6 % . - . . . 5 2 . 1 . 5 . . . W . . 1 M . M . - “ . . . . 3 . } L w 3 3 . i : 3 n . J . . u . 5 fi K 4 i . s n i a . : . 5 t v u i v l . r 6 - 2 . t 5 i l p S r I a n h . " . . . . I n 3 ; . w k . . . . . : < — n — . . - . - - - - - - . - - . . - - - - - . — . - . - . . - - . - - - . — . - - - . - . . . . . . . — . - . - I f ) \ \ m y ! ] ( I { D . . 3 . C ' - 0 / 7 I l ( o L I B R A R Y s L " ) M i c h i g a n S t a t e { 3 ‘ . l U n i v e r s i t y T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d C H A N G E S I N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y P R E V A L E N C E A M O N G U . S . S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E p r e s e n t e d b y S A O R I O B A Y A S H I h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d t o w a r d s f u l fi l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D o c t o r a l d e g r e e i n D e p a r t m e n t . o f F o o d S c i e n c e a n d H u m a n N u t r i t i o n M l i t s / A m / M a j o r P r o f e s s o r / ’ g S i g n a t u r e D a t e M S U i s a n a f fi r m a t i v e - a c t i o n , e q u a l - o p p o r t u n i t y e m p l o y e r P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T O A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e f o r e d a t e c l u e . M A Y B E R E C A L L E D w i t h e a r l i e r d u e d a t e i f r e q u e s t e d . D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E 6 / 0 7 p : / C I R C / D a t e D u e . i n d d - p . 1 C H A N G E S I N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y P R E V A L E N C E A M O N G U . S . S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E V O L U M E 1 B y S a o r i O b a y a s h i A D I S S E R T A T I O N S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l fi l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y D e p a r t m e n t o f F o o d S c i e n c e a n d H u m a n N u t r i t i o n 2 0 0 7 A B S T R A C T C H A N G E S I N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y P R E V A L E N C E A M O N G U . S . S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E B y S a o r i O b a y a s h i O b e s i t y i s a l e a d i n g p u b l i c h e a l t h i s s u e i n t h e U S , a n d i t s p r e v a l e n c e c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d i t s r a t e o f i n c r e a s e , h o w e v e r , v a r y w i d e l y a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . W i t h a n u l t i m a t e g o a l t o d e s i g n e f f e c t i v e n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s s p e c i f i c t o t h e t a r g e t e d p o p u l a t i o n s , w e a i m e d t o e x a m i n e d i f f e r e n c e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d t o i d e n t i f y d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u p r p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . U s e d i n t h e s t u d y w e r e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; a n d S A S C a l l a b l e S U D A A N i n o r d e r t o a d j u s t f o r s a m p l e w e i g h t s a n d t h e c o m p l e x s u r v e y d e s i g n . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f r o m 2 3 . 6 t o 3 1 . 1 % b e t w e e n t h e t w o s u r v e y s w a s m i n i m a l l y a c c o u n t e d f o r b y a g i n g U S . p o p u l a t i o n , a n d r e c o r d e d h i g h e s t i n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 5 3 . 3 % ) a n d l o w e s t i n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e m e n ( 2 1 . 7 % ) i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . T h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s w a s e x p l a i n e d b y l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s , s p e c i f i c a l l y s m o k i n g , h o u r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e , a l c o h o l i n t a k e , l e i s u r e — t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , t h e n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , p e r c e p t i o n a n d a t t i t u d e s a b o u t o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , ' e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , b r e a k f a s t i n t a k e , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s . T h e c h a n g e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e w a s t h e h i g h e s t i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 2 5 . 1 t o 3 9 . 3 % ) , w h e r e a s l o w e s t i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e m e n ( 2 3 . 6 t o 2 3 . 4 % ) . T h e s e c h a n g e s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s m o k i n g . a l c o h o l i n t a k e , l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , a n d b r e a k f a s t i n t a k e . I n d e v e l o p i n g n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s t o r e d u c e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e , o n e m u s t c o n s i d e r t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t a r e s p e c i f i c f o r s u p r p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n t h e U S . C o p y r i g h t b y S A O R I O B A Y A S H I 2 0 0 7 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S I w o u l d l i k e t o f i r s t a c k n o w l e d g e m y m a j o r a d v i s o r , D r . W o n 0 . S o n g . S h e h a s b e e n m y m a j o r a d v i s o r s i n c e I w a s a M a s t e r ’ s s t u d e n t a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . I a p p r e c i a t e h e r p a t i e n c e a n d t o l e r a n c e w i t h m y p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o w t h . H e r r e s e a r c h i d e a s w e r e a l w a y s e y e - o p e n i n g a n d e x c i t i n g , a n d I h o p e t o g a i n h e r c r e a t i v e m i n d s o m e d a y . I w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o a c k n o w l e d g e m y c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r , D r . S h a r o n H o e r r , f o r s h a r i n g h e r e x p e r t i s e i n n u t r i t i o n i s s u e s a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , w h i c h a d d e d q u a l i t y t o m y d i s s e r t a t i o n p r o j e c t . A n o t h e r c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r , D r . L o r r a i n e W e a t h e r s p o o n a l s o n e e d s t o b e a c k n o w l e d g e d f o r n o t o n l y h e r v a l u a b l e i n p u t t o m y d i s s e r t a t i o n p r o j e c t b u t a l s o f o r h e r c o n t i n u o u s s u p p o r t a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t d u r i n g m y P h . D p r o g r a m . S p e c i a l t h a n k s g o t o D r . R i c h a r d H o u a n g a n d D r . L e o n a r d B i a n c h i w h o m I a b s o l u t e l y a d o r e . I h a v e t r e m e n d o u s r e s p e c t t o t h e m a t p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d p e r s o n a l l e v e l s , a n d I w i l l b e f o r e v e r g r a t e f u l f o r t h e i r m e n t o r i n g a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l d i s c u s s i o n s o n m a n y n i g h t s a n d w e e k e n d s . M y g r a t i t u d e a l s o g o e s t o m y p a r e n t s a n d p a r e n t s - i n - l a w w h o h e l p e d m e a n d t o o k c a r e o f m y s o n . W i t h o u t t h e i r h e l p , I c o u l d n o t h a v e c o m p l e t e d m y d i s s e r t a t i o n . A l s o , I t h a n k m y f r i e n d s w h o s u p p o r t e d m e a n d h e l p e d m e t o s e e t h i n g s i n p e r s p e c t i v e . S p e c i a l t h a n k s g o t o D r s . O c k - K y u n g C h u n , J e a n K e r v e r , S e u n g - y e o n L e e , E u n j u Y a n g , a n d M i s o o k C h o , E m i l y M e i e r , M S , a n d H e i d i C l a r k , M S , R D w h o w e r e t h e r e f o r m e a t e v e r y d a y b a s i s d u r i n g m y p r o g r a m . F i n a l l y , l a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k m y h u s b a n d , J a s o n B i e l , w h o h a s b e e n s o u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d l o v i n g , a n d m y s o n , B e n j a m i n O b a y a s h i B i e l , w h o e n r i c h e d m y l i f e a n d m a d e m e a p p r e c i a t e “ l i f e " m o r e t h a n e v e r . T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S L I S T O F T A B L E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i i L I S T O F F I G U R E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i i i L I S T O F A P P E N D I C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i v I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O B J E C T I V E S A N D H Y P O T H E S E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 W O R K I N G D E F I N I T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 R E V I E W O F L I T E R A T U R E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 O b e s i t y , a s e r i o u s p u b l i c h e a l t h i s s u e i n t h e U S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 A d d i t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d i e s o n p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 M E T H O D S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 O v e r a l l p r o c e d u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 D a t a s e t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 . S u b j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 C o n s t r u c t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 R E S U L T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t . d e c a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l w h e n a g e w a s c o n t r o l l e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 1 C h a n g e s i n a g e s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 1 D i f f e r e n c e s i n s t u d y s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w i t h m i s s i n g r e s p o n s e s o n v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t . . . . . . . 3 2 3 C h a n g e s i n p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 5 T h e e f f e c t s o f e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s o n r e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 3 D I S C U S S I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 2 C O N C L U S I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 4 v i F U T U R E D I R E C T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 5 A P P E N D I C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 7 R E F E R E N C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 0 v i i L I S T O F T A B L E S T a b l e 1 . C o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e v a r i a b l e f o r m a t u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y b e t w e e n N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 T a b l e 2 a . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 T a b l e 2 b . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 T a b l e 3 a . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 T a b l e 3 b . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 T a b l e 4 a . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 T a b l e 4 b . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 T a b l e 5 a . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 T a b l e 5 b . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 T a b l e 6 a . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 7 2 T a b l e 6 b . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 T a b l e 7 a . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( M e n i n N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 T a b l e 7 b . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( W o m e n i n N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 T a b l e 8 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 v i i i T a b l e 9 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 T a b l e 1 0 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . 9 4 T a b l e 1 1 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7 T a b l e 1 2 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 . . 1 1 8 T a b l e 1 3 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 1 3 2 T a b l e 1 4 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 4 8 T a b l e 1 5 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 1 7 2 T a b l e 1 6 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 1 7 4 T a b l e 1 7 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 6 T a b l e 1 8 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 7 T a b l e 1 9 . C h a n g e s i n t h e a g e - s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , u s i n g t h e 2 0 0 0 S t a n d a r d P o p u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 0 T a b l e 2 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 T a b l e 2 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 8 T a b l e 2 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I i n w h i t e s i n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 2 T a b l e 2 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 4 T a b l e 2 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3 T a b l e 2 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 8 T a b l e 2 6 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 1 T a b l e 2 7 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 5 T a b l e 2 8 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I i n w h i t e s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 9 T a b l e 2 9 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 2 2 2 T a b l e 3 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 5 T a b l e 3 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 T a b l e 3 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 8 T a b l e 3 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 7 T a b l e 3 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e i n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 1 T a b l e 3 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k i n w h i t e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 4 T a b l e 3 6 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . 2 6 8 T a b l e 3 7 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 5 T a b l e 3 8 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 0 T a b l e 3 9 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 8 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 4 T a b l e 4 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 7 T a b l e 4 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k i n w h i t e s ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 0 T a b l e 4 2 . R e s u l t s o f l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 2 9 3 T a b l e 4 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 6 T a b l e 4 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 3 0 2 T a b l e 4 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 8 T a b l e 4 6 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . 3 2 4 T a b l e 4 7 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 6 T a b l e 4 8 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 8 T a b l e 4 9 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 0 T a b l e 5 0 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r ( N H A N E S I 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 2 T a b l e 5 1 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 7 T a b l e 5 2 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 1 T a b l e 5 3 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 4 T a b l e 5 4 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 3 T a b l e 5 5 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 5 T a b l e 5 6 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 7 T a b l e 5 7 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 4 T a b l e 5 8 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . 4 3 5 T a b l e 5 9 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 7 T a b l e 6 0 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 9 T a b l e 6 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 2 x i T a b l e 6 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 8 T a b l e 6 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 3 T a b l e 6 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N A H N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 3 x i i L I S T O F F I G U R E S F i g u r e 1 . O v e r a l l p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 F i g u r e 2 a . C h a n g e s i n t h e s a m p l e s i z e ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 F i g u r e 2 b . C h a n g e s i n t h e s a m p l e s i z e ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 x i i i L I S T O F A P P E N D I C E S A p p e n d i x 1 . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y w e i g h t ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . 4 8 7 A p p e n d i x 2 . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y w e i g h t f o r m e n a n d w o m e n ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 1 A p p e n d i x 3 a . S u m m a r y o f p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 6 A p p e n d i x 3 b . S u m m a r y o f p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 0 A p p e n d i x 3 0 . S u m m a r y o f p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 2 A p p e n d i x 4 . S u m m a r y o f t h e c h a n g e s i n p r e d i c t o r s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 6 x i v I N T R O D U C T I O N O b e s i t y c o n t i n u e s t o b e a l e a d i n g p u b l i c h e a l t h i s s u e i n t h e U S . B e t w e e n 1 9 8 0 a n d 2 0 0 2 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r d o u b l e d ( F l e g a l e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F l e g a l a n d T r o i a n o , 2 0 0 0 ) a n d c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e ( O g d e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) . O b e s i t y i n c r e a s e s t h e r i s k f o r m a n y h e a l t h c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e , h y p e r t e n s i o n , t y p e 2 d i a b e t e s , a n d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f c a n c e r ( K e n c h a i a h e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F i e l d e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e e s t i m a t e d m e d i c a l e x p e n s e s a t t r i b u t e d t o o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y i n t h e U S w e r e $ 9 2 . 6 b i l l i o n i n 2 0 0 2 ( F i n k e l s t e i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . S o m e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s h a v e h i g h e r o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e t h a n o t h e r s ; t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s b e e n a s s o c i a t e d p o s i t i v e l y w i t h a g e a n d i n v e r s e l y w i t h s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( S E S ) . H i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i s s e e n i n w o m e n a n d c e r t a i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s t h a n i n m e n a n d C a u c a s i a n s . H o w e v e r . n o t e v e r y w o m a n o r s u b j e c t w i t h l o w - S E S i s a t h i g h r i s k o f o b e s i t y ; w h e n b o t h S E S a n d g e n d e r w e r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y e x a m i n e d i n t h e U S , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y w a s i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h S E S o n l y i n w o m e n ( H a t h a w a y a n d F o a r d , 1 9 6 0 ; L o w e n s t e i n , 1 9 7 7 ; C a m a n d C l a r k , 1 9 7 7 ; N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s , 1 9 8 6 ; S t e p h e n s o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; B e n b r o o k , 1 9 7 6 ; F o r m a n e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . L i f e s t y l e s ( B i n k l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; H u e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; A l b a n e s e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; C o o p e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; L a h t i - K o s k i M e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F i s h e r a n d G o r d o n , 1 9 8 5 ; G r u c h o w e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 ; C o l d i t z e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ; B r e s l o w a n d S m o t h e r s , 2 0 0 5 ; H u m a n N u t r i t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e , 1 9 9 3 ; C h a n g e t a 1 , 1 9 9 0 ; S a l m o n a n d F l a t t , 1 9 8 5 ; R o l l s a n d S h i d e , I 9 9 2 ) , p s y c h o s o c i a l i s s u e s ( M c A r t h u r e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; S p e a k m a n i e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; F a i t h e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F r i e d m a n a n d B r o w n e l l , 1 9 9 5 ; R o b e r t s e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; I s t v a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ; S u l l i v a n e t a l . , I 9 9 3 ; H a l l s t r o m a n d N e p p a . I 9 8 1 ; F a u b e l . 1 9 8 9 ) , r e p r o d u c t i v e h e a l t h ( L a h m a n n e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; B a s t i a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; W i l l i a m s o n e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; M a n d e l e t a l . . 2 0 0 4 ; L a i t i n e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) , p r e - a d u l t w e i g h t h i s t o r y ( G u o e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; B i r o e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; F r e e m a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 ; F e r r a r o e t a l . . 2 0 0 3 ) . a n d g e n e t i c b a c k g r o u n d ( M a c s e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; C o m u z z i e a n d A l l i s o n , I 9 9 8 ) h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d a s p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . T h e s e p r e d i c t o r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m p o p u l a t i o n s . g e n d e r , i n c o m e , o r r a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . H o w e v e r , t h e y f a i l e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s w i t h i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s d e f i n e d b y s i n g l e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a r e d i v e r s e a n d t h e i r r i s k s o f o b e s i t y v a r y . T h u s , p r e d i c t o r s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s m a y a p p l y t o s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s b u t n o t t o t h e o t h e r s w i t h i n t h e s a m e g r o u p . E f f e c t i v e n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s t o p r e v e n t o r c o n t r o l o b e s i t y n e e d t o b e c u l t u r a l l y s e n s i t i v e a n d s p e c i fi c t o t h e t a r g e t e d p o p u l a t i o n ( G a l a s s o e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; R e s n i c o w e t a l . . 2 0 0 0 : B r o w n a n d H a r r i s , 1 9 9 5 : S h i n t a n i e t a l . . 1 9 9 4 ) . I d e n t i f y i n g p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y t h a t a c c o u n t f o r v a r y i n g o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i s t h e f i r s t s t e p t o d e v e l o p e f f e c t i v e o b e s i t y p r e v e n t i o n o r c o n t r o l p r o g r a m s f o r d i f f e r e n t s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . M a n y o f t h e p a s t s t u d i e s a l s o f a i l t o a d d r e s s t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s a m o n g v a r i a b l e s w h e n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . S i n c e o b e s i t y r e s u l t s f r o m c o m p l e x i n t e r a c t i o n s o f v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s , p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y i d e n t i fi e d w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r v a r i a b l e s c a n b e m i s l e a d i n g . W h i l e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g l o w - S E S w o m e n i s s t i l l h i g h e s t , r e c e n t n a t i o n a l s t u d i e s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s i n c r e a s e d a m o n g h i g h - S E S w o m e n a t a h i g h e r r a t e t h a n f o r l o w - S E S w o m e n , d e c r e a s i n g t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y S E S i n w o m e n i n t h e U S . o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ) . M a n y i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h e n u m e r o u s p o s s i b l e f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . F e w s t u d i e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e d e l i n e a t e d t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s . U s e o f o n g o i n g U S . n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s s u c h a s t h e N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y ( N I I A N E S ) . w h i c h i n q u i r e d a b o u t a w i d e r a n g e o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e v a n t t o t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y . c a n f a c i l i t a t e o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p r e d i c t o r s t h a t a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a n d t h e i r c h a n g e s o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e . O B J E C T I V E S A N D H Y P O T H E S E S T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w e r e : I ) t o c o m p a r e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e U S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , S E S , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . a n d t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e ; 2 ) t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t a c c o u n t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s : a n d 3 ) t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . W e h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t : l ) T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y d i f f e r s b y g e n d e r , S E S , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s a s w e l l a s b y t h e y e a r i n t h e U S , w h e n t h e a g e s t r u c t u r e i s s t a n d a r d i z e d t o t h e 2 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n ; 2 ) L i f e s t y l e , p s y c h o s o c i a l , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s a c c o u n t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ; a n d 3 ) L i f e s t y l e , p s y c h o s o c i a l , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t i a l c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . W O R K I N G D E F I N I T I O N S A c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s : T h e r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y c o m p a r i s o n o f p e r c e i v e d o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s ( s e e t h e d e fi n i t i o n o f “ P e r c e i v e d o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s ” a b o v e ) v s . B M I c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d h e i g h t a n d w e i g h t . P e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t A b o u t r i g h t O v e r w e i g h t N o r m a l . U n d e r - a s s e s s o r A c c u r a t e - a s s e s s o r O v e r - a s s e s s o r w e i g h t B . A c c u r a t e - M I O v e r w e i g h t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r U n d e r - a s s e s s o r a s s e s s o r O b e s e U n d e r - a s s e s s o r U n d e r - a s s e s s o r A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r C o m p o n e n t s c o r e : R e s p o n d e n t ’ s s c o r e r e g a r d i n g t h e c o m p o n e n t s t h a t w e r e e x t r a c t e d b y t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s . I t i s c a l c u l a t e d a s : 2 ( r e s p o n s e t o o r d i n a l c a t e g o r y t h a t c o n s t r u c t s a c o m p o n e n t ) . D e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s : A p e r s o n ' s r e s p o n s e t o t h e q u e s t i o n , “ L i k e t o w e i g h m o r e , l e s s o r s a m e ” . E n e r g y i n t a k e : C a l c u l a t e d f r o m r e s p o n d e n t s ’ s e l f - r e p o r t e d o n e - d a y 2 4 - h r d i e t a r y r e c a l l . E n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s : I n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e w a s b e l o w 9 0 % o f t h e B a s i c M e t a b o l i c R a t e ( B M R ) ( G o l d b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ; B r i e f e l e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) w h i c h w a s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s w e i g h t , a g e , a n d g e n d e r b y S c h o fi e l d ( 1 9 8 5 ) : A d u l t s 2 0 - 3 0 y r : M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 6 3 w t ( k g ) + 2 . 8 9 6 ; F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 6 2 w t + 2 . 0 3 6 A d u l t s 3 0 — 6 0 y r : M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 4 8 w t + 3 . 6 5 3 ; F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 3 4 w t + 3 . 5 3 8 A d u l t s o v e r 6 0 y r : M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 4 9 w t + 2 . 4 5 9 ; F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 3 8 w t + 2 . 7 5 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e o v e r - r e p o r t e r s : I n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e w a s o v e r 2 4 0 % o f t h e B M R w h i c h w a s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s w e i g h t , a g e , a n d g e n d e r ( s e e E n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s ) . T h e c u t p o i n t o f 2 4 0 % w a s a d o p t e d f r o m B l a c k e t a l . ( 1 9 9 6 ) L e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y : A s u b s e t o f t o t a l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a t d e s c r i b e s l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y . I t i s a s u m m e d p r o d u c t o f f r e q u e n c y b y i n t e n s i t y o f v a r i o u s m o d e r a t e a n d s e v e r e l e v e l l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . D u r a t i o n o f e a c h a c t i v i t y w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . ‘ N o n — l e i s u r e — t i m e a c t i v i t y : T o t h e q u e s t i o n , “ P l e a s e t e l l m e w h i c h o f t h e s e f o u r s e n t e n c e s b e s t d e s c r i b e s { y o u r / s a m p l e p e r s o n ’ s } u s u a l a c t i v i t i e s ? ” , t h e r e s p o n d e n t n e e d s t o s e l e c t o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s p o n s e s : I ) { y o u s i t / h e / s h e s i t e s } d u r i n g t h e d a y a n d { d o / ' d o e s } n o t w a l k a b o u t v e r y m u c h ; 2 ) { y o u s t a n d o r w a l k / h e / s h e s t a n d s o r w a l k s } a b o u t a l o t d u r i n g t h e d a y , b u t { d o / d o e s } n o t c a r r y o r l i f t t h i n g s v e r y o f t e n ; 3 ) { y o u / h e / s h e } l i f t ( s ) l i g h t l o a d o r { h a v e / h a s } t o c l i m b s t a i r s o r h i l l s o f t e n ; a n d 4 ) { y o u / h e / s h e } { d o / d o e s } h e a v y w o r k o r { c a r r y / c a r r i e s } h e a v y l o a d s . U s u a l a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e b o t h w o r k a n d h o u s e w o r k b u t n o t l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y . N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s : N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s i n a d a y e s t i m a t e d f r o m o n e - d a y 2 4 - h r d i e t a r y r e c a l l . P e r c e i v e d o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s : S e l f - r e p o r t e d r e s p o n s e s ( u n d e r w e i g h t , a b o u t r i g h t , a n d o v e r w e i g h t ) t o t h e q u e s t i o n , “ H o w d o y o u c o n s i d e r y o u r w e i g h t ? ” . R i s k f o r o b e s i t y : T h e l i k e l i h o o d o f b e i n g o b e s e ( B M I Z 3 0 ) r e l a t i v e t o t h e r e f e r e n c e g r o u p ( 1 8 . 