nenner with e weit of 3 to 6 can. ' there dull be no troffic admitted on the ourfece between initinl coupecticn end coupletion of the finel oeel coat. If. eftor treffio heo been ednitted. bleeding oocuro it not be corrected by eddihg new ooreeninge. Bonetine within e 10 dey period eftor the finel noel coat heo been coupleted .1h. the epeeifieetiene etete that each 100 equare yerde net be rolled (er e period of 1 hour with n 10 ton roller not exceeding 3 nilee per hour. «e15- ROAD NIX - OPE’H GRADED TYPE The tern "roed nix“ ie undereteod to deeignnte the type of bitunincue mince which in nixed in plece en the reed being conetructed. The nix ie enppoeed to have originated in Penneylwenie eewerel yoere ego end heo been ~ round to be quite niceeeetul if properly need. Before the Mace couree ie leid the bane on which it ie to be pleced nuet tiret be prepared. The tiret etep ie to eoerify the eoil to be need for the bane. min ie done ueuelly with e nulti-bleded dreg er other piecee et equipnent which ere eepable of cutting up the eurteee to e depth verying Iron 6 to lo inchee. After it hee been eeeritied. it in then treated with en nephelt primer or the mm or lilo-l type. however. if the baee ie rather pome. en Ila-2 ent beck eephelt in need. i'hen. to ellew tor the correction of eny weaknceeee. the beee ie opened to trettie anywhere tron tour to twelve nonthe before the reed nix ie epplied. etter which ell neceeeery patching ie done en epete which very nere then ene inch free the normal contour. The euri‘ace in then rolled end brought to the epeeified ehepe. It the enrfeoe being prepared heo been oil or «not bound ell patching or holee. creche. end breeke not be done by the pene- trotion lethod which will be diecueeed later. the aggregate need on the mono couree nay ooneiet of ernehed or broken etone. ernehed grewel er crnehed eleg but eeoh not out the epeeiiicntione required. Much of the etebility of weerinc eeeree ie dependent upon the interlocking or trietional reeietance et enguler per- tielee. Therefore the epuiticntione etete that not leee then 70 per cent of trepente of ended emote reteined on the umber {our eieve. ell-ll coneiet of broken engnler piecee. The perticlee net eleo be oleen. uni- tcrn qunlity threucheut end free iron duet end flet elenceted piecee. The per cent weer. ee indiceted by the Lee melee ibreeien reet. when -16- net be here than l40. It eleg in to he need no the ninerel W”. it net weight 10 pence per cubic foot independent or the nan-u eiee euregete need which in dependent on the thickneee. 'lype Ooeree line fez-1min» Prentice lo. 5 1 Per Cent Per Cent Totel Peeling by Weight , by Weigh” 1%“ eieve 100 - l' eieve 90-100 - 3/14' eieve , . ‘IO-‘IS 100 1/2“ eieve ' 15.35 90.100 3/8' eieve 0-15 Ito-7o no. t eieve .0-5 0.15 no. I eieve . «- 0.5 . uphelte need ere either out-beck eophelte er eophelte eeuleieee free free water. in eene eeeee odditivee ere edded to increeoo edheeire- . ”lie Fer Priner Binder; Deeicnetien 140-0 no.1 Ito-3‘ in.» Point (Open rag.) °r. . 100} 100} so} ’ ins-e1 neeoeiw et 71°F. 75-150 -- - l‘urol Viecceity et 12203. .. 75.150 .. Furol Yiecoeity et new. - -- rem-500 .17.» Primer Binder hietillation ~ Dietillete (per cent of total dietillnte to 66003.) To l637°?» 25-- 20- 25} To 50003. L+0-7o 25-65 55} re 600°i’. 75-93 70'90 53* Beeline tron Dietillaticn to 680°}. Volune Per Cent. by Difference 5o}. so; 13} feete on Recidue from Dietilletion .Penetretion 77°F" 100 5.. 5 eee. 120-300 120-300 80-120 Ductility nor. *100} uoo} 100} Per cent Soluble in Carbon Tetrechleride 99.5} 99.5} 99.5% Ippiicauen Tempereture 01. 50-120 30-150 isoeaoo 4 'Hote— lf penetration of reeidue ie nore than 200. and ite ductility et 77°F. in leee then 100. the materiel will be ecceptable if ite ductility at 6002. ie 100 } Thickneeeee of road nix eurfecee very froe one to three inchee end eny thicheee in exceee of two inchee ie epplied in two coureee. ie wee prewienely nentioned. if the hue ie n ecerified eouree e priner eoet nuet be epplied by e etendnrd preeeure dietributor. Before the prine coat. ie epplied the bone eouree not be completely dry or only elightly deep end the etnoepheric tenporature not not be below 3) degreee Fehrenheit. lhe bituminoue Interiel ie epplied over the full width of roadway extendin¢ free curb to curb er ditch to ditch et e uniforn rete of 0.3 to 0.5 cellene per equnre yerd. All traffic it kept off until uteriel in dry enough on the wheele will not dieplaoe the primer. In the event that the prine eoet feile dne to dieintegretion ef the underlying eurfece. the eree in queetion ie filled with eelected enteriele eieiler to the eurroundins eoil en the ' lirfeee et thie epct will conforn with the crown of the reed ee e whole. The priner then epplied with e hend eprey. Any other feilnree ere elee -18- repeired nt thie tine. In none inetencee. eftor epplying the priner. it in innedietely eovered with n enell quantity (2 to t ya} per 100 foot etntion) ef neteriel einiler to the beee neteriel. The priner end beee oonree ere'thon thoroughly nixed by being bleded into windrowe. Upon being thoroughly nixed it ie bleded end rolled until conpeotion ie eon- plete eftor which it in left netting for fourteen deye befere being covered with eggregete. . When the nrfece to be covered in on old bitunincne reed. no priner ie neoeeeery. however. e preperetien celled ”reek Oeet' ie neunlly ep— plied. i'he bituninono neteriel need ie of the oono typo need in the enr- - fece couroe being epplied et retoe of 0.1 . 