. I . I I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I I I i , I i\\\\\\\\\\\\1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\‘\\\\‘\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\l E F F E C T O S N O E F A h a R s D L A Y I R L Y A H T C b e e n o a c c e f t h e E A p r R T D I M N O A N M A I M G L E K E Y N I T E M D L E A S U R E S t e e q d u t o w a i r e m e r n d t s s f f u o l r fi l l m e n t M S U i t a n A fl ' m a t i w A c t i o n / E q u a l O p p o r t u n i t y I n s t i t u t i o n 0 - 1 2 7 7 1 I E S v ‘ 1 M l C H l G A N R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 3 1 2 9 0 0 3 T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d p r e s e n t e d b y K e v i n J . D i l l P h . D . d e g m i n A n i m a l S c i e n c e W 8 9 w ; M a a j o r p r o f e s s o r D a t e J u n e 2 4 , 1 9 9 1 l 1 M '1 i c L h U E i i n B g v R a e A s n r R i “ V t y e * P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T O A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e f o r e d a t e d u e . ' D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E % J L _ _ J - _ _ 4 S ; 3 - : _ | M S U I s A n A f f i r m a t i v e A c t i o r V E q u a l O p p o r t u n i t y I n s t i t u t i o n c i d r c M o m H J B P ? B C T 8 O ! D A I R Y H E R D M A K I G E H E N T H E A B U R E B O N E A R L ! L A C T A T I O N K I D ! Y I E L D V o l u m e I B Y K e v i n J a y D i l l A D I S S E R T A T I O N S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e e f ' ‘ p ' I I D C fl K u i i D F ’ I fi C E D O S C fl H T Y D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e 1 9 9 1 l o r h e r d s m e a s m e s e l e d e d a v e r a r e P Y O d u ‘ t i a n a l y u i s m e a S U f e s A B S T R A C T E F F E C T S O F D A I R Y E E R D H A N A G E H E N T M E A S U R E S O N E A R L Y L A C T A T I O N M I L K Y I E L D b y K e v i n J a y D i l l F o r t y - f o u r M i c h i g a n , H o l s t e i n h e r d s w e r e s t r a t i f i e d b y h e r d s i z e a n d p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l . T h i r t e e n m a n a g e m e n t m e a s u r e s e a c h f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a n d s e l e c t e d i n t e r a c t i o n s w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n a v e r a g e 4 % f a t c o r r e c t e d m i l k f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e D H I A p r o d u c t i o n t e s t s u s i n g s t a n d a r d i z e d p a r t i a l r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . P r i m i p a r o u s v a r i a b l e s c o n s i d e r e d i n c l u d e d b o d y m e a s u r e s , g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l , c a l v i n g a g e , h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , a n d p r e - a n d p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n m e a s u r e s . M u l t i p a r o u s m e a s u r e s i n c l u d e d r a t i o n , h e a l t h , a n d g e n e t i c m e a s u r e s , b o d y m e a s u r e s , a n d d r y p e r i o d a n d p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h . W i t h e r s h e i g h t h a d t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e o n p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l ' s p r o d u c t i o n i n a l l b u t o n e s e l e c t e d m o d e l w i t h t a l l e r a n i m a l s p r o d u c i n g m o r e m i l k . P o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n ' s e n e r g y d e n s i t y i n f l u e n c e d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l p r o d u c t i o n t h e m o s t b u t w a s n o t c o n s i s t e n t i n i t s d i r e c t i o n . G e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l w a s m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s t h a n p r i m i p a r o u s . P r o r P 0 P r e p a r t h e a l t h T h e s e p r e - a : d i f f e r s : G r ! i n t e r a c - m o d e l s . P Y O d u c i 1 0 v p r o K e v i n J a y D i l l P r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e t o r a t i o n m e a s u r e s , w h e t h e r p r e - o r p o s t p a r t u m , w e r e o p p o s i t e b e t w e e n p a r i t y g r o u p s . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y i n t e r a c t e d w i t h p o s t p a r t u m h e a l t h p r o b l e m s b u t d i f f e r e n t l y f o r e a c h p a r i t y g r o u p . T h e s e p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p a r i t i e s t o p r e - a n d p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n m e a s u r e s i n d i c a t e m a n a g e m e n t d i f f e r e n c e s n e e d e d f o r t h e t w o g r o u p s . G r e a t e r t h a n 2 0 v a r i a b l e s , q u a d r a t i c t e r m s , a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s r e m a i n e d i n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s . T h i s s u p p o r t s t h e c o n c e p t t h a t m a n a g e r s o f h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s a r e m o r e c o g n i z a n t o f m o r e d e t a i l s t h a n l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d E E E E C T S O E D A I R Y E E R D H A N A G E H E N T M E A S U R E S O N E A R L Y L A C T A T I O N M I L E Y I E L D p r e s e n t e d b y K e v i n J . D i l l h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d t o w a r d s f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y d e g r e e i n A n i m a l S c i e n c e W W ! ‘ M a j o r p r o f e s s o r ? D a t e S u n g 1 ‘ : l i i \ f a t h e : l i f e , I w o u l d l i k e t o d e d i c a t e t h i s w o r k t o t h e m e m o r y o f m y f a t h e r , H . L e o n D i l l . H e t a u g h t m e a b o u t c o w s , p e o p l e , l i f e , a n d G o d a n d I t h a n k h i m . v i a b i l i t y s u c h F u r t h e r m y i n t e w i t h e A l l e n , t h a n k . P r o g r a m C r e a t i n , t 0 c . u P l a n n i n T h a S S O C i a i n h e r p a r t i c i E a c h D E r S Q n a r M a d e n " h o s e b r e a t h A C R N O I L E D G H E N T S I w o u l d f i r s t l i k e t o t h a n k G o d f o r g i v i n g m e t h e a b i l i t y a n d o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a r n f r o m t h i s e x p e r i e n c e . I w o u l d e s p e c i a l l y l i k e t o t h a n k H . B u c h o l t z f o r b e i n g s u c h a g r e a t a d v i s e r , c o m m i t t e e c h a i r , a n d g u i d e . F u r t h e r m o r e , f o r a l l o w i n g m e t o p u r s u e a r e s e a r c h t o p i c o f m y i n t e r e s t . Y o u r a d v i c e w a s a l w a y s p e r t i n e n t a n d s e a s o n e d w i t h e x p e r i e n c e . T h e r e m a i n i n g c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s , M . A l l e n , L . C o n n o r , R . E m e r y , J . G i l l , a n d D . H a w k i n s , I t h a n k e a c h o f y o u f o r t h e v a l u a b l e i n p u t t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o g r a m . T h a n k s g o e s t o C . J u m p a n d M . H o g b e r g f o r c r e a t i n g t h e r i g h t e n v i r o n m e n t f o r m e t o w o r k i n . T h a n k s t o C . M e a d o w s f o r s h a r i n g i d e a s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g t h e p l a n n i n g s t a g e . T h a n k s t o T . F e r r i s , A . T h e l e n , T . S p e e r s , a n d o t h e r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h M i c h i g a n D H I , I n c . f o r c o o p e r a t i n g s o w e l l i n h e r d s e l e c t i o n a n d d a t a r e t r i e v a l . T h a n k s t o t h e 4 4 p a r t i c i p a t i n g f a r m e r s a n d h e r d m a n a g e r s o f t h i s s t u d y . E a c h o f y o u w a s v a l u a b l e t o t h e s t u d y a n d e n j o y a b l e t o m e p e r s o n a l l y . T h a n k s t o E . M o e g g e n b e r g a n d L . S o l o r z a n o w h o m a d e m y f a r m v i s i t s r u n s m o o t h l y a n d t o J . a n d M . A d a m s w h o s e h o s p i t a l i t y o n o v e r n i g h t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s w a s a b r e a t h o f f r e s h a i r . v i i O ' N e ; l a b o r L i e s u s t a t i b e i n g m o r n i i a n d c h i s c T h a n k s f a r m v S m e l l 1 a n d d i s 3 - H o v e F i " g r a d u a p r ° 9 r a m e n d l e s s c O r r e c t T h a n k s t o D . M a i n ( w h o r u n s a v e r y e f f i c i e n t l a b ) , K . O ' N e i l , R . K o h n , a n d C . b u r n s f o r a s s i s t i n g m e i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y m e t h o d s u s e d f o r f e e d a n a l y s i s . T h a n k s t o J . L i e s m a n f o r t h e m u c h n e e d e d g u i d a n c e i n c o m p u t e r , s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . T h a n k s t o m y o f f i c e s u i t e c o m r a d e s ; R . E r i c k s o n f o r b e i n g a v a i l a b l e t o t a l k o v e r i d e a s a n d g r e e t i n g m e e v e r y m o r n i n g ; J . S h e l l e f o r e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h p r e l i m i n a r i e s a n d d e f e n s e : D . B a n k s f o r a n o p e n d o o r p o l i c y , a c c e s s t o h i s c o m p u t e r , a n d a n s w e r i n g n u m e r o u s l i t t l e q u e s t i o n s . T h a n k s t o K . D o b s o n f o r k e e p i n g t r a c k o f m e a n d s c h e d u l i n g f a r m v i s i t s . T h a n k s t o a l l o f y o u f o r p u t t i n g u p w i t h t h e s m e l l o f f e r m e n t e d f e e d s e m a n a t i n g t h r o u g h t h e o f f i c e . T h a n k s t o E . L e h n i n g h e l p i n g m e d u r i n g p r e l i m i n a r i e s a n d d i s s e r t a t i o n a n d p r e s e n t a t i o n p r e p a r a t i o n s . T h a n k s t o K . H o w a r d f o r p r o v i d i n g n u m e r o u s ” s t u d y b r e a k s ” . F i n a l l y , t h a n k s s o m u c h t o J . Y o u n g f o r b e i n g m y " g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t " a n d h e l p i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e a u t h o r ' s p r o g r a m . Y o u w e r e a l w a y s a v a i l a b l e t o d o t h e s e e m i n g l y e n d l e s s , t h a n k l e s s j o b s ; t y p i n g n u m e r o u s t a b l e s a n d c o r r e c t i o n s , a n d o r g a n i z i n g t h e p r i n t i n g p r o c e s s . v i i i L i s t 0 L i s t a L i s t 0 L i s t 0 I n t r o d L i t e r a M i l k h a n a g N u t r i ‘ G Q H E t T A B L E 0 ! C O N T E N T S L i s t O f T a b l e s . O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . X i i i L i s t o f F i g u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v i i i L i s t O f ” b r e V i a t i o n s O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O x X i v L i s t O f N o m e n C I a t u r e O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . m i i I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l k Y i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M a n a g e m e n t S t u d i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N u t r i t i o n M a n a g e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . R a t i o n B a l a n c i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . E n e r g y L e v e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . P r o t e i n L e v e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . E n e r g y a n d P r o t e i n I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . F i b e r L e v e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . G r o u p i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . P r e p a r t u m F e e d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B o d y C o n d i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B o d y M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A g e a t C a l v i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h a n d P r e v i o u s L a c t a t i o n L e n g t h . . . . . . . G e n e t i c “ v a l 0 0 . . . . 0 . . . . O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 0 . . . . . . i x I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l l l l l l l l l l l - I I I I I - n r — — 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 3 H e r d 1 1 . G 1 2 . M i S u m m e r H a t e r i H e r d : H e r d ‘ H e r d H e a l t h 0 0 . . . . . . O 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . O O O O C O O O O O O O O O 0 . . . . 1 . 2 . G e n e r a l H e a l t h O . I 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . M a s t i t i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M a t e r i a l a n d M e t h o d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e r d s e l e c t i o n 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O I O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . . . H e r d V i s i t s c o c o . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . e e e e o e e c c c c c 1 . 2 . I n i t i a l F a r m V i s i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S e c o n d a n d T h i r d F a r m V i s i t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l k C o m p o s i t i o n , G e n e t i c L e v e l , C a l v i n g A g e , D r y P e r i o d , a n d P r e v i o u s L a c t a t i o n L e n g t h . . . . . . . . . . A n i m a l M e a s u r e s a n d H e r d H e a l t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F e e d A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n e r g y D e t e r m i n a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n i m a l I n t a k e a n d N u t r i e n t M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s A n i m a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . c o m p l e t e D a t a 0 C I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O E x c 1 u d i n g G e n e t i c D a t a 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 E x c l u d i n g S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A l l P r i m i p a r o u s D a t a S e t s C o m b i n e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s A n i m a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . c o m p l e t e D a t a . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . 0 0 . . . . E x c l u d i n g G e n e t i c D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E x c l u d i n g S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A l l M u l t i p a r o u s D a t a S e t s C o m b i n e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 7 2 9 2 9 3 O 3 O 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 9 3 9 3 9 4 8 5 6 6 1 7 1 7 1 7 8 8 4 9 5 n w a - m u m M o d e l « P r i m i p p r i m i ‘ 1 . V i M u l t i p m u l t i G e n e r a B o , M o d e l a n d D a t a S e t D i s c u s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 8 P r i m i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n - v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 1 . W i t h e r s ” E i g h t . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O 0 . . . . . . 0 0 0 . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 . A g e . . . . O I . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O C C O O O O 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 M u l t i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n - v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . 1 1 7 1 . D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 7 2 . P r e v i o u s L a c t a t i n g L e n g t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9 G e n e r a l D i s c u s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 1 . P r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 2 . G e n e t i c L e v e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 3 . A n i m a l M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 B o d y C o n d i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 B o d y W e i g h t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3 4 . H e a l t h a n d P r e p a r t u m N u t r i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7 H e a l t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7 P r e p a r t u m N u t r i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3 H e a l t h a n d P r e p a r t u m I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 9 5 . P o s t p a r t u m N u t r i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 0 G e n e r a l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 0 D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 2 D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e a n d B o d y W e i g h t I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . 1 6 3 D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e a n d W i t h e r s H e i g h t I n t e r a c t i o n . . 1 6 7 D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e a n d E n e r g y D e n s i t y I n t e r a c t i o n . . 1 7 1 E n e r g y D e n s i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 7 A c i d D e t e r g e n t F i b e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 8 E n e r g y D e n s i t y a n d B o d y C o n d i t i o n I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . 1 8 8 x i — E n e C r u C r u S u m m a r y A p p e n d i c L i s t o f E n e r g y D e n s i t y a n d H e a l t h I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 8 c m d e P r o t e i n 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 3 C r u d e P r o t e i n a n d E n e r g y D e n s i t y I n t e r a c t i o n . . . . . . 1 9 6 S u m m a r y a n d C o n c l u s i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 A p p e n d i c e s 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O I O . . . . . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 L i s t O f R e f e r e n c e s 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . . . . . . O 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 x i i 1 0 . 1 1 0 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 L 1 8 1 ? 0 1 ' T A B L E S T a b l e B a g s 1 . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - “ O d e l o n e E q u a t i o n o n e 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . 4 o 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 3 . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - M e a n s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . 4 5 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - m e d a l o n e E w a t i o n o n e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 4 9 5 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 6 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - M e a n s 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 7 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 8 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M e d a l w o E q u a t i o n o n e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 5 9 9 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 1 0 . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M e a n s 0 0 0 . . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 l l . P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 1 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - ” G a e l w e E q u a t i o n o n e 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 6 8 1 3 . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - ” O d e l o n e E w a t i o n o n e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 1 4 . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - ” “ 8 1 o n e E q u a t i o n W 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 7 3 x i i i 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . A . 1 A . 2 A . 3 A . 4 B E E S M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - M a d e l w o E q u a t i o n o n e 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - M e a n s 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a — M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - m e a n s 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . . 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - “ “ 6 1 “ a E w a t i o n o n e 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 9 7 M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - “ B a n s 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - " “ 3 1 o n e E q u a t i o n o n e 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - “ O d e l o n e E w a t i o n m o 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - ” “ 3 1 “ 0 E q u a t i o n o n e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 F e e d i n g M a n a g e m e n t - M e a n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 1 P r i m i p a r o u s H e r d H e a l t h D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 7 M u l t i p a r o u s H e r d H e a l t h D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 2 P r i m i p a r o u s M o n t h l y M i l k P r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 7 M u l t i p a r o u s M o n t h l y M i l k P r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 0 x i v A . 9 A . 1 0 A . 1 1 A . 1 2 A . 1 3 A . 1 4 A . 1 5 A . 1 9 A . 2 0 A . 2 1 P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - C o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - R a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - C o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . C O C C O O C O C O O O O O O O O 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - R a t i o n I n t o n a t i o n 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - c o r r e l a t i o n s . 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . . . . O . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - R a t i o n I n t o n a t i o n 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 O . 2 3 9 $ 2 2 3 2 2 5 2 2 7 2 2 9 2 3 0 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 6 2 3 8 2 4 1 2 4 3 2 4 5 2 4 7 2 4 9 2 5 1 2 5 3 A . 2 2 A . 2 2 A . 2 3 3 . 2 4 A . 2 5 A . 2 6 5 . 2 7 A . 2 8 A . 2 9 A . 3 O A . 3 1 A . 3 2 A . 3 3 A . 3 4 A . 3 5 A . 3 6 A . 3 7 P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t T h r e e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - c o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - R a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - c o r r e l a t i o n s 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v i 2 1 9 : 2 5 6 2 5 8 2 6 0 2 6 1 2 6 3 2 6 5 2 6 7 2 6 9 2 7 1 2 7 3 2 7 5 2 7 6 2 7 7 2 7 8 2 8 0 2 8 2 A . 3 E A . 3 § A . 4 C A . 4 1 A . 4 6 A 0 4 7 A . 5 ; L 5 A . 3 8 A . 3 9 A . 4 0 A . 4 1 A . 4 2 A . 4 3 A . 4 4 A . 4 5 A . 4 6 A . 4 7 A . 4 8 A . 5 1 A . 5 3 A . 5 4 M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - R a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - C o r r e l a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - A n i m a l a n d H e a l t h M e a s u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - R a t i o n I n t o n a t i o n . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . . . 0 . 0 0 M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n A m o u n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y R e q u i r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d I n t a k e s . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a - P r e p a r t u m R a t i o n N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t O n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t T w o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a - P o s t p a r t u m R a t i o n I n t a k e s a n d N u t r i e n t C o m p o s i t i o n s - V i s i t T h r e e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e r d S i z e s a n d P r o d u c t i o n L e v e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H e r d M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v i i B E B E 2 8 4 2 8 7 2 8 9 2 9 1 2 9 3 2 9 5 2 9 7 2 9 9 3 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 3 3 0 4 3 0 6 3 0 8 3 1 0 3 1 2 3 1 5 F i fl z g 1 . 1 3 1 4 . L I S T O F F I G U R E S f i g u r e 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e P r i m i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a 1 ) M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e 2 ) P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e 4 ) P r i m i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e 5 ) P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e 7 ) P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e 8 ) P r i m i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c C e l l C o u n t D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o ( T a b l e 9 ) P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e P r i m i p a r o u s A l l D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a . M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e M u l t i p a r o u s C o m p l e t e D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e ( T a b l e M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n T w o ( T a b l e x v i i i 1 1 ) 1 2 ) 1 3 ) 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 7 ) 1 8 ) B E B E 4 2 4 4 5 0 5 2 5 8 6 2 6 3 6 9 7 0 7 4 7 5 7 7 8 5 8 6 2 8 . 1 6 1 7 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 0 0 3 1 . fi g u r e 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e M u l t i p a r o u s N o G e n e t i c M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e M u l t i p a r o u s N o S o m a t i c M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n T w o M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n O n e M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a M o d e l O n e E q u a t i o n T w o M u l t i p a r o u s A l l D a t a M o d e l T w o E q u a t i o n O n e P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y W i t h e r s H e i g h t ( T a b l e s 2 8 1 1 ) P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y W i t h e r s H e i g h t ( T a b l e s 4 E 7 ) P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y A g e A t P a r t u r i t i o n ( T a b l e s 1 ) M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h ( T a b l e 1 3 2 2 2 ) M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h ( T a b l e 2 6 ) M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e v i o u s L a c t a t i o n L e n g t h ( T a b l e 1 7 ) P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y S i r e P T A F o r M i l k ( T a b l e 1 ) M u l t i p a r o u s B y S i r e P T A F o r M i l k ( T a b l e s 1 3 8 2 2 ) B a s e D a t a ( T a b l e 1 9 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9 D a t a ( T a b l e 2 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 C e l l C o u n t D a t a ( T a b l e 2 2 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O 9 6 C e l l C o u n t D a t a ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 C e l l C o u n t D a t a ( T a b 1 8 2 4 ) . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O 1 0 0 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 . . . . . O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5 . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . O . . . O . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . . . O O 1 2 1 . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 2 . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 2 5 . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . 1 2 6 P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y S i r e P T A a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e 7 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 1 2 7 x i x ' 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . j 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . : 4 s . 4 6 . 4 7 , 1 4 8 . l fi g u r e B a s e 3 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y S i r e P T A a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e s 1 3 ‘ 2 2 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8 3 3 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e ( T a b l e 1 ) . . . . . . C O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . 1 3 0 3 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e ( T a b l e s 4 & 7 ) . . . . . . O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . 1 3 1 3 5 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e ( T a b l e 2 2 ) 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 . 0 0 . . . . . . 1 3 2 3 6 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y W e i g h t ( T a b l e s l ‘ 4 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . O O O O O O O 1 3 4 3 7 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y W e i g h t ( T a b l e 1 3 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . 1 3 5 3 8 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y B o d y W e i g h t ( T w 1 3 8 2 2 & 2 6 ) . . . . . . O O O O O U O O O O . . . . . O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 3 9 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y H e a l t h S c o r e ( T 3 b 1 8 8 1 ‘ 4 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 3 9 4 0 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y H e a l t h S c o r e ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . . . . 0 0 0 . . . . . . 1 4 0 4 1 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y H e a l t h S c o r e ( T a b 1 3 8 1 3 & 2 2 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O . . . . . . O O O I I O O O O O . . . 1 4 1 4 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e s l ‘ 7 ) 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O 1 4 5 4 3 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . O 1 4 6 4 4 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e s 1 3 ‘ 2 2 ’ 0 . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O 1 4 7 4 5 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 4 8 4 6 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e 1 ) . . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 5 0 4 7 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e s 1 7 ‘ 2 2 ) 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 5 1 4 8 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n D i f f e r e n c e ( T a b l e 2 6 ) 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O I I O O O O O O O O O O . . . 0 . . . . . . 1 5 2 U A I — 4 . V A U ’ A 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . S 3 . 5 4 . S S . 5 6 , 5 7 . 5 8 5 9 . s o . 5 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 ‘ 6 4 . 6 5 . 2 1 m w e 4 9 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d H e a l t h ( T a b 1 6 8 1 & 4 ) . . . . . . C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . O O C O O O O 1 5 3 5 0 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e 1 1 ) 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 . . . . . . 1 5 4 5 1 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d H e a l t h ( T a b 1 9 2 6 ) 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 . . . . . . 1 5 5 5 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e s 4 & 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7 5 3 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n a n d H e a l t h ( T a b 1 8 8 1 7 & 2 2 ) 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8 5 4 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P r e p a r t u m P r o t e i n a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 5 9 5 5 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e ( T a b 1 9 8 1 & 4 ) 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O I O O O O O O O 0 . 0 . . . . . . 1 6 4 5 6 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e ( T a b l e s 7 ‘ 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . O . . . 1 6 5 5 7 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m D r y M a t t e r I n t a k e ( T a b l e 1 3 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . 1 6 6 5 8 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d B o d y w e i g h t ( T 3 b 1 9 8 1 ‘ 7 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . . 1 6 8 5 9 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d B o d y w e i g h t ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O I O 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . O . . . 1 6 9 6 0 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d B o d y w e i g h t ( T a b 1 8 8 1 3 ‘ 2 6 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O 0 . 0 1 7 0 6 1 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d W i t h e r s “ E i g h t ( T a b l e s 4 & 7 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 7 2 6 2 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d W i t h e r s H e i g h t ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . . . . . . O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 7 3 6 3 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b l e s 4 i 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 4 6 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d E n e r g y D e n 8 1 t y ( T a b l e s 1 1 ) . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 7 5 6 5 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m I n t a k e a n d E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b l e s 1 3 5 2 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 6 x x i 1 1 3 3 1 2 6 6 . 6 7 . P ( 6 8 . r ; 6 9 . 1 ~ 7 o . 1 7 1 . 1 7 2 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 S . 7 6 . 7 7 . 7 e 2 1 m , P a g e 6 6 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b l e s l ‘ 4 ) 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 . . . . 1 7 9 6 7 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b l e 1 1 ) 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 8 0 6 8 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b 1 3 8 1 3 & 1 7 ) . 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . O . 1 8 1 6 9 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y D e n s i t y ( T a b 1 3 8 2 2 & 2 6 ) . . . . . . 0 . . . . 0 . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 1 8 2 7 0 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m A c i d D e t e r g e n t F 1 b e r ( T a b l e s l & 4 ) . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . 0 . . . . 1 8 4 7 1 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m A c i d D e t e r g e n t F i b e r ( T a b l e s 7 6 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 5 7 2 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m A c i d D e t e r g e n t F 1 b e r ( T a b 1 9 8 1 3 & 1 7 ) 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 7 3 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m A c i d D e t e r g e n t F i b e r ( T a b 1 8 2 6 ) 0 . 0 . 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 8 7 7 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d B o d y c o n d i t i o n ( T a b l e s l ‘ 7 ) . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 . . . . 0 . 1 8 9 7 5 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d B o d y c o n d i t i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . 1 9 0 7 6 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d B o d y c o n d i t i o n ( T a b l e s 1 7 ‘ 2 2 ) 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . 1 9 1 7 7 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d B o d y c o n d i t i o n ( T a b l e 2 6 ) 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . 1 9 2 7 8 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d H e a l t h ( T a b 1 3 8 1 3 ‘ 1 7 ) . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . O . 1 9 4 7 9 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d H e a l t h ( T a b l e 2 6 ) 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 5 8 0 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b l e s l “ ) 0 . 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . . . . O 1 9 7 8 1 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b l a s 7 ‘ 1 1 ) 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . . 0 . . 0 0 . . . . . . 1 9 8 8 2 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b l e s 1 3 ‘ 1 7 ) 0 . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 1 9 9 x x i i t i s s u e h a s : 8 3 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 2 0 0 8 4 . P r i m i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b 1 e 8 1 & 4 ) . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 2 8 5 . M u l t i p a r o u s M i l k B y P o s t p a r t u m E n e r g y a n d C r u d e P r o t e i n ( T a b 1 6 2 6 ) 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3 x x i i i ! 2 E U o : r t n o F . ” E S P ) P ( P < P 1 P 1 L I S T O F A B B R E V I A E I O N B 1 2 m m : M - m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a M A L - c o m b i n e s a l l 3 m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s ( M C , M N G , M N S ) M C - m u l t i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t M N G - m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s M N S - m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g s o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t P - p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a P A L - c o m b i n e s a l l 3 p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s ( P C , P N G , P N S ) P C - p r i m i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t P C 2 - p r i m i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t , m o d e l 2 P N G - p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s P N S - p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g s o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t m a g n u m M 1 - m o d e l 1 : c o n s i d e r s r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n v a l u e s M 2 - m o d e l 2 : c o n s i d e r s e s t i m a t e d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n v a l u e s E 1 - e q u a t i o n 1 : e q u a t i o n o f f i r s t c h o i c e w i t h i n a m o d e l E 2 - e q u a t i o n 2 : e q u a t i o n o f s e c o n d c h o i c e w i t h i n a m o d e l x x i v a : B r i s t l e : A D F , A D F 2 a - p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n a c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r p e r c e n t a g e A G E , A G E Z - a g e i n m o n t h s ( p r i m i p a r o u s o n l y ) B C S , B C S Z - b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e 1 - 3 0 d a y s p o s t p a r t u m C P , C P 2 - p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n c r u d e p r o t e i n p e r c e n t a g e D M I , D M I Z - p o s t p a r t u m d r y m a t t e r i n t a k e i n k g / d a y D P , D P 2 - d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h i n d a y s ( m u l t i p a r o u s o n l y ) E D , E D 2 - p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n e n e r g y d e n s i t y i n M c a l / k g H E A L W H , H E A D T H Z - h e a l t h s c o r e P L L , P L L 2 - p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h i n d a y s ( m u l t i p a r o u s o n l y ) P T A M , P T A M Z - s i r e p r e d i c t e d t r a n s m i t t i n g a b i l i t y f o r ' m i l k i n k g S C C , S C C 2 - s o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t l i n e a r s c o r e N H , W H Z - w i t h e r s h e i g h t i n c m ( p r i m i p a r o u s o n l y ) W T , W T 2 - b o d y w e i g h t i n k g X S N E L , X S N E L Z - r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n M c a l N E E / d a y ( M o d e l 1 o n l y ) X S P R O T E S , X S P T E S Z - e s t i m a t e d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n g / d a y ( M o d e l 2 o n l y ) X S P R O T R D , X S P T R D Z - r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n g / d a y ( M o d e l 1 o n l y ) I n t e r a c t i o n s m u m - m u x w n D M I X W T - D M I X W T D M I X E D - D H I X E D E D X C P - E D X C P E D X B C S - E D X B C S E D X H E A L - E D X H E A L T H P T X H E A L - P T A M X H E A D T H X S N E L X H - X S N E L X H E A L E H X S P E S X H - X S P R O T E S X H E A L E H X S P R D X H - X S P R O T R D X H E A D T H a A D F 2 - s q u a r e d t e r m x x v i I " ! A D F - A I - B C S - R N o r C I - C P - D E - D H I / D 1 D I M - D I P - D H - D H I - D P E D - A D F - A I - B C S - B W o r b w - C I - D E - D H I / D H I A - D I M - D I P - D H - D H I - D P - E D - L I B ? O E N O M E N C L h I U R E a c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ; a f e e d n u t r i e n t m e a s u r e o f t h e c e l l u l o s e a n d l i g n i n c o n t e n t a r t i f i c i a l i n s e m i n a t i o n ; a s o p p o s e d t o n a t u r a l m a t i n g b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e : m e a s u r e o f e x t e r n a l b o d y r e s e r v e s b o d y w e i g h t c a l v i n g i n t e r v a l ; d a y s b e t w e e n t w o c o n s e c u t i v e p a r t u r i t i o n s c r u d e p r o t e i n ; a f e e d n u t r i e n t m e a s u r e d e t e r - m i n e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g 6 . 2 5 t i m e s t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t d i g e s t i b l e e n e r g y : e n e r g y w i t h t h e p o t e n t i a l t o b e a b s o r b e d D a i r y H e r d I m p r o v e m e n t / A s s o c i a t i o n ; a h e r d m i l k p r o d u c t i o n a n d i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e d a y s i n m i l k ; n u m b e r o f d a y s a n a n i m a l o r g r o u p o f a n i m a l s h a s b e e n p r o d u c i n g m i l k i n t h e c u r r e n t l a c t a t i o n d e g r a d e d i n t a k e p r o t e i n : c r u d e p r o t e i n b r o k e n d o w n i n t h e r u m e n d r y m a t t e r : t o t a l f e e d m i n u s t h e w a t e r w e i g h t d r y m a t t e r i n t a k e : d r y f e e d w e i g h t c o n s u m e d b y a n a n i m a l d a y s o p e n ; n u m b e r o f d a y s b e t w e e n p a r t u r i t i o n a n d c o n c e p t i o n d r y p e r i o d ; n o n - l a c t a t i n g p e r i o d b e t w e e n t w o c o n s e c u t i v e l a c t a t i o n s e n e r g y d e n s i t y : M c a l o f e n e r g y / u n i t o f f e e d x x v i i B E F C M F : C - F F A - G I - I O F C ' I P - I V A D . I V T D - M e a l - N E I L - N R c - P L L - I O F C I P - I V A D - I V T D - M c a l - N D F - N E L - P T A M - e t h e r e x t r a c t ; l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e w h i c h e s t i m a t e s a f e e d ' s l i p i d c o n t e n t f a t c o r r e c t e d m i l k : c o r r e c t i o n o f m i l k p r o d u c t i o n t o a c o m m o n f a t p e r c e n t a g e t o m o r e a c c u r a t e l y c o m p a r e y i e l d s f o r a g e z c o n c e n t r a t e r a t i o ; g r o s s i n d i c a t o r o f a r a t i o n ' s a b i l i t y t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e f i b e r f r e e f a t t y a c i d s g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l : t h e d i g e s t i v e s y s t e m w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e c o m p a r t m e n t e d s t o m a c h a n d i n t e s t i n e s i n c o m e o v e r f e e d c o s t i n t a k e p r o t e i n ; c r u d e p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d i n y i t g g a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y : I V T D c o r r e c t e d f o r f e c a l , m e t a b o l i c , a n d e n d o g e n o u s m a t t e r i n y i t r g t r u e d i g e s t i b i l i t y : l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e w h i c h s i m u l a t e s r u m e n d i g e s t i o n m e g a c a l o r i e : a n e n e r g y m e a s u r e e q u a l t o 1 m i l l i o n c a l o r i e s n e u t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r : a f e e d n u t r i e n t m e a s u r e o f t h e t o t a l f i b e r o r c e l l w a l l c o n t e n t w h i c h i n c l u d e s h e m i c e l l u l o s e , c e l l u l o s e , a n d l i g n i n n e t e n e r g y o f l a c t a t i o n ; e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e t o p r o d u c e p r o d u c t i e . m i l k N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l : e s t a b l i s h e s n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a n i m a l s p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h : n u m b e r o f d a y s a n a n i m a l l a c t a t e d o r p r o d u c e d m i l k i n t h e l a c t a t i o n w h i c h p r e c e d e d t h e c u r r e n t l a c t a t i o n p r e d i c t e d t r a n s m i t t i n g a b i l i t y f o r m i l k ; a m e a s u r e o f t h e a n i m a l ' s g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l f o r m i l k r o l l i n g h e r d a v e r a g e : m o n t h l y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a h e r d ' s p r o d u c t i o n a v e r a g e f o r t h e l a s t 3 6 5 d a y s x x v i i i S C C ' S T D E S T T D N - T M R - U I P - S C C - S T D E S T - T D N - U I P - s o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t : i n d i c a t o r o f m a m m a r y i n f e c t i o n r e p o r t e d i n n u m b e r / m 1 o f m i l k s t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e ; s t a t i s t i c a l t e r m s w h i c h a l l o w s c o m p a r i s o n s o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i a b l e s o n a n e q u a l b a s i s t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s ; a g r o s s , t o t a l f e e d v a l u e m e a s u r e t o t a l m i x e d r a t i o n ; f e e d i n g p r a c t i c e w h i c h b l e n d s a l l f e e d s a s o p p o s e d t o o f f e r i n g f e e d s s e p a r a t e l y u n d e g r a d e d i n t a k e p r o t e i n ; c r u d e p r o t e i n n o t b r o k e n d o w n i n t h e r u m e n x x i x D e p r e s s u r fi c o s t s a : d a i r y 1 w i t h t a t t a i n a n d F 1 9 t h e . ( j g I N T R O D U C T I O N D a i r y f a r m n e t i n c o m e l e v e l s a r e c o n s t a n t l y u n d e r p r e s s u r e f r o m i n c r e a s i n g f i x e d a n d / o r v a r i a b l e p r o d u c t i o n c o s t s a n d u n s t a b l e m i l k p r i c e s . S u c c e s s f u l m a n a g e m e n t o f a d a i r y p r o d u c t i o n e n t e r p r i s e r e q u i r e s a s k i l l f u l o p e r a t o r w i t h t h e a b i l i t y t o m a n a g e t h e r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o a t t a i n m a x i m u m p r o f i t ( W i l l e t t a n d A l b r i g h t , 1 9 6 8 : C a r l e y a n d F l e t c h e r , 1 9 8 6 ) . T h e t w o k e y f a c t o r s w h i c h d i c t a t e g r o s s r e c e i p t s o f t h e d a i r y o p e r a t i o n a r e 1 . ) h e r d s i z e a n d 2 . ) m i l k p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l ( E t g e n g ; g l . , 1 9 8 7 ) . L e v e l o f m i l k p r o d u c t i o n i s s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d t o p r o f i t a n d n e t f a r m i n c o m e ( E t g e n , g ; a 1 , 1 9 8 7 ) . E n t e r p r i s e v i a b i l i t y r e l i e s o n t h e m a n a g e r ’ s s k i l l a t u s i n g 1 . ) d e s c r i p t i v e , 2 . ) d i a g n o s t i c , 3 . ) p r e d i c t i v e , a n d 4 . ) p r e s c r i p t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n t o r e a c h h e r d g o a l s ( A p p l e m a n a n d N o b l e , 1 9 8 5 ) . M e a s u r i n g r e s u l t s o f m a n a g e m e n t c h a n g e s t h r o u g h c h a n g e s i n h e r d p r o d u c t i o n i s m o r e e f f e c t i v e t h a n u s i n g p r o f i t a s a n i n d i c a t o r ( S p e i c h e r a n d L a s s i t e r , 1 9 6 5 ) b e c a u s e a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r s a f f e c t p r o f i t a b i l i t y . E a r l y l a c t a t i o n m i l k y i e l d i s a m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t o f i n c o m e f o r t h a t l a c t a t i o n b e c a u s e o f 1 . ) g r e a t e r i n c o m e o v e r f e e d c o s t ( I O F C ) a n d 2 . ) s i m i l a r r a t e s o f p o s t - p e a k p r o d u c t : T h e r e f o : l a c t a t i c T h « f o r b o g e n e t i c m a s t i t i n u t r i t i P O S t p a r e n e r g y , f o r p r j 2 p r o d u c t i o n d e c l i n e w i t h i n p a r i t i e s , r e g a r d l e s s o f p e a k . T h e r e f o r e , h i g h e r p r o d u c t i o n p e a k s r e s u l t i n g r e a t e r l a c t a t i o n y i e l d s . T h e f a c t o r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e e a r l y l a c t a t i o n m i l k y i e l d f o r b o t h p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n c l u d e , 1 . ) g e n e t i c l e v e l , 2 . ) b o d y c o n d i t i o n , 3 . ) b o d y w e i g h t , 4 . ) m a s t i t i s l e v e l , 5 . ) h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , 6 . ) p r e p a r t u m n u t r i t i o n a l a d e q u a c y ( e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n ) , a n d 7 . ) p o s t p a r t u m n u t r i t i o n a l a d e q u a c y ( d r y m a t t e r i n t a k e ( D M I ) , e n e r g y , p r o t e i n , a n d f i b e r l e v e l s ) . S t a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a r e n e e d e d a s b o d y w e i g h t a l o n e i s n o t a n a d e q u a t e m e a s u r e t o i n d i c a t e d e s i r a b l e b o d y s i z e ( S i e b e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g a f f e c t s m i l k p r o d u c t i o n ( L u s h a n d S c h r o d e , 1 9 5 0 ; K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 5 ) . F o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n ( F u n k e ; 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) a n d d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h i n f l u e n c e m i l k p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s ( K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 6 ) . M a n y r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e e v a l u a t e d t h e s e f a c t o r s i n d i v i d u a l l y b u t t h i s i g n o r e s i n t e r a c t i o n a n d c a n l o s e e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n o v e r a l l s y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e ( C o n g l e t o n , 1 9 8 4 ) . L e g a t e s ( 1 9 9 0 a ) s t a t e s , " f u t u r e r e s e a r c h w i l l d e p e n d h e a v i l y o n a m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y a p p r o a c h a n d c o n n e c t b a s i c f i n d i n g s t o t h e i r d e m o n s t r a t e d u s e f u l n e s s " . I n a 1 9 8 7 M i c h i g a n s u r v e y o f d a i r y p r o d u c e r s 2 3 . 2 % w e r e c a r r y i n g d e b t - t o - a s s e t r a t i o s g r e a t e r t h a n 7 0 % ( C o n n o r g t a 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e s t h a t p r o d u c e r s i n c r e a s e e x i t . w h i c h e a r l y T h e r e 3 t h e c u r r e n t h e r d ' s a b i l i t y t o s e r v i c e d e b t o r f a c e b u s i n e s s e x i t . I t w o u l d b e b e n e f i c i a l f o r d a i r y f a r m e r s t o k n o w w h i c h m a n a g e m e n t a r e a o r a r e a s t o f o c u s o n t o m a x i m i z e e a r l y l a c t a t i o n m i l k y i e l d a n d t h u s p r o f i t a b i l i t y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h i s s t u d y w e r e : 1 . ) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s a n d l e v e l s o f h e r d m a n a g e m e n t m e a s u r e s o n a v e r a g e d a i l y 4 % F C M f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e D H I A p r o d u c t i o n t e s t s . 2 . ) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f h e r d m a n a g e m e n t m e a s u r e s w h i c h h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e o n a v e r a g e d a i l y 4 % F C M o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e D H I A p r o d u c t i o n t e s t s . 3 . ) t o d e t e r m i n e d i f f e r e n c e s i n h e r d m a n a g e m e n t m e a s u r e s b e t w e e n h e r d s i z e s a n d p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s . M i l k l a c t a ‘ C u r r i ‘ P r O d U 1 1 a c t a 1 C u r v i l P r o f i t V h e n e x P r i t c r c o w s 5 u n i t s 1 9 8 6 ; S c h a e f t a k e 1 g r e a t ( C o n g ‘ R e g e a d e C l i l a c t a - L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E I M i l k Y i e l d T h e d a i r y c o w ' s i n s t i n c t t o p r o d u c e m i l k i n e a r l y l a c t a t i o n i s a t o t a l p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o m m i t m e n t ( B a u m a n a n d C u r r i e , 1 9 8 0 ) . E a c h k i l o g r a m ( k g ) i n c r e a s e i n p e a k p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t s i n 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 k g m o r e m i l k f o r t h a t l a c t a t i o n ( S m i t h , 1 9 9 0 ; D H I A R e p o r t e r , 1 9 9 0 ) . M c G i l l i a r d g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 9 0 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t n e t c a s h i n c o m e i n c r e a s e d c u r v i l i n e a r l y w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s p r o f i t a b l e t o f e e d a n d m a n a g e f o r i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n w h e n e v e r i n c o m e o v e r t o t a l c o s t s i s p o s i t i v e ( S c h m i d t a n d P r i t c h a r d , 1 9 8 7 ) . T h i s i s a r e s u l t o f h i g h e r p r o d u c i n g c o w s s p r e a d i n g t h e f i x e d c o s t o f b o d y m a i n t e n a n c e o v e r m o r e u n i t s o f o u t p u t ( A l l a i r e a n d T h r a e n , 1 9 8 5 ; L e g a t e s , 1 9 9 0 b ) . L a c t a t i o n c u r v e s v a r y b y c a l v i n g s e a s o n ( K e o w n g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ; K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 5 ; P e r e r a g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ; S c h a e f f e r g t 5 1 . , 1 9 7 7 ) . A l s o , f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s t a k e l o n g e r t o r e a c h p e a k p r o d u c t i o n , h a v e l o w e r p e a k s , a n d g r e a t e r p r o d u c t i o n p e r s i s t e n c y t h a n t h a n d o m a t u r e a n i m a l s ( C o n g l e t o n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 0 ; S h a n k s g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 1 a ) . R e s e a r c h f r o m D i x A r n o l d a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 3 6 ) s h o w e d a 9 . 1 3 % d e c l i n e f o r e a c h m o n t h p o s t - p e a k f o r s e c o n d a n d g r e a t e r l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s . O t h e r d a t a ( M c C r a w a n d B u t c h e r , 1 9 7 6 ) 3 $ : o t S U Q Q ‘ l a c t i d e c l : S c h n c d u r i r p e r s j s h o w s p e r s j i n c r e d e c r e P e a k P e r s i g r e a t l a c t a m u l t i ; P e d r s ' p e r s i , m i l k l a C t a i n e r e u n l t i I “ h a g d a t e 5 s u g g e s t d e c l i n e s o f 1 1 . 6 % a n d 5 . 8 % f o r m a t u r e a n d f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . F e r r i s ( 1 9 8 1 ) e s t i m a t e d a d e c l i n e r a t e l e s s t h a n 4 % f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . S c h n e e b e r g e r ( 1 9 8 1 ) s t a t e d t h a t s e l e c t i o n f o r m a x i m u m y i e l d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 1 0 0 d a y s i n m i l k ( D I M ) w o u l d d e c r e a s e p e r s i s t e n c y . H o w e v e r , o t h e r w o r k ( S h a n k s g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 1 a ) s h o w s s e l e c t i o n f o r i n c r e a s e d p e a k y i e l d w o u l d n o t c h a n g e p e r s i s t e n c y . A t t e m p t s t o d e c r e a s e p e a k m i l k y i e l d a n d i n c r e a s e p e r s i s t e n c y t h r o u g h s e l e c t i o n w o u l d r e s u l t i n d e c r e a s e d l a c t a t i o n a l o u t p u t ( F e r r i s g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . B a t r a g t : 1 . ( 1 9 8 7 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t s e l e c t i o n f o r f a s t e r r a t e t o p e a k y i e l d r e s u l t e d i n a n i n c r e a s e d p e a k a n d g r e a t e r p e r s i s t e n c y . M i l k i n g t h r e e t i m e s v e r s u s t w i c e a d a y r e s u l t s i n g r e a t e r m i l k o u t p u t . L u s h a n d S c h r o d e ( 1 9 5 0 ) r e p o r t e d l a c t a t i o n a l i n c r e a s e s o f 2 0 % a n d 1 6 . 7 % f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . A m o s g t : 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) a n d P e a r s o n g t , g 1 . ( 1 9 7 9 ) r e c o r d e d h i g h e r p e a k s a n d g r e a t e r p e r s i s t e n c y f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s w i t h m i l k i n c r e a s e s o f 2 5 . 2 a n d 1 8 . 