5 5 8 M I < 3 0 ) . R i s k o f o b e s i t y i s d e t e r m i n e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y b y o d d s r a t i o , w h i c h i s c a l c u l a t e d a s a r a t i o o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e g r o u p o f i n t e r e s t o v e r t h a t o f t h e r e f e r e n c e g r o u p . S o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( S E S ) : I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , m e a s u r e d w a s p o v e r t y i n d e x r a t i o ( P I R ) . a n i n d e x f o r t h e s e l f - r e p o r t e d f a m i l y i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e n u m b e r o f h o u s e h o l d m e m b e r s . P I R h a s b e e n u s e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g e l i g i b i l i t y o f f e d e r a l n u t r i t i o n p r o g r a m s s u c h a s t h e S p e c i a l S u p p l e m e n t a l N u t r i t i o n P r o g r a m f o r W o m e n , I n f a n t s , a n d C h i l d r e n ( W I C ; P I R _ < _ 1 . 8 5 ) o r F o o d S t a m p P r o g r a m ( P I R S I . 3 0 ) . W e i g h t s t a t u s : A w e i g h t s t a t u s b a s e d o n t h e B M I w h i c h w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y m e a s u r e d w e i g h t a n d m e a s u r e d h e i g h t : B M I = w e i g h t i n k i l o g r a m s / h e i g h t i n m e t e r s s q u a r e d . W e i g h t s t a t u s i s c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o : u n d e r w e i g h t ( B M I < 1 8 . 5 ) , n o r m a l w e i g h t ( 1 8 . 5 5 8 M I < 2 5 ) , o v e r w e i g h t ( 2 5 $ B M I < 3 0 ) , a n d o b e s e ( B M I Z 3 0 ) . R E V I E W O F L I T E R A T U R E T h i s c h a p t e r s u m m a r i z e s t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n : p u b l i c h e a l t h i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o o b e s i t y , c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . p o p u l a t i o n a n d s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . a n d t h e g a p i n t h e c u r r e n t k n o w l e d g e o n t h e d i s p a r i t y o f o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n t h e U S . O B E S I T Y , A S E R I O U S P U B L I C H E A L T H I S S U E I N T H E U S . O b e s i t y i s d e fi n e d a s h a v i n g a b o d y m a s s i n d e x ( B M I ) w h i c h i s c a l c u l a t e d b y w e i g h t i n k i l o g r a m s d i v i d e d b y h e i g h t i n m e t e r s s q u a r e d , e q u a l t o o r a b o v e 3 0 . O b e s i t y i n c r e a s e s t h e r i s k s o f m a n y c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s s u c h a s c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e ( K e n c h a i a h e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) , h y p e r t e n s i o n . t y p e 2 d i a b e t e s , a n d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f c a n c e r ( F i e l d e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e e s t i m a t e d m e d i c a l e x p e n s e s a t t r i b u t e d t o o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y w e r e $ 9 2 . 6 b i l l i o n i n 2 0 0 2 i n t h e U S ( F i n k e l s t e i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g U S . a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 - 7 4 y e a r s h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 1 3 . 3 % i n 1 9 6 0 - 6 2 t o 3 0 . 9 % i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 a n d c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ; F l e g a l e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F l e g a l a n d T r o i a n o , 2 0 0 0 ; O g d e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 1 0 h a s s e t a g o a l t o r e d u c e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t o 1 5 % a m o n g a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o l d e r i n t h e U S . ( H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 1 0 , 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e g o a l p o s e s s e r i o u s c h a l l e n g e s t o t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s , i n c l u d i n g n u t r i t i o n i s t s . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y v a r i e s a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g p r a h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n t h e U S . W o m e n a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r h a v e h a d a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n m e n o f t h e s a m e a g e s i n c e 1 9 6 0 ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) . A g e i s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y e x c e p t f o r w o m e n 6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r a n d m e n 7 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e d e c r e a s e i n t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e o l d e r ( F l e g a l e t a l . . 1 9 9 8 ; C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) h a s b e e n e x p l a i n e d a s d u e t o t h e h i g h m o r b i d i t y o f t h e o l d a n d o b e s e . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a l s o d i f f e r s d e p e n d i n g o n s u b j e c t s ‘ s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( S E S ) . S E S h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d b y i n c o m e ( K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; F l e g a l e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) , e d u c a t i o n ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ; S c h o e n b o r n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F l e g a l e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ; F r e e d m a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) , o r o c c u p a t i o n ( P o w e r a n d M o y n i h a n , 1 9 8 8 ; K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; S a r l i o - L é i h t e e n k o r v a a n d L a h e l m a , 1 9 9 9 ) . R e s e a r c h e r s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e t h a t e a c h o f t h e s e S E S m e a s u r e m e n t s i s c o n c e p t u a l l y d i s t i n c t a n d m a k e s s e p a r a t e a n d u n i q u e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e h e a l t h o u t c o m e s ( T u r r e l l e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; M i s h i r a e t a l . . 2 0 0 1 ; L i b e r a t o s e t a l . . I 9 8 8 ) . I n c o m e i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o m e d i c a l c a r e r e s o u r c e s , d i e t q u a l i t y , a n d a c c e s s t o s o c i a l a m e n i t i e s ( M a r m o t e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ) . E d u c a t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r o b l e m s o l v i n g c a p a c i t y ( P i n c u s e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ) a n d v a l u e s ( Z u r a y k e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ) . O c c u p a t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y s t r e s s f u l e n v i r o n m e n t s ( K e i g h l e y e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n i n c o m e , e d u c a t i o n , a n d o c c u p a t i o n w e r e m o d e r a t e t o w e a k ( W i n k e l b y e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ; A b r a m s o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . A f e w s t u d i e s u s e d t w o o r m o r e o f t h e S E S m e a s u r e m e n t s , b u t f a i l e d t o a d j u s t f o r p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s o f e a c h m e a s u r e m e n t o n t h e o t h e r . T h i s m i g h t h a v e r e s u l t e d i n o n e o f t w o t y p e s o f b i a s : o v e r e s t i m a t e d e f f e c t o f o n e i n d i c a t o r o r u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t o t a l S E S e f f e c t s . I n o r d e r t o r e d u c e b i a s e s , L i b e r a t o s e t a l . ( 1 9 8 8 ) r e c o m m e n d e d m u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l m e t h o d s o f a s s i g n i n g S E S t h r o u g h p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s o r u s e o f s e v e r a l S E S i n d i c a t o r s a l t e r a d j u s t i n g f o r t h e u n m e a s u r e d e f f e c t s o f e a c h i n d i c a t o r . M a n y s t u d i e s i n t h e U S . r e p o r t e d t h a t s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S h a v e a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e S E S m e a s u r e m e n t s u s e d ( S t e p h e n s o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; C r e s p o e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ; Z h a n g a n d W a n g . 2 0 0 4 ) . I n 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 . t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s a g e d 1 8 y e a r s a n d o l d e r w e r e 2 3 % i n l o w - i n c o m e v s . 1 7 % o f h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( P a e r a t a k u l e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) . F o o d i n s e c u r i t y i s m o r e l i k e l y t o b e e x p e r i e n c e d a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . P a r a d o x i c a l l y . a p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y w a s h i g h e r i n w o m e n w h o r e p o r t e d h a v i n g h a d e x p e r i e n c e d f o o d i n s e c u r i t y i n t h e p a s t 1 2 m o n t h s t h a n o t h e r s ( A d a m s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n ( C D C ) h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 I 0 o b j e c t i v e t o e l i m i n a t e d i s p a r i t i e s i n t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e b y i n c o m e a n d e d u c a t i o n ( H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 0 1 , 2 0 0 0 ) . H i g h l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h S E S i s r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( K u m a n y i k a , 1 9 9 4 ) . I n t h e U S , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y g r o u p s ( i . e . B l a c k , M e x i c a n - , a n d N a t i v e - A m e r i c a n s ) h a s b e e n h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f C a u c a s i a n s ( K u m a n y i k a , 1 9 9 4 ; K u m a n y i k a , 1 9 8 7 ; Y o u n g e t a l . , 1 9 8 9 ; F l e g a l e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ; H e d l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) . I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g n o n - H i s p a n i c w h i t e , n o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r w a s 2 9 . 4 % , 3 9 . 4 % , a n d 3 2 . 6 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( H e d l e y e t a l , 2 0 0 4 ) . A f e w r e s e a r c h e r s w h o c o n t r o l l e d f o r S E S a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e h i g h e r o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y g r o u p s ( H a r r e l l a n d G o r e , 1 9 9 8 ; Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ; W i n k l e b y e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) . E f f e c t i v e n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s a r e c u l t u r a l l y s e n s i t i v e . C o n t r o l l i n g f o r S E S w h e n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e r a c i a l / e t h n i c p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y i s c r i t i c a l t o d i s t i n g u i s h e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y f r o m c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s . C o n t r a r y t o t h e fi n d i n g s t h a t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i s h i g h e r a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S , s u b j e c t s c l a s s i fi e d b y m o r e t h a n o n e s o i c o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l c o n t r a s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n . W h e n g e n d e r a n d S E S w e r e e x a m i n e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . t h e i n v e r s e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d S E S r e m a i n e d t r u e o n l y f o r w o m e n ( H a t h a w a y a n d F o a r d . I 9 6 0 ; L o w e n s t e i n , 1 9 7 7 ; G a r n a n d C l a r k , 1 9 7 7 ; N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s , 1 9 8 6 : S t e p h e n s o n e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; B e n b r o o k . I 9 7 6 ; F o r m a n e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . I n a d d i t i o n . s e v e r a l r e s e a r c h e r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e p o r t e d a s s o c i a t i o n m a y h o l d t r u e o n l y f o r w h i t e w o m e n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e s u l t s v a r i e d a c r o s s s t u d i e s ( K u m a n y i k a , 1 9 8 7 ; G i l l u m , 1 9 8 7 ; Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ; R o b e r t a n d R e i t h e r , 2 0 0 4 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , S o b a l a n d S t u n k a r d ( 1 9 8 9 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t s o c i o e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y g e n d e r d o e s n o t a p p e a r u n t i l a d o l e s c e n c e . O v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s i n t h e U S , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s i n c r e a s e d i n a l l r a c e s , a g e s , g e n d e r ( F l e g a l e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ) a n d e d u c a t i o n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ) . T h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r s . B e t w e e n 1 9 6 0 - 6 2 a n d [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d b y 1 8 . 3 % ( 1 5 . 7 % t o 3 4 % ) i n w o m e n v s . 1 7 % ( 1 0 . 7 % t o 2 7 . 7 % ) i n m e n a g e d 2 0 - 7 4 y r s o f a g e . T h u s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n d i d n o t r e a l l y c h a n g e b e t w e e n 1 9 6 0 — 6 2 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ( 5 % i n 1 9 6 0 - 6 2 a n d 6 . 3 % i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 - 8 0 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n w o m e n i n c r e a s e d b y 1 4 . 2 % ( 1 5 . 4 % t o 3 0 . 6 % ) f o r C a u c a s i a n s , 1 9 . 8 % ( 3 1 % t o 5 0 . 8 % ) f o r B l a c k s , a n d 1 3 . 5 % ( 2 6 . 6 % t o 4 0 . 1 % ) f o r 1 0 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . T h u s . t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n w h i t e w o m e n a n d B l a c k w o m e n i n c r e a s e d f r o m 1 5 . 6 % t o 2 0 . 2 % , w h i l e i t d e c r e a s e d f r o m 1 1 . 2 % t o 9 . 5 % b e t w e e n w h i t e w o m e n a n d M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n w o m e n . D u r i n g t h e s a m e p e r i o d o f t i m e , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n m e n i n c r e a s e d b y 1 5 . 3 % ( 1 2 . 4 % t o 2 7 . 7 % ) f o r C a u c a s i a n s , 1 2 . 3 % ( 1 6 . 5 % t o 2 8 . 8 % ) f o r B l a c k s . a n d 1 3 . 7 % ( 1 5 . 7 % t o 2 9 . 4 % ) f o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) . T h u s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n w h i t e a n d B l a c k m e n a n d w h i t e a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n b o t h d e c r e a s e d ( 4 . 1 % t o 1 . 1 % a n d 3 . 3 % t o 1 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . B e t w e e n 1 9 7 1 - 7 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n w o m e n i n c r e a s e d f a s t e r i n w o m e n w i t h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ( 7 . 3 % t o 2 9 . 9 % ) t h a n i n w o m e n w i t h l o w e r e d u c a t i o n ( 2 4 . 9 % t o 3 7 . 8 % ) . A s a r e s u l t . t h e d i s p a r i t y i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d i n w o m e n ( 1 7 . 6 % t o 7 . 9 % ) . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n . o n t h e o t h e r h a n d . i n c r e a s e d f r o m 7 . 4 % t o 2 3 . 6 % , w h i l e i t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 1 2 % t o 2 6 . 7 % i n m e n w i t h l o w e d u c a t i o n . T h u s , d e c r e a s e i n t h e d i s p a r i t y i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y e d u c a t i o n i n m e n w a s m u c h s m a l l e r ( 4 . 6 % t o 3 . 1 % ) t h a n t h a t i n w o m e n ’ s ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ) . C l e a r l y t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y d i f f e r s b y s e v e r a l m a j o r s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s a l o n e : a g e , g e n d e r , S E S , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . H o w e v e r , e x a m i n i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s ( i . e . S E S a n d g e n d e r ) i d e n t i fi e d m o r e s p e c i fi c o b e s i t y r i s k g r o u p t h a n b y s i n g l e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e . T h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n S E S a n d t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f o r m e n v s . w o m e n m a y p a r t l y b e e x p l a i n e d b y b i o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e 1 1 d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r a t e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f g e n d e r a n d S E S . h o w e v e r . s u g g e s t s d i f f e r e n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s h a v i n g a f f e c t e d o n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f g e n d e r a n d S E S i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e b i o l o g y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . T h u s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l c o m p a r e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f g e n d e r , S E S , a n d / o r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y O b e s i t y r e s u l t s f r o m c o m p l e x i n t e r a c t i o n s o f v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s . T h u s , u n d e r s t a n d i n g v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y ( p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y ) a n d h o w t h e y d i f f e r s a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i s i m p o r t a n t t o d e c r e a s e t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g v a r i o u s s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a s w e l l a s t o d e c r e a s e t h e o v e r a l l p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . T h i s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y , a n d h o w t h e y d i f f e r a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y i d e n t i fi e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a r e l i f e s t y l e , p s y c h o s o c i a l , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s , p r e - a d u l t w e i g h t h i s t o r y , a n d g e n e t i c f a c t o r s . L i f e s t y l e v a r i a b l e s : L i f e s t y l e v a r i a b l e s t h a t h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y i n c l u d e s m o k i n g , d r u g u s e , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , a n d d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s . L i t e r a t u r e s u p p o r t s t h a t w e i g h t g a i n i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n o n - s m o k i n g a n d u s e o f s o m e t y p e s o f i l l e g a l d r u g s . A l t h o u g h s m o k i n g i n c r e a s e s t h e r i s k f o r l u n g c a n c e r , s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s s m o k e t o c o n t r o l w e i g h t ( P e r k i n s e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) . W a m a l a e t a 1 . ( 1 9 9 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s m o k i n g w a s h i g h e r i n n o r m a l w e i g h t w o m e n ( 4 0 % ) c o m p a r e d t o o v e r w e i g h t ( 3 0 % ) a n d o b e s e w o m e n ( 2 2 % ) i n a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d y i n S w e d e n . S i m i l a r l y , i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d y c o n d u c t e d i n t h e U S . n a t i o n a l s a m p l e , s m o k e r s w e r e l e s s l i k e l y t o b e o b e s e ( O R = 0 . 6 3 ; 9 5 % C I = 0 . 4 6 , 0 . 8 8 ) t h a n n o n - s m o k e r s ( K i n g e t a l . . 2 0 0 1 ) . I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y f o r e x - s m o k e r s d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m n o n - s m o k e r s ( O R = 1 . 0 1 , 9 5 % C I = 0 . 7 7 , 1 . 3 4 ) , w h i l e o t h e r s t u d y ( B a l l e t a l , 2 0 0 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t e x - s m o k e r s h a v e a h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y t h a n n o n - s m o k e r s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n t h e l a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s w h i l e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d , t o b a c c o c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d i n t h e U S . ( G a l u s k a e t a l . . 1 9 9 6 ) . T h i s m a y p o t e n t i a l l y s u g g e s t t h e d e c r e a s e d p e r c e n t a g e o f s m o k i n g a s a p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l . T h e r e f o r e , s m o k i n g a s a p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e U S w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . I l l e g a l d r u g u s e s u c h a s m a r i j u a n a h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o p r o m o t e c a l o r i e i n t a k e , y e t i t s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h w e i g h t g a i n i s i n c o n s i s t e n t : p o s i t i v e ( G r e e n b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; M e n d e l s o n , 1 9 7 6 ) a n d n e g a t i v e ( S m i t a n d C r e s p o , 2 0 0 1 ) . M a r i j u a n a u s e i n t h e U S . s t a r t e d t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e 1 9 6 0 5 a n d r e a c h e d i t s p e a k i n 1 9 7 3 , a f t e r w h i c h a s t e a d y d e c l i n e h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d ( G f r o e r e r a n d B r o d s k y , 1 9 9 2 ) . B e t w e e n 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 2 a n d 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f m a r i j u a n a u s e r e m a i n e d s t a b l e a t a b o u t 4 % o f t h e U S . a d u l t s a g e d 1 8 y e a r s a n d o v e r ( C o m p t o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) . T h u s , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t m a r i j u a n a u s e h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e , a n d i t w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . W h e t h e r o r n o t a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n i s a c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l . A l c o h o l i n t a k e i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y i n t a k e i n s h o r t - t e r r n l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s ( Y e o m a n s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; C a t o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) b u t n o t i n l o n g e r - t e r m s t u d i e s ( C o r d a i n e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; C o r d a i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s r e p o r t m i x e d a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d B M I ( L a h t i - K o s k i e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F i s h e r a n d I 3 G o r d o n , 1 9 8 5 ; G r u c h o w e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 ; C o l d i t z e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) . T h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n t fi n d i n g s m a y b e p a r t i a l l y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e a s u r e m e n t s o f a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i . e . q u a n t i t y , f r e q u e n c y , o r a p r o d u c t o f q u a n t i t y a n d f r e q u e n c y ) a n d o b e s i t y ( e . g . t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , m e a n B M I ) u t i l i z e d a c r o s s t h e s t u d i e s . R e c e n t l y , t h e r e v i e w a r t i c l e b y S u t e r ( 2 0 0 5 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l c o h o l e n e r g y i n t a k e o f m o d e r a t e n o n - d a i l y c o n s u m e r s m a y i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , w h i l e a l c o h o l e n e r g y i n t a k e o f m o d e r a t e d a i l y a n d a l l h e a v y c o n s u m e r s m a y n o t . T h i s a r t i c l e s u g g e s t s t h a t n e i t h e r f r e q u e n c y n o r q u a n t i t y o f a l c o h o l i n t a k e s a l o n e m a y s u f fi c i e n t l y r e p r e s e n t a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n a s a p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o c o n f o u n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n b o d y w e i g h t a n d a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( i . e . c o n c o m i t a n t f o o d i n t a k e , b o d y c o m p o s i t i o n , s m o k i n g , l i v e r f u n c t i o n , e t h n i c i t y , a g e , g e n d e r ) . S o m e i n d i v i d u a l s m a y h a v e o v e r - a n d / o r u n d e r r e p o r t t h e i r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , b i a s i n g t h e r e s u l t s ( S u t e r . 2 0 0 5 ) . E n n s a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 1 9 9 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e i n t a k e o f b e e r a n d a l e i n t h e U S . i n c r e a s e d b e t w e e n 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 a n d 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 . T h e r e f o r e , a l c o h o l i n t a k e m a y b e a p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d i t w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . O b e s i t y r e s u l t s f r o m l o n g - t e r m i m b a l a n c e o f e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i s a m a j o r v a r i a b l e o f e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e , a n d i t i s w e l l d o c u m e n t e d t h a t p h y s i c a l i n a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( B i n k l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; H u e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; C o o p e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y o c c u r s b o t h d u r i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e . B e t w e e n 1 9 8 7 a n d 1 9 9 3 i n t h e U S , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f a d u l t s w h o r e p o r t e d b e i n g r e g u l a r l y e n g a g e d i n l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y f r o m 4 0 . 5 t o 4 3 . 