0.15 gellono per oqnere yerd. Ito purpooe ie to eid in weterproofing the hue end it eleo providee ndheeien between the reed nix end the bone. win: the properetion of the beee cenroe eonploted end the enrfeee thoroughly eleened end dried. the oenree eggregete ney be dietributed nnifernily ever the entire urfnee. Thin operetion ie porferned either with trnohe or e nochenicel qroeder leeving e leeee layer thet ie a per cent deeper then the opeeifieetion rend. following the epreeding operetion the oggregete eheold be leveled to n higher degree by e grader followed by borrowing with e dick herrew on to dietribnte the verieue pertielee unifornly end eleo eid in drying eff the eegregete oheuld more be none noietnro proeent. rho eurfeee ie new rendy for ite firet opplicetion ef nephelt provided thet the eggregete ie conpletely dry. the enount of nephelt to be epplied ie dependent on the thichneeo ef the nrfeoe with the thinner enrfeoee re— quiring e greeter proportion of eophelt. Although there ie no not rule. the following teble indicetee the epproxinete quentitieet .19. Thickneoo in indieL Gellene per Yard 1t '3' ,- - - - . 0.2.0.; 2 -----e-0.3¢0.‘t 2§--~---oo.5oo.1 Cortein typeo eleg reduire 0.1 gallon nore then ehown ebovo. Onee ngein the etnoepheric tenpereture nuet not be below 50° Fahrenheit. Very noceeeery preceutiono noot be token to prevent everlepping. to prevent lopping ot the ad Junctiono the diotributor not be i-odi- etely ohut off end I. pen inoertedunder the nceelee to cetch the drippinge. When continuing operetion.building peper io pleced none dietence in ed- wenoe ec opreyero new be turned on end opereting et their opecified rete upon reeching the untreated ens-rm. The building paper 1- New end deotrcyed. then the tank io epprcnching the .pty nerk it ehould be ehut off before coning couplotely empty thereby ovoiding non-unifern ep- - plicetion cenood by e non-uniforn flow. Honoleo in the oproy bar not be kept cloen end unplugged no the plugging of neroly one no.1o hole will lend to uneven diotribution. Alec. no few tripe no neeeoeery dtould be node to elininote the peeoibility of overlepping. end enoh trip being guided or oteered eleng e nerked edge to ineure no mrlepping. lunedietely eftor epplicetion of eophelt. the eoeree oggrogote end binder ere thoreughly nixed with out equipment no blede greder. ultipie- blede drego er pin nixeo for e period long enough to diotribnte the nephelt .wellbutnotlengenoughtcellow thenixture tebecene tecky. blede graders ohould be ovoided wherever peeoible end the nulti-blnded dreg enployed no the loter ie sch footer. Speed in of greet inpertnnee fer no tine oheuld be leot in nixing no the light conotitnent need in reed nixee eveperete rether quickly end the nixture booonee techy. lulti-bleded em. ere nounted ..:. four wheele. one blnde io 10 incheo high end io onpable of nixing when with thickneoeeo of one end e helf inch or leeo. Anything in exceoo of one end e half inch io nixed by neeno of e nechine celled 'Retreod". It in opereted by two non. one eperntlng the nixing blede end the other the leveling blede oi the reer ef the Inchine. rho-echineie eepeueer tekingwidthoup to 10 feetwith _ the leveling blade leeving e nrfece plenod to n uniforn ereee-eedtien end elooth longitudinel profile. If e oeccnd epplieetion of eephelt ie required. the cone procedure it followed. Another nethod of nixing need extenoively ie the troveling plent ninr. rho coerce aggregate io firet opreed in one or nore windren beet eoeptee fer the type plent to be need. lte reted oopecity none. be eufficient to produce the required coopected thicheoo given in the epeoificetione. Bone plento ere deoigned with tenko end noeeuring dovieee that the eopheltic binder io edded during the nixing precooo. in ouch oeeeo tho tenk not be equipped with eteen coilo oo deoigned to oenre uniferu heet throughout ite oontonto end e therncneter to deternine the tempereture ef the nophelt before being conbined with the eggrogete. Other plento ere not built with nephelt tenko end no with thoee nixero the binder not be epplied by preeoure diotributere while the eggregete io leying inflwindrowo. Vith either type plent the follow- ing quentitieo of eophelt ere needed for the etoted thickneoo in eeeh eeee. . i ' niche” in Incheg Gellono 2.: gm; red-o 15- - - - . $50.6 2’----~.6o.3 2%""‘"'07‘e9 .21. The oggregete in then picked up fron the windrcwe end nixed until ell the egregete' he been. conted with binder. i‘he nixture in then do- peeited either in book of the plant. in n windrow end oprend over the one tire ourfeco with n blade gredor or long wheel beee eproeder. or if the plent io equipped with e spreader the mixture ie placed end eprond in one operetion. to catch ceoe the reoulte not produce e onooth even pre- ‘ file end creeeoeection. ‘ After the uixture hao becono “new". two to fire We depending on tho bituninouo neteriel and the eir tempereture. compaction begine. leth tend“ end three wheeled rollere ereueed in this precooo. the weight depending on the thickneeo to be compacted. A eix ton roller ie eetiefec- tory for thickneeeeo leoo than 12; incheo but eurfeceo in enceoo of thin _ dinenoion noot have on 8 to 10 ton reted roller with e nininun of 300 poundo per inch width of reer roller. To ovoid ragged edgeo e eeell gang of non io pleoed ehoed of the roller building up the edgeo with ehowelo end tenpe giving rapport when being rolled. , i oeel coet ie neceeeery on on open-greded reed nix no the nixture loevee quite e poroue eurfeoe end pleeing of e oool cont will prevent roveling under treffie in addition to neung eurfece weterproef. 