5 % r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h e l a c t a t i o n . R e c e n t l y B a r n e s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 9 0 ) m e a s u r e d i n c r e a s e s o f 1 4 a n d 6 % r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . M a n a g e m e n t S t u d i e s W a h e e d g t : 1 . ( 1 9 7 7 ) a n d M o h a m m e d g t a 1 . ( 1 9 8 2 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t f e e d i n g a n d m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s w e r e i a r c n c e o t c s n e o u c r u l e r n t n e t t s fl q i h e i f e r a m i F l e I m p r o v e f o r a g e a t t i n t h o s e t o o l s , I d i f f e r . g r e a t s H e i e r m “ a g e l e n g t r “ t i l i : C o l - n s e l e c t i o n , a n d 6 . ) c o w c u l l i n g . M e a d o w s ( 1 9 7 7 ) e x a m i n e d 6 i n t e r r e l a t e d a n d t h a t h e r d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e p r a c t i c e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 3 7 % o f t o t a l v a r i a n c e o f m i l k y i e l d . F u r t h e r r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t r o u g h a g e s o u r c e , a m o u n t a n d t i m i n g o f c o n c e n t r a t e f e d t o l a c t a t i n g c o w s a n d g r o w i n g h e i f e r s , a n d h e i f e r b r e e d i n g w e i g h t a f f e c t e d m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . C a r l e y a n d F l e t c h e r ( 1 9 8 6 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t h e r d s u s i n g D a i r y H e r d I m p r o v e m e n t ( D H I ) r e c o r d s , a r t i f i c i a l i n s e m i n a t i o n ( A I ) , f o r a g e t e s t i n g , b a l a n c e d r a t i o n s , a n d f e e d i n g c o n c e n t r a t e s a t t i m e s o t h e r t h a n m i l k i n g h a d a 1 , 0 6 6 k g a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h o s e h e r d s t h a t d i d n o t u t i l i z e a n y o f t h e s e m a n a g e m e n t t o o l s . K e o w n ( 1 9 8 8 ) s u r v e y e d p r o d u c e r s a n d d i s c o v e r e d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t y p e o f g r a i n a n d f o r a g e s f e d h a d t h e g r e a t e s t i m p a c t o n r o l l i n g h e r d a v e r a g e ( R H A ) . B a y l e y a n d H e i z e r ( 1 9 5 2 ) i n t e r v i e w e d p r o d u c e r s r e g a r d i n g n i n e m a n a g e m e n t a r e a s i n c l u d i n g n u t r i t i o n , s e l e c t i o n , d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h , a g e a t c a l v i n g , a n d b o d y c o n d i t i o n . P r o d u c e r s u t i l i z i n g m i l k i n g p a r l o r s , r e g u l a r h e r d h e a l t h c a r e , a n d c o r n s i l a g e a s t h e p r i m a r y f o r a g e r e a l i z e d p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e s o f 6 8 0 , 4 4 8 , a n d 4 8 0 k g r e s p e c t i v e l y ( Z w e i g b a u m g t : 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . U s i n g D H I r e c o r d s , A p p l e m a n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) a n d S c h u t z g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) o b s e r v e d i n l a r g e h e r d s t h a t 3 9 . 3 % o f t h e v a r i a t i o n c o u l d b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y d i f f e r e n c e s i n l . ) m a s t i t i s c o n t r o l , 2 . ) n u t r i t i o n , 3 . ) r e c o r d k e e p i n g a n d u t i l i z a t i o n , 4 . ) r e p r o d u c t i v e m a n a g e m e n t , 5 . ) s i r e m a n a g e b r e e d i c u l l i r g 1 . ( l § p o s i t i m a s t i t p r o f i t N u t r i t f w e i g h t s t a t e d C a t t l e m i l k y b o d y r e S p o : C o w ' s ( M 1 1 1 m ° b i l - l a c t a t o t h e m a x i m . P r o d “ 7 m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d f o u n d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s i n d i c a t i n g b r e e d i n g , f e e d i n g , h e r d h e a l t h , a n d f e m a l e s a v a i l a b l e f o r c u l l i n g a r e o f c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e . A s t u d y b y B a l a i n e g t g 1 . ( 1 9 8 2 ) r e v e a l e d t h a t f e e d i n t a k e a n d h e r d l i f e h a d p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s o f 0 . 2 7 a n d 0 . 1 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h i l e m a s t i t i s t r e a t m e n t h a d a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ( - 0 . 2 1 ) o n p r o f i t . N u t r i t i o n M a n a g e m e n t F e e d n u t r i e n t s a r e u t i l i z e d f o r b o d y m a i n t e n a n c e , b o d y w e i g h t g a i n , a n d m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . H i l l e r s g t Q 1 . ( 1 9 7 9 ) s t a t e d p r o d u c t i v e b e n e f i t s o f f e e d i n g c h a n g e s f o r d a i r y c a t t l e i n c l u d e , s i n g l y o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n , 1 . ) i n c r e a s e d m i l k y i e l d , 2 . ) i n c r e a s e d c o m p o n e n t y i e l d , a n d 3 . ) i m p r o v e d b o d y c o n d i t i o n m a i n t e n a n c e . F a c t o r s w h i c h d e t e r m i n e r e s p o n s e o f p r o d u c t i o n t o a d d e d c o n c e n t r a t e i n c l u d e t h e c o w ' s g e n e t i c a b i l i t y , s t a g e o f l a c t a t i o n , a m o u n t o f g r a i n c u r r e n t l y f e d , a n d f o r a g e q u a l i t y ( S m i t h , 1 9 7 6 ; R o b i n s o n , 1 9 8 9 ) . F e e d e f f i c i e n c y i s g r e a t e s t d u r i n g e a r l y l a c t a t i o n ( M i l l e r a n d H o o v e n , 1 9 6 9 ) . P a r t o f t h i s i s d u e t o m o b i l i z a t i o n o f b o d y r e s e r v e s w h i c h a r e r e p l e t e d i n l a t e l a c t a t i o n . D u r i n g p e r i o d s w h e n m i l k p r i c e i s l o w c o m p a r e d t o f e e d c o s t s , f e e d c o s t s m a y a p p r o a c h 7 0 % o r g r e a t e r o f t h e c o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n ( S m i t h , 1 9 7 6 ) . A c h i e v e m e n t o f m a x i m u m I O F C i s d e p e n d e n t o n c o s t o f n u t r i e n t s , v a l u e o f p r o d u c t , a n d f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g r e s p o n s e o f p r o d u c t i o n . r n w p S a p v 1 l 1 1 s c t a i c c e f m h p a e e . a 9 e c 9 c o r o r r n o o n a a e r p i E r 8 v 8 c c i e m l a e m n e c n r o p g a c 9 0 e t o e d p u i p c r t d a t e _ h e ) ) r a m n i o n f 3 n u e g o s g e a t t . . n a t p c n c t o i 5 t n y r . e i r s z n n a l s n § . i i , T i o n c d . e o l s , , f a e e g e h h e o e s i l 3 h c h O g w k t o t T w r e o ) m d e v d m a a p e r d t g T s o n y a f t n p t w o y p t h e e d r n y e u e a g u h a f c r r d a i c l d , o d c r o l n o t i i m h e a n f o f e e d m n a e d e s a s t d f c e o l u n a h r o c i e v l r i s c a n p e o f l e e s n u o t a g n i i r n l o g r r e l e I l l e t a n e t 4 s m n s ( n n e - n g o s n d r d r n r f n u t e m l 5 s a d i n s B g m i t e r d d r w u . s ) r o s e o i n s u h n h e o , e o f d g e m o t q E f e c a h e l u d n t t o e w m p t u u e y e x a l , . h f d n m c d p e a c t d e k b f a f i h y e i n L t l e e o n o e a n r t a r c n a r o t s d b V p m o d s n e a n h n s a o r y m a h s e r i w y d p d m r g o e . l b t c r e n o l i p o e ( n p o a e o g s w e i p t k w n r C u 1 o f c n a n i f e h e g o h 9 c g f r w g t o c o t i r e i a a 8 a h o t h b a t f e g e f h t p g c i n 9 l r o e a t n t a l a c c o h g t l y , e i l c e l i l t h a g i d J n u e e l a r h s h d ) c d s l i t r c f f e n o t e l u y b e a o Q c r : l a a r v i d s e s l i o b n n 1 1 o y a l t o e m u r u t a e d y c a . . n t c f m ' o a i v s e n o 1 f d g ( n r 1 c o m m ( a c i o f s n m e 9 s g n m a i t a 9 t 1 p , w n . i e : t r o a t k t o 4 ) i p v ) u m e h e f n ) i e s o h i 1 e x b 8 s g a l 7 a i 5 . t o n , g a 7 t t e n r i 9 a t r 8 s r t 4 e i n J q d a g r o s n o n ) i g p e n i p c s i e p f u o h . a x r z o t u t n e y w s t T g e e , e e e r m r o e f e d f t r h e n s c x e n a o ‘ l m c o i e e o r h t t d t t p u m j 1 m a d e r u e c e 3 s 2 b e h l t e o e . n . e i o f n d o i i f t e t s ( a r o e e r , e . ) u d e o g n r r t r t i t i n , n d d n u o m m r g , p f m s r o I 1 t e U r e r e d i , ( a N r b r O m g o i 9 s s t c t d t , . , ) a y t o l o k d s t g t t t g l d t n d a C t a C . t l n 8 n l n a e n a n n i o o f R F 1 n i 7 o a u i h n a i i a i e v a l u a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s ( P a t t o n g t a 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . 2 - D I ! H Q E I E Z I D L B K E L i v e w e i g h t , f e e d q u a l i t y , a n d n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e k n o w n t o i n f l u e n c e v o l u n t a r y D M I ( F o r b e s , 1 9 8 6 ; B r i c e n o g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . H o r m o n a l c o n t r o l o f i n t a k e i s a l s o t h o u g h t t o o c c u r ( B a i l e a n d F o r b e s , 1 9 7 4 ) . R e s e a r c h b y J e n s e n g t a 1 . ( 1 9 4 2 ) r e c o r d e d t h e p o s i t i v e c u r v i l i n e a r r e s p o n s e o f m i l k p r o d u c t i o n t o D M I b u t t h e r e i s a k n o w n i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d i g e s t i b i l i t y a n d i n t a k e ( C o l u c c i g t a 1 . , 1 9 8 2 : C o n r a d g t g 1 . , 1 9 6 4 : S t a p l e s g t . 1 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) . O t h e r s r e p o r t t h a t g u t f i l l i s d e p e n d e n t o n f o r a g e q u a l i t y a n d e n e r g y d e m a n d ( S h a v e r g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e l o w e r t r a c t t a k e s a n i n c r e a s i n g r o l e i n d i g e s t i o n a s i n t a k e i n c r e a s e s ( S t a p l e s g t _ g 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) . H o l t e r g t Q 1 . ( 1 9 8 6 ) r e p o r t e d a m a x i m u m D M I o f 1 . 8 % o f b o d y w e i g h t d u r i n g t h e d r y p e r i o d . T h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l ( G I ) t r a c t f i l l a n d d i g e s t i v e s y s t e m s i z e a r e k n o w n t o i n c r e a s e s t a r t i n g i m m e d i a t e l y p r e p a r t u m a n d c o n t i n u e i n t o t h e l a c t a t i o n ( B a r n e s g t 5 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ; M a r t i n a n d E h l e , 1 9 8 6 ) . H o w e v e r , e a r l y l a c t a t i o n c o w s d o n o t c o n s u m e a s m u c h a s l a t e l a c t a t i o n c o w s a t t h e s a m e l e v e l o f m i l k p r o d u c t i o n ( J o u r n e t a n d R e m o n d , 1 9 7 6 ) . - L i n e m w T h e p e r i p a r t u m c o w i s u n a b l e t o m e e t e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s f r o m t h e d i e t ( C o p p o c k , 1 9 8 5 ) b e c a u s e p e a k D M I l a g s b e h i n d p e a k p r o d u c t i o n ( N R C , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h i s r e s u l t s i n a n e g a t i v e e n e r g y b a l a n c e c a u s i n g , l o s s o f a d i p o s e t i s s u e a n d p r o t e i n r e s e r v e s ( E m e r y , 1 9 8 8 ) . D M I i s r e l a t e d t o t h e c o w ’ s i n c r e r e s e r e f f i c i e n t l y ( H a c G r e g o r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ; W e i s s g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . 1 0 c o w ' s e n e r g y d e m a n d ( C o n r a d , 1 9 6 6 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e c o w i n c r e a s e s D M I i n a n a t t e m p t t o m e e t t h i s n e e d a n d m a i n t a i n r e s e r v e s ( B a i l e , 1 9 7 5 ) . T o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m e d b y a n a n i m a l i s r e l a t e d t o b o t h t h e D M I a n d e n e r g y d e n s i t y o f t h e d i e t . I n a t r i a l b y B u l l g t : 1 . ( 1 9 7 6 ) c a l o r i c d e n s i t i e s b e l o w . 6 8 M c a l d i g e s t i b l e e n e r g y ( D E ) / l i t e r r e s u l t e d i n p h y s i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s o n i n t a k e w h i l e d e n s i t i e s a b o v e . 6 8 c a u s e d p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l o f i n t a k e . O t h e r s ( S t e e l e , 1 9 8 0 : W a n g e s n e s s a n d M u l l e r , 1 9 8 1 ) d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i n e a r l y l a c t a t i o n e n e r g y d e n s i t i e s a b o v e t h e o p t i m u m o f 1 . 6 7 M c a l N E L / k g n o t o n l y d e p r e s s e d D M I b u t a l s o d e c r e a s e d t o t a l e n e r g y i n t a k e w i t h n o p r o d u c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s . E a s t r i d g e g t Q 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) r e p o r t e d i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n a n d D M I f o r a n i m a l s c o n s u m i n g a d i e t w i t h n e a r l y e q u a l a m o u n t s o f f o r a g e s a n d c o n c e n t r a t e s . S o m e ( B a y l e y a n d H e i z e r , 1 9 5 2 : H o l t e r g t g 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) h a v e r e p o r t e d i n c r e a s e d D M I , m i l k y i e l d , a n d I O F C f o r i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t e s f e d . R e s u l t s o f o t h e r s t u d i e s r e v e a l t h a t i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t e D H c o n s u m e d r e s u l t e d i n a n i n c r e a s e i n 4 % F C M w i t h a c o n c u r r e n t r e d u c t i o n i n f o r a g e i n t a k e ( D o n k e r a n d M a c C l u r e , 1 9 8 2 : F l i p o t g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . W a g n e r a n d L o o s l i ( 1 9 6 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t h i g h l e v e l s o f c o n c e n t r a t e i n t a k e h a v e a g r e a t e r d e p r e s s i n g e f f e c t o n d i g e s t i b l e e n e r g y ( D E ) t h a n d o f o r a g e s . W h i l e d i e t s w i t h h i g h e r l e v e l s o f n o n - s t r u c t u r a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s a r e u s e d m o r e ( C l a p p e r t o n a n d S t e e l e , 1 9 8 5 : S c h n e i d e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . 1 1 C a r e m u s t b e t a k e n a s e x c e s s e n e r g y i s a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ( K e y s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 : E m e r y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 6 9 ) . T h e r e f o r e , b o t h a m o u n t a n d t i m i n g o f e n e r g y f e e d i n g m u s t b e m a n a g e d p r o p e r l y . A d d e d f a t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o i n c r e a s e F C M a n d i n c r e a s e w e i g h t g a i n s p o s t p a r t u m ( K r o n f e l d g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 0 ; S k a a r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . S o m e h a v e r e p o r t e d d e c r e a s e d D M I ( G r u m m e r a n d S o c h a , 1 9 8 9 ) , d e c r e a s e d e a t i n g t i m e ( H e i n r i c h s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 2 ) , a n d d e c r e a s e d f i b e r d i g e s t i b i l i t y w i t h a d d e d f a t ( B r o o k s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 5 4 ) p r o b a b l y d u e t o c o a t i n g o f t h e f i b e r p a r t i c l e s ( D e v e n d r a a n d L e w i s , 1 9 7 4 ) . P o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t s d i d n o t i n c r e a s e m i l k y i e l d ( G o e r i n g g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 7 ) w h i l e h y d r o g e n a t e d a n i m a l f a t h a v e f e w e r n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s a n d i n c r e a s e d f a t c o r r e c t e d m i l k y i e l d ( J e n k i n s a n d J e n n y , 1 9 8 9 ) . F a t a d d e d a s c a l c i u m s o a p s d i d n o t l e a d t o r e d u c e d f i b e r d i g e s t i b i l i t i e s ( J e n k i n s a n d P a l m q u i s t , 1 9 8 4 ; S c h a u f f a n d C l a r k , 1 9 8 9 ) . H i g h f a t d i e t s m u s t h a v e i n c r e a s e d a m o u n t s o f c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m a d d e d b e c a u s e f a t f o r m s s o a p s w i t h t h e m i n t h e r u m e n , m a k i n g t h e s e m i n e r a l s l e s s a v a i l a b l e ( P a l m q u i s t a n d C o n r a d , 1 9 8 0 : S t e e l e , 1 9 8 4 ) . A d d e d f a t c h a n g e s t h e m i l k f a t c o m p o s i t i o n ( Y a n g g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 8 ) a n d c a n d e c r e a s e m i l k p r o t e i n c o n t e n t ( D u n k l e y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 7 : H o r n e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ) h o w e v e r , e f f e c t o n c o m p o s i t i o n i s d e p e n d e n t o n s t a g e o f l a c t a t i o n t o 1 6 a s c o m p a r e d t o 1 2 . 5 % C F . H o l t e r g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 2 ) 1 2 4 - 2 1 9 3 2 1 1 1 1 9 1 2 1 C r u d e p r o t e i n i n t a k e f r o m t h e d i e t ( I P ) i s e i t h e r d e g r a d e d ( D I P ) o r p a s s e d t h r o u g h ( U I P ) t h e r u m e n ( N R C , 1 9 8 5 ) . F a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e p r o t e i n b r e a k d o w n i n t h e r u m e n i n c l u d e e x t e n t o f c r o s s l i n k i n g , r u m e n r e t e n t i o n t i m e , p r o t e i n s o l u b i l i t y , p r o c e s s i n g a n d s t o r a g e e f f e c t s , r u m e n m i c r o b i a l p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y , a n d m i c r o b i a l a c c e s s t o t h e p r o t e i n ( S a t t e r , 1 9 8 6 ; N R C , 1 9 8 5 ) . P r o t e i n c a n i n c r e a s e m i l k y i e l d b y p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l a m i n o a c i d s , i n c r e a s i n g a v a i l a b l e e n e r g y , a n d a l t e r i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f a b s o r b e d n u t r i e n t s ( C h a l u p a , 1 9 8 4 ) . I n s e p a r a t e r e p o r t s c o m p a r i n g 1 3 . 5 o r 1 6 . 5 a n d 1 2 . 2 o r 1 6 . 2 % c r u d e p r o t e i n ( C P ) r e s p e c t i v e l y ( R o f f l e r a n d T h a c k e r , 1 9 8 3 a a n d 1 9 8 3 b ; R o f f l e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 8 ) o b s e r v e d i n c r e a s e d m i l k y i e l d , 3 . 5 % F C H , D M I , a n d I O F C f o r t h e h i g h e r p r o t e i n r a t i o n . I n t h e s e s t u d i e s p r o d u c t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 2 0 . 5 t o 2 3 . 0 a n d 2 5 . 7 t o 3 4 . 0 k g f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . O t h e r s ( F o r s t e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 : H u n g a n d H u b e r , 1 9 8 3 : H a c l e o d g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) r e c o r d e d a s i m i l a r p r o d u c t i o n a n d D M I r e s p o n s e w i t h m i l k y i e l d s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 7 , 2 6 , a n d 1 8 k g r e s p e c t i v e l y . H i g h e r p r o t e i n r a t i o n s a r e a l s o k n o w n t o i n c r e a s e m i l k f a t l e v e l s i n J e r s e y s a t 1 7 k g ( B a x t e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) a n d H o l s t e i n s a t 3 5 k g d a i l y m i l k ( H i g g i n b o t h a m g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . F o l d a g e r a n d H u b e r ( 1 9 7 9 ) d i s a g r e e a n d f o u n d n o p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e , d u r i n g w e e k s 3 - 2 0 o f l a c t a t i o n a n d 2 8 k g p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l , p r : V i : F e z ( W e l l . r e p ; w h e , C o h c c o n c e p t i o n o c c u r r e d . I n c o n s i s t e n c y o f e x c e s s p r o t e i n ' s 1 3 r e p o r t e d 1 4 % C P r a t i o n s w e r e a d e q u a t e t o a c h i e v e m i l k y i e l d s o f 3 4 - 4 0 k g / d a y b e t w e e n 4 6 - 1 5 9 d a y s p o s t p a r t u m . C r e s s m a n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 0 ) f o u n d l a c t a t i n g m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n d e d t o i n c r e a s e d p r o t e i n w h i l e p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d i d n o t a t 3 0 a n d 2 0 k g o f m i l k p e r d a y r e s p e c t i v e l y . A d d i t i o n s o f r u m e n - p r o t e c t e d m e t h i o n i n e a n d l y s i n e i n c r e a s e d m i l k p r o t e i n p e r c e n t a g e a n d y i e l d f o r m i d - l a c t a t i o n c o w s f e d a c o r n b a s e d d i e t ( D o n k i n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ; R o g e r s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) b u t h a v e n o e f f e c t o n s o y b e a n m e a l d i e t s ( R o g e r s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . P r o t e i n b y - p r o d u c t f e e d i n g h a s b e e n u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o m e e t U I P n e e d s ( C l a r k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 : W a l t z g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) b u t m i c r o b e s s t i l l p r o v i d e t h e g r e a t e s t a m o u n t o f p r o t e i n t o t h e s m a l l i n t e s t i n e ( M c C a r t h y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . R e s i s t a n t p r o t e i n m a y h a v e g r e a t e r v a l u e i n a l f a l f a s i l a g e d i e t s t h a n i n c o r n s i l a g e d i e t s ( V o s s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 : A n n e x s t a d g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . H i g h U I P i s n o t n e e d e d i n l a t e l a c t a t i o n ( R o b i n s o n a n d K e n n e l l y , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e r e h a s b e e n s o m e c o n c e r n a b o u t h i g h l e v e l s o f p r o t e i n d e c r e a s i n g r e p r o d u c t i v e e f f i c i e n c y ( C h a l u p a , 1 9 8 4 ; V i s e k , 1 9 8 4 ) . S e v e r a l h a v e r e p o r t e d i n c r e a s e d d a y s o p e n ( D O ) f o r i n c r e a s i n g p r o t e i n l e v e l s ( E d w a r d s g t _ 3 1 . , 1 9 8 0 ; F e r g u s o n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 : J o r d a n a n d S w a n s o n , 1 9 7 9 ) . O t h e r s ( W o h l t a n d C l a r k , 1 9 7 8 : C a r r o l l g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 b ; H o w a r d g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t p r o t e i n l e v e l h a d n o i m p a c t o n r e p r o d u c t i o n . C a r r o l l g t 3 1 . , ( 1 9 8 7 a ) f o u n d , h o w e v e r , t h a t w h e n v a g i n a l l e v e l s o f u r e a n i t r o g e n e x c e e d e d 4 0 m g / d l n o b u f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y , f e e d i n g f r e q u e n c y , a n d e c o n o m i c s ( N R C , 1 4 i m p a c t o n r e p r o d u c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e m a y b e d u e t o r u m e n U I P / D I P d i e t a r y d i f f e r e n c e s ( F e r g u s o n a n d C h a l u p a , 1 9 8 9 ) . S - E n e r s x m z m t g i n l n f e r a fi i e n T h e p r o t e i n - e n e r g y i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p c a n u s u a l l y b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y c h a n g i n g t h e o v e r a l l p l a n e o f n u t r i t i o n t h r o u g h d i g e s t i b i l i t y o r a l t e r i n g t h e p a t t e r n o r e f f i c i e n c y o f a b s o r b e d n u t r i e n t s ( O l d h a m , 1 9 8 4 ) . T h e t y p e a n d a m o u n t o f b o t h e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n a s w e l l a s t h e r a t i o o f n i t r o g e n t o e n e r g y w i l l i n f l u e n c e t h e a m o u n t o f m i l k p r o d u c e d a n d f e e d e f f i c i e n c y ( C l a r k a n d D a v i s , 1 9 8 0 ) . T h e p r o t e i n - t o - e n e r g y - r a t i o r e q u i r e m e n t i s l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d b y m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f m i c r o b e s a n d n i t r o g e n r e c y c l i n g t h a t o c c u r s i n t h e r u m e n ( L e n g a n d N o l a n , 1 9 8 4 ) . R e l a t i v e c h a n g e s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d u n d e g r a d i b i l i t y o f p r o t e i n a r e a f f e c t e d l a r g e l y b y r e l a t i v e c h a n g e s o f d i g e s t i b i l i t y a n d i n t a k e o f e n e r g y ( W a l d o a n d G l e n n , 1 9 8 4 ) . R u m e n d e g r a d i b i l i t y o f b o t h s t a r c h a n d p r o t e i n ( H e r r e r a - S a l d a n a a n d H u b e r , 1 9 8 9 : J a q u e t t e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) a s w e l l a s d i g e s t i b l e o r g a n i c m a t t e r ( D O N ) ( V a n H o r n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 9 ) i n f l u e n c e r e s p o n s e t o i n c r e a s e d p r o t e i n l e v e l s i n t h e r a t i o n . m a m m a l T h e r e c o m m e n d e d a m o u n t s o f f i b e r t h a t s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e d i e t o f d a i r y c a t t l e m a y v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o w ' s b o d y c o n d i t i o n , f e e d p a r t i c l e s i z e , d i e t s i z e a n d t h e r e f o r e w o u l d h a v e a n i m p a c t o n i n t a k e ( W e l c h , 1 5 1 9 8 9 ) . T h e o p t i m a l f i b e r l e v e l p r o b a b l y c h a n g e s w i t h p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l o f t h e c o w ( W a n g e s n e s s a n d M u l l e r , 1 9 8 1 ) . F e e d i n t a k e i s a f f e c t e d b y r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f f i b e r d i g e s t i o n ( A l l e n a n d H e r t e n s , 1 9 8 8 a ) a n d c o r r e l a t e d w i t h n e u t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ( N D F ) l e v e l s ( H e r t e n s , 1 9 8 2 ; A l l e n a n d H e r t e n s , 1 9 8 8 b : W a l d o , 1 9 8 6 ; B r i c e n o g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . A s t u d y b y V a r g a g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 4 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i n c o w s l e s s t h a n 5 6 d a y s i n m i l k ( D I N ) , s l o w a n d f a s t r a t e s o f f i b e r t u r n o v e r r e s u l t e d i n n o d i f f e r e n c e i n D M I , F C M , d a i l y f a t p r o d u c t i o n , a n d s o l i d s n o n - f a t ( S N F ) , h o w e v e r d i e t a r y d i f f e r e n c e s i n c a r b o h y d r a t e d i g e s t i o n r a t e s v a r i e d w h i c h d i d n o t p e r m i t a c c u r a t e a s s e s s m e n t o f f i b e r t u r n o v e r . A c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ( A D F ) v a l u e s a r e m o r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o e n e r g y c o n t e n t ( H e r t e n s , 1 9 8 7 ) . R u m e n f i l l u s u a l l y w i l l l i m i t i n t a k e b e f o r e t h a t h a p p e n s v i a c h e m o s t a t i c m e c h a n i s m s i n t h e h i g h p r o d u c i n g d a i r y c o w ( F i s h e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . T h e r a t e a t w h i c h u n d i g e s t e d p o r t i o n s l e a v e t h e r u m e n i s a m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t o f i n t a k e ( H e r t e n s a n d E l y , 1 9 7 9 : T r o e l s e n a n d C a m p b e l l , 1 9 6 8 ) , h o w e v e r , t h e s i z e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l l y d i g e s t i b l e f r a c t i o n i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t ( H e r t e n s a n d E l y , 1 9 8 2 ) . R o b i n s o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 7 a , b ) f o u n d t h a t t h e r u m e n r a t e o f N D F d i g e s t i o n i n c r e a s e d c u r v i l i n e a r l y . R a t e o f r e d u c t i o n o f c e l l w a l l p a r t i c l e s i z e l i m i t s v o l u n t a r y i n t a k e o f f o r a g e s ( S m i t h g t , 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) . R u m i n a t i o n h a s t h e g r e a t e s t e f f e c t o n r e d u c t i o n o f p a r t i c l e 1 6 1 9 8 2 ) . F i b e r l e v e l ( B e a u c h e m i n a n d B u c h a n a n - S m i t h , 1 9 8 9 ; K a i s e r a n d C o m b s , 1 9 8 9 ) a n d a n i m a l s i z e ( H o B a e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) a f f e c t r u m i n a t i o n t i m e . H o w e v e r , U l y a t t g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 6 ) s t a t e t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t i n t h e r u m e n a t a n y o n e t i m e i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y l e s s t h a n t h e 2 - 4 m m t h r e s h o l d s i z e n e e d e d t o e x i t a n d t h e r e f o r e p a r t i c l e s i z e r e d u c t i o n i s n o t t h e r a t e - l i m i t i n g s t e p i n r u m e n c l e a r a n c e . A m a j o r c o n c e r n o f l o w d i e t f i b e r l e v e l s i s r e d u c e d F C M y i e l d . A c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ( A D F ) l e v e l s a r e t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n d i c a t o r o f a r a t i o n ' s a b i l i t y t o p r e v e n t m i l k f a t d e p r e s s i o n ( L o f g r e n a n d W a r n e r , 1 9 7 0 ) . T h i s p r o b l e m h a s b e e n c o r r e c t e d b y a d d i n g s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a t e a n d / o r m a g n e s i u m o x i d e ( E r d m a n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 : S c h a e f e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 2 : S n y d e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 : T h o m a s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) b u t n o t l i m e s t o n e ( R o g e r s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 2 ; R o g e r s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 . S o m e t i m e s , h o w e v e r , n o r e s p o n s e h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d ( A r a m b e l g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) o r r e s p o n s e m a y v a r y w i t h f o r a g e t y p e ( C a n a l e a n d S t o k e s , 1 9 8 8 ) . J a s a i t i s g t 3 1 . , ( 1 9 8 7 ) f o u n d g r e a t e r b u f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y f o r l e g u m e f o r a g e s a s c o m p a r e d t o e n e r g y o r l o w p r o t e i n f e e d s , o r g r a s s f o r a g e s . R e s u l t s f r o m a s t u d y b y H c B u r n e y g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 6 ) i n d i c a t e d c a t i o n - e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y w a s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h N D F l i g n i n a n d n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t a s w e l l a s l i g n i n : A D F r a t i o o f t h e N D F . B u f f e r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a p p e a r t o b e a f u n c t i o n o f s a l i v a r y b u f f e r s e c r e t i o n , f e e d s t u f f b u f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y , a n d f e e d a c i d i t y ( E r d m a n , 1 9 8 8 ) . g r o u p t o t a l m i x e d r a t i o n s ( T M R ) , o r t w o - g r o u p T M R h a d 1 7 m m M a n y h a v e e v a l u a t e d a n i m a l a n d p r o f i t a b i l i t y r e s p o n s e t o v a r i o u s n u t r i t i o n a l m a n a g e m e n t a p p r o a c h e s . G r o u p i n g c o w s b a s e d o n b o t h p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y n e e d s r a t h e r t h a n t e s t d a y m i l k , F C M , o r F C M / b w ' 7 5 r e s u l t e d i n m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s g r o u p s a n d n o d i f f e r e n c e i n m i l k y i e l d ( M c G i l l i a r d g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ; S c h u c k e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . S t a l l i n g s a n d M c G i l l i a r d ( 1 9 8 4 ) s u g g e s t u s i n g l e a d f a c t o r s i n w h i c h 8 3 % o f a n i m a l s i n a g r o u p a r e f e d g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l t o r e q u i r e m e n t s . V a r y i n g r a t i o n e n e r g y c o n t e n t d u r i n g d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f l a c t a t i o n i s m o r e e c o n o m i c a l t h a n f e e d i n g o n e r a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t . T o a c c o m p l i s h t h i s , r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d o n e w i t h . g r o u p i n g a n d / o r i n d i v i d u a l c o n c e n t r a t e a v a i l a b i l i t y . C l a r k g t _ 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 0 ) d i s c o v e r e d n o d i f f e r e n c e i n p r o d u c t i o n o r r e p r o d u c t i o n i n o n e v e r s u s t h r e e l a c t a t i o n g r o u p s . H o w e v e r f i r s t l a c t a t i o n G u e r n s e y s p r o d u c e d m o r e m i l k i n t h e s t r a t i f i e d s y s t e m . O t h e r s ( W i l k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 8 : D a v e n p o r t g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r o n e g r o u p f e d a c o n s t a n t a m o u n t o f c o n c e n t r a t e t h r o u g h o u t l a c t a t i o n c o m p a r e d t o t w o g r o u p s f e d c o n c e n t r a t e a c c o r d i n g t o p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l . S o m e h a v e r e p o r t e d a m i n i m a l p r o d u c t i o n d e c r e a s e b y m o v i n g c o w s f r o m o n e p r o d u c t i o n g r o u p t o a n o t h e r ( C l a r k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 7 ) w h i l e o t h e r s r e c o r d e d s h a r p d r o p s i n p r o d u c t i o n ( A k i n y e l e a n d S p a h r , 1 9 7 5 : M o s e l e y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 6 ) . C a s s e l g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 4 ) f o u n d c o n c e n t r a t e s f e d v i a t r a n s p o n d e r f e e d e r s , i n o n e - [ A m 1 ' ! l a d u c a h a : F e e 6 0 D a r i ( C 0 1 1 P r o m p r o d u c t i o n w h e n h i g h e n e r g y w a s f e d a s p a r t o f a T M R 1 8 r e s p e c t i v e r e t u r n s o n i n v e s t m e n t s o f $ 4 . 1 5 , $ 4 . 0 3 , o r $ 3 . 7 1 . T h i s t y p e o f c o n c e n t r a t e f e e d i n g w o r k s w e l l i n h e r d s t h a t c a n n o t b e g r o u p e d ( H u t j e n s , 1 9 7 6 ) a n d t h e r e f o r e h a s l i m i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n . m m m fl i n g D r y c o w s h a v e l o w e r i n t a k e s t h a n l a c t a t i n g c o w s ( E m e r y , 1 9 8 8 ) a n d e x p e r i e n c e a f u r t h e r i n t a k e d e p r e s s i o n a t p a r t u r i t i o n ( M a r q u a r d t g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s r e q u i r e s p r o p e r n u t r i t i o n m a n a g e m e n t i m m e d i a t e l y p r e p a r t u m t o b a l a n c e t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u t r i e n t n e e d s o f t h e f e t u s a n d i n i t i a t i o n o f l a c t a t i o n . C o w s f e d c o r n s i l a g e a n d a l i q u i d p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t d u r i n g t h e d r y p e r i o d h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o h a v e g r e a t e r c a l v i n g d i f f i c u l t y ( N o c e k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) . A 1 5 % C P r a t i o n h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o c a u s e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ( J u l i e n , 1 9 7 7 ) . F e e d i n g a n i m a l s p r o t e i n a t 8 0 % o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e l a s t 6 0 d a y s o f t h e d r y p e r i o d r e s u l t e d i n r e d u c e d D M I a n d r e s u l t i n g l o s s e s i n p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g l a c t a t i o n ( C h e w g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) . C o n f l i c t i n g r e s u l t s e x i s t a s C u r t i s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n d u r i n g t h e l a s t 3 w e e k s o f t h e d r y p e r i o d r e d u c e d c e r t a i n h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a r t u r i t i o n . F e e d i n g c o w s t o i n c r e a s e b o d y w e i g h t d u r i n g t h e d r y p e r i o d h a s b e e n s h o w n t o i n c r e a s e t h e c h a n c e o f k e t o s i s ( C o r r e a g t 3 1 . , 1 9 9 0 ) . O t h e r s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t o v e r c o n s u m p t i o n o f e n e r g y p r e p a r t u m d i d n o t i m p a i r 1 9 p o s t p a r t u m ( B o i s c l a i r g t , 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 : B o i s c l a i r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . M i l k f a t d e p r e s s i o n d o e s o c c u r , h o w e v e r , i n s o m e i n s t a n c e s o f c o w s f e d h i g h e n e r g y p r e p a r t u m ( J a q u e t t e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . B o d y C o n d i t i o n E a r l y i n l a c t a t i o n , a n i m a l s a r e k n o w n t o u t i l i z e b o d y r e s e r v e s t o m e e t d e m a n d s o f h i g h m i l k p r o d u c t i o n ( C o p p o c k , 1 9 8 5 ) . W h i l e w a t e r t u r n s o v e r m o s t r a p i d l y ( M a r t i n a n d E h l e , 1 9 8 6 ) , a d i p o s e t i s s u e a n d t i s s u e p r o t e i n p r o v i d e t h e n e e d e d e n e r g y , w i t h f a t p r o v i d i n g t h e g r e a t e r a m o u n t ( F e r g u s o n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e s o u r c e o f t h e p r o t e i n i s s k e l e t a l m u s c l e ; i t s p r o p o r t i o n a l r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s i n n u t r i t i o n a r e h i g h e r t h a n o t h e r o r g a n s ( M a c R a e , 1 9 9 0 ) . W i l l i a m s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 9 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y f o r e n e r g y m o b i l i z e d f r o m t i s s u e i n e a r l y l a c t a t i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t a p p a r e n t l y r e s t o r e d i n l a t e l a c t a t i o n . T h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f e n e r g y d e p o s i t e d , h o w e v e r , e q u a l s t h e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y r e m o v e d . P r o d u c e r s c a n s u b j e c t i v e l y m e a s u r e a n i m a l r e s e r v e s u s i n g a b o d y c o n d i t i o n s y s t e m r e p o r t e d b y M u l v a n y ( 1 9 7 7 ) . E d m o n s o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 9 ) f o u n d c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s b e t w e e n b o d y s c o r e s a n d a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n , b u t b o d y w e i g h t a n d f r a m e s i z e c a n n o t b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h b o d y c o n d i t i o n ( W i l d m a n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 2 ) . D u c k e r g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) n o t e d b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e ( B C S ) i s a g o o d m e a s u r e o f e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f t h e p r e v i o u s f o u r w e e k s . a s 1 9 n o ” a d i . n o t B C : 5 3 : p r i a n d h a v M o r p r o h o w l a c 3 0 d : l a c A l l . b e t 1 1 L . M a c i n t a r a t e i n m i n m i l k y i e l d f o r e a c h 4 5 k g o f a d d i t i o n a l b o d y w e i g h t ( B W ) 2 0 I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t w e i g h t l o s s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t m i l k y i e l d ( R u v u n a g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ; U p h a m g t 3 1 . , 1 9 9 0 ) . B a y l e y a n d H e i z e r ( 1 9 5 2 ) n o t e d t h a t h e i f e r s p r o d u c e d 3 8 6 k g m o r e w h e n c a l v i n g i n ” e x c e l l e n t " a s c o m p a r e d t o " g o o d ” c o n d i t i o n . A n i m a l s o n d i e t w i t h a f o r a g e t o c o n c e n t r a t e ( F : C ) r a t i o o f 7 2 : 2 8 w e r e n o t a b l e t o c o n s u m e a d e q u a t e e n e r g y a n d t h e r e f o r e h a d l o w e r B C S a n d m i l k y i e l d c o m p a r e d t o a n i m a l s f e d a d i e t w i t h 5 3 : 4 7 F : C r a t i o ( E a s t r i d g e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . L a r g e r , p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s l o s t m o r e w e i g h t d u r i n g e a r l y l a c t a t i o n a n d g a i n e d l e s s i n l a t e l a c t a t i o n ( L i n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . S o m e h a v e r e p o r t e d r e d u c e d i n t a k e f o r f a t c o w s ( B i n e s a n d M o r a n t , 1 9 8 3 : G a r n s w o r t h y a n d T o p p s , 1 9 8 2 ) b u t a l s o g r e a t e r p r o d u c t i o n ( G a r n s w o r t h y a n d J o n e s , 1 9 8 7 ) . P a t t o n ( 1 9 8 9 ) , h o w e v e r , r e p o r t e d n o e f f e c t o f b o d y c o n d i t i o n o n e a r l y l a c t a t i o n D M I b u t a p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e o n p o s t p e a k F C M . B o d y M e a s u r e s B o d y w e i g h t p l a y s a m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n f i r s t l a c t a t i o n y i e l d t h a n d o e s a g e ( F i s h e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ; A l l i s o n , 1 9 8 5 ) . S e v e r a l h a v e f o u n d a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n t r a i t s a n d b o d y m e a s u r e m e n t s ( D o n k e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 : L i n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 : L i n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . D o n k e r a n d M a c C l u r e ( 1 9 8 2 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t m i l k p r o d u c t i o n a n d f o r a g e i n t a k e i n c r e a s e d w i t h b o d y w e i g h t b u t a t a c u r v i l i n e a r r a t e . M i l l e r a n d M c G i l l i a r d ( 1 9 5 9 ) n o t e d a 9 1 k g a d v a n t a g e £ 0 : £ 0 1 S i ! 5 4 ‘ g i : A g e f 0 ] m i l a g e ( 1 5 i n m i a g e 9 9 1 0 f w i t C o : S p a a t S m i d e c . S i g } 2 1 f o r f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s . K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t ( 1 9 8 6 ) f o u n d t h a t w e i g h t a t p a r t u r i t i o n p l a y e d a p o s i t i v e , s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n m i l k y i e l d , w i t h a n o p t i m u m r a n g e o f 5 4 4 - 5 6 7 k g . S i e b e r g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) d i s a g r e e a n d c o n c l u d e t h a t t a l l e r a n i m a l s w i t h l o w e r b o d y w e i g h t , s m a l l e r h e a r t g i r t h a n d l a r g e r p a u n c h h a v e g r e a t e r m i l k y i e l d s . A g e a t C a l v i n g A g e a p p e a r s t o h a v e a g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s t h a n f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 5 ) . L u s h a n d S c h r o d e ( 1 9 5 0 ) r e p o r t e d i n c r e a s e d m i l k y i e l d s f o r f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s c a l v i n g a t a n o l d e r a g e . M i l l e r a n d M c G i l l i a r d ( 1 9 5 9 ) a n d l a t e r L i n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a n o l d e r a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n b u t t h i s a d v a n t a g e w a s n o t m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t p r o d u c t i v e l i f e . F o r e a c h m o n t h t h e a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g i s r e d u c e d , a n e c o n o m i c v a l u e e q u i v a l e n t t o 1 3 8 k g i s g a i n e d i n t o t a l p r o f i t t o 7 2 m o n t h s o f a g e ( L i n a n d A l l a i r e , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s i s f u r t h e r s u p p o r t e d w i t h a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g h a v i n g a s m a l l , n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ( - . 0 5 ) w i t h p r o d u c t i v e l i f e s p a n , t o t a l l i f e s p a n , a n d n u m b e r o f p a r t u r i t i o n s ( S i l v a g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ) . G i l l a n d A l l a i r e ( 1 9 7 6 ) f o u n d 2 2 . 5 - 2 3 . 5 m o n t h s o f a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g o p t i m i z e s t o t a l l i f e t i m e p e r f o r m a n c e . S m i t h a n d S c h m i d t ( 1 9 8 7 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g d e c l i n e d b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 8 3 f o r 5 4 3 O h i o d a i r y h e r d s a n d w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n m i l k p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . 2 2 p r o d u c t i o n . I n p r a c t i c e , p r o d u c e r s a s s o c i a t e y o u n g e r f i r s t c a l v i n g a g e s w i t h i n c r e a s e d c a l v i n g d i f f i c u l t y b u t r e s e a r c h s u g g e s t s t h i s d i f f i c u l t y i s m o r e r e l a t e d t o b o d y s i z e t h a n t o a g e ( S i e b e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 : T h o m p s o n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) . D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h a n d P r e v i o u s L a c t a t i o n L e n g t h T h e g o a l f o r p r o d u c e r s i s t o m a x i m i z e e a c h a n i m a l ’ s p r o f i t / d a y o f h e r d l i f e . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e s t h a t a n i m a l s b e p r o d u c i n g h i g h l e v e l s o f m i l k f o r a s m a n y d a y s a s p o s s i b l e . D a y s o p e n i s t h e p r i m a r y m e a s u r e o f r e p r o d u c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e i n d a i r y c a t t l e ( L e e g t _ 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . D a y s o p e n a f f e c t s t h e a n i m a l ' s t o t a l m i l k y i e l d p o t e n t i a l i n t h a t c a l v i n g i n t e r v a l ( C I ) i s a s u m m a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b l e d a y s o p e n a n d t h e r e l a t i v e l y f i x e d g e s t a t i o n l e n g t h . S o m e ( H o l m a n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ; S c h m i d t , 1 9 8 9 ) h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h e o p t i m u m C I i s 1 3 m o n t h s w h i l e o t h e r s ( R e y e s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 ) n o t e d I O F C d i d n o t d i f f e r f o r C I b e t w e e n 1 3 - 1 5 m o n t h s . F u n k g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 7 ) a n d P e d r o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 9 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a s p r e v i o u s d a y s o p e n i n c r e a s e d c u r r e n t l a c t a t i o n y i e l d s i n c r e a s e d . H o w e v e r , S c h n e i d e r g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 1 ) f o u n d s i m i l a r m i l k f o r a n i m a l s b r e d 8 8 o r 1 2 1 d a y s p o s t p a r t u m . O t h e r s r e c o r d e d t h a t a n i m a l s w i t h h i g h e r p e a k p r o d u c t i o n m a x i m i z e d p r o f i t s w i t h f e w e r D O ( W e l l e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . O l d s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 7 9 b ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t f o r e a c h a d d i t i o n a l D O b e t w e e n 4 0 a n d 1 4 0 r e d u c e s a n n u a l m i l k y i e l d b y 4 . 5 a n d 8 . 6 k g f o r d e p e n d e n t o n n o t o n l y a g e a t h i g h e r g e n e t i c v a l u e s f o c r a l v m i i n l g k b u y t s i e l e d a s o n o f c a l v i n g . r e s u l t e d i n 2 3 O p t i m a l d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h i s a f u n c t i o n o f m a n a g e m e n t a n d g e n e t i c s a n d i s a b a l a n c e b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n l o s t i n t h e c u r r e n t l a c t a t i o n a n d p r o d u c t i o n g a i n i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t l a c t a t i o n . D i a s a n d A l l a i r e ( 1 9 8 2 ) c i t e d t h a t l a c t a t i o n s w i t h s h o r t e r C I , h i g h e r p r o d u c t i o n , o r y o u n g e r a n i m a l s r e q u i r e d l o n g e r d r y p e r i o d s . F u n k g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a n i m a l s d r y l e s s t h a n 4 0 d a y s p r o d u c e d a t l e a s t 1 8 0 k g l e s s m i l k t h a n t h o s e d r y t h e o p t i m u m 6 0 - 6 9 . O t h e r s ( S c h a e f f e r a n d H e n d e r s o n , 1 9 7 2 ; K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 6 ) f o u n d a 5 0 - 6 0 d a y d r y p e r i o d t o b e i d e a l a l t h o u g h d r y p e r i o d s o f 4 0 - 4 9 o r 6 0 - 6 9 d a y s d i d n o t d i f f e r g r e a t l y f r o m t h e i d e a l . D i x A r n o l d a n d B e c k e r ( 1 9 3 6 ) f o u n d t h a t a 3 1 - 6 0 d a y d r y p e r i o d a l l o w e d m a x i m u m d a i l y m i l k y i e l d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g l a c t a t i o n . Y e t a n o t h e r s t u d y ( O ' C o n n o r a n d O l t e n a c u , 1 9 8 8 ) s u g g e s t s t h a t o p t i m a l d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h i s G e n e t i c L e v e l R e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d b y M a o g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 7 2 ) s h o w s t h a t 8 3 - 9 0 % o f v a r i a t i o n i n p r o d u c t i o n b e t w e e n h e r d s i s c a u s e d b y v a r i a b l e s o t h e r t h a n s i r e e f f e c t s . H e r i t a b i l i t y , h o w e v e r , o f m a t u r e e q u i v a l e n t ( M E ) m i l k i s h i g h e n o u g h ( 0 . 3 0 ) t o m a k e p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h s e l e c t i o n ( B a t h g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . S h a n k s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 7 8 ) f o u n d t h a t h i g h p e d i g r e e d a n i m a l s p r o d u c e d m o r e m i l k a n d h a d a g r e a t e r p r o f i t t h a n d a u g h t e r s o f a v e r a g e s i r e s . O t h e r s r e p o r t u s i n g s i r e s w i t h 8 6 5 k g 2 4 a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 a n d 3 0 % m o r e m i l k d u r i n g f i r s t a n d s e c o n d l a c t a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( B a r n e s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 9 0 ) . B e t r a n d g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t d a u g h t e r s o f s i r e s w i t h h i g h p r e d i c t e d d i f f e r e n c e f o r m i l k , e v e n w i t h h i g h e r f e e d , b r e e d i n g , a n d h e a l t h c o s t s , h a d 1 8 % g r e a t e r l i f e t i m e p r o f i t . H o w e v e r , g e n e t i c a n t a g o n i s m m a y e x i s t b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n a n d b o d y w e i g h t a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e e f f i c i e n c y ( B a d i n g a g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 : O l d s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 9 a : S e y k o r a a n d M c D a n i e l , 1 9 8 3 ) . H e r d H e a l t h 1 - G e n e r a l fi s fl l i h H i l l m a n ( 1 9 8 2 ) s t a t e d t h a t c h r o n i c s t r e s s c a n p r e d i s p o s e c o w s t o m e t a b o l i c a n d i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e s . C e r t a i n l y t h e d a i r y c o w i m m e d i a t e l y p r e p a r t u m a n d i n e a r l y l a c t a t i o n i s e x p e r i e n c i n g s t r e s s . M o s t d i s o r d e r s o c c u r i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i n i t i a t i o n o f l a c t a t i o n ( S h a n k s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 b ) w i t h f o u r t i m e s a s m a n y h e a l t h p r o b l e m s i n e a r l y a s i n l a t e l a c t a t i o n ( H a n s e n g t ‘ 3 1 . , 1 9 7 9 ) . W h e r e v e r h e a l t h c o s t s r i s e w i t h p r o d u c t i o n , t h e i n c r e a s e d I O F C m o r e t h a n c o m p e n s a t e s f o r t h e a d d e d c o s t ( S h a n k s g t _ 3 1 . , 1 9 7 8 ; H a n s e n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 7 9 b : S h a n k s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 b ) . G a l t o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 7 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t w h i l e h e r d s o n a h e a l t h p r o g r a m a v e r a g e d 2 5 5 k g l e s s m i l k / l a c t a t i o n t h e y r e t u r n e d $ 0 . 1 6 / c o w / d m o r e t h a n c o n t r o l s . T h e r e i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t h e a l t h p r o b l e m s f o r a g i v e n a n i m a l a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d ( E r b a n d 2 5 M a r t i n , 1 9 8 0 a : E r b a n d M a r t i n 1 9 8 0 b ; E r b g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 a ; E r b g t ‘ 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 b : G r o h n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ; C u r t i s g t ‘ 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . T h o m p s o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 3 ) a n d S h a n k s g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 1 b ) a g r e e d a n d f u r t h e r n o t e d t h a t a l l h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , e x c e p t d y s t o c i a , i n c r e a s e d w i t h p a r i t y . D y s t o c i a a n d t w i n i n g a r e k n o w n t o d e p r e s s s u b s e q u e n t m i l k y i e l d ( D j e m a l i g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ; C h a p i n a n d V a n V l e c k , 1 9 8 0 ) . L a r g e r a n i m a l s w i t h i n a b r e e d h a v e g r e a t e r n e e d f o r h e a l t h c a r e , w i t h d i g e s t i v e d i s o r d e r s b e i n g t h e m a i n d i f f e r e n c e ( M a h o n e y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ) . A l l d a i r y c o w s i m m e d i a t e l y p o s t p a r t u m h a v e s o m e l e v e l o f h e p a t i c f a t i n f i l t r a t i o n ( G e r l o f f g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ) , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a s o n i s u n k n o w n ( S k a a r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h e l i v e r ' s c o n v e r s i o n o f l a r g e a m o u n t s o f m o b i l i z e d f r e e f a t t y a c i d s t o k e t o n e b o d i e s , a n d t h e b o d y ' s a b i l i t y t o u t i l i z e o r r e m o v e t h e m , r e s u l t s i n b o v i n e k e t o s i s . D e p r e s s e d i n t a k e i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f k e t o s i s ( F o s t e r , 1 9 8 8 ) . S e v e r i t y o f k e t o s i s p r o b a b l y d e p e n d s h e a v i l y o n t h e l i v e r ' s a b i l i t y t o m e t a b o l i z e i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e o f F F A ( F r o n k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 0 ) . A h i g h g r a i n d i e t t h r o u g h o u t a p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n r e s u l t s i n f a t t y l i v e r s d u r i n g t h e c u r r e n t l a c t a t i o n ( K e y s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ) , a n d o v e r c o n d i t i o n e d a n i m a l s h a v e m o r e p e r i p a r t u r i e n t d i s o r d e r s ( F r o n k g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 0 ) . C a r s t a i r s g t , 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 1 ) f o u n d t h a t a n i m a l s f e d 1 3 5 % o f r e q u i r e m e n t s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 8 4 d a y s p o s t p a r t u m h a d t w i c e a s m a n y h e a l t h p r o b l e m s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 3 m o n t h s o f l a c t a t i o n . M o s t h e a l t h p r o b l e m s c a n b e m i n i m i z e d t o 2 6 a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l s t h r o u g h p r o p e r b a l a n c e o f n u t r i t i o n a n d b o d y r e s e r v e s . 2 - M a s t i t i s I M a m m a r y i n f e c t i o n c o s t s a r e t h e l a r g e s t c o m p o n e n t o f t o t a l h e a l t h c a r e c o s t s ( S h a n k s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 b ) . M a s t i t i s i s k n o w n t o r e d u c e b o t h t h e q u a n t i t y ( J o n e s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 4 ) a n d q u a l i t y ( C u e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) o f m i l k . B l o s s e r ( 1 9 7 9 ) r e p o r t e d a p r o d u c t i o n l o s s o f 3 8 6 k g / c o w / y e a r ( $ 8 1 . 3 2 ) d u e t o s u b c l i n i c a l m a s t i t i s , w i t h a t o t a l c o s t o f $ 1 1 7 . 3 5 / c o w / y e a r . M o r s e g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 7 ) o b s e r v e d a r a n g e o f l o s s e s f r o m $ 2 9 . 7 3 t o $ 2 2 3 . 9 8 f o r d i s c a r d e d m i l k a l o n e , t h e a m o u n t d e p e n d i n g o n a n i m a l p a r i t y ( o l d e r c o w s h a v i n g l a r g e r l o s s e s ) . V e r y f e w a n i m a l s ( 6 . 