7 % ( G a l u s k a e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) . O t h e r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e u p s u r g e o f o b e s i t y 1 4 p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s i s p a r t i a l l y d u e t o o u r i n c r e a s i n g l y s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e s , w i t h m o r e p e o p l e h a v i n g l e s s p h y s i c a l l y d e m a n d i n g j o b s , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r ( S k i d m o r e a n d Y a r n e l l , 2 0 0 4 ; S e i d e l l , 2 0 0 0 ; J e b b a n d M o o r e , 1 9 9 9 ; H u e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . L a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y h a s d e l a y e d t e s t i n g t h i s h y p o t h e s i s ( P r e n t i c e e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) . C o n s i d e r i n g b o t h l e i s u r e - t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i s i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e , b e c a u s e e v e n t h o u g h o n e i s a c t i v e l y e n g a g e d i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s , i f h e / s h e d o e s n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s , h i s / h e r o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y e x p e n d i t u r e m i g h t n o t b e e n o u g h t o r e d u c e h i s / h e r r i s k o f d e v e l o p i n g o b e s i t y . I n A u s t r a l i a , P r o p e r e t a l . ( 2 0 0 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e l e n g t h o f s i t t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a n d t h e t o t a l n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y . I n U S , B a m e s s e t a l . ( 2 0 0 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o w a l k e d , l i f t e d o r c a r r i e d l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s d u r i n g n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e . a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e e n g a g e d i n r e g u l a r l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a n t h o s e w h o s a t d u r i n g t h e i r n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e . A d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s a r e n e e d e d t o e v a l u a t e c h a n g e s i n t h e o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i n r e l a t i o n t o r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e U S . D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s c a n b e a s s e s s e d b y d i e t a r y c o m p o s i t i o n ( m a c r o n u t r i e n t s , e n e r g y , e n e r g y d e n s i t y , a n d s p e c i fi c f o o d / f o o d g r o u p c o n s u m p t i o n ) , m e a l p a t t e r n s ( i . e . b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n ) , a n d o t h e r e a t i n g b e h a v i o r s i n c l u d i n g d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s a n d e a t i n g f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e . A v e r a g e d i e t a r y e n e r g y i n t a k e i n c r e a s e d b y 3 3 5 k c a l i n w o m e n a n d b y 1 6 8 k c a l i n m e n a g e d 2 0 - 7 4 y e a r s o l d ( B r i e f e l a n d J o h n s o n , 2 0 0 4 ) b e t w e e n 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . T h u s , e n e r g y i n t a k e m i g h t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y t i p p i n g t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e , a n d i t w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . E n e r g y d e n s i t y h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n s u g g e s t e d a s a c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r t o o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e ( R o l l s e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ; W i l l e t , I 9 9 8 ; T r u o n g a n d S t u r m , 2 0 0 5 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n , k e y i n f o r m a t i o n t o e s t i m a t e e n e r g y d e n s i t y , i s l a c k i n g i n t h e d a t a s e t u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , a n d t h e r e f o r e , e n e r g y d e n s i t y w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . B o t h h u m a n a n d a n i m a l s t u d i e s s u p p o r t t h a t a h i g h f a t d i e t ( > 3 0 % o f t h e t o t a l c a l o r i e f r o m f a t ) p r o m o t e s o b e s i t y ( C h a n g e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ; S a l m o n a n d F l a t t , 1 9 8 5 ; R o l l s a n d S h i d e , 1 9 9 2 ) . M e a n f a t i n t a k e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , h o w e v e r , d e c r e a s e d f r o m 3 6 % t o 3 3 % o f c a l o r i e i n t a k e b e t w e e n 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 w h e n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s i n c r e a s e d . T h u s , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e d i e t h i g h i n f a t i s a c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . H o w e v e r , w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s o f h i g h f a t i n t a k e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r i s k o f c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s i n t h e U S , t h i s m e a n f a t i n t a k e d e c r e a s e m i g h t b e a r e fl e c t i o n o f s e l e c t i v e u n d e r r e p o r t i n g o f h i g h f a t f o o d s a m o n g r e s p o n d e n t s . A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s n o m e a n s t o d e t e c t t h e p o s s i b l e b i a s o f s e l e c t i v e u n d e r r e p o r t i n g o f h i g h f a t f o o d s i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d i e s , d u e t o t h e s t r o n g e v i d e n c e o f h i g h f a t i n t a k e s a s a p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l e x a m i n e t h e c h a n g e s i n f a t i n t a k e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e . C o n s u m p t i o n o f b o t h f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s h i g h i n f r u c t o s e c o r n s y r u p p a r a l l e l e d w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . b e t w e e n 1 9 7 7 a n d 1 9 9 8 ( R i z e k , 1 9 7 8 ; T i p p e t t e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 ; T i p p e t t e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ; U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 2 0 0 0 ) . H i g h f r u c t o s e c o r n s y r u p i n t a k e i n c r e a s e d f r o m < 0 . 5 g r a m s p e r d a y p e r c a p i t a i n 1 9 7 0 t o 5 3 . 9 g r a m s p e r d a y p e r c a p i t a i n 2 0 0 3 ( E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e s , 2 0 0 4 ) . F r u c t o s e i n t a k e c o u l d i n c r e a s e f o o d i n t a k e b e c a u s e f r u c t o s e a l t e r s t h e s e c t i o n o f g h r e l i n , 1 6 l e p t i n , a n d i n s u l i n , w h i c h r e s u l t s i n d e c r e a s e d s a t i e t y ( B r a y e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) . F r u c t o s e i n g e s t i o n a l s o f a v o r s d e n o v o I i p o g e n e s i s , w h i c h c o u l d i n c r e a s e a d i p o s i t y ( T e f f e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) . A l t h o u g h c o n s u m p t i o n o f f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s h i g h i n f r u c t o s e c o r n s y r u p m i g h t b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e c e n t o b e s i t y e p i d e m i c i n t h e U S ( B r a y e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n f r u c t o s e i n t a k e a s w e l l a s t o t a l s u g a r i n t a k e i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a n d w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d . D a i l y v e g e t a b l e c o n s u m p t i o n h a s b e e n i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( L a h t i - K o s k i e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) . H o w e v e r , E n n s a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 1 9 9 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t n o c l e a r t r e n d i n v e g e t a b l e i n t a k e a m o n g a d u l t s 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n 1 9 8 9 - 9 1 a n d 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 . E s t i m a t i n g v e g e t a b l e i n t a k e s i s a c h a l l e n g e a s v e g e t a b l e s a r e w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d a s p a r t s o f g r a i n a n d m e a t m i x t u r e s ( E n n s e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , a n d i t w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . P e o p l e r e c e i v e b e n e fi t s f r o m t h e s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s b e t w e e n v a r i o u s f o o d s a n d n u t r i e n t s . M u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s s u c h a s f a c t o r a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n r e c e n t l y e m p l o y e d a s a t o o l t o e x a m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f f o o d a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s ( d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s ) a n d o b e s i t y ( T o g o e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . A u t h o r s o f t h e r e v i e w a r t i c l e o n d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s a n d o b e s i t y c o n c l u d e d t h a t n o c o n s i s t e n t a s s o c i a t i o n s w e r e i d e n t i fi e d b e t w e e n B M I o r o b e s i t y a n d f o o d i n t a k e p a t t e r n s d e r i v e d f r o m f a c t o r a n a l y s i s o r c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s ( T o g o e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t u d i e s i n t h e i r r e v i e w a r t i c l e w a s c o n d u c t e d i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o r u s e d s e l e c t e d s a m p l e s . R e c e n t l y , a n a d d i t i o n a l s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e U S . p o p u l a t i o n b y K e r v e r e t a l ( 2 0 0 3 ) , i n w h i c h W e s t e r n d i e t a r y p a t t e r n t h a t w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h i g h c o n s u m p t i o n o f r e fi n e d g r a i n s , m e a t , a n d p o t a t o e s , a n d A m e r i c a n - H e a l t h y p a t t e r n t h a t w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h i g h c o n s u m p t i o n o f f r u i t s a n d 1 7 v e g e t a b l e s . T h e s e t w o p a t t e r n s w e r e a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h B M I . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s i n c e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e f o o d f r e q u e n c y q u e s t i o n n a i r e ( F F Q ) , a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s t u d y , i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s i n r e l a t i o n t o o b e s i t y w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . S k i p p i n g b r e a k f a s t i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h e r B M I ( K e s k i - R a h k o n e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; L i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) o r r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( M a e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , r e c e n t s t u d i e s ( C h o e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; S o n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ) e m p h a s i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e t y p e o f b r e a k f a s t f o o d s i n r e l a t i o n t o B M I i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d i e s ; M e a n B M 1 o f t h o s e w h o h a d q u i c k b r e a d s f o r b r e a k f a s t w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y l o w e r c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s a n d t h o s e w h o a t e m e a t a n d e g g s f o r b r e a k f a s t ( C h o e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . S i n c e b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d f r o m 8 6 % t o 7 5 % f o r U S . a d u l t s b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 9 1 ( H a i n e s e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l e x a m i n e b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . O t h e r a s p e c t s o f d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s t h a t h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o a s s o c i a t e w i t h t h e r i s k o f o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y i n c l u d e : l a r g e r p o r t i o n s i z e ( Y o u n g a n d N e s t l e , 2 0 0 2 ) , s n a c k i n g ( F o r s l u n d e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ) , l o w v a r i e t y i n f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e g r o u p s ( M c C r o r y e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ) , n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( D r u m m o n d e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ; M a e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; F o r s l u n d e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) , t i m i n g o f f o o d i n t a k e s u c h a s l a t e r m e a l s ( F o r s l u n d e t a l , 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e s u c h a s f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t s a n d o t h e r t y p e s o f r e s t a u r a n t s ( F r e n c h e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; M c C r o r y e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . S t u d i e s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p o r t i o n s i z e h a s i n c r e a s e d b o t h a t a n d a w a y f r o m h o m e b e t w e e n 1 9 7 7 a n d 1 9 9 6 ( Y o u n g a n d N e s t l e , 2 0 0 2 ; N i e l s e n a n d P o p k i n , 2 0 0 3 ) . Z i z z a a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 2 0 0 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t s n a c k i n g , w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s , i n c r e a s e d b e t w e e n 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 a n d 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 . I n 1 8 a d d i t i o n . t h e f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e h a s d r a m a t i c a l l y i n c r e a s e d ; t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e h o u s e h o l d f o o d d o l l a r s p e n t o n f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 0 % i n 1 9 7 0 3 t o 4 0 % i n 1 9 9 5 ( P u t n a m e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) . F a s t f o o d s a l e s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 4 % o f t o t a l s a l e s o f f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e i n 1 9 5 3 t o 3 4 % i n 1 9 9 7 ( P u t n a m e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ; U S D A , 1 9 9 7 ) . T h u s . t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s a n d e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d s w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a s p o t e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y . M a n y c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d i e s o n d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s d e p e n d o n s e l f - r e p o r t e d i n f o r m a t i o n . H o w e v e r . s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s , i n c l u d i n g o b e s e s u b j e c t s , t e n d t o u n d e r r e p o r t t h e i r f o o d i n t a k e s , m a k i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s a n d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f fi c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e ( B r i e f e l e t a l . . 1 9 9 7 ; K l e s g e s e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 ; P r i c e e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) . T h e m e t h o d a n d c r i t e r i a t o i d e n t i f y e n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s w a s d e v e l o p e d b y S c h o fi e l d ( 1 9 8 5 ) . T h e c r i t e r i a t o i d e n t i f y e n e r g y i n t a k e o v e r - r e p o r t e r s w e r e a l s o d e t e r m i n e d b y B l a c k e t a l . ( 1 9 9 6 ) . T h e s e i m p r t w e m e n t s a r e n o t p e r f e c t s o l u t i o n s . h o w e v e r , s i n c e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g h o w t h e t r u e d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s o f u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s o r o v e r - r e p o r t e r s w o u l d h a v e i m p a c t e d o n t h e r e s u l t s i s o f t e n n o t a v a i l a b l e . H o w e v e r , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r e s u l t s b a s e d o n t h e a c c u r a t e r e p o r t e r s o n l y a n d t h o s e b a s e d o n t h e m i x t u r e o f a c c u r a t e a n d i n a c c u r a t e r e p o r t e r s n e e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n t h e s t u d y o f d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s . P s v c l L o s o c i a l f a c t o r s : P s y c h o s o c i a l f a c t o r s t h a t w e r e f o u n d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n c l u d e n u t r i t i o n k n o w l e d g e , w e i g h t p e r c e p t i o n , a n d o t h e r m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s u b j e c t s s u c h a s a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d c h a n g i n g t h e i r w e i g h t . P e r c e p t i o n a b o u t o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s m a y b e i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e s t o r e d u c e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h o s e w h o d o n o t p e r c e i v e t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t o r o b e s e m a y l e s s l i k e l y t o d e s i r e ( d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ) o r t r y t o c h a n g e t h e i r w e i g h t 1 9 ( a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t o r a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ) . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , K u c h l e r a n d V a r i y a m ( 2 0 0 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t 8 7 % o f U S . o b e s e a d u l t s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y a r e o v e r w e i g h t ( B M I Z Z S , t h u s i n c l u d e o b e s i t y ) , w h i l e 5 9 . 4 % o f t h o s e w h o a r e o v e r w e i g h t b u t n o t o b e s e a n d 1 7 . 4 % o f t h o s e w h o a r e n o r m a l w e i g h t r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y a r e o v e r w e i g h t i n 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s i n t h e U S . r e c o g n i z e t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t , w h i l e 4 0 % o f o v e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s d i d n o t r e a l i z e t h a t t h e y h a v e a p o t e n t i a l t o d e v e l o p o b e s i t y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i r b e h a v i o r s . T h u s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l e x a m i n e t h e s e p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s ( p e r c e i v e d o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ) i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a s w e l l a s o t h e r v a r i a b l e s r e l a t e d t o o b e s i t y r i s k . D e p r e s s i o n a l s o h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h w e i g h t g a i n . T h e r e s u l t s a r e , h o w e v e r , i n c o n s i s t e n t ( F a i t h e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; R o b e r t s e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) ; S o m e f o u n d a n a s s o c i a t i o n ( R o b e r t s e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; I s t v a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ; S u l l i v a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 3 ) , w h i l e o t h e r s d i d n o t ( H a l l s t r o m a n d N o p p a , I 9 8 1 ; F a u b e l , 1 9 8 9 ; R o b e r t s e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o b e s i t y a n d d e p r e s s i o n m a y b e g e n d e r s p e c i fi c ; W h i l e s o m e s t u d i e s f o u n d a n a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n o b e s i t y a n d a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f d e p r e s s i o n i n w o m e n o n l y ( I s t v a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ; O n y i k e e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) , o t h e r s f o u n d a n e g a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n o b e s i t y i n d e p r e s s i o n i n b o t h m e n ( C a r p e n t e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; C r i s p e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; C r i s p e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) a n d w o m e n ( C r i s p e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ; C r i s p e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) . V a r y i n g d e fi n i t i o n o f d e p r e s s i o n o r o b e s i t y a c r o s s s t u d i e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s ; F r i e d m a n a n d B r o w n e l l ( 1 9 9 5 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t m o s t p o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d s t u d i e s d i d n o t d e fi n e d e p r e s s i o n a c c o r d i n g t o e s t a b l i s h e d p s y c h i a t r i c d i a g n o s t i c c r i t e r i a . W h e t h e r d e p r e s s i o n o r s t r e s s c a u s e s o v e r w e i g h t / o b e s i t y , o r v i c e v e r s a , o r b o t h h a s b e e n a l s o d i f fi c u l t t o c o n c l u d e ( S o l o m o n , 2 0 0 1 ; S t u n k a r d e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . L i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s 2 0 a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g t h e t r e n d o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f d e p r e s s i o n i n t h e U S . o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s . I n a d d i t i o n , d e p r e s s i o n h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d f o r o n l y s e l e c t e d a g e g r o u p s i n t h e d a t a s e t u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h u s w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d . R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y : W o m e n e x p e r i e n c e a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n m e n . R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o w o m e n s u c h a s p a r i t y , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , a n d b r e a s t f e e d i n g , h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o o b e s i t y i n w o m e n . M a n y r e p o r t e d t h a t h i g h p a r i t y i s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y ( L a h m a n n e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; B a s t i a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; W i l l i a m s o n e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , w h i l e L e e e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 ) f o u n d a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g w h i t e w o m e n l i v i n g i n n o n - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . E x t r a w e i g h t g a i n , w h i c h w o m e n f a i l t o l o s e a f t e r d e l i v e r i n g t h e i r b a b i e s , h a s b e e n s u s p e c t e d a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a r i t y a n d o b e s i t y . F e r t i l i t y r a t e ( n u m b e r o f b i r t h s p e r 1 0 0 0 w o m e n a g e d 1 5 — 4 4 y e a r s ) i n t h e U S . d e c l i n e d b e t w e e n l 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 2 ( M a r t i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ) . H o w e v e r , l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e o n t h e t r e n d o f p a r i t y i n t h e U S . T h u s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l e x a m i n e p a r i t y a s a p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . T h e a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e o f o b e s e w o m e n w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f n o n - o b e s e w o m e n ( M a n d e l e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; L a i t i n e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) . S i n c e t h i s fi n d i n g i s b a s e d o n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s t u d i e s , i t i s d i f fi c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e a g e o f fi r s t m e n a r c h e c a u s e s o b e s i t y o r m e n a r c h e s t a r t s a t e a r l y a g e a m o n g s u b j e c t s w h o a r e a l r e a d y o b e s e . I n t h e l a r g e c o h o r t s t u d y i n S c o t l a n d , P i e r c e a n d L e o n ( 2 0 0 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h e o d d s r a t i o f o r b e i n g o b e s e i n a d u l t h o o d w a s 0 . 8 2 ( C I = 0 . 7 6 , 0 . 8 6 ) c o m p a r e d w i t h n o t b e i n g o b e s e p e r 1 y e a r i n c r e a s e i n a g e a t m e n a r c h e a n d w a s u n c h a n g e d b y a d j u s t i n g f o r c h i l d h o o d B M I a n d o t h e r c o v a r i a t e s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , 2 1 F r e e d m a n e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e a d j u s t m e n t o f c h i l d h o o d B M I r e d u c e d t h e e f f e c t o f a g e a t m e n a r c h e o n a d u l t h o o d B M I s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n t h e i r s t u d y c o n d u c t e d i n B o g a l u s a ( L o u i s i a n a ) i n t h e U S A . T h i s c o n t r a d i c t o r y c o n c l u s i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o s t u d i e s i s p a r t i a l l y d u e t o t h e a g e o f c h i l d h o o d B M I m e a s u r e d i n t h e s t u d i e s ( a g e s 4 a n d 6 y e a r s o l d i n P i e r c e a n d L e o n ’ s s t u d y [ 2 0 0 5 ] a n d 9 a n d 1 1 y e a r s o l d i n t h e s t u d y b y F r e e d m a n e t a l . [ 2 0 0 2 ] ) . A n u m b e r o f r e c e n t s t u d i e s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e a g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n o f U S . g i r l s h a s d e c r e a s e d o v e r t h e p a s t 2 0 y e a r s ( W a t t i g n e y e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ; F r e e d m a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; A n d e r s o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; C h u m l e a e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e m e d i a n a g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n o f U S . g i r l s i n 1 9 6 3 - 6 6 w a s 1 2 . 7 5 y e a r s , w h i l e i t w a s 1 2 . 5 y e a r s i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( A n d e r s o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; C h u m l e a e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . T h u s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e l o w e r a v e r a g e a g e o f t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e m a y b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y , a n d t h i s h y p o t h e s i s w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . B r e a s t f e e d i n g h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o p r o m o t e e a r l i e r r e t u r n t o p r o - p r e g n a n c y w e i g h t ( D e w e y e t a l . , 1 9 9 3 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g a n d o b e s i t y , w e i g h t g a i n , o r m e a n B M I h a s b e e n i n c o n s i s t e n t ; n u l l ( B a s t i a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; P o t t e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ) , p o s i t i v e ( R o o k u s e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ) , a n d n e g a t i v e ( O h l i n a n d R o s s n e r , 1 9 9 0 ; J e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a r e p a r t i a l l y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n p o s t p a r t u m b e h a v i o r s a m o n g s t u d i e s s u c h a s p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a n d d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s , g e s t a t i o n a l w e i g h t g a i n , p r o - p r e g n a n c y w e i g h t , n u m b e r o f p a r i t y , a n d t h e d u r a t i o n o r i n t e n s i t y o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g . A l t h o u g h t h e b r e a s t f e e d i n g i n i t i a t i o n r a t e d e c r e a s e d f r o m 6 0 % t o 5 2 % b e t w e e n 1 9 8 4 a n d 1 9 8 9 , t h e r a t e r e t u r n e d t o i t s h i g h o f 6 0 % i n 1 9 9 5 ( R y a n , 1 9 9 7 ) a n d c o n t i n u e d t o i n c r e a s e u p t o 6 9 . 5 % i n 2 0 0 1 ( R y a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e n u m b e r o f t h o s e w h o b r e a s t f e e d t h e i r c h i l d ( r e n ) a t 6 m o n t h s o r a t 1 y e a r p o s t p a r t u m i s m u c h l o w e r ( 2 9 % a n d 1 6 % , 2 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y i n 1 9 9 8 : H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 1 0 , 2 0 0 0 ) . l f b r e a s t f e e d i n g t r u l y h a s a p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t o n w e i g h t g a i n , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t i t c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b a s e d o n t h e t r e n d i n b r e a s t f e e d i n g p r a c t i c e s o v e r t h e p a s t t w o d e c a d e s . H o w e v e r . c h a n g e s i n b r e a s t f e e d i n g t r e n d s o v e r t i m e n e e d t o b e e x a m i n e d , c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r b e h a v i o r s t h a t w o u l d i m p a c t o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f o b e s i t y . T h u s , t h i s v a r i a b l e w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . P r e - a d u l t w e i g h t h i s t o r v : P r e - a d u l t w e i g h t h i s t o r y i s a w e i g h t h i s t o r y b e f o r e s u b j e c t s r e a c h a d u l t h o o d . B i r t h w e i g h t . w h i c h h a s b e e n u s e d a s a m e a s u r e o f g r o w t h i n u t e r o . w a s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h B M I , r i s k o f b e i n g o v e r w e i g h t , a n d / o r o b e s i t y i n c h i l d h o o d ( O ’ C a l l a g h a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) a n d a d u l t h o o d ( C h a r n e y e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; C u r h a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ; S o r e n s e n e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , w h i l e o t h e r s d i d n o t fi n d t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ( A l l i s o n e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 ; H u l m a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ) . O t h e r s t u d i e s a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f l o w - b i r t h w e i g h t w i t h l a t e r c e n t r a l o b e s i t y ( O k e n a n d ( l i l l m a n . 2 0 0 3 ) . S e v e r a l s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d t h a t c h i l d h o o d B M I o r w e i g h t s t a t u s i s a p r e d i c t o r f o r a d u l t B M I o r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( G u o e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; B i r o e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; F r e e m a n e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 ; F e r r a r o e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , 3 8 % o f b o y s a n d 4 4 % o f g i r l s a b o v e t h e 9 5 t h B M I p e r c e n t i l e a t a g e 7 i n t h e 1 9 5 8 B r i t i s h b i r t h c o h o r t b e c a m e o b e s e a t a g e 3 3 ( P o w e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) . T h u s , f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d n o t o n l y w i t h a d u l t h o o d o b e s i t y b u t t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h i l d h o o d o b e s i t y m a y p r o m o t e a d u l t o b e s i t y . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f f a t a d u l t s a r e f a t d u r i n g c h i l d h o o d ( P a r s o n s e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e s e s t u d i e s s u g g e s t t h a t p r e - a d u l t w e i g h t h i s t o r y a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d v a r i a b l e s n e e d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s p r e d i c t o r s o f a d u l t o b e s i t y . H o w e v e r , r e l i a b i l i t y , v a l i d i t y , a n d t h e s a m p l e s i z e o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s i n t h e 2 3 d a t a s e t u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e q u e s t i o n a b l e . T h u s , t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w i l l n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . G e n e t i c e f f e c t s : A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e v i e w a r t i c l e b y M a c s a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 1 9 9 7 ) , r e s u l t s f r o m s t u d i e s o n t w i n s s u g g e s t t h a t g e n e t i c f a c t o r s e x p l a i n 5 0 - 9 0 % o f t h e v a r i a n c e i n B M I , w h i l e s t u d i e s o n f a m i l i e s a n d s t u d i e s o n a d o p t e e e x p l a i n 2 0 - 8 0 % a n d 2 0 - 6 0 % o f t h e v a r i a n c e i n B M I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S e v e r a l s i n g l e - g e n e m u t a t i o n s t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y h a v e b e e n d i s c o v e r e d i n h u m a n s ( C o r n u z z i e a n d A l l i s o n , 1 9 9 8 ) . H o w e v e r , r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e h u m a n g e n e p o o l h a s c h a n g e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y o v e r t h e l a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s t o i n c r e a s e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . E n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s m i g h t b e t h e m a i n c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y ( H i l l a n d P e t e r s , 1 9 9 8 ) . T h u s . t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l n o t e x a m i n e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s a s a p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y . A D D I T I O N A L L I M I T A T I O N S O F T H E S T U D I E S O N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y M a n y o f t h e s t u d i e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e u s e d m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l s t o i d e n t i f y t h e o b e s i t y p r e d i c t o r s t o c o n t r o l t h e e f f e c t s o f o t h e r p o t e n t i a l c o n f o u n d i n g v a r i a b l e s . H o w e v e r , f e w m e n t i o n e d h o w t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s r e l a t e t o e a c h o t h e r e x c e p t h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n S E S a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y o r a m o n g S E S v a r i a b l e s ( i . e . e d u c a t i o n a n d i n c o m e ) . T h u s , a d d i t i o n a l e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s a m o n g p a s t s t u d i e s i s p o t e n t i a l m u l t i c o l l i n e a r i t y a m o n g p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . I f p r e d i c t o r s a r e h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r , s t a n d a r d e r r o r s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f fi c i e n t f o r t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s b e c o m e l a r g e , d e c r e a s i n g t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f p r e d i c t o r s t o b e s i g n i fi c a n t f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , e v e n t h o u g h , i n f a c t , t h e y a r e i m p o r t a n t p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . T h u s , t h e 2 4 i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g p r e d i c t o r s n e e d s t o b e e x a m i n e d w h e n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . S O C I O D E M O G R A P H I C D I F F E R E N C E S I N T H E P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . d i f f e r s a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y o n e o r m o r e t h a n o n e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s p r e s u m a b l y b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . T h u s , a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s t u d i e s e x a m i n e d t h e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . T h i s s e c t i o n . t h e r e f o r e , w i l l d i s c u s s a b o u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y o n e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e ( g e n d e r , S E S , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ) a n d t h o s e c a t e g o r i z e d b y m o r e t h a n o n e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s ( e . g . S E S a n d g e n d e r , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r , a n d S E S , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ) . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e p r i m a r y f o c u s w i l l b e o n s t u d i e s t h a t m i g h t b e i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . G _ e q d e r d i f f e r e i c e s w p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y : C o m p a r e d t o m e n , w o m e n i n t h e U S . h a v e a h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d l o w e r p r e v a l e n c e o f s m o k i n g ( W i n k l e b y , 1 9 9 7 ; C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 4 ; E s c o b e d o a n d P e d d i c o r d , 1 9 9 6 ) . S i n c e s m o k i n g i s i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y , l o w e r p r e v a l e n c e o f s m o k i n g i n w o m e n t h a n i n m e n m i g h t b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f o r w o m e n t h a n f o r m e n . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n h a s n o t c h a n g e d b e t w e e n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ( 6 . 6 % i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 6 . 3 % i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) . T h u s , w e 2 5 h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s m o k i n g b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n a l s o d i d n o t c h a n g e i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . P e r c e p t i o n o f o n e ’ s o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s e p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . W o m e n a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o d e s c r i b e t h e m s e l v e s a s f a t a n d t o b e d i s s a t i s fi e d w i t h t h e i r p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e t h a n m e n ( F a l l o n a n d R o z i n , 1 9 8 5 ; K u c h l e r a n d V a r i y a m , 2 0 0 3 ; P a e r a t a k u l e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; S o b a l a n d S t u r n k a r d , 1 9 8 9 ; G r a y , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e s e n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e s a l r e a d y e x i s t a m o n g g i r l s a t a y o u n g a g e , w h i l e t h e y a r e r e l a t i v e l y a b s e n t a m o n g b o y s ( F e l d m a n e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 : S o b a l e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) . I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s , d i e t i n g h a s b e e n m o r e c o m m o n a m o n g w o m e n t h a n m e n ( G r a y , 1 9 7 7 ; S e r d u l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ) . O t h e r s a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t w o m e n a r e m o r e k n o w l e d g e a b l e a b o u t n u t r i t i o n t h a n m e n ( B a k e r a n d W a r d l e , 2 0 0 3 ) a n d e a t h e a l t h i e r ( G u o e t a l . . 2 0 0 4 ; K e r v e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; O s l e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) . W h i l e w o m e n a r e m o r e w e i g h t c o n s c i o u s a n d e a t h e a l t h i e r t h a n m e n , h o w e v e r , s o m e r e p o r t e d t h a t w o m e n a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o h a v e s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e s t h a n m e n ; m e n a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o e n g a g e i n r e g u l a r l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a n d t o l i f t m o d e r a t e o r h e a v y l o a d s d u r i n g t h e i r u s u a l d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s t h a n w o m e n ( B a r n e s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; C r e s p o e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . D r e w n o w s k i a n d Y e e ( 1 9 8 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e m o s t p o p u l a r m e t h o d a s a w a y t o l o s e w e i g h t f o r w o m e n i s t o d i e t a n d t o e x e r c i s e f o r m e n i n t h e s t u d y c o n d u c t e d a t a l a r g e u n i v e r s i t y i n t h e M i d w e s t o f U S . w i t h 2 2 6 f r e s h m a n s t u d e n t s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , S e r d u l a e t a 1 . ( 1 9 9 9 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o i n c r e a s e d t h e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s t o l o s e o r m a i n t a i n w e i g h t w a s s i m i l a r b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . S i n c e o b e s i t y r e s u l t s f r o m e n e r g y i m b a l a n c e , g e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e v a r i a b l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e n e r g y i n t a k e s a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s n e e d 2 6 t o b e e x a m i n e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . S i n c e t h e r e i s l i t t l e c h a n g e i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t l i t t l e c h a n g e s m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e r e g a r d i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s e p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s , e n e r g y i n t a k e v a r i a b l e s , a n d e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e v a r i a b l e s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . O t h e r p r e d i c t o r s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n a r e r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s . H i g h e r p a r i t y ( L a h m a n n e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; B a s t i a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; W i l l i a m s o n e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , e a r l i e r a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e ( M a n d e l e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; L a i t i n e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , a n d p o s s i b l y n o t b r e a s t f e e d i n g o n e ’ s o w n c h i l d ( r e n ) a r e a l l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y . T h u s , t h e y m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g w o m e n t h a n m e n . T h e n u m b e r o f w o m e n w h o b r e a s t f e e d t h e i r c h i l d ( r e n ) h a s i n c r e a s e d s i n c e 1 9 8 9 a n d t h e a g e o f fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n h a s d e c r e a s e d i n t h e p a s t 2 0 y e a r s . T h u s , t h e s e t w o v a r i a b l e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e c h a n g e i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s m u s t n o t h a v e b e e n l a r g e e n o u g h t o m a k e a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e o r c a n c e l l e d o u t b y o t h e r p r e d i c t o r c h a n g e s i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . S E S d i f f e r e n r c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y : T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S h a s b e e n h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . H o w e v e r , t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h - S E S , e s p e c i a l l y w o m e n , i n c r e a s e d a t h i g h e r r a t e t h a n t h a t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ) . I n g e n e r a l , s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S h a v e p o o r e r n u t r i t i o n k n o w l e d g e a n d a t t i t u d e s a n d p r a c t i c e u n h e a l t h i e r b e h a v i o r s c o m p a r e d t o s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h - S E S . F o r 2 7 e x a m p l e , l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e s m o k e r s ( G i l m a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; M o l a r i u s , 2 0 0 3 ; W a r d l e a n d S t e p t o e , 2 0 0 3 ; W i n k l e b y e t a l . . 1 9 9 8 ) t h a n h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s . S i n c e s m o k i n g i s i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . s m o k i n g i s n o t l i k e l y t o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . L i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g t h e c h a n g e i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s m o k i n g b y S E S i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . H o w e v e r . b a s e d o n t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y S E S i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t d e c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s m o k i n g i n h i g h - S E S m i g h t h a v e b e e n l a r g e r t h a n t h a t o f l o w - S E S , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e h i g h e r i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s t h a n t h a t o f l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s . L i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g d i f f e r e n c e s i n e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y S E S i n t h e U S . N o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d i n t o t a l e n e r g y i n t a k e b e t w e e n U S . a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d f r o m f o o d s u f fi c i e n t a n d f o o d i n s u f fi c i e n t f a m i l i e s ( 9 . 8 i 0 . 1 v s . 9 . 6 i 0 . 4 M J , P = 0 . 5 7 ) , w h i l e a d u l t s a g e d 2 6 0 y e a r s o l d f r o m f o o d i n s u f fi c i e n t f a m i l i e s c o n s u m e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y l o w e r t o t a l e n e r g y i n t a k e s ( 5 . 8 i 0 . 4 M J ) t h a n t h o s e f r o m f o o d s u f fi c i e n t f a m i l i e s ( 7 . 3 . t 0 . 1 M J ) a t p < 0 . 0 5 ( D i x o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n e n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r r e p o r t i n g a n d S E S ( B r i e f e l e t a l , 1 9 9 7 ; K l e s g e s e t a 1 , 1 9 9 5 ) m a k e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y S E S d i f fi c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d . S t u d i e s h a v e s u p p o r t e d t h a t s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o c o n s u m e a h e a l t h y o r l o w f a t d i e t c o m p a r e d t o h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s ( J e f f e r y a n d F r e n c h , 1 9 9 6 ; S m i t h a n d O w e n , 1 9 9 2 ; F e d e r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n S o c i e t i e s f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l B i o l o g y , 1 9 9 5 ) . D r e w n o w s k i ( 2 0 0 4 ) i n d i c a t e d t h e l o w c o s t ’ o f f o o d s h i g h i n e n e r g y a n d f a t a s a r e a s o n w h y l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s e a t e n e r g y - d e n s e f o o d s c o m p a r e d t o h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s . I n f a c t , s u b j e c t s f r o m 2 8 l o w - i n c o m e h o u s e h o l d s r e p o r t e d f o o d p r i c e a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n m a k i n g f o o d c h o i c e s ( R e i c k s e t a l . , 1 9 9 4 ; Q u a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; B r a d b a r d e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) . M o r l a n d e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) i n d i c a t e d t h e l i m i t e d a c c e s s t o s u p e r m a r k e t s t h a t o f f e r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f f o o d s a t l o w e r p r i c e i n p o o r c o m m u n i t i e s . T h u s , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h e e n e r g y i n t a k e o f t h e l o w - S E S p o p u l a t i o n i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e h i g h - S E S p o p u l a t i o n . r e s u l t i n g i n t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s t h a n h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . W e a l s o h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d f a t i n t a k e s a m o n g h i g h - S E S i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e m i g h t h a v e b e e n h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o f l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s , r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s t h a n a m o n g l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s . L o w - S E S s u b j e c t s h a d a g r e a t e r t e n d e n c y t o b e b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s t h a n h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s ( S i e g a - R i z e t a l , 2 0 0 0 ) . S i n c e b r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y . b r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . I n a d d i t i o n , s i n c e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d a t a h i g h e r r a t e a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h l o w - S E S i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t b r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g m a y h a v e b e c o m e m o r e p r e v a l e n t a m o n g h i g h - S E S s u b j e c t s t h a n l o w - S E S s u b j e c t s i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . L o w e r l e v e l s o f l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h - S E S h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d ( C r e s p o e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ) . S i n c e p h y s i c a l i n a c t i v i t y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y , d i f f e r e n c e i n l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S a n d t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . 2 9 O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - s t a t u s o c c u p a t i o n s a r e l i k e l y t o b e e n g a g e d i n m o r e o c c u p a t i o n a l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a n h i g h - s t a t u s o c c u p a t i o n s i n E n g l a n d ( C o l h o u n e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ) , e s p e c i a l l y i n c a s e o f r n e n , r e d u c i n g o n e ’ s r i s k o f b e c o m i n g o b e s e . L i t t l e i s k n o w n a b o u t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y t o t h e o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y ( i . e . I s t h e a c t i v i t y l e v e l o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o p a r t i c i p a t e o n r e g u l a r l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y e n o u g h t o r e d u c e t h e i r r i s k o f o b e s i t y e v e n t h o u g h t h e y a r e n o t a c t i v e d u r i n g n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e ? ) I n A u s t r a l i a , l o w e r e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d t h e s i t t i n g t i m e o n w e e k d a y s , w h i l e i t i n c r e a s e d t h e s i t t i n g t i m e o n w e e k e n d a n d i n l e i s u r e t i m e ( P r o p o e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 7 ) . I n t h e U S , B a r n e s e t a l . ( 2 0 0 3 ) , w h i c h e x a m i n e d b o t h n o n - l e i s u r e a n d l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y b y S E S , r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y w a s h i g h e r a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s t h a n h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s i n 2 0 0 0 . T h u s . w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h e l o w e r o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i n s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n o n e o f t h e d a t a s e t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h u s , w h e t h e r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y b y S E S h a s c h a n g e d i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e o r n o t c a n n o t b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s w h o p e r c e i v e d t h a t t h e y a r e o v e r w e i g h t w a s s m a l l e r a m o n g l o w e r - S E S s u b j e c t s t h a n h i g h e r - S E S s u b j e c t s ( P a e r a t a k u l e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; K u c h l e r a n d V a r i y a m , 2 0 0 3 ; J a l k a n e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; J e f f e r y , 1 9 9 6 ) . A s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r , n o t p e r c e i v i n g o n e s e l f a s o v e r w e i g h t m a y i n c r e a s e o n e ’ s r i s k o f o b e s i t y . T h u s , s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S n o t p e r c e i v i n g t h a t t h e y a r e o v e r w e i g h t m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S . 3 0 R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s u n i q u e t o w o m e n a l s o d i f f e r b y S E S . L o w - S E S h a s b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h p a r i t y a n d e a r l y a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e ( W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; B a i l e y a n d C a m , 1 9 7 9 ) . I n f a c t , t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s e x p l a i n e d t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l g r a d i e n t i n o b e s i t y i n m i d d l e - a g e d S w e d i s h w o m e n ( R 2 = 4 5 % ) . S o b a l ( 1 9 9 1 ) n o t e d t h a t p a r i t y m i g h t b e a p o s s i b l e m e d i a t i n g v a r i a b l e t o e x p l a i n t h e l o w - S E S - o b e s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p i n t h e U . S a n d n e e d s t o b e e x a m i n e d i n t h e f u t u r e s t u d i e s . S i n c e t h e s e t w o p r e d i c t o r s i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , t h e y m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g w o m e n w i t h l o w - S E S t h a n w o m e n w i t h h i g h - S E S . I n a d d i t i o n , m o t h e r s w i t h t h e i r i n c o m e s b e l o w t h e p o v e r t y l e v e l a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o b r e a s t f e e d t h e i r b a b i e s t h a n o t h e r m o t h e r s ( F e d e r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n S o c i e t i e s f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l B i o l o g y , 1 9 9 5 ) . S i n c e b r e a s t f e e d i n g m a y p o s s i b l y d e c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , t h i s p r e d i c t o r m a y a l s o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g w o m e n w i t h h i g h - S E S t h a n w o m e n w i t h l o w - S E S . R a c i a l / e t l m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n t l _ r e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y : T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y g r o u p s h a s b e e n h i g h e r t h a n a m o n g C a u c a s i a n s s i n c e 1 9 6 0 - 6 2 ( C D C , 2 0 0 2 ; S c h o e n b o r n e t a l , 2 0 0 2 ; F l e g a l e t a l , 2 0 0 2 ) . W h e t h e r r a c i a l / e t h n i c d i s p a r i t y o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s c h a n g e d o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e h a s b e e n d i f fi c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e d u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a g e s u b c a t e g o r i e s u s e d a c r o s s s t u d i e s . I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 1 , t h e s m o k i n g p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g C a u c a s i a n s , B l a c k s , a n d H i s p a n i c s a g e d 1 8 y e a r s a n d o l d e r w e r e 2 7 . 4 , 2 5 . 7 , a n d 2 3 . 1 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( C D C , 2 0 0 4 ) . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s e l e c t e d s u b j e c t s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a ( H a r r e l l a n d G o r e , 1 9 9 8 ) . S i n c e s m o k i n g h a s b e e n i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y , l o w e r 3 1 s m o k i n g p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n C a u c a s i a n s . T h e r e i s a g r e a t e r t e n d e n c y a m o n g B l a c k s t o t h i n k t h a t w o r k - r e l a t e d o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s t h e y a r e e n g a g e d i n a r e s u f fi c i e n t ( U S D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , 1 9 9 2 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l o w o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y w a s h i g h e r a m o n g B l a c k s ( 1 8 . 4 % ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 1 7 . 6 % ) t h a n a m o n g C a u c a s i a n s ( 1 4 . 5 % ) ( B a r n e s e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . T h u s , t h e i n a d e q u a t e p e r c e p t i o n a b o u t p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l s a n d l o w e r p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l s a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y g r o u p s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n C a u c a s i a n s . S o m e s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d t h a t B l a c k w o m e n c o n s u m e d l o w e r e n e r g y i n t a k e s t h a n w h i t e w o m e n ( G a r t s i d e e t a l . , 1 9 8 4 ; N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s , 1 9 7 7 ) , w h i l e o t h e r s r e p o r t e d t h a t B l a c k s c o n s u m e d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e t h a n C a u c a s i a n s ( S l a t t e r y e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ; B u r k e e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ) . I n t e r e s t i n g l y . r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t B l a c k s h a v e t h e l o w e r m e t a b o l i c r a t e t h a n C a u c a s i a n s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t B l a c k s m a y b e a t h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y t h a n C a u c a s i a n s e v e n t h o u g h t h e y c o n s u m e l o w e r c a l o r i e s t h a n C a u c a s i a n s ( W e y e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ; G e i s s l e r e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e m e t a b o l i c r a t e a m o n g r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e . T h u s , o n l y e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f o b e s e o r o v e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r w h o t h i n k t h a t t h e i r w e i g h t i s a b o u t r i g h t i s h i g h e r a m o n g B l a c k s ( 3 0 . 4 % ) a n d H i s p a n i c s ( 2 6 % ) t h a n C a u c a s i a n s ( 1 8 . 6 % ) ( K u c h l e r a n d V a r i y a m , 2 0 0 2 ) . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y P a e r a t a k u l e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . T h u s , m i s p e r c e p t i o n a b o u t o n e ’ s o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s m i g h t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s t h a n C a u c a s i a n s . A h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f B l a c k s ( 2 4 . 7 % ) s k i p p e d b r e a k f a s t t h a n C a u c a s i a n s ( 1 6 . 2 % ) ( S i e g a - R i z e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . S i n c e b r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y . d i f f e r e n c e i n b r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t y g r o u p s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y t h a n C a u c a s i a n s . S n a c k i n g i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s n a c k i n g h a b i t s a m o n g r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s d i f f e r e d a m o n g s t u d i e s . I n 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 a n d 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s n a c k i n g a m o n g B l a c k s w a s l o w e r t h a n C a u c a s i a n s a n d H i s p a n i c s i n t h e U S . H o w e v e r , i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 1 , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s n a c k i n g w a s l o w e s t a m o n g H i s p a n i c a d u l t s ( Z i z z a e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) . W h e t h e r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s n a c k c o n s u m p t i o n a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c g r o u p s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i s q u e s t i o n a b l e s i n c e n o i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t o t h e w e i g h t s t a t u s h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d i n t h e s e s t u d i e s . K a n t a n d G r a u b a r d ( 2 0 0 4 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f C a u c a s i a n s c o n s u m e c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d m e a l s t h a n B l a c k s . S i n c e e a t i n g o u t i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f o b e s i t y , t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n c o n s u m p t i o n o f c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d m e a l s b e t w e e n r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s a n d C a u c a s i a n s i s l e s s l i k e l y t o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s t h a n C a u c a s i a n s . F i n a l l y , s t u d i e s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t p a r i t y h a s b e e n h i g h e r a m o n g B l a c k s t h a n C a u c a s i a n s ( U S D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , 1 9 8 5 ; M o s h e r a n d B a c h r a c h , 1 9 9 6 ; B u r k e e t a l . , 1 9 9 2 ) . F r e e d m a n e t a l . ( 2 0 0 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a g e o f m e n a r c h e i s e a r l i e r i n B l a c k g i r l s t h a n w h i t e g i r l s a n d t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s w i d e n i n g o v e r t h e p a s t f e w d e c a d e s . O t h e r s r e p o r t e d t h a t B l a c k a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n g i r l s h a d m e n a r c h e a t e a r l i e r a g e t h a n 3 3 w h i t e g i r l s e v e n a f t e r a d j u s t i n g f o r t h e i r s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( W u e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; S u n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e l o w e r p e r c e n t o f i n i t i a t i o n a n d d u r a t i o n o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g a m o n g B l a c k s t h a n C a u c a s i a n s h a v e b e e n a l s o r e p o r t e d ( L i e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 : L i f e S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h O f fi c e , 1 9 9 5 ) . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s c o u l d b e c u l t u r a l o r c o n f o u n d e d b y S E S d i f f e r e n c e s a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . S i n c e h i g h p a r i t y , e a r l y a g e o f m e n a r c h e . a n d p o s s i b l y l a c k o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y , d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s a m o n g r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s w o m e n t h a n w h i t e w o m e n . S u b p o p u l a t i o n d i f f e r e fl c e s L u t h e j r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y c a t e g o r i z e d M o r e t h i n g y s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e : A s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s b e e n i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h S E S i n w o m e n b u t n o t i n m e n . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n w o m e n w i t h h i g h - S E S i n c r e a s e d a t f a s t e r r a t e t h a n t h a t o f w o m e n w i t h l o w - S E S i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s . m a k i n g t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o f o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e b y S E S m u c h s m a l l e r f o r w o m e n t h a n f o r m e n . T h u s , t h i s s e c t i o n fi r s t r e v i e w s t h e s t u d i e s w h i c h e x a m i n e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y b y g e n d e r a n d S E S c o m b i n e d . B o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h l o w - S E S a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o s m o k e c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S ( W i n k l e b y , 1 9 9 7 ) . B a s e d o n t h e c h a n g e s i n S E S d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f o r m e n v s . w o m e n i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e S E S d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r a t e o f s m o k i n g f o r w o m e n m u s t h a v e b e e n l a r g e r t h a n t h a t f o r m e n i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . B o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h l o w - S E S a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o b e e n g a g e d i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S ( C r e s p o e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ; C r e s p o e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . B o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h l e s s - S E S h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t a g e o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h h i g h o v e r a l l 3 4 p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h - S E S i n 2 0 0 0 ( B a r n e s e t a l , 2 0 0 3 ) . B a s e d o n t h e c h a n g e s i n S E S d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f o r m e n v s . w o m e n i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , w e h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t c h a n g e s i n t h e S E S d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e o v e r a l l p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l f o r w o m e n m u s t h a v e b e e n l a r g e r t h a n t h a t f o r m e n i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t i n o n e o f d a t a s e t s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h i s h y p o t h e s i s c a n n o t b e t e s t e d . A m o n g U S . a d u l t s . a l a r g e r p e r c e n t o f b o t h w o m e n a n d m e n w i t h a h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s t h a n t h o s e w i t h l o w e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l ( D w y e r a n d M a y e r , 1 9 7 0 ; D o r n b u s c h e t a l . , 1 9 8 4 ) . S e r d u l a a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 1 9 9 9 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a l a r g e r p e r c e n t o f b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s r e s p o n d e d t h a t t h e y a r e t r y i n g t o l o s e w e i g h t . A s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , p e r c e i v i n g o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s a c c u r a t e l y o r w a n t i n g t o c h a n g e o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s m a y e n c o u r a g e p e o p l e t o c h a n g e t h e i r b e h a v i o r s t o d e c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y . F o r w o m e n , i d e a l b o d y s h a p e s b e c a m e t h i n n e r i n 1 9 6 0 s c o m p a r e d t o 1 9 5 0 5 a n d h a v e n o t c h a n g e d m u c h s i n c e t h e n ( S p i t z e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 ) . S i n c e h i g h - S E S w o m e n a r e h i g h l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s i n g e n e r a l , a n d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s o f o b e s i t y p r o b l e m i n t h e U S , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t f e w e r w o m e n w i t h h i g h - S E S h a v e b e c o m e a w a r e a n d d e s i r e d t o w e i g h l e s s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . O n e p o i n t w h i c h s h o u l d b e n o t e d i s t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m a n y o f t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s a n d S E S w e r e s a m e f o r m e n a n d w o m e n , t h e s i z e o f a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n S E S a n d t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s d i f f e r s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . F o r e x a m p l e , o d d s o f p e r c e i v i n g o w n w e i g h t a s h e a v y a m o n g w o m e n w i t h s o m e c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n o r h i g h e r w a s 2 . 1 6 r e l a t i v e t o t h a t a m o n g w o m e n w i t h s o m e h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n o r l e s s ( O R = 1 . 0 0 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o d d s o f p e r c e i v i n g o w n w e i g h t a s h e a v y 3 5 a m o n g m e n w i t h s o m e c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n o r h i g h e r w a s 1 . 7 0 r e l a t i v e t o t h a t a m o n g m e n w i t h s o m e h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n o r l e s s ( O R = 1 . 0 0 ) ( K a n t a n d G r a u b a r d , 2 0 0 4 ) . T h u s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p r e d i c t o r s a n d S E S a r e s a m e , t h e s i z e o f t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s m a y v a r y . r e s u l t i n g i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y S E S b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e e x a m i n e d b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r c o m b i n e d , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g m i n o r i t y r a c i a l / e t h n i c g r o u p s h a s b e e n h i g h e r t h a n C a u c a s i a n s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r g e n d e r s i n c e 1 9 6 0 - 6 2 . I n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n B l a c k , w h i t e , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e s w a s 1 1 . 7 % , 7 . 3 % , a n d 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n m e n , i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n B l a c k s , W h i t e s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s w a s 7 . 5 % , 7 % , a n d 5 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h u s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n C a u c a s i a n s a n d B l a c k s i n c r e a s e d ( 4 . 4 % ) o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e f o r w o m e n , w h i l e i t d e c r e a s e d ( 3 . 3 % ) b e t w e e n C a u c a s i a n s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . F o r m e n , t h e r e w e r e a l m o s t n o c h a n g e s i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n C a u c a s i a n s a n d B l a c k s ( 0 . 5 % ) , w h i l e t h e d i f f e r e n c e d e c r e a s e d ( 2 % ) b e t w e e n C a u c a s i a n s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e , h o w e v e r , n o t t e s t e d f o r t h e i r s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e , T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s m o k i n g i n B l a c k w o m e n a n d w h i t e w o m e n a g e d 2 5 - 6 4 y e a r s w a s s i m i l a r ( 3 3 . 1 % a n d 3 0 . 0 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a n d h i g h e r t h a n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( 1 5 . 7 % ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( W i n k l e b y e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 1 , a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f w h i t e w o m e n ( 2 5 . 9 % ) r e p o r t e d c i g a r e t t e u s e d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g m o n t h t h a n B l a c k ( 2 2 . 2 % ) o r H i s p a n i c w o m e n ( 1 7 . 3 % ) a g e d 1 8 y e a r s a n d o l d e r . I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e w a s l i t t l e r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o s m o k e d i n m e n ( C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 4 ) . B e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a g e s u b c a t e g o r i e s a n d t h e q u e s t i o n f o r m a t u s e d i n t h e s e t w o s t u d i e s , w h e t h e r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n S E S a n d s m o k i n g d i f f e r s b y g e n d e r i s i n c o n c l u s i v e . N i n e p e r c e n t o f B l a c k o b e s e w o m e n a n d 7 % o f H i s p a n i c o b e s e w o m e n w e r e i n a c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r s o f t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s , w h i l e o n l y 3 % o f w h i t e o b e s e w o m e n w e r e i n a c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r s o f t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s . S i m i l a r l y i n m e n , r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s i n a c c u r a t e l y c o m p a r e d t o C a u c a s i a n s ( i n a c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r s : 1 8 % o f B l a c k o b e s e m e n , 1 9 % o f H i s p a n i c o b e s e m e n , a n d 1 0 % o f w h i t e o b e s e m e n ) ( K u c h l e r a n d V a r i y a m , 2 0 0 3 ) . H i g h e r t o l e r a n c e s t o t h e h e a v i e r w e i g h t a n d l e s s p r a c t i c e s o f d i e t i n g a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s c o m p a r e d t o C a u c a s i a n s h a v e b e e n d o c u m e n t e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s ( W i n k l e b y e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ; C h a n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; L o w r y e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e e x a m i n e d b y g e n d e r , S E S , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y c o m b i n e d i n t h e U S , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h a s b e e n i n v e r s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s a m o n g w o m e n a g e d 2 0 - 6 0 y e a r s o l d i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y e x c e p t i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 w h e n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g B l a c k w o m e n w i t h m e d i u m e d u c a t i o n ( 5 4 . 4 % ) w a s h i g h e s t , f o l l o w e d b y B l a c k w o m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n ( 5 1 . 5 % ) a n d B l a c k w o m e n w i t h l o w e d u c a t i o n ( 4 4 . 3 % ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g B l a c k w o m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n w a s m u c h l a r g e r ( 2 2 . 7 % ) t h a n t h a t o f B l a c k w o m e n w i t h l o w - e d u c a t i o n ( 1 . 7 % ) i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . I n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g w h i t e w o m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n a n d a m o n g w h i t e w o m e n w i t h l o w e d u c a t i o n i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w a s s i m i l a r ( 1 0 . 2 % a n d 9 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A m o n g m e n , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e 3 7 p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d S E S h a s b e e n i n c o n s i s t e n t a n d d e p e n d e d o n s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y t o B l a c k w o m e n , i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g B l a c k m e n w i t h l o w e d u c a t i o n w a s m u c h l a r g e r ( 1 2 . 7 % ) t h a n t h a t o f B l a c k m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n ( 3 . 2 % ) i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g w h i t e m e n w i t h l o w e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d ( - 2 . 9 % ) , w h i l e i t i n c r e a s e d a m o n g w h i t e m e n w i t h h i g h e d u c a t i o n ( 6 9 % ) ( Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ) . W i n k l e b y ( 1 9 9 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h l o w e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o s m o k e t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . C r e s p o a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 2 0 0 0 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n w i t h l o w e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o p a r t i c i p a t e o n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y t h a n t h o s e w i t h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . W h e t h e r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s b y g e n d e r , S E S , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y c o m b i n e d c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e d i s p a r i t y i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e h a s n o t b e e n e x a m i n e d . T h e n u m b e r o f s t u d i e s w h i c h e x a m i n e d t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y b y c o m b i n i n g m o r e t h a n o n e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s i n t h e U S . i s v e r y l i m i t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e y t e n d t o e x a m i n e t h e p r e d i c t o r s w i t h o u t c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r p o t e n t i a l c o n f o u n d i n g p r e d i c t o r s . A s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , o b e s i t y r e s u l t s f r o m c o m p l e x i n t e r a c t i o n s o f m a n y p r e d i c t o r s . T h e r e f o r e , w e s t i l l n e e d s t u d i e s , w h i c h e x a m i n e p r e d i c t o r d i f f e r e n c e s b y c o m b i n a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n o n e s o i c o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s , w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r p r e d i c t o r s . W a m a l a a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 1 9 9 7 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s ( h i g h e r p a r i t y a n d a g e o f fi r s t m e n a r c h e ) , u n h e a l t h y d i e t , u n f a v o r a b l e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s ( p o o r q u a l i t y o f l i f e , l o w s e l f - e s t e e m , a n d j o b s t r a i n ) e x p l a i n e d 5 3 % o f l o w - S E S - o b e s i t y 3 8 r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g m i d d l e - a g e d S w e d i s h w o m e n , w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r p o t e n t i a l c o n f o u n d i n g p r e d i c t o r s . B a l l a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 2 0 0 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t d i e t a r y f a c t o r s , d i e t i n g . s m o k i n g . l e i s u r e — t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s , a n d a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s u b j e c t ’ s g e n d e r a n d S E S c o m b i n e d i n A u s t r a l i a . A s f o r s u b j e c t s i n t h e U S , L i n a n d c o l l e a g u e s ( 2 0 0 4 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g o u t a n d t h e t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f c a r b o n a t e d s o f t d r i n k s a n d j u i c e d r i n k s e x p l a i n e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b e t w e e n l o w - S E S w o m e n a n d h i g h - S E S w o m e n . T w o o f t h e s e s t u d i e s ( W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; L i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ) d i d n o t e x a m i n e m e n a n d t w o o f t h e s e s t u d i e s ( W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; B a l l e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) w e r e n o t c o n d u c t e d i n t h e U S . F i n d i n g s f r o m o v e r s e a s ( W a m a l a e t a l , 1 9 9 7 ; B a l l e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) m a y n o t b e a p p l i c a b l e t o U S . d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s a n d o v e r a l l a t t r i b u t e s t o w a r d s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s s u c h a s l o w - S E S i n d i v i d u a l s . T h u s , c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d i e s a r e i n n e e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t e x p l a i n t h e S E S d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e f o r m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e U S . I n S u m m a g y : T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U S . h a s i n c r e a s e d i n t h e l a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , a n d i t c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e . T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b g r o u p s i s a s s u m e d t o v a r y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y . M a n y s t u d i e s , t h e r e f o r e , h a v e i d e n t i fi e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y b y s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s g e n d e r , S E S , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y s i n g l y . H o w e v e r , f e w e r s t u d i e s i d e n t i fi e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o u p s c a t e g o r i z e d b y m o r e t h a n o n e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e . T h u s , w h y t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n S E S a n d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y f o r m e n a n d w o m e n r e m a i n s u n a n s w e r e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , m a n y s t u d i e s i n t h e p a s t f a i l e d t o c o n t r o l f o r 3 9 p o t e n t i a l l y c o n f o u n d i n g p r e d i c t o r s w h e n t h e y i d e n t i fi e d t h e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . W h i l e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d i n a l l s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , i t s r a t e d i f f e r s a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . H o w e v e r , l i t t l e i s k n o w n a b o u t i t s e x p l a n a t i o n s . I d e n t i f y i n g p r e d i c t o r s t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a n d t h e i r c h a n g e s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e i s t h e fi r s t s t e p f o r n u t r i t i o n e d u c a t o r s a n d p o l i c y m a k e r s t o u n d e r s t a n d c u l t u r a l a n d s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s t o e x p l a i n d i s p a r i t y i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e , w h i c h i s c r i t i c a l t o d e v e l o p e f f e c t i v e o b e s i t y p r e v e n t i o n o r c o n t r o l p r o g r a m s i n t h e U S . A m o n g a l a r g e n u m b e r o f p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y i d e n t i fi e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l e x a m i n e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s : s m o k i n g , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y ( l e i s u r e - t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y [ N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 o n l y ] ) , h o u r s o f w a t c h i n g T V a n d c o m p u t e r u s e ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 o n l y ) , d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s , a n d e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ) , b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e s , p a r i t y , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , p e r c e i v e d o n e ’ s w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r , a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 o n l y ) . T h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e t h e y m e t m o r e t h a n o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a : 1 ) t h e y a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y ; 2 ) t h e y v a r y a m o n g s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o f t h e i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , 3 ) t h e y a r e m o d i fi a b l e , 4 ) t h e y a r e m e a s u r a b l e ; 5 ) t h e y h a v e c h a n g e d o r m a y h a v e c h a n g e d i n t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n w i t h t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e p a s t 4 0 t h r e e d e c a d e s : a n d 6 ) t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d / o r N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . 4 1 M E T H O D S O V E R A L L P R O C E D U R E S O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w e r e c o m p l e t e d b y t h e s e c o n d a r y d a t a a n a l y s i s o f t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a s e t , t h e N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y ( N H A N E S ) , c o n d u c t e d i n 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 a n d i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . F i r s t . d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s w e r e c o m p u t e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e s u b j e c t s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s w e r e a l s o e x a m i n e d . T h e n , a g e - s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s w e r e o b t a i n e d a n d c o m p a r e d b e t w e e n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( O b j e c t i v e 1 ) . T h e n , p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s w e r e i d e n t i fi e d ( O b j e c t i v e 2 ) . F o r t h i s t a s k , t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d fi r s t t o c o n s t r u c t v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r ( m u l t i c o l l i n e a r i t y ) . F i n a l l y , t h e p r e d i c t o r s i d e n t i fi e d i n t h e o b j e c t i v e 2 w e r e c o m p a r e d b e t w e e n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o i d e n t i f y t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e i n t h e U S ( O b j e c t i v e 3 ) ( F i g u r e 1 ) . D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ’ — T e s t o f s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p t r l a t i o n g r o u p s R . I . C o m p a r e a g e - C o n s t r u c t v a r i a b l e s t h a t I d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s s t a n d a r d i z e d a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t h e c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n t o o n e a n o t h e r p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s d e c a d e ( O b j 1 ) J — ( O b j 3 ) , ’ I d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ( O b j 2 ) F i g u r e 1 . O v e r a l l p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y D A T A S E T S T h e N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y ( N H A N E S ) h a s b e e n c o n d u c t e d s i n c e 1 9 7 0 a s a p a r t o f t h e N a t i o n a l N u t r i t i o n S u r v e i l l a n c e S y s t e m i n s t i t u t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s ( N C H S ) , a b r a n c h i n C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n ( C D C ) . S i n c e t h e 1 9 6 0 ’ s , t h e N a t i o n a l N u t r i t i o n S u r v e i l l a n c e S y s t e m w a s c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l H e a l t h E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y ( N H E S ) , a n o n g o i n g n a t i o n a l s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d b y N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s ( N C H S ) , a b r a n c h o f t h e U S . P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e i n t h e U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s ( D H H S ) , w i t h t h e n e w e m p h a s i s o n n u t r i t i o n a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o h e a l t h s t a t u s t o e s t a b l i s h N H A N E S . T h e fi r s t N H A N E S w a s c o n d u c t e d i n 1 9 7 1 - 7 5 ( N H A N E S I ) , f o l l o w e d i n 1 9 7 6 - 8 0 ( N H A N E S I I ) , 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 ( H i s p a n i c H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y : H H A N E S ) . a n d l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( N H A N E S I I I ) . T h e m o s t r e c e n t N H A N E S h a s b e e n c o n d u c t e d s i n c e 1 9 9 9 . U n l i k e p r e v i o u s s u r v e y s w h e r e C D C r e l e a s e d t h e d a t a a s a f o u r - y e a r s - c o m b i n e d d a t a , d a t a f r o m t h e m o s t r e c e n t N H A N E S w i l l b e r e l e a s e d e v e r y t w o y e a r s ( e g . N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 3 - 3 0 0 4 . e t c ) . C u r r e n t l y . t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , a n d l i m i t e d d a t a f r o m t h e N H A N E S 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 h a v e b e e n r e l e a s e d t o t h e p u b l i c . T h e N C H S r e c o m m e n d s c o m b i n i n g N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 t o g e n e r a l i z e t h e d a t a t o t h e U S p o p u l a t i o n ( N C H S , 2 0 0 5 ) . T h u s , i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h i s f o u r - y e a r c o m b i n e d d a t a s e t o f N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 ( N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s , 2 0 0 5 ) a n d t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 w e r e u s e d . T h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 s a m p l e d e s i g n w a s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f p r e v i o u s N H A N E S . N H A N E S s a m p l e s w e r e c i v i l i a n , n o n - i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d U S . p o p u l a t i o n c o l l e c t e d b y t h e c o m p l e x . m u l t i - s t a g e . s t r a t i fi e d . c l u s t e r i n g s a m p l i n g m e t h o d . P a r t i c i p a n t s f o r t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w e r e a g e d 2 m o n t h s a n d o l d e r . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , b l a c k s , o l d e r s u b j e c t s , a n d y o u n g c h i l d r e n w e r e o v e r - s a m p l e d . 3 3 , 9 9 4 w e r e i n t e r v i e w e d i n t h e i r h o m e s t o a n s w e r t o s e v e r a l q u e s t i o n n a i r e s f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s u c h a s s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s , d i e t , a n d l i f e s t y l e s . T h e n , 3 1 , 3 1 1 o f t h e s e l e c t e d p e r s o n s p a r t i c i p a t e d o n m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s i n t h e M o b i l e E x a m i n a t i o n C e n t e r ( M E C ) o r i n t h e i r h o m e s i f e x a m i n a t i o n s i n t h e M E C w e r e n o t p o s s i b l e . T h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 s a m p l e d s u b j e c t s o f a l l a g e s . T h e s a m p l e s i z e f o r t h e h o m e i n t e r v i e w a n d p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n a t M E C w a s 9 , 9 6 5 a n d 9 , 2 8 2 i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 1 , 0 3 9 a n d 1 0 , 4 7 7 i n t h e N H A N E S 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( N C H S , 2 0 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r - s a m p l e d i n t h e N H A N E S I 9 8 8 - 9 4 , 4 4 N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 o v e r - s a m p l e d p r e g n a n t w o m e n a n d l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( B r i e f e l a n d J o h n s o n , 2 0 0 4 ) . S U B J E C T S N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i n c l u d e d 1 8 , 8 2 5 a n d 1 0 , 2 9 1 a d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s a n d o l d e r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i t h t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t ( n = 2 8 8 [ 1 . 5 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d _ > _ 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) a n d / o r l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ( n = 9 5 [ 1 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e c o m p l e t e d a t a o n i n c o m e , g e n d e r , w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( n = 3 , 4 4 9 [ 1 8 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d _ > _ 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; t h o s e w h o w e r e n o t W h i t e , B l a c k o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n ( r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s s u c h a s A s i a n s , N a t i v e A l a s k a n s ( n = 5 8 9 [ 3 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( n = 3 3 0 [ 2 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) , s u b j e c t s w h o h a d 0 v a l u e o n t h e i r w e i g h t v a r i a b l e ( n = 3 2 9 [ 2 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; a n d t h o s e w h o h a d m i s s i n g v a l u e s o n o t h e r v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ( n = 3 , 4 8 2 ; n = 0 f o r g e n d e r , n = 0 f o r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , n = 7 0 f o r e d u c a t i o n , n = 0 f o r a g e , n = 0 f o r i n c o m e , n = l 7 f o r m a r i t a l s t a t u s , n = 3 4 6 f o r s m o k i n g , n = 2 , 7 8 3 f o r a l c o h o l , n = 4 5 5 f o r e a t i n g o u t , n = 4 5 0 f o r e n e r g y i n t a k e , n = 4 5 5 f o r t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s , n = 0 f o r l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y , n = 4 9 0 f o r b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e , n = 1 6 9 f o r t h e n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s , n = 3 0 4 f o r a g e a t fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n , n = 7 f o r p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 6 f o r d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 7 f o r a c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 4 f o r a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , n = 4 5 5 f o r b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d n = 4 5 0 f o r f a t i n t a k e ) , l e a v i n g t h e fi n a l s a m p l e o f 1 0 , 2 6 9 ( F i g u r e 2 a ) . 