1t Mid not be epplied in leeo than e week after ourfaoe coureelheo been eoeputed ' end in neuelly deferred fron two woeko to oeverel nonthe. thue ellewing ell voletile eonotituento to oveporete and leaving the couroe in e perfectly ' burdened condition. The firet otep in eppiyug the cool cont in to epreed e null portion of fine eggrogete (at tho rete of 15 to 18 poundo per equere yerd) by neeno of hand or nachino. thie cover coat in then lightly bruned by neeno of e broon drug filling in ell the ‘ourfece voido. i bituninene neteriel. the one no woo need on the eurfeoo eouree. io then epplied et e rete verying free. .2 to .3 gellono per equere yerd. Brooning to con- tinned eimlteneonoly with rolling. with the peeoibility of m are eggregnte tr neceoeery until e enooth well bonded eurfece reunite. 0e— uelly the complete filling of the void io not practiced on e oeni non- okid eurfece io the reeult of not filling the voido in their entirety. within e period of ten deye the eurfece ohould be beck rolled in eccerdenoe with the engineer’o diocretien. ~23- mil) MIX «- DEHfl GRADED AGGREGATE RP] .Denee aggregate reed nix wee developed in the wootern pert of the United Staten. i‘he pnrpoee of thie type of reed io to reduce the coet of ecnotruction by employing eggregeteo which are eveileble in the particuler lecetion in quootion. It coneiote of aggregate from coeroe to fine nixed with e bituninouo neteriel. Thicknoooeo range from 1 inch to it inchee with 2 er 2% inch nit-fece commonly need. Denee greded eggregeto ie noot frequently placed on old grovel rcedo or newly greveled beee eouroo end! io oonetimeo celled "Oil gravel reed nix“. Briefly. the oonotruction procedure of ouch n eurfece in no follow“ Iirot the beee io treated with eophelt primer. A layer of graded eggre- gete in then epreed over in oufficient quantity to produce n compacted nrfeoe count of epeoified thickneoe. Spreading io followed by grading. epplying binder. nixing mixture. compaction by truffle during blnding. dregging end rolling. me lent operetion lo the epplieetion of the eeel cent which oonoiete of e bituminouo cont covered with oand. Aggregate to be need nay cone from either of two eouroeo. If egreed to by the engineer. the old grevel reed to be nrfeced night be ocerified end need with poooibly en edditien of greded oggregeto if the quentity ion’t nfficiont. In oono ceoeo. however. thio ie not ellewed end ell the ' euregete noot be epplied. Under thoee conditiono the eggregete not be e mixture of broken otono. eruohed or uneruohed grevel. end end otono «mange er ninorel duet with wide limitation epeoified no to greding. i'he limit on oieeo in e minim of two: W leeo than n nunber four eieve ie ccnoidered ooeree and greater than number four ie conoidered fine. when teeted by neeno of laboratory oievoo. the mixed aggregate dull noot the following requirement“ .21:- Per Cent Total Peeoing by Height 1" eieve 100 No. it eieve 50-70 No. 10 eieve 35-60 NOo m0 '1". 0.1“ rho eopheltic neteriele for the primer end binder ehell meet the following requirement Ii for Prinor Binder Beeignetion uc-o 110-1 110-3 ;leeh Point (Open reg.) °1‘. 100} 100} 150* M1 neeeeiv at 77°15 75-150 - - l‘urol Viecooity at 1220!. .. 75.150 .. rurel Viocooity at 1'0”. - - 250-500 Biotilletion Bietillete (per cent of totel diotillnte to 6800!.) re #3101. 25... 20... 5.. to g”. ito-70 25-65 540 to °I. 75.93 70.90 55.35 heoiduo from Dietilletion to 6800!. Volume Per Cent. by Difference 50} 60} 13} reeto en Reoidue from Diotilletion ‘ Penetration 7701.. lOO g.. 5 con. 120-300 120-300 120- ‘Dnotility nor. . 100} 100} 1.00:,0 Per Cent Soluble in Oerbon retraction“ 99.5} 99.51‘ 99.5} Application Tempereturo or. 50-120 30-150 175-250 ‘lote o If pnetrntion of reoidue ie more than zoo. and ito ductility at 7701'. ie leoe then 100. the neteriel will be acceptable if ito ductility et Sour. lo 100}. Ao in the Open Grade mix. the firet otep in cenotruction in the ep- plicetion of the prile ooet providing the total amount of eggregate to be need in moon to the Job. However. if ell or any fraction of the totel io to be oupplied m- the reed bed. it it firet ooerified. herrowod end ell leoeo neteriel bleded in windrowo ot the oide of the reed. the A reneining ooil io then graded to e eneoth well eheped crown with perhepe . olight wetting to aid operetione. All exceoe ooil io removed and iiepoeee of on the ohonldero. i pneumatie tired diotributor in need to place the prime cent with n gcepaoity of 000 gelleno. It ie capable of ninteining e teqereture of ‘mo 3mm.