1 % ) a c c o u n t f o r o v e r 5 0 % o f d i s c a r d e d m i l k i n a g i v e n h e r d ( M o r s e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . F e t r o w g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) r e p o r t e d a 1 9 0 k g r e d u c t i o n i n r o l l i n g h e r d a v e r a g e ( R H A ) f o r e a c h u n i t i n c r e a s e i n s o m a t i c c e l l l i n e a r s c o r e . S o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t ( S C C ) i s r e p o r t e d t o a c c o u n t f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 6 % o f v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n h e r d p r o d u c t i o n a v e r a g e s ( A p p l e m a n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . R a t e s a n d s e v e r i t y o f m a s t i t i s d i f f e r a m o n g h e r d s , s e a s o n s , p a r i t y , a n d s t a g e o f l a c t a t i o n , w i t h g r e a t e r r a t e s i n s u m m e r , f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s , a n d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t s e v e n d a y s p o s t p a r t u m ( H o g a n g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ; K e n n e d y g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 2 ) . O t h e r s , h o w e v e r , r e p o r t e d g r e a t e r o c c u r r e n c e r a t e s f o r o l d e r c o w s ( M o r s e g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ; O l i v e r a n d M i t c h e l l , 1 9 8 3 ) . 2 7 G e n e t i c s e l e c t i o n f o r r e d u c e d m a s t i t i s h a s m e t w i t h l i m i t e d s u c c e s s d u e t o l o w t o ~ m o d e r a t e h e r i t a b i l i t i e s ( M o n a r d e s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 3 ; V e c h t g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r o b l e m i s c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t a n d m i l k i n g p r a c t i c e s ( G o o d g e r g t 3 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . Z w e i g b a u m g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 9 ) f o u n d t h a t h e r d m a s t i t i s w a s r e d u c e d 0 . 9 % f o r e a c h r e c o m m e n d e d p r a c t i c e f o l l o w e d . S u m m a r y F i n d i n g s f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e s u g g e s t t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1 . ) 2 . ) 3 . ) 4 . ) s . ) 6 . ) 7 . ) a . ) 9 . ) D M I i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . T y p e a n d l e v e l o f e n e r g y , p r o t e i n , a n d f i b e r i n t e r a c t t o i n f l u e n c e D M I a n d t h e r e f o r e m i l k y i e l d . B o d y w e i g h t i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o D M I . A g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o b o d y w e i g h t . N u t r i t i o n m a n a g e m e n t , b o t h p r e - a n d p o s t p a r t u m i n f l u e n c e m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . B o d y r e s e r v e s p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a n d m i l k y i e l d . O c c u r r e n c e o f h e a l t h a n d m a s t i t i s p r o b l e m s r e d u c e p r o d u c t i o n . G e n e t i c a b i l i t y o f t h e a n i m a l s e t s p r o d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l . T h e r e a r e o p t i m a l l e n g t h s o f d r y p e r i o d a n d p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n . S i m m e a : p o s b o d e n e 9 - ) T h e i m w h . C O 2 8 N o s t u d i e s h a v e l o o k e d a t t h e s e v a r i a b l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n a g e m e n t m e a s u r e s w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s : 1 . ) p o s t p a r t u m b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e , 2 . ) w i t h e r s h e i g h t , 3 . ) b o d y w e i g h t , 4 . ) a g e a t c a l v i n g , 5 . ) s i r e P T A M , 6 . ) p e r i p a r t u r i e n t h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , 7 . ) S C C , 8 . ) p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d 9 . ) p o s t p a r t u m D M I , e n e r g y d e n s i t y , A D F , a n d C P l e v e l s . T h e s a m e m e a s u r e s w e r e m a d e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a n d i n c l u d e d d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h a n d p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h w h i l e w i t h e r s h e i g h t a n d a g e a t c a l v i n g w e r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d . I ' i r e p a h e D 1 r e a v H A I B R I A L B A N D M E T H O D S n e r d s e l e c t i o n U s i n g J u l y 1 9 8 9 D a i r y H e r d I m p r o v e m e n t ( D H I ) r e c o r d s , H o l s t e i n h e r d s i n s o u t h e r n l o w e r M i c h i g a n w e r e s e l e c t e d w h i c h 1 . ) m i l k e d t w i c e a d a y , 2 . ) u s e d t h e S C C t e s t , a n d 3 . ) h a d 3 o r m o r e a n i m a l s e a c h o f f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n d s e c o n d l a c t a t i o n o r g r e a t e r a n i m a l s d u e t o c a l v e i n O c t o b e r o f 1 9 8 9 . P r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l ’ s d a t a i n c l u d e d i n a n a l y s i s r a n g e d f r o m 1 - 1 0 a n i m a l s / h e r d w h i l e m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r a n g e d f r o m 1 - 8 . M i c h i g a n D H I F i e l d T e c h n i c i a n s a n d C o u n t y E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s w e r e c o n t a c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e o p e r a t i o n s w h i c h d a i l y w e i g h e d o r m e a s u r e d f e e d s . P r o d u c e r s w e r e t h e n c o n t a c t e d , b y l e t t e r a n d t e l e p h o n e , t o - r e q u e s t p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s t u d y . F o u r g r o u p s o f 1 1 h e r d s e a c h w e r e s e l e c t e d b a s e d o n h e r d s i z e ( s m a l l - < 1 3 0 a n d l a r g e - z , 1 3 0 c o w s ) a n d p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l ( l o w - < 8 , 6 3 6 . 4 a n d h i g h - z 8 , 6 3 6 . 4 k g R H A s ) f o r a t o t a l o f 4 4 h e r d s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 3 ) . G r o u p 1 ( s m a l l , l o w p r o d u c i n g ) h e r d ' s a v e r a g e s w e r e 9 0 . 4 5 c o w s a n d a 7 , 6 1 7 . 7 R H A w i t h s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s o f 2 6 . 1 0 a n d 4 0 1 . 5 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y . G r o u p 2 ( s m a l l , h i g h p r o d u c i n g ) h e r d s a v e r a g e d 8 1 . 7 3 c o w s a n d a 9 , 4 6 5 . 0 R H A w i t h r e s p e c t i v e 2 9 C l f ' W e 9 : E a a c a c c o r d i n g t o P a t t o n g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . H e a r t g i r t h m e a s u r e s 3 0 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s o f 2 7 . 3 1 a n d 6 8 3 . 1 0 . G r o u p 3 ( l a r g e , l o w p r o d u c i n g ) h e r d s a v e r a g e d 1 9 0 . 1 c o w s w i t h a 7 , 6 4 5 . 8 R H A a n d r e s p e c t i v e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s o f 4 8 . 4 2 a n d 5 0 0 . 6 1 . G r o u p 4 ( l a r g e , h i g h p r o d u c i n g ) h e r d ' s a v e r a g e s w e r e 1 8 9 . 9 c o w s a n d a 9 , 4 5 5 . 0 R H A w i t h 4 8 . 5 1 a n d 5 8 9 . 3 8 a s s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n f o r m a t i o n f o r h e r d 4 3 , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n G r o u p 3 , w a s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e m i l k i n g t h r e e t i m e s a d a y b e g a n d u r i n g t h e s t u d y . n e r d V i s i t s 1 . W W W E a c h i n i t i a l h e r d v i s i t w a s m a d e b e t w e e n O c t o b e r 1 0 a n d N o v e m b e r 1 , 1 9 8 9 . G e n e r a l f a r m i n f o r m a t i o n w a s r e c o r d e d , i n c l u d i n g b u n k s p a c e , t y p e o f m i l k i n g f a c i l i t i e s , w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y , a n d u s e o f a s c h e d u l e d v e t e r i n a r y p r o g r a m . F e e d i n g a n d h o u s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w a s r e c o r d e d f o r d r y c o w s a n d h e i f e r s ( 2 w e e k s p r i o r t o c a l v i n g ) , a n d f o r c o w s i n f i r s t l a c t a t i o n o r i n s e c o n d a n d g r e a t e r l a c t a t i o n f o r f e w e r t h a n 1 0 0 d a y s i n m i l k ( D I M ) . H o u s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e d m a n a g e m e n t g r o u p s i z e , a g e , a n d h o u s i n g t y p e . A m o u n t s o f f e e d s f e d , m a n n e r o f f e e d i n g ( s e p a r a t e o r T M R ) a n d f e e d i n g s p e r d a y w e r e r e c o r d e d . F e e d s s a m p l e s ( 0 . 5 k g ) w e r e t a k e n , a s T M R . w h e n p o s s i b l e , f o r e a c h m a n a g e m e n t g r o u p , u s i n g t h e g u i d e l i n e s o f H e s t e r m a n a n d F r a h m ( 1 9 8 7 ) . E a c h a n i m a l o n s t u d y h a d a b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e a s s i g n e d M a a t 4 g t p d s t t c i n h n % a r e i h r i o l d e i o k r f a e r n k m e u i f n e t C e i i ' M e i b w t P a F r M M l C p s , n o e s F a r m d e c v o l c s f n t r a e m h i k r a c t u s d p o i a o o f n e i a o u y n m g f i d n r s i s a d r f g y n a n s r i e p o n L t l t t o 1 r t a t d i d a S e h b h m 9 o , c D t C e e i v 9 r n , t H h C s i 0 d l e i a b r d o I e a i s t u e f v t t u u M e G i f i H e n t a y l s e i t l e o e i r s c t t n n r s l e r p u o i h i r e s r a d o t e i f f n t L f a s t s c e g i g e P i t t p s m a e t n r c p t a o i s o n d , n g o a t a h r r i L t d r r r t i D t e r e h a u t e e h o o e H e n c u v e ' n d n I f t d m e s o i l , e S o p v t n e h e e s C n r e r e e m n n i a t l o r H t d a R d t r t l a s r t C g C o s p i d t i g . l w e u h e H k I f v e p c H s v e I n i i r o t P i v c s , n e r i A w o , R ( P e a g t o g e u T n t . e e H P e t P t L y ( A e w e M ) o h o g t i t H e a r n d n e r s A t t i , D r y r R R s e d h w w m t ) . n e i a p a ( i , s n . c g t n s r s H e d , f l P s v m o u . R i i o a r t c u r e c e n n o e e b a t e o I l h r ) n d P p g f e d t d r I m e u o a d i f i r s r e t c f t i i t w a i d t w r t t n o e a c o r b e h a o e g d s h d n y y d e s m d 3 1 w e r e m a d e o n e a c h p o s t p a r t u m a n i m a l o n s t u d y w h i l e w i t h e r s m e a s u r e s w e r e r e c o r d e d o n f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s o n l y . P r o d u c e r s w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h a d a t a s h e e t a n d r e q u e s t e d t o r e c o r d a n y h e a l t h i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s e l e c t e d a n i m a l s w h i c h c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y r e d u c e m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . 2 - m m m m m S e c o n d a n d t h i r d v i s i t s t o e a c h f a r m w e r e m a d e b e t w e e n N o v e m b e r 7 - 1 8 a n d D e c e m b e r 4 - 1 3 , 1 9 8 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . D u r i n g e a c h v i s i t , f e e d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w a s r e c o r d e d a n d f e e d s a m p l e s t a k e n a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . O n t h e s e c o n d v i s i t , b o d y c o n d i t i o n a n d h e a r t h g i r t h m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n o n t h o s e a n i m a l s t h a t h a d s i n c e i n i t i a t e d l a c t a t i o n . t . f a T h T h e e n t i r e s a m p l e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e o v e n w a s g r o u n d t h r o u g h 3 2 t o t h e H o l s t e i n A s s o c i a t i o n ( B r a t t l e b o r o , V T ) t o d e t e r m i n e P T A H . A n i m a l M e a s u r e s a n d H e r d H e a l t h H e a r t g i r t h a n d B C S r e p o r t e d v a l u e s w e r e a v e r a g e s , w i t h i n l a c t a t i o n g r o u p , f o r t h e m e a s u r e t a k e n o n t h e f i r s t p o s t p a r t u m f a r m v i s i t f o r e a c h a n i m a l . B o d y w e i g h t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m h e a r t g i r t h m e a s u r e s ( D a v i s g t 3 1 . , 1 9 6 1 ) . W i t h e r s v a l u e s a r e a v e r a g e d f o r f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s o n l y . P r o d u c e r - r e c o r d e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n h e r d h e a l t h w a s u s e d t o c r e a t e a n i n d e x b y a v e r a g i n g t h e n u m b e r o f h e a l t h i n c i d e n t s f o r a n i m a l s w i t h i n l a c t a t i o n g r o u p s . P e e d A n a l y s i s F e e d s a m p l e s , f o r e a c h m a n a g e m e n t g r o u p a n d f a r m v i s i t , w e r e p l a c e d i n p l a s t i c b a g s a n d f r o z e n a t - 3 0 ° C a f t e r e a c h d a y o f f a r m v i s i t s . S a m p l e s w e r e m o v e d f r o m f r e e z e r t o r e f r i g e r a t o r t h e d a y b e f o r e t o t h a w a n d a l l o w h a n d l i n g . F o r f a r m s w h i c h f e d i n g r e d i e n t s s e p a r a t e l y , c o m p o s i t e s w e r e m a d e i n p r o p o r t i o n t o w e i g h t s r e p o r t e d t o b e f e d a n d p l a c e d i n a t a r e d 2 4 X 4 0 x 1 0 c m a l u m i n u m p a n , w e i g h e d , a n d d r i e d a t 5 5 ° C f o r 7 2 h o u r s a n d w e i g h e d a g a i n t o d e t e r m i n e d r y w e i g h t . E n t i r e s a m p l e s w e r e u s e d f o r f a r m s u s i n g a T M R . T o t a l r a t i o n d r y m a t t e r w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a : 1 . R a t i o n d r y m a t t e r % - ( d r y w e i g h t / w e t w e i g h t ) x 1 0 0 S i G c t e 3 3 a 1 m m s c r e e n u s i n g a W i l e y M i l l a n d t h e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 g w a s s e a l e d i n a c o l l e c t i o n v i a l . S a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d s e q u e n t i a l l y a n d i n d u p l i c a t e f o r n e u t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ( N D F ) a n d a c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r ( A D F ) u s i n g m e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d b y G o e r i n g a n d V a n S o e s t ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e N D F p r o c e d u r e w a s m o d i f i e d b y o m i t t i n g d e c a h y d r o n a p t h a l e n e a n d s o d i u m s u l f i t e , s u b s t i t u t i n g t r i e t h y l e n e g l y c o l f o r 2 - e t h o x y e t h a n o l ( C h e r n e y g t , 3 1 . , 1 9 8 9 ) , a n d t h e i n c l u s i o n o f 2 m l o f a 4 % a l p h a - a m y l a s e ( S i g m a C o . , S t . L o u i s , M O ) s o l u t i o n ( R o b e r t s o n a n d V a n S o e s t , 1 9 7 7 ) . N D F a n d A D F w i t h d u p l i c a t e v a l u e s h a v i n g d i f f e r e n c e s o f g r e a t e r t h a n 1 . 5 u n i t s w e r e r u n u n t i l t h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s r e a c h e d . A s h c o n t e n t w a s d e t e r m i n e d a f t e r i g n i t i n g s a m p l e s f o r 5 h o u r s a t 5 0 0 ° C . C r u d e p r o t e i n ( C P ) v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n m e t h o d r e p o r t e d b y H a c h g t 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) a n d m u l t i p l y i n g b y 6 . 2 5 . G r a v i m e t r i c d r y m a t t e r c o n t e n t w a s d e t e r m i n e d a f t e r d r y i n g f o r 2 4 h o u r s a t 1 0 0 ° C . E n e r g y D e t e r m i n a t i o n E t h e r e x t r a c t ( E E ) c o n t e n t w a s d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a 2 g s a m p l e i n f i l t e r p a p e r u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a : 2 . E E % - ( ( d r y s a m p l e w t . - e x t r a c t e d s a m p l e w t . ) / d r y s a m p l e w t . ) x 1 0 0 I n , y 1 t : g t r u e d i g e s t i b i l i t y ( I V T D ) w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e G o e r i n g a n d V a n S o e s t ( 1 9 7 0 ) m e t h o d w i t h i n c u b a t i o n t e r m i n a t e d a t 3 6 h o u r s . 1 n , y i t z g a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y 3 4 ( I V A D ) , t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s ( T D N ) , a n d n e t e n e r g y f o r l a c t a t i o n ( N E L ) w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s : 3 . I V A D 3 I V T D - 1 2 . 9 ( V a n S o e s t , 1 9 8 2 ) 4 . T D N % = I V A D + 1 . 2 5 ( E E % ) - t o t a l a s h ( L o f g r e e n , 1 9 5 3 ) 5 . N E L ( M c a l / k g ) - 0 . 0 2 4 5 X . T D N % - 0 . 1 2 ( M o e a n d T y r r e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) A n i m a l I n t a k e a n d N u t r i e n t M e a s u r e s R e p o r t e d D M I f o r l a c t a t i n g a n d n o n l a c t a t i n g a n i m a l s w a s d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n : 6 . R e p o r t e d D M I - a m o u n t f e d ( k g ) x r a t i o n D M % F o r d r y c o w s a n d h e i f e r s n e a r p a r t u r i t i o n e n e r g y a n d D M I r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s f r o m N R C ( 1 9 8 8 ) : 7 . E n e r g y r e q u i r e d ( M c a l N E L ) - 0 . 1 0 4 M c a l N E L x a w ( k g ) ° 7 5 8 . E s t i m a t e d D M I ( k g ) - e n e r g y r e q u i r e d ( M c a l N E L ) / r a t i o n e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( M c a l N E L / k g ) P r o t e i n r e q u i r e m e n t s ( g / d a y ) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y i n t e r p o l a t i o n u s i n g N R C ( 1 9 8 8 ) r e p o r t e d v a l u e s . P r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r r e p o r t e d D M I w h i l e p r o t e i n d i f f e r e n c e s o n l y w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r e s t i m a t e d D M I . \ v l } 3 5 s t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s F o u r d a t a s e t s w e r e u s e d f o r b o t h p r i m i p a r o u s ( P ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s g r o u p s ( M ) : 1 . ) c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n ( C ) , 2 . ) e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c i n f o r m a t i o n ( N 6 ) , 3 . ) e x c l u d i n g S C C i n f o r m a t i o n ( N S ) , a n d 4 . ) c o m b i n i n g a l l t h r e e d a t a s e t s ( C , N G , a n d , N S ) w i t h i n l a c t a t i o n g r o u p b u t e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c a n d S C C i n f o r m a t i o n ( A L ) . A l l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g S A S ( S A S I n s t i t u t e I n c . , C a r y , N C , r e l e a s e 6 . 0 3 , 1 9 8 8 ) . S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n a l l v a r i a b l e s u s i n g t h e g e n e r a l l i n e a r m o d e l ( G L M ) . L e a s t s q u a r e m e a n s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n s m a l l v s . l a r g e h e r d s a n d l o w v s . h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s u s i n g t h e G L M . M u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s w e r e g e n e r a t e d f o r e a c h d a t a s e t u s i n g t w o d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s w i t h d a i l y 4 % F C M a s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . P m o d e l 1 i n c l u d e d : Y ' B o + B 1 3 1 1 + B 1 1 x 1 1 2 + B 2 x 1 2 + B 2 2 x 1 2 2 + - - - k a i k + B k k x i k z + 3 1 2 ( x i k x i k ) + 3 1 w h e r e Y - d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ( d a i l y 4 % F C M ) B o - i n t e r c e p t B 1 - c o e f f i c i e n t f o r l i n e a r e f f e c t o f v a r i a b l e x 1 1 B 1 1 - c o e f f i c i e n t f o r q u a d r a t i c e f f e c t o f v a r i a b l e x 1 1 3 6 8 1 2 a c o e f f i c i e n t f o r i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t o f x 1 1 a n d x 1 2 v a r i a b l e s e t c . E 1 - e r r o r t e r m a n d i = 1 , 2 , . . . n ( n u m b e r o f h e r d s ) , j - l , 2 , . . . k ( n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s ) f o r e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g l i n e a r ( V A R ) a n d q u a d r a t i c ( V A R 2 ) v a r i a b l e s : 1 ) b o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e 1 — 3 0 d a y s p o s t p a r t u m ( B C S , a c s z ) 2 ) b o d y w e i g h t i n k g ( W T , W T 2 ) 3 ) a g e i n m o n t h s ( A G E , A G E 2 ) 4 ) w i t h e r s h e i g h t i n c m ( W H , W H 2 ) 5 ) s i r e P T A M i n k g ( P T A M , P T A M 2 ) 6 ) S C C l i n e a r s c o r e ( S C C , S C C 2 ) 7 ) h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H , H E A L T H Z ) 8 ) r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n M c a l N E L / d a y ( X S N E L , X S N E L 2 ) 9 ) r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m . N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n g / d a y ( x s p n o r n n , X S P T R D Z ) 1 0 ) p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n e n e r g y d e n s i t y i n M c a l / k g ( n o , 2 0 2 ) 1 1 ) p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n A D F p e r c e n t a g e ( A D F , A D F 2 ) 1 2 ) p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n C P p e r c e n t a g e ( C P , C P 2 ) 1 3 ) p o s t p a r t u m d r y m a t t e r i n t a k e i n k g / d a y ( D M I , D M I Z ) I A ‘ I I - 7 ‘ — 3 7 P m o d e l 1 i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i n t e r a c t i o n s i n c l u d e d : A ) D M I X W H ( D H I X W H ) a ) D M I x m ( D M I X W T ) o ) D M I x E D ( D M I X E D ) D ) E D X C ? ( E D X C P ) E ) E D x B C S ( E D X B C S ) 3 ) E D x H E A L T H ( E D X H E A L ) G ) X S P R O T R D X H E A L T H ( X S P R D X H ) H ) X S N E L X H E A L T H ( X S N E L X H ) I ) P T A M X H E A L T H ( P T X H E A L ) P m o d e l 2 i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D b u t i n c l u d e d : 1 4 ) e s t i m a t e d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m N R C r e q u i r e m e n t s i n g / d a y ( X S P R O T E S , X S P T E S Z ) P M 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 i n t e r a c t i o n s X S P R D X H a n d X S N E L K H b u t i n c l u d e d : J ) X S P R O T E S X H E A L T H ( X S P E S X H ) P N G a n d C N G m o d e l 1 a n d m o d e l 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 P T A M a n d t h e r e f o r e 3 3 9 1 3 3 3 3 t h e P T X H E A L i n t e r a c t i o n . P N S a n d C N S m o d e l 1 a n d m o d e l 2 g x g 1 n g g § S C C . F o r M m o d e l 1 a n d m o d e l 2 v a r i a b l e s A G E a n d W H w e r e r e p l a c e d b y : 1 5 ) d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h i n d a y s ( D P , D P 2 ) 1 6 ) p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h i n d a y s ( P L L , P L L 2 ) T h e r e f o r e , D M I X W H w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d f o r a n y M m o d e l b u t o t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n s w e r e i n c l u d e d a s i n p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s . F o r a n y P A L o r M A L m o d e l , n e i t h e r P T A M a n d S C C n o r t h e P T X H E A L i n t e r a c t i o n w e r e i n c l u d e d . 3 8 F i n a l m o d e l ( s ) s e l e c t i o n w a s m a d e u s i n g t h e f e w e s t v a r i a b l e s w h i l e o p t i m i z i n g t h e m o d e l ' s s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l a n d a d j u s t e d ( A D J ) R 2 v a l u e . S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e s ( S T D E S T ) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h s e l e c t e d m o d e l v a r i a b l e . T h i s p r o c e d u r e e s t a b l i s h e s u n i t l e s s s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s ( S T D D E V ) t o c o m p a r e m a g n i t u d e o f i n f l u e n c e o n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e f o r a g i v e n i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w h i l e h o l d i n g a l l o t h e r v a r i a b l e s c o n s t a n t . R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h e r e a d e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e v a r i a b l e t e r m s d e f i n e d i n t h e S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s s e c t i o n ( p . 3 6 ) o f t h e M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S a n d a l s o f o u n d i n L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S p r e c e d i n g t h e I N T R O D U C T I O N . T h i s w i l l f a c i l i t a t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a b b r e v i a t i o n s u n i q u e t o t h i s s t u d y u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N . I t i s f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g b e r e a d i n o r d e r 1 ) S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S I O N S ( p . 2 0 4 ) , 2 ) P r i m i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n ( p . 1 1 2 ) , 3 ) M u l t i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n ( p . 1 1 7 ) , a n d 4 ) G e n e r a l D i s c u s s i o n ( p . 1 2 3 ) p r i o r t o r e a d i n g t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s s e c t i o n . P r i m i p a r o u s A n i m a l s 1 . E Q l e £ § £ . D n § § C o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 ) o f t h e p r i m i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e ( P C ) d a t a s e t ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 6 a n d 7 ) r e s u l t e d i n v a l u e s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D , E D a n d A D F , a n d W T a n d B C S ( t e r m s a s d e f i n e d i n M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S a n d L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S ) w i t h r v a l u e s o f . 8 7 5 4 , - . 8 5 8 7 , a n d . 5 6 6 6 r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r P C m o d e l 1 a n R 2 a n d a d j u s t e d ( A D J ) R 2 o f . 8 6 6 4 a n d . 5 1 9 0 w e r e o b t a i n e d ( T a b l e 1 ) . M o d e l v a r i a b l e s h a v i n g a m a j o r ( s t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e ( S T D E S T ) a b s o l u t e v a l u e s 3 3 9 4 0 T a b l e l P R I N I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A N O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P 1 9 4 2 . 3 9 1 2 9 7 5 8 7 . 9 6 9 8 6 0 0 . 0 0 8 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 3 8 2 . 8 8 7 4 3 9 1 2 2 . 7 9 1 9 5 0 0 . 0 1 0 9 - 3 4 . 4 7 1 8 B C 8 2 1 8 . 7 1 5 0 7 9 6 . 5 4 1 6 1 5 0 . 0 1 6 9 9 . 1 7 1 0 A G E - 1 2 . 3 8 0 8 5 6 5 . 5 1 0 4 3 4 0 . 0 4 8 4 — 7 . 1 8 6 8 A G E 2 0 . 2 6 2 7 5 5 0 . 1 0 5 8 2 2 0 . 0 3 2 4 8 . 4 2 9 2 W T 0 . 1 5 4 4 2 4 0 . 4 4 7 7 2 0 0 . 7 3 7 3 1 . 3 8 0 3 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 6 2 4 0 . 0 0 0 5 1 5 0 . 0 1 0 3 - 1 4 . 7 0 7 1 P T A M - 0 . 0 1 1 8 8 5 0 . 0 0 7 7 8 4 0 . 1 5 7 8 - 0 . 7 8 3 4 P T A M 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 0 5 0 4 1 . 0 3 0 0 S C C 3 . 9 2 3 2 4 2 1 . 3 6 0 5 9 7 0 . 0 1 6 3 0 . 8 4 3 7 H E A L T H - 5 . 8 8 3 9 2 6 6 . 3 2 0 3 7 2 0 . 3 7 3 8 - 0 . 6 4 4 6 H E A L T H Z 4 . 8 8 7 5 8 2 3 . 0 9 6 4 3 6 0 . 1 4 5 5 0 . 8 9 6 0 X S N E L - 1 . 8 0 1 6 2 5 0 . 7 3 2 1 9 3 0 . 0 3 3 6 - 2 . 7 2 0 6 X S N E L Z 0 . 1 3 5 4 8 3 0 . 0 3 6 9 2 0 0 . 0 0 4 3 5 . 4 6 4 1 X S P R O T R D — 0 . 0 0 5 8 2 0 0 . 0 0 2 8 0 9 0 . 0 6 5 1 - 1 . 1 8 6 2 X S P T R D Z - 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 1 1 9 2 - 1 . 1 9 3 3 E D - 1 5 9 2 . 3 5 1 2 9 7 6 3 2 . 8 1 3 5 6 5 0 . 0 3 0 6 — 2 7 . 8 0 5 4 E D 2 4 1 7 . 5 6 2 8 0 5 2 1 4 . 6 1 1 9 8 7 0 . 0 8 0 3 2 3 . 6 4 3 1 A D F 1 2 . 3 0 4 8 1 4 4 . 5 5 3 3 6 0 0 . 0 2 2 2 8 . 0 8 8 0 A D F 2 - 0 . 2 8 2 7 3 9 0 . 1 1 0 6 3 4 0 . 0 2 8 6 - 7 . 2 6 0 3 C P 3 3 . 4 9 1 2 4 2 1 6 . 1 8 9 6 1 8 0 . 0 6 5 4 1 3 . 2 3 0 1 C P 2 - 0 . 3 0 3 8 4 9 0 . 2 7 5 7 2 2 0 . 2 9 6 3 - 4 . 1 8 6 6 D M I - 3 5 . 0 2 0 0 8 0 8 . 9 3 5 7 1 3 0 . 0 0 2 9 - 2 3 . 8 9 1 1 D M I X W T 0 . 0 6 8 6 4 0 0 . 0 1 7 4 6 6 0 . 0 0 2 8 2 9 . 1 3 4 6 E D X C P - 1 3 . 5 8 7 0 5 4 1 1 . 1 4 2 8 7 5 0 . 2 5 0 7 - 1 0 . 3 5 8 1 E D X B C S 1 6 3 . 9 2 7 7 9 3 5 7 . 3 8 5 5 3 8 0 . 0 1 7 1 2 6 . 5 2 7 1 X S N E L K H - 1 . 0 9 8 0 5 6 0 . 3 4 0 9 3 8 0 . 0 0 9 2 - 1 . 5 4 2 8 N e d e l . § u m m a z x R 2 = . 8 6 6 4 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 5 1 9 0 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 1 0 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 1 0 . 0 4 5 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 4 1 2 0 ) , p o s i t i v e i m p a c t o n d a i l y 4 % F C M w e r e D M I X W T , E D X B C S , a n d E D 2 : B C S , E D , a n d D M I h a d a m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h F C M . Q u a d r a t i c v a r i a b l e W T 2 a n d i n t e r a c t i o n E D X C P h a d m o d e r a t e ( 1 0 < S T D E S T a b s o l u t e v a l u e < 2 0 ) , n e g a t i v e a n d C P a m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e a f f e c t s . B C S Z , A G E 2 , A D F , a n d X S N E L Z h a d m i n o r ( 5 < S T D E S T a b s o l u t e v a l u e < 1 0 ) , p o s i t i v e w i t h A D F 2 a n d A G E a n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e . R e m o v i n g C P 2 a n d t h e E D X C P i n t e r a c t i o n f r o m t h e m o d e l r e s u l t e d i n R 2 a n d A D J R 2 v a l u e s o f . 7 9 1 4 a n d . 4 2 2 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g u r e 1 i s a g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e S T D E S T o f v a r i a b l e s w h i c h h a v e m a j o r , m o d e r a t e , a n d m i n o r i n f l u e n c e s o n d a i l y m i l k y i e l d f r o m T a b l e 1 . M o d e l 2 ( T a b l e 2 ) d i f f e r e d , h o w e v e r , a s W H a n d D M I h a d m a j o r , p o s i t i v e a n d W H 2 a n d D M I X W H h a d m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s o n m i l k y i e l d . D M I X E D a n d E D h a d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e b u t a E D 2 m i n o r p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n ( F i g u r e 2 ) . W h i l e d e l e t i n g m o d e l v a r i a b l e s C P a n d E D X C P d i d r e s u l t i n a n i n c r e a s e d A D J R 2 t h e l o w e r . 6 5 4 9 R 2 v a l u e w a s n o t a s a c c e p t a b l e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e s e l e c t e d m o d e l ' s R 2 v a l u e O f . 6 8 8 2 . C o m p a r i s o n o f m e a n s ( T a b l e 3 ) f o r l a r g e v e r s u s s m a l l h e r d s r e v e a l e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 1 0 ) l e s s e r v a l u e s f o r l a r g e h e r d s i n A G E , W H , a n d X S P R O T R D w i t h g r e a t e r v a l u e s f o r E D a n d C P . X S N E L a p p r o a c h e d t h i s l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e , b e i n g l o w e r i n l a r g e r h e r d s . H i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 1 0 ) a d v a n t a g e i n P T A M . F u r t h e r m o r e , F C M , C P , a n d H E A L T H n e a r l y r e a c h e d " - £ u ~ L ¢ > % a 0 0 6 5 , o L 4 s . 0 i 0 F l b 3 . ) 1 M C e i 9 * 2 a % T 4 ( y o l E 1 l N a D O 0 n N o O I e T c n A e U u Q x f o l E 1 n - I : 0 0 E N O . a l L , i a . : 1 E ! l l z F ~ — ~ - - - L — “ r - — — — - ‘ — 3 2 2 2 D F 2 P P 2 E 2 T s I 2 e E - v e D L O o M 3 A - T 0 4 - o 5 - A D E T E L P M O C S 0 U 6 O - R A P I s e 0 G 3 E L E D C F C 0 W c M T M l E 0 G E A D X 3 A X a W D I R b a i r a V 3 A N A D I x P S E M 1 o : X D e e r u g i F ! i 4 2 4 3 T a b l e 2 P R I H I R A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 5 3 9 4 . 7 2 3 1 6 3 1 9 8 0 . 2 2 4 9 1 6 0 . 0 1 3 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 4 . 4 9 5 6 9 0 2 . 6 5 5 4 9 5 0 . 1 0 7 7 0 . 4 0 4 8 W H 7 4 . 1 8 7 5 4 5 2 5 . 9 3 3 8 9 7 0 . 0 1 0 4 4 8 . 3 6 7 3 W H 2 - 0 . 2 4 2 0 1 3 0 . 0 9 4 1 6 9 0 . 0 1 9 3 - 4 2 . 8 5 9 3 W T - 0 . 1 8 9 3 0 0 0 . 1 5 0 3 7 1 0 . 2 2 4 2 - 1 . 6 9 2 1 H E A L T H 3 . 7 8 0 3 6 5 1 . 7 2 3 4 6 7 0 . 0 4 1 6 0 . 4 1 4 1 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 5 7 8 8 0 . 0 0 3 8 6 2 0 . 1 5 1 2 - 0 . 3 2 0 3 E D - 2 8 8 . 1 5 8 3 4 5 4 0 8 . 0 4 7 6 3 4 0 . 4 8 9 1 - 5 . 0 3 1 8 E 0 2 1 2 7 . 7 3 8 5 7 9 1 2 7 . 0 7 1 0 1 7 0 . 3 2 8 1 7 . 2 3 2 8 A D F 7 . 2 1 6 0 4 2 3 . 2 8 2 1 5 0 0 . 0 4 1 2 4 . 7 4 3 1 A D F 2 - 0 . 1 7 0 7 7 5 0 . 0 8 8 8 3 8 0 . 0 7 0 5 - 4 . 3 8 5 3 C P - 7 . 4 1 9 2 7 3 1 3 . 5 8 7 5 2 8 0 . 5 9 1 7 - 2 . 9 3 0 8 D H I 4 9 . 0 4 9 4 1 7 1 8 . 1 3 0 5 0 8 0 . 0 1 4 5 3 3 . 4 6 2 1 D M I Z 0 . 1 0 4 0 4 9 0 . 0 8 8 8 5 5 0 . 2 5 6 9 3 . 2 7 7 2 D M I X W H - 0 . 3 3 8 4 7 1 0 . 1 2 2 8 8 7 0 . 0 1 3 1 - 3 2 . 7 4 5 9 D M I X W T 0 . 0 0 7 6 9 0 0 . 0 0 6 7 8 8 0 . 2 7 2 1 3 . 2 6 4 2 D M I X E D - 7 . 3 7 8 0 8 1 3 . 1 3 5 4 6 4 0 . 0 3 0 2 - 8 . 7 5 3 4 E D X C P 4 . 8 3 6 2 2 2 8 . 2 1 6 6 4 8 0 . 5 6 3 5 3 . 6 8 6 9 X S P E S X H 0 . 0 2 7 9 1 2 0 . 0 0 9 3 5 9 0 . 0 0 8 0 0 . 8 7 1 8 M e d a l 5 m m 1 2 2 = . 6 8 8 2 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 3 7 6 4 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) 8 1 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 1 3 . 0 2 4 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e . . . — L 0 6 i 0 5 i O 4 1 0 3 ) . 2 M e C l l 0 F b a 2 T % ( 4 y E 0 l N I l 1 O a D N n O o I 0 T e c A n U e Q u E 0 l 1 f n O - I W f T o 0 2 l L e E - v e D L O 0 M 3 A - T A D 0 E 4 T - E ; O L P M 5 O - C - 0 U S ‘ - * * — - _ — H 2 D Z I H D W H E D M D W E E X 6 - O R A P I M I W X R I I P M 2 M : D D c r u o l F V a r l a b l e s 4 4 4 5 T a b l e 3 P R I M I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 1 7 2 4 . 6 6 5 . 0 1 1 2 4 . 5 5 0 . 2 2 4 4 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 0 2 6 . 3 8 4 . 1 2 4 2 6 . 3 8 H i g h 1 9 2 6 . 7 2 3 . 8 0 1 2 6 . 7 1 0 . 1 0 0 4 L o w 1 8 2 4 . 3 9 5 . 0 9 6 2 4 . 2 2 O v e r a l l 3 7 2 5 . 5 8 4 . 5 7 0 B C S L a r g e 1 7 2 . 6 7 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 6 7 0 . 1 6 6 2 S m a l l 2 0 2 . 8 6 0 . 3 6 8 2 . 8 6 - H i g h 1 9 2 . 8 4 0 . 4 1 2 2 . 8 3 0 . 3 1 3 1 L o w 1 8 2 . 7 0 0 . 4 0 9 2 . 7 0 O v e r a l l 3 7 2 . 7 7 0 . 4 1 1 A G E L a r g e 1 7 2 5 . 1 6 1 . 7 7 1 2 5 . 1 6 0 . 0 7 9 7 ( m o n t h s ) S m a l l 2 0 2 6 . 7 4 3 . 0 8 0 2 6 . 7 4 H i g h 1 9 2 5 . 8 7 2 . 6 2 4 2 5 . 8 3 0 . 7 9 2 4 L o w 1 8 2 6 . 1 6 2 . 7 5 1 2 6 . 0 6 O v e r a l l 3 7 2 6 . 0 1 2 . 6 5 3 W H L a r g e 1 7 1 3 4 . 8 2 . 7 2 4 1 3 4 . 8 0 . 0 5 5 3 ( c m ) S m a l l 2 0 1 3 6 . 7 2 . 9 8 6 1 3 6 . 7 H i g h 1 9 1 3 6 . 4 3 . 1 6 7 1 3 6 . 3 0 . 2 4 0 4 L o w 1 8 1 3 5 . 3 2 . 7 5 3 1 3 5 . 2 O v e r a l l 3 7 1 3 5 . 8 2 . 9 8 0 W T L a r g e 1 7 5 0 7 . 1 4 2 . 9 8 5 0 6 . 9 0 . 6 4 1 5 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 0 5 1 3 . 4 3 9 . 8 4 5 1 3 . 4 H i g h 1 9 5 1 7 . 3 4 3 . 1 9 5 1 7 . 0 0 . 3 3 1 1 L o w 1 8 5 0 3 . 3 3 8 . 1 2 5 0 3 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 7 5 1 0 . 5 4 0 . 8 5 4 6 T a b l e 3 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e P T A M L a r g e 1 7 3 3 9 . 9 3 5 1 . 6 3 5 4 . 1 0 . 3 3 9 7 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 0 4 4 8 . 6 2 5 3 . 0 4 4 8 . 6 H i g h 1 9 4 9 6 . 3 1 9 3 . 3 4 9 4 . 1 0 . 0 6 6 2 L o w 1 8 3 1 4 . 6 3 6 7 . 0 3 0 8 . 7 O v e r a l l 3 7 4 0 7 . 9 3 0 1 . 3 S C C L a r g e 1 7 2 . 0 7 1 . 0 2 2 . 0 6 0 . 4 5 7 4 S m a l l 2 0 2 . 3 1 0 . 9 6 2 . 3 1 H i g h 1 9 2 . 2 7 0 . 8 8 2 . 6 2 0 . 6 5 6 4 L o w 1 8 2 . 1 3 1 . 1 0 2 . 1 1 O v e r a l l 3 7 2 . 2 0 0 . 9 8 H E A L T H L a r g e 1 7 0 . 4 3 3 0 . 6 4 1 0 . 4 4 3 0 . 6 4 9 1 S m a l l 2 0 0 . 3 6 7 0 . 3 5 6 0 . 3 6 7 H i g h 1 9 0 . 2 7 2 0 . 2 8 2 0 . 2 7 2 0 . 1 1 9 0 L o w 1 8 0 . 5 2 9 0 . 6 4 1 0 . 5 3 7 O v e r a l l 3 7 0 . 3 9 7 0 . 5 0 1 X S N E L L a r g e 1 7 7 . 5 4 5 . 6 6 7 . 5 0 0 . 1 0 1 8 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 0 1 1 . 2 8 7 . 5 2 1 1 . 3 0 N E L / d ) H i g h 1 9 1 0 . 6 0 7 . 7 2 1 0 . 4 9 0 . 3 3 7 3 L o w 1 8 8 . 4 6 5 . 9 4 8 . 2 9 O v e r a l l 3 7 9 . 5 6 6 . 9 0 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 1 7 8 2 0 . 8 8 9 9 . 2 8 2 0 . 3 0 . 0 9 8 2 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 0 1 3 3 8 . 4 9 1 2 . 9 1 3 3 8 . 4 H i g h 1 9 1 1 9 7 . 6 1 1 7 6 . 7 1 1 7 9 . 2 0 . 5 1 6 0 L o w 1 8 9 8 8 . 1 5 9 1 . 2 9 7 9 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 7 1 1 0 0 . 6 9 3 1 . 4 4 7 T a b l e 3 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e X S P R O T E S L a r g e 1 7 2 5 . 5 3 2 9 1 . 3 3 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 8 8 4 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 0 1 4 1 . 3 5 2 0 8 . 0 1 4 1 . 3 5 H i g h 1 9 5 2 . 4 7 2 9 0 . 6 4 7 . 3 8 0 . 3 6 0 1 L O W 1 8 1 2 5 . 7 8 2 0 7 . 7 1 2 4 . 1 8 O v e r a l l 3 7 8 8 . 1 4 2 5 2 . 9 E D L a r g e 1 7 1 . 6 7 6 0 . 0 4 8 8 1 . 6 7 6 0 . 0 6 3 0 ( M e a l S m a l l 2 0 1 . 6 2 7 0 . 0 9 4 3 1 . 6 2 7 N E L / k g ) H i g h 1 9 1 . 6 6 1 0 . 0 5 9 5 1 . 6 6 2 0 . 4 3 7 0 L O W 1 8 1 . 6 3 8 0 . 0 9 7 1 1 . 6 4 2 O v e r a l l 3 7 1 . 6 5 0 0 . 0 7 9 8 A D F L a r g e 1 7 1 8 . 6 9 2 . 1 3 9 1 8 . 6 8 0 . 2 7 1 2 ( % ) S m a l l 2 0 1 9 . 7 8 3 . 5 5 9 1 9 . 7 8 H i g h 1 9 1 8 . 8 3 2 . 7 5 7 1 8 . 8 3 0 . 4 2 6 2 L o w 1 8 1 9 . 7 6 3 . 2 5 5 1 9 . 6 3 O v e r a l l 3 7 1 9 . 2 8 3 . 0 0 4 C P L a r g e 1 7 1 7 . 8 0 1 . 7 0 7 1 7 . 7 9 0 . 0 9 0 8 ( 4 ) S m a l l 2 0 1 6 . 7 9 1 . 7 9 7 1 6 . 7 9 H i g h 1 9 1 7 . 7 4 1 . 5 6 0 1 7 . 7 6 0 . 1 0 9 7 L o w 1 8 1 6 . 7 5 1 . 9 4 6 1 6 . 8 2 O v e r a l l 3 7 1 7 . 2 6 1 . 8 0 5 D M I L a r g e 1 7 2 2 . 8 5 2 . 9 5 7 2 2 . 8 6 0 . 9 9 9 3 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 0 2 2 . 8 6 3 . 3 2 5 2 2 . 8 6 H i g h 1 9 2 2 . 6 4 2 . 4 9 7 2 2 . 6 4 0 . 6 9 2 9 L o w 1 8 2 3 . 0 8 3 . 7 2 5 2 3 . 0 7 O v e r a l l 3 7 2 2 . 8 5 3 . 1 1 8 a N a N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V - S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 5 1 t o a t e ) . 1 4 D C R : 1 1 1 : f 1 l l b e b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s f o r l a r g e r h e r d s . F C M a n d C P w e r e 4 8 s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e . 1 0 l e v e l w i t h F C M a n d C P b e i n g g r e a t e r f o r h i g h h e r d s a n d H E A L T H b e i n g l e s s . 2 m e C o r r e l a t i o n s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 2 ) f o r X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D , E D a n d A D F , a n d W T a n d B C S w e r e . 8 6 9 5 , - . 8 4 8 0 , a n d . 5 1 9 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h e p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t w h i c h e x c l u d e d g e n e t i c i n f o r m a t i o n ( P N G ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , W T a n d W H d i s p l a y e d a n r v a l u e w o r t h n o t i n g ( . 6 0 2 9 ) . P N G m o d e l 1 v a l u e s o f . 8 7 6 1 f o r R 2 a n d . 6 9 0 4 f o r A D J R 2 w e r e a c h i e v e d ( T a b l e 4 ) . V a r i a b l e s W H a n d D M I h a d a m a j o r , p o s i t i v e i m p a c t w h i l e a n e g a t i v e e f f e c t w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m W H 2 a n d D M I X W H . C P a n d D M I Z h a d m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e a n d E D X C P a m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n . E D a n d A D F a n d D M I X E D a n d A D F 2 h a d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( F i g u r e 3 ) . P N G m o d e l 2 ( T a b l e 5 ) a g a i n s h o w e d m a j o r i n f l u e n c e s o n p r o d u c t i o n f r o m N H a n d W H 2 , p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n s D M I X W T a n d E D X C P b o t h s h o w e d m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e w h i l e D M I a n d E D 2 e x h i b i t e d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e s o n F C M ( F i g u r e 4 ) . L o w e r m e a n s f o r X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 w i t h B C S b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a t P < . 1 0 f o r l a r g e h e r d s ( T a b l e 6 ) . C P a n d E D w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r f o r l a r g e r h e r d s a t P < . 1 0 . X S P R O T E S a p p r o a c h e d 4 9 T a b l e 4 P R I M I P A R O U S s o G E N E T I C D A T A s o n a r o u r E Q U A T I O N o u r P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 5 5 3 8 . 9 0 7 7 7 7 1 0 1 6 . 8 8 5 9 6 2 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 2 9 . 4 4 8 8 1 3 1 5 . 5 4 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 7 6 3 2 . 7 1 8 9 B C S Z - 4 . 3 0 6 3 5 9 2 . 8 2 9 9 9 5 0 . 1 4 7 6 - 2 . 1 7 4 5 W H 6 7 . 3 8 9 2 1 6 1 3 . 2 3 7 2 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 5 1 . 6 5 5 0 W H 2 - 0 . 2 2 6 8 1 2 0 . 0 4 7 2 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 2 - 4 7 . 0 9 9 3 W T 0 . 1 5 7 2 0 0 0 . 2 9 9 4 8 9 0 . 6 0 6 9 1 . 5 1 3 8 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 2 9 6 0 . 5 0 7 4 - 1 . 9 3 3 0 S C C - 0 . 6 0 5 9 5 5 0 . 5 8 2 1 9 9 0 . 3 1 3 4 - 0 . 1 2 4 8 H E A L T H 1 4 . 6 1 0 6 7 2 4 . 4 4 7 1 4 0 0 . 0 0 4 7 1 . 8 3 1 2 H E A L T H Z - 3 . 0 1 7 0 7 4 1 . 9 5 3 5 3 4 0 . 1 4 2 0 - 0 . 6 4 1 4 X S N E L 0 . 8 5 0 7 1 2 0 . 2 3 5 8 3 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 1 . 5 0 0 2 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 4 3 7 6 0 . 0 0 1 9 2 5 0 . 0 3 7 1 - 1 . 0 4 4 3 X S P T R D 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 9 1 0 . 3 4 8 6 E D 3 2 2 . 1 7 2 4 6 5 1 1 9 . 9 0 5 0 6 1 0 . 0 1 6 2 6 . 7 9 5 7 A D F 7 . 7 8 5 8 0 4 1 . 7 1 6 1 2 6 0 . 0 0 0 3 6 . 0 1 9 9 A D F 2 - 0 . 2 0 4 7 7 9 0 . 0 4 9 3 4 6 0 . 0 0 0 8 - 6 . 2 0 3 4 C P 2 4 . 1 6 8 3 7 2 9 . 8 1 1 0 9 0 0 . 0 2 5 5 1 1 . 1 2 6 1 C P 2 - 0 . 1 3 2 3 3 2 0 . 1 4 6 7 5 3 0 . 3 8 0 6 - 2 . 1 2 0 2 D M I 2 9 . 8 4 5 4 9 7 1 1 . 2 6 1 8 7 8 0 . 0 1 7 5 2 4 . 4 4 8 5 D M I Z 0 . 2 8 0 8 0 3 0 . 0 6 1 3 2 3 0 . 0 0 0 3 1 0 . 5 4 8 5 D M I X W H - 0 . 2 4 3 9 1 6 0 . 0 7 2 3 1 9 0 . 0 0 3 9 - 2 8 . 0 1 8 0 D M I X E D - 5 . 8 3 3 2 4 4 2 . 4 2 2 6 8 6 0 . 0 2 8 5 - 8 . 2 3 5 7 E D X C P - 1 1 . 1 3 3 0 1 6 6 . 7 0 7 4 1 8 0 . 1 1 6 4 - 1 0 . 0 8 9 6 X S P R D X H 0 . 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 . 0 0 3 4 6 6 0 . 0 0 8 8 1 . 3 5 0 2 X S N E L X H - 1 . 7 0 7 5 6 3 0 . 3 9 2 7 9 7 0 . 0 0 0 5 - 2 . 4 4 1 2 M 9 9 2 1 S u m m a r y R 2 = . 8 7 6 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 6 9 0 4 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 1 6 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 4 . 5 6 5 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 6 0 5 1 0 4 0 3 . ) 4 e M l C b a ' g T 0 F 2 ( % 4 E y N s § I 0 l O _ i ' I L 1 l a D N O n I o T 0 e c A U n Q e E u 0 l E 1 f n N - I O f o L 0 E l 2 D e - v O e L M 0 3 - 0 A T A D C I i l T “ — — - - - — - - - ‘ 4 - 0 E N E G 5 O - N S 0 U 6 - O R A P " 2 D F 2 P D " H I I 2 s M I E D F C E C e W H D M W M I l b a l r a V W D A D X X X R A I D P I M 3 M : E D D e r u g I F 5 0 5 1 T a b l e 5 P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 2 0 9 6 . 8 5 8 8 1 5 1 1 2 6 . 5 5 0 8 2 3 0 . 0 7 9 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 2 3 . 6 4 0 4 7 3 3 0 . 4 7 6 1 9 7 0 . 4 4 8 0 - 2 . 1 8 2 7 B C S Z 5 . 5 7 4 6 9 7 5 . 6 4 8 1 7 0 0 . 3 3 6 7 2 . 8 1 5 0 A G E - 2 . 0 0 1 2 1 0 7 . 2 1 1 5 5 3 0 . 7 8 4 6 - 1 . 2 8 6 6 A G E 2 0 . 0 4 5 4 4 0 0 . 1 3 1 3 3 2 0 . 7 3 3 4 1 . 6 0 3 1 W H 3 4 . 3 7 8 5 3 9 1 5 . 8 2 9 0 1 7 0 . 0 4 3 5 2 6 . 3 5 1 7 W H 2 - 0 . 1 2 4 9 7 8 0 . 0 5 8 4 7 5 0 . 0 4 6 6 - 2 5 . 9 5 2 6 W T - 0 . 4 8 9 8 3 9 0 . 2 1 8 2 9 8 0 . 0 3 7 7 - 4 . 7 l 7 1 S C C - 5 . 4 9 4 8 5 9 5 . 9 1 8 5 1 0 0 . 3 6 5 5 - 1 . 1 3 2 1 S C C 2 0 . 8 4 1 0 0 0 1 . 1 3 5 8 0 0 0 . 4 6 8 6 0 . 8 9 5 9 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 2 1 3 7 0 . 0 0 2 8 9 8 0 . 4 7 0 4 - 0 . 1 4 3 4 X S P T E S Z - 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 . 6 2 4 5 - 0 . 0 9 8 8 E D 1 0 2 . 9 8 5 8 1 1 2 9 5 . 6 5 1 3 1 4 0 . 7 3 1 6 2 . 1 7 2 3 E D 2 - 7 5 . 4 8 1 4 8 8 1 0 3 . 3 3 4 2 8 7 0 . 4 7 4 5 - 5 . 1 8 9 4 A D F 2 . 3 2 9 5 0 7 2 . 4 8 0 8 1 7 0 . 3 6 0 2 1 . 8 0 1 2 A D F 2 - 0 . 0 4 9 6 6 2 0 . 0 6 7 9 7 2 0 . 4 7 4 4 - 1 . 5 0 4 4 C P - 8 . 1 8 8 7 9 0 1 3 . 4 8 7 8 0 9 0 . 5 5 1 4 - 3 . 7 6 9 8 C P 2 - 0 . 2 8 1 0 7 8 0 . 2 0 7 5 6 1 0 . 1 9 2 4 - 4 . 5 0 3 3 D M I - 8 . 7 3 2 3 3 7 8 . 6 6 7 4 1 6 0 . 3 2 7 1 - 7 . 1 5 3 2 D M I 2 0 . 0 2 8 2 4 6 0 . 0 7 1 9 4 6 0 . 6 9 9 2 1 . 0 6 1 1 D M I X W T 0 . 0 2 0 7 0 3 0 . 0 0 9 3 7 0 0 . 0 4 0 3 1 0 . 2 1 0 7 D M I X E D - 2 . 0 8 6 6 8 8 2 . 4 0 5 8 7 0 0 . 3 9 7 2 - 2 . 9 4 6 1 E D X C P 1 1 . 1 6 6 5 0 6 1 0 . 3 3 4 1 0 1 0 . 2 9 4 2 1 0 . 1 1 9 9 H e g e l S u m m e r ! R 2 = . 6 7 3 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 2 7 3 6 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 1 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 1 0 . 7 0 8 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 6 i 0 5 i 0 4 1 0 3 . } 5 e l b M C a l 0 F T ( 2 % 4 E y N O 1 0 l 1 l a N D O n o I T A 0 e U c Q n e u E 0 l O i f 1 W n - I T f o L 0 E l 2 D e - v O e L M 0 3 - 0 4 - 0 A T A D C I T E N E G i 5 O - N r - r - ~ 0 6 - S U O R A P H 2 T I I P W H W M D W C M I X R X I M D D P E : 4 e m o H V a r i a b l e s ” m m - . . “ . . . - — E D Z _ 5 2 5 3 T a b l e 6 P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 2 0 2 5 . 6 5 4 . 4 1 1 2 5 . 6 5 0 . 4 3 5 1 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 2 6 . 5 1 3 . 2 5 8 2 6 . 5 6 H i g h 2 0 2 7 . 3 9 3 . 7 5 9 2 7 . 3 9 0 . 0 3 3 1 L o w 2 1 2 4 . 8 5 3 . 5 7 1 2 4 . 8 2 O v e r a l l 4 1 2 6 . 0 9 3 . 8 3 9 B C S L a r g e 2 0 2 . 6 8 0 . 3 6 7 2 . 6 8 0 . 0 5 3 6 S m a l l 2 1 2 . 8 8 0 . 3 1 9 2 . 8 9 H i g h 2 0 2 . 8 3 0 . 3 1 1 . 2 . 8 3 0 . 3 3 9 6 L O W 2 1 2 . 7 3 0 . 3 1 7 2 . 7 3 O v e r a l l 4 1 2 . 7 8 0 . 3 5 4 A G E L a r g e 2 0 2 5 . 7 2 1 . 9 4 6 2 5 . 7 2 0 . 3 3 1 9 ( m o n t h s ) S m a l l 2 1 2 6 . 4 9 2 . 8 7 8 2 6 . 5 0 H i g h 2 0 2 6 . 1 6 2 . 5 5 6 2 6 . 1 6 0 . 8 9 5 9 L o w 2 1 2 6 . 0 7 2 . 4 4 5 2 6 . 0 5 O v e r a l l 4 1 2 6 . 1 1 2 . 4 6 8 W H L a r g e 2 0 1 3 5 . 4 3 . 0 5 8 1 3 5 . 4 0 . 2 2 0 1 ( c m ) S m a l l 2 1 1 3 6 . 5 2 . 7 8 8 1 3 6 . 6 H i g h 2 0 1 3 6 . 3 3 . 3 0 0 1 3 6 . 3 0 . 5 2 5 1 L o w 2 1 1 3 5 . 7 2 . 6 0 9 1 3 5 . 7 O v e r a l l 4 1 1 3 6 . 0 2 . 9 4 3 W T L a r g e 2 0 5 0 4 . 5 4 0 . 0 2 5 0 4 . 5 0 . 3 3 9 8 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 1 5 1 5 . 5 3 3 . 9 2 5 1 5 . 8 H i g h 2 0 5 1 4 . 4 4 0 . 6 6 5 1 4 . 4 0 . 4 7 7 7 L O W 2 1 5 0 6 . 0 3 3 . 5 8 5 0 5 . 9 O v e r a l l 4 1 5 1 0 . 1 3 6 . 9 7 5 4 T a b l e 6 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e S C C L a r g e 2 0 2 . 0 8 0 . 8 5 0 2 . 0 8 0 . 6 3 5 9 S m a l l 2 1 2 . 1 8 0 . 7 4 8 2 . 1 9 H i g h 2 0 2 . 2 9 0 . 7 7 3 2 . 2 9 0 . 2 2 7 8 L o w 2 1 1 . 9 8 0 . 7 9 7 1 . 9 8 O v e r a l l 4 1 2 . 1 3 0 . 7 9 1 H E A L T H L a r g e 2 0 0 . 3 6 5 0 . 5 8 7 0 . 3 6 5 0 . 8 1 6 4 S m a l l 2 1 0 . 3 3 3 0 . 3 6 8 0 . 3 2 9 H i g h 2 0 0 . 2 6 2 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 2 6 2 0 . 2 7 6 0 L o w 2 1 0 . 4 3 1 0 . 6 1 6 0 . 4 3 2 O v e r a l l 4 1 0 . 3 4 9 0 . 4 8 1 X S N E L L a r g e 2 0 7 . 2 7 5 . 2 2 7 . 2 7 0 . 0 4 0 5 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 1 1 1 . 5 9 7 . 5 0 1 1 . 6 4 N E L / d ) H i g h 2 0 1 0 . 3 0 7 . 6 1 1 0 . 3 0 0 . 4 1 7 8 L o w 2 1 8 . 7 0 5 . 9 4 8 . 6 1 O v e r a l l 4 1 9 . 4 8 6 . 7 7 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 2 0 7 7 4 . 8 8 5 4 . 9 7 7 4 . 8 0 . 0 3 9 1 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 1 3 6 4 . 0 8 9 8 . 2 1 3 7 4 . 5 H i g h 2 0 1 1 7 3 . 2 1 1 4 6 . 7 1 1 7 3 . 2 0 . 4 7 8 0 L o w 2 1 9 8 4 . 6 6 4 1 . 4 9 7 3 . 2 O v e r a l l 4 1 1 0 7 6 . 6 9 1 6 . 2 X S P R O T E S L a r g e 2 0 2 0 . 1 2 9 6 . 1 2 0 . 1 0 . 1 4 7 8 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 1 3 9 . 4 2 0 5 . 5 1 3 9 . 7 H i g h 2 0 6 1 . 3 2 8 1 . 2 6 1 . 3 0 . 6 4 9 6 L o w 2 1 1 0 0 . 1 2 3 8 . 6 9 8 . 3 O v e r a l l 4 1 8 1 . 2 2 5 7 . 7 5 5 T a b l e 6 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t . H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e E D L a r g e 2 0 1 . 6 7 2 0 . 0 6 2 1 . 6 7 2 0 . 0 8 4 5 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 1 1 . 6 2 7 0 . 0 9 2 1 . 6 2 8 N E L / k g ) H i g h 2 0 1 . 6 5 7 0 . 0 6 2 1 . 6 5 7 0 . 6 1 2 7 L o w 2 1 1 . 6 4 2 0 . 0 9 7 1 . 6 4 4 O v e r a l l 4 1 1 . 6 5 0 0 . 0 8 9 A D F L a r g e 2 0 1 9 . 0 4 2 . 3 6 4 1 9 . 0 4 0 . 4 6 6 8 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 9 . 7 7 3 . 4 7 0 1 9 . 7 2 H i g h 2 0 1 8 . 9 8 2 . 7 5 7 1 8 . 9 7 0 . 3 9 2 6 L o w 2 1 1 9 . 8 2 3 . 1 6 7 1 9 . 7 8 O v e r a l l 4 1 1 9 . 4 1 2 . 9 6 9 C P L a r g e 2 0 1 7 . 7 4 1 . 6 0 0 1 7 . 7 4 0 . 0 6 0 9 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 6 . 7 0 1 . 8 0 6 1 6 . 7 3 H i g h 2 0 1 7 . 6 9 1 . 5 3 4 1 7 . 6 9 0 . 0 8 7 0 L o w 2 1 1 6 . 7 4 1 . 8 8 4 1 6 . 7 8 O v e r a l l 4 1 1 7 . 2 0 1 . 7 6 8 D M I L a r g e 2 0 2 2 . 6 4 3 . 1 0 5 2 2 . 6 4 0 . 7 9 8 3 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 2 2 . 9 2 3 . 2 5 4 2 2 . 9 0 H i g h 2 0 2 2 . 8 1 2 . 5 5 1 2 2 . 8 1 0 . 9 3 9 8 L o w 2 1 2 2 . 7 6 3 . 6 8 8 2 2 . 7 3 O v e r a l l 4 1 2 2 . 7 8 3 . 1 4 5 a N = N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 5 6 s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r f o r h i g h e r p r o d u c i n g h e r d s a t P < . 0 5 a n d P < . 1 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y . 3 . E x c l u d i n g S m i l e £ 2 1 1 £ 2 9 1 1 : P a g e C o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 9 ) o f t h e p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x l u d i n g S C C ( P N S ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 2 0 a n d 2 1 ) b e t w e e n X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D , E D a n d A D F , W T a n d W H , a n d W T a n d B C S w e r e a g a i n o f i m p o r t a n c e w i t h r e s p e c t i v e v a l u e s o f . 8 8 0 3 , - . 8 6 0 7 , . 5 8 9 0 , a n d . 5 3 8 2 . R e g r e s s i o n o f P N S d a t a h a d R 2 a n d A D J R 2 v a l u e s o f . 8 2 4 1 a n d . 5 8 2 4 f o r m o d e l 1 ( T a b l e 7 ) . T h e n e x t b e s t m o d e l , w h i c h i n c l u d e d X S P R O T R D a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m X S P T R D 2 , h a d r e s u l t i n g R 2 a n d A D J R 2 v a l u e s o f . 8 3 7 4 a n d . 5 5 8 7 a n d w a s t h e r e f o r e n o t s e l e c t e d . W H a n d D M I h a d m a j o r , p o s i t i v e w h i l e D M I X W H a n d W H 2 h a d m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h d a i l y 4 % F C M . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n s E D X B C S a n d D M I X W T h a d m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e w h i l e t h e l i n e a r t e r m B C S h a d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s . D M I X E D , C P 2 , W T a n d A G E h a d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e w h i l e C P , D M 2 , a n d A G E 2 h a d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e p r o d u c t i o n i n f l u e n c e ( F i g u r e 5 ) . T h e P N S m o d e l 2 ( T a b l e 8 ) r e g r e s s i o n s e l e c t e d h a d a n R 2 o f . 7 1 0 1 a n d A D J R 2 o f . 4 4 9 2 . I n t h e s e c o n d c h o i c e ( T a b l e 9 ) A G E a n d t h e E D X B C S i n t e r a c t i o n w e r e k e p t , w i t h E D X B C S d i s p l a y i n g m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e e v i d e n c e . O n c e a g a i n D M I a n d W H h a d m a j o r , p o s i t i v e i m p a c t s w h i l e t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n ( D M I X W H ) h a d a m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n . E D X C P h a d a m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e r e s u l t a n d D M I X E D a n d t h e q u a d r a t i c W H 2 t e r m a m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e . D M I X W T a n d D M I Z 5 7 T a b l e 7 P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 3 0 4 7 . 1 5 1 5 8 8 8 9 8 . 3 1 2 4 8 5 0 . 0 0 3 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 1 4 1 . 6 2 7 5 9 1 7 1 . 0 7 7 7 2 8 0 . 0 6 3 7 - 1 2 . 6 7 7 9 A G E - 1 0 . 3 1 5 2 9 2 6 . 4 0 5 9 1 8 0 . 1 2 6 9 - 6 . 2 9 2 8 A G E 2 0 . 1 8 7 8 8 4 0 . 1 1 5 9 3 6 0 . 1 2 4 6 6 . 2 8 8 7 W H 4 4 . 1 7 9 6 8 9 1 2 . 1 6 1 2 4 2 0 . 0 0 2 2 3 2 . 5 5 2 3 W H 2 - 0 . 1 2 8 6 9 2 0 . 0 4 4 3 7 0 0 . 0 1 0 4 - 2 5 . 6 7 8 2 W T - 0 . 6 8 6 1 4 6 0 . 1 8 8 8 9 7 0 . 0 0 2 2 - 6 . 3 1 0 0 P T A M - 0 . 0 0 6 9 9 8 0 . 0 0 4 0 6 1 0 . 1 0 4 2 - 0 . 5 1 4 6 H E A L T H - 0 . 9 9 0 1 9 2 1 . 7 4 1 6 8 3 0 . 5 7 7 6 - 0 . 1 1 8 1 X S N E L - 0 . 8 8 9 8 5 3 0 . 3 3 8 7 7 4 0 . 0 1 8 3 - 1 . 5 3 6 7 X S N E L 2 0 . 0 4 3 7 4 1 0 . 0 1 4 5 7 9 0 . 0 0 8 5 1 . 9 6 5 1 E D - 9 4 . 9 5 8 2 1 9 1 1 0 . 6 6 5 9 6 0 0 . 4 0 3 5 - 1 . 8 8 1 9 A D F 5 . 8 1 0 8 1 3 2 . 3 2 3 3 8 2 0 . 0 2 3 6 4 . 2 5 3 7 A D F 2 - 0 . 1 6 7 1 1 3 0 . 0 6 5 1 6 9 0 . 0 2 0 8 - 4 . 7 7 9 9 C P 1 8 . 0 5 1 3 1 2 4 . 9 8 3 3 4 8 0 . 0 0 2 3 8 . 2 0 4 1 C P 2 - 0 . 4 8 6 7 9 6 0 . 1 4 0 9 6 2 0 . 0 0 3 3 - 7 . 6 6 3 3 D M I 3 6 . 9 6 0 3 0 0 1 6 . 1 0 2 6 7 2 0 . 0 3 5 6 2 8 . 6 8 7 0 D M I Z 0 . 1 8 1 7 8 3 0 . 0 8 1 6 6 3 0 . 0 4 0 7 6 . 4 8 3 5 D M I X W H - 0 . 3 6 8 1 8 5 0 . 1 0 3 3 0 3 0 . 0 0 2 6 - 4 0 . 2 0 6 3 D M I X W T 0 . 0 2 9 3 3 9 0 . 0 0 8 1 8 2 0 . 0 0 2 5 1 3 . 8 0 5 6 D M I X E D - 6 . 6 8 0 4 1 9 3 . 1 3 5 5 9 4 0 . 0 4 9 0 - 9 . 1 1 5 2 E D X B C S 8 4 . 9 3 8 2 7 4 4 2 . 4 4 8 4 4 1 0 . 0 6 2 7 1 4 . 3 3 3 7 P T X H E A L 0 . 0 1 2 1 1 4 0 . 0 0 6 5 3 6 0 . 0 8 2 4 0 . 6 2 0 0 m m R 2 = . 8 2 4 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 a . 5 8 2 4 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 1 6 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 6 . 8 4 8 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 6 0 5 . ) 7 e l b a 0 T 4 0 ( E N O 3 N O M I C T f 0 F A U 2 % Q 4 E y 0 l E 1 i N a D O n L o E 0 D e c O n M e u 0 l A T f 1 A n - I D f T o 0 N . j l U L 2 1 : : 1 i i 2 W g l ; i e O - v e C L 0 3 L L E - C C 0 I 4 - 0 T A M O S 5 O - N 0 S U — » ~ — - ~ — O - - - — — - s E 2 I 2 D s H T 2 H T 6 I - F A P I c G E W W H M I D M W W c E M a A G X X X e W D I R A I P I I x M M M : o D D D s 5 e r u g i F V a r l a b l e s l l } C P 2 L - i ! l l 1 5 8 P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E 5 9 T a b l e 8 P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 2 5 5 1 . 4 5 5 6 3 4 1 0 4 2 . 4 9 5 5 1 7 0 . 0 2 3 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 5 . 9 1 8 3 8 7 2 . 3 6 3 8 9 1 0 . 0 2 1 1 0 . 5 2 9 8 W H 3 3 . 9 4 6 8 6 2 1 4 . 0 0 6 3 7 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 2 5 . 0 1 2 6 W H 2 - 0 . 0 9 7 6 4 4 0 . 0 5 0 1 7 3 0 . 0 6 5 8 - 1 9 . 4 8 3 1 W T - 0 . 4 6 5 3 4 8 0 . 1 7 5 6 8 1 0 . 0 1 5 4 - 4 . 2 7 9 5 P T A M - 0 . 0 0 3 2 5 4 0 . 0 0 3 8 7 0 0 . 4 1 0 4 - 0 . 2 3 9 3 H E A L T H - 0 . 1 9 8 8 9 1 1 . 8 8 2 1 9 1 0 . 9 1 6 9 - 0 . 0 2 3 7 E D - 3 4 . 2 6 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 . 4 4 3 4 7 6 0 . 7 6 9 7 - 0 . 6 7 9 0 A D F 6 . 5 6 1 2 0 7 1 . 9 9 8 3 0 1 0 . 0 0 3 7 4 . 8 0 3 0 A D F 2 - 0 . 1 7 7 1 0 7 0 . 0 5 6 7 4 3 0 . 0 0 5 4 - 5 . 0 6 5 7 C P - 1 1 . 7 0 6 4 9 6 1 0 . 1 5 7 2 7 6 0 . 2 6 2 7 \ - 5 . 3 2 0 5 C P 2 - 0 . 2 3 6 8 1 1 0 . 1 2 8 4 3 2 0 . 0 8 0 1 - 3 . 7 2 8 0 D M I 3 2 . 5 2 9 8 1 5 1 5 . 8 4 0 4 6 3 0 . 0 5 3 3 2 5 . 2 4 8 2 D M I Z 0 . 1 7 3 5 9 9 0 . 0 7 9 6 1 1 0 . 0 4 1 3 6 . 1 9 1 6 D M I X W H - 0 . 2 7 7 2 3 7 0 . 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 . 0 2 1 9 - 3 0 . 2 7 4 7 D M I X W T 0 . 0 1 9 0 8 9 0 . 0 0 7 5 1 1 0 . 0 1 9 4 8 . 9 8 2 4 D M I X E D - 7 . 9 3 8 2 9 3 2 . 9 9 9 8 6 5 0 . 0 1 5 5 - 1 0 . 8 3 1 5 E D X C P 1 2 . 6 9 4 3 6 4 6 . 2 9 5 4 2 4 0 . 0 5 7 4 1 1 . 2 3 1 0 P T X H E A L 0 . 0 1 1 8 1 9 0 . 0 0 6 3 9 6 0 . 0 7 9 5 0 . 6 0 5 0 H e g e l 5 9 3 3 3 : ! R 2 = . 7 1 0 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 4 4 9 2 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 2 0 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 9 . 0 3 1 a S T D E S T - S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 6 0 T a b l e 9 P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 2 5 2 8 . 0 7 3 1 4 2 1 1 0 7 . 7 2 6 7 5 6 0 . 0 3 4 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S ~ 6 0 . 0 2 1 8 2 9 8 0 . 9 0 4 4 2 4 0 . 4 6 7 7 - 5 . 3 7 2 9 A G E - 0 . 1 1 3 5 8 8 0 . 2 8 5 6 9 9 0 . 6 9 5 6 - 0 . 0 6 9 3 W H 3 3 . 7 6 6 4 6 1 1 4 . 6 4 9 5 6 1 0 . 0 3 3 3 2 4 . 8 7 9 7 W H 2 - 0 . 0 9 3 6 9 8 0 . 0 5 2 4 3 3 0 . 0 9 0 8 - 1 8 . 6 9 5 9 W T - 0 . 5 1 8 6 6 5 0 . 1 9 7 9 5 5 0 . 0 1 7 3 - 4 . 7 6 9 8 P T A M - 0 . 0 0 5 1 4 8 0 . 0 0 4 6 5 6 0 . 