4 5 S u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y r ( n = 1 , 8 8 2 5 ) P r e g n a n t w o m e n 4 — — ( 1 1 2 2 8 8 ) - — — > L a c t a t i n g w o m e n ( n = 9 5 ) I . n = l 8 , 4 4 8 T h o s e w h o d i d n ’ t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n i n c o m e , g e n d e r , I r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d w e i g h t S u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , s t a t u s ( n = 3 , 4 4 9 ) b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r r c a n s ( n = 5 8 9 ) U n d e r w e i g h t ( n = 3 3 0 ) 4 — 4 S u b j e c t s w h o s e w e i g h t v a r i a b l e w a s 0 ( n = 3 2 9 ) t r S u b j e c t s w h o d i d n ’ t n = 1 3 , 7 5 1 ( S a m p l e A ) h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t w e r e u s e d i n t h e s t u d y ( n = 3 , 4 8 2 ) n = 1 0 , 2 6 9 ( S a m p l e B ) F i g u r e 2 a . C h a n g e s i n t h e s a m p l e s i z e ( N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) F r o m t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t ( n = 7 0 4 [ 7 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d : 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) a n d / o r l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ( n = 1 0 7 [ 1 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d _ > _ 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e c o m p l e t e d a t a o n i n c o m e , g e n d e r , w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( n = 2 , 0 7 4 [ 2 0 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; t h o s e w h o w e r e n o t W h i t e , B l a c k o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n ( r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s s u c h a s A s i a n s , N a t i v e A l a s k a n s [ n = 3 7 9 ; 4 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] a n d n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s [ n = 1 8 7 ; 2 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( n = 1 0 7 [ l % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) , s u b j e c t s w h o h a d P r i m a r y S a m p l i n g U n i t a n d S t r a t u m v a r i a b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s f r o m w h i c h t h e v a r i a n c e c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e s a m p l i n g d e s i g n c o u l d n o t b e e s t i m a t e d ( n = 1 2 [ 0 . 1 % o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y e a r s o l d ] ) ; a n d t h o s e w h o h a d m i s s i n g v a l u e s f o r o t h e r 4 6 U n d e r w e i g h t ( n = 1 0 7 ) ‘ — A m e r i c a n s ( n = 3 7 9 ) v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ( n = 2 . 8 6 9 ; n = 0 f o r g e n d e r , n = 0 f o r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , n = 1 0 f o r e d u c a t i o n . n = 0 f o r a g e , n = 0 f o r i n c o m e , n = 3 4 0 f o r m a r i t a l s t a t u s , n = 5 8 1 f o r s m o k i n g , n = 9 f o r h r s o f T V w a t c h i n g a n d u s e o f a c o m p u t e r , n = l , 2 8 6 f o r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , n = 7 f o r n o n - l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y , n = 2 7 2 f o r e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d , n = 7 0 f o r e n e r g y i n t a k e , n = 7 5 f o r t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s , n = 5 1 5 f o r l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , n = 3 3 4 f o r b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e s , n = 2 1 7 f o r t h e n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s , n = 3 3 5 f o r a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , n = 0 f o r w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 1 8 f o r p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 2 8 7 f o r a c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 1 0 f o r d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , n = 7 0 4 f o r a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , n = 7 f o r a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t , n = 7 5 f o r b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , n = 7 1 f o r f a t i n t a k e ) , l e a v i n g t h e fi n a l s a m p l e o f 4 , 0 1 6 ( F i g u r e 2 b ) . S u b j e c t s a g e d 2 2 0 y r ( n = — 1 , 0 2 9 1 ) P r e g n a n t w o m e n ‘ _ _ . ( n = 7 0 4 ) — — > L a c t a t i n g w o m e n ( n = 1 0 7 ) t r n = 9 , 6 3 2 T h o s e w h o d i d n ’ t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n i n c o m e , g e n d e r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( n = 2 , 0 7 4 ) — * N o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( n = 1 8 7 ) 9 ‘ — — ’ S u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n V S u b j e c t s w h o d i d n ’ t F 6 3 8 5 ( S a m p l e A ) h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n o t h e r . . v a r i a b l e s t h a t w e r e u s e d P r o b l e m s W i t h s t u d y d e s r g n i n t h e s t u d y ( n = 2 , 8 6 2 ) l v a r i a b l e s ( n = 7 ) 1 n = 4 , 0 1 6 ( S a m p l e B ) F i g u r e 2 b . C h a n g e s i n t h e s a m p l e s i z e ( N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) 4 7 N o n - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s w e r e e x c l u d e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r s m a l l s a m p l e s i z e t o g e n e r a l i z e t o t h e U S . p o p u l a t i o n ( C D C , l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 ) . U n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( B M I < 1 8 . 5 ) w e r e e x c l u d e d s i n c e t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( 1 8 . 5 _ < _ B M I < 2 5 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , c o m p a r e d t o n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s , u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f w o m e n ( 7 4 . 6 v s . 5 4 . 4 % ) , s u b j e c t s w i t h l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 2 6 . 9 v s . 1 6 . 6 % ) , y o u n g e r a d u l t s ( a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d : 3 4 . 4 v s . 2 3 . 3 % ) , l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( 7 2 v s . 5 3 . 3 % ) , s u b j e c t s w h o w e r e w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d ( 3 0 . 1 v s . 1 7 . 1 % ) , s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 3 8 . 0 v s . 2 7 . 6 % ) , s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h m o r e ( 5 9 . 5 v s . 1 4 . 0 % ) , s u b j e c t s w h o a t e 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 2 7 . 6 v s . 1 7 . 3 % ) , a n d s u b j e c t s w h o h a d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n w e e k l y ( 3 6 . 0 v s . 2 1 . 8 % ) . U n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s a l s o h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d ( 3 2 . 5 v s . 4 8 . 5 % ) , w h o h a d t h e i r fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( 4 . 8 v s . 1 4 . 1 % ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s ( 4 . 8 v s . 1 3 . 3 % ) t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( A p p e n d i x 1 ) . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s a p p e a r e d w h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r ( A p p e n d i x 2 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , u n d e r w e i g h t m e n h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f b l a c k s u b j e c t s t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t m e n ( 2 7 . 4 v s . 1 3 . 0 % ) , w h i l e i t w a s n o t t h e c a s e i n w o m e n ( 3 . 8 v s . 7 . 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n w o m e n , u n d e r w e i g h t w o m e n h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f w h i t e s u b j e c t s t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t w o m e n ( 9 3 . 3 v s . 8 7 . 7 % ) , w h i l e i t w a s o p p o s i t e i n m e n ( 6 9 . 2 v s . 7 8 . 5 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . W h i l e u n d e r w e i g h t m e n h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f s m o k e r s t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t m e n ( 3 2 . 3 v s . 3 9 . 8 % ) , i t w a s o p p o s i t e i n w o m e n ( 3 8 . 5 v s . 2 5 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . U n d e r w e i g h t m e n h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o w a t c h e d T V o r u s e d c o m p u t e r s f o r s 1 h o u r t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t m e n ( 2 0 . 1 v s . 3 0 . 4 % ) , w h i l e i t w a s o p p o s i t e 4 8 i n w o m e n ( 4 8 . 9 v s . 4 0 . 1 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . U n d e r w e i g h t m e n h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s c o r r e c t l y t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t m e n ( 8 0 . 2 v s . 7 3 . 9 % ) , w h i l e i t w a s o p p o s i t e i n w o m e n ( 5 4 . 3 v s . 6 1 . 6 % ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . U n d e r w e i g h t w o m e n h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f e n e r g y i n t a k e a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s t h a n n o r m a l w e i g h t w o m e n ( 8 7 . 1 v s . 7 9 . 9 % ) . w h i l e i t w a s o p p o s i t e i n m e n ( 7 4 . 6 v s . 7 7 . 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . C O N S T R U C T I O N O F V A R I A B L E S fi r i a b l e s o f i g t e r e s t : T h e B M I w a s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n m e a s u r e d w e i g h t a n d h e i g h t i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . S u b j e c t s ’ w e i g h t s t a t u s w a s d e t e r m i n e d b a s e d o n t h e B M I a s : n o r m a l w e i g h t ( 1 8 . S S B M I < 2 5 ) , o v e r w e i g h t ( 2 5 5 B M I < 3 0 ) , a n d o b e s e ( B M 1 2 3 0 ) . I n c a s e f o r t h e B M I t o b e u s e d a s a c o n t i n u o u s o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e r a t h e r t h a n c a t e g o r i c a l o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e , t h e B M I w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d b e c a u s e i t d i d n o t h a v e a n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n i m p r o v e d a f t e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( b e c a m e m o r e s y m m e t r i c ) . V a r i a b l e s e x a m i n e d i n r e l a t i o n t o s u b j e c t s ’ w e i g h t s t a t u s w e r e s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s ( g e n d e r , a g e , e d u c a t i o n , i n c o m e , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , m a r i t a l s t a t u s ) , l i f e s t y l e v a r i a b l e s ( s m o k i n g , h o u r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e [ o n l y f o r t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ] , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y [ o n l y f o r t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ] , l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ) , d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , f a t i n t a k e , t o t a l e n e r g y i n t a k e , n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s , u s e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ) , w e i g h t r e l a t e d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , a t t e m p t n o t t o l o s e w e i g h t [ o n l y f o r t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 j ) , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s ( n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s , b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e s , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e ) . 4 9 B a s e d o n t h e w e i g h t e d f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e e i t h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d ( e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ) o r r e - d e fi n e d a s o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s : h o u r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e ( 1 : 5 I h r / d a y , 2 = 2 - 3 h r s / d a y , 3 : 2 4 h r s [ o n l y i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ] ) . n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( l = s i t t i n g m a i n l y , 2 = w a l k i n g a l o t , 3 = c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s [ o n l y i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ] ) , l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( I = n o a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h , 2 = fi r s t q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w i t h n o a c t i v i t y , 3 : s e c o n d q u i n t i l e . 4 = t h i r d q u i n t i l e , 5 = f o u r t h q u i n t i l e , a n d 6 = fi f t h q u i n t i l e ) , f a t i n t a k e ( 1 : : 3 0 % o f t o t a l e n e r g y f r o m f a t , 2 = > 3 O % o f t o t a l e n e r g y f r o m f a t ) , n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( 1 : 5 3 t i m e s / d a y , 2 = 4 t i m e s / d a y , 3 = 5 t i m e s / d a y , 4 = 6 t i m e s / d a y , 5 = 7 + t i m e s / d a y ) , u s e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( l = < l t i m e / w k , 2 = l t i m e / w e e k , 3 = 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k , 4 = 4 + t i m e s / w e e k i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; l = n o n - c o n s u m e r s a n d 2 = c o n s u m e r s i n t h e N H A N E S [ 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n ( l = n o , 2 = y e s ) , p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( l = u n d e r w e i g h t , 2 = a b o u t r i g h t . 3 = o v e r w e i g h t ) , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( l = w a n t t o w e i g h m o r e , 2 = w a n t t o s t a y t h e s a m e , 3 = w a n t t o w e i g h l e s s ) , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( l = n o , 2 = y e s ) , a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ( l = n o , 2 = y e s [ o n l y i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ] ) , s m o k i n g ( l = n o n - s m o k e r , 2 = s m o k e r ) , n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s ( l = 0 o r n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t , 2 = 1 , 3 : 2 , 4 : 3 , 5 = 4 , 6 = 5 + ) , a n d a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e ( l = 5 1 1 y r s , 2 = 1 2 - 1 5 y r s , 3 = 1 6 + y r s ) . S u b j e c t s w e r e a s k e d f r e q u e n c y o f a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n s p e r w e e k ( r a n g i n g 0 t o 1 4 t i m e s [ m e a n z 1 i 0 . 1 t i m e s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; 0 t o 7 t i m e s [ m e a n z l i 0 . l t i m e s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I ) a n d t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f d r i n k s p e r d a y w h e n t h e y d r a n k ( r a n g i n g 0 t o 3 6 d r i n k s [ m e a n z 2 3 5 0 . 1 d r i n k s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; 0 t o 9 0 d r i n k s ' U n l i k e t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e r e s p o n s e o f “ 0 d r i n k / w e e k " . T h u s , t h o s e w h o d i d n o t d r i n k a t l e a s t 1 2 d r i n k s i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( M A P E Z ) w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s “ 0 d r i n k / w e e k ” . 5 0 [ m e a n : 2 i 0 . 1 d r i n k s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n s t r u c t e d a n a l c o h o l i n t a k e v a r i a b l e a s a s u m p r o d u c t o f t h e s e t w o v a r i a b l e s ( r a n g i n g 0 t o 1 6 6 d r i n k s / w e e k [ m e a n z 4 i 0 . 1 d r i n k s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; 0 t o 3 6 0 d r i n k s / w e e k [ m e a n z 4 i 0 . 2 d r i n k s ] i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . S i n c e w e i g h t e d f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a n a l c o h o l i n t a k e v a r i a b l e w a s n o t n o r m a l , l o g - t r a n s f o r r n a t i o n w a s a p p l i e d . H o w e v e r , d u e t o t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s w h o n e v e r d r a n k o v e r p a s t 1 2 m o n t h s ( 1 8 . 8 % o f t h e s u b j e c t s i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ; 3 7 . 2 % i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) , l o g - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n d i d n o t i m p r o v e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n . W h e n t h i s v a r i a b l e w a s r e - d e fi n e d a s o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s . t h e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s i n e a c h s u b c a t e g o r y w a s n o t c o m p a r a b l e b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n ; a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s b e l o n g e d t o t h e h i g h e r s u b c a t e g o r i e s i n m e n t h a n i n w o m e n b e c a u s e m e n t e n d t o d r i n k l a r g e r a m o u n t t h a n w o m e n , w h i l e a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s b e l o n g e d t o t h e l o w e r s u b c a t e g o r i e s i n w o m e n t h a n i n m e n b e c a u s e w o m e n t e n d t o d r i n k s m a l l e r a m o u n t t h a n m e n . T o m a k e a l c o h o l i n t a k e c o m p a r i s o n s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , i n c l u d i n g g e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , t h e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s n e e d s t o b e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d a c r o s s s u b c a t e g o r i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , w e f o u n d t h a t r e - d e fi n i n g a n a l c o h o l i n t a k e v a r i a b l e i n t o a n o r d i n a l c a t e g o r y i n t e r f e r e d w i t h c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d a r e n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r ( s e e t h e l a t e r s e c t i o n o n “ c r e a t i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d a r e n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r ” ) . T h u s , w e d e c i d e d t o u s e a n a l c o h o l i n t a k e v a r i a b l e a s a l o g - t r a n s f o n n e d c o n t i n u o u s v a r i a b l e . I n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , s u b j e c t s w e r e a s k e d t h e t y p e ( e . g . s w i m m i n g , r u n n i n g ) a n d f r e q u e n c y o f m o d e r a t e / v i g o r o u s l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y t h e y h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d o v e r t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s ( r a n g i n g O t o 4 2 0 t i m e s i n t h e N H A N E S I 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . I n t e n s i t y o f 5 1 t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s w a s c a l c u l a t e d , u s i n g a m e t a b o l i c e q u i v a l e n t ( M E T ) s c o r e ( r a n g i n g 0 t o 1 2 4 ) . O n e M E T o r m e t a b o l i c e q u i p m e n t i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e o x y g e n c o n s u m p t i o n r e q u i r e d a t r e s t o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 k c a l / k g p e r h o u r . B a s e d o n t h e s e i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n s t r u c t e d a l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y v a r i a b l e a s a s u m p r o d u c t o f i n t e n s i t y a n d f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s ( r a n g i n g f r o m 0 t o 2 . 5 3 2 ) a n d r e - d e fi n e d a s o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r ( l = n o a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h , 2 = fi r s t q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r e n g a g e d i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y [ M E T _ < _ 2 9 . 5 ] , 3 : s e c o n d q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r e n g a g e d i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y [ 2 9 . 5 < M E T S 6 4 ] , 4 = t h i r d q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r e n g a g e d i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y [ 6 4 < M E T 3 1 1 6 . 5 ] , 5 = f o u r t h q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r e n g a g e d i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y [ 1 1 6 . 5 < M E T 5 2 2 3 . 5 ] , a n d 6 : fi f t h q u i n t i l e a f t e r e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r e n g a g e d i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y [ 2 2 3 . 5 < M E T ] ) . T h e s e a c t i v i t y c u t p o i n t s w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 t o s u b c a t e g o r i z e s u b j e c t s s o t h a t t h e t w o d a t a s e t s b e c a m e c o m p a r a b l e . T h e t o t a l l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y l e v e l r a n g e d f r o m 0 t o 1 , 6 2 5 i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 . T h e r e s t o f v a r i a b l e s w e r e u s e d a s c a t e g o r i c a l v a r i a b l e s : g e n d e r ( l = m a l e , 2 = f e m a l e ) , a g e ( l = 2 0 - 2 9 y r s , 2 = 3 0 - 3 9 y r s , 3 : 4 0 - 4 9 y r s , 4 : 5 0 - 5 9 y r s , 5 = 6 0 + y r s ) , e d u c a t i o n ( l = < h i g h s c h o o l , 2 = h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e , 3 = > h i g h s c h o o l ) , i n c o m e ( l = P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o [ P I R ] 5 1 . 8 5 , 2 = 1 . 8 6 s P I R S 3 . 5 , 3 = P I R > 3 . 5 ) , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( l = w h i t e , 2 = b l a c k , 3 = M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ) , m a r i t a l s t a t u s ( l = m a r r i e d , 2 = d i v o r c e d , s e p a r a t e d , o r w i d o w e d , 3 = n e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r ) , b r e a s t f e e d i n g 5 2 e x p e r i e n c e s ( l = n o , 2 = y e s , 3 = n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t ) 2 , a c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( l = o v e r - a s s e s s o r , 2 = a d e q u a t e a s s e s s o r , 3 = u n d e r - a s s e s s o r ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s ( l = u n d e r - r e p o r t e r , 2 = a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r , 3 = o v e r - r e p o r t e r ) . E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s : S e l f - r e p o r t e d d i e t a r y i n t a k e d a t a t e n d t o b e b i a s e d b y t h o s e w h o i n t e n t i o n a l l y o r u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y r e p o r t t h e i r i n t a k e s i n a c c u r a t e l y . T h u s . a n e w v a r i a b l e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h e p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e o f b i a s i n o u r r e s u l t s . I n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e w a s b e l o w 9 0 % o f t h e B a s i c M e t a b o l i c R a t e ( B M R ) w e r e l a b e l e d a s u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s ( G o l d b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 9 1 ; B r i e f e l e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , w h i l e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e w a s o v e r 2 4 0 % o f t h e B M R w e r e l a b e l e d a s o v e r - r e p o r t e r s ( B l a c k e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ; B r i e f e l e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; J o h a n s s o n e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ) . S u b j e c t s w h o s e r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e w a s b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o v a l u e s w e r e l a b e l e d a s a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s . B M R w a s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n s u b j e c t s ’ w e i g h t , a g e , a n d g e n d e r b y S c h o fi e l d ( 1 9 8 5 ) F o r a d u l t s 2 0 - 3 0 y r M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 6 3 w t ( k g ) + 2 . 8 9 6 F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 6 2 w t + 2 . 0 3 6 F o r a d u l t s 3 0 - 6 0 y r M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 4 8 w t + 3 . 6 5 3 F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 3 4 w t + 3 . 5 3 8 O v e r 6 0 y r M a l e B M R = 0 . 0 4 9 w t + 2 . 4 5 9 F e m a l e B M R = 0 . 0 3 8 w t + 2 . 7 5 5 2 T h i s v a r i a b l e w a s i n i t i a l l y r e - d e fi n e d a s t w o o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s ( n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t a n d b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e ) w i t h d i c h o t o m o u s r e s p o n s e s ( l = n o , 2 = y e s ) . H o w e v e r , t h e s e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s d i d n o t c o n s t r u c t v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o t h e r v a r i a b l e s ( s e e t h e s e c t i o n , “ C o n s t r u c t i n g v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o t h e r v a r i a b l e s ” . T h u s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y u s e d t h i s v a r i a b l e a s a c a t e g o r i c a l v a r i a b l e . 5 3 T h i s v a r i a b l e w a s u s e d t o d e v e l o p t w o d a t a s e t s ( o n e w h i c h i n c l u d e d e v e r y s u b j e c t a n d o n e w h i c h i n c l u d e d e n e r g y i n t a k e a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s o n l y ) , a n d r e s u l t s w e r e c o m p a r e d . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e v a r i a b l e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y : A l t h o u g h t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e f o r m a t w a s v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . s o m e v a r i a b l e s w e r e n o t c o m p a r a b l e b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s . F o r e x a m p l e , q u e s t i o n s o n t h e n u m b e r o f h o u r s w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s . n o n - l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y , a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , b u t n o t i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 1 ) . T h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e , t h e r e f o r e , e x c l u d e d w h e n c o m p a r i n g p r e d i c t o r s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( O b j e c t i v e 3 ) . T h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a s k e d a b o u t t h e f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d , b a s e d o n w h i c h a n o r d i n a l c a t e g o r y w a s c o n s t r u c t e d a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r ( l = < 1 t i m e / w k , 2 = 1 t i m e / w k , 3 = 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k , a n d 4 : 2 4 t i m e s / w k ) . T h i s q u e s t i o n , h o w e v e r , w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , a l t h o u g h p a r t i c i p a n t s w e r e a s k e d a s o u r c e o f f o o d t h e y r e p o r t e d i n t h e 2 4 h r r e c a l l . T h u s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n s t r u c t e d a b i n a r y v a r i a b l e ( l = n o n - c o n s u m e r , 2 = c o n s u m e r ) , i f p a r t i c i p a n t s r e p o r t e d a t l e a s t o n e f o o d i t e m f r o m a r e s t a u r a n t . T h e r e w a s n o r e a s o n a b l e r a t i o n a l e b a s e d o n w h i c h t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r y v a r i a b l e o n e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 c a n b e r e - d e fi n e d a s a b i n a r y v a r i a b l e . T h u s , n o f u r t h e r c h a n g e s w e r e m a d e o n t h e e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d v a r i a b l e w h e n c o m p a r i n g t h e t w o d a t a s e t s , a l t h o u g h t h e f o r m a t d i f f e r e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s . I n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e a s k e d t o p r o v i d e f r e q u e n c y o f l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s t h e y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e p a s t m o n t h f r o m t h e l i s t o f 6 1 a c t i v i t i e s . I n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 , r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e a s k e d a b o u t o n l y 8 a c t i v i t i e s , a l t h o u g h 5 4 2 ) k w / s e m i 0 t 0 2 - 9 9 s 4 r o 2 i : v 4 9 a 1 2 0 S 0 E 2 - N 9 A 9 H 9 1 N d S n E a N 4 A 9 H - 8 N 8 9 1 S E N A h , e b k w / l s a e u m s i u t s 3 t - c 2 e = fl 3 e r , k t w a / h t e m n i o t i t 1 s = e 2 u q , l l l l l l l l l k a a a a a a a a a e w c c c c c c c c c i i i i i i i i i s H h / N n e e w t t e t t t t t t t t t e n n n n n n n n n m Y e e e e e e e e e n i d d d d d d d d d = o I I I I I I I I I t d 1 e < s = 2 , o N e 1 a = B ( 1 b y d u t s e m a t s ) n r e s e r p 4 e h t e m ‘ l u g l n a 2 s i 0 c n 9 e e s 0 o r u C 2 e - h 8 t 8 , 9 h n 9 s 9 - r = 2 l b a I l 1 9 p 4 d S u 1 o , 2 i r a e r E s u N A g S E 5 N a e m n u o s t n o a H o t A d m H c N i s r - n e N e e d l l a o n f s o e b b B e z i a a a N l l i i = l t b n r a a 1 v a t o N a i r a v e h t f o o g i v v ( o a a e p t t t t a u o o C c N N s n o i s s g h t e h e c s n n u n o a o t s e t e i c c r i c ’ s u w a h i y g t h r a s t o t p i t s e i n t n a i r r m g v i t e i p e t i s w a x n b m a s u t i c p a y t u s m u o a e t a s t n h g e g t e e t e s o e i h g v s k i o t k e g n r o t t c c m C i a s f i n t t o s t n o a l a fi w i i t t t e n d n e e o o d f w t n e o i h k i e i e l . e s g s e h - a t 1 i r l r a e t n e l v t t d r f b r e e m i t l f e a / k b u d o t k a a e l i e s c a b u e n c i o m t y n g o i h o r e i t e p p t e e r m m s b a c i e e a m e r c i e t r s t t e r c a a r e a e e a a l t t r g e n d m u n u T V A A A A A P D B N G S F E B N L I R E M 5 5 N o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y H r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r u s e o f a c o m p u t e r E a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l I d e n t i c a l 1 = N o a c t i v i t i e s , 2 = 1 s t q u i n t i l e , 3 = 2 n d q u i n t i l e . 4 = 3 r d q u i n t i l e , 5 = 4 t h q u i n t i l e , 6 = 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 = S i t t i n g , 2 = W a l k i n g a l o t , 3 = C a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s ) 1 : s 1 h r / d , 2 = 2 - 3 h r s / d , 3 : 2 4 h r s / d R e s p o n d e n t s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n s w e r e d f r e q u e n c y o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y t h e y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s , g i v e n a l i s t o f 6 1 a c t i v i t i e s , w h i l e t h o s e i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w e r e q u e s t i o n e d a b o u t o n l y 8 a c t i v i t i e s , a l t h o u g h t h e y w e r e f u r t h e r a s k e d t o p r o v i d e f r e q u e n c y o f o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s , i f t h e r e w a s a n y . 