“ end 1; equipped with e eprey bar which ie edyuotable in length from I to 21 foot. the prime coat in epplied et retee of .25 to .5 gelleno per eqnare yard over the-full width of roadway with the towere- turo not below 50 degreeo. Traffic not be kept off for a period of twelve thro end the curing period (til: elapood before aggregate in epplied.) not leeo then he houro. more ohould be no poole on the eurfece eftor the curing period to complete. then the aggregate to be need in dumped in the reedwey. the uncovered helf io firet primed end after it heo completely. dried the aggregate io bleded into it end the recond helf primed. however. thie eituation ohould be avoided if poooiblo.by placing eggregeto outoido of the Iron to be nrfeced. thether the eggregate in tetel or in part it tehen from the original eurfece er the entire amount io from oome cuteide ooureo ite firet move to to be pleoed in triengular windrowo either in the center or at the oide of the reed. it thie point it ie eempled by the engineer to check for proper proportioning end in none can it io wine to weigh a equero yard to cheek «entity. the quantity nuot be euffieient to furnieh the eurfece with pre- per thickneeee Mter preportione end weighte are checked it to thoroughly nixed by n conbinntion of blending back and forth ecroee the roedwq end diec herrewing. Once Ignin it ie bladed in windrowo where agein it ie ennieed {or neneurement end poeeible edJ'netmente. Then inmedintely before epplieetion e1 nephelt hinder the aggregate ie bladed into e nnitorn eroee— eection nereee the full width of reed only after the nixing hee decroeeed the neietlre content to n Intim- of 1% per cent. the firet nppllution e: nephelt to then epplied at e rete e: i gellen per eqnnre yard. Immediately after thie. the nixtnre ie dieo herrewed which eentinune until n11 aggregate ie covered with eephnlt. Bnoceeeive trentnente identicel with the one not described are neoeesnry he thq nah it poeeible to prevent en exoeeeive enonnt of eephelt tron being epplied. The erect mber ie dependent won the thickneee being leid but they run eonewhere between two to five not exceeding f gallon per eqnnre yard on en: treetnent. the finel nixtnre ehonld oontein 1 to 10 per cent of bituinone neteriel. I he eoon ee e full width eeotion of nineral aggregate hee received ite total epplieetion of binder and hoe been thoroughly dieced. nixing ie eon. timed with either e blede greder. multiple blede drage. pin liner er re- treed liner. Oere ehonld be taken on no untreated beee or ehollder nnteriel te brought into the nix end eleo precention taken no nixing deee let eenee eecrecntion er leee or neteriele. It nixtnre ie toowet. nixing ie ecntined Intil noietnre hne been removed. the tiniehed nix ehould prodloe e honegen- eene use free tron int epote. bnlle end unconted particles plued in e tingle vindrew weiting spreeding end coupeotien. I. A eeeend lethod or mixing ie eoeompliehed with e trevel plent ee wee described in the nixing of the Open Aggregate Road Kit. It eleo picke up the nixtnre of aggregate and binder iron the windrew or in ether ceeee mu. depending upon the pl'ent. nine the mixture nnd depoeite it behind in windrowe. l'he plent heete the nix to e nnxim e! 250° Fahrenheit _- for proper fluidity but anything ever thie temperature ie injurious: to the cephalt end caneee it to be rejected. Before the finiehed mixer it finally epreed for conpactlon on trnffic bound ‘eee. triangular cute are made at the edge with n bleder. Il'heee cute are 2 inchee deep at the outer edge and elepe to core 2 feet in towerd the center. The enceveted neteriel ie placed in windrowo on file ehoulder lending eupport to the epreaded mixture. Then in ounce.- eion of thin leyere. the nixture ie removed free the windrcwe end depoeited to uniforn croee eection and correct thickness. Care ie taken to nnke n moth Joint between each separate epplieetion. At thie point. if mixture ehcwe en exceee or deficiency of bituninone neteriel or perhepe uneven die- tribntion. each ehonld be corrected by ecerifying. ndding either aggregate er nephelt depending on the once. and remixing. Initial compaction begine et edgee end progreeeee towerd center parallel to centerline. overlapping on eech tncceeeive trip by one half width of roller. Thie precednre ie Inelly done with e pneumatic tired roller weigh. in; 3 tone end eo deeiaed that the weight night he increeeed to 1 ton fine not be of me else and inflated to the cane preeenre ee product“ Iifern unpaction by the wheele. lined compaction ie completed with n 5 to 10 ton eteel wheeled roller of either . tendon or 3 wheel type. ill rolling it preferably done in the cool part of the day when eurfece ie being neinteined. During the rolling operetion the'eurfece ie einultnneouely bleded until e moth. compact. true crown ie the remit. After compecticn ie coupleted the eurfece ie opened to treffic to hid in further compaction. During thie I further compaction rolling end blending it continued off end on end the opera- tion continued until treffio no longer groovee the eurfece. rhie proceee neuelly ie completed in 3 to 10 We depending on the weather end the aggregate- -23. With n denee graded nix the epplieetion of e eenl cont ie optiennl but generelly it coneidered win to nee no it aide in weer end eeee in meintenance. then need it ie epplied in quentitiee ranging frcn .2 to .3 gallone per eqnare yard et e taperntnre specified by the engineer end ie of the one type need in the reed nix. It it then lightly covered with tend er eene other oinilar fine neteriel and dragged until it blende with the underlying eurfece. The conpleted eurfece. eepeciclly when n elew enre out but it need. herdene very elowly. Therefore. it ehculd be kept free free any eteel tired inelinente or the like for e period of et leeet ten weehe. PLANT mm ASPHALT The building of e plent-nixed nephelt eurfece ie eeeentielly n nenufecturing preceee. It in very important that the etepe taken in the nmfectnre of en nephelt pnvenent are web on the finel produet ie uniforn. To ecconplieh thie there ere eeverel nechenieel devieee evnileble to nid in