2 8 3 4 - 0 . 3 7 8 5 H E A L T H - 0 . 4 1 2 5 3 6 1 . 9 8 3 6 6 1 0 . 8 3 7 6 - 0 . 0 4 9 2 E D - 6 9 . 6 6 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 . 8 9 2 8 4 0 0 . 6 0 3 8 - 1 . 3 8 0 6 A D F 7 . 8 5 0 7 7 6 2 . 5 7 8 0 9 4 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 . 7 4 7 0 A D F 2 - 0 . 2 1 2 2 3 8 0 . 0 7 2 3 7 0 0 . 0 0 8 9 - 6 . 0 7 0 5 C P - 5 . 9 3 7 3 1 5 1 2 . 5 9 8 2 5 6 0 . 6 4 3 1 - 2 . 6 9 8 4 C P 2 - 0 . 2 4 9 5 4 2 0 . 1 3 5 2 0 3 0 . 0 8 1 5 - 3 . 9 2 8 4 D M I 3 7 . 8 4 4 2 7 9 1 8 . 1 1 4 6 5 3 0 . 0 5 1 2 2 9 . 3 7 3 1 D M I Z 0 . 1 6 6 2 4 8 0 . 0 8 3 5 2 8 0 . 0 6 2 0 5 . 9 2 9 4 D M I X W H - 0 . 3 1 0 9 1 0 0 . 1 2 4 2 1 9 0 . 0 2 2 2 - 3 3 . 9 5 1 8 D M I X W T 0 . 0 2 1 3 2 9 0 . 0 0 8 5 0 3 0 . 0 2 1 9 1 0 . 0 3 6 4 D M I X E D - 8 . 8 8 9 7 7 5 3 . 3 3 1 5 1 5 0 . 0 1 5 7 - 1 2 . 1 2 9 8 E D X C P 9 . 5 1 1 9 8 0 7 . 5 3 8 1 5 1 0 . 2 2 3 1 8 . 4 1 5 5 E D X B C S 3 9 . 3 9 3 2 7 9 4 8 . 2 8 9 4 0 0 0 . 4 2 5 3 6 . 6 4 7 8 P T X H E A L 0 . 0 1 4 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 7 3 9 9 0 . 0 7 4 6 0 . 7 1 6 7 m m R 2 = . 7 2 1 0 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 4 1 1 0 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 1 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 9 . 6 5 8 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 6 1 h a d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e a n d C P a n d A D F 2 n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s . F i g u r e s 6 a n d 7 r e p r e s e n t T a b l e s 8 a n d 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . M e a n s c o m p a r i s o n s ( T a b l e 1 0 ) r e v e a l e d l a r g e r h e r d s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 0 5 ) g r e a t e r E D a n d s m a l l e r W H m e a s u r e s . C P l e v e l s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r a t P < . 1 0 w h i l e A G E , X S N E L , a n d K S P R O T R D a p p r o a c h e d t h i s l e v e l . H i g h e r p r o d u c i n g h e r d s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r F C M ( P < . 0 5 ) . A t t h e P < . 1 0 s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l P T A M w a s h i g h e r b u t H E A L T H w a s l o w e r f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . 4 . A l l 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 8 5 D a t a S e t s 9 2 8 1 9 1 0 2 0 D a t a s e t s P C ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 6 a n d 7 ) , P N G ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 ) , a n d P N S ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 2 0 a n d 2 1 ) w e r e c o m b i n e d i n t o a p r i m i p a r o u s a l l ( P A L ) d a t a s e t f o r r e g r e s s i o n p u r p o s e s o n l y . I n b o t h P A L m o d e l s 1 a n d 2 , t h e h i g h e s t R 2 w a s a c h i e v e d w i t h a l l l i n e a r , q u a d r a t i c , a n d i n t e r a c t i o n t e r m s i n c l u d e d . T h e o p t i m a l m o d e l s e l e c t e d h a d R 2 a n d A D J R 2 v a l u e s o f . 7 5 1 4 a n d . 6 8 9 9 f o r m o d e l 1 ( T a b l e 1 1 ) a n d . 6 1 9 7 a n d . 5 3 5 6 f o r m o d e l 2 ( T a b l e 1 2 ) . ‘ V a r i a b l e W H h a d a m a j o r , p o s i t i v e i m p a c t w h i l e W H 2 a n d D M I X W H h a d m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s o n p r o d u c t i o n . D M I h a d a p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n i n b o t h m o d e l s b u t a t m o d e r a t e a n d m a j o r l e v e l s i n m o d e l s 1 ( F i g u r e 8 ) a n d 2 ( F i g u r e 9 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . V a r i a b l e s B C S Z , A G E , A G E 2 , a n d W T 2 w e r e n o t k e p t i n e i t h e r m o d e l : X S P T R D 2 , E D X C P , a n d E D X H E A L w e r e n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e f i n a l m o d e l 1 w h i l e C P 2 w a s n o t i n m o d e l 2 . 0 6 1 0 ) . 5 i 0 4 8 e l b a T ( E N O l 0 3 N i I i l . 3 i c f I l 0 F M C 2 % 4 O I T A U Q E ' I y O 0 l 1 i W a D T n L o E 0 D e c O n M e u 0 l A T 1 l ‘ = ‘ I } ‘ I i f l i : g i E l l a l I I 5 l ' j . ' ‘ E a f i i i i . — — — 8 r ~ — - — H 2 2 P D P H T 2 s I F C E C W W e W H I D X X M W D X X 1 A n - I D f T o 0 N l U 2 e - v O e C L 0 3 L L E - C C 0 I 4 - 0 T A M O S 5 O - N S 0 U 6 - O R A P I M I R b a I r a V A I D P I I M M M E D D D : 6 e r u g i F 6 2 ; i 0 0 6 g w 5 0 4 . ) 9 e l b a T ( O W T i Q i 0 F A U f i 0 3 N O M I C T i , ’ 2 . Q 7 4 E y O 0 l 1 i W a D T n L o E 0 D e c O n e u 0 l M A T i g I 3 . f ' i ' } i I i ' r — — — — - — ~ — — ~ - - — S F 2 H T D P S I 2 H 2 C D F E C C W W M I W H D M B A D X X B W D X X A I D X I I M M M E D D D D E 1 A n - I D f T o 0 N l U 2 e - v O e C L 0 3 L L E - C C 0 I 4 - 0 T A M O S 5 O - N S 0 U 6 - O R A P I M I R P : 7 e r u g i F V a r l a b l e a i ; I i 1 , 1 i l l I ‘ . i i g l l 6 3 P R I M I P A R O U S N O 6 4 T a b l e 1 0 S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 1 8 2 5 . 1 8 5 . 3 3 4 2 4 . 9 3 0 . 2 6 4 4 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 2 6 . 6 4 4 . 1 9 9 2 6 . 6 0 H i g h 2 1 2 7 . 3 2 4 . 0 7 6 2 7 . 3 1 0 . 0 4 3 1 L o w 1 8 2 4 . 3 9 5 . 0 9 6 2 4 . 2 2 O v e r a l l 3 9 2 6 . 1 2 4 . 0 4 9 B C S L a r g e 1 8 2 . 6 7 0 . 4 3 4 2 . 6 7 0 . 2 1 2 4 S m a l l 2 1 2 . 8 4 0 . 3 6 7 2 . 8 4 H i g h 2 1 2 . 8 2 0 . 3 9 9 2 . 8 1 0 . 3 8 5 0 L o w 1 8 2 . 7 0 0 . 4 0 9 2 . 7 0 O v e r a l l 3 9 2 . 7 6 0 . 3 6 2 A G E L a r g e 1 8 2 5 . 3 3 1 . 8 7 4 2 5 . 3 2 0 . 1 0 1 2 ( m o n t h s ) S m a l l 2 1 2 6 . 7 3 3 . 0 0 2 2 6 . 7 4 H i g h 2 1 2 6 . 0 3 2 . 5 5 0 2 6 . 0 0 0 . 9 3 8 9 L o w 1 8 2 6 . 1 6 2 . 7 5 1 2 6 . 0 7 O v e r a l l 3 9 2 6 . 1 0 2 . 4 7 0 W H L a r g e 1 8 1 3 4 . 9 2 . 6 5 6 1 3 4 . 8 0 . 0 3 3 9 ( c m ) S m a l l 2 1 1 3 6 . 9 3 . 0 4 8 1 3 6 . 9 H i g h 2 1 1 3 6 . 6 3 . 1 6 1 1 3 6 . 5 0 . 1 5 8 6 L o w 1 8 1 3 5 . 3 2 . 7 5 3 1 3 5 . 2 O v e r a l l 3 9 1 3 6 . 0 2 . 9 8 4 W T L a r g e 1 8 5 0 7 . 3 4 1 . 7 0 5 0 7 . 0 0 . 6 0 3 7 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 1 5 1 4 . 3 3 9 . 0 6 5 1 3 . 8 H i g h 2 1 5 1 7 . 8 4 1 . 1 4 5 1 7 . 4 0 . 2 8 9 8 L o w 1 8 5 0 3 . 3 3 8 . 1 1 5 0 3 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 9 5 1 0 . 6 3 7 . 2 4 6 5 T a b l e 1 0 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e P T A M L a r g e 1 8 3 4 4 . 6 3 4 7 . 3 3 3 5 . 8 0 . 2 7 0 4 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 1 4 4 5 . 7 2 4 7 . 0 4 4 1 . 9 H i g h 2 1 4 7 1 . 4 2 0 5 . 1 4 6 8 . 9 0 . 0 9 9 8 L o w 1 8 3 1 4 . 6 3 6 7 . 0 3 0 8 . 7 O v e r a l l 3 9 3 9 9 . 0 2 9 7 . 8 H E A L T H L a r g e ' 1 8 0 . 4 0 9 0 . 6 3 0 0 . 4 2 9 0 . 7 0 9 4 S m a l l 2 1 0 . 3 6 5 0 . 3 4 7 0 . 3 6 9 H i g h 2 1 0 . 2 6 1 0 . 2 7 5 0 . 2 6 1 0 . 0 8 8 9 L O W 1 8 0 . 5 2 9 0 . 6 4 1 0 . 5 3 7 O v e r a l l 3 9 0 . 3 7 5 0 . 4 8 3 X S N E L L a r g e 1 8 7 . 2 5 5 . 6 2 7 . 2 0 0 . 1 3 2 1 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 1 1 0 . 7 3 5 . 7 6 1 0 . 6 9 N E L / d ) H i g h 2 1 9 . 6 8 7 . 8 8 9 . 5 9 0 . 5 6 8 8 L O W 1 8 8 . 4 6 5 . 9 4 8 . 2 9 O v e r a l l 3 9 9 . 1 2 6 . 9 9 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 1 8 7 8 7 . 3 8 8 3 . 8 7 8 9 . 6 0 . 1 1 0 8 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 1 2 8 4 . 1 9 2 3 . 9 1 2 7 7 . 9 H i g h 2 1 1 1 0 3 . 4 1 1 5 5 . 3 1 0 8 8 . 2 0 . 7 1 7 8 L O W 1 8 9 9 8 . 1 5 9 1 . 2 9 7 9 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 9 1 0 5 4 . 8 9 2 8 . 3 X S P R O T E S L a r g e 1 8 2 3 . 8 2 8 2 . 7 3 2 . 4 0 . 1 5 8 1 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 1 4 6 . 2 2 0 4 . 0 1 4 5 . 8 H i g h 2 1 5 8 . 8 2 7 9 . 2 5 4 . 0 0 . 3 7 8 7 L O W 1 8 1 2 5 . 8 2 0 7 . 7 1 2 4 . 2 O v e r a l l 3 9 8 9 . 7 2 4 7 . 9 P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S 6 6 T a b l e 1 0 - c o n t i n u e d L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e E D L a r g e 1 8 1 . 6 7 9 0 . 0 4 3 0 1 . 6 7 8 0 . 0 3 1 0 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 1 1 . 6 2 3 0 . 0 9 3 7 1 . 6 2 2 N E L / k g ) H i g h 2 1 1 . 6 5 8 0 . 0 6 3 3 1 . 6 5 9 0 . 4 8 7 4 L o w 1 8 1 . 6 3 8 0 . 0 9 7 1 1 . 6 4 2 O v e r a l l 3 9 1 . 6 4 9 0 . 0 8 0 3 A D F L a r g e 1 8 1 8 . 6 6 2 . 0 8 1 1 8 . 6 4 0 . 1 8 3 3 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 9 . 8 9 3 . 5 0 4 1 9 . 9 3 H i g h 2 1 1 8 . 9 5 2 . 7 1 5 1 8 . 9 4 0 . 4 7 3 5 L O W 1 8 1 9 . 7 6 3 . 2 5 5 1 9 . 6 3 O v e r a l l 3 9 1 9 . 3 2 2 . 9 6 4 C P L a r g e 1 8 1 7 . 7 7 1 . 6 6 2 1 7 . 7 4 0 . 0 6 0 6 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 6 . 6 5 1 . 8 6 6 1 6 . 6 3 H i g h 2 1 1 7 . 5 3 1 . 7 0 9 1 7 . 5 5 0 . 2 1 2 0 L o w 1 8 1 6 . 7 5 1 . 9 4 6 1 6 . 8 2 O v e r a l l 3 9 1 7 . 1 7 1 . 8 4 0 D M I L a r g e 1 8 2 2 . 8 0 2 . 8 7 5 2 2 . 8 2 0 . 8 6 3 3 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 2 2 . 6 1 3 . 4 2 4 2 2 . 6 4 H i g h 2 1 2 2 . 3 8 2 . 5 9 5 2 2 . 3 9 0 . 5 2 1 1 L o w 1 8 2 3 . 0 8 3 . 7 2 5 2 3 . 0 7 O v e r a l l 3 9 2 2 . 7 0 3 . 1 4 3 a N a N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 6 7 T a b l e 1 1 P R I M I P A R O U S A L L D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 3 2 0 0 . 8 7 4 7 7 3 5 5 7 . 5 6 0 2 4 9 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 6 4 . 9 0 2 5 5 0 2 6 . 9 0 8 9 8 0 0 . 0 1 7 8 - 5 . 8 6 9 1 W H 4 5 . 1 0 2 0 2 1 7 . 1 7 6 6 5 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 2 . 2 0 4 3 W H 2 - 0 . 1 4 4 7 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 6 3 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 2 8 . 0 1 5 7 W T - 0 . 2 6 1 9 1 5 0 . 0 6 4 1 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 2 . 4 1 3 9 H E A L T H 1 0 . 6 4 1 0 5 6 2 . 3 6 2 7 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 . 2 5 0 0 H E A L T H 2 - 1 . 9 4 7 3 0 5 1 . 1 6 8 2 7 4 0 . 0 9 8 9 - 0 . 3 8 8 1 X S N E L - 0 . 1 2 0 8 0 4 0 . 1 8 9 5 5 0 0 . 5 2 5 5 - 0 . 2 0 0 1 X S N E L 2 0 . 0 2 7 9 5 6 0 . 0 0 6 6 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 . 2 2 2 8 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 1 6 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 9 6 5 0 . 1 0 0 1 - 0 . 3 5 6 6 E D - 2 1 3 . 4 4 8 9 9 5 1 3 3 . 7 9 9 3 3 3 0 . 1 1 4 0 - 4 . 1 2 5 2 E D 2 6 7 . 6 5 8 2 7 5 4 2 . 4 4 6 1 5 0 0 . 1 1 4 3 4 . 2 4 8 3 A D F 8 . 1 0 4 5 1 7 1 . 2 6 2 7 8 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 5 . 8 0 5 4 A D F 2 - 0 . 2 1 3 7 4 2 0 . 0 3 4 4 9 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 5 . 9 8 7 7 C P 1 1 . 8 9 6 3 9 1 2 . 4 5 2 3 2 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 5 . 1 6 1 8 C P 2 - 0 . 3 2 5 7 6 4 0 . 0 7 0 5 3 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 4 . 9 1 4 5 D M I 2 4 . 3 0 1 8 6 4 6 . 5 8 2 8 7 9 0 . 0 0 0 4 1 8 . 3 2 8 6 D M I Z 0 . 2 1 2 2 9 0 0 . 0 3 3 6 1 7 0 . 0 0 0 1 7 . 3 6 2 8 D M I X W H - 0 . 2 2 9 7 0 2 0 . 0 4 2 3 2 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 2 4 . 4 0 4 4 D M I X W T 0 . 0 1 0 3 6 9 0 . 0 0 2 8 5 9 0 . 0 0 0 5 4 . 7 6 8 8 D M I X E D - 5 . 1 0 3 8 3 4 1 . 3 2 5 2 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 2 - 6 . 6 9 7 7 E D X B C S 4 0 . 5 1 3 9 3 7 1 6 . 1 2 8 0 9 8 0 . 0 1 3 7 6 . 8 0 3 2 X S P R D X H 0 . 0 0 4 8 1 9 0 . 0 0 2 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 8 9 0 . 6 3 3 8 X S N E L X H - 1 . 0 9 5 0 2 5 0 . 2 0 3 5 4 3 0 . 0 0 0 1 - l . 5 3 7 0 M a d a m R 2 - . 7 5 1 4 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 6 8 9 9 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 9 3 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 5 . 2 7 0 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e P R I M I P A R O U S A L L D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E 6 8 T a b l e 1 2 P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 3 0 3 4 . 8 6 6 6 7 8 7 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 5 . 0 6 2 4 3 5 1 . 2 4 0 4 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 4 5 7 8 W H 4 3 . 2 9 3 3 4 0 9 . 2 4 7 3 2 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 0 . 9 1 2 9 W H 2 - 0 . 1 3 9 8 4 8 0 . 0 3 3 1 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 2 7 . 0 7 1 5 W T - 0 . 2 9 6 8 2 9 0 . 0 8 1 4 7 8 0 . 0 0 0 4 - 2 . 7 3 5 7 H E A L T H - 4 6 . 2 2 1 6 0 8 1 8 . 9 3 0 4 0 8 0 . 0 1 6 5 - 5 . 4 2 9 5 H E A L T H 2 - 2 . 4 0 9 9 6 6 1 . 2 7 8 2 8 5 0 . 0 6 2 4 - 0 . 4 8 0 3 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 2 6 8 8 0 . 0 0 1 8 4 7 0 . 1 4 8 8 - 0 . 1 6 3 6 X S P T E S Z - 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 5 1 3 - 0 . 1 5 3 6 E D - 2 3 3 . 4 7 0 3 0 0 1 7 1 . 7 6 3 4 9 5 0 . 1 7 7 3 - 4 . 5 1 2 2 E 0 2 9 1 . 7 8 3 8 6 0 5 1 . 4 3 4 7 8 1 0 . 0 7 7 5 5 . 7 6 3 1 A D F 6 . 7 1 3 2 5 0 1 . 3 9 8 5 1 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 4 . 8 0 8 9 A D F 2 - 0 . 1 7 3 2 7 5 0 . 0 3 8 4 4 4 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 4 . 8 5 4 1 C P - 9 . 2 7 3 9 7 3 6 . 0 8 0 1 5 4 0 . 1 3 0 5 - 4 . 0 2 3 9 D M I 2 9 . 7 0 0 6 9 2 7 . 6 0 4 1 2 3 0 . 0 0 0 2 2 2 . 4 0 0 4 D M I Z 0 . 0 6 4 8 5 9 0 . 0 4 0 8 4 4 0 . 1 1 5 6 2 . 2 4 9 5 D M I X W H - 0 . 2 0 0 1 4 9 0 . 0 4 9 0 7 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 2 1 . 2 6 4 6 D M I X W T 0 . 0 1 2 4 2 2 0 . 0 0 3 6 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 9 5 . 7 1 2 9 D M I X E D - 7 . 4 2 7 1 5 5 1 . 5 5 4 7 3 8 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 9 . 7 4 6 5 E D X C P 6 . 0 6 8 5 5 9 3 . 6 5 7 4 3 8 0 . 1 0 0 4 5 . 1 3 1 2 E D X H E A L 3 1 . 5 5 2 6 2 3 1 1 . 5 5 2 2 2 7 0 . 0 0 7 5 6 . 2 2 4 4 X S P E S X H 0 . 0 1 3 0 3 8 0 . 0 0 4 2 8 7 0 . 0 0 3 0 0 . 4 1 6 2 H Q Q Q I S u m m a r y R 2 = . 6 1 9 7 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 5 3 5 6 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) 2 9 5 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 7 . 8 9 2 a S T D E S T 8 S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e L l 0 6 0 5 0 4 l 0 3 M C I 0 F i l 2 . ] ' 4 . ) 1 1 y e 0 l l i b 1 a a D T ( n o E 0 e N c O n e u N O l O s i I i f I ! I i ‘ n - I T A f U o Q 0 E 2 l e - v E e L N O 0 3 - L E D O 0 M 4 A - T A D L L 0 5 - A S 0 U 6 - O R A P I M I R P : 8 e r u g i F s e l b a i r a V B C S — W H — W H 2 * - A D F - A D F 2 — C P - D M I ' - D M I 2 ' — D M I X W H - D M I X E D * - E D X B C S “ ' ‘ l i . I l i i 1 l l 6 9 0 6 0 5 0 4 i l 0 3 M C F 3 0 1 2 % . ) 2 4 1 y e i 1 0 l l i b 1 a a D T ( n o E O e N c n e u O N 0 l O i l 1 f I n - I T A f U o Q 0 i i E 2 l e ' v O e L W 0 T l 3 - L E D O 0 E M I 4 - A T A D 0 5 L - L A 0 S 6 - U O R A P I M * — - - * * — — H 2 H D P L H T a W W T E C A W H W e l b a l r a V L X X E X X I A I D R E M E M M I I H X P : H D D 9 D D E e r u g i F E 0 2 - D M I — i i 1 i i i i I i i 1 I 7 0 7 1 M u l t i p a r o u s A n i m a l s L Q Q E Q L Q L Q E E C o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 9 ) o f m u l t i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e ( M C ) d a t a ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 3 0 a n d 3 1 ) r e s u l t e d i n v a l u e s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r E D a n d A D F ( - . 8 3 4 3 ) , X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D ( . 8 2 8 5 ) , X S P R O T R D a n d B C S ( . 5 7 4 4 ) , E 0 a n d W T ( - . 5 3 4 4 ) , A D F a n d W T ( . 5 3 3 7 ) , a n d W T a n d B C S ( . 5 0 3 6 ) . M C m o d e l 1 r e g r e s s i o n r e s u l t s ( T a b l e 1 3 ) s h o w e d a r e m a r k a b l y h i g h R 2 o f . 9 6 0 3 a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h a n A D J R 2 o f . 8 3 6 1 . A n a l t e r n a t i v e m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 4 ) , w h i c h i n c l u d e d q u a d r a t i c t e r m s B C S Z a n d S C C 2 a n d t h e X S P R D X H i n t e r a c t i o n , h a d r e s p e c t i v e R 2 a n d A D J R 2 o f . 9 7 4 7 a n d . 8 3 3 0 . D a i l y 4 % F C M y i e l d w a s i n f l u e n c e d p o s i t i v e l y o f m a j o r m a g n i t u d e b y D M I X E D , E 0 2 , E D X H E A L , a n d D M I X W T . H o w e v e r , E 0 , D M I , a n d H E A L T H s h o w e d d r a m a t i c , n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s o n p r o d u c t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t i v e S T D E S T v a l u e s o f - 5 9 . 9 7 , - 5 1 . 7 2 , a n d - 3 6 . 5 9 . T h r e e q u a d r a t i c t e r m s , D M I Z , W T 2 , a n d C P 2 , h a d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s w h i l e C P h a d a p o s i t i v e a f f e c t . O f m i n o r , n e g a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e t o m i l k y i e l d w a s D P : h o w e v e r , i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( D P 2 ) w a s p o s i t i v e . G r a p h i c r e s u l t s o f T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 a r e f o u n d i n F i g u r e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y . M o d e l 2 f o r M C d a t a ( T a b l e 1 5 ) a g a i n s h o w e d m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s f r o m D M I a n d D M I X E D r e s p e c t i v e l y w i t h C P n o w e x h i b i t i n g a m a j o r , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) . D M I X W T , E D X H E A L , a n d H E A L T H h a d t h e 7 2 T a b l e 1 3 M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P 5 0 7 2 . 8 5 4 2 3 8 7 7 3 . 9 2 5 2 5 5 0 . 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 1 5 . 5 7 2 0 3 3 3 . 8 9 9 5 9 0 0 . 0 0 4 0 0 . 7 6 6 5 D P ' 2 . 3 8 6 5 7 0 0 . 3 8 7 5 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 3 ’ 5 . 3 5 7 5 D P 2 0 . 0 1 6 4 7 7 0 . 0 0 2 7 6 9 0 . 0 0 0 3 5 . 0 0 5 4 W T 0 . 1 6 1 8 4 6 0 . 6 9 9 9 2 6 0 . 8 2 2 9 1 . 1 6 8 3 W T 2 ' 0 . 0 0 1 5 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 5 4 5 0 . 0 1 9 1 ' 1 3 . 1 7 1 0 P T A M - 0 . 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 5 0 8 9 0 . 0 4 6 1 ’ 0 . 4 5 7 0 P T A M Z 0 . 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 . 3 2 4 6 S C C ' 2 . 9 3 8 8 1 2 0 . 8 4 0 9 5 1 0 . 0 0 8 1 - 0 . 4 6 2 9 H E A L T H “ 4 7 4 . 5 4 9 3 5 9 7 0 . 8 9 1 6 4 4 0 . 0 0 0 2 “ 3 6 . 5 8 7 5 H E A L T H Z 5 . 1 2 3 6 0 6 4 . 4 4 8 9 3 0 0 . 2 8 2 7 0 . 5 5 1 0 X S N E L 2 . 4 8 6 4 2 0 0 . 5 9 9 5 1 3 0 . 0 0 3 2 2 . 2 9 8 0 X S N E L 2 ' 0 . 1 2 1 9 1 6 0 . 0 2 5 7 0 6 0 . 0 0 1 5 ' 2 . 4 3 4 4 X S P R O T R D ' 0 . 0 0 5 9 8 3 0 . 0 0 2 8 1 0 0 . 0 6 5 9 ' 0 . 7 3 7 2 E D ' 4 9 1 9 . 2 4 7 5 6 5 8 3 0 . 9 0 0 6 3 9 0 . 0 0 0 4 ' 5 9 . 9 6 6 9 E 0 2 1 0 3 4 . 3 1 3 5 9 1 2 1 8 . 0 9 3 2 6 6 0 . 0 0 1 5 4 1 . 2 6 9 7 A D F - 5 . 1 7 7 2 7 0 3 . 0 2 1 3 9 2 0 . 1 2 5 0 - 2 . 3 9 7 6 A D F 2 0 . 2 1 4 2 1 8 0 . 0 8 6 1 3 3 0 . 0 3 7 7 3 . 8 1 4 9 C P 4 8 . 1 0 8 4 3 1 8 . 8 0 9 8 6 2 0 . 0 0 0 6 1 3 . 6 1 0 4 C P 2 - l . 2 8 9 9 1 9 0 . 2 4 7 9 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 8 ' 1 2 . 8 7 7 4 D M I ' 1 1 0 . 0 9 1 6 4 3 1 6 . 5 5 4 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 2 ' 5 1 . 7 1 8 9 D M I Z - 0 . 5 7 2 7 8 4 0 . 1 1 9 7 0 5 0 . 0 0 1 4 ' 1 3 . 1 8 4 0 D M I X W T 0 . 0 6 5 5 6 9 0 . 0 1 0 0 6 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 2 3 . 3 8 8 6 D M I X E D 6 0 . 2 3 4 6 1 3 7 . 5 3 3 8 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 1 4 5 . 5 9 8 3 E D X H E A L 3 0 9 . 8 3 3 0 4 2 4 5 . 6 9 9 5 7 9 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 9 . 4 5 7 6 P T X H E A L ' 0 . 1 0 5 8 9 2 0 . 0 2 3 2 3 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 - 4 . 2 4 4 6 H e g e l S u m m a r y R 2 = . 9 6 0 3 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 8 3 6 1 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) s 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 6 . 5 3 7 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 7 3 T a b l e 1 4 M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P 5 6 5 3 . 0 6 5 4 4 4 1 0 4 1 . 0 5 8 5 1 0 0 . 0 0 2 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 7 2 . 8 6 4 4 6 4 4 7 . 5 5 9 1 8 1 0 . 1 8 6 1 3 . 5 8 6 7 B C S 2 - 1 0 . 5 9 9 5 4 2 8 . 9 4 2 7 1 3 0 . 2 8 9 2 - 2 . 6 8 0 2 D P - 2 . 5 6 4 2 6 9 0 . 5 2 1 9 1 9 0 . 0 0 4 4 - 5 . 7 5 6 4 D P 2 0 . 0 1 7 9 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 6 6 0 0 . 0 0 4 5 5 . 4 3 8 9 W T 0 . 8 1 5 1 7 8 0 . 9 1 8 4 4 7 0 . 4 1 5 4 5 . 8 8 4 3 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 4 4 0 . 0 0 0 7 5 3 0 . 0 4 2 0 - 1 6 . 8 7 0 6 P T A M - 0 . 0 1 4 2 5 7 0 . 0 0 6 5 2 1 0 . 0 8 0 5 - 0 . 5 4 2 8 P T A M 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 . 0 0 6 2 1 . 5 8 3 6 S C C - 5 . 7 8 5 9 5 3 3 . 7 2 6 2 9 5 0 . 1 8 1 2 - 0 . 9 1 1 3 S C C 2 0 . 6 4 3 2 2 9 0 . 7 6 1 1 7 8 0 . 4 3 6 6 0 . 5 2 2 9 H E A L T H - 5 8 6 . 0 2 8 9 2 1 1 3 1 . 1 3 3 6 8 3 0 . 0 0 6 6 - 4 5 . 1 8 2 5 H E A L T H 2 7 . 0 4 0 9 4 9 5 . 0 2 7 2 5 2 0 . 2 2 0 2 0 . 7 5 7 2 X S N E L 3 . 9 2 4 8 2 8 1 . 2 8 3 3 6 8 0 . 0 2 8 2 3 . 6 2 7 4 X S N E L 2 - 0 . 1 8 7 6 5 7 0 . 0 6 4 5 7 6 0 . 0 3 3 6 - 3 . 7 4 7 1 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 1 0 9 0 6 0 . 0 0 4 2 5 8 0 . 0 5 0 6 - 1 . 3 4 3 7 E D - 6 0 1 2 . 1 7 0 9 9 4 1 1 6 1 . 9 8 5 9 5 7 0 . 0 0 3 5 - 7 3 . 2 8 9 9 8 0 2 1 3 6 8 . 4 7 4 4 0 5 3 1 3 . 2 3 8 6 3 0 0 . 0 0 7 2 5 4 . 6 0 2 9 A D F - 0 . 0 5 0 9 1 2 4 . 5 0 0 6 2 8 0 . 9 9 1 4 - 0 . 0 2 3 6 A D F 2 0 . 0 6 9 0 2 6 0 . 1 3 1 8 6 1 0 . 6 2 3 0 1 . 2 2 9 3 C P 4 5 . 2 9 7 1 9 5 9 . 2 8 3 2 6 7 0 . 0 0 4 6 1 2 . 8 1 5 1 C P 2 - l . 2 0 1 1 1 7 0 . 2 6 1 5 4 6 0 . 0 0 5 9 - 1 1 . 9 9 0 9 D M I - 1 0 4 . 9 7 7 7 5 3 2 1 . 7 4 4 3 7 5 0 . 0 0 4 8 - 4 9 . 3 1 6 5 D M I Z - 0 . 5 5 7 1 1 7 0 . 1 4 7 8 5 9 0 . 0 1 3 1 - 1 2 . 8 2 3 4 D M I X W T 0 . 0 5 9 6 3 1 0 . 0 1 4 4 7 2 0 . 0 0 9 2 2 1 . 2 7 0 4 D M I X E D 5 8 . 7 7 7 8 2 1 9 . 9 1 4 9 2 1 0 . 0 0 1 9 4 4 . 4 9 5 5 E D X H E A L 3 8 1 . 5 2 1 0 6 4 8 2 . 4 5 7 8 0 7 0 . 0 0 5 7 4 8 . 5 8 7 1 X S P R D X H 0 . 0 0 5 8 8 2 0 . 0 0 5 2 5 8 0 . 3 1 4 1 0 . 6 4 3 6 P T X H E A L - 0 . 1 3 7 2 0 6 0 . 0 3 3 8 8 4 0 . 0 0 9 8 - 5 . 4 9 9 7 M o d e l fi n n m a r x R 2 = . 9 7 4 7 A d j u s t e d R 2 a . 8 3 3 0 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 5 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 6 . 6 6 1 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 8 1 0 7 1 0 6 I 0 i 5 0 . ) l 3 4 1 , , m w M e 0 C l 3 F b a T w ( % . 0 4 w y 2 E , a l N i O . w 0 a 1 D A N 0 n O o I e c T A n U 0 e Q . u E I i A i , i : L 1 l f - n E 0 N I 2 f O - o l L 0 E e 3 v D e - L 0 4 O M A T - A 0 D 5 E - T 0 E ; 1 L - _ - . ~ - - “ ~ + — s ' 2 H D 2 p 2 2 I 2 T D L 6 - P M 0 O 7 C - S 0 U 8 - O R A P I P T E p 0 c 1 D L c 5 w A E M I D M D W E T A X X E I I H M M X L U M : 0 H D D D 1 E e r u g i F V a r i a b l e s l l l l I 7 4 0 8 l 0 7 i 0 6 1 0 5 0 4 M 0 C 3 F . ) 4 1 e l b a % T 0 4 ( 2 y l E i N 0 a O 1 D n o N O I 0 e T c A n 0 e U Q a u ; i z r - — * - - - - - - ' - - - r - - P 2 H D 2 2 I P 2 T 2 T L D L 1 l E - 0 f n I E N 2 f O o - 0 l L e E 3 v e D - L O 0 M 4 - A T A 0 D 5 - 0 E T E 6 L - P 0 7 - 0 M O C S U 8 O - l F A P D P M I T E D C P I a e W T W A E A l E W X X E D D M L E C b A D a I l r a V E H M D I H H M X X T L U M : D 1 D T E P 1 e r u g i F 7 5 7 6 T a b l e 1 5 M U L T I P A R O U B C O M P L E T E D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P 6 0 7 . 5 1 1 8 4 6 6 4 7 . 0 6 5 3 1 6 0 . 3 6 6 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 4 8 . 9 0 4 4 2 8 6 1 . 3 6 7 1 7 0 0 . 4 4 1 0 - 2 . 4 0 7 3 B C S Z 1 0 . 4 4 0 2 4 6 1 1 . 7 1 8 0 4 8 0 . 3 9 0 5 2 . 6 3 9 9 D P - 0 . 5 9 8 8 7 9 0 . 6 4 8 7 9 2 0 . 3 7 4 2 - 1 . 3 4 4 4 D P 2 0 . 0 0 4 7 9 1 0 . 0 0 4 6 2 3 0 . 3 2 0 5 1 . 4 5 5 4 W T - 0 . 1 7 9 5 0 6 0 . 9 5 7 3 7 9 0 . 8 5 4 4 - 1 . 2 9 5 7 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 9 6 6 0 . 0 0 0 7 6 3 0 . 2 2 9 7 - 7 . 9 7 3 1 P T A M 0 . 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 . 0 0 7 6 1 0 0 . 5 9 8 7 0 . 1 5 6 6 S C C - 9 . 6 3 1 1 4 5 5 . 0 8 6 0 4 6 0 . 0 8 2 6 - 1 . 5 1 7 0 S C C 2 1 . 3 5 4 6 2 0 1 . 0 0 2 5 1 8 0 . 2 0 1 6 1 . 1 0 1 3 H E A L T H - 1 6 7 . 9 0 4 7 3 1 6 5 . 1 0 6 2 1 9 0 . 0 2 4 1 - 1 2 . 9 4 5 4 E D - 2 7 8 . 1 0 6 8 9 4 3 0 0 . 7 3 6 6 1 4 0 . 3 7 3 3 - 3 . 3 9 0 2 A D F - 5 . 6 6 2 8 6 7 3 . 3 4 1 1 3 7 0 . 1 1 5 9 - 2 . 6 2 2 5 A D F 2 0 . 2 1 9 0 3 9 0 . 0 9 5 6 1 5 0 . 0 4 0 9 3 . 9 0 0 8 C P 8 8 . 2 4 5 6 3 5 2 2 . 1 3 5 0 8 6 0 . 0 0 1 8 2 4 . 9 6 5 6 C P 2 - 1 . 2 3 6 8 8 0 0 . 3 0 8 3 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 7 - 1 2 . 3 4 7 9 D M I - 8 0 . 4 0 0 0 9 8 2 4 . 9 3 1 0 3 2 0 . 0 0 7 3 - 3 7 . 7 7 0 4 D M I X W T 0 . 0 5 0 7 6 6 0 . 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 . 0 0 5 5 1 8 . 1 0 8 2 D M I X E D 3 1 . 2 7 1 2 1 2 1 0 . 3 8 6 5 9 1 0 . 0 1 0 8 2 3 . 6 7 2 7 E D X C P - 2 5 . 8 4 9 0 1 9 1 1 . 8 1 6 4 4 5 0 . 0 4 9 2 - 1 4 . 0 5 7 8 E D X H E A L 1 0 6 . 5 2 8 4 0 6 3 9 . 6 4 4 4 7 7 0 . 0 1 9 8 1 3 . 5 6 6 5 P T X H E A L - 0 . 0 2 1 3 8 8 0 . 0 1 3 4 2 0 0 . 1 3 7 0 - 0 . 8 5 7 3 1 1 9 1 8 . ] . 5 3 1 8 1 1 8 3 1 3 : R 2 = . 8 3 2 2 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 5 3 8 5 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 1 2 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 1 8 . 4 1 0 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e . ) 5 1 M e C l b F a T % ( 4 y E l N i O a D N n O o I T e A c n e U Q u E l f n O I W f o l e T L E v D e L O M A T A D E T E L P M O C S U O I F A ' r - - * - * - * — - 2 T H 2 P D P L I P e T e D L C l W W X X X E T P C E C A M I T L U b a l r a V A I D H M E I M M E X : 2 H D D 1 D E e r u g i F l - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 O 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 O 8 0 7 7 7 8 s a m e , n e g a t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f i m p a c t o n p r o d u c t i o n a s i n m o d e l 1 ( T a b l e 1 3 ) b u t a t a m o d e r a t e l e v e l . E D X C P a p p e a r e d a s h a v i n g a m o d e r a t e l y , n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e w h i l e C P 2 a n d W T 2 c o n t i n u e d t h e i r n e g a t i v e s i g n w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n . H E A L T H a n d C P h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r ( P < . 0 5 ) m e a n s f o r l a r g e r h e r d s ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . X S P R O T E S w a s l e s s f o r l a r g e r h e r d s a t t h e P < . 1 0 l e v e l a n d X S P R O T R D a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e ( P = . 1 0 6 9 ) . H i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r d a i l y 4 % F C M ( P < . 0 5 ) w i t h P T A M a n d C P s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 1 0 . m m m m C o r r e l a t i o n s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 6 ) o f s i g n i f i c a n t m a g n i t u d e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c d a t a ( M N G ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 3 7 a n d 3 8 ) w e r e f o u n d f o r E D a n d A D F , X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D , a n d X S P R O T R D a n d B C S w i t h r e s p e c t i v e v a l u e s o f - . 8 4 0 8 , . 8 3 4 4 , a n d . 5 7 8 6 . T h e s e l e c t e d m o d e l , a f t e r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s , f o r C N G m o d e l 1 i n d i c a t e d R 2 a n d A D J R 2 o f . 5 7 7 1 a n d . 2 3 1 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b l e 1 7 ) . T h e a l t e r n a t i v e m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 8 ) , d e l e t i n g P L L , P L L Z , H E A L T H , E D X H E A L , a n d X S P R D X H , a c h i e v e d a n A D J R 2 o f . 2 8 6 0 b u t R 2 d r o p p e d t o . 5 1 8 0 . E D a n d E 0 2 h a d m a j o r , p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s r e s p e c t i v e l y o n m i l k y i e l d . T h e l i n e a r t e r m B C S h a d a m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e w h i l e i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h E D d e m o n s t r a t e d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e . H E A L T H a n d A D F 2 h a d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e b u t A D F a n d E D X H E A L m i n o r , n e g a t i v e a f f e c t s . 7 9 T a b l e 1 6 M U L T I P A R O U B C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 1 9 3 4 . 1 8 6 . 5 8 6 3 3 . 8 7 0 . 7 5 6 8 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 1 5 3 5 . 2 8 6 . 1 2 7 3 4 . 5 2 H i g h 2 0 ‘ 3 6 . 9 3 5 . 0 1 3 3 7 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 9 4 L o w 1 4 3 1 . 4 3 6 . 7 3 9 3 1 . 3 4 O v e r a l l 3 4 3 4 . 6 6 6 . 3 1 6 B C S L a r g e 1 9 2 . 5 0 0 . 3 3 9 2 . 5 0 0 . 2 5 0 7 S m a l l 1 5 2 . 6 5 0 . 2 6 0 2 . 6 3 H i g h 2 0 2 . 6 0 0 . 3 2 6 2 . 6 1 0 . 4 3 5 6 L o w 1 4 2 . 5 2 0 . 2 9 3 2 . 5 2 O v e r a l l 3 4 2 . 5 6 0 . 3 1 1 D P L a r g e 1 9 6 0 . 8 9 1 4 . 9 3 6 1 . 1 3 0 . 8 4 4 5 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 1 5 6 1 . 0 7 1 3 . 6 9 6 2 . 1 3 H i g h 2 0 5 8 . 3 7 1 3 . 9 3 5 8 . 2 3 0 . 1 8 7 7 L o w 1 4 6 4 . 6 9 1 4 . 1 9 6 5 . 0 3 O v e r a l l 3 4 6 0 . 9 7 1 4 . 1 8 P L L L a r g e 1 9 3 4 1 . 4 4 5 . 5 0 3 4 2 . 4 0 . 2 3 6 7 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 1 5 3 2 6 . 3 2 2 . 4 9 3 2 6 . 3 H i g h 2 0 3 3 1 . 7 3 6 . 5 3 3 3 1 . 2 0 . 6 3 9 6 L o w 1 4 3 3 9 . 1 3 9 . 6 7 3 3 7 . 5 O v e r a l l 3 4 3 3 4 . 7 3 7 . 4 5 W T L a r g e 1 9 5 7 4 . 3 4 6 . 6 7 5 7 2 . 4 0 . 8 0 6 0 ( k g ) S m a l l 1 5 5 7 5 . 4 4 5 . 8 2 5 7 6 . 5 ' H i g h 2 0 5 7 8 . 4 4 0 . 6 5 5 7 7 . 7 0 . 6 9 8 0 L o w 1 4 5 6 9 . 7 5 3 . 0 6 5 7 1 . 3 O v e r a l l 3 4 5 7 4 . 8 4 5 . 5 9 8 0 T a b l e 1 6 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U B C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e P T A M L a r g e 1 9 2 7 7 . 8 2 2 3 . 7 2 4 6 . 7 0 . 9 9 8 0 ( k g ) S m a l l 1 5 2 7 8 . 0 2 6 8 . 3 2 6 4 . 9 H i g h 2 0 3 4 0 . 0 1 9 0 . 3 3 3 9 . 2 0 . 0 8 7 0 L o w 1 4 1 8 9 . 1 2 8 1 . 8 1 9 0 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 4 2 7 7 . 9 2 4 0 . 5 S C C L a r g e 1 9 2 . 3 5 1 . 0 3 2 2 . 3 5 0 . 8 0 0 2 S m a l l 1 5 2 . 4 1 0 . 9 8 0 2 . 4 4 H i g h 2 0 2 . 3 4 0 . 9 4 2 2 . 3 3 0 . 7 2 1 6 L o w 1 4 2 . 4 4 1 . 0 9 9 2 . 4 6 O v e r a l l 3 4 2 . 3 8 0 . 9 9 5 H E A L T H L a r g e 1 9 0 . 5 3 1 0 . 5 6 5 0 . 5 1 3 0 . 0 4 5 7 S m a l l 1 5 0 . 1 7 8 0 . 2 7 1 0 . 1 7 1 H i g h 2 0 0 . 4 3 8 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 4 1 7 0 . 3 6 8 5 L o w 1 4 0 . 2 8 6 0 . 5 2 7 0 . 2 6 7 O v e r a l l 3 4 0 . 3 7 5 0 . 4 8 7 X S N E L L a r g e 1 9 6 . 2 5 5 . 3 1 6 . 2 1 0 . 2 8 9 5 ( M c a l S m a l l 1 5 8 . 7 1 6 . 3 6 8 . 4 5 N E L / d ) H i g h 2 0 7 . 9 3 6 . 6 9 8 . 0 9 0 . 4 6 8 1 L o w 1 4 6 . 4 8 4 . 4 6 6 . 5 7 O v e r a l l 3 4 7 . 3 3 5 . 8 4 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 1 9 6 5 7 . 7 8 5 1 . 9 6 4 1 . 1 0 . 1 0 6 9 ( g / d ) S m a l l 1 5 1 0 9 9 . 1 6 1 4 . 7 1 0 9 5 . 1 H i g h 2 0 9 1 2 . 2 9 1 1 . 7 9 3 0 . 6 0 . 6 5 0 6 L o w 1 4 7 6 7 . 1 5 5 6 . 1 8 0 5 . 6 O v e r a l l 3 4 8 5 2 . 4 7 7 8 . 2 8 1 T a b l e 1 6 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e X S P R O T E S L a r g e 1 9 1 5 . 7 3 3 4 . 3 1 1 . 9 0 . 0 8 4 1 ( g / d ) S m a l l 1 5 1 8 2 . 5 2 2 8 . 5 1 9 8 . 2 H i g h 2 0 7 3 . 8 3 1 2 . 2 7 8 . 0 0 . 6 0 7 9 L o w 1 4 1 1 1 . 4 2 9 2 . 5 1 3 2 . 1 O v e r a l l 3 4 8 9 . 3 3 0 0 . 3 E D L a r g e 1 9 1 . 6 7 5 0 . 0 7 5 4 1 . 6 7 8 0 . 1 7 5 6 ( M c a l S m a l l 1 5 1 . 6 4 9 0 . 0 7 9 2 1 . 6 4 2 N E L / k g ) H i g h 2 0 1 . 6 6 8 0 . 0 6 6 8 1 . 6 6 9 0 . 5 0 0 5 L o w 1 4 1 . 6 5 8 0 . 0 9 2 0 1 . 6 5 1 O v e r a l l 3 4 1 . 6 6 4 0 . 0 7 7 0 A D F L a r g e 1 9 1 8 . 5 1 2 . 3 2 2 1 8 . 4 3 0 . 5 8 8 4 ( t ) S m a l l 1 5 1 8 . 6 8 3 . 6 3 6 1 8 . 9 8 H i g h 2 0 1 8 . 2 9 2 . 7 9 0 1 8 . 2 2 0 . 3 3 7 0 L o w 1 4 1 9 . 0 2 3 . 1 6 2 1 9 . 2 0 O v e r a l l 3 4 1 8 . 5 9 2 . 9 2 5 C P L a r g e 1 9 1 8 . 1 5 1 . 5 8 3 1 8 . 1 0 0 . 0 4 9 0 ( 8 ) S m a l l 1 5 1 7 . 0 5 1 . 8 9 2 1 6 . 8 9 H i g h 2 0 1 8 . 0 8 1 . 5 1 4 1 8 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 5 0 L o w 1 4 1 7 . 0 8 2 . 0 2 9 1 6 . 9 5 O v e r a l l 3 4 1 7 . 6 7 1 . 7 8 7 D M I L a r g e 1 9 2 4 . 3 2 2 . 7 7 7 2 4 . 2 8 0 . 8 1 9 2 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 1 5 2 4 . 1 0 3 . 2 8 8 2 4 . 0 3 H i g h 2 0 2 4 . 0 7 2 . 8 8 8 2 4 . 4 7 0 . 5 7 0 6 L o w 1 4 2 3 . 8 7 3 . 1 5 1 2 3 . 8 4 O v e r a l l 3 4 2 4 . 2 2 2 . 9 6 7 a N = N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 8 2 T a b l e 1 7 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 3 2 1 2 . 9 3 6 1 2 8 1 4 0 3 . 5 5 8 1 6 8 0 . 0 3 2 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 3 4 4 . 9 5 2 5 8 1 2 0 9 . 4 1 4 0 8 0 0 . 1 1 3 7 1 5 . 3 6 0 1 D P 0 . 1 3 2 6 5 2 0 . 1 1 0 4 3 1 0 . 2 4 2 4 0 . 3 1 7 7 P L L - 0 . 8 9 9 5 0 9 0 . 9 1 7 2 6 2 0 . 3 3 7 4 - 4 . 6 8 8 9 P L L 2 0 . 0 0 1 3 4 3 0 . 0 0 1 3 5 2 0 . 3 3 1 5 4 . 7 4 3 3 W T - 0 . 0 3 8 4 6 1 0 . 0 3 7 4 8 3 0 . 3 1 6 0 - 0 . 2 5 0 3 H E A L T H 8 0 . 6 2 9 6 2 0 5 9 . 9 4 2 0 7 8 0 . 1 9 2 3 5 . 9 2 5 4 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 7 6 1 6 0 . 0 0 3 4 4 1 0 . 0 3 7 6 - 0 . 9 8 6 8 X S P T R D 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 8 5 1 . 8 0 2 0 E D 3 5 8 1 . 6 8 6 4 0 5 1 4 0 0 . 8 0 2 9 9 4 0 . 0 1 8 0 4 6 . 9 4 9 3 E D 2 - 9 0 9 . 0 3 1 4 7 0 3 3 7 . 4 9 9 7 7 1 0 . 0 1 3 3 - 3 9 . 0 1 2 0 A D F - 1 6 . 1 7 2 4 2 9 6 . 8 5 3 8 3 6 0 . 0 2 7 6 - 7 . 8 8 6 0 A D F 2 0 . 4 5 2 0 9 7 0 . 1 8 5 9 5 7 0 . 0 2 3 7 8 . 5 7 0 0 C P 9 . 8 9 0 4 6 0 7 . 4 4 1 9 3 8 0 . 1 9 7 5 2 . 9 9 5 4 C P 2 - 0 . 2 7 8 8 4 9 0 . 2 1 5 7 2 9 0 . 2 0 9 6 - 2 . 9 4 5 7 D M I 1 . 0 0 0 7 0 8 0 . 4 1 8 4 6 6 0 . 0 2 5 8 0 . 5 0 5 3 E D X B C S - 2 0 6 . 7 9 8 4 0 0 1 2 8 . 3 7 7 4 2 5 0 . 1 2 1 5 - 1 5 . 5 6 7 9 E D X H E A L - 4 7 . 0 4 0 8 7 1 3 5 . 0 8 6 3 4 5 0 . 1 9 3 7 - 5 . 7 0 2 9 X S P R D X H - 0 . 0 0 3 2 8 9 0 . 0 0 3 5 9 6 0 . 3 7 0 3 - 0 . 3 3 3 5 M 2 0 9 1 S u m m a r y R 2 = . 5 7 7 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 2 3 1 1 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) s 2 2 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 2 8 . 2 5 1 a S T D E S T - S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 8 3 T a b l e 1 8 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 3 8 3 9 . 0 6 5 4 8 4 1 1 6 9 . 1 0 8 2 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 8 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 4 5 9 . 0 6 0 6 7 8 1 6 4 . 5 6 4 4 0 9 0 . 0 0 9 6 2 0 . 4 4 1 1 D P 0 . 1 8 4 0 0 4 0 . 0 8 4 1 5 0 0 . 0 3 7 6 0 . 4 4 0 7 W T - 0 . 0 5 5 2 1 2 0 . 0 3 1 1 1 6 0 . 0 8 7 3 - 0 . 3 5 9 3 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 8 9 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 7 3 5 0 . 0 0 3 1 - 1 . 1 5 3 3 X S P T R D 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 . 8 6 2 2 E D 4 0 1 9 . 5 2 4 6 8 1 1 2 1 8 . 5 2 2 0 9 9 0 . 0 0 2 7 5 2 . 6 8 8 6 E D 2 - 9 9 6 . 2 2 7 6 4 9 2 9 8 . 2 9 5 8 5 9 0 . 0 0 2 5 - 4 2 . 7 5 4 2 A D F - 1 7 . 5 4 5 8 2 2 6 . 0 9 1 2 8 7 0 . 0 0 7 7 - 8 . 5 5 5 7 A D F 2 0 . 4 8 4 0 1 7 0 . 1 6 5 1 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 8 9 . 1 7 5 1 C P 1 2 . 0 6 6 6 1 5 6 . 5 3 0 9 7 5 0 . 0 7 5 6 3 . 6 5 4 5 C P 2 - 0 . 3 4 7 3 4 3 0 . 1 8 8 9 4 9 0 . 0 7 7 0 - 3 . 6 6 9 3 D M I 1 . 0 7 0 1 5 6 0 . 3 6 7 8 6 9 0 . 0 0 7 2 0 . 5 4 0 3 E D X B C S - 2 7 7 . 0 0 3 0 2 2 1 0 0 . 5 4 9 5 6 7 0 . 0 1 0 4 - 2 0 . 8 5 2 9 H e g e l S u m m e r ! R 2 - . 5 1 8 0 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 2 8 6 0 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 2 7 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 2 6 . 2 3 4 a S T D E S T - S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 8 4 T a b l e s 1 7 a n d 1 8 a r e r e p r e s e n t e d g r a p h i c a l l y b y F i g u r e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s u l t s f r o m C N G m o d e l 2 r e g r e s s i o n w e r e n o t a s s u c c e s s f u l w i t h s e l e c t e d m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 9 ) R 2 a n d A D J R 2 v a l u e s o f . 5 4 2 4 a n d - . 0 1 6 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A n a l t e r n a t i v e m o d e l ( T a b l e 2 0 ) h a d 8 f e w e r i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s b u t a n R 2 v a l u e o f . 4 1 3 7 w i t h n o r e a l i n c r e a s e i n A D J R 2 . S T D E S T f o r E D a n d H E A L T H w e r e o f m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e w h i l e E D 2 h a d a m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e o u t c o m e o n F C M ( F i g u r e s 1 5 a n d 1 6 ) . T h e E D X H E A L i n t e r a c t i o n a n d t h e l i n e a r P L L h a d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s w h i l e i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( P L L 2 ) w a s p o s i t i v e . M e a n s f o r l a r g e M N G h e r d s w e r e l o w e r f o r B C S ( P < . 0 5 ) ( T a b l e 2 1 ) a n d g r e a t e r f o r C P ( P < . 1 0 ) . E D a n d X S P R O T R D a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e P < . 1 0 , w i t h l a r g e h e r d s h a v i n g g r e a t e r a n d l e s s e r v a l u e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s b o t h F C M a n d C P w e r e g r e a t e r ( P < . 0 5 ) . 3 - 5 3 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 9 5 5 2 1 1 8 1 1 5 : £ 9 . 1 1 2 9 1 8 1 1 1 ; 1 2 5 ; : C o r r e l a t i o n s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 3 ) o f t h e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g S C C ( M N S ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 4 4 a n d 4 5 ) a g a i n d i s p l a y e d i m p o r t a n c e f o r E D a n d A D F ( - . 8 3 8 9 ) , X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D ( . 8 3 6 4 ) , a n d X S P R O T R D a n d B C S ( . 5 9 6 5 ) . R e g r e s s i o n o f M N S d a t a y i e l d e d a m o d e l w i t h r e s p e c t i v e v a l u e s o f . 8 3 5 4 a n d . 5 5 6 8 f o r R 2 a n d A D J R 2 ( T a b l e 2 2 ) . E D w a s o f m a j o r , n e g a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e t o p r o d u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( E D 2 ) h a d m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e e f f e c t a s 0 8 l o 7 1 0 ' 6 l 0 5 o 4 3 0 C M 8 F . 7 1 4 0 2 y l l j 0 a 1 D o n o e c n 0 e u 1 l - f n 0 I 2 f - 0 o l e 3 v e - L 0 4 - 0 5 - 0 6 - 0 7 - 0 8 - 7 7 7 L 7 7 S D 2 F 2 S C E D D F C B A D E B A X D E a e l b a l r a V H E A L T H 7 . r — ~ ~ ~ — ~ . m - n _ _ _ u . . . . . . L . . - . . - - . . - - . . . . — H “ . . . . _ . . - . . . - _ _ . 4 ~ - - - — . _ . . . . - _ _ . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . , . - L E D X H E A L 7 . . . . . - ~ - _ ~ . ~ _ F l g u r e 1 3 : M U L T I P A F I O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E ( T a b l e 1 7 ) . 8 5 0 8 O 7 0 6 O 5 O 4 . ) 8 1 e l M b O a C T 3 F ( % O O 4 W 2 y T l l N 0 a 1 D O I n T o A O e c U Q n E 0 e u E 1 l f N - O n I 0 2 f o E L - D l 0 e O 3 v M e L - A 0 4 T A D - C 0 I 5 - T E N 0 E 6 G - O 0 N 7 S - U 0 O 8 R A - P I T L U M : 4 1 e r u g I F S 2 Z e e l b C D F B E D a A l r a V 8 6 \ ‘ . \ _ . . \ \ . L \ » \ L . E D A D F E D X B C S 8 7 T a b l e 1 9 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 4 4 7 . 7 1 9 7 5 7 5 9 4 . 9 7 6 2 1 1 0 . 4 6 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 9 0 . 3 8 2 1 7 2 7 9 . 8 8 4 8 6 8 0 . 2 7 2 7 - 4 . 0 2 4 6 B C S Z 1 9 . 1 6 8 8 5 9 1 5 . 0 9 1 3 0 3 0 . 2 2 0 2 4 . 5 0 6 7 D P - 0 . 3 0 3 8 4 2 0 . 6 8 7 3 5 8 0 . 6 6 3 7 - 0 . 7 2 7 7 D P 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 9 9 0 . 0 0 4 5 0 6 0 . 6 9 4 4 0 . 6 6 6 1 P L L - 1 . 4 6 3 9 5 1 1 . 0 0 0 8 1 7 0 . 1 6 0 8 - 7 . 6 3 1 1 P L L Z 0 . 0 0 2 1 6 8 0 . 0 0 1 4 7 2 0 . 1 5 8 0 7 . 6 6 0 0 S C C - 3 . 3 6 7 6 6 8 7 . 0 7 2 5 7 5 0 . 6 3 9 7 - 0 . 5 2 4 0 S C C 2 0 . 5 1 6 6 3 4 1 . 2 7 9 0 1 2 0 . 6 9 1 0 0 . 4 3 0 9 H E A L T H 1 4 1 . 1 6 0 6 0 0 8 5 . 7 5 9 1 3 7 0 . 1 1 7 1 1 0 . 3 7 3 7 H E A L T H 2 - 2 . 7 6 5 0 2 6 5 . 1 7 2 7 1 1 0 . 5 9 9 5 - 0 . 2 6 4 4 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 0 1 9 7 0 . 0 0 6 2 8 4 0 . 9 7 5 3 - 0 . 0 0 9 7 X S P T E S Z - 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 7 3 6 9 - 0 . 0 7 2 9 E D 9 4 1 . 5 4 5 0 1 9 7 7 2 . 6 0 6 8 5 4 0 . 2 3 8 7 1 2 . 3 4 1 9 E 0 2 - 2 6 7 . 1 2 7 7 8 8 2 3 0 . 1 9 4 9 3 2 0 . 2 6 1 0 - 1 1 . 4 6 4 1 A D F - 3 . 9 3 5 6 6 7 4 . 8 3 8 9 0 9 0 . 4 2 6 7 - 1 . 9 1 9 1 A D F 2 0 . 1 2 1 0 5 8 0 . 1 3 3 3 9 6 0 . 3 7 6 1 2 . 2 9 4 8 C P 3 . 0 6 3 8 2 8 9 . 6 8 1 6 5 8 0 . 7 5 5 3 0 . 9 2 7 9 C P 2 ' 0 . 0 7 9 8 2 2 0 . 2 7 8 2 9 7 0 . 7 7 7 5 - 0 . 8 4 3 2 D M I 1 . 1 2 5 3 1 9 9 . 3 4 3 7 7 4 0 . 9 0 5 5 0 . 5 6 8 2 D M I Z - 0 . 0 0 6 3 1 7 0 . 1 9 8 9 1 0 0 . 9 7 5 0 - 0 . 1 4 7 9 E D X H E A L - 8 1 . 5 4 1 3 3 2 5 1 . 4 0 9 4 6 9 0 . 1 3 0 1 - 9 . 8 8 5 5 X S P E S X H ' 0 . 0 1 4 3 6 2 0 . 0 1 3 4 1 5 0 . 2 9 8 5 - 0 . 3 9 0 1 8 2 0 2 ] . i m a m R 2 = . 5 4 2 4 A d j u s t e d R 2 = - . 0 1 6 9 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 1 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 3 7 . 3 6 4 a S T D E S T 8 S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 8 8 T a b l e 2 0 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 5 0 1 . 3 0 6 8 4 7 4 9 2 . 3 6 3 8 4 1 0 . 3 1 8 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 8 2 . 1 9 7 2 1 4 6 6 . 4 4 3 2 9 8 0 . 2 2 7 1 - 3 . 6 6 0 1 B C S 2 1 7 . 9 9 7 4 8 8 1 2 . 6 4 1 1 0 0 0 . 1 6 6 4 4 . 2 3 1 3 P L L - 1 . 2 0 6 7 8 1 0 . 8 4 0 2 9 2 0 . 1 6 2 9 - 6 . 2 9 0 6 P L L 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 6 9 0 . 0 0 1 2 4 3 0 . 1 6 6 6 6 . 2 4 7 7 H E A L T H 1 0 2 . 1 0 1 6 4 3 6 2 . 4 2 4 9 9 6 0 . 1 1 4 0 7 . 5 0 3 3 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 2 8 3 3 0 . 0 0 5 5 5 6 0 . 6 1 4 3 - 0 . 1 3 9 6 E D 9 3 3 . 4 7 1 3 3 0 6 1 9 . 7 3 3 4 0 5 0 . 1 4 4 1 1 2 . 2 3 6 1 E 0 2 - 2 7 2 . 2 4 9 1 7 3 1 8 5 . 0 7 6 7 8 9 0 . 1 5 3 3 - 1 1 . 6 8 3 9 A D F - 4 . 6 1 8 2 3 9 4 . 1 2 1 9 8 7 0 . 2 7 2 8 - 2 . 2 5 1 9 A D F 2 0 . 1 3 0 7 5 6 0 . 1 1 2 3 0 1 0 . 2 5 4 9 2 . 4 7 8 6 C P 7 . 5 1 3 3 3 0 7 . 5 8 1 3 6 6 0 . 3 3 0 8 2 . 2 7 5 5 C P 2 - 0 . 1 9 0 9 7 6 0 . 2 2 1 0 8 9 0 . 3 9 5 6 - 2 . 0 1 7 4 E D X H E A L - 6 0 . 4 7 3 6 8 1 3 7 . 1 5 2 8 1 3 0 . 1 1 5 6 - 7 . 3 3 1 4 X S P E S X H - 0 . 0 1 1 9 7 1 0 . 0 1 1 1 7 5 0 . 2 9 3 9 - 0 . 3 2 5 2 M e d e l . § u m m a r x R 2 = . 4 1 3 7 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 0 9 8 1 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 2 6 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 3 3 . 1 3 8 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 . ) 8 0 1 4 e l M b 0 C 3 F a T ( % E 0 4 N 2 y O l i 0 a N 1 D O I n T o A 0 U e c Q n E 0 e u 1 l O f W - n 0 I T 2 f L o - E l D 0 e 3 v O e M - L 0 A T 4 A - D 0 C 5 - I T E 0 N 6 E - G 0 O 7 N - S 0 U 8 O I - F A P I T L U M : 5 i ' , I 2 7 — ~ — 7 2 H D 2 L L L P T E 0 A L 5 A E H E H X D 1 E e r u g l F e e l b a l r a V P L L 7 8 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 . I 0 2 4 e M 0 C 3 F l b a T ( % O 0 4 W 2 y T l l 0 a N 1 D O I n T o A 0 U e c Q n E 0 e u 1 l O f W - n 0 I T 2 f L o - E l D 0 e 3 v O e M - L 0 A T 4 A - D 0 C 5 - I T E 0 N 6 E - G 0 O 7 N - S 0 U 8 - O R A P I i a i l i l l l 7 — 7 7 ~ 7 L 2 H D 2 L L L T E 0 A T P L L 5 E L U P A E H H M X : 8 D 1 E e r u g i F V a r l a b l e e “ . - . — . . 1 . . . - — . . . — — . . . _ 9 0 9 1 T a b l e 2 1 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 2 0 3 3 . 8 0 7 . 0 1 5 3 3 . 8 0 0 . 2 7 7 6 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 3 5 . 4 8 5 . 0 5 1 3 5 . 6 0 H i g h 2 0 3 7 . 9 0 4 . 8 8 6 3 7 . 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 4 L o w 2 1 3 1 . 5 8 5 . 5 6 2 3 1 . 5 0 O v e r a l l 3 4 . 7 1 6 . 0 6 2 B C S L a r g e 2 0 2 . 5 0 0 . 2 8 5 2 . 5 0 0 . 0 1 3 1 S m a l l 2 1 2 . 7 0 0 . 2 1 7 2 . 7 1 H i g h 2 0 2 . 6 0 0 . 3 1 9 2 . 6 0 0 . 9 6 6 5 L o w 2 1 2 . 6 1 0 . 2 2 1 2 . 6 0 O v e r a l l 2 . 6 0 0 . 2 7 0 D P L a r g e 2 0 6 2 . 5 6 1 8 . 7 0 6 2 . 5 6 0 . 7 1 4 6 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 2 1 6 0 . 8 9 9 . 3 8 6 0 . 8 3 H i g h 2 0 5 9 . 9 8 1 2 . 9 9 5 9 . 9 8 0 . 4 6 7 4 L o w 2 1 6 3 . 3 5 1 5 . 9 8 6 3 . 4 1 O v e r a l l 6 1 . 7 1 1 4 . 5 2 P L L L a r g e 2 0 3 3 7 . 5 3 1 . 5 0 3 3 7 . 5 0 . 4 4 6 2 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 2 1 3 3 0 . 0 3 2 . 0 2 3 2 9 . 9 H i g h 2 0 3 2 7 . 1 2 7 . 3 7 3 2 7 . 1 0 . 1 9 2 1 L o w 2 1 3 3 9 . 9 3 4 . 6 6 3 4 0 . 3 O v e r a l l 3 3 3 . 7 3 1 . 6 0 W T L a r g e 2 0 5 8 1 . 7 3 7 . 7 2 5 8 1 . 7 0 . 9 4 8 3 ( k g ) S m a l l 2 1 5 8 1 . 0 4 1 . 9 6 5 8 0 . 8 H i g h 2 0 5 8 0 . 9 3 6 . 8 8 5 8 0 . 9 0 . 9 4 2 2 L o w 2 1 5 8 1 . 8 4 2 . 6 6 5 8 1 . 6 O v e r a l l 5 8 1 . 3 3 9 . 4 5 9 2 T a b l e 2 1 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e S C C L a r g e 2 0 2 . 4 4 0 . 9 7 2 2 . 4 4 0 . 8 0 6 5 S m a l l 2 1 2 . 3 7 0 . 9 3 8 2 . 3 7 H i g h 2 0 2 . 3 0 0 . 9 3 9 2 . 3 0 0 . 5 2 1 0 L o w 2 1 2 . 5 0 0 . 9 6 0 2 . 5 0 O v e r a l l 2 . 4 1 0 . 9 4 3 H E A L T H L a r g e 2 0 0 . 4 0 3 0 . 5 0 2 0 . 4 0 3 0 . 4 5 1 5 S m a l l 2 1 0 . 2 9 6 0 . 3 9 0 0 . 2 9 6 H i g h 2 0 0 . 4 1 7 0 . 4 3 0 0 . 4 1 7 0 . 3 3 9 5 L o w 2 1 0 . 2 8 2 0 . 4 6 0 0 . 2 8 1 O v e r a l l 0 . 3 4 8 0 . 4 4 5 X S N E L L a r g e 2 0 6 . 0 2 5 . 2 8 6 . 0 2 . 0 . 2 4 9 0 ( M c a l S m a l l 2 1 8 . 2 2 6 . 6 7 8 . 2 6 N E L / d ) H i g h 2 0 7 . 8 9 6 . 7 1 7 . 8 9 0 . 4 3 8 7 L o w 2 1 6 . 4 3 5 . 4 3 6 . 3 9 O v e r a l l 7 . 1 4 6 . 0 6 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 2 0 6 1 8 . 8 8 2 9 . 8 6 1 8 . 8 0 . 1 4 7 4 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 9 7 5 . 5 7 1 7 . 3 9 8 2 . 3 H i g h 2 0 9 0 8 . 3 9 1 6 . 4 9 0 8 . 3 0 . 3 8 6 1 L o w 2 1 6 9 9 . 9 6 4 3 . 3 6 9 2 . 8 O v e r a l l 8 0 1 . 5 7 8 5 . 4 X S P R O T E S L a r g e 2 0 3 . 3 3 1 1 . 0 3 . 3 0 . 1 7 4 3 ( g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 1 3 2 . 5 2 7 9 . 2 1 3 3 . 9 H i g h 2 0 7 2 . 3 3 1 5 . 3 7 2 . 3 0 . 9 3 8 2 L o w 2 1 6 6 . 8 2 8 9 . 7 6 4 . 9 O v e r a l l 6 9 . 4 2 9 8 . 6 9 3 T a b l e 2 1 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e E D L a r g e 2 0 1 . 6 7 9 0 . 0 6 2 7 1 . 6 7 9 0 . 1 0 0 7 ( M e a l S m a l l 2 1 1 . 6 3 7 0 . 0 8 9 4 1 . 6 3 8 N E L / k g ) H i g h 2 0 1 . 6 6 4 0 . 0 6 6 3 1 . 6 6 4 0 . 6 3 0 9 L o w 2 1 1 . 6 5 0 0 . 0 9 1 4 1 . 6 5 2 O v e r a l l 1 . 6 5 7 0 . 0 7 9 5 A D F L a r g e 2 0 1 8 . 6 7 2 . 3 0 7 1 8 . 6 7 0 . 5 8 8 7 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 9 . 2 3 3 . 5 0 1 1 9 . 1 7 H i g h 2 0 1 8 . 3 7 2 . 7 3 2 1 8 . 3 7 0 . 2 3 3 0 L o w 2 1 1 9 . 5 2 3 . 1 1 5 1 9 . 4 8 O v e r a l l 1 8 . 9 6 2 . 9 5 6 C P L a r g e 2 0 1 7 . 9 7 1 . 6 3 2 1 7 . 9 7 0 . 0 5 9 2 ( % ) S m a l l 2 1 1 6 . 9 0 1 . 9 0 3 1 6 . 9 4 H i g h 2 0 1 7 . 9 9 1 . 5 8 5 1 7 . 9 9 0 . 0 4 9 5 L o w 2 1 1 6 . 8 7 1 . 9 2 7 1 6 . 9 1 O v e r a l l 1 7 . 4 2 1 . 8 3 6 D M I L a r g e 2 0 2 3 . 2 2 2 . 9 5 8 2 3 . 2 2 0 . 4 6 2 4 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 2 1 2 3 . 9 3 3 . 1 8 8 2 3 . 9 5 H i g h 2 0 2 4 . 0 4 2 . 4 0 9 2 4 . 0 4 0 . 3 5 8 8 L o w 2 1 2 3 . 1 5 3 . 5 8 0 2 3 . 1 3 O v e r a l l 2 3 . 5 8 3 . 0 6 0 “ N = N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 9 4 T a b l e 2 2 M U L T I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P 1 1 5 3 . 9 8 9 4 7 2 6 9 5 . 4 3 2 5 1 5 0 . 1 2 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 3 7 4 . 8 5 7 1 6 2 1 8 5 . 7 9 8 3 6 6 0 . 0 6 4 8 - 1 5 . 4 4 9 9 B C S Z 1 5 . 4 3 0 5 8 5 1 3 . 1 0 5 4 5 8 0 . 2 6 0 1 3 . 3 5 4 9 D P 0 . 0 2 7 3 0 5 0 . 7 2 1 3 9 9 0 . 9 7 0 4 0 . 0 4 7 9 D P 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 4 0 1 0 . 0 0 5 6 0 6 0 . 6 7 5 5 - 0 . 5 9 1 3 W T 3 . 1 3 9 6 2 8 0 . 9 3 1 4 3 7 0 . 0 0 5 0 1 9 . 0 5 5 1 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 7 3 5 0 . 0 0 0 7 9 9 0 . 0 0 4 5 - 1 9 . 2 2 9 1 P T A M - 0 . 0 1 2 0 8 2 0 . 0 0 6 8 5 1 0 . 1 0 1 3 - 0 . 4 4 0 5 P T A M 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 . 0 0 1 1 1 . 3 7 1 4 H E A L T H 3 9 . 4 7 3 8 1 4 9 . 1 4 5 2 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 8 2 . 7 1 4 9 H E A L T H 2 1 0 . 5 5 3 5 1 1 7 . 9 2 7 8 7 9 0 . 2 0 6 0 0 . 9 6 3 3 X S N E L 1 . 9 6 3 7 9 5 0 . 9 4 7 8 0 9 0 . 0 5 8 7 1 . 7 6 7 0 X S N E L 2 - 0 . 0 7 2 9 0 0 0 . 0 5 5 5 6 0 0 . 2 1 2 2 - 1 . 3 7 3 7 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 1 0 9 0 9 0 . 0 0 3 8 4 5 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 1 . 2 8 4 1 X S P T R D 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 . 5 4 0 6 0 . 3 8 0 2 E D - 2 0 5 3 . 7 1 5 6 3 3 6 5 3 . 9 1 1 8 7 5 0 . 0 0 7 8 - 2 4 . 3 0 3 2 E D 2 5 0 0 . 1 4 6 4 9 6 1 6 4 . 7 1 3 8 5 3 0 . 0 0 9 5 1 9 . 3 6 6 3 A D F 2 . 1 7 9 6 4 4 0 . 7 6 5 8 1 7 0 . 0 1 3 8 0 . 9 6 0 0 C P 1 . 4 2 2 7 4 9 0 . 7 8 2 2 4 3 0 . 0 9 2 0 0 . 3 9 9 7 D M I - 0 . 4 4 1 0 4 6 0 . 3 6 3 5 6 0 0 . 2 4 6 7 - 0 . 2 0 7 2 E D X B C S 1 9 1 . 8 0 2 7 8 8 8 9 . 4 9 2 0 5 1 0 . 0 5 1 6 1 3 . 4 2 6 7 X S P R D X H - 0 . 0 0 4 9 8 5 0 . 0 0 4 0 3 3 0 . 2 3 8 3 - 0 . 4 9 3 7 P T X H E A L - 0 . 1 1 3 3 9 6 0 . 0 2 8 5 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 6 - 3 . 7 0 8 7 u e d e l S u m m e r ! R 2 - . 8 2 5 4 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 5 5 6 8 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 1 3 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r = 1 9 . 2 1 1 a S T D E S T - S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 9 5 d i d W T a n d t h e E D X B C S i n t e r a c t i o n ( F i g u r e 1 7 ) . W T 2 a n d B C S e x h i b i t e d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n p r o d u c t i o n . W T a n d W T 2 h a d m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e f o r M N S m o d e l 2 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) w i t h a n R 2 o f . 7 5 8 7 a n d A D J R 2 o f . 5 9 7 9 . A s e c o n d m o d e l ( T a b l e 2 4 ) , w i t h E D 2 a n d X S P E S X H i n c l u d e d , h a d r e s p e c t i v e R 2 a n d A D J s t o f . 7 7 2 1 a n d . 5 8 0 2 . T h i s d i d i n c r e a s e t h e m e a s u r e d i m p a c t o f b o t h E D a n d E D 2 t o m o d e r a t e , p o s i t i v e l e v e l s ( F i g u r e s 1 8 a n d 1 9 ) . L a r g e r h e r d s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 0 5 ) l a r g e r E D a n d C P m e a n s ( T a b l e 2 5 ) . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e s ( X S P R O T E S a n d X S P R O T R D ) w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r a t t h e P < . 0 5 a n d . 1 0 l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . H i g h e r p r o d u c i n g h e r d s h a d h i g h e r F C M ( P < . 0 5 ) a n d P T A M ( P < . 1 0 ) w h i l e D P a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e , b e i n g l o w e r f o r h i g h h e r d s . 4 . A l l W 1 2 5 3 2 5 $ 3 . 1 2 : M i n e d A s w i t h t h e p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a , t h e t h r e e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s M C ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 3 0 a n d 3 1 ) , M N G ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 3 7 a n d 3 8 ) , a n d M N S ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 4 4 a n d 4 5 ) w e r e c o m b i n e d i n t o t h e m u l t i p a r o u s a l l ( M A L ) d a t a s e t f o r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . M A L m o d e l 1 r e g r e s s i o n ( T a b l e 2 6 ) r e s u l t e d i n R 2 a n d A D J R 2 o f . 4 9 5 9 a n d . 3 4 7 7 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A n a l t e r n a t i v e m o d e l ( T a b l e 2 7 ) , w h i c h e x c l u d e d D P , i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m , a n d t h e X S N E L X H i n t e r a c t i o n , h a d a n R ? o f . 4 7 2 9 a n d s l i g h t l y l o w e r A D J R 2 . E D a n d E D 2 d i s p l a y e d m a j o r , p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e s r e s p e c t i v e l y o n m i l k y i e l d ( F i g u r e s 2 0 a n d 2 1 ) . D M I a n d E D X B C S m o d e r a t e l y 0 8 l 0 7 . ) 2 2 e l 0 l 6 l 0 5 l 0 4 b a T ( E N O N O I i 0 M T C A 3 F U Q % E 0 4 2 E y l N l O 0 a , 7 1 D , , L n E o D 0 O e c M n e 0 A u 1 l f - n I 0 T A D T 2 N f o - U l O 0 e i l v C 3 e - L L 0 L E 4 C - 0 C I l 5 T - A M 0 O l 6 S - O 0 N 7 - S U 0 O 8 R A - P I 7 L 7 7 7 S 2 S T T 2 C B W T W 0 C E B X L U M : 7 D 1 E e r u g l F V a r l a b l e a E D 7 9 6 9 7 T a b l e 2 3 M U L T I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 8 5 3 . 9 5 9 7 7 0 2 2 1 . 6 5 5 2 3 1 0 . 0 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 1 4 . 8 4 2 5 5 8 4 . 2 3 0 4 8 8 0 . 0 0 2 1 0 . 6 1 1 7 D P - 0 . 2 4 5 1 2 9 0 . 0 9 8 8 3 9 0 . 0 2 1 7 - 0 . 4 3 0 2 W T 2 . 5 7 4 1 6 2 0 . 6 7 2 3 5 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 5 . 6 2 3 2 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 2 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 8 4 0 . 0 0 0 9 - 1 5 . 8 9 5 2 P T A M - 0 . 0 0 8 9 4 1 0 . 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 . 1 1 9 3 - 0 . 3 2 6 0 P T A M 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 1 . 0 1 5 0 H E A L T H 2 3 . 5 7 4 2 6 8 5 . 7 7 9 5 3 3 0 . 0 0 0 5 1 . 6 2 1 4 H E A L T H 2 1 2 . 9 1 2 0 4 0 5 . 0 3 8 5 4 2 0 . 0 1 8 1 1 . 1 7 8 6 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 1 1 4 7 9 0 . 0 0 3 2 8 6 0 . 0 0 2 2 - 0 . 5 1 1 6 E D 7 7 . 5 8 0 1 2 8 2 7 . 3 5 0 9 1 1 0 . 0 0 9 9 0 . 9 1 8 1 A D F - 3 . 2 2 0 5 0 6 2 . 0 5 9 8 5 4 0 . 1 3 2 9 - 1 . 4 1 8 4 A D F 2 0 . 1 4 3 3 6 1 0 . 0 5 8 6 9 3 0 . 0 2 3 5 2 . 4 2 8 5 C P 0 . 7 4 4 5 6 7 0 . 5 0 0 5 9 2 0 . 1 5 1 8 0 . 2 0 9 2 P T X H E A L - 0 . 0 9 3 0 9 3 0 . 0 1 6 8 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 - 3 . 0 4 4 7 M e d e l 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 R 2 = . 7 5 8 7 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 5 9 7 9 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) 8 2 1 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 1 7 . 4 2 9 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 9 8 T a b l e 2 4 M U L T I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P “ 4 9 0 . 4 9 0 1 1 6 4 6 3 . 4 9 4 1 6 0 0 . 3 0 3 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 1 6 . 0 0 2 1 3 5 4 . 4 5 9 8 4 3 0 . 0 0 2 0 0 . 6 5 9 5 D P “ 0 . 2 2 7 8 6 0 0 . 1 0 2 4 5 3 0 . 0 3 8 5 “ 0 . 3 9 9 9 W T 2 . 6 9 5 1 1 2 0 . 8 0 7 1 5 9 0 . 0 0 3 4 1 6 . 3 5 7 2 W T 2 “ 0 . 0 0 2 3 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 6 9 5 0 . 0 0 3 0 “ 1 6 . 6 0 1 4 P T A M “ 0 . 0 0 8 5 9 9 0 . 0 0 5 7 8 0 0 . 1 5 3 2 “ 0 . 3 1 3 5 P T A M 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 . 0 0 0 4 1 . 0 2 2 1 H E A L T H 2 6 . 6 4 1 0 2 8 6 . 6 5 1 1 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 8 1 . 8 3 2 3 H E A L T H 2 1 1 . 5 8 9 6 2 4 5 . 7 7 1 1 7 0 0 . 0 5 9 1 1 . 0 5 7 9 X S P R O T E S “ 0 . 0 0 9 6 1 1 0 . 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 . 0 2 6 9 “ 0 . 4 2 8 3 E D “ 4 4 0 . 5 7 0 3 1 0 6 5 5 . 1 3 9 4 5 6 0 . 5 0 9 4 “ 5 . 2 1 3 6 E D 2 1 5 7 . 8 1 5 6 1 7 2 0 0 . 7 1 7 9 4 0 0 . 4 4 1 4 6 . 1 1 0 8 A D F “ 0 . 8 6 3 1 5 6 3 . 5 3 0 7 2 9 0 . 8 0 9 5 “ 0 . 3 8 0 1 A D F 2 0 . 0 7 9 8 9 5 0 . 0 9 5 7 6 7 0 . 4 1 4 5 1 . 3 5 3 4 C P 0 . 6 8 1 4 9 7 0 . 5 1 7 9 4 8 0 . 2 0 3 9 0 . 1 9 1 4 X S P E S X H “ 0 . 0 0 7 8 5 2 0 . 0 0 7 9 1 6 0 . 3 3 3 7 “ 0 . 2 0 3 9 P T X H E A L “ 0 . 0 9 5 8 4 6 0 . 0 1 7 6 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 1 “ 3 . 1 3 4 7 M 9 0 3 1 S u m m a r y R 2 = . 7 7 2 1 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 5 8 0 2 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 1 9 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 2 1 8 . 1 9 5 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 8 i 4 0 . ) 7 i 0 2 e l b a 6 T ( l 0 O 5 W T 1 0 N 4 O I T l 0 M A C U 3 F Q i 0 2 E % 4 O y W l T l 0 a 1 D L n o E D O 0 e M c n e A 0 T i u 1 l f - n A D I T 0 l f N 2 o U - O l 0 e C l v 3 e L L - 0 l 4 - L E C C I 0 T 5 - A M O 0 S l 6 O - N 0 7 S U - O 0 R A 8 P - I T L U M : 8 1 e r u g i F j 7 D E e e l b a l r a V W T 2 7 E 0 2 7 1 0 0 1 0 1 T a b l e 2 5 M U L T I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e F C M L a r g e 1 9 3 4 . 6 7 6 . 9 7 4 3 4 . 3 0 0 . 