2 T h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e t y p e o f r e s t a u r a n t w a s n o t p r o v i d e d i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , w h i l e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n c l u d e s b o t h f a s t f o o d a n d n o n - f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d . r e s p o n d e n t s i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 w e r e f u r t h e r a s k e d t o p r o v i d e f r e q u e n c y o f o t h e r l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s , i f t h e r e w e r e a n y . C o n s t r u c t i n g v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t M g h l l c o r r e l a t e d t o o t h e r v a r i a b l e s : T o c o n s t r u c t v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r , p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d a m o n g m o d i f i a b l e v a r i a b l e s t h a t w e r e s u g g e s t e d t o a s s o c i a t e w i t h t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( i . e . l i f e s t y l e s , d i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s , p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s ) . T h e n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s l a r g e . W i t h s o m a n y d i f f e r e n t v a r i a b l e s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e s e v a r i a b l e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s o f t e n s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u n d a n c y a m o n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h e s e v a r i a b l e s c a r r y . P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s i s a m e t h o d t o r e - e x p r e s s m u l t i v a r i a t e d a t a . I t a l l o w s r e s e a r c h e r s t o r e - o r g a n i z e t h e d a t a s o t h a t t h e f i r s t f e w d i m e n s i o n s e x p l a i n a s m u c h i n f o r m a t i o n t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s c a r r y a s p o s s i b l e a s m e a s u r e d i n t h e v a r i a n c e . I f t h e r e i s s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u n d a n c y i n t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s , i t m a y b e p o s s i b l e t o a c c o u n t f o r m o s t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r o f c o m p o n e n t s . F a c t o r a n a l y s i s i s a n o t h e r m e t h o d c o m m o n l y u s e d f o r t h e d a t a r e d u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n f a c t o r a n a l y s i s a n d p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s . F a c t o r a n a l y s i s i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g c o m m o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s . T h u s , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e u n d e r l y i n g c o m m o n f a c t o r s a n d t o a s p e c i fi c f a c t o r . P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ; i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h r e - e x p r e s s i n g t h e o r i g i n a l d a t a . T h u s , t h e r e a r e n o u n d e r l y i n g c o m m o n f a c t o r s , a n d e a c h p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t i s a n e x a c t l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s ( L a t t i n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r e a r e c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . H o w e v e r , t h e s c o r e , w h i c h w a s c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n t h e c o m m o n p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t s , w a s e x p e c t e d t o d i f f e r a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . S i n c e r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s a p p l y t o o n l y w o m e n , p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . T o a c c o u n t f o r t h e c o m p l e x s u r v e y d e s i g n , p o o l e d c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x b e t w e e n m o d i f i a b l e v a r i a b l e s w a s c a l c u l a t e d fi r s t . C o m p o n e n t s , o f w h i c h e i g e n v a l u e s ( v a r i a n c e o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s ) w e r e 1 a n d a b o v e , w e r e e x t r a c t e d a n d t h e c o m p o n e n t l o a d i n g , w h i c h w a s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s ( t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r y i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ) . O n l y v a r i a b l e s w i t h c o m p o n e n t l o a d i n g 2 0 . 4 w e r e u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t c o m p o n e n t s . T o i n c r e a s e i n t e r p r e t a b i l i t y o f t h e l o a d i n g s , t h e v a r i m a x r o t a t i o n m e t h o d w a s u s e d . T h e s e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e r e p e a t e d b y i n c l u d i n g o r e x c l u d i n g o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s u n t i l c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t s w e r e e x t r a c t e d b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . I n m e n , f o u r c o m p o n e n t s w e r e e x t r a c t e d ( T a b l e 2 a ) . T h e fi r s t c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 5 ) , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 4 ) , a n d f a t i n t a k e ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 4 0 ) . T h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 7 7 ) a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 7 8 ) , a n d f a t i n t a k e ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = - 0 . 4 1 ) . T h e t h i r d c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n s m o k i n g s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = - O . 5 8 ) , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 7 7 ) , a n d n u m b e r 5 7 1 1 5 6 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 . . 0 . 0 “ 3 1 ” ) 1 : 1 1 “ 0 6 1 0 5 . . r u - - - 0 0 3 ‘ 0 1 { 9 * ? : F . . s , ” a | . H 3 ’ 5 - ‘ - i . 7 . . . . 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 7 0 i T [ 3 5 8 2 7 8 9 0 0 2 2 3 7 7 . . " d i , , ‘ - 1 C o 0 . fi ' . . . . 0 . 0 0 0 0 - : 0 - - i ' m ‘ é a 6 W 6 2 1 . C 0 5 0 4 9 8 3 2 0 . . . . 2 3 . 0 " 1 2 4 : - . . , 0 0 1 9 8 . 1 - - 3 - 0 0 0 0 { s d ) k w ) / / s s e e m m i i t t 4 2 : 4 7 2 : 5 , , d k / w s / s e e m i t 6 = 4 , w r h e v o = 3 g i e k w m i t / o e r 5 m f 0 = i 4 y 3 i s y l a n a t n e n o p m o e h t m o c m l a p i ) c t i t 3 - 2 n d h ) i s g r s i p e = 3 ) / t s a f e e , l m w t . r 0 g = , f d e , 1 r 2 3 d t h ) / = e s g s g , 2 n s t , m i r e e e e n i c ) d m y k i f a s t a = o w a t r e u s o / 2 o e % l 4 t y y , x = a o i b m 0 = r o e 2 n 3 a 2 t t t = = s > , c s 2 = , 1 a o ( f 1 d = t , n 2 < 2 / n = t = r s e e 1 a h , 1 , e h t m t n i g ( ( e a e 1 i v ) o m t a m i r f h y t e o r d t o p ) m 2 o 0 l o e s s o 3 r w 5 o n h e g y e t a f s r p f y = c e c d t 1 i 0 t i a = 2 n ( n s e y f - 2 a e u a h g w f r o o r g 1 s = p t r h 9 e u n = , e 9 r 9 1 ( 1 e a o n o t e c ( h i i n t n a a u 1 s t s = e e c ) t s t e u 1 e c u S g i o g c s h f a n y t ( r l . a 4 E y t r g n i c e a b n i o r t % t = s e n a e o d d t N h 2 h 1 w i O e r s g g o m A t c t n S l S H i e i o t g s e a w a = t a n r n e e N n l n h i , h a i t e i u n n g 1 f a i o e n o w e = e g p F e 1 w i ( x s o c o h ( f d e y o t e . t t s c w l d e e p o a s e s 2 d a n a v c o o r o n h e e t k m t i l r e b e n k a i e t n e t g n C f i e u n e r a l k d d i b q h : l c i i a i e e m g 4 b r s e t r r i i e o e a r e e a M m r a r r u i - a H 1 T V ( C T T V 1 S P D B F F N 5 8 0 . 8 4 0 . 1 8 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 ' 0 . 6 6 0 . 8 6 A 1 . 6 2 1 . 3 8 o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( f a c t o r I o a d i n g = 0 . 6 6 ) . T h e f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 6 ) a n d f a t i n t a k e ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 5 3 ) . T h u s . f a t i n t a k e l o a d e d o n m o r e t h a n o n e c o m p o n e n t . I n w o m e n . f o u r c o m p o n e n t s w e r e e x t r a c t e d ( T a b l e 2 b ) . T h e fi r s t c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 9 l ) a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 8 ) . T h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 7 5 ) , a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 l ) , a n d f a t i n t a k e ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = - 0 . 4 5 ) . T h e t h i r d c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n s m o k i n g s t a t u s ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = - 0 . 5 8 ) , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 7 7 ) , a n d n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( f a c t o r I o a d i n g = 0 . 6 0 ) . T h e f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 8 l ) a n d f a t i n t a k e ( f a c t o r l o a d i n g = 0 . 5 6 ) . A g a i n , f a t i n t a k e l o a d e d o n m o r e t h a n o n e c o m p o n e n t . H o w e v e r . f a c t o r l o a d i n g o f f a t i n t a k e w a s h i g h e s t w h e n f a t i n t a k e w a s a c o n s t r u c t o f t h e f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t f o r b o t h m e n a n d w o m e n . T h u s , f o u r c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n : fi r s t c o m p o n e n t w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ; s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ; t h i r d c o m p o n e n t w i t h t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n s m o k i n g s t a t u s , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ; f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t w i t h t w o v a r i a b l e s o n f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d a n d f a t i n t a k e . O n c e t h e fi n a l c o m p o n e n t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d , a c o m p o n e n t s c o r e f o r t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h s u b j e c t b y s u m m i n g s u b j e c t s ’ r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t c o n s t r u c t e d c o m p o n e n t s . T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s w a s 5 9 1 1 0 0 8 6 0 3 . . . . . 0 3 0 0 0 0 - 6 6 1 0 5 ” E 9 7 2 0 0 0 7 0 6 . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 . 1 2 1 2 7 1 8 0 3 2 0 5 . 4 7 5 5 0 9 6 C . . . . . . 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 . : - 9 5 3 1 1 4 9 7 6 0 0 1 1 9 3 2 . . . C 0 0 0 . . - - - - 0 0 0 8 . 1 s i s y l a n a t n e n o p m o c l a p i c n i r p e h t m o r f d e t c a r t x e s t n e ‘ n ) o 2 0 p 0 m 2 o - c 9 9 f 9 o 1 e r S u E t c N u A ) s e y r t H = s N 2 l e a h , o n n t i = F n 1 I ( . s b s n e 2 e l r e m b e a k l b o i o r a W a m T V ( S 6 0 P e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 1 = u n d e r w e i g h t , 2 = a b o u t r i g h t , 3 = o v e n ~ e i g h t ) D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e ( 1 = w e i g h m o r e , 2 = s t a y s a m e , 3 = w e i g h l e s s ) T r i e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( 1 = n o , 2 = y e s ) T r i e d n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( 1 = n o , 2 = y e s ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m e r ( 1 = n o , 2 = y e s ) F r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( 1 = < 1 t i m e / w k , 2 = 1 t i m e / w k , 3 = 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k , 4 : 2 4 t i m e s / w k ) F a t i n t a k e ( 1 = 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t , 2 = > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( 1 = 5 3 t i m e s / d , 2 = 4 t i m e s / d , 3 : 5 t i m e s / d , 4 = 6 t i m e s / d , 5 : 2 7 t i m e s / d ) 0 . 8 8 0 . 1 9 - 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 V a r i a n c e e x p l a i n e d b y e a c h f a c t o r 1 H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s w i t h t h e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s 2 0 . 4 0 C 1 - 4 : C o m p o n e n t 1 t o 4 . 1 . 1 1 t h e n e x a m i n e d t h r o u g h t h r e e t y p e s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s . T h e f i r s t c o r r e l a t i o n w a s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s . S i n c e e a c h c o m p o n e n t s h o u l d n o t b e h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r , l o w c o r r e l a t i o n w a s e x p e c t e d . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s w e r e f r o m s m a l l t o m o d e r a t e ( r = 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 4 1 i n m e n ; r = 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 4 0 i n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 3 a f o r m e n a n d T a b l e 3 b f o r w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e s e c o n d c o r r e l a t i o n w a s b e t w e e n a c o m p o n e n t a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t c o n s t r u c t e d a c o m p o n e n t . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n a c o m p o n e n t a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t c o n s t r u c t e d a c o m p o n e n t w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t b e t w e e n a c o m p o n e n t a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t d i d n o t c o n s t r u c t a c o m p o n e n t ( T a b l e 3 a f o r m e n a n d T a b l e 3 b f o r w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e t h i r d c o r r e l a t i o n w a s b e t w e e n o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t c o n s t r u c t e d a c o m p o n e n t . T h i s m e a s u r e s i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y o f a c o m p o n e n t a n d s h o u l d b e m o d e r a t e t o h i g h . I n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y f o r t h e fi r s t a n d s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t s w a s h i g h ( r = 0 . 8 3 a n d 0 . 5 9 i n m e n ; r = 0 . 8 1 a n d 0 . 5 6 i n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e i t w a s l o w f o r t h e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t s ( r = [ 0 . 2 2 + 0 . 1 4 + 0 . 2 2 ] / 3 = 0 . 1 9 a n d 0 . 0 6 i n m e n ; r = [ 0 . 1 9 + 0 . 1 0 + 0 . 1 9 ] / 3 = 0 . l 6 a n d 0 . 0 9 i n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 3 a f o r m e n a n d T a b l e 3 b f o r w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . B a s e d o n t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s , i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e fi r s t a n d s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t s h a d a d e q u a t e s t r u c t u r e s , w h i l e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h c o m p o n e n t s d i d n o t . T h e r e f o r e , 1 7 o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w e r e r e d u c e d t o 1 5 v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t a n d w i t h l e s s c o r r e l a t i o n s a m o n g t h e m , w h i c h i n c l u d e d t w o c o m p o n e n t s ( c o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s [ c o n s i s t i n g o f t w o v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ] a n d c o m p o n e n t 2 o n a n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t [ c o n s i s t i n g o f t w o v a r i a b l e s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ) . 6 1 e y r - u t i n v s i o i t n e c l a l o h o c l a V T t a f t n a r d u o a o t f ) 2 0 0 s 2 e - r 9 9 9 1 n g o n i f i s O S t a # a c E e c N o A H s a N f e a k h e t r n i n e M b g n i k o m s s e i o r t n o i t 3 o 9 s n t a c o t w t e y r s t o l l a n i d r o d e d r t i n w s e d a s t n d s e e u i v t r i a o e t c s r t m e w p o c n 4 e C e w t e b s n 3 C o 2 i 0 1 C t a l e r r o C . a 3 e l 0 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 . . 0 1 , 0 0 . . 1 . t w d e g t n n i n t o a r a i l y y e e y e s i i u o t t r r g r a h u u v v r i a - t d o f s s i i I e b n s c c s o a T e e o o n c e o l e a c c t i i t t V M d # o f f T r a n l a a e l B 6 2 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 p e r c e i v e d w t s t a t u s t r y t o l o s e w t n o t t o g a i n w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s I M B y g r e n e e y r u s t i v i i t e c l a d o l y y e e y o t t r r g i i h o — v v r u u c i i t t n e s s i i I o l e e o n a c c M t V f f T a a a e n l l B 6 3 T a b l e 3 a c o n t ' d C 1 0 2 C 3 C 4 p e r c e i v e d w t s t a t u s d e s i r e d w t t r y t o l o s e w t n o t t o g a i n ; w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s # o f e a t i n g ; o c c a s i o n r e s t a u r a n t 3 0 1 0 0 ' F o o t n o t e H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . C 1 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s C 2 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t + a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t C 3 : r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t s m o k i n g + b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n + n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s C 4 : r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d + f a t i n t a k e 4 0 . 0 7 2 8 5 3 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 . . . 0 . . 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - . - 2 2 4 0 3 2 9 0 7 4 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ~ - - - l o h o c l a t n a r 6 9 7 6 6 5 2 0 1 1 4 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a . . . . . . . . . 0 0 t 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - . . 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 9 . . . 0 0 0 1 . 0 - 0 . 1 s e r g n i t a e f o # s a f k a e r b g n 0 0 3 0 0 i 1 4 1 0 0 k . . 0 0 . . 0 - 0 - . 1 o m s 0 8 6 3 8 5 . . . 0 0 0 0 8 0 4 8 . . 0 0 0 . 1 ” ‘ 2 6 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 1 4 0 0 . 1 C 3 C 2 C 1 C d o s o f t n a r u d h e f n t r i t t e s b s e t r a fi e b n v y e r a i t g r n l a a s t r e g b s t e v e e n e r o f n I e o g e M _ r m e # n n p a B T a b l e 3 b . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s i W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) C 1 C Z C 3 C 4 p e r c e i v e d w t s t a t u s d e s i r e d w t t r y t o l o s e w t n o t t o g a i n w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s # o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n f a t T V a l c o h o l n o n - l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y 1 . 0 0 0 . 4 ? 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 7 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 3 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 p e r c e i v e d d e s i r e d w t s t a t u s w t t r y t o n o t t o l o s e w t g a i n w t . f a t T V o c c a s r o n f o o d 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 8 0 . 8 1 1 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 5 | 0 . 9 2 O . 4 8 | - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 1 0 . 3 3 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 6 0 . 3 1 - 0 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 1 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 9 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 8 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 2 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 1 t s r fi t a e g a 9 V " 1 1 0 9 f . : 0 0 0 # A t n a 2 1 n 0 0 g . . e 0 0 r p d e f t t a s a e r b y g 3 1 r 0 e . n 0 0 . 0 - e y t i v i t c a y t 2 i 0 0 4 3 3 v 0 0 i . t 0 . . c - 0 0 a t t w w t w y t i v i e t t r t n g d e w i n n u e v s n a s i g a s o a t o d g l n i s e e u r o o i t k f a i k e s r l i y u o e t a h l 1 Z S 4 e t e o r m r c e o l o e a c r a s t y o e c o s o c n t i t V C C C C d t p s n s b o f T # f r a n a l c t t i a a t d f o - c a e r u s i v i 6 5 T a b l e 3 b ( c o n t ' d ) _ k n o n - l e i s u r e l e i s u r e n n e v e r b e e n b i r t h s e n e r g y n o t b r e a s t f e d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t # o f l i v e b i r t h s a g e a t fi r s t m e n s B M I - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 m e n a r c h e B M I F o o t n o t e H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . C 1 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s C 2 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t + a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t C 3 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t s m o k i n g + b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n + n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s C 4 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d + f a t i n t a k e T h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s e d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 w i t h o u t t h r e e v a r i a b l e s ( n u m b e r o f h o u r s w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , n o n - l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y , a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ) t h a t w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 . O n e c o m p o n e n t o n a n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ) h a d a n a d e q u a t e s t r u c t u r e ( T a b l e 4 a - b a n d T a b l e S a - b ) . T h u s . t h e n u m b e r o f o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w a s r e d u c e d f r o m 1 4 t o 1 3 . T o c o m p a r e t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 w i t h N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e s e d a t a s e t s s h o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e s e t s o f v a r i a b l e s . P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e N H A N E 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , u s i n g o n l y v a r i a b l e s t h a t w e r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . T h e s a m e c o m p o n e n t a s t h e o n e e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( a n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t c o m p o n e n t c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e v a r i a b l e s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ) w a s o b t a i n e d i n N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 6 a - b a n d T a b l e 7 a - b ) . S T A T I S T I C A L A N A L Y S E S S t a t i _ s t i c a l s o f t w a r e : S i n c e N H A N E S c o l l e c t e d t h e s a m p l e s u b j e c t s b y a s t r a t i fi e d , m u l t i s t a g e a r e a p r o b a b i l i t y s a m p l i n g m e t h o d , t r a d i t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f s i m p l e r a n d o m s a m p l i n g w e r e n o t a p p l i c a b l e . T h u s , S A S C a l l a b l e S U D A A N ( S h a h , 2 0 0 1 ) s o f t w a r e ( v e r s i o n 9 . 1 ) w a s u s e d f o r t h e d a t a p r e p a r a t i o n a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s . S a m p l e w e i g h t w a s a p p l i e d t o a l l t h e a n a l y s e s t o o b t a i n n a t i o n a l e s t i m a t e s o f p r e v a l e n c e , w h i l e a d j u s t i n g f o r t h e b i a s e s f r o m u n e q u a l p r o b a b i l i t y o f s e l e c t i o n , n o n - c o v e r a g e , a n d n o n - r e s p o n s e s . S t u d y d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s w e r e a l s o a p p l i e d t o a l l t h e a n a l y s e s t o e s t i m a t e t h e a c c u r a t e v a r i a n c e . I n S A S C a l l a b l e S U D A A N , T a y l o r 6 6 2 7 2 6 2 1 0 0 3 9 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 - 7 4 2 0 7 1 3 0 0 1 7 7 0 C . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 1 5 6 Z 7 C . 0 9 1 1 . C 0 - 1 . 1 ) d / s e m i t 7 2 : 5 , d / s e m i t 6 = 4 , d / s e m i t 5 = 3 , d / s e m i t 4 = 2 , d / s e m i t 3 5 : 1 ( s n o i ) s s a e y = 2 , o n = 1 c c o g n i t a e ( f s e s l r b e a k i r o a m o r e b m u V S N 6 7 T a b l e 4 a . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( M e n I n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) ‘ P e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 1 = u n d e r w e i g h t , 2 = a b o u t r i g h t , 3 = o v e r w e i g h t ) D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e ( 1 = w e i g h m o r e , 2 = s t a y s a m e , 3 = w e i g h l e s s ) T r i e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( 1 = n o , 2 = y e s ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m e r ( 1 = n o , 2 = y e s ) F r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( 1 = N o n - c o n s u m e r , 2 = C o n s u m e r ) F a t i n t a k e ( 1 = 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t , 2 = > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ) 0 . 3 9 0 . 9 0 0 . 6 8 - 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 8 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 1 2 - 0 . 7 2 - 0 . 1 9 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 4 C 4 0 . 2 7 0 . 0 1 — 0 . 0 0 V a r i a n c e e x p l a i n e d b y e a c h f a c t o r ‘ H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s w i t h t h e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s 2 0 . 4 0 C 1 - 4 : C o m p o n e n t 1 t o 4 . 2 . 1 3 9 3 6 9 8 0 2 0 . . . . 0 0 0 1 ‘ 3 0 2 0 6 9 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 _ 0 C . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 7 . . 0 0 - T 2 . 1 2 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 7 0 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 . 1 . 1 - - 0 2 . 4 . , 0 0 8 0 0 4 6 1 8 9 . . 7 0 0 C 0 0 . . . . . - - 0 0 0 0 2 s i s y l a n a t n e n o p m o c l a p i ) d / s e m i t 7 2 : 5 , d / s e m i t 6 = 4 c ) t , ) n i r h ) r d g e s ) / i m a s s t p e e e f l u m e h w r e t g h t s i m n o o r m o i e C f = v 5 o r = = w y 3 3 2 = g , f , r d e t 3 , d e / h r g i , s n e e e e t m r c a r t x m f m ) u i t a o s s t u s e n o % 4 y y o b = 0 a c = e 2 a t - 2 3 s , 2 = t o o d = = s > n , , N n 2 2 / n s t = = , e e h 1 1 n ( ( g e o ‘ ) i r e d o r , t m a i f t p m v m ) a o m e s o o 4 i 9 o - n h y e f r 3 r 5 o : t c 8 d t t 1 8 n s y n ( f i a = f e 9 u a g 2 a e g f y c o w r s 1 = p , r h 1 = n u e e c o r S n a n ( h t i ( 1 e a o u = s e E t s e ) s t 1 u e e c t ( r N n y s f a e c g i o a b u A y t r g c n r t H a = s n o d t % h e s N 2 t g g m h i e 0 , h a i c i u n 3 t n l e a h o t e g s S a e i n l = n h n i w t t f a i g = e e o o 1 e p F n ( w 1 i x s c i ( e y e o f . o d e s w l t c b s e e k n e s n a 4 d v c o r l r a e e t b e i e t f e n e u n m e r k a a k d i b l q o i e c i a i b e r r i r s e t o m a e e r a r m u a r a W T N V T ( S P D B F F V 6 8 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 C 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 C 4 1 H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s w i t h t h e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s 2 0 . 4 0 0 1 4 : C o m p o n e n t 1 t o 4 . I M B y g r e n e e y r t u i v s i i t e c l a l o h o c l a t a f t n a r d u o a o t f s e r g n n i t o i s a a e c f c o o # 1 C t i y t 0 0 . 1 t h g i e w e s o l o t t p m e t t a + s u t a t s t h g i e w e d k a t n i e r i s e t d a f + + s u d t o a o t f s t t n h c g a i r e u w a t d s e e v r i g e n c i r t e a p e t t u u o o b b a a . t s s e e n i i a r r c o o fi g g i e e n t t g i s y l a a c c l l a a l n n a i i c d d i r r t s i t a o o e e h h t t t s o o e t t r s s e e e w s s n n d o o w e s o l o l t u r s l = h = i e g y M r e n i i Z _ t l e C C H B v i t e c t p p a h s s e y r g g e e i r r 6 9 T a b l e 5 a . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t o r i e s M e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 0 2 p e r c e i v e d d e s i r e d t r y t o w t s t a t u s w t l o s e w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s C 1 0 2 p e r c e i v e d w t s t a t u s d e s i r e d w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s # o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n r e s t a u r a n t f o o d f a t a l c o h o l y g r 0 8 5 2 1 0 0 0 3 5 7 6 9 0 1 . . . . 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 e . . . . . . . 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 — - - 0 - 1 e e y t r 0 2 4 5 i u 0 0 v s . . i i 0 0 1 1 . 1 0 6 4 6 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . 1 0 . 0 0 . t 0 0 0 e c - - l a - - - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 l o 3 8 4 h 0 0 0 1 o . . . 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 4 0 0 c 0 0 0 . . . . . l - - — 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 1 0 - a ) 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0 a . . . . . . 4 f . . 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 3 5 - ' 3 0 1 - - - - - 0 0 9 - 8 8 t 9 n 1 a r d 5 4 7 0 7 3 u o 0 0 0 0 0 0 S . a . o . . . . 1 0 . E t f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - N s e A r H N g n n e i o h t 1 i 0 2 0 g 3 , 1 5 0 t 0 s 0 0 1 2 0 a 0 e . . a . . . . 0 . n . 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 1 i f - - 0 c o o n # e m s o a f 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 0 k 0 0 0 1 0 0 . a . . . . . . 0 e 0 0 0 0 1 s - 0 e l r o r b g n t 2 4 0 0 0 1 a i 0 0 0 0 0 0 . c k . . . . . l - - - o 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 m s a n i d r e o s o l d n o t t 0 3 4 w . . . 4 0 0 a 1 0 0 y s r t t n e d e n r o i s e m d o t 0 6 w . . 9 0 0 1 c s d e u n v t i a 0 e 0 e t e c s w r t e t p w e b s n 2 o 0 i t a l e 1 r C r c C . 1 t w M . e d e s n b s e s " t r i e 5 e fi d ° g a e w n d v a t ° n n l y v r f b i f a ' a e ' e y s u t t i t t t g t n e i r e k e s u ° a o r h u i s g r n l s a l b c t r a i k t a a t d v r e g f o s a s o i e ° e v e o c t e s o i t o r a e e m y r t ° e o 1 2 t a l e o r n r e g c i e M T C C p s d " b r s ° l # f a a n b n p f e b m B # a h s f t n e I 7 0 I M B t s e r h fi c t r a a e n g e a m s f e h v t o i r # l i b t n r e v e n n a e n e g b e r p ) d ' t n o c b 5 e l b a e e t 1 Z y r m r c e n e r o g e M T C C p s d t s o # b e # l n n p a m B r s a o e v e e c t o i o t t w w d e t w g n e s i s n g y t i v i d h s e f n t r i t t t e s b c a s t r e a e fi v d a t o b v o n i s e l f a i e y a i t n e i r r e u r o k e s c i t t k a a g r n l a s u b r e g f s f e n I 7 1 n o t b r e a s t f e d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d f a t a l c o h o l F o o t n o t e H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . C 1 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t C Z = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d + f a t i n t a k e 8 1 4 3 2 0 1 0 7 7 0 . . . . 0 4 - 0 0 0 e 9 5 9 7 Z m 0 0 6 3 C o s . . . . 0 0 0 1 . 4 1 1 9 2 C 0 . 2 2 0 3 7 9 6 0 1 0 . . . . 0 . - - 0 0 0 0 2 s i s y l a n a t n e ) k w / s e m i t 4 2 : 4 n , o p m o c l a 1 p ) i ) c n 4 9 - t h ) k w / s e m i t 3 - Z = i s 3 ) 8 g r s i p 8 9 e f l k e , t a e w 1 w h r e h / m o t 0 S g e E f v m r i 4 m o N r A o i e = t 3 w = y g 1 f 3 H , r d N e t h g i , n = 2 e t h r e , e . 