the ccnetrnction of plant nixee. DRIER: Before eny etepe an be teken in the nenfnethro of n plent nix the mete which heo been etock piled. not be rid ef ite noietnro before being eereened. Inch plent ie eqnipped with e retery drier which in neny cneee ie coneidered the 'Bcttleneck" of en nephelt plente It to eheped ne e drun end ie nounted on e elicht engle fren the heri- tentel to eeeiet the aggregate in peeeinc through. The nnheeted end wet ninerel eggrecete ie fed into the higher end. of the dun. he it retetee eteel enalee. feetened to the incide. pickhthe neteriel up end ecitnte it no it it being carried through. The drier ie eleo equipped with hot geeee which ere eupplied to en oil burner capable of heetin; the euro- cnte to n tenperetnre of 550 degreee Fahrenheit no it ie eneended through the'dren. thet before the dried mate to dieeherged to the dint» lending to the eoreene. the temperetnre of the earqete ie redetered by none of e pyroneter. Thie. of ecuree. in e cheek to toe thet the “negate ie completely dry. To keep "bottlenecking' et e nini‘ the drier'e oepeeity ehould be in emoeee te the nixer'e. According te ~ epeoifientiene here in Iiehigen for e reted liner of 2.000 pelnde the nininu eiee of the drier ehould be 22 feet long with e velone of II32 enbie feet. The drying unit not eleo be equipped with e power driven necheni. which ie cepeble ef edJueting flow ef et leeet two eeperete earegatee. It -30. an not have n fen of eufficient eepecityite r-ove ell noietnre fren the heeted excrecete end eleo e thet eolleeter which it 15 per eont ef- ficient. A finel point which ie'very important it that the drum not be properly ceded to prevent leee of finee upon rotetion. scams: . hen the drier the mate ie pleced on chutee toting it to the Me which are loceted directly ebewe the hot etorece bine. The eereene ere of two typee. either rotating er vibretory. They not be cepeble of eegregetinc the aggregate into two extrenee nnnely fine end eoeree. The Stete ef Oregon epeoified that they not be eepeble of up- eretin‘ enything fren nuber 10 to 3/3 inch. In Hichigan the epeoifice- tiene reed thet the tend eoreene ehell have eqnere openinge not leee then 0.0937 innhee (no. G eereee) or meter then 0.132 inohee (no. 6 ecreen) end for binder nine they not eleo have equnre openinxe not leee then 1} inehee er greater then 15 inchee. The tolerence ellewed in either one ie 10 per cent. Like the drier. the eereen dieuld eleo inve e enpeeity in enceee ef the nixer. I nus: The next etep eftor the eggrecete hae been properly eereened ie for it to be pleeed in their proper bine. The nininun number of bine eheuli be three. eech bin centeinin‘ only one eieed aggregate with n eenbined cepneity lerno enough to keep the plent nt e nexinun reted eepneity. lo the eiee in eech bin will rennin eonetent. the bine ere equipped with en overflow vent which prevente the everflewinc of one bin into enother. They ere eleo equipped with e very eccurete working nechenien operetinc n dieeherce (etc at the betton of the bin directly over the weigh hopper. In eddition to the bine nentioned. there ie e epeeiel eonetructed bin holding the ninernl filler. It ie eonetrueted dnet tight end heo n all- neehenicel device for eccuretely depoeitieg the required enount of ninerel filler into the weigh box. .ill of the bine ere inepected ct regular intervcle to check ageinot the forming of pockete in the cornero end eegregetion. DEVICES PROPORTIONIHGi . Perhepe the noot intricete built deviceo in c nixing plent ere the . proportiening nechhnicno. Thu not be very cccurcte to cbtcin c lixture which ie unifore. The devicee proportioning the eggregete ney operate either by the weight or volune eyeten. If the weight cyeten io need the hopper. er eonetinee celled weigh box. it counted directly over the liner on knife edgee in ouch e nenner thet ell perte ef the box ere free to nove. Through e oyoten of knife edgee end levere either e diel or been eeele ecneitive to one helf of one per cent of nixin- lead with minim grednetiene of five poundo ie opereted. When the eeele ie of the bone type. it Ihculd be equipped with c tero‘beenwwhiebfweuld clini- netc the error of the weight of the weigh hopper. The box ie open et the top end equipped with c gate opening acroee the full width of the hopper tinte elininetieg eny peeoibility of cone aggregcte reneinieg in- eide eftor it ie duped. When the proportioning ie done by vclue. the eeledee. of couree. ere elinineted but it ohculd be node elecr thet the high degree of cecureey it etill reteined. loch bin to equipped with en 8 by 9 inch reetengulcr orifice with one of the two dineneiene chuotcble. The preportioning ie done by the operator nerely opening end cloeingr thoee orificee by e eyeten of conpreeeed eir or cone other approved nechenicel neene. For inepection pnrpoeee there not be e way of by. peceing e complete or frccticnel portion of e batch to check for proper -33- perportione. To incure that all the aggregate in out of the box. c vibretcr ie need. Aleo the elidee leading from the weigh box end bine not be hapt mooth end on'correct minimum engle co the finee won't have c tendency to rennin in their reepective container. Another inportent proportioning device it the weigh bucket need to weigh end dietribute the molten eophelt. Ito reted capecity ehcll be within the linite of 12 to 20 per cent of the weight of the aggregate and in one batch. The bucket to euepended from either