8 3 6 4 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 1 7 3 5 . 9 2 6 . 3 6 5 3 4 . 7 4 H i g h 2 2 3 7 . 7 0 5 . 3 9 5 3 7 . 7 0 0 . 0 0 4 5 L O W 1 4 3 1 . 4 3 6 . 7 3 9 3 1 . 3 4 O v e r a l l 3 6 3 5 . 4 9 6 . 5 8 3 B C S L a r g e 1 9 2 . 4 8 0 . 3 1 9 2 . 4 8 0 . 1 5 4 4 S m a l l 1 7 2 . 6 8 0 . 2 6 1 2 . 6 3 H i g h 2 2 2 . 5 9 0 . 3 1 1 2 . 5 9 0 . 4 7 8 5 L O W 1 4 2 . 5 2 0 . 2 9 3 2 . 5 2 O v e r a l l 3 6 2 . 5 8 0 . 2 7 1 D P L a r g e 1 9 5 9 . 5 3 1 3 . 8 8 5 9 . 9 5 0 . 1 5 7 7 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 1 7 6 1 . 5 3 1 4 . 4 7 6 2 . 8 7 H i g h 2 2 5 7 . 7 9 1 3 . 4 9 5 7 . 7 9 0 . 1 4 5 4 L O W 1 4 6 4 . 6 9 1 4 . 1 9 6 5 . 0 3 O v e r a l l 3 6 6 0 . 2 4 . 1 1 . 5 5 P L L L a r g e 1 9 3 4 1 . 7 4 5 . 5 4 3 4 2 . 7 0 . 3 1 4 9 ( d a y s ) S m a l l 1 7 3 3 0 . 2 2 4 . 3 9 3 2 9 . 3 H i g h 2 2 3 3 4 . 5 3 6 . 1 0 3 3 4 . 5 0 . 8 1 6 2 L O W 1 4 3 3 9 . 1 3 9 . 6 7 3 3 7 . 5 O v e r a l l 3 6 3 3 2 . 5 2 8 . 7 6 W T L a r g e 1 9 5 7 3 . 3 4 5 . 8 9 5 7 1 . 6 0 . 6 5 4 1 ( k g ) S m a l l 1 7 5 7 7 . 7 4 4 . 3 1 5 7 8 . 7 H i g h 2 2 5 7 9 . 0 3 9 . 1 3 5 7 9 . 0 0 . 6 2 5 6 L O W 1 4 5 6 9 . 7 5 3 . 0 6 5 7 1 . 3 O v e r a l l 3 6 5 7 8 . 6 3 9 . 6 0 1 0 2 T a b l e 2 5 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A E O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e P T A M L a r g e 1 9 2 7 8 . 7 2 2 4 . 0 2 6 5 . 4 0 . 8 7 8 5 ( k g ) S m a l l 1 7 3 0 1 . 0 2 6 3 . 3 2 7 7 . 9 H i g h 2 2 3 5 2 . 9 1 8 9 . 6 3 5 2 . 9 0 . 0 5 4 1 L o w 1 4 1 8 9 . 1 2 8 1 . 8 1 9 0 . 4 O v e r a l l 3 6 2 8 9 . 2 2 4 0 . 0 H E A L T H L a r g e 1 9 0 . 4 6 1 0 . 5 4 3 0 . 4 5 2 0 . 1 6 0 8 S m a l l 1 7 0 . 2 3 5 0 . 3 8 2 0 . 2 1 3 H i g h 2 2 0 . 3 9 8 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 3 9 8 0 . 4 3 7 4 L o w 1 4 0 . 2 8 6 0 . 5 7 2 0 . 2 6 7 O v e r a l l 3 6 0 . 3 4 9 0 . 4 5 3 X S N E L L a r g e 1 9 6 . 0 5 5 . 4 4 6 . 0 4 0 . 4 2 5 8 ( M c a l S m a l l 1 7 7 . 9 0 6 . 4 5 7 . 7 3 N E L / d ) H i g h 2 2 7 . 2 1 6 . 7 8 7 . 2 1 0 . 7 6 3 6 L o w 1 4 6 . 4 8 4 . 4 6 6 . 5 7 O v e r a l l 3 6 6 . 9 2 5 . 9 2 X S P R O T R D L a r g e 1 9 5 9 8 . 3 8 5 0 . 6 5 8 9 . 8 0 . 0 8 9 9 ( g / d ) S m a l l 1 7 1 1 4 9 . 1 6 2 1 . 0 1 0 5 5 . 1 H i g h 2 2 8 3 9 . 2 8 9 8 . 5 8 3 9 . 2 0 . 9 0 0 2 L o w 1 4 7 6 7 . 1 5 5 6 . 1 8 0 5 . 6 O v e r a l l 3 6 8 1 1 . 2 7 7 4 . 9 X S P R O T E S L a r g e 1 9 - 1 4 . 0 3 0 7 . 5 - 1 3 . 8 0 . 0 1 9 3 ( g / d ) S m a l l 1 7 2 0 9 . 0 2 3 2 . 6 2 2 4 . 3 H i g h 2 2 7 8 . 5 3 0 0 . 1 7 8 . 5 0 . 5 8 3 3 L o w 1 4 1 1 1 . 4 2 9 2 . 5 1 3 2 . 1 O v e r a l l 3 6 9 1 . 3 2 9 3 . 4 M U L T I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A - M E A N S 1 0 3 T a b l e 2 5 - c o n t i n u e d L e a s t H e r d S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e E D L a r g e 1 9 1 . 6 8 7 0 . 0 5 9 0 1 . 6 8 9 0 . 0 2 4 1 ( M e a l S m a l l 1 7 1 . 6 3 3 0 . 0 8 7 8 1 . 6 2 7 N E L / k g ) H i g h 2 2 1 . 6 6 4 0 . 0 6 9 7 1 . 6 6 4 0 . 6 0 7 4 L O W 1 4 1 . 6 5 8 0 . 0 9 2 0 1 . 6 5 1 O v e r a l l 3 6 1 . 6 6 1 0 . 0 7 7 9 A D F L a r g e 1 9 1 8 . 2 7 2 . 1 1 0 1 8 . 2 3 0 . 2 4 2 8 ( % ) S m a l l 1 7 1 9 . 1 1 3 . 6 0 5 1 9 . 4 1 H i g h 2 2 1 8 . 4 5 2 . 7 7 3 1 8 . 4 5 0 . 4 5 7 4 L O W 1 4 1 9 . 0 2 3 . 1 6 2 1 9 . 2 0 O v e r a l l 3 6 1 8 . 6 7 2 . 9 0 0 C P L a r g e 1 9 1 8 . 0 7 1 . 5 9 1 1 8 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 5 5 ( % ) S m a l l 1 7 1 6 . 9 6 1 . 9 8 4 1 6 . 7 7 H i g h 2 2 1 7 . 8 5 1 . 7 0 6 1 7 . 8 5 0 . 1 5 3 7 L o w 1 4 1 7 . 0 8 2 . 0 2 9 1 6 . 9 5 O v e r a l l 3 6 1 7 . 5 5 1 . 8 4 9 D M I L a r g e 1 9 2 4 . 2 4 2 . 8 2 1 2 4 . 2 1 0 . 6 3 9 1 ( k g / d ) S m a l l 1 7 2 3 . 6 9 3 . 4 3 5 2 3 . 6 9 H i g h 2 2 2 4 . 0 6 3 . 1 2 7 2 4 . 0 6 0 . 8 4 6 5 L o w 1 4 2 3 . 8 7 3 . 1 5 1 2 3 . 8 4 O v e r a l l 3 6 2 3 . 9 8 3 . 0 9 2 a n = N u m b e r o f h e r d s b S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 1 0 4 T a b l e 2 6 M U L T I P A R O U S A L L D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N O N E ' P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 2 0 1 2 . 4 8 8 9 9 3 6 5 9 . 9 7 6 4 3 5 0 . 0 0 3 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 2 2 6 . 3 8 1 6 8 6 9 2 . 5 0 8 4 1 4 0 . 0 1 6 5 1 0 . 1 6 7 5 D P - 0 . 2 5 0 0 1 5 0 . 2 6 1 9 5 4 0 . 3 4 2 6 - 0 . 5 3 5 0 D P 2 0 . 0 0 2 1 7 7 0 . 0 0 1 7 6 1 0 . 2 1 9 7 0 . 6 7 5 9 P L L 0 . 0 4 3 1 1 6 0 . 0 2 2 1 9 1 0 . 0 5 5 3 0 . 2 2 2 7 W T 0 . 6 8 1 7 0 2 0 . 4 3 6 0 4 0 0 . 1 2 1 7 4 . 4 9 2 0 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 7 3 0 . 0 0 0 3 8 4 0 . 0 0 6 4 - 8 . 1 7 4 6 H E A L T H 1 3 7 . 4 1 2 4 4 2 4 2 . 7 1 5 5 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 8 1 0 . 0 1 8 3 X S N E L - 1 . 0 4 3 2 2 0 0 . 5 1 3 5 5 2 0 . 0 4 5 3 - 0 . 9 8 1 5 X S N E L 2 0 . 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 . 0 2 4 5 8 9 0 . 1 7 9 2 0 . 6 8 2 6 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 3 5 3 9 0 . 0 0 2 4 4 4 0 . 1 5 1 3 - 0 . 4 3 6 6 X S P T R D Z 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 7 1 . 3 8 9 7 E D 2 2 8 4 . 4 2 4 7 0 2 6 8 2 . 3 5 3 6 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 2 2 8 . 2 7 2 1 E D 2 - 6 5 3 . 8 5 0 5 3 3 1 7 8 . 5 0 1 0 8 6 0 . 0 0 0 4 - 2 6 . 4 8 6 4 A D F - 1 1 . 8 7 0 1 4 2 3 . 4 5 5 7 6 8 0 . 0 0 0 9 - 5 . 5 0 5 1 A D F 2 0 . 3 5 0 2 5 8 0 . 0 9 4 6 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 4 6 . 2 7 2 8 C P - 4 . 8 6 9 5 2 1 1 0 . 8 8 0 6 2 1 0 . 6 5 5 6 - 1 . 4 0 7 9 C P 2 - 0 . 3 2 7 4 6 0 0 . 1 4 6 8 5 7 0 . 0 2 8 4 - 3 . 3 1 5 9 D M I - 2 1 . 0 7 3 7 8 4 7 . 4 0 8 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 5 6 - 1 0 . 1 8 0 1 D M I X W T 0 . 0 2 2 7 3 7 0 . 0 0 6 1 8 2 0 . 0 0 0 4 8 . 0 8 6 9 D M I X E D 5 . 0 3 6 4 6 2 2 . 9 1 5 4 4 7 0 . 0 8 7 7 4 . 0 4 0 1 E D X C P 9 . 6 7 7 5 3 6 6 . 7 2 5 4 6 1 0 . 1 5 3 8 5 . 4 2 9 0 E D X B C S - 1 3 3 . 5 0 7 2 8 7 5 6 . 2 8 3 0 7 1 0 . 0 1 9 9 - 1 0 . 0 7 5 5 E D X H E A L - 8 1 . 8 5 2 5 0 0 2 5 . 4 9 1 2 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 - 9 . 8 3 4 4 X S P R D X H - 0 . 0 0 9 4 6 3 0 . 0 0 4 2 4 8 0 . 0 2 8 5 - 0 . 9 7 4 3 X S N E L X H 0 . 6 0 5 8 4 9 0 . 5 7 4 1 4 8 0 . 2 9 4 3 0 . 4 6 6 4 m m R 2 = . 4 9 5 9 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 3 4 7 7 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 8 5 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r - 2 5 . 6 1 2 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 1 0 5 T a b l e 2 7 M U L T I P A R O U S A L L D A T A M O D E L O N E E Q U A T I O N T W O P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 1 8 6 4 . 2 8 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 . 2 7 7 3 2 1 0 . 0 0 3 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S 1 6 6 . 9 6 6 7 2 4 8 4 . 3 9 6 6 4 3 0 . 0 5 1 0 7 . 4 9 9 0 P L L 0 . 0 3 9 9 2 4 0 . 0 2 0 7 0 9 0 . 0 5 7 1 0 . 2 0 6 2 W T 0 . 5 8 7 9 6 7 0 . 4 2 6 0 8 4 0 . 1 7 1 1 3 . 8 7 4 4 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 9 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 3 6 8 0 . 0 1 5 8 - 6 . 8 9 6 8 H E A L T H 1 3 4 . 1 9 6 1 9 8 3 6 . 4 9 1 2 7 2 0 . 0 0 0 4 9 . 7 8 3 8 X S N E L - 0 . 9 7 4 2 8 4 0 . 5 0 4 2 0 6 0 . 0 5 6 5 - 0 . 9 1 6 6 X S N E L 2 0 . 0 3 7 0 5 7 0 . 0 2 4 5 8 4 0 . 1 3 5 3 0 . 7 5 9 6 X S P R O T R D - 0 . 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 . 0 8 5 4 - 0 . 4 9 4 2 X S P T R D 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 3 1 . 3 0 1 7 E D 2 1 4 7 . 4 2 7 2 0 4 6 3 7 . 7 5 8 4 6 8 0 . 0 0 1 1 2 6 . 5 7 6 6 E D 2 - 6 2 6 . 1 2 8 2 0 0 1 6 7 . 2 6 2 8 9 2 0 . 0 0 0 3 - 2 5 . 3 6 3 4 A D F - 1 0 . 8 9 1 9 8 7 3 . 1 4 3 0 9 8 0 . 0 0 0 8 - 5 . 0 5 1 4 A D F 2 0 . 3 2 1 9 8 0 0 . 0 8 6 0 3 7 0 . 0 0 0 3 5 . 7 6 6 4 C P - 4 . 9 5 0 0 1 4 1 0 . 3 8 8 6 7 7 0 . 6 3 4 9 - 1 . 4 3 1 1 C P 2 - 0 . 2 8 4 1 9 0 0 . 1 3 9 1 5 7 0 . 0 4 4 1 - 2 . 8 7 7 7 D M I - 1 5 . 8 5 5 9 9 6 6 . 7 6 4 9 8 5 0 . 0 2 1 3 - 7 . 6 5 9 6 D M I X W T 0 . 0 1 8 3 2 6 0 . 0 0 5 6 8 0 0 . 0 0 1 8 6 . 5 1 8 1 D M I X E D 3 . 3 6 8 6 0 5 2 . 7 3 9 5 1 6 0 . 2 2 2 1 2 . 7 0 2 2 E D X C P 8 . 8 9 9 2 0 8 6 . 5 7 7 0 5 8 0 . 1 7 9 5 4 . 9 9 2 3 E D X B C S - 9 7 . 7 5 8 4 4 6 5 1 . 3 2 6 3 7 9 0 . 0 6 0 1 - 7 . 3 7 7 6 E D X H E A L - 7 9 . 0 2 4 7 8 4 2 1 . 3 8 6 7 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 4 - 9 . 4 9 4 7 X S P R D X H - 0 . 0 0 5 7 4 8 0 . 0 0 2 3 5 0 0 . 0 1 6 4 - 0 . 5 9 1 8 H e d e l W R 2 = . 4 7 2 9 A d j u s t e d R 2 - . 3 4 1 1 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) - 8 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r 8 2 5 . 8 7 1 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 M 0 C 3 . F % 0 4 ) 6 2 2 e y l l b l a 0 a T 1 D ( n o E 0 e c n N O 0 e N u O 1 l I f - T n 0 I 2 f o A U Q - E 0 l e E 3 v e N - L O 0 4 L E - D 0 O 5 M - A 0 T A 6 D - L 0 L 7 A - S 0 U 8 O R - A P S H D 2 F 2 P 2 T S L I I C T B W T E 0 D F C W C A M T L A D X E X U B E D L A A D M I X H E E H M D D X : 0 E 2 D E e r u g i F V a r l a b l e a l l l L l s i 1 I I l l i f l l j 1 0 6 0 8 l 0 7 J 0 6 l 0 5 i l 0 4 M l C 0 3 . F % 0 4 ) 7 2 2 e y l l b i a 0 a T 1 D ( n o O 0 e W c T n 0 N e u 1 l - f O I n T 0 I A 2 f U - o Q E 0 l e l E 3 v - e N L O ‘ i 1 0 L 4 E - D 0 5 O M - A 0 T A 6 D - L 0 L 7 A - S - — — — ~ s ~ — ~ + — — - 0 U S F 2 H D 2 I 2 T S L 8 - O R A P I C D F T E 0 M T W C A T D X B E I X H M D X D E D E L U M : 1 2 e r u g i F s e l W B A L D E b a i r a V A A E H 1 0 7 1 0 8 p r e s s u r e d m i l k d o w n w a r d w h i l e B C S a n d H E A L T H h a d a m o d e r a t e l y ' c l e a r ' a s s o c i a t i o n ' w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n . V a r i a b l e s D M I X W T , E D X C P , a n d A D F 2 h a d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e s o n p r o d u c t i o n a n d E D X H E A L , W T 2 , a n d A D F l e v e l w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o w e r m i l k . M o d e l 2 o f M A L d a t a r e g r e s s i o n ( T a b l e 2 8 ) h a d n o v a r i a b l e s o f m a j o r o r m o d e r a t e i n f l u e n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n . H E A L T H , W T , a n d t h e E D X C P i n t e r a c t i o n d i s p l a y e d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e i m p a c t s w i t h E D X H E A L , W T 2 , D M I , a n d E D 2 h a v i n g n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s . T h e s e v a r i a b l e s ' l o w S T D E S T ( F i g u r e 2 2 ) h e l p t o e x p l a i n t h e l o w R 2 a n d A D J 2 o f . 4 1 8 8 a n d . 2 7 3 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y . H o w e v e r , o n e m u s t b e r e m i n d e d t h a t n e i t h e r P T A M o r S C C w e r e p o s s i b l e v a r i a b l e s f o r e i t h e r M A L m o d e l . M o d e l a n d D a t a S e t D i s c u s s i o n M o d e l 1 d i s p l a y e d t h e g r e a t e r a b i l i t y t o a c c o u n t f o r p r o d u c t i o n v a r i a t i o n s i n a l l f o u r p r i m i p a r o u s ( P C , P N G , P N S a n d P A L ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( M C , M N G , M N S , a n d M A L ) d a t a s e t s . T h i s i s m o s t l i k e l y d u e t o l i n e a r , q u a d r a t i c , a n d i n t e r a c t i o n t e r m s o f X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t t o m o d e l 1 t h r o u g h t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h H E A L T H , a l t h o u g h t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e i r e f f e c t ( S T D E S T ) w a s q u i t e s m a l l . T h i s m a y b e d u e t o p r e p a r t u m f e e d i n g i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h t h e a n i m a l ' s n u t r i t i o n a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t a t u s d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n . T h e a b i l i t y o f m o d e l 1 , n e e d i n g 2 5 t e r m s i n t h e M C d a t a s e t , t o a c c o u n t f o r a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n v a r i a t i o n ( A D F R 2 o f . 8 3 6 1 ) 1 0 9 T a b l e 2 8 M U L T I P A R O U S A L L D A T A M O D E L T W O E Q U A T I O N O N E P a r a m e t e r S t a n d a r d S T D a V a r i a b l e E s t i m a t e E r r o r P V a l u e E S T I N T E R C E P - 2 6 6 . 0 7 3 5 1 2 3 7 5 . 0 8 1 4 7 4 0 . 4 8 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 B C S - 6 5 . 1 7 9 0 7 7 3 4 . 1 7 3 5 8 8 0 . 0 5 9 7 - 2 . 9 2 7 4 8 0 8 2 1 4 . 7 0 6 1 1 4 6 . 5 7 8 5 2 5 0 . 0 2 7 9 3 . 4 5 0 7 0 P - 0 . 3 4 4 7 0 5 0 . 2 5 6 0 1 6 0 . 1 8 1 6 - 0 . 7 3 7 6 D P 2 0 . 0 0 2 3 3 1 0 . 0 0 1 7 4 2 0 . 1 8 4 4 0 . 7 2 3 6 P L L 0 . 0 1 3 9 6 4 0 . 0 2 1 2 2 6 0 . 5 1 2 3 0 . 0 7 2 1 W T 0 . 9 6 3 1 0 4 0 . 4 7 7 2 3 5 0 . 0 4 6 6 6 . 3 4 6 3 W T 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 8 4 0 . 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 . 0 0 9 9 - 8 . 2 6 0 2 H E A L T H 1 0 5 . 1 8 4 8 0 3 4 5 . 0 4 6 7 5 5 0 . 0 2 1 8 7 . 6 6 8 7 H E A L T H 2 - 4 . 2 5 3 5 1 0 2 . 9 3 1 8 4 7 0 . 1 5 0 4 - 0 . 4 1 6 3 X S P R O T E S - 0 . 0 0 3 0 5 5 0 . 0 0 3 1 6 4 0 . 3 3 7 0 - 0 . 1 4 3 8 E 0 3 3 2 . 3 1 0 2 0 2 4 4 8 . 1 9 7 7 9 4 0 . 4 6 0 4 4 . 1 1 2 7 E 0 2 - 1 5 4 . 3 8 4 4 0 6 1 3 7 . 7 7 0 4 7 3 0 . 2 6 5 5 - 6 . 2 5 3 8 A D F - 3 . 0 4 5 0 7 8 2 . 5 7 0 5 0 6 0 . 2 3 9 4 - 1 . 4 1 2 2 A D F 2 0 . 1 1 5 7 8 9 0 . 0 7 1 7 0 6 0 . 1 0 9 9 2 . 0 7 3 7 C P - 4 . 9 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 . 4 0 1 3 7 2 0 . 6 3 8 7 - 1 . 4 1 6 7 C P 2 - 0 . 2 0 5 9 8 9 0 . 1 4 3 9 9 1 0 . 1 5 6 1 - 2 . 0 8 5 9 D M I - 1 3 . 9 2 7 9 4 7 7 . 7 9 8 5 8 7 0 . 0 7 7 6 - 6 . 7 2 8 2 D M I X W T 0 . 0 1 1 6 6 1 0 . 0 0 6 1 3 8 0 . 0 6 0 7 4 . 1 4 7 7 D M I X E D 4 . 5 4 3 1 4 5 3 . 1 0 1 4 0 9 0 . 1 4 6 5 3 . 6 4 4 4 E D X C P 7 . 4 1 2 8 7 5 6 . 4 3 5 0 3 8 0 . 2 5 2 5 4 . 1 5 8 5 E D X H E A L - 6 0 . 1 6 8 8 5 9 2 6 . 9 3 1 4 9 8 0 . 0 2 8 0 - 7 . 2 2 9 2 X S P E S X H - 0 . 0 1 0 1 8 3 0 . 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 . 1 3 0 2 - 0 . 2 8 2 4 M o d e l S u m m a r y R 2 = . 4 1 8 8 A d j u s t e d R 2 = . 2 7 3 5 D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m ( E r r o r ) = 8 8 M e a n S q u a r e E r r o r a 2 8 . 5 2 5 a S T D E S T = S t a n d a r d i z e d e s t i m a t e 0 8 1 0 7 , 1 0 6 1 1 0 5 1 0 4 M 1 0 C 3 F . ) 8 % 2 1 0 4 2 y l i , 1 0 a 1 D e l b a T ( n o E N 0 e O c n N 0 e O 1 i l u l 1 l I f T - n A 0 I U l 2 f Q o E - 0 l e O L v 3 W e - L T l 0 4 L E - D 0 O 1 1 1 l 5 M 7 7 7 7 7 7 - A 0 T A 6 D - L 0 L 7 A - S 0 U 8 O R - A P T 2 I H 2 I L W T T 0 W L E M D A E T L U A E H H M X : D E 2 2 e r u g i F V a r i a b l e s 1 1 0 1 1 1 w i t h a l i m i t e d d a t a s e t e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e t h a t i n d e e d m a n y f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e p r o d u c t i o n . E x c l u d i n g P T A M f r o m r e g r e s s i o n s o f t h e P N G d a t a s e t d i d n o t d i m i n i s h , b u t e n h a n c e d , t h e a b i l i t y o f m o d e l 1 a n d m o d e l 2 t o a c c o u n t f o r p r o d u c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s . O n e s h o u l d n o t c o n c l u d e , h o w e v e r , t h a t v a r i a t i o n s i n P T A M d o n o t c a u s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l l a c t a t i o n m i l k y i e l d o r t h a t g e n e t i c l e v e l i s n o t i m p o r t a n t t o l i f e t i m e p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s . T h i s i s e v i d e n t f r o m e x c l u s i o n o f P T A M f r o m m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l s r e s u l t i n g i n R 2 v a l u e s b e i n g r e d u c e d b y h a l f . P T A M w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s ( T a b l e s 3 , 1 0 , 1 6 , a n d 2 5 ) a n d i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d o e s r e s u l t f r o m s e l e c t i o n o f p a r e n t s w i t h a h i g h e r g e n e t i c l e v e l ( B e t r a n d g t 1 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . T h e c o m m o n p r a c t i c e o f u s i n g n a t u r a l h e r d s i r e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n l a r g e h e r d s , m a y b e l i m i t i n g p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e t o o t h e r m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s . P N S a n d M N S m o d e l s a c h i e v e d R 2 v a l u e s n e a r t h o s e o f t h e c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t s ( P C a n d M C ) . M a s t i t i s i s k n o w n t o r e d u c e p r o d u c t i o n ( J o n e s e ; a l . , 1 9 8 4 ; B l o s s e r , 1 9 7 9 : a n d F e t r o w e ; 1 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h i s s t u d y t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f h i g h e r S C C r e d u c i n g m i l k o u t p u t i s p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s u s e d f r o m e a c h h e r d a n d t h e f a c t t h a t a n y d i f f e r e n c e s i n S C C a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e d e t e c t e d i n m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( M o r s e e 1 ; 1 1 . , 1 9 8 8 ) . 1 1 2 T h e c o m b i n i n g o f d a t a s e t s d i d n o t r e s u l t i n a n y i n c r e a s e i n R 2 f o r m o d e l 1 o r m o d e l 2 a n d w a s i n f a c t l o w e r t h a n f o r a n y s i n g l e d a t a , b u t p r o g r e s s w a s m a d e i n A D J R 2 c o m p a r e d t o s o m e d a t a s e t s . C o m b i n i n g d a t a s e t s g a v e l i t t l e o r n o r e d u c t i o n i n m e a n s q u a r e e r r o r ( M S E ) f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d i n c r e a s e d M S E f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . T h e p o s s i b i l i t y d o e s e x i s t t h a t v a r i a b l e s o f i m p o r t a n c e c o u l d h a v e b e e n e x c l u d e d f r o m o r i g i n a l d a t a s e t s o r i n t e r a c t i o n s o f s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n o r i g i n a l m o d e l s . P r i m i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n - v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s 1 - E i t h e r a H e i g h t . A l l l i n e g r a p h s u s e d v a r i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l w h i c h i n c l u d e d r e p o r t e d p r e p a r t u m i n t a k e s ( M o d e l 1 ) , e x c e p t f o r F i g u r e 2 3 w h i c h u s e d i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e m o d e l w h i c h e s t i m a t e d p r e p a r t u m i n t a k e ( M o d e l 2 ) ( T a b l e 2 ) . T h e l i n e s w e r e g e n e r a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a : 2 = s o + 8 1 x + 8 2 x 2 p r e d i c t e d v a r i a b l e v a l u e ( d a i l y 4 % F C M ) 1 % I D " I O K I I B = i n t e r c e p t 8 1 = c o e f f i c i e n t f o r l i n e a r e f f e c t o f v a r i a b l e x 8 2 a c o e f f i c i e n t f o r q u a d r a t i c e f f e c t o f v a r i a b l e x F o r e x a m p l e , i n F i g u r e 2 3 , u s i n g T a b l e 2 i n f o r m a t i o n f o r w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W H ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W H 2 ) , l i n e P C 2 0 6 1 i 5 5 1 1 0 5 1 ) . m 5 c 1 ( 4 1 t ) 1 1 8 h 2 g i s e e H l b s a r T 0 ( L A P — t 9 e 7 S a t a 2 0 D e 1 l P 7 9 7 1 1 4 h 1 t i W 5 3 1 T H G I E H S R E H T I W Y B 0 1 3 K 1 L I M S U O R 5 A 2 P 7 7 7 7 1 I 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 2 7 2 7 7 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 M I R P : 3 2 e r u g i F o e — — > v i 1 0 2 8 0 ' 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 w a s g e n e r a t e d u s i n g 7 4 . 1 8 7 5 4 5 a n d - 0 . 2 4 2 0 1 3 f o r B l a n d 3 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y w i t h " x " ( W H ) v a l u e s s p a n n i n g t h e d a t a r a n g e f o r t h i s s t u d y . T h e r e a d e r s h o u l d k e e p i n m i n d t h a t Y a x e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t i n m a g n i t u d e 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 v a r i a b l e s b u t 2 9 . 2 m . M e a n s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r ( T a b l e s 3 a n d 1 0 ; P < . 1 0 a n d . 0 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) f o r l a r g e h e r d s b u t n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n h i g h a n d l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . W i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W K ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y , p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d t o b o d y w e i g h t ( 8 W ) i n 2 d a t a s e t s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 1 2 a n d 2 0 ) w i t h v a l u e s o f . 6 0 2 9 a n d . 5 8 9 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y . W i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W H ) , w h e n r e t a i n e d i n t h e m o d e l , h a d a m a j o r , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n ( F i g u r e s 2 - 9 ) . I t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W H 2 ) h a d a m a j o r o r m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e ( F i g u r e s 2 - 9 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W I - I ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W H 2 ) w e r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e m o d e l a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 ) o r P < . 1 0 f o r t h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W H 2 ) ( T a b l e s 8 a n d 9 ) . D a i l y 4 % F C M i n c r e a s e s a s w i t h e r s h e i g h t i n c r e a s e s b u t a t a d e c r e a s i n g r a t e ( F i g u r e s 2 3 a n d 2 4 ) . U s i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r e s t i m a t e s ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 7 , a n d 1 1 ) , w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W H ) v a l u e s w h i c h o p t i m i z e d p r o d u c t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 1 4 8 . 4 t o 1 7 1 . 2 c m ( 5 8 . 4 - 6 7 . 4 i n ) , w e l l a b o v e t h e c u r r e n t r e c o m m e n d e d m e a s u r e o f 1 3 4 . 6 c m ( R a i s i n g D a i r y H e i f e r s , 1 9 8 7 ) . H o w e v e r , a p r e c i s e e s t i m a t e o f w i t h e r s h e i g h t t o 0 0 0 o 5 5 0 7 6 6 o 5 7 1 ~ 7 0 6 1 5 5 1 ; S 7 0 5 1 ) . N P — I ) m 4 c 5 ( s t 9 4 e t l e 7 S a t a G D N P + 1 b h g a i e H T ( s T 0 H r 4 e G 1 h I t E i W H S R 5 E 3 H 1 T 0 3 1 5 2 1 I W Y B K L I M S U O R A P I M I R P : 4 2 e r u g i F o a — - > v t n o : 8 0 7 7 0 0 : t 5 5 0 l i i 1 I i ' E i i _ I 1 1 i 1 1 4 5 0 o o — — > v i t o } 8 0 1 1 5 1 1 6 m a x i m i z e p r o d u c t i o n c a n n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h i s s t u d y d u e t o a l a r g e S T D D E V f o r t h e v a r i a b l e . T h a t w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W I - I ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r f o r s m a l l h e r d s i n t h e p r i m i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e ( P C ) a n d n o S C C ( P N S ) d a t a s e t s a n d t r e n d e d t o w a r d s g r e a t e r v a l u e s f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s , s u g g e s t s l i m i t a t i o n s i n h e i f e r r a i s i n g p r o g r a m s f o r l a r g e a n d l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s b e i n g , s i n g l y o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n , i n a d e q u a t e n u t r i t i o n , h o u s i n g , o r h e a l t h c a r e . M u c h r e s e a r c h e x i s t s s u p p o r t i n g l a r g e r b o d y m e a s u r e s o f a n i m a l s b e i n g p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p r o d u c t i o n ( D o n k e r g t a 3 " , 1 9 8 3 ; L i n g 1 1 . , 1 9 8 5 : a n d L i n g t 1 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) . T h e w o r k o f S i e b e r e ; 1 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) , h o w e v e r , w o u l d s u p p o r t t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e t a l l e r a n i m a l s w o u l d h a v e e n h a n c e d p r o d u c i n g a b i l i t y b u t f u r t h e r s t i p u l a t e t h e m t o h a v e l a r g e r p a u n c h e s b u t s m a l l e r h e a r t g i r t h m e a s u r e s . 2 . A g e T h e r e w e r e n o m e a s u r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g ( A G E ) f o r h i g h a n d l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . A n i m a l s i n l a r g e r h e r d s d i d h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o i n i t i a t e t h e i r f i r s t l a c t a t i o n a t a n e a r l i e r a g e f o r p r i m i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e ( P C ) a n d n o S C C ( P N S ) d a t a s e t s . H o w e v e r , f o r t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e d a t a s e t , w h i c h e x c l u d e d g e n e t i c s ( P N G ) , t h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e i n a g e s b e t w e e n h e r d s i z e . T h e o v e r a l l a v e r a g e a g e a t c a l v i n g , o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 6 m o n t h s f o r e a c h d a t a s e t ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , a n d 1 0 ) , w a s 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 m o n t h s o l d e r t h a n t h e o p t i m u m r e p o r t e d b y G i l l a n d A l l a i r e ( 1 9 7 6 ) . 1 1 7 A g e a t p a r t u r i t i o n ( A G E ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( A G E 2 ) w e r e o f m i n o r , n e g a t i v e a n d m i n o r , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e r e s p e c t i v e l y o n d a i l y 4 % F C M ( F i g u r e s 1 a n d 5 ) . A g e ( A G E ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( A G E 2 ) w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e 1 ) a n d P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e 7 ) . F i g u r e 2 5 d i s p l a y s i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i o n w i t h a g e . P r o d u c t i o n i s m i n i m i z e d i n t h i s s t u d y w i t h a g e a t 2 3 . 5 m o n t h s ( T a b l e 1 ) . H o w e v e r , i t i s m o r e l i k e l y a f u n c t i o n o f b o d y w e i g h t w h i c h a t a g i v e n a g e i s i n f l u e n c e d b y f e e d i n g m a n a g e m e n t . I n c r e a s e s i n p r o d u c t i o n a s r e p o r t e d b y M i l l e r a n d H c G i l l i a r d ( 1 9 5 9 ) a n d L i n g ; 3 1 . ( 1 9 8 8 ) w e r e f o r a n i m a l s w i t h i n t h e s a m e m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s . P r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n l a r g e h e r d s h a v i n g l o w e r B C S , b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) , a n d w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W H ) i s u n d o u b t e d l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i r y o u n g e r c a l v i n g a g e ( A G E ) . H o w e v e r , t h e s e r e s u l t s m a y i n d i c a t e t h a t l a r g e h e r d s a r e n o t t a k i n g f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l t o g r o u p a n d f e e d h e i f e r s t o e n h a n c e g r o w t h . H u l t i p a r o u s D i s c u s s i o n - v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s 1 . 1 2 2 2 P e r i o d l e n g t h D r y p e r i o d l e n g t h ( D P ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( D P 2 ) h a d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( F i g u r e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 ) o n p r o d u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e d r y p e r i o d v a r i a b l e s ( D P , D P 2 ) w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 3 , a n d 2 4 ) a n d P a p p r o a c h i n g . 1 0 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) . t e S a t a D 5 3 2 3 ) s h t , i 9 n 2 o m ( n o . ) 1 i e t l i b r a u T t ( r a P N O 6 I t a 2 e g A T I R U T B A P T A E 3 G 2 A Y B K L I M S U O - 7 2 7 A P ' 0 B 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 4 2 0 9 3 1 3 8 8 8 8 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I R P : 6 2 e r u g i F a s — — > * 1 n o : 8 0 1 1 8 1 1 9 I n t h e n o S C C ( M N S ) d a t a s e t , l a r g e a n d h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s n e a r e d s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h s h o r t e r d r y p e r i o d s ( D P ) ( T a b l e 2 5 ) . P r o d u c t i o n w a s m i n i m i z e d w h e n d r y p e r i o d s w e r e a t 7 2 . 3 ( T a b l e 1 3 ) a n d 5 7 . 3 d a y s ( T a b l e 2 6 ) b u t m a x i m i z e d a t 5 . 6 9 d a y s ( T a b l e 2 2 ) . G r a p h s ( F i g u r e s 2 6 a n d 2 7 ) c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f i n f l u e n c e f o r d r y p e r i o d o n p r o d u c t i o n . O v e r a l l m e a n s ( T a b l e s 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) f o r d r y p e r i o d l e n g t h ( D P ) s h o w e d v a l u e s n e a r t h e r e c o m m e n d e d 6 0 d a y s ( F u n k 1 ; 1 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ; S c h a e f f e r a n d H e n d e r s o n , 1 9 7 2 ; a n d K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t , 1 9 8 6 ) . H i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s i n t h e c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t ( M C ) t e n d e d t o h a v e s h o r t e r d r y p e r i o d s ( D P ) a s d i d l a r g e a n d h i g h h e r d s i n t h e d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g S C C ( M N S ) . S o m e l o n g d r y p e r i o d s o f g i v e n h e r d s w e r e a r e s u l t o f n o n e x i s t e n t o r i n a d e q u a t e b r e e d i n g r e c o r d s t o a i d d e c i s i o n s o f a d r y o f f d a t e . 2 . 2 1 9 3 1 9 1 3 5 E p i s t l e s L e n g t h P r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h ( P L L ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( P L L 2 ) h a d m i n o r , n e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e s ( F i g u r e s 1 5 a n d 1 6 ) . P r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h ( P L L ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) , P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 2 6 a n d 2 7 ) , a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e l i n e a r ( P L L ) a n d q u a d r a t i c ( P L L 2 ) t e r m s ( T a b l e s 1 9 a n d 2 0 ) . T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b y h e r d s i z e o r p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l i n p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h ( P L L ) . P r o d u c t i o n w a s m i n i m i z e d w h e n t h e p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n w a s 3 3 5 . 8 d a y s l o n g ( T a b l e 1 7 ) a n d i s p o r t r a y e d i n F i g u r e 2 8 . L o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s i n S N M t ‘ e 9 S ‘ a t a D c w l — B — . ) 2 2 . 1 8 3 1 s e l b a T ( H T G N E L D O I R E P Y R D Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U M : 8 2 e m o H 1 2 0 O c — — > v t n o : P C O Q Q N C U O n o G ] ‘ F ‘ F . - ' . - ' 1 - ' 1 W . . ~ - . ~ . . _ 4 _ 1 - ' I l V i i t o ( O 7 - O ) h t o o , o , 0 . 0 2 o z 0 2 t o t o I D v v V a s — — > v i n o : x o h z o a o o c u o O N ‘ F O O F - ’ 3 i ; C D o m y 5 O C O . 1 U . 2 c ; ( o n t o O V o N 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 ) s y a d 1 0 8 ( t L h . ) 8 e A S W a i t 7 a 9 D 7 t 2 g n e e l b a T ( L d o i r H e T r 0 P G 6 y N r E D L D O I R E P Y R 1 0 4 D Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U 0 2 5 0 . 2 - M : 7 2 e r u g l F I t ) a ! P I a o — — > v i t o : s o # : 0 3 0 5 3 ' 0 0 1 2 1 t G e S a t a N M — ' 9 D 7 5 7 4 5 3 4 ) . s ) y a d ( 7 1 e l 5 b 1 a h 9 t T 3 g ( n e L H T n G o i N t E a L t c a 5 L N O I 1 5 T s 3 u A o T i C v e r P A L S U O I V E 5 1 R 1 3 P Y B K L I M S U 7 W 7 7 2 2 4 6 4 3 3 3 . . . 3 3 3 . 3 - R A P I T L U 7 ' 7 M 5 O : 8 2 e r u g i F o o — — > v s n o : 8 0 I - C O Q O G C ‘ O O - 3 . 3 L . - . _ . _ . . _ _ _ - - _ . . . . . . . . 1 7 3 . 3 8 7 g I i . I 1 2 2 1 2 3 t h e d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s ( M N G ) t e n d e d t o h a v e l o n g e r p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h s ( P L L ) t h a n h i g h h e r d s , s u g g e s t i n g p o o r r e p r o d u c t i v e m a n a g e m e n t f o r t h e s e a n i m a l s i n t h e p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n . S u m m i n g t h e o v e r a l l d r y p e r i o d s ( D P ) a n d p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h s ( P L L ) m e a n v a l u e s ( T a b l e s 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) w o u l d s u g g e s t m o s t h e r d s w e r e w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t o f a 1 3 m o n t h C I ( H o l m a n , 1 9 8 4 ; S c h m i d t , 1 9 8 9 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e l a r g e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n v a l u e s i n d i c a t e l o n g C I s h o u l d b e a c o n c e r n f o r s o m e h e r d s . T h e t e n d e n c y f o r l a r g e r h e r d s t o h a v e a l o n g e r p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n l e n g t h ( P L L ) m i g h t s u g g e s t m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s i n h e a t d e t e c t i o n a n d / o r r e p r o d u c t i v e h e a l t h . G e n e r a l D i s c u s s i o n 1 - M i e n A h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t , 6 k g a d v a n t a g e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s w a s f o u n d f o r 4 % F C M l e v e l i n h i g h h e r d s i n a l l d a t a s e t s ( M C , M N G , a n d M N S ) ( T a b l e s 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . P r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s m e a n d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s m a l l e r ( 2 . 5 k g ) b u t s t i l l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r d a t a s e t s e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s ( P N G ) ( T a b l e 6 ) a n d e x c l u d i n g S C C ( P N S ) ( T a b l e 1 0 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t ( P C ) ( T a b l e 3 ) . N o p r o d u c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n l a r g e a n d s m a l l h e r d s . 2 - § £ n £ § i § . L § ! £ l N e i t h e r s i r e g e n e t i c l e v e l f o r m i l k ( P T A M ) n o r i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( P T A M 2 ) h a d a g r e a t a m o u n t o f i n f l u e n c e o n 1 2 4 p r o d u c t i o n . W h i l e g e n e t i c l e v e l ( P T A M ) o n l y a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n t w o m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 7 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n t h r e e ( T a b l e s 2 2 , 2 3 , a n d 2 4 ) i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( P T A M 2 ) w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) i n s e v e r a l ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 2 2 , 2 3 , a n d 2 4 ) . G e n e t i c l e v e l ( P T A M ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 1 0 ) g r e a t e r f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 3 a n d 1 0 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 6 a n d 2 5 ) a n i m a l s i n h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . T h e s h a p e s o f F i g u r e s 2 9 a n d 3 0 d e m o n s t r a t e s o m e h e r d s w i t h l o w g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l ( P T A M ) i n d e e d h a v e g r e a t e r p r o d u c t i o n t h a n o t h e r s w i t h g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l . I n d e e d m a n a g e m e n t c a n a c h i e v e a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f p r o d u c t i o n b u t o n l y u p t o g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l . S i r e g e n e t i c l e v e l ( P T A M ) d i d i n t e r a c t w i t h h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) t o i n f l u e n c e p r o d u c t i o n n e g a t i v e l y a n d p o s i t i v e l y r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e 3 1 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e 3 2 ) a n i m a l s a s t h e v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d . T h i s i n t e r a c t i o n ( P T X H E A L ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a t P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e 7 ) a n d a t ' P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 2 2 ) f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e g e n e t i c l e v e l a n d h e a l t h i n t e r a c t i o n m a y b e m o r e r e l a t e d t o n u t r i t i o n t h a n p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l . i m a m a c c l i m a t i o n L a r g e r h e r d s h a d r e s p e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r B C S o f P < . 1 0 a n d . 0 5 i n p a r i t y g r o u p s w h i c h e x c l u d e d g e n e t i c s ( P N G a n d M N G ) ( T a b l e s 6 a n d 2 1 ) . B C S w a s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d ( . 5 7 - . 6 0 ) w i t h p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e t e S a t a D 0 0 5 1 0 f 1 5 1 2 1 0 i 0 1 0 1 g 1 1 ) 0 5 g 7 k ( k l . i M ) 1 1 1 l 0 o f b 0 e r 5 A T P e r a T ( K L ‘ 1 5 S M 0 i I 2 1 ' E i g 1 1 1 0 R O F A T P E R I S Y f 1 5 0 B t - 1 7 1 2 K L - I M S U O 0 0 R 5 - A P 0 5 I 5 0 5 0 5 3 5 5 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I R P : 9 2 e r u g l F O o — — > v i t o : . . . . . — 8 0 1 2 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 7 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q 1 % 1 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 ) 4 g k ( k l i M . ) 2 2 t I 3 1 s e l 0 b r S N M — t 9 e ' S 7 a f 1 0 o a T ( t a D C M 7 2 A T P K L I M e r i S 9 R 0 7 O F A T P E R I 0 1 0 2 S 7 Y B S U 0 O 0 R 4 - A P 7 Cc - 7 7 5 5 0 5 0 0 I 2 9 8 6 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 T L U M : 0 3 e r u g l F D 1 1 1 3 5 l 1 O e — - > v : t o } l 8 ° i _ ‘ _ - . . — . - . . - . . _ . . _ o o - - > v i n o : . 8 0 1 2 6 t S e N S P a 7 t } a * i ) g o l ( h t l a . ) 7 e i l e b H a T X ( A D ' T H 0 T P 0 e 1 r L A 1 i E 1 S H 1 D 1 1 1 O 7 7 7 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 N A A T P E R I S Y B K L I M S U O R A P I 0 1 M 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - - - I R P : 1 3 e r u g i F o a — — > v i n o : 8 0 L _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . i i . 4 2 — h n ~ - - - - . . . . . - . . 1 ~ — - A ~ - — — — ‘ — ! 1 2 7 0 0 0 5 2 0 1 1 7 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 S N M ' t 7 e 9 S 7 . ) 2 2 : 8 3 1 s e ) g l o b l a ( T h t l a e ( H T H L a A t a D C 1 M — 9 7 7 I 0 E X 0 H A 1 T P D N e A r i S g 1 A T P E R I S Y B K L I M S U O — 0 R 7 1 A - P 0 0 0 0 I 5 5 0 0 1 0 9 9 M I R 5 P 5 4 4 : 2 3 e r u g l F C O 5 1 0 0 E : § j § § § L 1 1 5 0 E l ] 5 0 5 0 7 7 1 1 0 0 a u — - > v i t o : 7 1 0 0 0 8 0 ~ - - « - - - < — 9 5 0 a c — — > v i n o : 8 0 1 2 8 1 2 9 ( X S P R O T R D ) b u t o n l y f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . B o d y c o n d i t i o n s c o r e ( B C S ) a l w a y s i n f l u e n c e d p r o d u c t i o n n e g a t i v e l y f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s b u t a t m a j o r ( F i g u r e 1 ) , m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e 5 ) , a n d m i n o r ( F i g u r e 7 a n d 8 ) l e v e l s . F o r m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s , i n f l u e n c e w a s m a j o r ( F i g u r e 1 4 ) a n d m o d e r a t e l y , n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e 1 7 ) , a s w e l l a s m o d e r a t e l y ( F i g u r e s 1 3 a n d 2 0 ) a n d m i n o r l y , p o s i t i v e ( F i g u r e 2 1 ) . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( B C S Z ) i n f l u e n c e d p r o d u c t i o n p o s i t i v e l y b u t a t a m i n o r l e v e l ( F i g u r e 1 ) . B C S w a s s i g n i f i c a n t t o p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 1 , 8 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 3 , 2 4 , a n d 2 6 ) , P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 3 , 7 , 2 2 , 2 7 , a n d 2 8 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n o t h e r s ( T a b l e s 2 , 1 4 , a n d 1 7 ) . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( B C S Z ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) i n o n e m o d e l e a c h f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 8 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r o n e o t h e r m o d e l f o r e a c h ( T a b l e s 4 a n d 2 0 ) . F i g u r e s 3 3 - 3 5 d i s p l a y t h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f g r e a t e r B C S o n p r o d u c t i o n i n t h r e e o f f o u r m o d e l s p l o t t e d . L o w e r B C S s c o r e s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h p a r a l l e l s r e p o r t s f r o m C o p p o c k ( 1 9 8 5 ) o f e a r l y l a c t a t i o n a n i m a l s u s i n g b o d y r e s e r v e s t o m e e t e n e r g y n e e d s o f h i g h p r o d u c t i o n . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e n o t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e o f G a r n s w o r t h y a n d J o n e s ( 1 9 8 7 ) w h i c h s u g g e s t h i g h e r B C S a n i m a l s p r o d u c e m o r e . H o w e v e r , t h e h i g h e r B C S r e p o r t e d b y l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s m u s t b e k e p t i n t h e ? i 1 5 5 . 4 1 ; 1 4 g _ . 1 g i 1 I . _ 3 . g t e S a t a D 1 f f : = i A 1 5 ‘ 5 i . . e ) , 1 i 1 1 . 1 f 1 3 r o c 1 e l . b S a n T o ( i t 3 i E d R n O o C y d 5 o 1 B . 2 C S N O I T I D N O C Y 1 2 D O B Y B K 5 L . I 1 M 1 7 7 7 1 - 2 4 ' . 1 1 8 4 6 . . . 0 0 0 S U O R A P l M l R P : 3 3 e m o H O o — — > v i n o : 1 3 0 8 0 l - ‘ O a fl fl C U O 2 . 4 - 1 ‘ , 1 « 1 f 1 5 5 . 4 1 1 1 l E , , 1 4 . S N P 1 i | : ’ i 1 1 1 r 5 e . ) 7 l 4 s e l b a T , — t e e — S a t a G T D N P " 5 ‘ “ F 3 ‘ f - 1 1 S t 3 i . ( 3 o c S E n o R O i C d n o N O C I T l ' 1 y I 5 d D . o 2 B N O C Y D O B Y B K L 5 . I 1 M I 1 S U O R A P l M l R P : 4 3 e r u g i F o a — - > * 8 n o : s o F : C : O U C U O - - 1 — C D I N o a - — > V I n o : 8 0 I — Z O Q Q G C U O 1 3 1 5 5 . 4 4 1 5 . ‘ T . e ) . 3 r o c , S , t S 2 2 e l b N n a o T i ( M t e S a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F t ‘ a 9 D ‘ _ T 3 i d E n R o C y d 5 o i . B O C S N O 2 I 2 T I D N O C Y D O B Y B 5 . K 1 L I M S U O R ‘ ‘ ‘ A 1 o 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 a 6 2 2 P I T L U - M : 5 3 e m o H 4 0 0 " 1 3 2 a a — — > c t n o : . 8 0 P ‘ O S O G C U O » ~ — — - » - — — — ~ — - 4 n - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 L _ _ - 4 0 0 1 3 3 p e r s p e c t i v e t h a t t h e s e a n i m a l s d i d n o t n e e d t o r e m o v e a s m u c h e n e r g y f r o m b o d y s t o r e s t o s u p p o r t t h e i r l o w e r l e v e l o f p r o d u c t i o n ( R u v u n a g ; 1 1 . , 1 9 8 6 ; a n d U p h a m 1 1 ; a 1 “ , 1 9 8 9 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , B C S w a s m e a s u r e d i n t h i s s t u d y a f t e r p a r t u r i t i o n , n o t p r e p a r t u m . C e r t a i n l y B C S i s o f i m p o r t a n c e t o p r o d u c t i o n a s s h o w n b y P a t t o n ( 1 9 8 9 ) a n d B a y l e y a n d H e i z e r ( 1 9 5 2 ) . P r o d u c e r s s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e m a n a g e a n i m a l b o d y c o n d i t i o n t o m a x i m i z e l a c t a t i o n a l m i l k y i e l d . fl e d ! 1 1 2 . 1 3 1 1 ; B o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W H 2 ) e a c h h a d m i n o r ( F i g u r e 5 ) a n d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e 1 ) i n f l u e n c e s o n p r o d u c t i o n b u t o n l y i n t h e s e t w o m o d e l s . u n l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s h a d p r o d u c t i o n p o s i t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e d b y b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) a t m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e s 1 7 , 1 9 , a n d 2 2 ) a n d m i n o r ( F i g u r e s 1 1 a n d 2 2 ) l e v e l s w h i l e t h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W T 2 ) i n f l u e n c e d p r o d u c t i o n n e g a t i v e l y a t m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 7 , 1 8 , a n d 1 9 ) , a n d m i n o r ( F i g u r e s 1 2 , 2 0 , 2 1 , a n d 2 2 ) l e v e l s . B o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t t o p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) a n d i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W T 2 ) i n o n e m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 ) . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f b o d y w e i g h t v a r i e d f o r m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s w i t h P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , a n d 2 8 ) , P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 1 8 a n d 2 6 ) , a n d a p p r o a c h i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e ( T a b l e 2 7 ) . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( W T 2 ) f o r m u l t i p a r o u s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 i n s e v e r a l m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 6 , 2 7 , a n d 2 8 ) . F i g u r e s 3 6 - 3 8 i l l u s t r a t e t h e 2 . 5 - 1 1 ~ G N P t e S + a t a D C P + 8 6 5 . . . F - 1 . ) 4 1 8 1 s e l b a T ( T H G I E W Y D O B Y B K L I M S U O R A P l M l 1 1 1 R P : 6 3 e r u g i F 1 h F n o - — > * 8 n o : 8 0 < 3 < 1 A u { — 1 L 1 ' 1 # : 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 4 I L I I _ 5 . 6 4 0 0 4 2 5 4 5 0 4 7 5 5 0 0 5 2 5 5 5 0 5 7 5 6 0 0 B o d y W e i g h t ( k g ) L ; . 1 - 1 3 4 D o m — x v i n o : 8 0 # : 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 t e S a t a D — \ 0 0 7 1 0 5 6 0 1 0 ) g 6 k ( t h g i e . ) W 3 y d 1 e l 0 o b g i B a 5 5 0 T ( T H G I E W Y D O 0 B 5 Y B K L I M S U O R A 0 5 - ‘ n “ 1 ' 4 P 0 5 0 0 5 5 5 7 0 5 7 2 8 7 7 5 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 I T L U M : 7 3 e r u g i F 1 3 5 n a - - > v i t o : . 8 0 . _ . . . . . . W . . _ . ~ ~ - - _ . . . . ~ ) — 4 4 0 0 L A M 0 5 6 . ) 6 2 1 8 t 6 ‘ 1 g 0 ) 0 k 2 ( 2 e + S a t a S D N M — 9 — n ' - 9 5 5 5 5 2 7 2 . 2 1 0 9 . 1 t s h e g l i e W y 0 d 5 o b a T ( T H B G 5 I E W Y D O B 0 0 Y 5 B K L I M S U 0 O 5 4 8 . 1 R A P I T L . . U 2 2 M : 8 3 e r u g i F 1 1 2 1 ‘ 1 u o o - — > v t n o : 8 0 1 1 . 8 7 5 ' 1 1 1 1 1 A I P 8 0 3 0 0 6 9 0 1 - 2 . 2 7 0 0 O o - — > v i n o : . 8 0 F £ O = 0 ¢ U C U O 1 3 6 4 I e k x . 3 m m fl fl i h H i g h h c l u d i n g m g m n e r e m d s e t i m i c n s m u h t ( P e N m G n c o ) m d g p a n e a l t t e , s e t r p s i a m p i p p r a o r a o c u h s e d ( P a C n ) d a h n a d d 1 3 7 n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) h a d o n p r o d u c t i o n i n t h i s s t u d y . H o w e v e r , t h e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t w h i c h e x c l u d e d S C C ( M N S ) a p p e a r e d t o h a v e a l e v e l w h i c h m a x i m i z e d p r o d u c t i o n a t 5 7 3 . 0 k g ( T a b l e 2 2 ) . B o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) a n d B C S w e r e p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d ( . 5 1 - . 5 7 ) f o r t h e t h r e e p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t s ( P C , P N G , a n d P N S ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 5 , 1 2 , a n d 2 0 ) a n d f o r t h e c o m p l e t e , m u l t i p a r o u s ( M C ) d a t a s e t s ( . 5 0 ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 9 ) . T h e r e a d e r s h o u l d a l s o r e c a l l t h a t w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( W H ) w a s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p r i m i p a r o u s b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) . A l t h o u g h b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n h e r d s i z e s o r p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , a t e n d e n c y f o r h i g h h e r d s t o h a v e g r e a t e r b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) w a s a p p a r e n t f o r f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . E v e n w i t h t h i s p o s s i b l e a d v a n t a g e i n b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) , h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s a v e r a g e s d i d n o t r e a c h t h e o p t i m u m r a n g e o f 5 4 4 - 5 6 7 k g s u g g e s t e d b y K e o w n a n d E v e r e t t ( 1 9 8 6 ) f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . T h e r e w e r e h o w e v e r , c o r r e l a t i o n s o f . 5 7 , . 7 5 , a n d . 8 4 f o r a g e a t f i r s t c a l v i n g ( A C E ) a n d b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s f o r t h e c o m p l e t e ( P C ) , e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s ( P N G ) , a n d e x c l u d i n g S C C ( P N S ) d a t a s e t s r e s p e c t i v e l y . s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 1 0 ) l o w e r h e a l t h s c o r e s ( H E A L T H ) 1 3 8 ( T a b l e s 3 a n d 1 0 ) . M u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n l a r g e h e r d s i n t h e c o m p l e t e ( M C ) d a t a s e t h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 0 5 ) h i g h e r h e a l t h s c o r e s ( H E A L T H ) ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . H e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) h a d o n l y a m i n o r , n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n t o o n e p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l ( F i g u r e 9 ) . M u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s h a d n e g a t i v e , m a j o r ( F i g u r e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 ) a n d m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) a s w e l l a s p o s i t i v e , m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e s 1 5 a n d 2 0 ) a n d m i n o r ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 2 ) a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h p r o d u c t i o n . P r i m i p a r o u s h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 i n s e v e r a l m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) w h i l e i t s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( H E A L T H 2 ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 1 1 a n d 1 2 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 4 ) . M u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l ' s p r o d u c t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 7 , a n d 2 8 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n o t h e r m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 7 , 1 9 , a n d 2 0 ) . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) , P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e ( T a b l e 2 8 ) . T h e p l o t s o f h e a l t h s c o r e v a r i a b l e s ( F i g u r e s 3 9 - 4 1 ) s h o w t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t a s s o c i a t i o n o f h e a l t h p r o b l e m s w i t h p r o d u c t i o n . H i g h e r h e a l t h s c o r e s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o w e r p r o d u c t i o n i n o n e d a t a s e t ( M C ) b u t t h e o t h e r s h a d m o r e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n . F r e q u e n c y o f h e a l t h p r o b l e m s d i f f e r e d b e t w e e n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . N o d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s w h e n c o n s i d e r i n g h e r d ‘ s i z e . 5 5 2 5 2 3 5 5 4 5 . . . . 5 5 5 5 - - - - — * t G 5 . 1 . ) 4 N 5 2 & P t e S + a t a D C P — 9 ‘ " . 1 1 1 s e l b a T ( E R 5 O 7 C . S 0 5 . 0 5 2 H T L A E H Y B K L . I 0 M S U O 4 ‘ ' — R 0 5 5 5 5 4 9 n 4 A P 9 l 9 9 . . . . 1 1 1 1 M l R P : 9 3 e r u g i F 1 . 9 6 D a - - > V ! t o : 8 ° 1 - 5 . 5 3 H e a l t h S c o r e P 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a u _ — > e : n o : x u # : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 2 5 7 . 1 5 1 . 1 5 1 2 . 1 1 1 e r o c S h . t ) l a e H 1 1 e l b 5 a 1 7 . 0 T ( E R O C S 5 1 . H 0 T L A E H Y B 5 1 2 . 0 K L I : M o S U O R ‘ ‘ 8 1 5 9 2 A 8 P . 1 . 1 . 3 3 . 3 - - 3 ' - . l M l R P : 0 4 e m o H D a t a S e t + P A L , . _ _ _ . _ . . . _ . . _ _ ‘ _ ~ . . . ’ . . . _ - . . . _ . _ . _ _ _ . . _ o o - — > v s n o : 1 4 0 . 8 0 . . . . . . 1 - # : 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 5 5 3 . 2 1 . . 1 1 1 2 5 7 . 1 5 . 1 5 1 I 2 . . ) 2 2 . a 1 3 e 1 r o s c e I S h t l a e H l b a T ( E R O C S t e S a t a D c w I — B — - H # % % % % % * fi ‘ 0 * * 5 $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 6 5 5 4 5 . 0 5 2 . T L A E H Y B K L I 0 M S U O R A P I T L U M : 1 4 e m a l F ‘ 9 ‘ M N S a a - - > # 8 n o : fl 0 0 8 ° m « — — n o ~ — ~ ~ _ u " a I : . . . - . - . - . . , . . . . u l l ' 1 u ~ 9 3 0 l l 0 ‘ I I " I I " m ~ w o fi 0 0 . “ . . . 0 \ \ 0 0 0 t ‘ u H ' 1 H n 0 A \ \ 0 \ \ \ \ 0 o 0 0 0 \ \ n u u u H . . u H . . . . . . . . . - - 4 u N I I H u M P 4 0 0 0 % fl . L I 0 . 7 5 1 1 . 2 1 . 1 o a — — > v i n o : . 2 0 l - c o a o a c u o o 1 4 1 1 4 2 A l t h o u g h i n c i d e n c e o f h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ( H E A L T H ) d i d n o t e x e r t a m a j o r i n f l u e n c e ( s m a l l S T D E S T ) o n p r o d u c t i o n , a s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n t a g e w a s f o u n d f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s w h i c h h a d f e w e r r e p o r t e d p r i m i p a r o u s h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . T h i s s u g g e s t s b e t t e r o v e r a l l h e i f e r r a i s i n g p r o g r a m s f o r h i g h h e r d s . T h e m a j o r , n e g a t i v e i m p a c t t h a t h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ( H E A L T H ) h a d o n F C M i n M G m o d e l 1 r e v e a l s i t s d e t r i m e n t a l a f f e c t s . H o w e v e r , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) ( p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e ) w i t h p r o d u c t i o n d e p e n d e d o n t h e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t i n v o l v e d . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n c o u l d b e r e l a t e d t o t h e n a t u r e o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e S T D E S T w h i c h a l l o w s o n l y H E A L T H t o v a r y w h e n i t n e e d s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h p r e p a r t u m f e e d i n g v a r i a b l e s ( X S N E L a n d X S P R O T R D ) a n d i n c e r t a i n d a t a s e t s g e n e t i c l e v e l ( P T A M ) . W h e n t h e g e n e t i c l e v e l b y h e a l t h s c o r e ( P T X H E A L ) i n t e r a c t i o n d i d a p p e a r i n a m o d e l i t w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 1 5 ) b u t i t s m a g n i t u d e o f i m p a c t o n p r o d u c t i o n w a s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l ( S T D E S T < 6 ) . A s t u d y b y B e t r a n d 9 ; a 1 . ( 1 9 8 5 ) c o n f i r m s t h a t a n i m a l s w i t h h i g h e r g e n e t i c l e v e l s h a v e i n c r e a s e d h e a l t h c o s t s . L a r g e h e r d s h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( T a b l e 1 6 ) b u t h i g h a n d l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s d i d n o t d i f f e r i n a n y d a t a s e t . T h i s s u p p o r t s r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t i n g i n c r e a s e d h e a l t h p r o b l e m s w i t h o l d e r a n i m a l s ( T h o m p s o n e 3 ; a 1 . , 1 9 8 3 : S h a n k s g ; a 1 . , 1 9 8 2 ) b u t c o n t r a d i c t s r e p o r t s b y S h a n k s g ; 1 1 . ( 1 9 7 8 a n d 1 9 8 1 ) a n d H a n s e n g t , 1 ] . . ( 1 9 7 9 ) t h a t 1 4 3 h e a l t h p r o b l e m s i n c r e a s e w i t h p r o d u c t i o n . H e a l t h p r o b l e m s c a n b e m i n i m i z e d t h r o u g h p r o p e r m a n a g e m e n t . T h e m a j o r h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a p p e a r e d t o b e k e t o s i s a n d m e t r i t i s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 ) . H e a l t h r e c o r d s f o r i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s c o n f i r m e d t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n o f h e a l t h d i s o r d e r s ( E r b a n d M a r t i n , 1 9 8 0 a ; E r b a n d M a r t i n , 1 9 8 0 b : E r b g ; 3 1 . , 1 9 8 1 a ; E r b g t ; g 1 ” 1 9 8 1 b : G r o h n £ 3 ; a 1 " 1 9 8 9 ; C u r t i s g t 3 . 