it dial or been eeele whoee accurccy ie within plan or nine two per cent of the weight required for the betch. To prevent the cccunuletion of chilled eophelt fron build- ing up and changing the tnre of the bucket. n heating unit either of c eteen Jacketed or electric type ie inetnlled to continuonely drnin the eccunuletcd condeneete. However. even with all the preceding prcccutieno tend. the tere of the bucket ie determined for eeeh beteh. The decign of the bucket to ouch co to allow the molten nephelt to be diotribnted in thin uniforn eheete ever the full width of the nixer. Thie device u-elly coneiete of c eprey her which to eleo eteen Jacketed to prevent the orificee from clogging up. For the convenience of the inopecter the line feeding the aephelt to the bucket to equipped with e thermoneter oloee to ito out-- let reading in the range fron 300° to ltoo» rehrenheit. mm Following proportioning conee the mixing precooo which ie cccompliehed by the nee of e twin-peg betch or continuoce nixnr. It lo the botten noot portion of the plent elevetien located directly undernecth the weigh box et ouch c height to noble diecherging into n truck or into e. hopper fren which trccke are loaded. Tile twin-pug betch nixer ie e rectonguler eheped con- tciner encloeed on either end with ite semi-circular botton opening. up in ite entirety when diechnrging ite load. The nixer ie ndnufectured in three “33‘ different oieeei wall 750 poundo. nediun 20w poundo and large II000 poundo. The mixing ie eccompliehed by mixing bladee mounted on two rotating eheftc rotating at a rate not leee than 70 or greater than 90 revolutione per nimte. They ehould rotate in oppoeite directione and preferably be cc ccnetruoted co the flow of nix can be rapidly retarded by merely revere- ing the ehefte. The blndee are co attached to the theft on they any be eet in the proper run around order at the meet efficient angle. They are eleo attached in nich a fashion eo they might be removed eftor chewing wear. For ouch eurfacee ee dleet cephalt. for example. the naxim clear- ance ehould not exceed three-fourthe of an inch anywhere in the mixer. In rare eceee for coerce nixed the clearance ie increeeod to c maxim of one and a half inchec. Anytime thoee clearancee are exceeded either or perhnpe both the old lining and bladee not be replaced with new parte. Added attachmentc are the duct hood and automatic tilting device. The tining device hae en importent eequencc to follow. It diould lock the weigh box eftor charging of nixer until cloeing of mixer gate. It not lock the aephalt bucket throughout the dry mix end the nixer gate through- out both wet and dry nix. The device ie loched in e glaoe once by the inepector on the Job. It ie at thie point of the proceee where the filler io ueuelly edded. cere taken eo it it added to the center of the liner. A fornlla for determining the mixing time io dead capacity in poundo divided by output in poundo per eecond. The general procednre ie to eet a nininnn of ‘55 eeconde and continuing the mixing until it homogeneoue mixture to produced. A twih-pug continuous nixer io identical to the batch mixer with the exception that ite tap end it open and aggregate and cephalt ere added ct thig end while the mixture in being diecharged at the other end. «on-- TANKS! The eupply of asphalt ie eleo under conetant check to eee it it ie entering into the bucket at a proper temperature. Aephalt tanke. with a minimum capacity of a ten hour run of plent.control thie tempere- ture. The tanke are heated by eteen Jacbeted, steam. electrically heated linen but never by direct fire or any other method giving localised heat. nu ellowable temperaturee v... between 250° and 3250 with n pyro- neter located Juet before the orifice leading into the bucket. Continme circulation to naintained through drawer: tube to maintain a constant temperature throughout the man. The engineer should eee that the pipe leading fro. the tank to the bucket ie properly heated and inflated. coras'mucrlon Eqmpzamr Once the mixture hae been treneported by truck to the Job there net be equipment available to spread. ehape and conpact the nix in ac ehort of tine .. poeeible to prevent the mixture from becoling tacky. There are eeveral commercial epreeder finishing nachinee on the market but they all cone under either one of three classes and not be capable spreading the mixer true to line. grade. and crown. Although spreadere and finiehere are mounted on one frame they still may be considered ae individual unite. The spreader ueually coneiete of a happcr located in the front end of the eeohenien. In the bottom of the hopper there ie a horizontal opening through which the mixture ie applied in thickneeeee adJuetable from 3/” to 3 inchee and in widthe varying free 6 to 10 feet. i‘o inmre that the mixture ie carried across the full width of the open- ing. a revolving ecrew ie included in the design thereby raking certain the application is uniform. - the older type parere (combination epreader end finieher) rm en eide force of wood. eteel or curbing if it ie available. If forne are need they not not epeoificetione eet by the engineer. They are in the neighborhood of eix inchee in width and 10 to 15 feet lens and net be free free warpe. bende and any other poeeible defects. the form not be placed on fire eoil true to line and grade and ehould be placed at e ninieun distance of 500 feet ahead ef the epreader but not further then 2 