1 . , 1 9 8 5 ) . a m N u t r i t i o n P r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n l a r g e h e r d s w e r e f e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s ( P < . 0 5 ) e n e r g y p r e p a r t u m ( X S N E L ) i n t h e d a t a s e t w h i c h e x c l u d e d g e n e t i c s ( P N G ) ( T a b l e 6 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e o t h e r t w o d a t a s e t s ( P C a n d P N S ) ( T a b l e s 3 a n d 1 0 ) . A s e x p e c t e d p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y ( X S N E L ) a n d p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n ( X S P R O T R D ) w e r e p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p r i m i p a r o u s v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n . 8 6 ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 5 , 1 2 , a n d 2 0 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n . 8 3 ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 2 9 , 3 6 , a n d 4 3 ) . P r e p a r t u m e n e r g y i n t a k e ' s q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( X S N E L 2 ) h a d a m i n o r , p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e i n o n l y o n e m o d e l ( F i g u r e 1 ) . P r e p a r t u m e n e r g y i n t a k e ( X S N E L ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . . 0 5 ) t o t h r e e p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 , 4 , a n d 7 ) a n d t w o m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , a n d 2 6 ) m o d e l s . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l f o r t w o o t h e r m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l w a s P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 2 2 a n d 2 7 ) . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( X S N E L 2 ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 , 7 , a n d 1 1 ) a n d f o r m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 ) m o d e l s a n d 1 4 4 a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n o t h e r m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 2 6 a n d 2 7 ) . T h e g e n e r a t e d g r a p h s ( F i g u r e s 1 1 2 - 4 5 ) ) d e m o n s t r a t e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n s e t o e x t r a e n e r g y p r e p a r t u m w i t h p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n d i n g f a v o r a b l y a n d m u l t i p a r o u s u n f a v o r a b l y . H o w e v e r , t h e i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t D H I w a s n o t m e a s u r e d p r e p a r t u m a n d t h a t t h e v a l u e s a r e n e a r l y e q u a l t o 1 5 k g o f c o r n o n a d r y m a t t e r b a s i s . T h e s e r e s u l t s c o u l d r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e p a r t u m h e i f e r s a n d p r e p a r t u m m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s e n e r g y n e e d s . F u r t h e r m o r e , N R C m a y b e u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s e n e r g y d e m a n d , e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g t h e i m m e d i a t e p r e p a r t u m p e r i o d . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n , l i k e p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y , w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t o r a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n l a r g e h e r d s ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , a n d 1 0 ) w h i l e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s s i g n i f i c a n c e w a s r e a c h e d ( P < . 1 0 ) ( T a b l e 2 1 ) o r a p p r o a c h e d ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . C o r r e l a t i o n s o f p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n w i t h B C S ( . 5 7 - . 6 0 ) , a s n o t e d e a r l i e r m a y i n d i c a t e a n i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e t w o v a r i a b l e s , h o w e v e r i t w a s n o t m e a s u r e d i n t h i s s t u d y . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n ( X S P R O T R D ) d i d n o t i n f l u e n c e p r o d u c t i o n i n e i t h e r p r i m i p a r o u s o r m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s t o a n y r e l e v a n t e x t e n t . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n w a s h o w e v e r , s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) t o o n e p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 4 ) , t h r e e m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 7 , 1 8 , a n d 2 2 ) , s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 1 0 f o r o n e m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 2 7 ) , a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n o n e p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e 1 1 ) a n d o n e m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e 2 4 6 8 0 0 0 0 . . . . 3 3 3 3 1 . 3 - - - - - 0 3 5 . ) 7 x 8 1 e e l 2 b a T ( ) d / L E E N C l a N E e R M E ( F e F c I n D e r e Y 1 5 f G 1 f R i S N P t — e 9 S — a t D E N a D y E g r M e n E U T I 0 R 1 A m u t r P E a R p P e r Y P B % 2 0 8 2 4 9 9 9 9 — 3 0 - 6 K L I M S U O R A P l M l . R . . . . 2 1 1 1 1 P : 2 4 e r u g l F a o — — > v i n o : 8 0 ~ - - “ z : 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . - - 9 . - . . . . . 0 0 0 0 u n n n u 8 ‘ fl ‘ } . . . V . 1 , L ! . _ W 0 0 l ‘ l ‘ ' A ' 4 L ‘ l l 0 0 0 0 fi ‘ I a . 0 u 0 L ‘ l P E O S O G C U Q i 2 0 i D a - - - > . # 8 n o : x o u l — c o a o m c o o 1 4 5 0 3 5 2 ) d . ) / 1 L E N 1 e l b . 0 2 a l a T c ( M ( E e C c n e N E r R e E I F 5 t t e S L A P a 1 t a D + l l F D I y g r e D Y G n R E E m N E i 0 u 1 t r M a U p T e r P i 5 R A P E R P Y B K L I M S U O 5 1 5 2 . . 3 3 0 R A P l M l R - - P : 3 4 e m o H o a — — > V I t o : 8 ° P ‘ O Q O G C U O 1 r 1 4 6 4 2 1 1 . . 1 1 0 3 . ) 2 2 : 8 3 1 5 s 2 ) e l b a d T / ( L E N E C l N 0 a 2 e M ( E R E F e F c n I e D r e Y 5 f f G t e S a 1 t a D 4 8 3 9 / e r “ y a M “ “ ~ C 1 8 6 4 . 5 0 0 0 i R D E N E y g r e M n U E T 0 R 1 m u A t P r E a p e r P R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L . . . U 5 5 5 M : 4 4 e m o H a u — — > v i m o : 8 ° I - ‘ O Q O G C ' U O ‘ 9 ' - M N S 5 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 o - o 0 o 0 ' 1 I I I I I I _ _ fl - _ - g , . . . ” - . - . . . . a - - - . 0 0 0 0 n u 0 n 0 0 0 n 0 n o n , ’ . 4 i ) — 5 0 b 5 i I 1 . 2 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 6 1 . 1 D G - - — > : V i [ L 0 2 x 0 I - S O Q O Q C ' U fl 1 4 7 0 3 i 5 ' 2 ) . d ) / L E 6 2 e i 0 b N l 2 l a a T c ( M ( E e C c N n e r E R e E i 5 F l l 1 F l t L e S a A M g ; t D a D + y g r e I D Y G n R E E N E m 0 u 1 t r M a U p T * 5 ‘ j — * 0 5 3 5 7 9 1 9 0 0 0 9 9 . . . . 1 2 2 2 L L e r P R A P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U - - - - - - M : 5 4 e m o H a u — - > w t n o : . 2 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ L — l - z o a o u c u o 1 4 8 1 4 9 2 6 ) m o d e l . T h e p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( X S P T R D Z ) w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r s e v e r a l m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r o n e p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . F i g u r e s 4 6 - 4 8 s h o w d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e s b e t w e e n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , w i t h p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n d i n g n e g a t i v e l y a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ‘ p o s i t i v e l y , t o e x c e s s p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n . O n c e a g a i n t h i s s u g g e s t s m a n a g i n g p r e p a r t u m h e i f e r s d i f f e r e n t l y t h a n o t h e r p r e p a r t u m a n i m a l s . F u r t h e r m o r e , w h e n p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n l e v e l s a r e c a l c u l a t e d w h i c h m a x i m i z e p r o d u c t i o n ( T a b l e s 1 7 , 2 2 , a n d 2 6 ) r e s u l t i n g v a l u e s f r o m 7 6 2 - 5 4 5 5 a d d i t i o n a l 9 o f p r o t e i n w o u l d b e b e n e f i c i a l c o u l d i n d i c a t e i n a d e q u a t e p r o t e i n g u i d e l i n e s f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . A l l b u t 1 h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d d i d h o u s e t h e r e p r e p a r t u m a n i m a l s s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e l a c t a t i n g a n i m a l s . H e a l t h a n d m u m N u t r i t i g n I n t e m g t i s z n T h e p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d h e a l t h s c o r e i n t e r a c t i o n ( X S N E L X H ) d i d n o t h a v e a n y m e a s u r a b l e i m p a c t o n p r o d u c t i o n i n t h i s s t u d y b u t w a s s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) t o s e v e r a l p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 , 2 , 4 , a n d 1 1 ) . T h e l o w S T D E S T o f t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n m a y b e d u e t o h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r v a r i a b l e s n o t i n c l u d e d , s u c h a s D H I , t o i n f l u e n c e i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l m i l k y i e l d . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n ( F i g u r e s 4 9 - 5 1 ) a g a i n s h o w s d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . A s p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d h e a l t h p r o b l e m s i n t e r a c t t h e y h a v e a d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t t e S a t a D 2 Q . ) 1 ) e d l / b g ( e c a T ( n E e r e C N f E f R i D E F n F i I e t o D r N P m u t I E T O r R a P p e M g r P . " - ‘ ‘ — - U T R A P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P 5 5 5 5 l 5 5 5 4 3 0 9 2 1 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M l R P : 6 4 e r u g l F a o — — > * 8 n o : 8 ° i i i 1 8 7 5 i i 1 i i i i i i - 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 . 1 1 5 0 2 . 8 6 4 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 " 0 Q l 5 f 2 5 o 0 t ; A A A 0 3 0 , i ‘ i 0 ) 4 d 2 / . ) 2 2 l 7 1 s e l b a T ( E i . ( l i : . , ; 0 3 I e r F F g C ( N e E c R 0 n E 8 e f I 1 f D i D N n I 0 i E e T : J . - E j : i I 0 t 2 o O r R 1 P P m u t M U r T 0 a R S N M — t 9 e ‘ S a t a G D N M + I I i 5 5 i 1 I p 0 e 6 r P a Q - i A P E R P Y B . K 0 A A ‘ . A A A - " L - L I M S U O R A 0 0 6 7 1 - P 9 3 5 1 2 2 2 . l . . 1 ' 3 4 3 3 3 I T L U - - ' ' - M : 7 4 e r u g i F \ 1 « 1 o o — — > V i n o : \ l 0 < l x 0 ( i t o « l 0 0 0 0 « i 0 « i o « 3 : a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . — . . . 4 _ P 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 D o _ — > V i n o : : 0 r - c o a o m c o o 1 5 1 } 0 i 0 0 3 0 , i i 0 . ) 4 6 2 2 l e d / g ( e l b a T ( 0 c ‘ : i 0 E n e 8 r 1 e C N f E f i D R E F n F i I 0 e t D t L A M e S a t a * I 0 f : o D + 2 N r P 1 m u I E T t O r R a P p e 0 M i r 0 P 6 U T R A P E R P Y i 0 B K L I M S U O R 0 0 — ‘ 6 A 5 5 7 1 9 - P 9 0 0 9 . . . 9 . . I T L 1 2 1 2 U 1 “ - - - - M : B 4 e r u g i F n o — - > v i $ 0 2 8 0 - 2 . 0 3 " « a F : C : O Q C U Q 1 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 6 5 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 - - - - - . ) 4 8 1 e l b a T ( ) H g T o l L ( A 0 1 G N h E H P — t * e * S ' a t t l a D e N H A X 1 Y y G g R r E e N a n D C P — E A ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 5 0 9 9 8 8 1 1 1 1 E E m M u U t r a T R p A e P 1 r E . P 0 R P Y B K L I M S U 1 O 0 R . A 0 P l M l R P : 9 4 e r u g i F a a — — > . w r y ! 1 1 . 0 2 8 0 n o - — > . v 8 1 1 . 0 2 8 0 1 5 3 0 1 . ) 1 1 ) g e o l l b ( a T h ( t l a H e T H L A E H 1 X y g r D e N n E A m Y u G t R r a p E N e E r P M 1 . 0 1 0 . 0 U T R A P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 l 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 M l R - - - - P : 0 6 e r u g i F o u — - > . # 3 ! 1 1 . 0 2 . 8 0 D a t a S e t — 9 — P A L - 3 1 0 0 1 5 4 v § ) i . I « ( I I I I T i . ) 6 2 ) e l b a T ( g o l ( h t l a H e H 1 X T L A E T H y I I g r D e I n I E N A I Y m ; I u G t r a R E I N p e E r P M U T R 1 . 1 0 1 I ' A 3 I I I P E . I R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I - 5 i 1 0 . 0 0 0 5 5 7 9 9 0 T 1 1 2 - - - L U M : 1 5 e r u g i F 0 0 — - > - V i 1 & 0 : 8 0 D a t a S e t ' * * - M A L < 1 ) , < > . , . a i i I I I 1 5 5 1 5 6 o n p r o d u c t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a n d t h e o p p o s i t e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s . P r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n a n d h e a l t h s c o r e i n t e r a c t ( X S P R D X H ) a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ( P < . 0 5 ) i n o n e p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e 4 ) a n d t w o m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 2 6 a n d 2 7 ) m o d e l s . O n c e a g a i n t h e r e s p o n s e o f p r o d u c t i o n d i f f e r s w i t h p a r i t y ( F i g u r e s 5 2 - 5 4 ) ; p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n c r e a s i n g a s p r o t e i n a n d h e a l t h s c o r e i n c r e a s e d , m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , t h e r e v e r s e . P r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a p p e a r s m o r e i m p o r t a n t f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s w h i l e p r o t e i n a p p e a r s i m p o r t a n t f o r m u l t i p a r o u s . H i g h e r p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n i n t a k e s d i d n o t c a u s e i n c r e a s e d h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a s r e p o r t e d b y N o c e k g t a 1 , ( 1 9 8 3 ) . I n f a c t l a r g e h e r d s h a d l o w e r p r e p a r t u m p r o t e i n ( X S P R O T R D ) i n t a k e s b u t m o r e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ( H E A L T H ) ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n t e r p r e t i n g h e a l t h d a t a r e q u i r e s o n e t o k e e p i n m i n d t h a t , a l t h o u g h p r o d u c e r s w e r e s t r o n g l y u r g e d t o r e c o r d a l l h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , t h e y m a y n o t h a v e d o n e s o . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p r e p a r t u m r a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n r e f l e c t s r e p o r t e d a m o u n t s f o r o n l y 1 w e e k p r i o r t o p a r t u r i t i o n , n o t t h e e n t i r e d r y p e r i o d . I t a p p e a r s t h a t l a r g e r h e r d s m o n i t o r p r e p a r t u m f e e d i n g m o r e c l o s e l y t h a n d o s m a l l e r h e r d s , w h i c h i n t h i s s t u d y p a i d d i v i d e n d s o f r e d u c i n g h e a l t h d i s o r d e r s f o r p r i m i p a r o u s b u t n o t m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . L a r g e h e r d s a p p e a r a b l e t o f e e d p r e p a r t u m a n i m a l s c l o s e r t o r e q u i r e m e n t s , h o w e v e r , t h i s d i d n o t b e n e f i t s u b s e q u e n t l a c t a t i o n h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . A n i n f e r e n c e f r o m t h i s i s t h a t 1 . 3 5 2 2 3 . . . 3 3 3 ' - - - . ) 8 4 s e l b a T ( ) g H o T 0 l ( L 0 0 A h E 1 t H l a e D H N X n i A N I e E t T o r O P R P m u M 0 t U r 0 T a 1 R p e A r P P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P 0 1 0 0 l 6 5 M l R - P : 2 5 e r u g i F o o — — > . # 3 ! n o : 8 ’ D a t a S e t ' * * — P N G ' c t — P A L - 5 4 0 0 - 5 4 5 0 1 5 5 0 0 - 5 5 5 0 1 1 - 3 . 1 5 O a - - > . 1 ' 8 L L 0 2 s o I — C O S O N C ‘ U O 1 5 7 5 0 0 5 0 7 6 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . ) 2 2 8 7 1 s e l I I b a T ( 0 ) g H 0 o T ; l 0 ( L I 1 A 1 i , I I I h S N M I t l E H — G t Z e “ S g i . I a t a G D N M - fi * : ' ' ‘ ; . a I I e D - - I H N X n i A N I e E g i . j T I t o r O P R P m u 0 M t 0 r U T " ' I 1 a p R e A . r P - 4 0 1 5 5 0 0 1 7 3 6 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 - - - - P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U M : 3 6 e r u g i F a u — — > v i n o : : 0 h . . . — 4 ] E O O O - 3 2 4 5 - i i ! L — » — ~ ~ r ~ - - — s . . . . : — - — - - 1 . . . — — — < ~ . . . . - - - - — - i I — “ - 1 — - « . . - — ” . . . . . . ” — ~ — - 4 b - 1 1 4 5 o a ~ — > v i n o : . 2 0 1 5 8 t L e A S a M 1 t — a 9 D — . ) 6 2 0 0 0 ) e g l I 1 o b I i t l a ( T ( h t l i H a i e H i T L A i l H X E n i e D t N o r P A N m I u E t T 0 O r a 0 p 1 e r R P P M g g 0 1 — 5 0 U T R A P E R P Y B K L I M S U O R A P 6 8 I 0 0 2 2 T L U - - M : 4 6 e r u g i F o n - — > v i t o } 8 O - 2 0 2 0 — ‘ g : i t ; ; 3 - 2 0 3 5 — i i ' E . . g g a , i i : 5 E i - 2 0 5 0 ‘ a i i l i i i z i s 1 i l i i i . . - . _ . _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ . ‘ ~ L _ . . , . - . 7 “ 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - — . . 1 i i i I I I . . . » v v — u — w — - 4 - — — . . - “ . - i . . . _ _ — ~ — — + - 1 5 9 1 6 0 s m a l l e r h e r d s m a y b e b e t t e r a b l e t o d e t e c t a n d m i n i m i z e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . S m a l l e r h e r d s c o u l d e x p l o i t t h i s a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g a b l e t o g i v e m o r e i n d i v i d u a l i z e d a t t e n t i o n a n d g a i n b e n e f i t s i n a d d i t i o n t o r e d u c e d h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . F e e d i n g e x t r e m e l y e x c e s s i v e n u t r i e n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e d r y p e r i o d i s n o t a d v a n t a g e o u s , f o r e c o n o m i c a s w e l l a s f o r a n i m a l h e a l t h r e a s o n s . B e n e f i t s m a y r e s u l t , h o w e v e r , f r o m f e e d i n g a d d i t i o n a l n u t r i e n t s i m m e d i a t e l y p r e p a r t u m t o m e e t t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u t r i e n t n e e d s f o r f e t a l g r o w t h a n d i n i t i a t i o n o f l a c t a t i o n a n d e n h a n c i n g a d j u s t m e n t t o l a c t a t i n g r a t i o n s . I f a n a d v a n t a g e i s g a i n e d f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d u e t o p r e p a r t u m n u t r i t i o n m a n a g e m e n t t h e n p r o g r e s s c o u l d b e m a d e i n t h i s a r e a f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . 5 . m m n u t r i t i o n G e n e r a l Q o n s i d e r a t i o n s U s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 4 , m e a n s w e r e c o m p a r e d f o r l a c t a t i n g a n i m a l g r o u p s i z e , f e e d i n g s / d a y , a n d b u n k s p a c e / a n i m a l ( T a b l e 2 9 ) . T h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ( P < . 0 5 ) b e t w e e n l a r g e a n d s m a l l h e r d s f o r e a c h v a r i a b l e b u t o n l y f e e d i n g s / d a y w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t ( P < . 1 0 ) b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n g r o u p s , w i t h h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s f e e d i n g m o r e o f t e n ( T a b l e 2 9 ) . E i g h t ( 8 ) h e r d s ( t o t a l o f 4 3 ) f e d p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s s e p a r a t e l y , 6 o f w h i c h w e r e h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . T i e - s t a l l h o u s i n g w a s f o u n d i n 4 h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . S i x ( 6 ) s m a l l h e r d s f e d 1 6 1 T a b l e 2 9 F E E D I N G M A N A G E M E N T - M E A N S L e a s t H e r d b S q u a r e V a r i a b l e C a t e g o r y N a M e a n S T D D E V M e a n P V a l u e A n i m a l s / L a r g e 2 1 1 2 1 . 2 4 6 3 . 1 6 1 2 1 . 6 3 0 . 0 0 0 4 g r o u p S m a l l 2 2 6 1 . 7 3 3 1 . 2 1 6 1 . 7 3 H i g h 2 2 8 8 . 2 7 4 8 . 6 0 8 8 . 2 7 0 . 6 5 9 8 L o w 2 1 9 3 . 4 3 6 6 . 4 8 9 5 . 0 9 O v e r a l l 4 3 9 0 . 7 9 5 7 . 3 8 F e e d i n g s / L a r g e 2 1 2 . 8 6 0 . 8 5 4 2 . 8 5 0 . 0 1 8 9 d a y S m a l l 2 2 2 . 3 2 0 . 5 6 8 2 . 3 2 H i g h 2 2 2 . 7 7 0 . 7 5 2 2 . 7 7 0 . 0 9 0 2 L o w 2 1 2 . 3 8 0 . 7 4 0 2 . 4 0 O v e r a l l 4 3 2 . 5 8 0 . 7 6 3 B u n k L a r g e 2 1 4 2 . 3 0 1 4 . 2 0 4 2 . 1 5 0 . 0 2 5 8 s p a c e / S m a l l 2 2 5 9 . 8 0 3 1 . 3 4 5 9 . 8 0 a n i m a l H i g h 2 2 5 4 . 0 3 3 2 . 0 3 5 4 . 0 3 0 . 4 2 7 9 ( c m ) L o w 2 1 4 8 . 3 5 1 7 . 3 9 4 7 . 9 3 O v e r a l l 4 3 5 1 . 2 6 2 5 . 8 0 E N = N u m b e r o f h e r d s S T D D E V = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 1 6 2 f e e d s s e p a r a t e l y , 3 e a c h i n t h e h i g h a n d l o w p r o d u c i n g g r o u p s . G r a i n w a s o f f e r e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e T M R b y 2 2 h e r d s , e i t h e r w h i l e m i l k i n g a n d / o r b y c o m p u t e r f e e d e r . F o u r t e e n ( 1 4 ) o f t h e s e h e r d s w e r e i n t h e h i g h p r o d u c t i o n g r o u p . I t i s v e r y u n l i k e l y t h a t f e e d i n g p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s s e p a r a t e l y i n f l u e n c e d p r o d u c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s g r e a t l y , e v e n t h o u g h 6 h i g h h e r d s u s e d t h e m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e a s o p p o s e d t o o n l y 3 l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . D I ! M i t t s : I n t a k e T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n D M I b e t w e e n h e r d s i z e s a n d p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s . T h i s m a y b e d u e t o D M I h a v i n g a l a r g e r S T D D E V f o r l o w h e r d s ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . D r y m a t t e r i n t a k e ( D M I ) i s d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a s i t s d i r e c t i o n o f i n f l u e n c e g o e s f r o m m a j o r , ( F i g u r e 1 ) , t o m i n o r , n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e 4 ) a n d f r o m m o d e r a t e , ( F i g u r e 8 ) t o m a j o r , p o s i t i v e ( F i g u r e s 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , a n d 9 ) . H o w e v e r , f o r m u l t i p a r o u s t h e i n f l u e n c e i s a l w a y s n e g a t i v e a n d a t m i n o r ( F i g u r e s 2 1 a n d 2 2 ) , m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e 2 0 ) , a n d m a j o r ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) l e v e l s . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( D M I Z ) h a d m i n o r ( F i g u r e s 5 , 6 , 7 , a n d 8 ) a n d m o d e r a t e ( F i g u r e 3 ) i n f l u e n c e s f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a n d m o d e r a t e , n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 ) f o r m u l t i p a r o u s . D M I w a s s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) a n d a t P * < . 1 0 f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 8 a n d 9 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e 2 8 ) 1 6 3 m o d e l s . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( D M I Z ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 f o r ' p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s . 4 , 7 , 8 , a n d 1 1 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 ) , s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e 9 ) a n d a p p r o a c h i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e ( T a b l e 1 2 ) f o r t w o p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g u r e s 5 5 - 5 7 i l l u s t r a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e b e t w e e n p a r i t i e s w i t h 3 o f 4 d a t a s e t s s h o w i n g p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s o f D M I w i t h p r o d u c t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d t h e m u l t i p a r o u s e x a m p l e n e g a t i v e . F o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s r e p o r t e d h i g h e r D M I a s a p e r c e n t o f B W t h a n d i d h i g h h e r d s . A d d i t i o n a l l y n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s o f D M I w i t h p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d m e a n t h a t l o w e r p r o d u c i n g h e r d s d i d n o t a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e a n d r e p o r t a m o u n t s o f r a t i o n i n g r e d i e n t s f e d . A l l h e r d s , h o w e v e r , r e p o r t e d g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f B W i n t a k e s f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s , w h i c h i s n o t p r o b a b l e ( D e P e t e r s g t a l - . 1 9 8 5 ) . H e r d o w n e r s d o n ' t g i v e p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d u e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I m p r o v e m e n t i n r a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s w o u l d b e o f b e n e f i t t o t h e s e a n i m a l s , a s s u g g e s t e d b y J o n e s g t _ g l . ( 1 9 7 8 ) a n d P a t t o n g t : 1 . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . D r ! H a t t e r I n n i s : a n d m fl i g h t M 1 9 1 1 T h e D M I a n d b o d y w e i g h t i n t e r a c t i o n ( D M I X W T ) a l w a y s h a d a p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n r e g a r d l e s s o f p a r i t y ( F i g u r e s 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 2 0 , a n d 2 1 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l w a s h i g h ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r m o s t m o d e l s r e g a r d l e s s o f p a r i t y ( T a b l e s 1 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 2 4 . . 4 4 - - r 2 3 r 9 2 . ) 4 a 1 s e l b a T ( ) d E / g k K A ( T G N N P t e S + a t a D C P + . 6 . ‘ 2 . e I k a i 6 t R n E 2 I T T r e A t M t a M Y R y D r D M 3 U m 2 T u t R r A a P p t s T S o O P P i 0 2 2 7 1 Y B K L I M S U O R A P l M 8 l 1 1 . 0 R P : 6 6 e r u g i F T V . F O o — - > v i t o : . . “ 2 . . . . . . — . . . . . — . . . 8 0 I - Z O S O U C ‘ U O o o - - > v i n o : 8 0 I - Z O S O G C ' O Q M M 2 4 8 . . . 2 2 2 - - - r r 2 3 . ) 1 1 E 7 s e l b i 9 2 a T ( ) d / E g k ( K A T e N k I a 6 t i R n 2 i E r e T T t A t M a M y Y R r D D i 3 M 2 m U u t r T R a A p P t T s o P S O P 1 i 0 Y 2 B K L I M S U O R A P l M l R L A P ' — t 9 e — S a t a D S V N F — a u ' 4 8 . 1 “ P : 6 6 e r u g i F - 1 . 6 o a — - > v i n o : 8 0 o \ b o . , . 0 6 ‘ o \ \ o \ \ o o 0 9 , \ \ ‘ \ - . - . , . , a b \ \ o o o o \ \ o \ ‘ o ‘ 3 - . . . . . . . _ . _ . . _ - . 1 . _ . . _ . o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 t - 2 . 6 # : 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 o m — — > v i L 0 2 . 2 0 # : 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 1 6 5 . ) 3 1 e l b a T ( ) d / g k ( e k i E 6 a t 2 n I K A T r N e I t t a M R E T y T r D A M i 3 m u Y 2 t R r D a p t s o M U T P R 0 2 A P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O - - 1 - A 1 ‘ 7 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 4 9 4 9 3 2 2 1 1 P I T L U M : 7 6 e r u g i F D a t a S e t — B _ I W C O u — - > v i n o : 8 0 i i i i i l I 1 6 6 1 6 7 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) w i t h a n d a d d i t i o n a l m o d e l h a v i n g a s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l o f P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) . F i g u r e s 5 8 - 6 0 a l l o w v i s u a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b o d y w e i g h t a n d D M I i n t e r a c t i n g p o s i t i v e l y o n p r o d u c t i o n i n a l l m o d e l s e x c e p t a p r i m i p a r o u s d a t a s e t ( F i g u r e 5 8 ) . T h i s n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n i s p r o b a b l y d u e t o D M I v a l u e s b e i n g ” r e p o r t e d " a n d n o t m e a s u r e d a n d f u r t h e r t h a t l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s m a y n o t b e a s a c c u r a t e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e i r h e r d ' s D M I , e s p e c i a l l y p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . T h e D M I b y b o d y w e i g h t ( D M I X W T ) i n t e r a c t i o n ' s p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o b o d y w e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a s n o b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d ( T a b l e s 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . T h e p o s i t i v e c o n n e c t i o n f o r t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n i n p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s m a y b e b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) d i f f e r e n c e b u t a s s t a t e d e a r l i e r D M I i s a r e p o r t e d v a l u e , n o t a c t u a l . m H a t t e r I n t a k e a n d E i t h e r : H e i g h t I n g e s t i o n T h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e D M I b y w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( D M I X W H ) i n t e r a c t i o n n e c e s s i t a t e d t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e s b e c o n s i d e r e d j o i n t l y . T h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o n d a i l y 4 % F C M b y t h e D M I b y w i t h e r s h e i g h t ( D M I X W H ) i n t e r a c t i o n m u s t b e v i e w e d w i t h c a u t i o n a s D M I i s " r e p o r t e d " a n d n o t a n a c t u a l m e a s u r e f o r a n y i n d i v i d u a l o r g r o u p o f a n i m a l s . T h e D M I a n d w i t h e r s h e i g h t i n t e r a c t i o n ( D M I X W H ) f o r ' p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e v e a l e d a m a j o r , n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 3 3 3 4 - - - - . ) 7 a I ‘ s e l b a T ( T H ) g o G l ( I E t W h g Y S i N i P ' t * * e D W O B y d D e o S ' a t a D C P - 3 — B X N A E e K k A a T t n i N I m M u U t T r a p R A t P s T o S P O P Y B K L I M S U O 0 " ? 4 " 8 A P 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 6 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 6 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 M l R P : B 6 e r u g i F L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ 2 8 0 0 4 l ‘ L ‘ _ . , , - _ n w 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . l ‘ 0 “ ‘ 0 ( N I 0 I ! b l ‘ I I H l ‘ “ a a — — > v i n o : I ! I ! H I I I ‘ I I I I 8 a n l l - 2 8 0 0 - 3 4 0 0 - 3 8 0 0 1 6 8 t L e A S P a t a D + ) g . o ) l ( t h 1 1 e l b g a i T e ( W y d o B Y D O B X D e k a t N A E n K i A m u t r a p T N I M U t T s R o P 0 A P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R — ~ 8 5 6 P l M 0 A 3 5 7 . . . 2 2 2 - - - . l 3 R - P : 9 6 e r u g i F 1 6 9 o ¢ - — > v i n o : 8 0 P 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 ; i i I 5 t 1 . ) 6 2 - 8 r 4 2 4 9 0 9 & ¥ % % 9 & % H £ 3 1 s e l b a T ( T H G ) I g o E W l ( t h Y g D i O e W y d B D N A E L A M ' * * t e o S ‘ B a t a D X K A e T k N a t n I i M m u t U T R r A a P p T t s o S O P P Y B K L I M S U — 4 0 O 5 R { 6 0 7 A P 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 7 6 5 6 T L U M : 0 6 e r u g i F o o — — > v i n o : 8 0 l 1 0 I I 0 l ‘ . 9 Q } l ‘ 0 L ‘ Q ) A ! 1 0 L ‘ ‘ 6 H 4 } n L L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ L ‘ l ! L ‘ D 0 - — > ~ 0 " I L O E 8 0 P 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 1 ‘ 7 1 ( F i g u r e s 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , a n d 9 ) a n d h a d a s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l o f p < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) . T h e n e g a t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s i n f l u e n c e ( F i g u r e s 6 1 a n d 6 2 ) m a y b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t D M I i s " r e p o r t e d " . D r y ; i t : t t e r . 1 : fl a n u e . a n d . r a m p a n t D e n s i t a t . l n t e r a t : d t u 1 T h e D M I a n d e n e r g y d e n s i t y i n t e r a c t i o n ( D M I X E D ) h a d a n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n , a t m o d e r a t e a n d m i n o r l e v e l s , o n p r o d u c t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( F i g u r e s 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , a n d 9 ) w h i l e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s t h e e f f e c t w a s p o s i t i v e a n d m a j o r ( T a b l e s 1 0 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t h e l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e t o t h e m o d e l s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 7 , e , 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , a n d 1 5 ) a n d a t P < . 1 0 f o r t w o a d d i t i o n a l m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 2 6 a n d 2 8 ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n F i g u r e s 6 3 - 6 5 a n d a g a i n s h o w d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p a r i t i e s . D u e t o D M I b e i n g r e p o r t e d a n d t h a t f e w h e r d s h o u s e d p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s s e p a r a t e l y , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s m o r e l i k e l y t o r e f l e c t r e a l i t y f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . T h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e D M I b y e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( D M I X E D ) i n t e r a c t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s m a y i n d e e d s u p p o r t t h e s u g g e s t i o n f r o m S t e e l e ( 1 9 8 0 ) a n d W a n g e s n e s s a n d M u l l e r ( 1 9 8 1 ) o f a n o p t i m a l E D o f 1 . 6 7 M e a l / k g . H o w e v e r , m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t r e g r e s s i o n s d e t e c t e d p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s o f e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) w i t h F C M . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e d e c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n a s D M I a n d e n e r g y d e n s i t y i n c r e a s e m a y b e a n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . ) 7 8 6 2 4 0 8 0 d 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 “ - - - - - - — — — L ‘ ~ . ) 4 s e l b a T ( T H G I E i 5 g g H : o l ( t h S R E g H i e H s T I W r D e N h t i W A E K A T S N P — t e e — S a X t a G D N P + e N k I a t n M I U m u t T R A r P a T p S t s o P O P Y B K L I M 5 S : ; ‘ ‘ - — 1 ‘ 0 0 0 0 8 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 6 6 6 6 7 ' - ' - - - - 2 1 2 U O R A P l M l R P : 1 6 e r u g i F l o o — - > v i n o : 8 0 O o ~ — > v i n o : . 8 0 u m i t e L . ) 1 1 e l b a T ) ( g o l T ( H t h G I g E i H e H S s R r E e H h t T S i A I P a — t a 9 D — W W X D N A e k a t E n K i m u t r a A T N I M p U t T s o P 5 2 R A P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O - ‘ 1 ‘ R " 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 A P l 3 5 9 1 3 7 M 3 3 3 3 4 4 - - ' - ' - l R P : 2 6 e r u g i F O o - - > v i n o : . 8 0 i I - 4 5 0 0 1 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 . ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 3 3 3 3 3 4 ' - - - - - r r 6 4 s e l b a T ( Y T I S N E D 2 ) g o i ( G l Y y R t E S i N N P - t 9 e ‘ S a t a G D N P — s n e D E D N y A g r E e K n E X e A T N I k M a U t n T i R A P T & u m — S t 5 5 - - r a O p P t s Y o P B K L I M S U O R A P l M l R P : 3 6 e r u g i F l O o — — > v i t o : 8 0 L P 8 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 a o — - > v i t o : . 2 0 * 1 7 4 t L A P e S a t a D + i . ) 1 1 e l b a T ( ) g Y o l T ( I y t i s n e D S N E D Y G ' g E y R r N e n E E D X N e k a t A E K n A i T N m I u t r a M U p T t R s A o P P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R “ - - — ‘ 2 4 6 8 4 3 A 2 P l M . . . . - l 3 3 3 3 ' - - - R P : 4 6 e r u g i F - 3 o a — — > v i t o : 8 0 I - ‘ 0 3 0 0 C 0 0 1 7 5 0 - 3 g i l ) g o ( y t i s n e D y g r e n E x e k a t n I m u t r a p t s o P L A M t e S + a t a D C M + — - " a 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 9 8 7 9 7 0 6 O o — - > v i t o : 8 0 6 5 0 0 — . F i g u r e 0 5 . M U L T I P A R O U S M I L K a v P O S T P A R T U M A N D E N E R G Y o e n s n v ( T a b l e s 1 3 a 2 6 ) . 0 o ~ — > v i n o : . 2 0 P 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 7 7 e n e r g y d e n s i t y e f f e c t b u t i s p r o b a b l y a n i n a c c u r a t e D M I a s t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y m a x i m u m i s n o t u n r e a l i s t i c . £ 0 9 m m o a t ) : L a r g e h e r d s f e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e e n e r g y d e n s e r a t i o n f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l r a t i o n s ( T a b l e s 3 a n d 6 , P < . 1 0 : T a b l e 1 0 , P < . 0 5 ) w h i l e t h e m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r a t i o n s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n e n e r g y i n o n e d a t a s e t ( T a b l e 2 5 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e o t h e r t w o ( T a b l e s 1 6 a n d 2 1 ) . T h e r e w e r e n o e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e s d e t e r m i n e d b e t w e e n h i g h a n d l o w h e r d s , p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e l a r g e ( > . 0 9 ) S T D D E V f o r l o w h e r d s ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . T h e p o s t p a r t u m e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a p p e a r e d i n p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s h a v i n g n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2 ) a n d p o s i t i v e ( F i g u r e 3 ) i n f l u e n c e s . E n e r g y d e n s i t y i n f l u e n c e d m o r e m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s b u t s t i l l i n n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , l l , 1 7 , 1 9 , a n d 2 2 ) a n d p o s i t i v e ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 2 0 , a n d 2 1 ) m a n o r s . T h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( E 0 2 ) p o s i t i v e ( F i g u r e s 1 , 2 , a n d 9 ) ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , l l , 1 7 , a n d 1 9 ) a n d n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e 4 ) ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 2 0 , 2 1 , a n d 2 2 ) f o r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e l i n e a r v a r i a b l e ( E D ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 0 5 f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 4 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) m o d e l s a n d a t P < . 1 0 f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 1 1 a n d 1 2 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e 2 0 ) m o d e l s . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( E 0 2 ) w a s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 7 8 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) , s i g n i f i c a n t a t P < . 1 0 f o r t w o p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 1 2 ) a n d o n e m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 2 0 ) , a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r o n e p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . T h e m a g n i t u d e , s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l , a n d n u m b e r o f m o d e l s t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y t e r m s ( E D a n d E D 2 ) i l l u s t r a t e i t s i m p o r t a n c e t o p r o d u c t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . F i g u r e s 6 6 - 6 9 d i d n o t c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y a n o p t i m a l l e v e l f o r p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n e n e r g y d e n s i t y b u t d o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t r e s p o n s e t o e n e r g y i s n o t c o n s i s t e n t e v e n w i t h i n p a r i t i e s . A s e x p e c t e d , e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) w a s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d ( > . 8 3 ) w i t h A D F f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 5 , 1 2 , a n d 2 0 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 2 9 , 3 6 , a n d 4 3 ) a n i m a l s . T h e m u l t i p a r o u s c o m p l e t e ( M C ) d a t a s e t d e m o n s t r a t e d a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ( - . 5 3 4 4 ) b e t w e e n e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 9 ) . 5 2 1 5 1 D e t e r g e n t F i b e r A c i d d e t e r g e n t f i b e r l e v e l s ( A D F ) h a d p o s i t i v e , ( F i g u r e s 1 , 3 , 7 , a n d 8 ) a n d n e g a t i v e , ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 2 0 , a n d 2 1 ) m i n o r i n f l u e n c e s o n p r o d u c t i o n . T h e q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( A D F 2 ) w a s c o n s i s t e n t l y n e g a t i v e f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 , 3 , 6 , 7 , a n d 8 ) a n d p o s i t i v e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 2 0 , a n d 2 1 ) a n i m a l s b o t h a g a i n a t m i n o r l e v e l s . T h e l i n e a r ( A D F ) a n d q u a d r a t i c ( A D F 2 ) t e r m s w e r e a l w a y s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e P < . 1 0 l e v e l ( T a b l e s 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 3 , a n d 2 8 ) o r a t t h e P < . 0 5 l e v e l ( T a b l e s 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) . A p p a r e n t l y J F - ‘ I G N P t e S + a t a D C P + 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 - - - ' - - - 9 0 5 - . 1 r r - “ 3 ‘ . ) 4 d 1 s e l b a ) T 7 g ( 1 k / l Y a T e M ( I S N y E t D i s n e Y G D R 6 E i N y g r e E n M E U m u t T R A r P a T p t s S O 5 P o 1 P ‘ Y B K L I M S U O R A P l M l R ‘ ‘ ‘ - 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 0 8 6 4 2 5 4 4 P 4 4 : 6 6 e r u g i F 5 6 5 ‘ 1 « 1 5 4 5 _ « 1 ‘ 1 \ 1 « 1 C d ' 4 ’ 1 c . 5 2 5 T ‘ 1 d ‘ 1 « 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 d d ' 1 ' 1 « 1 n n t 0 u M . . . . . - _ - . . . - , . . . i u n u n a u ' 1 ‘ \ 1 n \ 1 n o o - - > v i t o : fl ' 1 u . . . . . n . - w - . — n u fl ' 1 ' 1 H 8 0 - - - - » - — - - 4 h — « 1 « I I J I D o - - > v i n o : 8 0 1 7 9 t L A P e S a t a D + 8 . 1 i 7 . 1 ) g . k / l a e ) 1 1 e l M b ( a T y ( t i s Y n T e I D S 6 i . N y 1 E g r e D n Y E G m u R E t N r E a p M t s o U T P R 5 A i . P 1 T S O P Y B K L I M S U 4 O . R 1 A P l M l R 4 4 . 3 - P : 7 6 e r u g i F O 0 - - > ~ 1 " I I I - 0 2 8 0 F 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 8 . 1 . ) 7 1 6 3 1 s e 7 l ) . b g 1 a k / l a T ( e Y M ( T I y S t N i E s n e D D Y G y R g r e E N n E E M m U u t r T R a A p P t T 6 . 1 s 5 S o . O P 1 P Y , B K L I M S U O R 4 . ‘ ‘ 1 ‘ 4 ‘ d ‘ 1 “ A 5 0 0 5 0 5 5 5 0 - 0 2 5 5 7 7 2 7 5 0 2 1 - 2 3 4 1 3 P I T L U - - - - - M : 8 6 e r u g i F O a — — > v i n o : . 0 0 D a t a S e t ‘ 3 — M C — & - M N G 0 fl — — > ~ v i I L L ) : 8 0 1 8 1 L A M t e + S a t a S D N M ‘ 9 ‘ . ) 6 2 a 2 2 s e l l 7 b g . a k 1 T / l a ( c Y M ( T I y S t N i E s n e D D Y G y R g r e E N n E E M m U u t r T R a A p P 6 . 1 t T 5 s . o S 1 O P P Y B K L I M S U O 4 . ‘ ‘ — ; 1 R : - ‘ 5 0 5 0 5 1 0 5 0 0 5 A P 2 0 7 5 2 0 7 5 2 0 I 3 4 4 5 7 6 7 8 9 0 ' - - - - - - - - 1 T L U - M : 8 6 e r u g i F o o — — > v i t o : 8 0 o o - — > v i n o : 8 0 1 8 2 1 8 3 p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s h a v e p r o d u c t i o n m a x i m i z e d i n t h e A D F r a n g e o f 1 7 . 4 t o 2 1 . 7 % ( T a b l e s 1 , 4 , 7 , a n d 1 1 ) ( F i g u r e s 7 0 a n d 7 1 ) w h i l e m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s p r o d u c t i o n i s m i n i m i z e d a t 1 2 . 1 t o 1 7 . 9 % ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 7 , a n d 2 6 ) ( F i g u r e s 7 2 a n d 7 3 ) . A s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n w a s f o u n d b e t w e e n A D F a n d b o d y w e i g h t ( W T ) i n t h e c o m p l e t e , m u l t i p a r o u s ( M C ) d a t a s e t ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 9 ) a n d w i t h e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a s m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y ( A p p e n d i x T a b l e s 5 , 1 2 , 2 0 , 2 9 , 3 6 , a n d 4 3 ) . A p p a r e n t l y t h e m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s a r e m u c h m o r e e f f i c i e n t f i b e r f e r m e n t o r s a s t h e y r e s p o n d f a v o r a b l y t o a h i g h e r l e v e l o f A D F . T h e p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s m a y b e l i m i t e d f e r m e n t o r s d u e t o a s m a l l e r A D F i n t a k e l e v e l a n d t h e r e f o r e a s m a l l e r f i b e r m a t . O n e c o u l d f u r t h e r c o n c l u d e t h a t p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s n e e d a m o r e h i g h l y d i g e s t i b l e f i b e r a n d m o r e c l o s e l y m o n i t o r e d c a r b o h y d r a t e l e v e l s . A l t h o u g h t h e m a g n i t u d e w a s m i n o r t h e i r c o n s i s t e n t d i r e c t i o n s o f i n f l u e n c e s u p p o r t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f m i n i m u m f i b e r l e v e l s n e e d e d t o m a i n t a i n p r o p e r f e r m e n t a t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e F C M y i e l d ( L o f g r e n a n d W a r n e r , 1 9 7 0 ) . P a t t o n ( 1 9 8 9 ) w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t t h e e a r l y l a c t a t i o n h o m e o r h e s i s , d i s c u s s e d b y B a u m a n a n d C u r r i e ( 1 9 8 0 ) , o v e r w h e l m s t h e f i b e r c o n t r o l o n i n t a k e . A f u r t h e r l i m i t a t i o n t o p r o d u c t i o n o f h a v i n g r a t i o n A D F l e v e l s t o o h i g h , i s a r e d u c t i o n i n e n e r g y i n t a k e b o r n e o u t b y t h e h i g h , n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y - . 8 5 ) o f A D F a n d e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d s u p p o r t e d b y r e s e a r c h 5 8 4 4 5 , . . 5 5 5 - - - 0 . ) 4 3 8 1 s e l b a T ( i 6 R 2 ) 5 ' ( r e E B I F T G b N N P t e S + a t a D C P ‘ 9 ‘ i F E G i 2 t R n E 2 e g T r E e D t e D D d i c I C A A M 8 1 m u t U T R r A a P p T t s o S O P P 4 1 Y B K L I M S U O R 1 1 P 0 A 4 2 2 0 0 . . l M l R 2 2 P : 0 7 e r u g i F 2 . 1 w , a - 5 . 4 2 . 0 3 - 8 ? ~ - 5 . 4 2 2 . 0 6 ‘ ’ - - 5 . 4 4 0 G - - > . V I I b o : : 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — > : V I I L L ) : 8 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 4 2 4 3 6 I 2 1 1 1 1 ‘ . 3 . . . . . 3 3 3 3 3 ' ' - - - . - ” 0 3 i 6 2 ) ) 1 1 8 7 s e l b a T ( R E s B I F a ( r e b T i N F E i 2 t G n R 2 e g r E T e E t e D d D D I C A M U T R L A P t e + S a t D N P — 9 — a i S i 8 c A 1 m u t r i 4 1 a A p P t s o T S P O P Y B K L I M S U 8 2 6 8 P — R 1 A 0 O — 4 9 0 0 0 0 . . . . . 2 3 3 3 3 ” ' - - - l M l R P : 1 7 e r u g i F l - . . ” . 4 , - - . - W . , H 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 4 r 0 0 0 ~ - — - 3 3 0 0 4 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‘ \ \ \ n e — - > v i n o : 0 4 0 . ( ’ - _ _ . . . . . . . . _ _ . _ . . _ _ . . _ . . . . . - i t 8 0 l # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 - - — > 4 V i I b o : 8 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 - - ~ _ 0 3 g 6 . ) 7 1 . a 3 1 s e l b a T ( R E G N M I t e S + 2 B ) . I 7 F ( r e T b N i E F G R 2 t n E 2 e g r T E e D t e D D a I t a D C C A d i c A M 8 M U + 1 m T u t r R A a P p T t s o P S O P 4 v 1 a K L I M 8 U O " 1 A 0 R P 0 0 0 I 5 0 0 1 1 0 T L U 5 5 5 M : 2 7 e r u g i F a u — — > V i n o : 5 0 5 0 ' 2 8 ° i % - 3 4 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . , . , , _ _ _ . _ ‘ F - 0 fl - - ) 1 V i I b o : . 2 0 1 8 6 0 3 6 . 2 ) 6 2 e l b ) 5 9 a ( T r e b i F ( R E B I 2 2 t F n e g T r N e t L e A S E W t a W t — a 2 D ’ e G D R d E i T c E A D 8 m 1 u t r a p D I C A t M s U o T P R A P T S 4 1 O P Y B K L I M S U O R A P 0 1 0 0 0 5 I 0 1 2 2 T L U - - M : 3 7 e r u g i F a o - — > v i n o ! . 8 0 , , . . _ _ . _ . , . . . _ V _ . . v . . . . m . . . . . . V . , E r - , w . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . , t . . 7 7 . - ‘ . . . - . . . . . 2 . . . . — ~ - - - - - - 4 i — - i i i i 1 8 7 1 8 8 ( M e r t e n s , 1 9 8 7 ) . I t w o u l d a p p e a r , t h e n , t h a t p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d o h a v e d i f f e r i n g n u t r i t i o n a l g u i d e l i n e s a n d s h o u l d b e m a n a g e d a c c o r d i n g l y . l i n e r s ! M i n x a n d 5 9 . 1 2 m m W P o s t p a r t u m e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d B C S i n t e r a c t e d c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h i n p a r i t y b e i n g p o s i t i v e f o r p r i m i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 , 5 , 7 , a n d 8 ) a n d n e g a t i v e f o r m u l t i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 2 0 , a n d 2 1 ) a n i m a l s w i t h s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e P < . 1 0 ( T a b l e s 7 , 1 1 , 1 7 , 2 2 , a n d 2 7 ) a n d P < . 0 5 ( T a b l e s 1 , 1 8 , a n d 2 6 ) l e v e l s . G r a p h s ( F i g u r e s 7 4 - 7 7 ) a g a i n s h o w p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p a r i t y l e v e l s w i t h p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n d i n g f a v o r a b l y a n d m u l t i p a r o u s n e g a t i v e l y ( e x c e p t f o r P N S ) w i t h i n c r e a s i n g e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d B C S ) . T h e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t e x c l u d i n g g e n e t i c s ( M N G ) h a d a n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y b y B C S ( E D X B C S ) i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i o n c o i n c i d e d w i t h h i g h e r e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d l o w e r B C S f o r l a r g e r h e r d s ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . T h e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t w h i c h e x c l u d e d S C C ( M N S ) e x h i b i t e d a n o p p o s i t e i n f l u e n c e o n p r o d u c t i o n b u t a g a i n w i t h l a r g e r h e r d s h a v i n g h i g h e r e n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d l o w e r B C S v a l u e s ( T a b l e 2 5 ) . l i n e r s ! M a i n a n d m u n W E n e r g y d e n s i t y ( E D ) a n d h e a l t h s c o r e ( H E A L T H ) d i d i n f l u e n c e p r o d u c t i o n p o s i t i v e l y i n o n e p r i m i p a r o u s m o d e l ( F i g u r e 9 ) a n d 3 m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) a n d n e g a t i v e l y i n s e v e r a l m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( F i g u r e s 0 ) . 0 0 3 7 8 1 - s e l b a T ( N O I T I D ) g N o O l ( C n o i Y D t O i B d n o D C N A y d Y o G B X R E N y E g r M S N P — 9 t e S * a t a D C P e — B n E U T R m A u * P t r T a S p O t P e o Y P B K L I M S U O R A P - — 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 5 0 5 M l R 3 3 2 P : 4 7 e r u g i F a a - — > v i t o : U 2 0 0 0 i i 1 . 4 8 0 . i - . - . . . - . . . _ 1 . _ J — o u ~ — > v : n o : . 2 0 1 8 9 i r fi T E i l ‘ , 1 i l ‘ i 5 I 2 . ) 1 1 e l b a T ( ) N g o O l I ( n T I o D i N t O i d n o C C Y D y O d B o B D X y g N A Y r G e R n E E N m E u t M r U a p t T R s A o P P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R A P l M 4 . 1 4 - l R P : 5 7 e r u g i F D a t a S e t + P A L a u — — > v s n o : 1 9 0 8 ° p . — ) — ~ 0 — # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 . ) 2 2 0 0 3 r g 0 1 i i 7 1 s e l b a T ( N O I T I ) g D o l N ( O ; i C S N M — 9 t i — t = e S a t i a G D N M — & — 5 i n o i Y t D i d O n B o C D y d o B N A Y G x R E y N g r e n E M E U m u t T R A r P a T p S t s o P 4 O P Y B K L I M S U O - 2 l R 0 0 0 A P 0 0 0 I 0 0 5 4 5 5 - - - T L U M : B 7 e r u g i F 0 u — - > . # 3 ! “ . 0 2 . 2 0 ' l - 4 5 0 0 ‘ ’ 4 \ \ 0 0 ’ 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ’ 4 0 1 I A 2 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 c a m — z # 3 n o : 8 0 1 9 1 t L e A S a M ' t * a * D ' . ) 6 2 e l b a T ( N ) g o l O ( n I T o I i D t N i d n o C O C Y y D d O o B B x y g D N A r Y e G n E R E m N u E t r M a p t U T s R o A P P T S O P Y B K L I M S U ‘ 0 0 4 . O 1 R A P 0 0 I 5 0 3 4 - - T L U M : 7 7 e r u g l F a u - - > * 8 n o : 8 ° « ~ 4 — 1 9 2 1 9 3 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 2 0 , 2 1 , a n d 2 2 ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d d i r e c t i o n o f i n f l u e n c e m a k e c l e a r c u t c o n c l u s i o n s d i f f i c u l t . H o w e v e r , w i t h t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e b e i n g h i g h ( P < . 0 5 ) i n s e v e r a l m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , a n d 2 8 ) a n d b e i n g ( T a b l e s 1 2 , 1 9 , a n d 2 0 ) o r a p p r o a c h i n g ( T a b l e 1 " ! ) s i g n i f i c a n c e a t P < . 1 0 i n o t h e r p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l s , o n e c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t e n e r g y d e n s i t y a n d h e a l t h d o i n t e r a c t a n d c a n b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o p r o d u c t i o n f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( F i g u r e s 7 8 a n d 7 9 ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e a r e n o t c o n s i s t e n t , h o w e v e r , a n d l e a d s o n e t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e h e r d m a n a g e r s a r e a b l e t o p r o p e r l y c a r e f o r a n d t h e r e f o r e m i n i m i z e a n y h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o f a m o r e e n e r g y d e n s e r a t i o n . T h i s m a y b e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h m o r e f e e d i n g s / d a y a n d / o r f e e d i n g r u m e n b u f f e r s . Q u a d s E x p l a i n C P w a s h i g h e r ( P < . 1 0 ) f o r l a r g e h e r d s r e g a r d l e s s o f p a r i t y o r d a t a s e t ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , l o , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . h i g h h e r d s a l s o h a d g r e a t e r C P ( P < . 1 0 ) i n a l l b u t o n e m u l t i p a r o u s d a t a s e t ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 6 , a n d 2 1 ) d u e t o l o w h e r d s h a v i n g a l a r g e r S T D D E V ( T a b l e 2 5 ) f o r C P . T h i s i s a g o o d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f w h a t a f e w e x t r e m e d a t a p o i n t s ( h e r d s ) i n a s m a l l d a t a s e t c a n d o t o a n y g e n e r a l i z e d c o n c l u s i o n s . P r i m i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 , 3 , 5 , a n d 8 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e s 1 0 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) a n i m a l s e x h i b i t e d p o s i t i v e p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e s t o i n c r e a s i n g l e v e l s o f C P w i t h t h e L . . ) 7 1 8 3 1 s e l b a ) T g ( 1 o l ( h t H T L l A a E e H X H D N y A t i s n Y G e R D E y g r e N E M J n U O E T m u R A t P r T a S p t s o P “ 1 O P Y B K L I M S U O R A 5 4 4 — 4 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 0 2 0 7 5 2 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 I T L U M : 8 7 e r u g i F o a — — > . # 3 1 n o : 8 0 0 . “ . . — < 5 ( ” ' 1 L J E . . . , - _ . h . . . . — . — . _ . _ . _ . . _ ~ _ _ . . . m _ " . . . . . - . . . r . . - . i I I I o a — — > v t n o : 8 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 4 I I . ) 6 2 I l g ) e o l I ( I h t I l a I e H b a T ( H T L A X E H I y g D r e n E N A Y m G 1 R u . t 0 r E a N p E t l i i s i o P 1 0 . 0 M U T R A P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U M : 9 7 e r u g i F D a t a S e t + M A L P . . . . . . — . 0 . . . . — L _ . _ _ . - . . . “ . 0 - . . . . . . . . J p . . - p . . . . _ - _ _ - . _ . _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . - - V _ < > 4 > < > < > - ~ ~ m : I 0 i f ) N N I o u — - > v i t o : . 8 0 O O O 0 ' ) I 1 9 5 1 9 6 q u a d r a t i c t e r m ( C P 2 ) b e i n g n e g a t i v e ( F i g u r e s 5 , 1 0 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) . T h e t e r m s s i g n i f i c a n c e C P a n d C P 2 a t P < . 0 5 i n s e v e r a l p a r i t y m o d e l s ( T a b l e s 4 , 7 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) a n d a t ( T a b l e s 1 , 8 , 9 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 3 , a n d 2 8 ) o r a p p r o a c h i n g P < . 1 0 i n o t h e r s ( T a b l e s 5 , 8 , 1 2 , a n d 1 7 ) . C r u d e p r o t e i n ( C P ) l e v e l s c o n t i n u e t h e p a t t e r n o f d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e t o d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s i n t h e p o s t p a r t u m r a t i o n ( F i g u r e s 8 0 - 8 3 ) n o t i n g t h a t i n t h e c o m p l e t e , m u l t i p a r o u s ( M C ) d a t a s e t a n o p t i m a l C P l e v e l o f 1 8 . 6 c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d ( T a b l e 1 3 ) . T h e c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e r p r o t e i n ( C P ) v a l u e s f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s a c r o s s d a t a s e t s a n d p a r i t i e s a g r e e s w i t h t h e r e p o r t s o f i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n w i t h h i g h e r r a t i o n C P c o n t e n t s ( R o f f l e r a n d T h a c k e r , 1 9 8 3 a a n d 1 9 8 3 b : R o f f l e r g ; 3 1 . , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f p r o t e i n ( C P ) t o p r i m i p a r o u s p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l d i s a g r e e s w i t h C r e s s m a n £ 3 ; a 1 . ( 1 9 8 0 ) w h o r e p o r t e d a n i n c r e a s e o f m i l k w i t h h i g h e r p r o t e i n f o r m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s o n l y . m m m m a n d fi b e r s ! m m m m T h e e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n i n t e r a c t i o n ( E D X C P ) i n f l u e n c e d p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n m o r e m o d e l s ( F i g u r e s 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , a n d 9 ) t h a n m u l t i p a r o u s ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) b u t i n n e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n s . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t t o o n l y o n e m u l t i p a r o u s m o d e l ( T a b l e 1 5 ) a n d a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n o t h e r p r i m i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 4 , 8 , a n d 1 2 ) a n d m u l t i p a r o u s ( T a b l e s 2 6 a n d 2 7 ) m o d e l s . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f G N P t e S + a t a D C P — 9 — O fl - — > # 8 n o : x 0 5 5 5 0 2 1 1 3 2 . . . , . . 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - - - - - - - 2 2 . ) 4 a 1 i s 0 2 e l b a T ( ) 5 ' ( N n i I E e T i O 8 t o 1 R r P P e E d u r C m D U R C u M 6 t 1 r a U T p R t A s P o P i 4 1 T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R — " ‘ — ‘ 1 P 2 A 6 5 5 5 4 5 3 . 5 4 . 3 . . l M l 2 . 2 . . 2 R 2 2 2 2 P : 0 8 e r u g i F o a - - > v i t o } s o # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 7 5 5 5 0 1 2 2 3 . . . . . 3 3 3 3 3 - ‘ - - - t r L A P t . ) 1 1 8 7 s e l b a ) T : 7 ( ( n N i I e E 8 t T o 1 O r P R e + P S a t a S D N P — 9 — e d u r E D C U R m C u 6 t 1 r a M U p T t R s A o P P T S O P 4 1 Y W " ' < - 1 * 2 7 5 5 5 3 9 . . 7 - 8 9 2 2 . . . - — 2 2 2 - - * B K L I M 8 U O R A P I M I R P : 1 8 e r u g i F o u — - > # 8 n o : s o # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 ; l i I I 2 0 2 2 o n — — > v i n o : . 8 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 8 G N M — t * e 9 S “ a t a D 2 2 0 . ) 7 1 8 3 1 s 2 e l b a T ) ( 5 9 ( N n I i E e T 8 t o O 1 r R P P e d u E D r U C R C m u 6 t M 1 r U a T p R t s o A P P T 4 1 S O P Y B K L I M S U O 2 R 1 A P I T L U M : 2 8 e r u g l F 1 9 9 O a ~ — > ~ V a ! I 1 0 2 . 2 0 # : 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 l o 0 . ' 1 « a ( ‘ 0 0 ’ ) ( ‘ 0 ( ' 0 I l I I I I t . . . « t . . . _ _ _ _ , « — — _ I I o o o o o t o i n 0 C D I D V 0 ' I D I D I D t o D 0 — - > . 0 " “ . 0 2 8 ° t L e A S a M ' t * a * D ' ‘ ‘ “ 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 1 2 1 2 ) s a L 8 z I e h M t a o T r P e I N i d E u T r C O R n ’ r u t I E r D a p t s U R C o A P I U T R A P T S O P Y B K L M I S U O R A P H E 2 2 2 2 U - - - - M : 3 8 e r u g i F 4 r 0 4 ; 0 4 p 0 0 0 4 ) 4 ! I ) 4 r 4 » 4 ) 4 r 0 0 0 0 0 4 ) 0 4 r 0 4 ’ 0 0 0 4 r > # 8 n o : o e - - 4 » 4 r 8 0 ( ; . . . — . - . . . . i 0 4 p 4 ; 0 0 4 r 0 4 ) f i 2 0 i 1 8 I 1 6 4 - 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s b e i n g n e g a t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t s o m e l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d ' s p r o d u c t i o n i s l i m i t e d b y s o m e o t h e r f a c t o r i e . g e n e t i c s , o r B C S ( F i g u r e s 8 4 a n d 8 S ) . V a r i a t i o n s i n n e g a t i v e o r p o s i t i v e a f f e c t s f r o m t h i s s t u d y m a y r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o t e i n d e g r a d i b i l i t i e s a n d / o r c a r b o h y d r a t e f e r m e n t a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s . T h i s w o u l d t h e n a g r e e w i t h r e p o r t s ( C l a r k a n d D a v i s , 1 9 8 0 : H e r r e r a - S a l d a n a n d H u b e r ; 1 9 8 9 : J a q u e t t e g t , 1 1 . , 1 9 8 7 ) t h a t r e s p o n s e t o a d d e d p r o t e i n i s i n d e e d d e p e n d e n t o n c o o r d i n a t i n g d e g r a d i b i l i t y r a t e s o f p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t s o m e l a r g e h e r d s a r e n o t t a k i n g f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f h i g h e r e n e r g y ( E D ) a n d p r o t e i n ( C P ) l e v e l s a s n o i n c r e a s e i n m i l k w a s m e a s u r e d ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 6 3 2 6 ) 4 8 5 5 5 5 6 1 - - - - - - — E i l ) g o s e l b a T ( N I E T O R P ( E n i D U e R t o r C P D e d N A G N P t u e S + a t a D C P + r Y C G X y R E N g E r e M n U E m T R u A t P r T a p t S O s P o P Y B K L I M S U O — - - - ' 6 R 1 A P 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 M l R 1 1 1 1 1 P : 4 8 e r u g l F l o ¢ - — > v i t o : 8 0 o a — — > v i n o : . 3 0 2 0 2 . ) 6 2 e l b a T ( ) g o N l ( I E n T i e t O R o P r P e E D d U u R r C C X D y g r e N A Y n G E R m u E N t E r a M p U t s o T R P A P T S O P Y B K L I M S U O R A P I T L U t L e A S a W i t — a 9 D ‘ - 0 ‘ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 9 7 1 1 1 1 - - - - M : 5 8 e r u g l F o o — - > v i t o } . 0 0 w h — 2 0 3 S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U B I O N S S i g n i f i c a n t p r o d u c t i o n a d v a n t a g e s w e r e d e t e c t e d f o r b o t h p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s i n h i g h a s c o m p a r e d t o l o w p r o d u c i n g h e r d s . T h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e n o t a s a p p a r e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e s u p p o r t e d o r i n f e r r e d f r o m t h i s s t u d y . G e n e t i c l e v e l o f a n i m a l s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t a s h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r p r e d i c t e d t r a n s m i t t i n g a b i l i t y f o r m i l k f o r a n i m a l s i r e s ( T a b l e s 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 2 1 , a n d 2 5 ) . T h e s e a n i m a l s h a v e t h e a b i l i t y t o m i l k a t h i g h l e v e l s , i f n o t l i m i t e d b y m a n a g e m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , s e l e c t i o n o f s i r e s o f h i g h e r g e n e t i c m e r i t s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o b e r e c o m m e n d e d . H e i f e r r a i s i n g p r o g r a m s a r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h a t t h e y d e t e r m i n e b o d y m e a s u r e s ( b o d y w e i g h t , w i t h e r s h e i g h t a t c a l v i n g ) w h i c h h a v e a s t r o n g p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l m i l k y i e l d ( T a b l e s 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , a n d 1 2 ) . I m p r o v e d f a c i l i t i e s a n d n u t r i t i o n p r o g r a m s s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d a n d w o u l d h a v e g r e a t e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s . A P r o p e r p r e p a r t u m n u t r i t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t t o e a r l y l a c t a t i o n m i l k y i e l d a n d h e a l t h p r o b l e m s . C l o s e r m o n i t o r i n g o f d r y m a t t e r a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s d u r i n g t h e 2 0 4 2 0 5 p e r i p a r t u m p e r i o d c o u l d r e d u c e h e a l t h d i s o r d e r s a n d e n h a n c e p r o d u c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e p r i m i p a r o u s a n d m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d i f f e r e n c e s ( F i g u r e s 4 2 - 5 4 ) i n r e s p o n s e t o p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n m a y i n d i c a t e 1 . ) t h a t i m m e d i a t e p r e p a r t u m n u t r i e n t n e e d s m a y n o t b e a d e q u a t e f o r e i t h e r p a r i t y g r o u p a n d 2 . ) t h a t p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s w o u l d b e n e f i t f r o m b e i n g m a n a g e d d i f f e r e n t l y p r e p a r t u m . P r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s r e s p o n d e d d i f f e r e n t l y t o m o s t n u t r i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s a s c o m p a r e d t o m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s ( F i g u r e s 4 2 - 8 5 ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l u d e d a r e p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n , A D F l e v e l , a n d p o s t p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n l e v e l s . T h e c o n c l u s i o n f r o m s u c h i s t h a t p r i m i p a r o u s a n i m a l s d o n e e d t o b e m a n a g e d d i f f e r e n t l y ( s e p a r a t e l y ) f r o m m u l t i p a r o u s a n i m a l s . E n e r g y d e n s i t y i s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r t o m i l k y i e l d . H o w e v e r , i t a p p e a r s , t o h a v e i t s d e s i r e d e f f e c t o n p r o d u c t i o n , t h e e n e r g y l e v e l m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d j o i n t l y w i t h p r o t e i n ( T a b l e s 4 , 8 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 2 6 , a n d 2 7 ) . T h e t e n d e n c y , w h i l e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t s i n g l y , f o r h i g h p r o d u c i n g h e r d s t o h a v e h i g h e r b o d y c o n d i t i o n s s c o r e s , s h o r t e r d r y p e r i o d s a n d p r e v i o u s l a c t a t i o n s , c o u p l e d w i t h h i g h e r p r o t e i n l e v e l s i n t h e l a c t a t i o n r a t i o n , a n d g r e a t e r g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l , m a y i n d e e d i n d i c a t e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f p a y i n g a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a i l s i n a l l a r e a s o f m a n a g e m e n t . T h e s t u d y w a s p r o b a b l y l i m i t e d t h e m o d e l ’ s a b i l i t y t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e t o d i f f e r e n t v a r i a b l e s d u e t o D M I b e i n g " r e p o r t e d " a n d n o t a c t u a l l y 2 0 6 m e a s u r e d f o r i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s , h e n c e s o m e u n r e a l i s t i c i n f l u e n c e s o f D H I o n p r o d u c t i o n ( F i g u r e s 5 5 a n d 5 7 ) . M e a s u r i n g p r e p a r t u m D M I w o u l d h a v e m a d e t h e p r e p a r t u m e n e r g y a n d p r o t e i n v a r i a b l e s m u c h m o r e a c c u r a t e . P r e p a r t u m n u t r i t i o n ' s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h h e a l t h s c o r e c o u l d b e m o r e c o n f i d e n t l y i n t e r p r e t e d b y u s i n g D H I h e r d h e a l t h r e c o r d s n o w a v a i l a b l e . N u t r i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s p r o b a b l y s h o u l d i n c l u d e e v a l u a t i n g d e g r a d i b l e a n d u n d e g r a d i b l e i n t a k e p r o t e i n ( D I P a n d U I P ) l e v e l s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e n o n - s t r u c t u r a l c a r b o h y d r a t e l e v e l s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o m o r e a c c u r a t e l y i n t e r p r e t t h e A D F , e n e r g y d e n s i t y , a n d c r u d e p r o t e i n i n t e r a c t i o n . - m u l a ~ ‘ . x ‘ , o ‘ , t . m , “ \ ' 1 ‘ i ‘ r - : A ' f ‘ , . 4 y - . 6 V ‘ L ‘ I . ‘ ‘ R w 4 n 4 , ‘ 2 " - 4 : ; I M ‘ 3 " " . y I . \ . 1 h I ‘ a h : ‘ fi t 7 ‘ . _ . r . ‘ “ ‘ : - - ' ’ 1 . . ~ u v . “ ~ . H ’ . . : 3 1 3 a m ‘ ! « 5 . 2 . , : " K 5 ‘ y 1 J M “ ‘ 1 . : ~ - . . i r , 7 ; . “ 0 ~ ; a 7 . ~ 1 > ‘ ‘ \ 1 , . 4 “ w ‘ ; " “ V A I u ' “ a s ~ . n " - - n L ‘ . _ f . 3 . “ ‘ 5 t , w g k m : 1 ‘ B r . \ 3 J 3 : _ , , “ 4 : 1 2 ; , I , 5 s . . _ . 2 . . . . . . k - _ : _ . ‘ a n . . 4 . . , - . . - 1 - ‘ w q ‘ p v m m l L ‘ . : 3 3 : ” L ” A n t i “ n 4 4 ‘ H » 0 . 4 , “ , ‘ " 5 ‘ \ 4 - ' J - ‘ . r - - « . h . : w . r \ m : , 1 a - v “ - ‘ — < 4 : . L I . ” 1 - 1 1 2 “ - . u “ 0 i ' 7 ‘ " 1 3 ' ? “ a : 1 ‘ _ ' 0 - » - . u - L . ‘ 4 - . . . v . _ . _ , a V ‘ fi d u u k A 5 & 1 ? § . ‘ - x . . 1 , w - w u 5 ‘ " 9 « ’ . , v . y s ‘ I u . I w . I U , . . , V ’ l " 1 ‘ " ! ' d v : A n . 1 , x ” . - . . ~ , . - V _ > . 7 ‘ 1 . T h a n , ” ‘ . . . ~ _ . . . . . , “ ’ 9 J " : u . { 1 . 3 7 1 ; . . - . ‘ . w . m ; ; { f ¥ a . . . A m ' V . " ‘ " ‘ W — w l " Y : ‘ 7 ‘ . u . 4 . . . . 1 u . . . . r - ‘ 1 a . : I t ' d . 9 . " . - r m . “ ' n o 0 . . n . . . . , . - . m i ! r i ‘ ' l ‘ l " V l r ' I A « 5 9 3 ” - n 4 < . . n v . 2 . . . \ WWWWW\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\l ; L | \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ | \ \ \ 3 1 2 9 3 0 0 9 0 fi fi ; m a m m a l ’ : M l c i ‘ é é m n 0 M U n i w r z ‘ s fi i y fi — I P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T O A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e t o r e d a t e d u e . D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E I M S U I s A n A f f i r m a t i v e A c t i o n / E q u a l O p p o r t u n i t y I n s t i t u t i o n c t t c i r c M u n a - M E F F E C T S O F D A I R Y H E R D M A N A G E M E N T M E A S U R E S O N E A R L Y L A C T A T I O N M I L E Y I E L D V o l u m e I I B Y K e v i n J a y D i l l A D I S S E R T A T I O N S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e 1 9 9 1 A P P E N D I C E S l a t o T A T I / m u s a m o b A d e c a l p s l i / D g - n d A e i l D c v o n l S H e a 1 T r L r C : e A u t l / l E c a m b H c a d O T D / e R m i x E e D i H l u s a m o b d b : A n S o l z Z e U r l l / d / / p O P / / s e s s p R s s i c i i A A h i i a t t t P t s s i i i l I l o o r r r p e e H a t t s t t t n n I e e e i e e e o o R H K K D M N N N N P s l a m i n A d r e N S s S S N n N N , , , , G c G G N n N N , , , , C c C C D a t a S e t N u m b e r o f ‘ O I ‘ Q G N G b , N S c C , N G , N S n o C N G , N S C N G , N S N o n e D y s t o c i a / l N o n e N o n e O H O O F i r - i H N N 2 0 7 l a t o T d A e T 1 / s i t i u A e r n D c t i n e t H e M n T r 1 o L r 1 / c A u E c : 1 / 1 / n / m o - H c s u i a 1 D / n e a c O t m s t R m l e m u e E e c b o d l H l a o b o b b l r A r a S o 1 z z P P P T U r l l / / / d O / / s s s P d y e w x R s s i i i e t c o i A h n i i i t t t a L d P s s l t i i i i l - n I l o o a i r r r e e e p d e t t t b N a t t t n s l n n p e o e e I e e e e o o o i o p N R H K K R N N N N D S N N A P f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N 1 3 3 2 4 2 1 3 S S S S S N N N N N a t , , , , , S S S t e G G G G G N N N a S N N N N N , , , D , , , , , G G G G C C C C C C C N N N N d r 2 3 4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 e N 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 v c a n 0 N H H H N N O H H O O 2 0 8 l a t o T l / y r u j n I - d l o S : 1 / w o C A n d T w e A o u D e n c i H n t T e n L r D : 1 / o A r 1 d c E u / e H c m e - P c e D O l l 1 R / / b f E m a o f e H i e O r l l c P b S b o ; a U o t r 4 7 T O r s e / / R P y d s s x A D d i i i P h - U t t d I t s - i i n P l e e n e d r r e N a n n i n l t t p I e o o w o o e e p R H N N T N S H H A P f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N S S S S S N N N N N , , , , , S S G G G G G N N N N N N N , , 6 , , S G G , , , N C C N N N C C C 3 6 7 2 2 2 H e r d D a t a S e t 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 5 M V ' I O V ’ F i n n N o n e N e t r i t i s / l N o n e N o n e O H O O O O 9 1 0 0 0 2 0 9 l a t o T 1 / a t n e c a 1 l / P n o d i e t n c i u a d t o e r R P : 1 1 w o d L / / e - e e u d e r r n l c u u i o n t t t S e a a n r r r l o r e e / c u p p t - c e e e c m a m 1 / O T T T : 1 / a t n e e g g u c l C i i a l m h h t e b b H H l a o P T r y y l B : P l l / d / x e e s e s i h m m i n i d t e e s s i n l e e e e o e r r o e a e a n n n n t t t t n t n p e o o o o x x e e o o e p H N N N N E K E K N N R A f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N a t t e a S D S S S S S , N N N N N G , , , N , , G G G , G G N N N C N N S N 8 9 O 1 2 2 3 3 P R I N I P A R O U S H E R D H E A L T H D A T A H e r d 3 2 3 3 3 4 N G , N S N 0 " ! H m H M F I N N M H Q ‘ 6 ' ! D y s t o c i a / l D y s t o c i a / l : D y s e n t r y / 1 O O 0 0 H N H N H ? C O H 2 1 0 l a t o T 1 / s e s o p r u d A P e T u A e y 1 n D c r / i n i a t H e m a n T r e D o L r - d 1 / c A u d E 1 s E e c l / - H r a c o s 1 D / n d p O S o t e R e d m r : e E c U e u 1 l H l a P / b b l ; y a y S r o P T U r l / u r O P d i j s x e a R n i i A h n D t I d P t i - i z / s i t i n n e t e e I l a d e e e i r e n a n n N a t l n n n m t a p I e e o e o o e o a o o o p M R H R N T N N S L N N N A P f o s t a d t n u l o r a c 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 4 3 2 3 e m b i m n u A N a l t l a a e t d c a d c c S S S i i S S N N N N N e t t a t , , , S , , t S e a t e G G G N G N G e n m a S N N N , N , N l e o D , , , S , s G S G , p g C C C C N C C N N N m C d r e 4 4 H o o o C N N - = - S N c 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 ‘ a c b N G 2 1 1 N @ H D U H . X fi D C U Q Q ‘ l a t o T A T A D ; 1 / e r u t a r e p m e T h l g / i m H H u 2 T s L y a e A l m 1 l E e o / b H m b a a e A t T D r n R t d e x E x e c i H E c a d a l n S z 3 r l P e U / / l p p O s d s s / p R i i s i e A A t t i D n P i i s - i I r r e e e e e o d e a T t t n n n n n t n t l L e e o o o o o e o o e U H H N N N N R N N K S N 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 2 3 2 S S S S s S N N N N n N , , S , , , , G G N G G c G N N , N N n N , , C G 6 , , , , C C C N N N C C C c d r 0 1 e H D a t a N u m b e r o f S e t A n i m a l s H e a l t h P r o b l e m / O c c u r r e n c e C a , N G b , N S c 8 M i l k F e v e r / 2 : R e t a i n e d P l a c e n t a / 2 : S o l d - I n j u r y / l ; S o l d - L o w P r o d u c t i o n / 1 N O O O O n 2 1 2 l a t o T l l 1 : / / / m m a u u t d A s s n e T a a e u A c e m m n D a c o o i n d b t H e A A l P n T r o d d d L r l c A u e e e / E m c c c n - H u c a a i 2 D / p p t a O l l a s R m m e s s e E o e R i i l H b l D D b A b : a o S l : : 1 T d r U / / l l O s P / / w e x R i s s o c 1 i A t i i h / C a d t i P s s l t n I l e e r o o n p a e e e e e T a n n t t t w s o n n n n p L e e o e e o o o o o i l o p U H N N N H K N N N N D D B A N f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N S S S S N N N N a t , , S , , S t e G G G N N G a S N N N , , N D , , , G G G G , C C C N N N C N d r 3 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 e H 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 9 N S M I D Q ' H O N W 2 1 3 l a t o T d A e T u A e 3 / s i t i r t e M l / ; s 1 i / t d i e t e s F a M n D c z z f - i n / / f d t H e s s O l n T r i i o o r L t t : S c u A 1 i i 1 E c / r r - H c a t t / ; a l 2 D / n M M n g O t e e t / R m e e n e E e c ; : c i l H l a a 1 1 v b / / b l l l a S r r 2 z o P P a T D r P / / e e C O s s d v v d x R i i e e e e t i A h t t n n F F a d P t i i i i n I r r l e e e e a e k k a d e T t t a n n n n t n l l t e p L e o e e o o e o i i e o i p U M M H N M M N N R N R N D A H f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N S S S N N N a , t , , S S S S t e G G G N N N N a S N N N , , , , D , , , G G G G N N N N C C C d r 4 5 2 2 e H 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 6 2 7 N S V F I N M V ’ N F ) N W C O O H 0 0 M M 2 1 4 l a t 0 2 4 o T 1 / e r u t a r e p m e T h g i H y l e d A m e T e u A e n D c i n t H e n T r o L r r t x E : 3 / s i c A u s E c - H c O 2 D / l / a t n R e m e E e c l H l a o t e K ; 1 b b l l l / a S / / r o P T U r P z s S e O / d i i v x R e t t s i A h n i i i d P t i s n n e F n I l e a e e e e o i i e k e T a n n n n n t t n l m m p L e o o e o o o o i e a a p U H N N R N N N N M K L L A N f o s l r a e m b i m n u A N 3 3 1 4 3 S S S S N N N N a t , S S S , , , t e G N N N G G G a S N , , , N N N D , G G C G , , , C C C N N C C C C N N d r 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 e H 0 0 C O ( ' 1 H F ) N F ) [ x N H H O 2 1 5 l a t o T 1 / a l m l 6 / e y / / d r s s E e i i d A t t t e T n r i i u A e e e r r n D c d t t s i n d e e t H e U M M y D n T r o L r ; ; : ; c A u 2 1 3 1 E c / / / / - H c a a a a 2 D / n n n n O t t t t R m e e e e e E e c c c c l H a a a a l b b l l l l a S o P P P P T U r l / O s P d d d d x e e e e R i i A h n n n n t d P t i i i i i n I l a a a a e e e e e r e T t a a t t n n n n n t t p L e t e e e e e o o o o o p U H R R R R N N N N N M a A H d f n t o s l r a e m b i 2 3 3 3 3 3 u o c a l m n t l u A a a e N t d c S S S S i i N N N N e t t a t , , S S , , t e a t e G G N N G G e n m a S N N , , N N l e o D , , , , G G C S p g s C C C C C C N N N N m a d c c o o o C N N d - - - r 7 8 9 0 1 6 2 4 e H 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 G S C N N c a b ' M N a t N 0 V ” n O O O O O H 2 1 6 2 1 7 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 P R I H I P A R O U S H O N T H L Y H I L H P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M a P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 1 c h 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 . 6 6 2 1 . 9 7 N G ° , N s d 4 2 4 . 1 7 2 2 . 6 2 2 2 . 1 9 2 C , N G , N S 3 3 2 . 2 8 3 1 . 5 8 3 3 . 1 1 3 N S 3 2 2 . 8 8 2 9 . 1 5 2 4 . 0 1 4 c 2 2 5 . 1 8 2 6 . 2 1 2 4 . 4 9 N G , N S 3 2 7 . 9 7 3 4 . 7 4 2 7 . 5 5 5 c 9 1 9 . 9 9 1 7 . 8 4 1 8 . 1 4 N G , N S 1 0 1 9 . 7 3 1 7 . 0 1 1 7 . 6 6 6 C , N G , N S 2 2 3 . 6 1 3 3 . 5 1 2 9 . 2 6 7 C , N G , N S 3 2 3 . 8 4 2 0 . 4 2 2 3 . 7 4 8 C , N G , N S 3 3 1 . 8 8 3 5 . 9 9 3 1 . 7 4 9 C , N G , N S 3 2 0 . 7 9 2 0 . 8 4 2 2 . 9 2 1 0 c 1 3 3 . 4 3 3 7 . 7 9 3 6 . 9 7 N G , N S 3 2 8 . 4 8 2 7 . 5 2 2 5 . 9 8 1 1 C , N G , N S 2 2 6 . 2 8 2 8 . 4 6 2 3 . 8 9 1 2 C , N G , N S 3 2 9 . 0 2 2 9 . 8 0 3 0 . 2 5 1 3 C , N G , N S 4 2 9 . 7 8 3 5 . 1 1 2 9 . 6 5 1 4 c 2 2 8 . 9 6 2 8 . 1 4 2 4 . 5 8 N G , N S 3 2 9 . 6 6 2 9 . 4 1 2 6 . 1 6 1 5 C , N G , N S 3 2 3 . 3 6 2 6 . 2 5 2 4 . 9 8 A ) 3 ( 2 1 8 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 - c o n t i n u e d P R I H I P A R O U S N O N T H L Y N I L E P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 1 6 C , N G , N S 4 3 5 . 4 3 3 1 . 3 2 2 8 . 8 2 1 7 N C 1 2 9 . 8 1 3 1 . 2 5 2 8 . 5 8 1 8 C 2 2 8 . 9 2 2 1 . 5 0 2 6 . 6 0 N G , N S 3 2 8 . 7 7 2 3 . 9 9 2 7 . 3 8 1 9 N C 4 2 6 . 6 3 3 1 . 4 2 3 1 . 0 6 2 0 C , N G , N S 3 2 8 . 4 5 2 7 . 3 0 2 6 . 9 4 2 1 C , N G , N S 3 2 2 . 4 0 2 7 . 5 0 2 6 . 1 9 2 2 N S 3 3 3 . 9 6 3 4 . 9 6 3 5 . 3 0 2 3 C 4 2 2 . 5 0 2 5 . 0 1 2 5 . 7 5 N G , N S 5 2 2 . 7 3 2 4 . 5 8 2 4 . 4 9 2 4 C , N G , N S 4 2 9 . 6 1 2 8 . 4 1 2 6 . 3 2 2 5 C 1 1 7 . 6 5 1 5 . 2 5 0 N G , N S 3 2 2 . 4 9 2 3 . 0 7 2 4 . 3 2 2 6 C , N G , N S 3 3 2 . 3 4 2 3 . 8 1 2 3 . 0 9 2 7 C , N G , N S 3 2 2 . 6 6 1 7 . 3 2 1 7 . 1 4 2 8 C 2 2 5 . 1 1 2 9 . 5 6 2 8 . 4 1 N G , N S 3 2 4 . 1 3 2 8 . 8 7 2 8 . 3 0 2 9 C 1 1 4 . 3 6 2 1 . 1 3 1 7 . 9 6 N G , N S 3 1 4 . 0 6 2 4 . 4 9 1 8 . 8 3 3 0 C 1 1 9 . 7 2 2 2 . 4 9 2 0 . 6 8 N G , N S 3 2 1 . 6 9 2 2 . 9 2 1 9 . 9 6 2 1 9 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 - c o n t i n u e d P R I H I P A R O U S N O N T H L Y N I L E P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 3 1 C 1 1 9 . 1 3 2 3 . 5 4 2 2 . 7 6 N G , N S 2 1 9 . 5 5 2 5 . 2 7 2 5 . 9 9 3 2 C 2 2 6 . 0 9 2 7 . 1 6 2 6 . 8 6 N G , N S 3 2 5 . 4 7 2 3 . 7 7 2 4 . 7 6 3 3 C 1 2 3 . 1 3 2 0 . 6 3 2 6 . 4 4 N G , N S 4 2 3 . 0 4 2 3 . 3 1 2 3 . 1 0 3 4 C , N G , N S 3 2 3 . 2 1 2 7 . 2 1 2 0 . 1 1 3 5 C , N G , N S 3 2 6 . 3 0 2 8 . 1 9 2 6 . 7 6 3 6 C , N G , N S 3 2 5 . 6 4 2 5 . 5 5 2 7 . 5 8 3 7 N C 3 3 1 . 5 9 3 6 . 7 3 2 7 . 6 5 3 8 C , N G , N S 4 2 4 . 5 9 2 3 . 1 3 1 6 . 3 2 3 9 C 1 2 1 . 7 8 2 1 . 2 1 1 5 . 4 3 N G , N S 3 2 2 . 1 2 2 4 . 6 1 1 9 . 2 2 4 0 N S 3 3 6 . 6 3 2 8 . 9 4 2 7 . 9 0 4 1 C , N G , N S 3 3 1 . 2 9 2 9 . 1 8 2 7 . 8 7 4 2 C 1 3 2 . 2 4 2 8 . 1 6 3 1 . 7 8 N G , N S 2 2 7 . 6 0 2 7 . 1 9 3 1 . 7 0 4 4 C , N G , N S 3 2 6 . 6 3 - 2 5 . 2 9 2 4 . 2 8 a F C M a F a t c o r r e c t e d m i l k b C s C o m p l e t e d a t a 3 N 6 = N o g e n e t i c d a t a N S = N o s o m a t i c c e l l c o u n t d a t a 2 2 0 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 N U L T I P A R O U S M O N T H L Y H I L H P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M a P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 1 o b , N c ° , N s d 8 4 0 . 3 8 3 1 . 3 7 2 7 . 2 0 2 C , N G , N S 3 4 8 . 2 7 4 7 . 6 0 4 5 . 6 5 3 N G 3 2 6 . 3 4 2 8 . 1 7 1 9 . 4 3 4 C , N G , N S 3 4 4 . 9 5 4 3 . 0 1 3 4 . 8 2 5 C 3 2 7 . 0 8 2 5 . 8 4 3 2 . 9 2 N G , N S 5 3 5 . 7 2 3 0 . 0 5 3 2 . 2 1 6 N S 3 3 6 . 8 9 3 3 . 2 0 3 5 . 0 8 7 C , N G , N S 3 2 9 . 2 9 3 6 . 0 6 3 2 . 7 8 8 C , N G , N S 2 4 1 . 6 9 4 1 . 9 5 4 3 . 3 5 9 C , N G , N S 3 2 6 . 7 5 3 1 . 6 9 2 7 . 0 8 1 0 C , N G , N S 2 3 6 . 6 9 2 6 . 5 8 2 8 . 3 9 1 1 N 6 4 3 5 . 7 7 3 6 . 9 5 2 8 . 5 1 1 2 C , N G , N S 3 4 8 . 0 4 4 8 . 9 8 3 5 . 9 3 1 3 C 3 3 9 . 8 0 4 1 . 6 1 3 2 . 6 5 N G , N S 4 4 4 . 3 2 4 2 . 5 4 3 7 . 3 2 1 4 N C 3 4 5 . 5 8 4 3 . 3 9 3 6 . 2 0 1 5 C , N G , N S 3 3 6 . 7 7 3 2 . 4 0 3 3 . 9 9 1 6 C , N G , N S 8 3 9 . 2 9 4 0 . 6 6 3 7 . 5 0 2 2 1 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 - c o n t i n u e d N U L T I P A R O U S N D N T H L Y N I L E P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 1 7 C 3 3 9 . 0 0 3 8 . 0 6 3 6 . 7 0 N G , N S 5 2 6 . 0 9 3 4 . 5 9 3 2 . 0 1 1 8 C , N G , N S 4 4 1 . 5 6 3 7 . 7 3 3 6 . 6 6 1 9 N C 4 3 2 . 2 5 3 6 . 8 4 3 2 . 5 4 2 0 C 4 3 3 . 7 3 3 1 . 4 6 2 8 . 4 3 N G , N S 7 3 4 . 6 8 3 3 . 5 3 3 3 . 0 8 2 1 C , N G , N S 3 3 1 . 4 3 4 0 . 3 0 3 2 . 3 5 2 2 N S 4 4 4 . 2 2 4 8 . 2 9 3 9 . 9 9 2 3 C 1 2 2 . 0 5 2 6 . 8 5 3 0 . 6 9 N G , N S 2 2 6 . 6 6 3 0 . 1 2 2 9 . 7 1 2 4 C 3 3 8 . 6 8 3 8 . 8 3 3 4 . 0 8 N G , N S 4 3 5 . 9 1 3 7 . 9 7 3 3 . 1 3 2 5 C 2 3 1 . 2 9 3 5 . 5 4 3 1 . 2 9 N G , N S 3 2 7 . 4 3 3 5 . 5 4 3 1 . 2 9 2 6 C , N G , N S 3 2 4 . 6 2 2 7 . 2 2 2 5 . 7 8 2 7 C , N G , N S 2 1 2 . 7 3 1 9 . 6 2 2 4 . 6 9 2 8 C , N G , N S 3 3 9 . 9 6 3 6 . 9 9 3 5 . 0 8 2 9 C 1 2 6 . 9 5 2 6 . 8 8 2 6 . 1 4 N G , N S 3 2 7 . 1 5 2 6 . 5 6 2 6 . 8 9 3 0 C 2 5 4 . 8 9 4 0 . 6 4 3 9 . 2 0 N G , N S 3 4 7 . 6 7 3 9 . 1 6 3 7 . 1 9 2 2 2 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 - c o n t i n u e d N U L T I P A R O U S N D N T H L Y N I L E P R O D U C T I O N D a t a N u m b e r o f 4 % F C M P r o d u c t i o n A v e r a g e H e r d S e t A n i m a l s T e s t 1 T e s t 2 T e s t 3 3 1 C , N G , N S 7 1 9 . 1 3 2 3 . 5 4 2 2 . 7 6 3 2 N C 3 4 0 . 0 1 3 2 . 4 6 3 1 . 9 8 3 3 C 1 3 0 . 6 5 3 0 . 8 4 2 8 . 8 1 N G , N S 3 4 6 . 0 8 4 3 . 4 8 4 0 . 0 0 3 4 C , N G , N S 4 3 6 . 1 3 3 3 . 5 3 3 0 . 3 5 3 5 C , N G , N S 3 3 6 . 6 5 3 2 . 5 6 3 5 . 2 4 3 6 C , N G , N S 6 3 7 . 5 2 3 8 . 0 4 3 9 . 9 1 3 7 C 4 3 6 . 7 5 3 7 . 8 0 3 6 . 8 9 N G , N S 8 3 8 C , N G , N S 3 3 2 . 7 8 3 4 . 6 3 3 5 . 0 6 3 9 C 2 3 7 . 6 4 3 8 . 9 8 3 6 . 0 6 N G , N S 3 3 5 . 2 1 3 8 . 5 6 3 4 . 4 1 4 0 N S 3 5 1 . 7 0 4 4 . 8 5 4 3 . 4 0 4 1 C , N G , N S 3 3 9 . 2 0 4 0 . 3 2 3 4 . 1 5 4 2 N C 3 3 5 . 1 4 2 7 . 4 9 2 7 . 4 9 4 4 C , N G , N S 3 2 5 . 8 7 3 1 . 3 7 2 7 . 7 2 a F C M - F a t c o r r e c t e d m i l k b C - C o m p l e t e d a t a c N G - N o g e n e t i c d a t a d N S - 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S 7 4 9 A 4 2 2 E 4 4 3 M H T L A 3 3 4 9 7 5 7 9 1 6 0 4 8 8 5 9 5 4 7 9 8 3 0 7 8 3 4 6 0 4 1 4 7 1 6 5 0 9 3 8 E 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 R D N A s t 6 r h ) L e g n e A h i o l H t e ( b I i h a N W T A x - i d A n T e A p D p A E T E L P M O C B U O R d A e P t k ) I c l 9 H e i k I r M ( R r P o C H e r d G r o u p F a t B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e A g e ( m o s ) B o d y W e i g h t ( k 9 ) s i r e F r a u “ ( k 9 ) S o m a t i c H e a l t h S c o r e V ' N N M H Q ’ Q ' M H H N V ’ H V Q ‘ N N H H N 2 2 . 2 9 3 2 . 3 2 2 5 . 2 9 1 8 . 6 6 2 8 . 7 9 2 2 . 5 3 3 3 . 2 0 2 1 . 5 2 3 6 . 0 7 2 6 . 2 1 2 9 . 6 9 3 1 . 5 1 2 7 . 2 2 2 4 . 8 7 3 1 . 8 6 2 5 . 6 7 2 7 . 5 6 2 5 . 3 7 2 4 . 4 2 2 8 . 1 1 2 . 5 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 5 0 2 . 8 9 3 . 2 5 1 . 8 3 3 . 1 7 2 . 3 3 2 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 2 5 3 . 0 0 2 . 8 3 3 . 1 3 3 . 2 5 3 . 3 3 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 3 3 . 0 0 2 7 . 0 0 2 3 . 6 7 2 4 . 0 0 2 6 . 1 1 3 1 . 5 0 2 6 . 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 2 5 . 3 3 2 6 . 0 0 2 4 . 0 0 3 2 . 0 0 2 3 . 5 0 2 6 . 5 0 2 5 . 3 3 2 5 . 7 5 2 4 . 5 0 2 7 . 3 3 2 3 . 3 3 2 7 . 2 5 2 4 . 2 5 1 4 1 . 0 0 1 3 9 . 8 3 1 4 1 . 5 0 1 3 8 . 5 3 1 3 5 . 0 0 1 3 6 . 0 0 1 3 6 . 1 7 1 3 4 . 5 0 1 4 1 . 0 0 1 3 8 . 7 5 1 3 3 . 0 0 1 3 5 . 2 5 1 3 7 . 5 0 1 3 6 . 0 0 1 3 6 . 6 3 1 3 7 . 7 5 1 3 6 . 0 0 1 3 6 . 3 3 1 3 2 . 7 5 1 3 7 . 8 8 - 4 6 6 . 0 4 3 3 1 . 5 8 3 9 1 . 9 1 3 6 1 . 8 2 3 1 1 . 0 2 7 7 7 . 0 1 4 3 5 . 2 3 6 1 6 . 7 4 3 3 4 . 4 1 5 7 3 . 3 5 4 6 1 . 3 1 4 7 5 . 7 1 3 3 9 . 0 6 1 1 9 9 . 7 6 4 4 0 . 1 4 2 3 8 . 5 9 6 0 1 . 2 4 2 2 5 h 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 7 5 0 0 0 7 t 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 3 6 0 0 2 0 6 l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 a e H c r i l t 0 0 4 3 7 3 3 3 0 0 6 8 4 7 4 7 3 a t l n 0 1 5 3 6 3 3 8 0 5 0 7 6 6 4 3 6 e . . . . . . . a e u . . . . . . . . . . n m C o 3 3 2 4 2 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 i o C L S S E R 1 5 0 5 1 6 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 4 9 3 2 5 8 5 6 6 7 9 7 3 4 3 4 3 5 2 2 3 U M . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Q H Q U H . u n fi n u - A U Q Q A N d e e r t e k ) r t y a 9 o t r t k p a D n ( e H I R n e 0 i 7 9 8 5 6 0 4 3 2 1 1 9 5 7 9 7 N e 7 d 3 0 7 8 9 2 7 9 0 6 1 7 0 6 7 3 O u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I r o 7 5 7 2 5 9 8 3 5 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 T C r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A P R M t U n N T e r 6 6 0 0 6 2 3 8 9 0 0 1 6 4 9 3 4 O R d g e 7 8 8 1 5 1 3 0 1 6 8 0 8 5 9 5 2 I A i r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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v H H H e N y Q \ \ H e 2 3 0 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 9 P R I M I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A E E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( M c a l N E L a ) ( M c a l N E L ) ( H c a l N E L ) 1 1 8 4 4 8 3 1 0 . 7 1 2 0 . 3 6 9 . 6 5 2 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 3 2 . 8 9 2 1 . 3 6 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 3 9 . 1 0 2 6 . 8 6 5 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 8 . 5 7 7 . 5 1 6 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 2 6 . 8 0 1 5 . 9 7 7 1 7 7 4 3 5 9 . 9 1 1 5 . 6 4 5 . 7 4 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 3 6 . 4 7 2 4 . 7 1 9 1 8 2 4 6 9 1 0 . 4 7 1 4 . 9 2 4 . 4 5 1 0 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 4 . 9 3 3 . 8 6 1 1 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 1 2 . 8 8 1 . 7 0 1 2 1 7 9 4 4 8 1 0 . 1 3 2 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 7 7 1 3 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 5 . 7 3 5 . 1 3 1 4 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 3 5 . 7 2 2 4 . 0 7 1 5 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 1 7 . 8 2 6 . 5 3 1 6 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 2 5 . 4 5 1 3 . 3 3 1 8 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 6 . 1 4 1 4 . 2 5 2 0 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 6 . 5 4 1 5 . 4 7 2 1 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 6 . 2 6 5 . 3 1 2 3 1 7 7 4 3 5 9 . 9 1 1 8 . 6 5 8 . 7 5 2 4 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 2 . 3 2 1 . 5 0 2 5 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 5 3 2 6 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 6 . 3 6 4 . 7 1 2 7 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 3 . 6 5 2 8 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 5 . 2 3 3 . 5 9 2 9 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 1 . 5 3 9 . 2 9 3 0 1 7 5 4 2 2 9 . 6 8 1 5 . 6 4 5 . 9 6 3 1 1 8 2 4 6 9 1 0 . 4 7 1 6 . 0 6 5 . 5 9 3 2 1 8 4 4 8 3 1 0 . 7 1 1 6 . 3 8 5 . 6 7 3 3 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 3 . 3 9 1 . 2 7 3 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 1 . 1 7 8 . 9 3 3 5 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 7 . 6 0 6 . 0 7 3 6 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 3 . 4 9 2 . 0 8 3 8 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 5 3 3 9 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 6 . 1 6 5 . 5 7 4 1 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 2 4 . 6 6 1 3 . 7 2 4 2 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 1 5 . 0 1 3 . 7 2 4 4 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 2 9 . 3 3 1 8 . 0 4 a N E L - 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R n C m o 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 U i o C S L S A E M R 1 7 4 1 6 7 4 3 1 3 7 0 8 4 3 4 7 9 4 0 9 T 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 3 7 9 4 0 5 6 7 7 1 6 7 8 7 9 6 8 3 4 7 L A E 3 R 1 D e N s 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 3 3 7 3 7 8 3 3 0 3 l A 5 0 0 5 7 2 0 0 0 r 8 3 h 0 0 1 8 6 1 1 3 0 3 ) b . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m g . . . . . . . . a L h i c 0 1 6 6 9 8 2 5 6 4 8 5 3 8 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 T A t e ( 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 M i H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x I W i N d A n 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 7 7 3 7 3 7 3 3 ) e - e 6 6 7 0 0 5 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 5 0 7 0 6 2 3 3 s p g o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p 1 A 1 A m ( 8 3 9 4 6 6 5 5 4 4 6 5 5 3 1 2 5 4 5 7 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 C I T 5 0 5 8 2 6 8 1 5 0 0 5 2 0 0 3 8 1 1 3 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 5 0 7 3 7 3 3 3 7 0 0 3 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 E N E G O N B U O k ) 9 7 3 1 3 0 2 2 5 4 8 5 5 3 6 7 7 8 8 5 3 R l 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2 1 7 i 2 2 5 8 0 8 3 6 1 9 8 4 1 9 6 9 7 5 k P M 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 ( 9 9 9 2 3 3 2 2 9 1 1 1 5 0 7 8 6 1 1 6 7 I M I R P p u o r G d r e H F a t C o r r e c t e d B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e B o d y W e i g h t ( k g ) H N M V D ‘ O I ‘ O G ‘ N fl N fi H V Q ‘ fi H H N V H Q V fl N r - ‘ N H 2 3 6 U G S C fi u c o o N H G H D G E h e t r l o a c e S H c r i B t a B a e R m n U o i B S L A R H H T L A E H D d N e A u n L i A t M n I o N c A - - 3 A 1 T A e D l b C a I T T E N E G O N S U O k ) 1 6 5 6 1 5 0 9 2 3 9 1 4 0 1 1 9 4 4 8 R t l 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A a k i 6 7 9 3 8 3 9 1 3 4 3 3 7 1 6 1 1 9 8 5 P F M 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 ( 4 1 6 0 2 4 1 3 5 1 2 7 5 8 9 5 8 5 0 3 I M I R P p u o r G d r 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 4 e 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 H C o r r e c t e d B o d y C o n d i t i o n S c o r e A g e ( m o s ) W i t h e r s H e i g h t ( c m ) B o d y W e i g h t ( k 9 ) C e l l C o u n t H N M G M M H M V ‘ H Q ’ N N V Q N H N M H 2 . 7 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 2 . 3 3 2 . 5 0 2 . 8 3 2 . 3 3 2 . 1 7 2 . 7 5 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 3 2 . 8 3 2 . 6 7 2 . 6 7 2 . 8 3 3 . 2 5 3 . 0 0 2 . 8 3 3 . 2 5 2 . 6 7 2 8 . 4 0 2 4 . 2 5 2 4 . 6 7 2 9 . 6 7 2 4 . 6 7 2 3 . 6 7 3 0 . 6 7 2 4 . 3 3 2 3 . 5 0 2 4 . 3 3 2 7 . 5 0 3 2 . 0 0 2 5 . 6 7 2 4 . 3 3 2 7 . 6 7 2 4 . 2 5 2 5 . 3 3 2 8 . 0 0 2 4 . 0 0 2 7 . 0 0 1 3 2 . 7 0 1 3 7 . 8 8 1 3 6 . 8 3 1 3 5 . 5 0 1 3 2 . 5 0 1 3 7 . 5 0 1 3 5 . 5 0 1 3 0 . 0 0 1 2 8 . 2 5 1 3 5 . 6 7 1 3 7 . 6 3 1 3 9 . 5 0 1 3 9 . 1 7 1 3 5 . 0 0 1 3 4 . 3 3 1 3 0 . 2 5 1 3 3 . 5 0 1 3 5 . 8 3 1 3 2 . 2 5 1 3 8 . 3 3 4 4 8 4 8 9 5 2 5 5 4 0 5 0 4 5 3 3 5 4 0 4 0 9 4 5 5 5 0 4 5 2 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 2 5 4 8 9 5 2 5 5 1 1 4 9 7 5 2 5 5 1 8 2 . 1 3 2 . 7 5 3 . 3 8 1 . 1 4 4 . 3 3 1 . 1 1 2 . 3 3 1 . 1 1 2 . 5 0 2 . 7 8 2 . 0 8 4 . 0 0 1 . 5 6 1 . 7 8 1 . 4 4 1 . 6 4 2 . 3 3 2 . 4 4 1 . 6 7 1 . 6 7 0 . 0 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 1 . 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 6 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 3 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 3 3 0 . 3 3 0 . 6 7 0 . 0 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 6 7 2 3 7 e a c a n e s x w o c w m m < d e r e t e k r t y a o t r t p a D n e M I R n e i 5 5 1 0 6 1 2 9 8 9 7 6 0 4 8 d e ) 9 9 2 7 7 3 6 7 7 9 3 2 1 1 6 u . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . % r o 6 6 7 7 8 1 0 0 8 7 7 7 9 5 7 ( C r 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 P ) g k 8 1 1 1 2 2 8 9 0 0 4 3 3 7 4 a / 2 8 9 6 1 7 7 0 5 7 0 6 2 8 3 N O I T A M R O F N I N O I 4 T L 6 5 7 l 6 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 5 7 6 6 1 A a E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e l - b a A H ( T T d A e x D t s n e i a i k s 7 5 ) 8 8 3 4 0 1 5 5 8 0 3 8 5 d C m e a e 5 5 9 2 3 9 5 4 3 9 8 2 9 2 4 5 n I i c t t 1 2 5 2 3 - 3 2 2 1 ( e T t x o n - 2 1 - - p E N s E r I p N O E P A E I G T O R A N H 5 0 5 9 1 1 9 7 8 8 6 2 2 5 8 2 1 1 5 1 2 5 5 6 0 5 0 4 7 1 S U 1 2 0 2 9 2 4 3 9 7 2 8 1 3 3 U T 1 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 O R R A A P P E I R M P d ) L I R P e y e s E t N s g k 6 6 2 6 1 7 4 1 0 2 8 7 5 3 3 r e r a 0 3 1 8 5 9 7 7 9 7 3 7 1 9 5 o c e t l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p x n a n 9 7 1 7 5 6 5 3 1 4 4 5 5 6 3 e 2 2 1 E E I c 2 1 2 R H ( H e r d G r o u p P O S T P A R T U H R A T I O N R e p o r t e d E x c e s s P r o t e i n I n t a k e ( 9 ) A c i d D e t e r g e n t F i b e r ( % ) ( k 9 ) H N M V ' I D ‘ D F Q O ‘ V N M N M H V Q ' fl H H N V I - ‘ V 2 1 . 8 6 2 1 . 6 9 2 3 . 7 2 2 0 . 6 8 1 3 . 2 3 1 5 . 9 4 1 9 . 8 2 1 7 . 5 6 2 0 . 8 8 1 9 . 9 4 2 3 . 6 0 1 9 . 6 2 1 9 . 7 9 1 8 . 9 5 1 8 . 5 1 2 1 . 9 8 2 2 . 0 5 1 7 . 3 7 2 6 . 4 9 2 6 . 1 3 2 7 . 4 0 2 4 . 6 7 2 4 . 6 5 2 1 . 3 6 2 4 . 1 5 2 0 . 8 3 2 3 . 1 6 2 0 . 1 3 2 6 . 1 2 2 4 . 3 1 2 3 8 U m s c fi u c o o I v a C H Q Q B X « U C Q Q Q < d e r e 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 6 2 4 9 4 2 8 3 t e k 5 9 1 5 0 8 2 2 2 7 8 9 1 9 4 ) r t y 9 . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . o t 4 1 1 7 5 7 7 2 r 6 0 4 t 4 0 9 9 k p a D n 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 ( e M I R n e i N d e O u t I r o T C r A P R N M O U t n I T e r 2 8 8 7 0 6 8 9 6 6 2 2 0 2 3 T R d g e 1 5 8 3 6 3 1 8 7 1 5 3 8 8 1 A A i r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N P c e i 7 7 5 9 1 6 7 1 8 7 8 7 7 9 9 R O E T 1 1 1 1 1 1 A t F 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S e O D d N P e I u n N i O t I n T o A c R - - 4 A L E N 1 T d A e e D t s n e l a i k s 5 0 4 1 0 7 9 7 7 1 7 3 7 4 1 b C m e a e 4 8 7 9 2 3 5 7 1 2 3 0 2 6 8 a I i t t 1 2 1 c 2 3 1 4 1 1 2 ~ - 3 T T t o n x - - - - E s r I N E x N E P O i E I d G T n A d e O R e n s e p N t i k s ) 0 0 5 1 6 5 0 9 5 2 6 0 3 2 4 p 9 M r e e a 8 3 2 6 7 6 9 6 3 8 4 3 0 8 5 A S U o c t t 5 2 9 1 5 8 2 2 7 2 5 8 9 4 1 ( U o p x - 1 1 1 1 1 T n 1 1 O e E r R I R A P R A P P E I R M P d I R P e y s e t g k s 3 1 7 8 7 7 0 5 2 1 5 0 8 8 1 r e r a 3 3 4 1 4 3 5 5 7 6 7 6 8 1 8 o c e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p 4 1 x 5 n 3 n 8 5 5 8 0 4 3 3 9 6 5 e E E 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 R p u o r G d r 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 e 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 H ( H c a l N E L ) ( 9 ) ( H e a l / k g ) ( 1 ‘ ) ( ‘ 5 ) V M N H N H H N F ‘ M M G H M Q ‘ 1 . 6 8 8 1 . 7 9 6 1 . 7 1 9 1 . 6 2 9 1 . 7 7 3 1 . 4 6 0 1 . 7 2 0 1 . 6 6 9 1 . 5 8 5 1 . 7 2 5 1 . 6 5 8 1 . 6 3 3 1 . 5 9 7 1 . 6 5 2 1 . 6 8 2 1 8 . 9 3 1 8 . 3 8 1 7 . 6 8 1 4 . 7 8 1 6 . 4 3 1 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 2 1 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 3 7 1 5 . 7 0 1 5 . 2 4 1 7 . 0 9 1 2 . 7 8 1 9 . 7 3 1 8 . 9 2 2 3 9 U m z n q v c o o I V H O H D C B X q fi c o m fi < I L 5 0 0 6 3 3 7 8 6 8 0 9 7 6 9 5 1 1 1 1 4 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9 9 2 1 0 6 5 3 7 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 8 1 5 1 0 6 4 8 3 7 3 5 6 2 1 6 3 8 6 2 7 6 5 6 4 6 6 6 7 5 6 6 4 N O I T A R N N O U I T T R A A M P R T O S F O d N P e I u n N i O t I n T o A . . . . . . . . . . . c N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 4 A 1 T A e D l b C a I T T E N x N O i E I d G T n A e O R n p N 2 7 9 9 7 2 8 1 1 8 1 o p N 0 1 3 0 6 8 1 2 5 5 3 i A B U 7 8 6 3 6 4 3 2 1 4 1 t U T ~ 1 - 1 1 2 a O R R A A P E E I R N P I R P t c a l r o f y e g r e n e t e N - L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 E 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 N a R e p o r t e d E x c e s s R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R e p o r t e d E x c e s s E x c e s s A c i d D r y E n e r g y P r o t e i n P r o t e i n D e t e r g e n t C r u d e H a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e I n t a k e N E L F i b e r P r o t e i n I n t a k e H e r d G r o u p ( H c a l N E L ) ( g ) ( g ) ( H e a l / k g ) ( t ) ( t ) ( k g ) H Q ‘ N N V ’ V N H N M H 5 . 3 2 1 . 9 8 8 . 9 3 6 . 0 7 2 . 0 8 4 . 0 4 3 . 5 3 4 . 9 9 1 3 . 7 2 3 . 6 0 1 8 . 0 4 1 3 0 - 5 0 9 - 2 1 4 9 6 - 4 7 1 2 0 0 2 6 7 5 0 7 - 8 7 8 6 1 5 5 2 3 . 0 8 1 7 . 1 9 2 1 . 6 0 2 3 . 8 4 2 0 . 8 0 2 1 . 6 7 1 8 . 5 1 1 9 . 0 9 1 6 . 5 3 1 8 . 9 6 2 3 . 2 4 1 3 . 8 5 1 5 . 9 6 1 6 . 0 0 1 7 . 6 1 1 6 . 1 9 1 6 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 1 1 7 . 7 5 1 6 . 6 7 1 6 . 7 9 1 6 . 3 7 2 4 0 2 4 1 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 5 P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M N A T I O N A M O U N T S A N D I N T A N E G R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r H a t t e r A s F e d M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( R e ) ( ’ 1 5 ) ( k 9 ) ( 1 ( 9 ) 1 1 6 . 4 5 9 1 . 1 8 1 5 . 0 0 8 . 3 2 2 3 2 . 7 1 5 9 . 3 3 1 9 . 4 1 6 . 8 0 3 2 8 . 3 5 5 1 . 6 1 1 4 . 6 3 9 . 0 8 4 3 5 . 8 3 7 3 . 6 3 2 6 . 3 8 8 . 2 6 5 2 6 . 2 3 4 4 . 2 8 1 1 . 6 2 6 . 9 2 6 3 3 . 0 2 4 8 . 1 9 1 5 . 9 1 6 . 4 3 7 2 0 . 8 2 5 4 . 0 0 1 1 . 2 4 7 . 1 2 8 4 0 . 2 6 5 2 . 2 8 2 1 . 0 5 6 . 7 9 9 1 9 . 8 0 4 7 . 7 2 9 . 4 5 6 . 7 1 1 0 1 8 . 1 4 5 4 . 6 2 9 . 9 1 7 . 2 7 1 1 1 7 . 3 0 5 9 . 0 0 1 0 . 2 1 8 . 8 6 1 2 2 7 . 2 2 5 8 . 9 3 1 6 . 0 4 6 . 2 7 1 3 1 9 . 5 0 5 6 . 3 4 1 0 . 9 9 7 . 4 0 1 4 3 3 . 6 9 6 7 . 4 7 2 2 . 7 3 7 . 4 9 1 5 2 1 . 1 1 4 8 . 7 0 1 0 . 2 8 6 . 5 1 1 6 2 2 . 6 3 6 5 . 3 4 1 4 . 7 9 7 . 0 4 1 7 2 0 . 5 6 4 9 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 9 6 . 6 6 1 8 3 7 . 6 2 4 6 . 6 1 1 7 . 5 3 7 . 8 9 1 9 3 5 . 8 0 5 3 . 9 4 1 9 . 3 1 7 . 5 0 2 0 3 3 . 8 5 4 7 . 4 3 1 6 . 0 5 6 . 6 9 2 1 1 8 . 6 9 6 6 . 0 0 1 2 . 3 3 8 . 3 0 2 3 1 9 . 9 6 7 3 . 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 8 . 0 0 2 4 1 5 . 4 2 6 7 . 0 7 1 0 . 3 4 9 . 0 9 2 5 2 8 . 1 2 4 9 . 6 1 1 3 . 9 5 7 . 2 2 2 4 2 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 5 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P N E P A N T U M N A T I O N A M O U N T S A N D I N T A E E B R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r M a t t e r A s F e d H a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k 9 ) ( % ) ( k 9 ) ( k g ) 2 6 1 9 . 6 4 6 5 . 6 0 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 1 7 2 7 2 7 . 9 4 5 6 . 4 0 1 5 . 7 6 7 . 0 5 2 8 1 5 . 8 8 6 8 . 4 8 1 0 . 8 7 8 . 2 3 2 9 2 7 . 2 2 5 3 . 6 4 1 4 . 6 0 7 . 9 0 3 0 3 4 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 9 6 . 4 1 3 1 1 6 . 7 8 6 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 3 0 6 . 5 7 3 2 1 8 . 1 4 6 5 . 0 0 1 1 . 7 9 7 . 9 6 3 3 1 9 . 7 5 4 4 . 2 4 8 . 7 4 7 . 4 4 3 4 2 7 . 3 7 4 9 . 0 0 1 3 . 4 1 7 . 7 5 3 5 3 1 . 7 5 4 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 2 0 8 . 6 5 3 6 2 0 . 1 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 9 8 . 5 3 3 7 1 4 . 5 2 8 6 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 4 9 . 1 3 3 8 1 3 . 6 1 7 2 . 0 0 9 . 8 0 7 . 4 8 3 9 1 4 . 0 6 8 3 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 9 8 . 0 9 4 1 2 8 . 1 2 5 4 . 6 6 1 5 . 3 7 6 . 8 2 4 2 2 5 . 8 6 4 2 . 6 4 1 1 . 0 2 8 . 3 8 4 4 4 2 . 1 8 4 9 . 1 1 2 0 . 7 1 7 . 9 7 2 4 3 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 6 P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A E E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( H c a l N E L a ) ( H e a l N E L ) ( M c a l N E L ) 1 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 2 0 . 3 6 9 . 0 6 2 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 3 2 . 8 9 2 1 . 3 6 3 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 8 . 7 7 7 . 1 2 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 3 9 . 1 0 2 6 . 8 6 5 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 8 . 5 7 7 . 5 1 6 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 2 6 . 8 0 1 5 . 9 7 7 1 7 7 4 3 5 9 . 9 1 1 5 . 6 4 5 . 7 4 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 3 6 . 4 7 2 4 . 7 1 9 1 8 2 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 4 . 9 2 4 . 3 2 1 0 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 4 . 9 3 3 . 9 8 1 1 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 1 2 . 8 8 1 . 7 0 1 2 1 7 9 4 4 8 1 0 . 1 3 2 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 7 7 1 3 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 5 . 7 3 5 . 1 3 1 4 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 3 5 . 7 2 2 3 . 9 5 1 5 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 1 7 . 8 2 6 . 5 3 1 6 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 2 5 . 4 5 1 3 . 3 3 1 7 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 6 . 0 7 5 . 4 7 1 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 2 6 . 1 4 1 4 . 3 8 1 9 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 2 9 . 7 0 1 8 . 1 7 2 0 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 6 . 5 4 1 5 . 4 7 2 1 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 6 . 2 6 5 . 3 1 2 3 1 7 9 4 4 8 1 0 . 1 3 1 8 . 6 5 8 . 5 2 2 4 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 2 . 3 2 1 . 5 0 2 5 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 6 5 2 4 4 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 6 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A X E S . R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( H c a l N E L ) ( M e a l N E L ) ( H c a l N E L ) 2 6 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 6 . 3 6 4 . 7 1 2 7 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 3 . 6 5 2 8 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 5 . 2 3 3 . 7 0 2 9 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 2 1 . 5 3 9 . 8 8 3 0 1 7 3 4 0 9 9 . 4 6 1 5 . 6 4 6 . 1 8 3 1 1 8 0 4 5 5 1 0 . 2 5 1 6 . 0 6 5 . 8 1 3 2 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 6 . 3 8 5 . 3 2 3 3 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 3 . 3 9 1 . 9 8 3 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 1 . 1 7 8 . 9 3 3 5 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 7 . 6 0 6 . 0 7 3 6 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 3 . 4 9 2 . 0 8 3 7 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 4 . 8 6 4 . 0 4 3 8 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 5 3 3 9 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 1 6 . 1 6 4 . 9 9 4 1 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 2 4 . 6 6 1 3 . 7 2 4 2 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 5 . 0 1 3 . 6 0 4 4 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 2 9 . 3 3 1 8 . 0 4 a N E L = N e t e n e r g y f o r l a c t a t i o n 2 4 5 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 7 P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U N P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A X E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) 1 1 0 8 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 5 2 1 2 3 9 1 5 7 2 1 1 0 5 3 3 1 1 2 2 0 5 1 1 6 0 5 5 3 1 1 1 7 2 1 6 9 1 0 5 1 1 3 4 6 2 2 8 4 1 1 7 3 5 4 6 4 4 2 9 1 1 7 1 1 5 3 8 5 1 0 5 9 2 2 7 0 1 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 9 3 6 1 0 3 7 1 9 4 9 9 1 2 7 8 8 - 2 5 0 7 9 4 9 1 4 2 9 4 8 0 9 0 5 - 4 4 8 1 1 2 8 4 5 2 3 3 3 9 5 1 4 5 9 3 3 1 9 1 0 1 5 1 9 8 6 9 7 0 1 4 1 0 3 9 5 1 0 1 0 5 0 1 8 3 4 7 8 5 1 3 4 6 2 9 5 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 3 3 4 2 6 5 1 1 5 8 8 8 1 2 9 7 1 2 7 9 7 1 8 2 6 1 0 9 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 0 1 5 1 1 3 8 1 2 4 7 6 7 - 2 4 8 1 4 1 1 2 8 3 4 8 5 2 3 5 7 1 1 4 8 2 0 1 5 1 0 8 2 1 4 6 3 3 8 1 9 2 6 - 1 5 5 1 6 1 1 6 0 2 7 4 0 1 5 8 0 1 3 0 5 1 4 5 1 7 1 0 1 5 7 8 5 - 2 3 0 5 1 8 - 4 9 7 1 8 1 1 2 8 2 6 9 3 1 5 6 5 1 2 1 2 8 4 1 9 1 1 0 5 3 0 2 6 1 9 2 1 1 1 7 5 7 0 2 0 1 0 5 9 2 2 3 5 1 1 7 6 9 3 1 - 1 2 7 2 1 1 0 5 0 1 9 1 6 8 6 5 1 2 8 9 2 3 9 2 3 9 7 1 2 2 6 1 1 2 9 0 1 2 2 8 2 5 7 2 4 1 0 3 7 1 3 0 6 2 6 9 1 1 4 8 1 1 1 2 5 2 1 0 2 1 7 3 5 1 0 8 8 3 7 0 1 0 9 3 2 4 6 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 1 7 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A E E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) 2 6 1 1 1 7 1 3 9 9 2 8 2 9 9 6 - 1 2 1 2 7 1 0 5 9 1 9 0 2 8 4 3 8 5 1 - 2 0 7 2 8 1 1 0 5 1 6 3 7 5 3 2 1 2 3 9 1 3 4 2 9 1 1 1 7 2 0 2 3 9 0 6 1 0 9 5 - 2 3 3 0 9 0 5 1 3 8 5 4 8 0 8 3 8 - 6 7 3 1 9 8 1 2 1 3 6 1 1 5 4 1 3 6 2 3 8 1 3 2 1 0 5 9 1 7 5 8 7 0 2 1 1 8 7 1 3 0 3 3 1 0 9 3 6 8 6 - 4 0 7 5 8 4 - 5 0 9 3 4 1 1 7 3 1 9 9 3 8 1 9 1 1 5 2 - 2 1 3 5 1 1 0 5 2 4 4 4 1 3 3 9 1 6 0 1 4 9 6 3 6 1 0 9 3 7 3 6 - 3 5 7 6 2 2 - 4 7 1 3 7 1 0 3 7 1 6 9 9 6 6 2 1 2 3 7 2 0 0 3 8 1 0 9 3 1 7 8 1 6 8 8 1 3 6 0 2 6 7 3 9 1 0 7 0 2 2 8 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 7 8 5 0 7 4 1 1 0 5 0 2 1 7 1 1 1 2 1 9 6 3 - 8 7 4 2 1 0 9 3 1 5 5 1 4 5 8 1 1 7 9 8 6 4 4 1 0 8 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 6 1 5 5 t n e 8 9 8 3 7 4 9 1 2 2 2 9 0 0 2 9 3 1 5 5 0 6 3 3 d g 9 9 9 0 7 6 3 3 8 1 3 6 9 5 7 0 7 5 5 0 6 6 7 8 i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c e 0 8 5 7 5 3 1 6 2 5 3 8 3 3 7 6 0 6 2 4 4 2 5 7 A t 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 e D t l n a e r r g e ) t r b % u e i ( e t F N e D S e 9 1 6 5 1 1 1 6 2 4 9 7 6 4 3 3 3 8 5 7 2 3 3 7 N d ) 4 3 2 5 7 3 3 6 0 9 6 5 8 0 7 5 8 5 7 2 4 0 0 3 O % u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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R T 5 6 T 7 8 7 5 6 2 7 5 7 6 5 3 4 4 2 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 P R A P t E c R P a 9 8 2 7 5 3 2 6 1 4 7 4 8 7 3 8 4 4 7 5 8 0 7 7 5 6 1 8 0 7 8 9 3 9 9 9 6 3 8 9 4 8 5 3 8 0 0 7 r 7 5 5 3 2 0 8 0 0 9 3 9 0 9 6 4 7 6 2 1 6 9 1 6 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 1 4 4 5 5 3 4 2 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 E 4 7 7 7 7 9 4 5 3 0 3 4 4 0 3 7 7 6 1 7 6 8 4 7 4 5 0 3 7 8 5 9 3 1 7 8 4 7 4 0 5 8 3 9 4 0 7 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 8 3 9 3 4 6 8 7 2 1 1 2 7 4 8 2 1 7 8 7 8 8 8 7 8 8 7 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 8 d r e H I v ' r n a ( % ) E t h e r ( % ) ( % ) T D N b ( % ) N E L C ( M e a l / k g ) P r o t e i n F i b e r ( % ) H N N Q ’ M U I ‘ Q O 1 . 3 5 7 1 . 6 9 5 1 . 2 8 3 1 . 4 8 2 1 . 5 9 9 1 . 6 8 4 1 . 3 9 1 1 . 7 3 3 1 . 5 7 9 1 . 5 0 6 1 . 2 6 1 1 . 6 1 5 1 . 4 3 1 1 . 5 7 1 1 . 7 3 4 1 . 7 2 1 1 . 5 9 2 1 . 4 9 1 1 . 5 3 8 1 . 6 5 3 1 . 3 1 8 1 . 2 6 6 1 . 1 9 1 1 . 5 1 9 5 4 . 2 2 3 3 . 7 5 5 4 . 8 6 4 5 . 1 4 4 1 . 3 7 4 4 . 0 9 6 1 . 5 5 2 9 . 0 4 3 7 . 2 0 4 2 . 9 6 6 4 . 5 8 3 8 . 8 2 6 0 . 2 9 3 8 . 9 1 3 5 . 1 9 2 8 . 8 4 4 3 . 9 1 4 2 . 0 0 3 8 . 8 3 2 5 . 5 2 5 2 . 2 9 4 9 . 3 1 5 7 . 0 1 4 5 . 1 0 2 4 7 t n e r 4 2 9 9 2 4 7 7 7 8 4 5 5 1 1 5 5 d g e ) 9 7 0 8 9 9 9 3 2 1 5 7 2 8 8 7 0 i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . ‘ 1 ( c e i 1 5 2 0 2 3 9 3 3 6 1 9 0 7 3 8 7 A t F 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 e D t l n a e r r g ) e t r b ’ 3 u e i ( e t F N e D B i e n N e ) d O u t T r o d I C r e A P B u T O n A P i D N t O : 1 ( ) 9 k n C C L / o I E l c a T T N E N - N E E I 8 G R 1 T e M ( O U N ) 7 0 9 1 1 5 5 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 3 4 7 2 9 1 0 6 4 7 5 6 8 6 1 8 9 1 8 9 e N N % D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l T 8 1 7 9 9 6 8 2 5 5 9 3 7 1 0 0 2 ( b N B 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 5 6 7 6 6 a O U T I O R T x A A i P N l y d I a h ) 8 0 4 9 7 9 7 1 3 9 1 4 7 8 5 t 8 2 s n N N % t s 2 0 7 7 1 8 9 1 4 2 0 4 4 4 0 0 9 i t e I U o A . . . . . . . . . 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c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A P R E P A R T U M R A T I O N A M O U N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r M a t t e r A s F e d M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k g ) ( ’ 3 ) 0 6 9 ) ( 1 ( 9 ) 2 6 1 9 . 6 4 6 5 . 6 0 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 1 7 2 7 2 7 . 9 4 5 6 . 4 0 1 5 . 7 6 7 . 0 5 2 8 1 5 . 8 8 6 8 . 4 8 1 0 . 8 7 8 . 3 1 2 9 2 7 . 2 2 5 3 . 6 4 1 4 . 6 0 8 . 3 0 3 0 3 4 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 9 6 . 5 6 3 1 1 6 . 7 8 6 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 3 0 6 . 7 2 3 2 1 8 . 1 4 6 5 . 0 0 1 1 . 7 9 7 . 7 1 3 3 1 9 . 7 5 4 4 . 2 4 8 . 7 4 7 . 9 1 3 4 2 7 . 3 7 4 9 . 0 0 1 3 . 4 1 7 . 7 5 3 5 3 1 . 7 5 4 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 2 0 8 . 6 5 3 6 2 0 . 1 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 9 8 . 5 3 3 8 1 3 . 6 1 7 2 . 0 0 9 . 8 0 7 . 4 8 3 9 1 4 . 0 6 8 3 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 9 7 . 6 7 4 0 8 . 6 2 8 6 . 7 6 7 . 4 8 7 . 7 3 4 1 2 8 . 1 2 5 4 . 6 6 1 5 . 3 7 6 . 8 2 4 2 2 5 . 8 6 4 2 . 6 4 1 1 . 0 2 8 . 2 9 4 4 4 2 . 1 8 4 9 . 1 1 2 0 . 7 1 7 . 9 7 2 5 8 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 3 P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A N E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( M c a l N E L a ) ( M c a l N E L ) ( H c a l N E L ) 1 1 8 4 4 8 3 1 0 . 7 1 2 0 . 3 6 9 . 6 5 2 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 3 2 . 8 9 2 1 . 3 6 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 3 9 . 1 0 2 6 . 8 6 5 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 8 . 5 7 7 . 