eilee in advenoe. lone net be left in place until initial ec-paotien ie completed or. when poeeible. left until the entire rolling and eeepae- tion operation ie finiehed. immediately after removal. approved neteriel ie to be placed againet the finiehed edges and compacted to fen e ehoulder of epeoified width. ~ The newer eachinee do not require for» or curbin‘e te operate en. They are either supported on runnere which aove along with -36. the Inchine. by wheele er rollere. All typee are equipped with a etrikinz-off device called a ecreed which ie edJnetable to any edee er etepe end doee ite Job without the but bit of tearing. gauging or ehoving. For beet operation the eereed eheuld have a heating attach-ant to prevent the accumulation of bitumin- ene neteriel but care not be taken not to overheat end ceuee blieteriu and bleeding. rho Inchine dculd produce a finiehed ”face which hae unifeii thickneee. contour and deneity. Beet reeulte are obtained when the nechine in either eelf propelled er pulled at a opeed ranging free 10 to 20 feet per ninute. being equipped with a eeneitive enough eteering nechenien to enable quick and efficient eteering at thoee epeede. Although the paver due the greeteet portion of epreeding end finiting there are acne opete ouch ae intereectione. turnoute. driveweye. ete. where nenual labor in a neceeeity. Alec any epot either after finiehinc or rolling which iein need of repair due to ite ununifornity ie renoved. replaced. epread. finiehed and temped by a... the noun]. procedure ie te dunp the paving neteriel euteide the area where the work ie being done. It ie than diatributed by neane of hot ebovele to the area being worked where it ie immediately raked to uniforn thickneee. contour and deceit). Both the opeed of the trucke and ehovelere ie dependent upon the opeed ef the rehere. Specificatione etate that the tinee of the rake m1 not be 1... then one an: inch longer a... the 1.... depth of m nrfaoe m n. dietence between on... 1. m leee than the neximn diameter of the aggregate. ie a cafety preeeutien. the rekere dIould never etend in the hot nix unleee it ie to correct an error and then he nut wear etilt eendale. Another hend operetion ie the noting of Jointe between old and new '37 pave-sets on necessive days. The edge of the previous course is first! out to its full depth. The hot nix is then placed in'the out and raked to proper depth and grade. Bot tempers heated to a temperature sufficient to insure proper bond between aggregate and asphalt but not to a point where tamper night canoe asphalt to burn are used to compact the mixture. Before placing mix against longitudinal Joints such as curbs or gutters. all contact surfaces met first be painted with hot asphalt consent or a rapid-curs cut back asphalt. After the surface has been coated with liquid asphalt the Joint“ preperly “set up” with the back of the reel: to a proper heigit end bevel so the Joint will receive naximn comresoien under rolling. Such Joints should be ends by competent experienced workers as Joint construction is considered a skilled Job. The final step in the construction of en asphalt surfaced roadway is compaction accomplished by nochanical eteel faced rollers. these rollers are of three types! three wheel. tendon or three axle ranging fron 5 to 10 tons. They are equipped with either gasoline or deisel engines driving at speeds not to exceed three ‘niles per hour and 91qu slow enough to avoid the displaoenent of any of the hot nix. Generally. the three tooled roller is used for initial rolling as it has more compaction per inch width - of roller. however. the rollers should not be so heavy so as to crush the aggregate during rolling. initial rolling is begun as soon as the newly ap- plied surface will allow the weight of the roller. The rolling is begun on the outside edge traversing parallel to the center line of the pavenent and gradually working into the center. Each successive trip should overlap the preceding rolled strip by one half the width of the rear roller. Alter- nate trips shall be of slightly different lengths so to prevent a slichtly weakening offset. During the process of rolling. the rollers are kept noist -38- with either oil or water siding in preventing the displecenent of the hot nix. 0n suporelovnted curves the rolling begins on the lower edges end progresses towerd the upper edges in the seas nannor es woe previously stotod. Finished rolling is usually done with s tendsn roller sud pro- moses also in like nanner until further oonpection is impossible. be finished eurfece shnll be tree from depressions exceeding one-eighth inch nonsured with e ten foot streight edge running porellel to the center line with n crown verying i‘ren one-eighth to one-fourth inch per foot width. Density shell not to less then 95 per cent of the laboratory's epecinen ‘ end truffle shell not be pernitted to drive on eurfece until it hes cooled I to ntnospherio tsnpernturo. A szlmalc Gone: :33 Asphalt concrete is e plent nix or ssphelt count with coarse creded ninsrel scam“. host omen ninerel constituents ere e conbination - of broken otono. broben sing or gravel. send and mineral tiller. They should he‘eoourntely proportioned end designed to have s high degree of stsbility when compacted end be wticiwtly waterproof to require no soul out. A ncnber 10 eieve serves es s convenient division between some end tine end e nunher 200 dividing the fine and tiller. Asphalt concrete