5 1 6 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 2 6 . 8 0 1 5 . 9 7 7 1 7 7 4 3 5 9 . 9 1 1 5 . 6 4 5 . 7 4 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 3 6 . 4 7 2 4 . 7 1 9 1 8 2 4 6 9 1 0 . 4 7 1 4 . 9 2 4 . 4 5 l o 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 1 4 . 9 3 3 . 8 6 1 1 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 1 2 . 8 8 1 . 7 0 1 2 1 7 9 4 4 8 1 0 . 1 3 2 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 7 7 1 3 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 5 . 7 3 5 . 1 3 1 4 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 3 5 . 7 2 2 4 . 0 7 1 5 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 1 7 . 8 2 6 . 5 3 1 6 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 2 5 . 4 5 1 3 . 3 3 1 8 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 6 . 1 4 1 4 . 2 5 2 0 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 6 . 5 4 1 5 . 4 7 2 1 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 6 . 2 6 5 . 3 1 2 2 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 1 3 . 5 1 2 . 3 4 2 3 1 7 7 4 3 5 9 . 9 1 1 8 . 6 5 8 . 7 5 2 4 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 2 . 3 2 1 . 5 0 2 5 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 5 3 2 5 9 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 3 - c o n t i n u e d P R I M I P A R O U S N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( H c a l N E L ) ( H c a l H E L ) ( H c a l H E L ) 2 6 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 6 . 3 6 4 . 7 1 2 7 1 8 7 5 0 4 1 1 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 3 . 6 5 2 8 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 5 . 2 3 3 . 5 9 2 9 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 1 . 5 3 9 . 2 9 3 0 1 7 5 4 2 2 9 . 6 8 1 5 . 6 4 5 . 9 6 3 1 1 8 2 4 6 9 1 0 . 4 7 1 6 . 0 6 5 . 5 9 3 2 1 8 4 4 8 3 1 0 . 7 1 1 6 . 3 8 5 . 6 7 3 3 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 3 . 3 9 1 . 2 7 3 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 1 . 1 7 8 . 9 3 3 5 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 7 . 6 0 6 . 0 7 3 6 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 3 . 4 9 2 . 0 8 3 8 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 5 3 3 9 1 8 3 4 7 6 1 0 . 6 0 1 6 . 1 6 5 . 5 7 4 0 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 1 . 1 5 - 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I V t r ( 5 2 6 3 6 3 4 7 4 6 5 1 5 2 7 5 5 9 6 0 A a 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 i 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 P e n T g i S i D D P r 4 2 3 9 9 e 7 9 8 8 9 7 6 0 8 7 3 4 0 5 1 e ) k 1 1 7 8 8 2 9 1 0 8 0 8 4 6 2 8 0 4 7 2 y o t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n o i t a t r t t t 3 0 2 6 8 2 0 1 2 8 9 7 c 6 7 9 7 1 1 3 3 D e 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 n ( 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 a W i l r n 7 r 6 6 1 1 1 3 0 8 7 0 9 5 0 o 4 0 6 9 3 4 o 4 e ) 5 9 4 4 5 f 7 8 9 2 0 4 3 0 7 5 1 6 4 4 i y . 8 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r 3 t 3 5 7 7 4 8 5 ( 1 0 4 2 0 7 6 4 7 9 6 3 y a 5 5 D a 6 6 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 g R l n d o e ) i o F t t a a ( R A d r a H 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 4 L 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 E I . r e n e t e l - 4 3 . 3 8 3 8 . 6 7 3 5 . 8 8 4 2 . 9 2 4 7 . 8 5 3 0 . 1 6 5 0 . 2 6 6 5 . 6 6 3 3 . 5 7 3 2 . 9 0 3 7 . 7 8 3 4 . 0 2 3 7 . 8 3 5 3 . 7 5 4 7 . 7 3 3 5 . 9 8 3 1 . 7 5 3 3 . 3 1 3 1 . 0 7 4 4 . 2 7 6 . 8 7 6 . 4 1 6 . 4 8 4 . 5 8 7 . 1 2 6 . 0 5 4 . 6 1 7 . 1 5 5 . 6 8 4 . 1 8 6 . 3 7 6 . 8 3 5 . 4 5 5 . 3 7 6 . 2 7 6 . 9 6 5 . 6 8 6 . 0 0 4 . 8 9 7 . 0 6 1 . 6 1 2 1 . 6 1 5 1 . 6 7 5 1 . 5 9 7 1 . 6 8 6 1 . 5 6 0 1 . 6 2 5 1 . 6 2 6 1 . 6 1 3 1 . 7 0 0 1 . 6 4 6 1 . 4 9 3 1 . 6 6 1 1 . 6 0 3 1 . 6 6 8 1 . 5 8 6 1 . 6 1 2 1 . 7 0 0 1 . 7 1 8 1 . 4 7 8 1 9 . 6 0 1 9 . 8 3 1 8 . 6 0 2 0 . 2 4 1 7 . 5 4 1 9 . 4 4 2 0 . 0 8 1 7 . 4 4 2 1 . 5 5 1 6 . 2 8 2 1 . 4 7 2 3 . 4 7 1 9 . 4 6 2 2 . 7 9 1 8 . 7 4 2 1 . 0 7 1 9 . 1 5 1 5 . 3 5 1 9 . 3 8 2 2 . 3 8 2 1 5 4 K N 8 . 0 8 5 . ‘ — U C O Q C ( t n e r d e g i r b c e i A t F e D t l n a e r 5 4 5 7 9 3 0 0 9 9 8 0 4 0 5 8 8 7 0 6 8 7 5 r g e 5 1 6 6 8 8 1 0 3 6 9 0 4 7 8 3 2 1 8 1 9 9 7 t r . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u e i 8 1 4 3 3 6 7 8 4 3 7 4 7 1 3 4 0 0 0 9 8 7 5 e t 3 4 4 3 3 F 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 I e D n e i d e 4 8 0 7 6 6 6 8 3 7 6 3 5 1 7 0 6 4 3 2 2 8 1 u t 0 8 1 2 6 1 8 5 0 8 0 5 3 8 9 9 7 1 3 9 1 1 5 r o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O H T T C r 6 8 6 7 7 7 7 1 0 0 8 7 9 4 7 8 8 6 5 6 8 3 5 I P 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S I V - S E N R . L O I T I S O P e l a A N b t 4 3 5 4 8 0 7 7 6 6 7 7 9 9 6 3 3 0 4 3 4 5 1 T O 8 3 1 8 7 0 2 2 6 4 8 0 6 9 1 2 6 1 l 1 i n ) 2 0 8 2 A C 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a t e . D 4 0 9 1 7 5 1 1 1 6 4 5 7 4 9 9 6 9 8 3 4 4 t a i 8 ( T o e r 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 L N g T t L E i u A I I D R S T U U O N l 1 3 5 5 5 4 0 8 0 8 0 8 6 7 1 8 8 7 2 7 5 0 4 a h 9 0 0 6 4 4 3 9 4 4 0 5 1 3 5 1 5 8 9 9 1 1 2 R t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A D o A 4 6 6 7 7 7 4 2 6 6 5 5 5 2 8 6 6 5 5 7 6 6 4 P N T I A N I S R E P K A I N I N t 2 6 4 7 7 9 8 7 5 4 4 2 8 7 5 3 6 8 9 1 1 1 1 r c 4 4 6 9 9 3 9 3 0 9 0 1 6 6 3 4 1 8 4 2 6 5 9 e a 5 2 5 4 4 7 1 5 4 3 9 1 8 2 2 8 4 3 6 4 8 9 9 h r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t t 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 7 E x E O y I t T i A o i R r i t e b N i i u U t V r T a T I e n A g i P i T D S O P r e 8 6 9 3 3 2 0 4 2 5 9 6 8 6 5 2 6 8 6 8 9 4 3 e ) k 5 7 0 9 5 1 3 4 0 9 5 1 8 1 9 5 4 2 6 9 8 2 5 y D t . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . r t 3 2 7 5 5 4 5 1 3 0 3 t R 4 0 4 1 5 1 3 4 2 0 9 D a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 n ( 1 8 1 H i n o r 3 8 3 8 9 7 6 7 9 3 0 0 5 4 4 4 0 7 2 6 7 3 5 e 6 5 4 7 7 0 0 ) 6 8 2 1 4 8 8 9 9 2 9 3 0 7 5 8 i y 3 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 0 r t 3 0 5 7 5 2 6 1 0 6 ( 3 7 0 6 6 8 3 7 4 8 1 5 a 7 D a 6 5 5 5 5 7 6 6 5 6 5 5 6 4 5 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 R l n d o e ) i 9 F t l a a ( R A d r e H A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 7 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( l c a l / k g ) ( X ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) P N M Q m ‘ N ‘ O 3 3 . 3 8 3 5 . 4 3 2 9 . 2 7 3 9 . 9 2 4 0 . 0 2 4 5 . 9 5 3 8 . 0 0 4 4 . 7 9 4 1 . 1 1 3 4 . 2 4 3 6 . 5 1 3 6 . 4 9 4 4 . 5 0 4 1 . 7 3 4 3 . 7 4 3 8 . 1 0 3 6 . 4 7 4 3 . 1 5 4 3 . 3 4 3 8 . 2 2 4 3 . 7 5 3 3 . 8 0 3 0 . 0 5 8 6 . 9 7 8 1 . 7 3 8 3 . 5 8 8 6 . 2 1 8 9 . 6 2 8 8 . 3 9 8 3 . 7 2 8 9 . 4 5 8 5 . 2 2 8 5 . 3 5 7 9 . 6 2 8 5 . 0 2 8 6 . 1 3 8 7 . 7 4 8 2 . 7 0 8 6 . 9 1 8 9 . 4 0 8 9 . 3 6 8 7 . 1 0 9 2 . 9 1 7 7 . 9 8 8 5 . 7 5 8 6 . 5 7 1 . 7 1 3 1 . 5 4 9 1 . 6 0 3 1 . 6 2 6 1 . 8 1 9 1 . 7 7 1 1 . 5 8 7 1 . 7 3 8 1 . 6 3 6 1 . 6 4 3 1 . 5 1 5 1 . 6 2 9 1 . 7 1 3 1 . 7 4 6 1 . 5 7 2 1 . 7 2 5 1 . 8 1 7 1 . 7 7 1 1 . 7 1 0 1 . 7 9 7 1 . 4 4 9 1 . 6 9 0 1 . 6 9 9 1 9 . 8 4 2 3 . 3 1 2 3 . 3 2 2 0 . 2 6 1 2 . 8 8 1 9 . 2 0 2 0 . 7 2 1 6 . 6 6 2 1 . 0 0 2 1 . 5 5 2 6 . 6 0 1 9 . 3 6 1 9 . 6 3 1 6 . 7 2 1 9 . 7 6 1 6 . 7 2 1 5 . 5 1 1 4 . 7 4 1 7 . 2 5 1 0 . 0 3 2 8 . 8 7 1 8 . 5 2 1 8 . 0 0 2 ( 5 5 t n e r 0 8 3 2 0 7 8 7 8 6 5 4 5 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 d e g ) 4 7 0 7 7 3 3 9 7 5 6 1 2 9 2 3 8 1 5 4 i r b 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c e 2 0 2 2 2 2 5 1 3 i 6 8 6 7 7 ( 8 9 5 8 4 8 A t 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e D t l n a e r r ) g e t r b A u e i ( e t F N e D n e i d e ) 8 9 7 8 7 8 0 0 2 4 6 2 3 7 9 4 5 4 5 1 u t 3 2 0 0 9 6 5 3 7 9 3 1 4 6 6 0 8 0 5 6 5 r o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( O H T T C r 8 4 7 4 6 2 8 3 5 6 6 5 7 6 6 7 6 6 8 4 I P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S I V - ) g k L / S E l N R a O e I N T ( d I e S u O e n P i A N l e b t t T O l i n ) n C A a t e 3 o D ( t i a c - T o e r l N T g t l E i u A I D I 7 R 2 S T U U e N O l R l 4 3 6 6 6 3 3 6 9 2 3 0 4 3 2 7 1 1 1 1 a h ) 3 4 1 6 9 5 5 2 0 3 2 5 4 9 0 8 2 7 6 0 t e . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . b A ( D 6 3 5 5 5 5 6 4 4 8 o A 7 5 7 7 7 6 5 5 5 7 a P T N T I A N x S I i E A t r c d P K e a ) n A h r I e T ( t t p N E x p E I A N O y I t T i A o l N r i N i u i 3 U V r t ( t e b ) T T a R n e A i g P . i T D S O P r e e ) k y t g a r t t k D a n ( H i n o i t a t c a l n r 3 5 2 9 9 4 0 6 1 1 1 1 5 5 2 6 9 4 5 2 r o e ) 8 7 2 5 6 2 1 6 3 9 5 0 0 6 9 3 8 7 7 8 o i y 3 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . . . . . t r t 7 4 ( 2 3 3 3 8 5 5 0 8 8 4 7 4 5 4 9 3 6 a D a 6 6 5 5 4 6 5 5 5 5 4 8 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 R l n d o e ) i ! F t I a a ( R A d 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 4 5 6 7 2 3 8 9 0 1 2 4 r 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 e N y g r e n e t e l - L E I ' 4 3 . 3 8 3 8 . 6 7 3 4 . 2 4 4 2 . 3 2 4 7 . 8 5 3 0 . 1 6 5 0 . 2 6 3 2 . 2 1 3 3 . 5 7 4 4 . 7 3 3 8 . 2 3 2 1 . 7 7 3 7 . 8 3 4 2 . 5 2 3 4 . 3 7 3 5 . 9 8 3 1 . 7 5 3 3 . 3 1 3 1 . 0 7 4 4 . 2 7 2 5 . 0 9 2 1 . 1 7 2 1 . 2 7 2 6 . 7 6 2 7 . 9 0 1 6 . 1 7 2 1 . 7 3 1 9 . 6 2 1 8 . 6 6 2 4 . 9 1 1 8 . 3 5 1 9 . 3 0 2 0 . 6 4 2 4 . 6 4 2 2 . 1 2 2 3 . 4 2 1 7 . 4 1 1 9 . 9 3 1 6 . 7 0 2 5 . 1 1 8 7 . 7 2 8 2 . 0 5 8 8 . 6 6 8 7 . 6 0 8 7 . 1 1 8 6 . 0 8 8 6 . 2 8 8 8 . 5 2 8 1 . 9 5 8 4 . 6 6 8 4 . 1 9 8 1 . 4 4 8 3 . 2 5 8 1 . 9 0 8 7 . 4 3 8 5 . 6 9 8 2 . 6 5 8 9 . 3 2 8 6 . 4 6 7 8 . 9 2 3 . 8 7 3 5 . 9 2 5 4 . 6 6 8 4 . 0 3 5 5 . 6 7 4 3 . 5 2 3 2 . 8 4 4 3 . 3 0 4 3 . 2 4 0 2 . 8 1 2 4 . 4 4 5 2 . 8 3 6 6 . 7 0 7 3 . 9 5 8 4 . 5 6 1 3 . 1 1 8 2 . 9 9 6 2 . 8 4 1 5 . 2 6 5 3 . 9 7 6 7 3 . 3 2 6 9 . 1 0 7 6 . 4 4 7 6 . 0 8 7 4 . 4 0 7 1 . 6 5 7 2 . 4 1 7 5 . 2 0 6 7 . 8 7 6 9 . 9 8 6 8 . 8 4 6 5 . 0 6 7 3 . 2 1 6 6 . 6 5 7 2 . 7 9 6 9 . 8 8 6 7 . 7 6 7 4 . 3 5 7 4 . 9 3 6 3 . 9 2 3 3 . 1 2 3 9 . 9 3 3 7 . 8 9 3 6 . 4 9 3 2 . 2 1 3 5 . 5 7 3 9 . 4 4 3 0 . 2 3 4 3 . 0 9 3 3 . 6 7 3 7 . 7 1 4 7 . 3 8 3 8 . 9 8 4 3 . 0 0 3 4 . 6 0 3 4 . 8 6 3 8 . 7 4 3 1 . 5 6 4 0 . 6 4 4 3 . 7 3 2 6 6 r d e ) i 8 b c i ( A F 6 7 6 8 7 7 0 8 4 2 9 6 5 4 7 4 9 8 3 1 2 3 9 5 1 1 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 9 9 9 8 5 9 7 8 2 8 6 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 r 6 5 2 7 8 7 0 3 8 4 2 7 8 0 8 8 7 4 3 4 6 4 6 9 2 0 0 7 9 9 3 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 0 9 4 3 5 3 1 1 e . . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b 1 4 9 6 5 6 4 4 0 1 0 4 5 5 2 3 8 4 1 6 5 2 8 2 i ( 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 F n e i d e u t r o C r P ) g . k L / E l R a c W ( e l e A b t 7 7 7 9 8 7 9 8 0 8 2 2 8 0 0 8 6 9 8 0 4 5 4 T l i n 4 8 8 8 7 4 8 7 6 8 2 6 0 9 5 1 2 6 6 5 7 8 0 8 A a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 D t e i 9 9 5 0 7 6 3 3 4 4 3 9 2 3 5 4 2 6 5 3 6 6 3 o e r 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 e L T g t l L i u b A D l a T S U x D i R d A n P e I p N p I A R P r 5 8 0 0 2 2 2 2 9 6 6 8 2 8 9 8 7 3 2 4 0 8 1 e ) 9 2 1 4 0 5 5 4 5 3 2 2 5 5 2 7 6 2 3 3 8 3 7 h 3 3 2 5 4 1 1 7 4 4 0 8 5 2 1 4 6 9 8 3 7 1 0 9 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( E 4 4 4 4 3 6 4 6 3 3 6 5 4 6 4 3 4 6 4 5 3 5 7 r 2 3 3 6 3 8 9 9 9 1 1 1 3 4 4 9 5 2 2 8 9 1 5 e 7 1 8 7 2 1 4 7 7 9 9 6 2 1 7 6 9 5 3 2 8 9 8 y t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t 1 9 5 4 1 3 1 5 6 6 2 7 3 2 8 9 2 5 3 0 1 9 9 D a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 N n r o e i y t t r t a D a R l n d o e ) i g F t k a e ( R A d r e h P O S T P A R T U N R A T I O N I N T A N E S A N D N U T R I E N T C D N P O S T I D N S - V I S I T T H R E E ( 3 ) i n t a k e ( k g ) i n V i t r o T r u e ( 3 ) D i g e a t i b i l i t y E x t r a c t T o t a l A e h i t ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) N e u t r a l D e t e r g e n t D e t e r g e n t v - N n v t a n B O O O P N M Q m Q N Q O O e - N M e - v - e - e - e - e - P v - e - e - N N N N 3 3 . 3 8 3 5 . 4 3 2 9 . 2 7 3 9 . 9 2 4 0 . 0 2 4 5 . 9 5 3 8 . 0 0 4 4 . 7 9 4 1 . 1 1 3 4 . 2 4 3 6 . 5 1 3 6 . 4 9 4 4 . 4 5 4 1 . 7 3 4 3 . 7 4 3 8 . 1 0 3 6 . 4 7 4 3 . 1 5 4 3 . 3 4 3 9 . 1 3 4 3 . 7 5 3 3 . 8 0 3 1 . 8 7 6 5 . 6 4 6 4 . 1 2 6 4 . 6 2 4 9 . 1 3 6 7 . 8 0 6 4 . 9 7 6 2 . 4 6 5 6 . 4 7 5 4 . 7 1 7 0 . 6 6 5 9 . 5 2 6 5 . 1 7 4 7 . 7 5 6 1 . 6 8 5 9 . 7 6 7 0 . 5 7 6 2 . 1 2 6 0 . 0 6 5 4 . 2 4 5 0 . 9 1 6 9 . 4 4 6 2 . 8 7 6 2 . 4 0 8 2 . 8 8 8 3 . 2 8 8 8 . 0 0 8 5 . 3 2 8 9 . 3 2 9 0 . 9 0 8 4 . 4 1 8 8 . 2 8 8 7 . 1 6 8 7 . 1 0 7 6 . 9 7 8 6 . 4 9 8 5 . 4 8 8 7 . 2 0 8 4 . 6 4 8 2 . 2 2 8 6 . 6 2 8 8 . 1 9 8 6 . 3 4 9 0 . 0 1 7 6 . 7 8 8 7 . 4 1 8 7 . 9 8 5 . 9 2 5 . 8 7 4 . 8 8 7 . 5 4 4 . 0 5 5 . 4 9 6 . 3 8 6 . 1 7 7 . 3 5 7 . 0 0 5 . 0 3 5 . 2 2 6 . 1 0 4 . 3 7 8 . 2 1 5 . 1 7 6 . 2 6 6 . 5 3 5 . 5 0 5 . 1 1 6 . 9 1 5 . 7 9 6 . 4 5 s c o e s n o c g a O O O I O O I O O O O M 4 . O e g a r s ~ 2 . t . : t c C O O O O I 0 p P 0 V O N Q N * 3 U 5 0 I Q Q ‘ 2 1 8 . 5 8 1 6 . 8 8 1 6 . 1 3 2 1 . 6 9 1 5 . 4 1 2 2 . 4 1 1 6 . 8 8 1 9 . 9 9 2 0 . 1 6 1 7 . 1 0 1 8 . 2 7 1 5 . 9 5 2 0 . 9 4 1 5 . 3 9 1 6 . 3 3 1 9 . 0 7 1 7 . 0 5 1 7 . 1 7 1 4 . 7 1 1 6 . 3 6 1 6 . 5 3 1 5 . 7 2 1 8 . 9 4 2 4 . 8 0 2 1 . 6 8 1 8 . 0 6 2 0 . 2 3 1 4 . 7 1 1 3 . 8 3 2 0 . 3 1 1 7 . 5 2 2 0 . 1 4 2 € Y 7 r 1 3 0 2 2 2 8 3 5 9 9 1 2 0 5 7 6 5 0 6 7 4 9 0 6 3 8 6 8 9 9 7 7 3 0 3 5 2 8 1 d e . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i b 8 3 0 4 0 5 1 4 2 6 9 6 9 8 8 7 9 8 5 9 8 c i ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A F l a 4 0 3 3 9 9 6 2 4 3 9 9 8 2 2 4 4 5 6 9 7 5 3 9 9 5 0 1 6 8 1 8 2 8 1 6 3 6 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1 7 7 3 6 7 6 6 6 2 0 6 0 8 9 6 6 9 8 u 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 e R E n E R N T i 9 7 8 0 3 0 6 9 8 2 5 4 2 0 6 7 6 7 1 1 e 4 9 9 7 3 0 4 4 5 4 4 5 0 7 1 1 8 2 0 0 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 0 8 7 5 6 6 2 8 4 5 4 6 6 9 5 8 7 7 3 6 r 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T P I S I V ° S N O I T S L E N D e P l a A N b t T D l i ) n A C a t e 3 D t a i ( T o e r L N T g t L i E u A l I D R S T U U l D N a h ) R t a 3 A D o A ( P N T I A N I 8 t R E P K A T N I N r c 7 8 7 7 7 9 6 8 9 9 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 5 e 5 9 6 8 8 a 6 1 4 4 7 7 6 5 4 9 8 0 1 9 3 h r 9 8 3 5 7 7 5 9 5 5 7 1 6 7 6 5 1 9 4 2 t . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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S 4 4 8 0 6 4 2 0 i 9 1 8 A s 1 9 0 4 1 2 2 1 9 0 6 8 2 9 1 3 4 4 0 6 0 0 1 2 3 3 7 4 2 2 2 2 4 E M n H s o T u i L o t ) s d A i a y e a E v t u H e c n r a d ( i D P L t N n A o c L A y - M r I D 0 N 3 A e - l y b A d a T o T A B D x i E d T n E e L p P y p M d A O o C B S U O R d A e k l i m r o f y t i l i b a g n i t t i m s n P t 4 7 7 6 6 6 5 4 9 9 a 5 5 6 1 0 2 I 4 3 c 7 8 6 9 1 7 3 4 1 5 7 1 8 r 3 T . . . t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . t L a r 2 7 5 6 6 4 4 8 7 4 7 0 3 4 7 8 U F 3 2 3 1 r 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 M o C p u o d e t c i d e r r P G d r e H - M A T P a M i l k C o n d i t i o n W e i g h t P e r i o d L e n g t h P T A M C e l l H e a l t h ( k 9 ) S c o r e ( k 9 ) ( m o n ) ( k 9 ) S c o r e 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 1 4 4 n n fl n t - I M Q ' V ' N V ' Q ' Q ' N H N H 2 . 5 0 2 . 3 3 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 2 1 2 . 5 0 2 . 5 0 3 . 0 0 2 . 5 8 2 . 3 8 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 0 2 . 8 3 2 . 5 0 5 5 5 5 9 1 6 2 9 6 1 4 5 1 1 5 6 2 5 4 7 4 9 7 5 9 9 6 2 1 6 2 9 5 7 7 5 4 7 5 8 4 5 6 9 5 7 7 6 8 . 0 0 5 8 . 0 0 6 3 . 0 0 6 7 . 0 0 1 0 2 . 0 0 5 8 . 5 0 5 4 . 5 7 2 7 . 0 0 6 5 . 0 0 8 3 . 6 7 5 4 . 5 0 9 5 . 5 0 5 8 . 6 7 7 7 . 0 0 5 7 . 0 0 5 8 . 6 7 3 7 8 . 5 0 3 3 0 . 0 0 3 4 7 . 3 3 3 1 3 . 6 7 3 2 1 . 0 0 4 4 1 . 0 0 2 9 4 . 1 4 4 5 9 . 0 0 2 8 8 . 0 0 3 4 5 . 3 3 3 1 6 . 1 7 3 2 7 . 5 0 2 9 9 . 3 3 3 3 9 . 5 0 3 2 4 . 6 7 3 6 2 . 6 7 4 6 6 . 9 8 6 2 4 . 0 0 1 3 3 . 8 1 - 3 3 7 . 0 2 - 3 1 0 . 7 1 2 . 5 0 3 . 2 2 2 . 5 0 2 . 0 0 0 . 6 7 0 . 8 3 2 . 0 5 1 . 1 1 2 . 7 5 1 . 3 8 0 . 7 8 2 . 3 3 1 . 8 9 3 . 6 7 1 . 5 6 3 . 1 1 2 7 2 N O I T A R M N U O T I R T A A P M T R S O O E P N I N O 1 I 3 T 8 8 5 1 1 1 2 0 2 3 4 9 8 6 0 0 3 4 6 9 4 1 7 3 7 0 7 8 9 2 3 1 6 2 7 1 6 7 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 6 7 7 7 4 7 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e R l b - a T A T x A i D d 8 6 5 8 5 6 3 6 5 5 8 7 7 0 3 9 9 1 n E 1 6 3 3 2 - 4 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 5 5 7 4 3 7 7 8 0 1 5 8 3 1 2 1 9 e T - - - - p E N p L O A P I M T O A C R S M U U O T R R A A P P I E T R L P U M 1 1 0 7 3 4 7 6 1 0 5 0 5 9 8 5 4 4 4 7 4 1 4 3 6 2 3 5 2 6 0 4 0 5 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 9 3 1 7 7 3 3 4 2 5 5 3 4 5 7 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R e p o r t e d E x c e s s E x c e s s E x c e s s A c i d D r y E n e r g y P r o t e i n P r o t e i n D e t e r g e n t C r u d e M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e I n t a k e N E L a F i b e r P r o t e i n I n t a k e H e r d G r o u p ( M e a l N E L ) ( g ) ( g ) ( H e a l / k g ) ( t ) ( 1 : ) ( k g ) V ' N N M V Q ‘ M H N Q ’ Q ‘ Q ‘ M N N H H N 9 9 5 2 0 4 9 1 7 5 8 1 2 2 0 2 5 6 3 2 9 5 8 5 7 5 4 0 1 5 6 9 3 4 2 6 8 1 5 0 1 - 2 5 2 1 5 7 6 1 1 5 3 6 5 4 1 1 6 8 1 7 8 2 1 . 8 6 1 9 . 8 1 2 0 . 6 8 1 3 . 2 3 1 9 . 8 2 1 6 . 2 4 1 8 . 9 5 1 9 . 9 4 1 8 . 0 4 1 9 . 7 9 1 8 . 5 1 1 7 . 1 2 1 7 . 5 8 1 5 . 8 8 1 1 . 6 2 2 7 . 3 8 1 6 . 8 7 1 6 . 5 2 1 6 . 9 5 1 8 . 8 8 2 1 . 3 9 1 7 . 2 1 1 8 . 6 8 2 0 . 7 8 2 0 . 8 7 1 7 . 9 1 1 6 . 9 7 1 9 . 1 4 1 7 . 2 0 1 8 . 9 3 1 8 . 3 8 1 7 . 6 8 1 6 . 4 3 1 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 2 1 1 8 . 0 1 2 1 . 9 8 2 5 . 8 0 2 6 . 4 9 2 6 . 1 3 2 4 . 6 7 2 6 . 2 5 2 3 . 6 6 2 4 . 1 5 2 7 . 2 0 2 0 . 1 3 2 4 . 3 1 2 6 . 5 5 2 0 . 9 7 2 4 . 5 9 1 9 . 8 7 3 0 . 0 8 1 9 . 2 6 2 6 . 4 0 2 7 3 d e r e t e k ) r y t g a o t r t k p a D n ( e M I R n e i N d e ) O u t I r o ; 2 ( T C r A P R N U n M t O T e r I R d g e ) T A i r b i s A P c e i ( M T A t F R S e O O D d F P e N u I n i N t O n I o T ) g k L / E l N a c c A R - - 1 M ( 3 A d T e e A t s n e l D a s i k ) b g m e a e a E i t t c ( T T t x o n E N s E r I x P L E O i P I d M T n O A d e C R e n e s p t i k s ) 3 8 7 5 5 6 4 3 4 9 5 1 3 7 1 0 n p S M g r e e a 6 0 5 0 5 3 8 0 0 6 1 5 2 9 1 4 o A t U o c t U 9 2 6 4 9 2 0 3 5 0 0 2 5 6 0 i ( O p x T o n 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 t R E e R r I A R A P R P I E T R L d P U e y s e ) L E a t c a l r M t g k s N 7 9 0 6 4 4 0 5 0 o 6 3 8 1 0 4 9 r e r a 1 8 4 3 6 6 3 4 5 f 6 6 4 1 8 5 0 o c e t l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p x n 0 3 1 2 0 1 n a 3 4 2 4 2 3 0 3 e E E I c 1 1 1 2 7 y 1 1 g R M ( p u o r G d r e n e t e N = L r 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E 1 4 e 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 N H a M M M M H M V Q ' N V Q ' Q ' N H N H - 6 - 1 2 8 - 2 4 5 1 5 1 - 2 0 - 8 7 4 3 7 - 4 9 0 - 5 1 5 5 8 - 5 3 9 2 2 7 2 7 4 5 6 1 - 9 3 1 6 8 1 . 6 1 6 1 . 7 2 5 1 . 6 5 8 1 . 6 3 3 1 . 6 3 0 1 . 6 5 2 1 . 7 3 2 1 . 7 1 2 1 . 6 1 4 1 . 4 7 9 1 . 6 3 7 1 . 5 6 8 1 . 6 6 6 1 . 6 2 3 1 . 6 9 9 1 . 5 2 6 2 0 . 5 2 1 7 . 1 6 1 8 . 8 2 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 6 1 6 . 3 3 1 5 . 6 1 2 1 . 6 0 2 2 . 5 2 1 8 . 7 6 2 1 . 6 7 1 8 . 5 1 1 9 . 0 9 1 4 . 8 4 2 2 . 0 6 1 8 . 1 7 1 5 . 7 0 1 5 . 2 4 1 7 . 0 9 1 2 . 8 5 1 9 . 7 3 2 0 . 2 8 1 7 . 6 8 1 6 . 0 0 1 8 . 6 9 1 7 . 4 1 1 6 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 1 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 2 1 7 . 0 4 2 3 . 3 5 2 1 . 7 9 2 5 . 8 6 2 7 . 9 4 1 9 . 1 4 2 2 . 4 3 2 0 . 8 7 3 1 . 3 8 1 9 . 7 0 2 3 . 5 0 2 4 . 2 4 2 6 . 1 0 2 5 . 1 6 2 3 . 1 6 2 4 . 2 9 2 6 . 2 3 2 7 4 2 7 5 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 2 M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A P R E P A R T U M R A T I O N A N O U N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y M a t t e r m a t t e r A s F e d M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k g ) ( % ) ( k g ) ( k g ) 1 1 6 . 4 5 9 1 . 1 8 1 5 . 0 0 9 . 5 4 2 3 2 . 7 1 5 9 . 3 3 1 9 . 4 1 7 . 7 7 4 1 4 . 0 6 8 8 . 8 9 1 2 . 5 0 7 . 7 7 5 2 6 . 2 3 4 4 . 2 8 1 1 . 6 2 6 . 8 4 7 2 0 . 8 2 5 4 . 0 0 1 1 . 2 4 8 . 8 0 8 4 0 . 2 6 5 2 . 2 8 2 1 . 0 5 7 . 4 0 9 1 9 . 8 0 4 7 . 7 2 9 . 4 5 7 . 4 5 1 0 1 8 . 1 4 5 4 . 6 2 9 . 9 1 8 . 9 8 1 2 2 7 . 2 2 5 8 . 9 3 1 6 . 0 4 7 . 9 4 1 3 1 9 . 5 0 5 6 . 3 4 1 0 . 9 9 8 . 0 6 1 5 2 1 . 1 1 4 8 . 7 0 1 0 . 2 8 7 . 1 9 1 6 2 2 . 6 3 6 5 . 3 4 1 4 . 7 9 7 . 5 2 1 7 2 0 . 5 6 4 9 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 9 6 . 8 0 1 8 3 7 . 6 2 4 6 . 6 1 1 7 . 5 3 7 . 8 1 2 0 3 3 . 8 5 4 7 . 4 3 1 6 . 0 5 6 . 8 3 2 1 1 8 . 6 9 6 6 . 0 0 1 2 . 3 3 1 0 . 0 0 2 3 1 9 . 9 6 7 3 . 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 9 . 0 1 2 4 1 5 . 4 2 6 7 . 0 7 1 0 . 3 4 9 . 8 8 2 5 2 8 . 1 2 4 9 . 6 1 1 3 . 9 5 7 . 5 2 2 6 1 9 . 6 4 6 5 . 6 0 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 8 2 2 7 2 7 . 9 4 5 6 . 4 0 1 5 . 7 6 8 . 3 3 2 8 1 5 . 8 8 6 8 . 4 8 1 0 . 8 7 9 . 1 6 2 9 2 7 . 2 2 5 3 . 6 4 1 4 . 6 0 7 . 5 8 3 0 3 4 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 9 8 . 1 3 3 1 1 6 . 7 8 6 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 3 0 7 . 5 5 3 3 1 9 . 7 5 4 4 . 2 4 8 . 7 4 7 . 1 4 3 4 1 4 . 1 7 7 8 . 5 7 1 1 . 1 4 9 . 9 5 3 5 3 1 . 7 5 4 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 2 0 9 . 7 1 3 6 2 0 . 1 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 9 9 . 7 7 3 7 1 4 . 5 2 8 6 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 4 1 0 . 3 3 3 8 1 3 . 6 1 7 2 . 0 0 9 . 8 0 7 . 7 1 3 9 1 4 . 0 6 8 3 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 9 8 . 9 4 4 1 2 8 . 1 2 5 4 . 6 6 1 5 . 3 7 7 . 5 6 4 4 4 2 . 1 8 4 9 . 1 1 2 0 . 7 1 8 . 6 5 2 7 6 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 3 M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A P R E P A R T U N E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( M e a l R E L “ ) ( M c a l N E L ) ( M c a l N H L ) 1 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 2 0 . 3 6 7 . 4 1 2 2 0 5 6 3 6 1 3 . 1 8 3 2 . 8 9 1 9 . 7 1 4 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 9 . 4 9 7 . 3 7 5 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 8 . 5 7 7 . 6 3 7 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 1 5 . 6 4 3 . 4 0 8 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 3 6 . 4 7 2 3 . 6 4 9 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 4 . 9 2 3 . 1 6 1 0 2 0 8 6 5 9 1 3 . 5 2 1 4 . 9 3 1 . 4 1 1 2 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 2 5 . 9 0 1 3 . 0 7 1 3 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 5 . 7 3 4 . 2 0 1 5 1 9 9 5 9 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 7 . 8 2 5 . 3 5 1 6 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 2 5 . 4 5 1 2 . 5 0 1 7 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 6 . 0 7 5 . 2 5 1 8 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 2 6 . 1 4 1 4 . 4 9 2 0 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 2 6 . 5 4 1 5 . 2 4 2 1 2 0 5 6 3 6 1 3 . 1 8 1 6 . 2 6 3 . 0 8 2 3 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 8 . 6 5 7 . 2 4 2 4 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 2 . 3 2 0 . 5 5 2 5 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 1 7 2 6 1 9 9 5 9 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 6 . 3 6 3 . 8 9 2 7 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 1 . 6 4 2 8 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 1 5 . 2 3 2 . 4 0 2 9 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 2 1 . 5 3 1 0 . 3 6 3 0 1 9 5 5 6 2 1 2 . 0 0 1 5 . 6 4 3 . 6 4 3 1 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 6 4 . 3 0 3 3 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 3 . 3 9 2 . 4 5 3 4 2 0 0 5 9 9 1 2 . 6 0 1 4 . 1 0 1 . 5 0 3 5 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 1 7 . 6 0 4 . 6 6 3 6 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 1 3 . 4 9 0 . 4 3 3 7 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 1 4 . 8 6 2 . 6 1 3 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 1 8 3 9 1 9 8 5 8 4 1 2 . 3 6 1 6 . 1 6 3 . 8 0 4 1 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 2 4 . 6 6 1 2 . 5 4 4 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 9 . 3 3 1 7 . 0 9 a N E L = N e t e n e r g y f o r l a c t a t i o n 2 7 7 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 4 M U L T I P A R O U S C O M P L E T E D A T A P R E P A R T U M P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A R E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) 1 1 2 3 9 2 2 3 4 9 9 5 1 4 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 2 5 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 5 0 1 3 2 5 5 5 4 1 1 5 0 2 9 1 7 1 7 5 7 1 8 1 4 5 5 4 5 1 0 5 0 2 2 7 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 3 7 2 8 7 7 1 1 7 3 1 4 2 9 2 5 5 1 1 1 8 - 5 5 8 1 2 2 8 4 5 2 3 3 2 9 5 1 5 9 0 3 5 2 9 1 1 2 8 1 9 8 5 8 5 8 1 5 5 5 4 3 7 1 0 1 2 9 5 1 8 3 4 5 3 9 1 5 5 2 3 5 7 1 2 1 2 2 8 2 7 9 7 1 5 5 9 1 3 8 5 1 5 7 1 3 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 8 3 3 8 3 5 - 2 7 0 1 5 1 1 9 5 1 4 5 3 2 5 8 1 0 2 3 - 1 7 2 1 5 1 2 3 9 2 7 4 0 1 5 0 1 1 3 9 3 1 5 4 1 7 1 0 3 7 7 8 5 - 2 5 2 5 2 9 - 5 0 8 1 8 1 1 1 7 2 5 9 3 1 5 7 5 1 2 0 0 8 3 2 0 1 0 8 2 2 2 3 5 1 1 5 3 9 5 1 - 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 1 9 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 2 9 2 2 3 1 0 9 3 2 2 5 1 1 1 5 8 1 3 8 3 2 9 0 2 4 1 1 2 8 1 3 0 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I 0 8 8 7 4 6 5 2 7 9 5 5 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 8 8 8 0 1 1 7 0 5 4 9 3 8 T A R N M O U I T T R ) A A * M P ( R T O S F O d N P e I u n N i O t I n T ) g k 3 2 2 8 9 9 6 0 0 6 5 0 3 4 8 / 7 1 8 1 2 9 6 2 1 2 5 3 3 5 3 l 6 7 6 7 7 6 7 4 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 o A a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c R - - 8 A 3 T A e D l b C a I T T E N x N O i E I d G T n A e O R p N p M A E U U T O R R A A P P E I R T P L U c H ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 9 3 8 2 4 7 9 0 7 5 0 4 4 5 8 4 4 0 1 2 6 8 1 4 7 6 6 3 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 4 6 3 5 7 0 3 0 1 2 3 9 4 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R e p o r t e d E x c e s s E x c e s s E x c e s s A c i d D r y E n e r g y P r o t e i n P r o t e i n D e t e r g e n t C r u d e H a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e I n t a k e N E L F i b e r P r o t e i n I n t a k e H e r d G r o u p ( H c a l N E L ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( % ) ( k 9 ) * fl N H N H H N M M fl M c - i fl " 1 5 0 1 - 2 8 5 1 5 7 6 - 2 4 7 1 1 4 2 6 5 4 1 1 6 8 1 8 9 9 6 3 2 0 4 6 5 1 4 0 9 8 8 4 2 4 6 1 0 0 8 1 5 5 - 5 2 4 8 3 - 5 6 9 - 1 3 2 2 9 2 2 9 1 1 1 8 - 6 - 1 2 8 - 2 4 5 1 5 1 - 2 2 - 8 6 4 3 7 1 7 . 1 2 1 7 . 5 8 1 5 . 8 8 1 9 . 3 9 1 1 . 6 2 2 7 . 3 8 1 6 . 8 7 1 6 . 5 2 2 0 . 5 2 1 7 . 1 6 1 8 . 8 2 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 6 1 6 . 3 3 2 8 5 d r e 5 0 0 0 6 6 3 4 9 8 3 e k e 9 7 5 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 2 ) t y a . . . . . t 9 . . . . . . r t r t 2 3 6 5 4 3 4 6 8 9 7 k o a D n ( 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 p H I e R n e i N d e ) O u t I r o T C r A P % 1 ( R N M O U I T t n T R d 1 6 5 7 0 5 6 0 0 9 8 g e ) A A i r b . . . . . . . . . . . t ’ ( d M P c e i 3 1 2 1 4 8 2 7 8 8 9 e r 8 9 2 4 7 9 6 6 0 6 1 e R T 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 A t F 1 1 2 u O S e n F O D i N P t I n o N c O ) 9 I L / 1 7 3 6 2 6 9 2 2 5 3 - T E 5 6 l 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 5 k 4 7 9 6 9 1 6 8 3 8 5 A N a . . . . . . . . . . . 8 R e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 M - ( e l A b T a A d T D e n s e x C a e a e i I m t t c d T i o n x n t E r I N E t i k s e N s P O p E I E p G T A A O R d s n e N e i k s M t e e a E r c t U t U T n o x o O R p E r I R e A P A R P P E I R T d y s e P L k s e g U t e r a M r c e t o x n n p E E I e R p u o r G d r e H n o i t a t c a l r o f y g r e n e t e N - L E N a ( H c a l N E L ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 1 4 2 4 4 H Q ‘ N N V Q ' N H N M H 3 . 0 9 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 0 4 . 6 6 0 . 4 3 2 . 5 0 3 . 1 8 4 . 0 4 1 2 . 5 4 1 . 8 4 1 7 . 0 9 4 8 5 - 4 3 1 8 7 1 2 0 5 - 5 1 5 5 1 5 6 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 9 0 2 0 4 0 1 5 5 ~ 5 2 1 - 5 1 5 5 8 - 5 3 9 2 2 9 2 7 4 5 5 1 - 9 3 1 0 0 1 6 8 1 3 . 8 5 1 5 . 9 6 1 6 . 0 0 1 8 . 6 9 1 7 . 4 1 1 6 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 1 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 2 1 6 . 7 9 1 7 . 0 4 2 8 6 2 8 7 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 9 M U L I T P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E R A R T D N R A T I O N A M O U N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r H a t t e r A s F e d H a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k 9 ) ( % ) ( k 9 ) ( k g ) 1 1 6 . 4 5 9 1 . 1 8 1 5 . 0 0 9 . 5 4 2 3 2 . 7 1 5 9 . 3 3 1 9 . 4 1 7 . 7 7 3 2 8 . 3 5 5 1 . 6 1 1 4 . 6 3 9 . 7 2 4 1 4 . 0 6 8 8 . 8 9 1 2 . 5 0 7 . 7 7 5 2 6 . 2 3 4 4 . 2 8 1 1 . 6 2 7 . 3 6 6 2 5 . 0 7 4 1 . 1 2 1 0 . 3 1 7 . 7 8 7 2 0 . 8 2 5 4 . 0 0 1 1 . 2 4 8 . 8 0 8 4 0 . 2 6 5 2 . 2 8 2 1 . 0 5 7 . 4 0 9 1 9 . 8 0 4 7 . 7 2 9 . 4 5 7 . 4 5 1 0 1 8 . 1 4 5 4 . 6 2 9 . 9 1 8 . 9 8 1 1 1 7 . 3 0 5 9 . 0 0 1 0 . 2 1 9 . 1 4 1 2 2 7 . 2 2 5 8 . 9 3 1 6 . 0 4 7 . 9 4 1 3 1 9 . 5 0 5 6 . 3 4 1 0 . 9 9 8 . 0 6 1 4 3 3 . 6 9 6 7 . 4 7 2 2 . 7 3 8 . 0 9 1 5 2 1 . 1 1 4 8 . 7 0 1 0 . 2 8 7 . 1 9 1 6 2 2 . 6 3 6 5 . 3 4 1 4 . 7 9 7 . 5 2 1 7 2 0 . 5 6 4 9 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 9 7 . 0 2 1 8 3 7 . 6 2 4 6 . 6 1 1 7 . 5 3 7 . 8 1 1 9 2 8 . 5 8 4 2 . 9 9 1 2 . 2 9 8 . 1 1 2 0 3 3 . 8 5 4 7 . 4 3 1 6 . 0 5 6 . 9 0 2 1 1 8 . 6 9 6 6 . 0 0 1 2 . 3 3 1 0 . 0 0 2 3 1 9 . 9 6 7 3 . 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 9 . 0 1 2 4 1 5 . 4 2 6 7 . 0 7 1 0 . 3 4 9 . 7 8 2 5 2 8 . 1 2 4 9 . 6 1 1 3 . 9 5 7 . 5 2 2 8 8 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 3 9 - c o n t i n u e d M U L I T P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M R A T I O N A M O U N T S A N D I N T A E E S R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r H a t t e r A s F e d H a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k g ) ( 3 ) ( k 9 ) ( k g ) 2 6 1 9 . 6 4 6 5 . 6 0 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 8 2 2 7 2 7 . 9 4 5 6 . 4 0 1 5 . 7 6 8 . 3 3 2 8 1 5 . 8 8 6 8 . 4 8 1 0 . 8 7 9 . 1 6 2 9 2 7 . 2 2 5 3 . 6 4 1 4 . 6 0 8 . 0 6 3 0 3 4 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 9 8 . 0 5 3 1 1 6 . 7 8 6 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 3 0 7 . 5 5 3 2 1 8 . 1 4 6 5 . 0 0 1 1 . 7 9 9 . 5 7 3 3 1 9 . 7 5 4 4 . 2 4 8 . 7 4 7 . 6 0 3 4 1 4 . 1 7 7 8 . 5 7 1 1 . 1 4 9 . 9 5 3 5 3 1 . 7 5 4 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 2 0 9 . 7 1 3 6 2 0 . 1 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 9 9 . 7 7 3 7 1 4 . 5 2 8 6 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 4 1 0 . 4 3 3 8 1 3 . 6 1 7 2 . 0 0 9 . 8 0 7 . 7 1 3 9 1 4 . 0 6 8 3 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 9 8 . 7 7 4 1 2 8 . 1 2 5 4 . 6 6 1 5 . 3 7 7 . 5 6 4 2 2 5 . 8 6 4 2 . 6 4 1 1 . 0 2 9 . 6 8 4 4 4 2 . 1 8 4 9 . 1 1 2 0 . 7 1 8 . 6 5 H N U b I U ‘ O Q Q O \ 2 8 9 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 0 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( H c a l N E L a ) ( H c a l N E L ) ( H C a l N E L ) 2 0 3 2 0 5 1 9 9 1 9 6 1 9 3 1 9 3 1 9 7 2 0 2 1 9 3 2 0 8 1 9 1 2 0 2 1 9 1 2 0 1 1 9 9 2 0 3 1 8 8 1 9 2 1 9 9 1 9 0 2 0 5 6 2 1 6 3 6 5 9 1 5 6 9 5 4 7 5 4 7 5 7 7 6 1 4 5 4 7 6 5 9 5 3 3 6 1 4 5 3 3 6 0 6 5 9 1 6 2 1 5 1 1 5 4 0 5 9 1 5 2 5 6 3 6 1 2 . 9 4 1 3 . 1 8 1 2 . 4 7 1 2 . 1 2 1 1 . 7 6 1 1 . 7 6 1 2 . 2 4 1 2 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 6 1 3 . 5 2 1 1 . 5 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 2 . 7 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 2 . 9 4 1 1 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 5 1 2 . 4 7 1 1 . 4 1 1 3 . 1 8 2 0 . 3 6 3 2 . 8 9 1 8 . 7 7 1 9 . 4 9 1 8 . 5 7 1 5 . 6 0 1 5 . 6 4 3 6 . 4 7 1 4 . 9 2 1 4 . 9 3 1 2 . 8 8 2 5 . 9 0 1 5 . 7 3 3 5 . 7 2 1 7 . 8 2 2 5 . 4 5 1 6 . 0 7 2 6 . 1 4 1 8 . 9 0 2 6 . 5 4 1 6 . 2 6 7 . 4 1 1 9 . 7 1 6 . 2 9 7 . 3 7 6 . 8 1 3 . 8 4 3 . 4 0 2 3 . 6 4 3 . 1 6 1 . 4 1 1 . 3 5 1 3 . 0 7 4 . 2 0 2 3 . 0 1 5 . 3 5 1 2 . 5 0 4 . 8 9 1 4 . 4 9 6 . 4 3 1 5 . 1 2 3 . 0 8 2 9 0 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 0 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( H c a l N E L ) ( H c a l N E L ) ( H c a l N F L ) 2 3 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 8 . 6 5 7 . 2 4 2 4 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 2 . 3 2 0 . 6 7 2 5 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 1 7 2 6 1 9 9 5 9 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 6 . 3 6 3 . 8 9 2 7 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 1 . 6 4 2 8 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 1 5 . 2 3 2 . 4 0 2 9 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 1 . 5 3 9 . 6 4 3 0 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 1 5 . 6 4 3 . 7 5 3 1 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 6 4 . 3 0 3 2 2 0 6 6 4 4 1 3 . 2 9 1 6 . 3 8 3 . 0 9 3 3 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 1 3 . 3 9 1 . 7 5 3 4 2 0 0 5 9 9 1 2 . 6 0 1 4 . 1 0 1 . 5 0 3 5 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 1 7 . 6 0 4 . 6 6 3 6 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 1 3 . 4 9 0 . 4 3 3 7 1 9 8 5 8 4 1 2 . 3 6 1 4 . 8 6 2 . 5 0 3 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 1 8 3 9 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 6 . 1 6 4 . 0 4 4 1 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 2 4 . 6 6 1 2 . 5 4 4 2 2 0 5 6 3 6 1 3 . 1 8 1 5 . 0 1 1 . 8 4 4 4 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 2 9 . 3 3 1 7 . 0 9 a N E L = N e t e n e r g y f o r l a c t a t i o n 2 9 1 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 1 M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( g ) ( 9 ) ( g ) ( g ) ( 9 ) 1 1 2 3 9 2 2 3 4 9 9 5 1 4 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 2 6 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 5 0 1 3 2 6 6 5 3 1 1 9 5 2 1 6 9 9 7 4 1 4 4 1 2 4 6 4 1 1 6 0 2 9 1 7 1 7 5 7 1 8 1 4 6 5 4 5 1 1 2 8 2 2 7 0 1 1 4 2 1 4 3 8 3 1 0 6 1 1 2 8 1 2 3 1 1 0 3 9 2 9 - 1 9 9 7 1 1 7 3 1 4 2 9 2 5 6 1 1 1 8 - 5 5 8 1 2 2 8 4 5 2 3 3 2 9 5 1 5 9 0 3 6 2 9 1 1 2 8 1 9 8 6 8 5 8 1 5 6 5 4 3 7 1 0 1 2 9 5 1 8 3 4 5 3 9 1 6 6 2 3 6 7 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 3 3 4 2 2 9 1 1 9 5 9 0 1 2 1 2 2 8 2 7 9 7 1 5 6 9 1 3 8 5 1 5 7 1 3 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 8 3 3 8 3 5 - 2 7 0 1 4 1 2 1 6 3 4 8 5 2 2 6 9 1 2 4 0 2 4 1 5 1 1 9 5 1 4 6 3 2 6 8 1 0 2 3 - 1 7 2 1 6 1 2 3 9 2 7 4 0 1 5 0 1 1 3 9 3 1 5 4 1 7 1 0 7 0 7 8 5 - 2 8 5 5 4 6 - 5 2 4 1 8 1 1 1 7 2 6 9 3 1 5 7 6 1 2 0 0 8 3 1 9 1 1 9 5 9 4 8 - 2 4 7 6 2 6 - 5 6 9 2 0 1 0 9 3 2 2 3 5 1 1 4 2 9 6 0 - 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 6 1 1 9 1 6 6 5 5 1 5 5 3 2 9 2 2 3 1 0 9 3 2 2 6 1 1 1 6 8 1 3 8 3 2 9 0 2 4 1 1 1 7 1 3 0 6 1 8 9 1 2 3 5 1 1 8 2 5 1 1 3 9 2 1 0 2 9 6 3 1 1 3 3 - 6 L 2 9 2 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 1 - c o n t i n u e d M U L T I P A R O U S N O G E N E T I C D A T A P R E P A R T U M P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D I N T A H E S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n P r o t e i n R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( g ) ( 9 ) 2 6 1 1 9 5 1 3 9 9 2 0 4 1 0 6 6 - 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B e 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R H U B A e 0 8 H 9 9 9 4 1 7 5 4 5 3 4 9 6 B . . . . r A . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 1 8 1 2 9 3 4 0 6 0 3 4 0 N i 6 T 4 3 9 1 4 2 8 4 4 8 0 3 6 0 H 4 6 1 1 2 4 7 2 6 3 2 3 2 2 4 S P 6 4 9 2 1 2 3 1 0 1 2 9 0 0 6 E L n A s o N u i H o t D v t i a N e c A r a d P L e L u A n M i I t N n A o c - - A I t 4 A y h ) k l i 4 D d g g 5 1 9 5 5 4 7 0 9 1 9 4 7 9 9 9 m 7 e T B 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 e 5 5 5 5 5 5 r o i k ( 5 9 2 5 1 5 4 4 9 2 2 8 4 6 6 6 7 l N W b U a O T C n o x L i e i L y t r d E d i o n C o d c e n S B p C o p I C A I A N d O e B t o f y t i l i b a g n i t t c 8 4 8 3 8 3 7 1 7 3 4 1 1 0 6 8 m 3 5 5 7 5 7 6 4 7 9 9 1 6 4 6 i 5 9 2 O e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s N r 0 7 5 6 6 4 1 4 3 3 8 9 4 6 6 7 8 n r 2 3 3 1 2 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 a B o U C O R A P I T L U N r t d e t c i d e r P 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 - H A T P a - - H e r d G r o u p F a t M i l k ( k 9 ) D r y P e r i o d L e n g t h ( d a y s ) ( d a y s ) ( k 9 ) S c o r e M M M M H M V V N N V V N H N N H 2 . 5 0 2 . 3 3 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 0 2 . 3 3 2 . 5 0 2 . 2 1 2 . 3 3 2 . 5 0 3 . 0 0 2 . 5 8 2 . 4 4 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 8 3 2 . 5 0 6 4 . 3 3 5 8 . 0 0 6 3 . 0 0 6 7 . 0 0 8 1 . 6 7 5 5 . 0 0 5 4 . 5 7 5 4 . 3 3 6 5 . 0 0 8 3 . 6 7 5 4 . 5 0 1 0 2 . 3 8 5 8 . 6 7 6 8 . 3 3 4 6 . 3 3 5 7 . 0 0 5 8 . 6 7 3 8 2 . 6 7 3 3 0 . 0 0 3 4 7 . 3 3 3 1 3 . 6 7 2 9 2 . 3 3 3 8 2 . 6 7 2 9 4 . 1 4 4 0 0 . 6 7 2 8 8 . 0 0 3 4 5 . 3 3 3 1 6 . 1 7 3 0 8 . 0 0 2 9 9 . 3 3 3 4 4 . 0 0 3 7 4 . 6 7 3 2 4 . 6 7 3 6 2 . 6 7 - 3 3 7 . 0 2 - 3 1 0 . 7 1 2 9 8 d e r e 8 9 5 0 5 0 6 5 1 3 7 3 7 9 7 8 6 0 3 t k e 8 9 4 1 6 2 6 1 2 3 5 ) 1 9 5 8 0 2 4 0 r t g y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o t r t 1 6 4 5 6 6 3 4 7 0 6 9 4 0 0 4 9 2 6 k p a 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 D n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( e H I R n e i N d e ) N O u t t O I T I r o ( T C r A P A R N R O F N I N O H t U n T e r 6 1 8 3 2 4 4 4 5 9 1 2 2 8 4 7 8 8 2 R d g e ) 1 6 0 5 8 8 3 5 8 9 8 6 2 8 9 0 2 7 5 A 8 i r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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O I 8 5 7 9 2 5 7 6 7 8 6 6 7 0 3 7 7 I T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 T A A R N R M O U T T N R I A N T P O S I O d T P e A u R n i - t n A 6 5 0 8 3 2 2 2 4 9 7 8 3 9 6 6 5 1 2 3 5 3 5 7 6 3 3 1 1 2 9 2 6 4 6 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 4 6 5 6 5 6 6 5 o T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - D T 5 N 4 U O e C l b L a L T E C N x O i C I d I T n T A e A R p N p N O A U B T O R N A P B E U R O d P R e s n o i t a t c a l r A t s 7 9 0 6 0 5 0 4 4 6 3 8 1 0 7 4 9 o P r e 1 8 4 3 6 6 4 3 5 6 4 1 6 8 f 9 5 0 I o c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T p x 0 3 3 1 2 0 1 4 2 4 2 3 3 0 0 2 7 y L e E 1 1 1 - 1 1 g U R N r e n e t e N - L E N a R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R e p o r t e d E x c e s s E x c e s s A c i d D r y E n e r g y P r o t e i n P r o t e i n D e t e r g e n t C r u d e M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e I n t a k e N E L F i b e r P r o t e i n I n t a k e H e r d G r o u p ( H c a l N E L ) ( g ) ( g ) ( H c a l / k g ) ( t ) ( 8 ) ( k g ) 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 4 M n fl fl H M Q ' Q N N V V N H N N I - C 9 6 3 2 0 4 6 5 1 4 0 9 9 5 3 2 3 5 1 0 0 8 - 3 6 4 8 7 1 2 0 5 - 5 1 5 5 2 6 6 5 3 1 0 9 7 1 4 4 1 0 1 1 2 0 4 0 - 6 - 1 2 8 - 2 4 5 1 5 1 - 2 0 - 8 7 4 3 7 - 4 9 0 - 5 1 5 5 8 - 5 3 9 2 2 7 2 7 4 5 6 1 2 5 7 - 9 3 1 6 8 2 0 . 5 2 1 7 . 1 6 1 8 . 8 2 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 4 3 1 9 . 3 6 1 6 . 3 3 1 5 . 6 1 2 1 . 6 0 2 2 . 5 2 1 8 . 7 6 2 1 . 6 7 1 8 . 5 1 1 9 . 0 9 2 2 . 0 3 1 4 . 8 4 2 2 . 0 6 3 0 0 3 0 1 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 6 N U L T I P A R O U B N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A P R E P A R T U N R A T I O N A N O U N T B A N D I N T A K B B R e p o r t e d E s t i m a t e d R a t i o n D r y D r y R a t i o n D r y H a t t e r M a t t e r A s F e d M a t t e r I n t a k e I n t a k e H e r d ( k g ) ( 3 5 ) 0 ( 9 ) 0 ( 9 ) 1 1 6 . 4 5 9 1 . 1 8 1 5 . 0 0 9 . 5 4 2 3 2 . 7 1 5 9 . 3 3 1 9 . 4 1 7 . 7 7 4 1 4 . 0 6 8 8 . 8 9 1 2 . 5 0 7 . 7 7 5 2 6 . 2 3 4 4 . 2 8 1 1 . 6 2 6 . 8 4 7 2 0 . 8 2 5 4 . 0 0 1 1 . 2 4 8 . 8 0 8 4 0 . 2 6 5 2 . 2 8 2 1 . 0 5 7 . 4 0 9 1 9 . 8 0 4 7 . 7 2 9 . 4 5 7 . 4 5 1 0 1 8 . 1 4 5 4 . 6 2 9 . 9 1 8 . 9 8 1 2 2 7 . 2 2 5 8 . 9 3 1 6 . 0 4 7 . 9 4 1 3 1 9 . 5 0 5 6 . 3 4 1 0 . 9 9 8 . 0 6 1 5 2 1 . 1 1 4 8 . 7 0 1 0 . 2 8 7 . 1 9 1 6 2 2 . 6 3 6 5 . 3 4 1 4 . 7 9 7 . 5 5 1 7 2 0 . 5 6 4 9 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 9 6 . 8 0 1 8 3 7 . 6 2 4 6 . 6 1 1 7 . 5 3 7 . 8 1 2 0 3 3 . 8 5 4 7 . 4 3 1 6 . 0 5 6 . 8 3 2 1 1 8 . 6 9 6 6 . 0 0 1 2 . 3 3 1 0 . 0 0 2 2 1 5 . 7 7 6 7 . 5 9 1 0 . 6 6 9 . 9 3 2 3 1 9 . 9 6 7 3 . 8 1 1 4 . 7 3 9 . 0 1 2 4 1 5 . 4 2 6 7 . 0 7 1 0 . 3 4 9 . 8 8 2 5 2 8 . 1 2 4 9 . 6 1 1 3 . 9 5 7 . 5 2 2 6 1 9 . 6 4 6 5 . 6 0 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 8 2 2 7 2 7 . 9 4 5 6 . 4 0 1 5 . 7 6 8 . 3 3 2 8 1 5 . 8 8 6 8 . 4 8 1 0 . 8 7 9 . 1 6 2 9 2 7 . 2 2 5 3 . 6 4 1 4 . 6 0 7 . 5 8 3 0 3 4 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 9 8 . 1 3 3 1 1 6 . 7 8 6 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 3 0 7 . 5 5 3 3 1 9 . 7 5 4 4 . 2 4 8 . 7 4 7 . 1 4 3 4 1 4 . 1 7 7 8 . 5 7 1 1 . 1 4 9 . 9 5 3 5 3 1 . 7 5 4 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 2 0 9 . 7 1 3 6 2 0 . 1 9 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 9 9 . 7 7 3 7 1 4 . 5 2 8 6 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 4 1 0 . 3 3 3 8 1 3 . 6 1 7 2 . 0 0 9 . 8 0 7 . 7 1 3 9 1 4 . 0 6 8 3 . 1 7 1 1 . 6 9 8 . 9 4 4 0 8 . 6 2 8 6 . 7 6 7 . 4 8 8 . 1 2 4 1 2 8 . 1 2 5 4 . 6 6 1 5 . 3 7 7 . 5 6 4 4 4 2 . 1 8 4 9 . 1 1 2 0 . 7 1 8 . 6 5 3 0 2 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 4 7 N U L T I P A R O U B N O S O M A T I C C E L L C O U N T D A T A P R E P A R T U N E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S R e p o r t e d R e p o r t e d H e a r t B o d y E n e r g y E n e r g y E n e r g y G i r t h W e i g h t R e q u i r e d I n t a k e D i f f e r e n c e H e r d ( c m ) ( k g ) ( M c a l N E L “ ) ( M c a l N E L ) ( M c a l N E L ) 1 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 2 0 . 3 6 7 . 4 1 2 2 0 5 6 3 6 1 3 . 1 8 3 2 . 8 9 1 9 . 7 1 4 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 9 . 4 9 7 . 3 7 5 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 8 . 5 7 7 . 6 3 7 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 1 5 . 6 4 3 . 4 0 8 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 3 6 . 4 7 2 3 . 6 4 9 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 4 . 9 2 3 . 1 6 1 0 2 0 8 6 5 9 1 3 . 5 2 1 4 . 9 3 1 . 4 1 1 2 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 2 5 . 9 0 1 3 . 0 7 1 3 1 9 1 5 3 3 1 1 . 5 3 1 5 . 7 3 4 . 2 0 1 5 1 9 9 5 9 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 7 . 8 2 5 . 3 5 1 6 2 0 3 6 2 4 1 2 . 9 9 2 5 . 4 5 1 2 . 4 6 1 7 1 8 5 4 8 9 1 0 . 8 2 1 6 . 0 7 5 . 2 5 1 8 1 9 2 5 4 0 1 1 . 6 5 2 6 . 1 4 1 4 . 4 9 2 0 1 8 9 5 1 8 1 1 . 2 9 2 6 . 5 4 1 5 . 2 4 2 1 2 0 5 6 3 6 1 3 . 1 8 1 6 . 2 6 3 . 0 8 2 2 2 0 0 5 9 9 1 2 . 6 0 1 3 . 5 1 0 . 9 2 2 3 1 9 0 5 2 5 1 1 . 4 1 1 8 . 6 5 7 . 2 4 2 4 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 2 . 3 2 0 . 5 5 2 5 1 9 4 5 5 5 1 1 . 8 9 2 2 . 0 6 1 0 . 1 7 2 6 1 9 9 5 9 1 1 2 . 4 7 1 6 . 3 6 3 . 8 9 2 7 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 2 4 . 7 1 1 1 . 6 4 2 8 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 2 . 8 3 1 5 . 2 3 2 . 4 0 2 9 1 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 . 1 7 2 1 . 5 3 1 0 . 3 6 3 0 1 9 5 5 6 2 1 2 . 0 0 1 5 . 6 4 3 . 6 4 3 1 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 6 . 0 6 4 . 3 0 3 3 1 8 6 4 9 7 1 0 . 9 4 1 3 . 3 9 2 . 4 5 3 4 2 0 0 5 9 9 1 2 . 6 0 1 4 . 1 0 1 . 5 0 3 5 2 0 3 6 2 1 1 2 . 9 4 1 7 . 6 0 4 . 6 6 3 6 2 0 4 6 2 9 1 3 . 0 6 1 3 . 4 9 0 . 4 3 3 7 1 9 7 5 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 1 4 . 8 6 2 . 6 1 3 8 1 9 3 5 4 7 1 1 . 7 6 1 4 . 9 4 3 . 1 8 3 9 1 9 8 5 8 4 1 2 . 3 6 1 6 . 1 6 3 . 8 0 4 0 1 9 6 5 6 9 1 2 . 1 2 1 1 . 1 5 - 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E C r 8 8 6 1 5 2 6 7 8 6 5 6 9 7 7 4 6 6 5 8 1 0 0 R P 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N T T ) s I . k S L / I E l V N a - N e ( S N O e I l s T 7 9 8 2 2 8 4 7 9 8 8 6 9 8 0 0 0 b t 3 5 4 1 1 1 I 4 1 4 8 8 8 8 8 5 0 6 9 0 1 2 6 6 5 8 7 l i n ) 2 1 3 S . N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a t e O 9 t s i ( 0 7 6 5 5 0 6 3 3 3 9 2 3 5 4 2 6 5 3 6 6 3 A e P o r 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 T N T g t 2 u O A i 5 O D D N e L T l L N 2 4 5 3 5 9 8 9 8 8 0 3 0 6 0 9 7 7 7 l 1 1 1 1 b A E a h ) 9 4 8 5 0 4 3 9 1 0 0 3 3 1 2 5 5 7 4 6 2 1 9 a I t s N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T S R o A 6 4 4 6 ( 5 5 6 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 U T T x O U i R N d A t n 8 P D r c 2 0 5 2 2 9 6 9 8 8 3 2 2 3 9 8 7 2 4 0 8 e I N e a ) 2 4 0 5 9 9 1 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 2 5 2 6 3 3 7 8 2 3 p A h N T r 3 5 4 1 8 7 9 3 1 3 6 9 1 8 7 4 0 4 0 8 5 2 1 p t L t . . . . . . . . ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 4 4 4 x 4 U S E 4 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 7 2 5 5 7 5 3 3 4 6 4 N E E K A T N I y t i o l N r i 8 O ) t e b 8 I i u i . N T 2 t V r ( A T a 8 R n e I g N i U D T R A r e P e ) k T y t s a S r t t k 1 9 . O D a 1 n ( P 2 N I n r o e ) i y t N t r t ( a D a N N n d o 8 e 7 6 7 8 0 0 7 7 ) 5 2 0 2 4 5 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 1 i l 3 9 0 2 0 9 0 8 0 1 4 8 8 2 4 7 7 1 3 1 7 5 5 F t . . k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 9 8 s 3 9 0 5 9 7 4 4 1 4 3 8 6 9 3 3 3 3 1 6 1 ( N A 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 d r e N N n n a P N M ' I U A O N . O O P N M Q B Q K Q O O P N M e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - N N N N 6 5 . 6 4 6 7 . 2 6 6 4 . 6 2 4 9 . 1 3 6 7 . 8 0 6 4 . 9 7 6 2 . 4 6 6 0 . 3 4 5 3 . 3 1 7 0 . 6 6 5 9 . 5 2 6 7 . 5 7 4 7 . 7 5 6 1 . 6 8 5 9 . 7 6 7 0 . 5 7 6 2 . 1 2 6 0 . 0 6 5 4 . 2 4 5 0 . 9 1 6 9 . 4 4 6 2 . 8 7 6 2 . 4 0 2 6 . 5 8 1 8 . 9 1 1 9 . 6 1 2 7 . 1 3 2 9 . 8 6 2 3 . 7 3 2 8 . 4 0 2 3 . 9 2 2 4 . 1 9 2 1 . 7 3 2 7 . 7 6 2 1 . 2 3 2 5 . 7 4 2 6 . 1 4 2 6 . 8 9 2 2 . 6 5 2 5 . 9 2 2 3 . 5 1 1 9 . 9 2 3 0 . 3 8 2 1 . 2 5 1 9 . 8 9 8 3 . 4 0 8 8 . 0 0 8 5 . 3 2 8 9 . 3 2 9 0 . 9 0 8 4 . 4 1 9 0 . 2 7 8 6 . 0 3 8 7 . 1 0 7 6 . 9 7 8 7 . 8 5 8 5 . 4 8 8 7 . 2 0 8 4 . 6 4 8 2 . 2 2 8 6 . 6 2 8 8 . 1 9 8 6 . 3 4 9 0 . 0 1 7 6 . 7 8 8 7 . 4 1 8 7 . 9 8 Q 0 m a 0 0 e - N o 8 " ° ‘ 3 n 9 3 ~ O O O 0 O ‘ § ‘ Q ~ 0 P 0 N 0 ¢ ¢ N N m N o N ' a a e a a a a e e e a a fi g O O P ' P ' P " " ' P P P F P F " " " F 3 5 . 6 8 3 4 . 7 7 3 4 . 2 0 2 9 . 8 9 2 6 . 7 2 3 4 . 4 4 2 7 . 2 9 3 2 . 1 5 3 0 . 0 9 3 4 . 7 3 3 2 . 2 6 3 2 . 3 7 3 5 . 8 1 3 3 . 4 7 2 8 . 6 7 3 5 . 3 2 2 8 . 8 4 3 4 . 4 7 2 2 . 6 7 4 2 . 8 0 3 1 . 7 9 2 6 . 4 3 3 1 0 t n e r d ) e g i r b N c e i ( A t F e D t l n a e r r g ) e t r b N u e i ( e t F N e D n e i d e ) u t N E r o ( E C r R P N T T I S I ) g k L / E l V N a ‘ S N e N ( O e I l s d T b t e I l i n ) u S a t e N n O t s i ( i P o A e r t T N T g t n A O i u o D C D N c L T - L N l A E a h ) 2 N I t s 5 S R o A ( U T T e U O l N R b A t a T P D r c 5 3 2 7 7 7 7 7 2 8 6 3 2 2 0 6 8 1 1 1 I N e a ) 5 1 7 9 8 4 6 3 4 7 6 7 8 7 6 4 9 0 0 1 T r 2 2 7 8 8 A h 3 9 N 5 5 5 4 9 5 7 7 9 1 7 6 5 x L t t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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F t I a s ( 4 1 8 6 2 3 1 2 3 2 5 8 8 5 9 3 r 7 3 6 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . 6 2 4 2 7 7 8 3 3 9 0 5 8 4 9 5 1 7 7 6 n N A 4 3 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 e 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 d r 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 4 e 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 N t e N I L E N ' 9 1 . 4 8 8 0 . 5 1 8 9 . 9 5 8 6 . 5 5 8 2 . 8 1 8 5 . 9 6 8 7 . 7 4 8 9 . 0 9 8 0 . 9 1 8 7 . 0 1 8 5 . 1 6 8 2 . 3 9 8 5 . 3 6 8 4 . 3 1 8 7 . 6 3 8 9 . 1 8 8 0 . 3 5 8 7 . 7 7 8 8 . 4 9 8 3 . 5 6 7 7 . 4 5 6 8 . 2 8 7 6 . 2 0 7 1 . 5 5 6 6 . 5 0 7 1 . 6 4 7 3 . 3 5 7 5 . 4 3 6 6 . 8 4 7 2 . 4 1 7 1 . 4 4 6 6 . 2 5 7 1 . 1 0 6 9 . 6 6 7 2 . 9 7 7 3 . 9 1 6 5 . 4 6 7 1 . 5 9 7 8 . 2 1 6 8 . 0 2 E M a U 5 3 K n M 0 § U N n 0 i : N F ' 0 I “ O M M O o u a o o a o a N N 5 Q § P 0 O 5 ~ 3 0 M O 0 5 ' 1 O k V . 1 3 . 5 2 2 2 . 0 0 1 6 . 0 9 1 9 . 2 0 1 9 . 2 3 1 8 . 5 3 1 8 . 8 8 1 7 . 1 9 2 4 . 9 3 1 6 . 0 9 2 0 . 9 9 2 3 . 1 8 1 8 . 6 8 1 9 . 0 5 1 8 . 5 3 1 5 . 7 9 2 4 . 6 1 1 7 . 9 6 1 6 . 6 4 2 0 . 3 6 3 1 1 3 1 2 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 3 E E R D S I Z E S A N D P R O D U C T I O N L E V E L S H e r d P r o d u c t i o n N o . C o w s ( k g / y r ) m 1 6 1 2 3 8 4 2 2 . 8 1 0 1 1 9 7 4 6 2 . 1 1 1 6 9 7 9 9 1 . 5 1 4 8 8 7 1 3 2 . 8 1 9 8 3 7 8 0 7 . 8 2 1 8 3 7 4 5 2 . 6 2 3 1 2 8 7 3 3 1 . 5 2 9 5 7 7 3 8 1 . 8 3 2 7 4 7 2 0 7 . 7 3 9 1 1 3 7 5 4 8 . 8 4 4 5 8 8 0 5 5 . 0 M e a n 9 0 . 4 5 7 6 1 7 . 7 s ' r D a 2 6 . 1 0 4 0 1 . 5 4 9 3 9 3 2 2 _ 2 1 1 4 9 6 0 4 . 0 4 9 0 9 8 8 7 . 5 1 2 5 2 1 0 4 6 3 . 6 1 8 1 0 1 9 7 6 5 . 0 2 0 9 0 8 7 0 7 . 2 2 4 9 2 8 6 8 4 . 1 3 4 1 2 7 1 0 4 0 8 . 2 3 5 4 8 8 9 1 6 . 8 3 8 7 1 9 2 9 3 . 3 4 0 4 3 9 7 3 5 . 6 4 1 7 1 8 7 8 8 . 9 M e a n 8 1 . 7 3 9 4 6 5 . 0 S T D 2 7 . 3 1 6 8 3 . 1 0 3 1 3 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 3 - c o n t i n u e d E E R D S I Z E S A N D P R O D U C T I O N L E V E L S H e r d P r o d u c t i o n N o . C o w s ( k g / y r ) G r o u p ) ; 3 2 3 3 7 1 7 5 . 9 5 1 8 8 7 2 3 9 . 9 9 1 4 1 8 2 1 9 . 6 1 7 1 3 1 7 9 5 7 . 9 2 5 2 7 6 8 1 3 9 . 8 2 6 1 8 4 7 8 3 4 . 5 2 7 2 3 8 7 0 9 9 . 2 2 8 2 1 0 8 3 2 9 . 4 3 0 1 4 6 7 3 9 4 . 5 4 2 1 5 4 7 0 6 7 . 5 M e a n 1 9 0 . 1 7 6 4 5 . 8 S T D 4 8 . 4 2 5 0 0 . 6 1 9 : 9 3 p 4 , 1 1 4 4 9 8 3 7 . 6 7 1 4 0 9 1 4 8 . 1 8 1 9 3 1 0 5 0 4 . 4 1 3 1 6 1 9 6 6 1 . 6 1 5 1 8 9 8 7 6 5 . 8 1 6 1 7 3 1 0 2 1 8 . 2 2 2 2 1 1 8 7 0 4 . 1 3 1 3 2 0 8 8 0 5 . 7 3 3 1 9 3 9 2 8 7 . 9 3 6 1 7 0 9 5 8 6 . 8 3 7 1 9 5 9 4 8 4 . 7 H e a n 1 8 9 . 9 9 4 5 5 . 0 S T D 4 8 . 5 1 5 8 9 . 3 8 3 1 4 A p p e n d i x T a b l e 5 3 - c o n t i n u e d E E R D S I Z E S A N D P R O D U C T I O N L E V E L S H e r d P r o d u c t i o n N o . C o w s ( R S / Y ? ) m i l l H e r d : - < 1 3 0 c o w s ( G r o u p s 1 a n d 2 ) M e a n 8 6 . 0 9 S T D 2 6 . 4 5 . L E E Q £ . H § I Q E ' z 1 3 0 c o w s ( G r o u p s 3 a n d 4 ) M e a n 1 9 0 . 0 S T D 4 7 . 2 4 ( L a w B E I G E - R H A < 8 , 6 3 6 . 4 k g / y r ( G r o u p s 1 a n d 3 ) M e a n 7 6 3 1 . 1 S T D 4 4 0 . 0 0 1 1 1 9 1 1 n e r d s - R N A . 2 8 , 6 3 6 . 4 k g l y r ( G r o u p s 2 a n d 4 ) M e a n 9 4 6 6 . 3 S T D 6 0 5 . 2 8 ¥ a n S T D = S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n / n D . t a h T d ) l e n a s i e h t ( n W I s t i n U 0 1 0 1 $ 9 3 4 9 9 5 0 8 6 . . . . . . . . 6 1 2 4 3 3 4 8 2 1 0 6 . . . 5 4 5 2 4 3 2 5 6 3 $ 1 . 0 1 l a ) 4 3 6 4 4 3 0 8 6 3 2 4 4 0 . . . . . . . t I 1 . . . 0 7 1 8 8 4 8 o ( T 4 5 3 2 2 1 7 4 8 1 1 I M I d s i i ( a c M n e t a - P P P C I N I I I T T T T u m I r F n t e S / m i u m d D D E ( e F g “ r i d d n F a ? g r i p y m i T t / a t s c a i L n p a i c M s u ' p i s i r P m 0 1 F a c i l i t y N i l k i r g P a m i n t e r i m m i N i l k i r g M B . N i l k i r g M I " ! W ” M i - l ( a ) 1 0 m m u m m u m u e u m m u u u u u 6 1 . 0 M T 1 1 3 6 1 2 1 0 8 8 4 8 . 8 4 2 8 9 7 5 4 8 . 8 5 2 . 4 $ 5 $ 0 m m m m m n g u n u H m 3 . 0 6 1 . 0 N T I C 2 1 5 7 . 0 3 1 7 8 . 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 ‘ 2 3 ‘ 3 3 3 m m m . . m . . m m m m . R R B B R R R R B B R B R « m a n e 1 e a m m a w n V . “ . ' 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 . 1 “ Q fl fl fi w ' - ? y n l n D a i d l i m m m ” 1 W s m a i e k l l i P N m i s k t i l h i l N g y r . t i e i k p l l y i i T N c F 2 2 2 8 1 1 1 P P I I e “ 0 0 6 4 S S w : 1 1 ] i : ) n e n n 1 6 0 9 8 . . . a . a ( n i fi M l e a ) : o t a o ( n l I T a a d n i m O I T N I O F N T n “ i a d - r F n D m m a l m i y a M d D ” 4 6 4 5 0 1 4 1 8 . 3 5 8 8 . 4 2 5 C C C C P P C r I I I I N I I I a V V T T T T T w W D E ( e F g f r u i h t d b F I i - m I s i x W t k T a i t l c a a l p L a a u i t n ( I e n . a n i - i a e l t n a i - n l I e r E F - 1 t - u l F . e t a - m m “ ? M i n i s ( i t ! ) “ : 6 1 0 4 7 6 . 8 5 5 1 1 5 Q a fl fi fl fl fi fi 1 5 0 5 5 5 " D u m w u fl y 2 2 2 ‘ 2 ‘ 3 3 w a n n a — 1 8 1 “ N 1 7 5 1 . 8 4 8 . 8 3 . 2 5 1 . 8 i n 1 0 4 M S T ] ? 9 1 4 3 6 . 6 $ 5 $ 5 4 8 8 6 1 0 1 0 4 w e 4 8 . 8 5 6 . 7 2 5 1 9 . 5 i “ 1 2 N T I C 4 . 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 ) . m m n m m n m m m n m n s n m m s m n m ' y i u h m b ( i y l l ! t ) - i n m e r i e a ( t m W e i V g s r i w k a l i P N m i k e l i w N m y i t i } k l l i p i c u s l l a t s 7 1 , a y N F l m . : 1 a 9 0 9 ) 5 2 5 3 1 n m . . n . . . . n i a 1 1 1 . . . 9 7 2 a n ( 2 2 2 2 $ w 4 ” a m 1 1 l . 2 8 8 2 2 8 7 7 a . . o . . . . . . : t s 1 1 1 8 8 2 2 8 o ( n n T a a 4 4 4 4 4 a m - m m ; m u p - n i a r ( m y a D ‘ u n u m y P P P P C C I I I N N I I U V T T T V / i T p h t i m w m m u m m - r u i m - t s ; v m m m i 0 t m a t c a L : 1 s m . d n i n k i a l a p i « l l d e : l d i i t m s m - r P o - c i l - l m I a a t T l ; s s - r e p e i t ; - l p b - h y c 8 T ; , M ; m m “ i p u m " r - . - u e e p n r a u i ; f c » s - m n m t s i i l n h ” e a fi > > > > > > > ~ > > Q Q Q Q Q Q Q N N N P N N N e - e - N e - 4 2 9 0 9 4 - 9 3 4 : E Q t 5 3 8 5 3 5 3 3 5 n I 5 8 n n N M N N N N N 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 2 2 3 8 ! ! ! ' Q Q ' E K K § I A > a x > a > 8 8 3 > > > > > > z > > N Q ' O N P N N M F H E R R R S S Q S 3 1 7 u s e o r e n t r a n c e s L I S T O P R E F E R E N C E S A k i n y e l e , 1 . 0 . , a n d S . L . S p a h r . 1 9 7 5 . S t a g e o f l a c t a t i o n a s a c r i t e r i o n f o r s w i t c h i n g c o w s f r o m o n e c o m p l e t e f e e d t o a n o t h e r d u r i n g e a r l y l a c t a t i o n . J . D a i r y S c i . 5 8 : 9 1 7 . A l l a i r e , F . R . , a n d C . S . T h r a e n . 1 9 8 5 . P r o s p e c t i v e s f o r g e n e t i c i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y o f d a i r y c a t t l e . J . D a i r y S c i . 6 8 : 3 1 1 0 . . A l l e n , H . S . , a n d D . R . H e r t e n s . 1 9 8 8 a . E v a l u a t i n g c o n s t r a i n t s o n f i b e r d i g e s t i o n b y r u m e n m i c r o b e s . J . N u t r . 1 1 8 : 2 6 1 . A l l e n , M . S . , a n d D . R . H e r t e n s . 1 9 8 8 b . E f f e c t o f d i e t f i b e r l e v e l a n d f o r a g e s o u r c e o n i n t a k e a n d m i l k p r o d u c t i o n o f H o l s t e i n c o w s i n e a r l y o r l a t e l a c t a t i o n . J . D a i r y S c i . 7 1 ( S u p p l . 1 ) : 1 7 6 . ( A b s t r . ) A l l i s o n , C . D . 1 9 8 5 . F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g f o r a g e i n t a k e b y r a n g e r u m i n a n t s : A r e v i e w . J . o f R a n g e H n g m t . 3 8 : 4 . A m o s , H . E . , T . K i s e r , a n d H . L o e w e n s t e i n . 1 9 8 5 . I n f l u e n c e o f m i l k i n g f r e q u e n c y o n p r o d u c t i v e a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e e f f i c i e n c i e s o f d a i r y c o w s . J . D a i r y S c i . 6 8 : 7 3 2 . . A n n e x s t a d , R . J . , H . D . S t e r n , D . E . O t t e r b y , J . G . L i n n , a n d W . P . H a n s e n . 1 9 8 7 . 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