nay be leid to my desired thichicce in one or snore courses. hiring in thinness“ Iron one to three and as half inches. the coarse mete not consist of broken stone. brobn else. or novel crushed or i: uncrushed it oust have s rough eurfece. it not be free tron excess dust. dirt. send end flet elongated piecee. Per oont weer not be somewhere between 33 and 50 when given the Lee insoles Ahnoiou test. All neteriel need as fine aggregate oust pass the manner 10 sieve end not sore than it per sent passing the mo eieve. the particles Mt consist of sand end/or stone screenings with e per cent wear e! 65. close touch end m eurfeced greins. Any ninsrnl that passes the 200 sieve end is free. free lups end loosely bonded aggregations nay be need for ninernl tiller. Sons snaples ere Portland cement. dole-ite. duet end "4., linestone me. Genres Aggregate Ju- sec. 2.5 (e) sizes. 1 o u m it v - tin. Preetioe 81” '0. 357 l'5‘! 51 51 7' Per dent by weight letel poodle 2 1/20 sieve ice - - - - 2' siovo 95-100 100 - o- - 1 1/2” sieve - 95-100 100 4- - l' sieve 35-70 - 90-100 100 0- 3/” 01m - ' 35-10 .. 90-100 . 100 1/2- eieve 10-30 - 25-60 - 100 3]!" sieve - 10-30 - 20-55 75 Is. It sieve 0-15 0-15 0.15 0-15 5-25 he 10 am 0'5 0‘5 0‘5 0.5 0.5 the Wu . reesins net-Lined es Per cent by weight 'Oe k “W. “'1’ 980100 Is. it eieve lo. 10 store 0-15 '.e 10 .‘m “o W .1". 1% he no u." ”e w I‘m .09 ‘0 I‘m no 200 Ch". 15.” '.e m I‘m O. 0.5 llinerel tiller Per Cent . by his“ ”um 'Oo~ p “m e e e o o e e e m “m he 100 .‘ms u‘. 1... a“ s o 85 resets; lo. ace sieve. not less then . . 65 When choosing the nephelt cement to be used. the present tendency is to use the softest grade which will still provide e stable nixturo. The snout list he prepared by refining of petroleun end not be void of all ninerel latter other than those contained in nephelt. It else ileuld be free from water and not Icon when hectod to 350° Fahrenheit. Penetrntion of Original Sample et 77 OF... l'00‘005'..Oeeeeetseeo 60“” lmulm 70 to 85 120 to 150 85 to 100 1% to zoo nnoh rem. (Olcvelend Open cup) 91'. . . “W ”25* Loss on fleeting et 325°!” 5 hro.. Per cent 1- - 2- Penetretion eftor Loss on Hosting. i of Ofleinel...........70} 10f menu: so rm. . . . . . . . . 100} Go} Per sent Soluble in Cotton retroehlerids . 99.5} 99.5} $20 OOHCLUSIOB Although this thesis does not include ell of the possible esphelt ens-feces. I have endeevered to consider the sore inportent constructions. I definitely fool setisfied that I have succeeded in ny originel soul of leerning whet neteriels ere used end how each type is constructed. It wee very interesting for no to compare the epeoificetions used in stetes lcceted in verious parts of these United Stetos end to learn how onch agree end disagree on the «Mod of constructing esphelt our- feces. Where one night be lea: another would be very pertiouler but then egein. Just the reverse night be true. Iron e11 indioetion. however. ell stetes ere in rether close egrsenent with the epeoificetions sug- gosted by the Asphalt Institute. ' By the my or suggestion. i would like to sew thet I en of the opinion thet it would be noot benetioiel tor the writer to not only hevo his anoot setter chosen but else have the necessary neteriel eveileble so he night begin work innsdietely upon the beginning or his thesis tern. In ny particular ones i wee severel weeks getheting in- ter-etion both by soil and personel contact. I so now in s position where I heve e weelth of neteriel but not sufficient tine to use it eftor having reed the litereture through end deciding whet I vented to include. in ny introduction 1 gevo es 1 room for deciding on this perticuler subject the feet thet there was s possibility of ny beconiu employed as e Asphnlt Soles Engineer with the Stenderd Oil Ocnpany. ! on heppy to soy thet although this particular position is not open st the present tine. i heve been interviewed with very good possibilities 4+3- of beconinc upleyed by the Cenpeny and later on being trensfsrred into the eophelt field. BIBLIOGRAPHY rho Amhelt Institute. Asphslt lendbooh (Construction Series lo. 81) The isphelt institute. Construction Specifioetions (Construction Series Ho. 80) his Asseeistion or Adphnlt Paving Technologists. Proceedings st 'l'he Associetion ct Asphalt Peving Technologists. Technical Sessions Hold et Chicago. illinois Joinery 20 end 21. 1942. Vol-o 13 no issocietion o! Asphelt Peving i'echnolodsts. Proceedings of i'ho Aseoeietien oi isphnlt Peving technologists. Technicel Sessions Held et St. Louis. Missouri Revenber 30 end Deco-her l. 19%. Yolune it The issoeietion of Asphslt Paving Technologists. Proceedings of he Associetion of isphelt Peving technologists. Technioel Sessions held st Chieege. illinois Deoenber 1 end 2. 191.3. Value 15 J. I. Pennybecher. Asphelti leture's host Versetilo Product John I. not“. . Introduction to highs; Engineering. 13th Edition. 19%. hiohigen Itete Eightey Dspsrtnent. 191m Stenderd specificetiene for Reed end Bridge Construetien north Cereline Btete highwey end Public Works Conndssion. ttenlnrd Ipecitioetieno for Roads end Structures. Johnny 1. 19% Oregon State highway Connission. . specifications end Contrect Agree-nit fer stete Kighm. Construction. issue of 5 Septenbsr 15. 19130 tonne lighwey Depertnnit. Construction Bulletin C - 11+. October 19*] ROOM USE ONLY MICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRiES 1 V WNW“ 2350 | ”M 92 {NH Hi will!!!” 1 || , ‘1 M M 312 00