0 2 s g n i d c t ) t a o w i m k n f a s a i r e w u s / e o o % l t y m y x = i e b 0 a e 2 3 r t a t r o t a = s > c 1 s 2 p = , o , n 2 < t = = e , h 1 , = 2 a f t n e m o c t e t h 1 n a g ( ( r f h o o i t e o t r d p o m ) a m i m 2 w r e s o o r w o o e 0 t h y e f r s c i 0 d t t g e f y c 2 n n s y r i a = f - u e w a g 2 a o r 9 p = f o g = u e , r h e o 9 1 e c t ( 1 e a r n a n a 9 ( t h u 1 s = e e c ) t s t e e 1 u s f . l c S e u t ( r n y g a 3 i o a b n E y r t g i n r t t N h = s e n a % d d o t 2 0 h i e 1 r s g o m t A t n l e , h a i t H e o e g t s 5 a n N h n n i w f e e = l a n r c i u 3 i o = g e p e 1 o w n F 1 e w i ( x s c h ( d e e o y o p . t s w l t c d e e a s e s k e t m n e n h a 6 d v o r a i l e u n b e i e f t e t c o g n C i n i d k a e r k a l l q i e c i a i b e r s r r e t i e o a e e r a r a r a M m h : g 3 i - H 1 T V T ( P D S B F F V ‘ C 7 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( 1 = 5 3 t i m e s / d , 2 = 4 t i m e s / d , 3 = 5 t i m e s / d , 4 = 6 t i m e s / d , 5 = 2 7 t i m e s / d ) 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 7 5 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 7 5 5 3 0 3 1 6 0 0 7 2 7 0 0 . . . . . 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 - - . _ 2 1 7 6 4 2 0 0 7 6 0 0 : . . . . . 0 0 0 0 t 0 i - 0 9 - 2 5 2 1 0 0 9 1 5 1 9 6 . . . c 0 0 0 . . . - - - 0 0 0 ) k w / s e m i t 4 2 : 4 , k w / s e m i t 3 - 2 = 3 ) t h ) g s s i e w r e v e , l k h / w g i e m o i e = t 3 , t h w = 3 g , 1 = 2 i r e , m k t a u s ) s e w / e o b a = 2 y a y m = i t 2 s = , o t 1 , n 2 < t = h , e 1 g ( r = 1 ( i e w r e d o r d m a ) o h g e s o y e f t t y n n s i = u a e 2 a = r w p , 1 = u ( e 1 o a ( h t n s = t s u e e 1 t ( r n g i ) s e a y t n a t r g = s n h e 2 h i , a t h c t i u g m o t e g e s n i h n w f = e g e o o 1 w i s c ( d e y o s c w l t e s e l r b e a k i o v d o i e t s a f e r d k c i e a n e u q e r i r s e a r m r e e r V T S P D B F 7 3 T a b l e 6 b . F i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f c o m p o n e n t s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s i s ( W o m e n i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 1 F a t i n t a k e ( 1 = S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t , 2 = > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( 1 = 5 3 t i m e s / d , 2 = 4 t i m e s / d , 3 = 5 t i m e s / d , 4 = 6 t i m e s / d , 5 = 2 7 t i m e s l d ) 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 5 g C 3 0 . 1 6 V a r i a n c e e x p l a i n e d b y e a c h f a c t o r ‘ H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s w i t h t h e f a c t o r l o a i n d i n g s 2 0 . 4 0 C 1 - 3 : C o m p o n e n t 1 t o 3 . 2 . 0 9 1 . 3 1 . 1 1 0 0 . 1 1 0 - 0 - 9 0 : 0 e y r t u i v s i i t e c l a e - r . u n s . o i n e l l o h o c l a V T t a f t n a r d u o a o t f s e r g n n i o . t r a s e a f c o c o # s a f k a e r b g n i k o m s o e t s y o r l t t e w s n d e o l r o o i s l y y e e y o h t t r r g i i u u i t d a - v v r s y e r c n e o c t V i i t t M c o n o l e e a c c o s s i i l d t o f f T a a e a n l l B 7 4 C 1 C Z C 3 p e r c e i v e d w t s t a t u s w t s m o k i n g b r e a k f a s # o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t C Z C 3 p e r c e i v e d d e s i r e d w t s t a t u s H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . C 1 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t C 2 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t s m o k i n g + b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n + n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s C 3 = r e s p o n s e s t o t h e o r d i n a l c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d + f a t i n t a k e w t 0 5 w t . ‘ _ _ _ , a c t I V I T a b l e 7 a . C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c o m o n e n t s a n d o r d i n a l c a t e o r i e s M e n i n N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) e n e r g y B M I l o 1 1 3 h 0 0 o . . c 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 l - - - a V 4 9 - 8 8 9 T 1 h t i w e r t a a f m o c t o n t a r d 2 u o 8 0 a o 0 f t 0 s e r 2 - 9 9 g 9 n n 1 o i t i S s a E e a c N c f A H N n o o # s a i f n k a e e r b m o W s e i r o e t a c l g n i k o m s e s o l t w a o n t i y d r r t o d n t w a d e s r t i n s e e i d r o d s e u m v t i a o e t c c s r n e e p t w e w ‘ t 0 e b s n o 5 0 5 0 i . t 0 a l e r r o Z 1 0 0 . 1 . d n t e g t n l w s s n b e s i g a 7 v u o a t o d e f _ e t l n e e y d r l y y i e a t e u o f a i t t t i g r r k e s i i s r o a h k - v v r u u l a a c i t a d t o s f s s i i b — r s a e t e 1 Z 3 y r o n e c s o o t t c i i e t e t m r e o c t V a l e c e c o n o r C C C p w d t w # s b o f f T r a n l a e l a n b T — 7 5 C 1 C 2 C S 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 1 . 0 0 t s e r h fi c t r a a e n g e a m e v i l s h t f r o i b # d e f t t o s n a e r b y g r e n e e y r t i 3 v 0 u s i . i t e c 0 l a ) d ' t n o : i ( b s n e s i d s w t e g n 7 e l v d u o t l i e g n a t o f a i a i k e s e t r o c i t s f k a a b e c r s o y o a e t e t 1 Z S m r c r T C C C p w d s o t w # b 7 6 r e s t a u r a n t f o o d f a t T V a l c o h o l n o n - l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y l e i s u r e a c t i v i t y e n e r g y n o t b r e a s t f e d 0 . 0 2 i n e v e r b e e n r e n a n t B M . . 5 l 0 M . 1 2 0 2 3 0 0 t h g i e w e s s o n l o o i B , 1 - 0 0 - a 0 t . s . . . ' t c p m e c o t g t n a i t 3 0 1 a + 0 e h c r 0 0 e a . e 0 f u n o - t 0 k 1 . . s e m t n a . , 1 _ , . . T . 5 a t a r t s e n i t b m t h a g u f i n 0 + 6 0 W f . : e w + ‘ - 0 T 1 d n e o r i d o o f . ' - s i t t p n e m a d r u + s u a _ s 0 0 . u t n t o s c e n g e 1 r a t t r s p y t w s g a n t f i h g i k t a a e e r e f b w o d y + e c g v n i e n e u i c q k r e o e m r p s f t t t u u u o o o b b b a a a . t s s s e e e n i i i a r r r c o o o fi g g g i n g e e e t t t i a a a t c c c i c s l l l a y y t i ) v l a a a l n n n a i i i c d d d i t s i t a r r r o o o e e e h h h t t t t d i s t o o o ' t c a e t t t n r o e s s s e e e c ( w s s s t n n n s d e o o o b t r 7 e n fi t p p p h s s s e l r s n i i a r r r e g l n h l s b v e f e e = = t n h I = r g a e e g r o 1 Z 3 e M i i a g v e e e t T a # C C C n B b p b m H 7 7 n o n - l e i s u r e n o t n e v e r # o f l i v e l e i s u r e n e r g y b r e a s t f e d b e e n b i r t h s a g e a t fi r s t s s i D r _ t r c c t g ( s r w B o c a t n e e e o o u W r n e a a h b o e e a s t c r a ; e n g l s p m v c I § d i e t t i h c b e _ h C o e g / t 2 i r e t e e r n l s t r l s r e e r ) s d o i e o s a t i i u s r t n d n d a . o t y = l s s c l g s t c n e u m b h i f o l i i n u t i d c e o s t y e t b i b s o a n - ( t y v i t e e a i v d c n i a b y s e n u h n t , e g s , b r i z a t e i . e t t i s d r o S f r e p s s , , e y e n o h p i n ) o e o p t a o e o r t S t d p l y a e i 4 e a t s c y o p w u a e l e s n t c r s t s i n A o . e a g s l y e g i e ) m i g o e e s i t n t t r t i t i u a r c r b c r a r s e e i t v t c c i n h d m s N y S i l e u o v i i l d i s c e e u n v , L s n e c e o a : O t a y e u p t p c e o e l y g n l N l h g d . p o . h n V r a D l e s r o p e y d H t A a l e m , - t a o d a s s u T e i i S s n p e m A m r r c o n : e w a r i g m i a n y o t n T n a s s N f n d c e a u a l n p p s s m t t h n e f d a S i c r e p e l t o i f o r b a y c p u s o e e i i o c v e l t l o u t a n l l r v s c s o e e r t e g d s t i i p 8 a t e t e d e e n t s e . c b u 9 r e t r s o e u l s N m m c e e v o n E o t i s f u o t i l - i p e r B t n a d c a o s g l h 8 r m d g e r e e r o r r o b u s f u o a 9 t t i e s u v 4 i s s m M o s v f l t b S t a s a a s ) o s I e a d i a n i v n i r . E n r c t e t i o r i i o d n e s n s e S i a a a i t a P n c d r t w b r s e r o T n b l i r i a n h m l d a t e e o e a v s b a i r s g g a b e e d l f / e a e e m ; c n e w c a r p s n l r r i i n a n e o n a l o r r c u e y l r e o a n o 5 e n f s e h i u i y i a o s r m s d u e m o a r p s s g m t c e t h n c e d c n n ) n m e o g l s o i n c c o e i e n c u i g d g w r t e n t v e i a t i d i t b r l W u t e u e t t d h y r n s t t i s o e e e d g c r l i c fi y p a t ( d m e b m i a e e i d c b e w o b r e s h e l r b n g m t y i d h t r g y , c e u i l e a o n e i r : a i b - u g o e ) f i h p o q 1 n s e r t i c a p s s u t y i , s o d f t i s f r o e n a h p u c I d o e f o o s w a o c r e m t l i f a r e i e c h n f s e n e e s w o n n a n r o u i a g f n e b s n m e r i e e d e t t , t d , c t e u t s n i e n c t r a ) r t y s i l i a r , e y o s e i e n m n z f c n d t t ; n d e a i d ( a d r e e e i c n f 2 n l n i s g r o o w p r t t r o ) a n t n r l d d = l h l y h n a e o o t i v e e o e o o d i g v p C l c w s e i s t s , d o i - t s p l c c / r e u e n e r e r h u i m n s h i a e n a r u o i g l i n t b j r r w h k d b a m n d c e t s e o n a e e , e a m c m i h r s l ; t e o d s n f e t s e 3 c i s e e n o f r a n o m e o n l y i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 d u e t o s m a l l s a m p l e s i z e s f o r o t h e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ) . O B J E C T I V E 1 : T o c o m p a r e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e U . S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r . S E S , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e 7 8 A g i n g o f t h e U . S . p o p u l a t i o n h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o b e a c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y ( K e i t h e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) . W h e n o n e i s i n t e r e s t e d i n c o m p a r i n g t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f o c c u r r e n c e s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( o b e s i t y i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ) a m o n g g r o u p s . t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e n u m b e r o f o c c u r r e n c e s a m o n g g r o u p s s h o u l d r e fl e c t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g g r o u p s r a t h e r t h a n d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a g e s t r u c t u r e a m o n g g r o u p s . T h u s , t h e d i r e c t m e t h o d ( K l e i n a n d S c h o e n b o r n , 2 0 0 1 ) w a s u s e d t o a d j u s t f o r a g e s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 p r o j e c t e d U . S . p o p u l a t i o n w a s u s e d a s t h e s t a n d a r d p o p u l a t i o n f o r a g e a d j u s t i n g . T h e f o l l o w i n g w e r e t h e s i x s t e p s t a k e n t o o b t a i n t h e a g e - s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y b y i n c o m e l e v e l s : 1 ) s e l e c t i n g o n e o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 s t a n d a r d p o p u l a t i o n a g e g r o u p i n g s s u g g e s t e d b y K l e i n a n d S c h o e n b o r n ( 2 0 0 1 ) ; 2 ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a g e g r o u p i n g s e l e c t e d i n t h e s t e p 1 , o b t a i n i n g t h e r a t e o f o b e s i t y f o r l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h i n c o m e s u b j e c t s . r e s p e c t i v e l y ; 3 ) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a g e g r o u p i n g s e l e c t e d i n t h e s t e p 1 . o b t a i n i n g t h e n u m b e r o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 s t a n d a r d p o p u l a t i o n f o r l o w - , m i d d l e , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; 4 ) m u l t i p l y t h e n u m b e r o b t a i n e d i n t h e s t e p 2 b y t h e n u m b e r o b t a i n e d i n t h e s t e p 3 f o r l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; 5 ) s u m t h e n u m b e r o b t a i n e d i n t h e s t e p 4 f o r l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; 6 ) d i v i d e t h e n u m b e r o b t a i n e d i n t h e s t e p 5 b y t h e n u m b e r o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 s t a n d a r d p o p u l a t i o n f o r l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s e d f o r o t h e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , b y g e n d e r a n d i n c o m e , a n d b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( o n l y i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . O B J E C T I V E 2 : T o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s 7 9 M u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n d l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n w e r e c o n d u c t e d s e p a r a t e l y w i t h i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y , w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r c o n f o u n d i n g v a r i a b l e s . I n m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n . l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I w a s r e g r e s s e d o n s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s , a n d l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e ( o n l y i n w o m e n ) , d i e t a r y , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s ( 1 5 i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 3 i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) i n m e n , w o m e n , s i x s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( l o w - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n ) , a n d 1 8 s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( w h i t e - l o w - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , w h i t e - m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , w h i t e - h i g h - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , b l a c k - l o w - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , b l a c k - m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n . b l a c k - h i g h - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n - l o w - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n , M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n - m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n . a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n - h i g h - i n c o m e m e n a n d w o m e n ) . A b i n a r y v a r i a b l e ( l = n o n - o b e s e a n d 2 = o b e s e ) w a s r e p l a c e d a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e i n l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y w e r e c o m p a r e d a c r o s s t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s t o i d e n t i f y t h e d i f f e r e n c e s . O B J E C T I V E 3 : T o i d e n t i f y t i p s p r e r j i c t o r s t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w e r e c r o s s - e x a m i n e d a g a i n s t c h a n g e s i n t h e a g e - s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a n d t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o r m e a n v a l u e s o f t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s . T h r e e t y p e s o f p r e d i c t o r s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e r e s u l t s : 1 ) t h o s e t h a t p r e d i c t e d o b e s i t y r i s k o r B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t n o t i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ; 2 ) t h o s e t h a t p r e d i c t e d o b e s i t y r i s k 8 0 o r B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ; a n d 3 ) t h o s e t h a t p r e d i c t e d o b e s i t y r i s k o r B M l i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b u t n o t i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . I f t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f t h e fi r s t t y p e o f p r e d i c t o r s w a s p o s i t i v e , t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s m u s t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T h e s e p r e d i c t o r s m a y n o t h a v e a p p e a r e d i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 b u t a p p e a r e d i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e c a u s e t h e p e r c e n t o r m e a n o f t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s t h a t i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d a m o n g o b e s e s u b j e c t s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . I f t h e i r p e r c e n t o r m e a n a m o n g o b e s e s u b j e c t s d i d n o t i n c r e a s e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e b u t t h e y b e c a m e a p o s i t i v e p r e d i c t o r i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t n o t i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , i t m a y b e b e c a u s e t h e p e r c e n t o r m e a n o f o t h e r p r e d i c t o r s h a d c h a n g e d . G e n e r a l i g a t i o n o f t p e r e s u l t s t o t h e U . S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s : T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y l o s t s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s w h e n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s t o c o n t r o l f o r v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h u s , i t w a s q u e s t i o n a b l e h o w r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t h e r e s u l t s w o u l d b e t o t h e U . S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a f t e r l o s i n g m a n y s u b j e c t s . W e c o m p a r e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t u d y s a m p l e w h o h a d a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o f i n t e r e s t ( S a m p l e B i n F i g u r e 2 a a n d b ) w i t h t h e s t u d y s a m p l e b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o f i n t e r e s t ( S a m p l e A i n F i g u r e 2 a a n d b ) . 8 1 R E S U L T S S U B J E C T S ’ C H A R A C T E R I S I C S A M O N G T H E S U B P O P U L A T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E 1 . P o p u l a t i o n I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : T h e m a j o r i t y o f s u b j e c t s e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w e r e w h i t e s ( 8 2 . 6 % ) , m i d d l e - o r h i g h - i n c o m e ( 7 2 . 4 % ) . n o n - s m o k e r s ( 7 0 . 6 % ) , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m e r s ( 8 0 . 1 % ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( 7 5 . 6 % ) . t h o s e w h o e a r n e d h i g h s c h o o l o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ( 8 1 . 6 % ) . a n d t h o s e w h o a c c u r a t e l y a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 7 4 . 3 % ) ( T a b l e 8 ) . T h e m a j o r i t y o f s u b j e c t s a l s o w a t c h e d T V o r u s e d c o m p u t e r s f o r 2 2 h o u r s / d a y ( 7 0 . 7 % ) a n d c o n s u m e d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 1 t i m e / w e e k ( 8 0 . 5 % ) . O v e r h a l f o f t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e m a r r i e d ( 6 2 . 9 % ) . o v e r w e i g h t ( 6 3 . 6 % [ 3 4 . 6 % w e r e o v e r w e i g h t b u t n o t o b e s e a n d 2 9 . 0 % w e r e o b e s e j ) , p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t ( 5 7 . 6 % ) , a n d w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ( 6 4 . 2 % ) . d i d n o t a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 6 4 . 2 % ) o r d i d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t ( 6 4 . 7 % ) i n t h e p a s t y e a r , a n d c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e f r o m f a t ( 6 4 . 9 % ) . A b o u t h a l f ( 4 9 . 8 % ) o f s u b j e c t s s p e n t t h e i r d a y s s i t t i n g . T h i r t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s . I n w o m e n , c l o s e t o h a l f o f s u b j e c t s ( 4 7 . 5 % ) b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n . A b o u t h a l f ( 5 1 . 5 % ) o f s u b j e c t s h a d 2 - 3 l i v e b i r t h s . T h e m a j o r i t y o f w o m e n ( 7 6 . 2 % ) h a d t h e i r fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d . D i f f e r e n c e s f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 9 ) w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( - 8 . 3 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 1 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( - 9 . 6 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f 8 2 T a b l e 8 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r M e n 2 , 2 8 3 5 3 . 8 5 3 . 8 N / A N / A W o m e n 1 , 7 3 3 4 6 . 2 N / A 4 6 . 2 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 2 , 2 6 6 8 2 . 9 8 1 . 7 8 4 . 4 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 7 2 7 9 . 5 9 . 4 9 . 8 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 0 2 3 7 . 5 9 . 0 5 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 6 7 1 8 . 4 2 0 . 1 1 6 . 4 * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 9 4 8 2 6 . 7 2 6 . 3 2 7 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 8 0 1 5 4 . 9 5 3 . 6 5 6 . 4 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 6 0 2 1 6 . 5 1 8 . 4 1 4 . 2 * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 6 5 7 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 4 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 8 1 8 2 4 . 7 2 4 . 2 2 5 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 6 2 1 7 . 0 1 5 . 8 1 8 . 5 6 0 + y r s 1 , 3 7 7 2 1 . 2 2 0 . 9 2 1 . 6 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 1 , 4 9 5 2 7 . 7 2 5 . 7 2 9 . 9 * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 , 0 4 7 2 4 . 4 2 4 . 2 2 4 . 6 > 3 . 5 1 , 4 7 4 4 8 . 0 5 0 . 1 4 5 . 4 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 4 5 1 6 2 . 9 6 5 . 0 6 0 . 5 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 7 8 1 6 . 4 1 0 . 7 2 2 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 7 8 7 2 0 . 7 2 4 . 3 1 6 . 6 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 9 4 4 7 0 . 6 6 7 . 4 7 4 . 3 * * S m o k e r 1 , 0 7 2 2 9 . 4 3 2 . 6 2 5 . 7 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e S 1 h r 1 , 1 1 9 2 9 . 2 2 6 . 4 3 2 . 6 * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 8 4 5 4 6 . 8 4 8 . 8 4 4 . 5 2 4 h r s 1 , 0 5 2 2 3 . 9 2 4 . 8 2 2 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 4 , 0 1 6 4 i 0 . 2 6 i 0 . 3 2 2 : 0 . 2 * * * * 8 3 T a b l e 8 ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ’ d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 9 3 2 2 3 . 8 2 2 . 2 2 5 . 6 * * * * W a l k a l o t 2 , 1 3 2 4 9 . 8 4 5 . 7 5 4 . 6 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 9 5 2 2 6 . 5 3 2 . 2 1 9 . 8 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 5 6 0 3 1 . 2 2 8 . 8 3 4 . 0 * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 5 1 1 1 4 . 5 1 6 . 0 1 2 . 8 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 8 0 1 3 . 4 1 2 . 3 1 4 . 7 3 r d q u i n t i l e 5 1 2 1 3 . 6 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 9 1 3 . 6 1 4 . 1 1 3 . 0 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 4 1 3 . 6 1 5 . 7 1 1 . 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 4 Y e s 8 6 6 N / A N / A 4 7 . 5 N / A N o 6 2 8 N / A N / A 3 6 . 6 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 N / A N / A 1 5 . 9 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h “ 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 N / A N / A 1 5 . 9 N / A 1 2 5 5 N / A N / A 1 6 . 5 2 4 5 5 N / A N / A 3 0 . 6 3 3 7 7 N / A N / A 2 0 . 9 4 1 8 1 N / A N / A 8 . 2 2 5 2 2 6 N / A N / A 7 . 9 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 4 s 1 1 y r s o l d 3 1 2 N / A N / A 1 7 . 6 N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 , 3 1 0 N / A N / A 7 6 . 2 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 1 1 N / A N / A 6 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 4 , 0 1 6 2 7 . 9 : 0 . 1 2 7 . 6 i 0 . 1 2 8 . 2 1 0 2 * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t - 1 , 3 2 7 3 6 . 4 3 3 . 2 4 0 . 0 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 4 9 6 3 4 . 6 4 1 . 4 2 6 . 7 O b e s e 1 , 1 9 3 2 9 . 0 2 5 . 4 3 3 . 3 8 4 T a b l e 8 ( c o n t ' d ) E g o e n t f V a r i a b l e s i t T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 9 4 4 . 4 6 . 7 1 . 7 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 6 4 6 3 8 . 0 4 5 . 5 2 9 . 3 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 7 6 5 7 . 6 4 7 . 8 6 9 . 9 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 9 1 7 1 7 . 9 2 7 . 0 7 . 2 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 8 6 7 7 4 . 3 7 1 . 0 7 8 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 2 3 2 7 . 8 2 . 0 1 4 . 6 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 4 5 6 . 1 9 . 8 1 . 6 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 3 7 8 2 9 . 8 3 6 . 9 2 1 . 6 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 3 9 3 6 4 . 2 5 3 . 3 7 6 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 3 1 2 3 5 . 3 2 6 . 0 4 6 . 1 * * * * N o 2 , 7 0 4 6 4 . 7 7 4 . 0 5 3 . 9 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 4 4 9 3 9 . 7 3 3 . 4 4 7 . 0 * * * * N o 2 , 5 6 7 6 0 . 3 6 6 . 6 5 3 . 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 4 , 0 1 6 5 . 1 : 0 0 4 . 9 e 0 . 0 5 . 4 1 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 6 4 , 0 1 6 6 5 : 0 0 6 . 1 i 0 . 0 6 . 9 i 0 . 0 C o m p o n e n t 2 7 4 , 0 1 6 2 8 : 0 0 2 6 : 0 0 2 . 9 3 5 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 0 6 0 1 9 . 6 1 7 . 9 2 1 . 6 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 9 0 9 2 1 . 8 1 9 . 5 2 4 . 5 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 0 9 0 2 8 . 5 2 7 . 1 3 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / w k 9 5 7 3 0 . 2 3 5 . 5 2 3 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 3 , 2 0 6 8 0 . 1 7 8 . 6 8 1 . 8 * N o 8 1 0 1 9 . 9 2 1 . 4 1 8 . 2 8 5 T a b l e 8 ( c o n t ' d ) E e t g e p t f V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 4 , 0 1 6 2 , 2 8 8 i 2 0 2 , 6 4 5 i Z 9 1 , 8 7 2 i 2 4 * * * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 5 4 2 3 5 . 1 3 6 . 2 3 3 . 8 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 4 7 4 6 4 . 9 6 3 . 8 6 6 . 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 9 1 0 1 9 . 8 2 0 . 8 1 8 . 6 N S 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 0 7 9 2 4 . 9 2 5 . 3 2 4 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 9 1 5 2 3 . 1 2 1 . 8 2 4 . 7 6 t i m e s / d a y 5 7 6 1 6 . 0 1 6 . 5 1 5 . 3 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 5 3 6 1 6 . 2 1 5 . 6 1 7 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r s 8 5 1 1 9 . 3 1 7 . 5 2 1 . 4 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 9 8 0 7 5 . 6 7 6 . 0 7 5 . 2 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 8 5 5 . 1 6 . 6 3 . 4 ' A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s , a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . 2 P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 3 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y w e i g h t s t a t u s w e r e t e s t e d b y t - t e s t . ‘ B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 6 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 7 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 8 6 T a b l e 9 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 E M V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r M e n 5 , 6 7 9 5 4 . 6 5 4 . 6 N / A N / A W o m e n 4 , 5 9 0 4 5 . 4 N / A 4 5 . 4 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 4 , 7 3 8 8 4 . 9 8 4 . 7 8 5 . 1 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 2 , 8 5 2 1 0 . 4 9 . 9 1 1 . 0 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 2 , 6 7 9 4 . 7 5 . 4 3 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 7 0 9 2 1 . 1 2 2 . 7 1 9 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 , 3 2 6 3 5 . 0 3 1 . 9 3 8 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 2 3 4 4 3 . 9 4 5 . 5 4 1 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 9 9 7 2 0 . 4 2 1 . 6 1 9 . 0 * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 9 2 5 . 3 2 5 . 4 2 5 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 7 8 3 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 2 1 9 1 2 . 8 1 2 . 5 1 3 . 1 6 0 + y r s 3 , 0 3 1 2 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 2 2 . 5 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 4 , 4 1 1 2 6 . 3 2 4 . 4 2 8 . 7 * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 3 , 2 1 0 3 4 . 0 3 4 . 3 3 3 . 7 > 3 . 5 2 , 6 4 8 3 9 . 7 4 1 . 3 3 7 . 7 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 6 , 6 7 6 6 9 . 1 7 3 . 3 6 4 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 0 3 8 1 7 . 0 1 0 . 5 2 4 . 7 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 5 5 5 1 4 . 0 1 6 . 3 1 1 . 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 7 , 0 4 7 6 7 . 6 6 5 . 7 6 9 . 8 * * S m o k e r 3 , 2 2 2 3 2 . 4 3 4 . 3 3 0 . 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 0 2 6 9 4 i 0 . 2 6 2 5 0 . 3 2 3 2 0 . 1 * * * * 8 7 T a b l e 9 ( c o n t ‘ d ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 8 8 5 1 2 . 2 9 . 7 1 5 . 1 * * * * l s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 1 1 8 1 8 . 5 1 6 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 5 1 1 6 . 2 1 5 . 7 1 6 . 9 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 6 5 1 5 . 9 1 6 . 7 1 4 . 9 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 9 3 5 2 1 . 6 2 2 . 7 2 0 . 3 5 t h q u i t i l e 1 , 4 1 5 1 5 . 6 1 8 . 5 1 2 . 1 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 4 Y e s 2 , 0 6 8 N / A N / A 4 3 . 9 N / A N o 1 , 8 5 3 N / A N / A 3 7 . 9 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 N / A N / A 1 8 . 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 4 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 N / A N / A 1 8 . 2 N / A 1 8 0 7 N / A N / A 1 7 . 5 2 1 , 2 2 7 N / A N / A 3 0 . 9 3 7 9 7 N / A N / A 1 6 . 8 4 4 7 9 N / A N / A 8 . 3 2 5 6 1 1 N / A N / A 8 . 3 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 4 s 1 1 y r s o l d 9 5 0 N / A N / A 1 9 . 8 N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 3 , 3 5 6 N / A N / A 7 5 . 0 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 8 4 N / A N / A 5 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 0 2 6 9 2 6 . 8 i 0 . 1 2 6 . 8 3 2 0 1 2 6 . 7 . 4 5 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 3 , 9 1 5 4 3 . 1 3 8 . 4 4 8 . 8 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 7 3 3 3 4 . 6 4 1 . 8 2 6 . 0 O b e s e 2 , 6 2 1 2 2 . 3 1 9 . 8 2 5 . 2 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t - 5 1 8 4 . 2 5 . 9 2 . 1 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 4 , 3 5 2 3 9 . 9 4 7 . 5 3 0 . 8 O v e r w e i g h t 5 , 3 9 9 5 5 . 9 4 6 . 6 6 7 . 1 8 8 T a b l e 9 ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 4 4 1 6 . 6 2 5 . 4 5 . 9 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 7 , 2 0 9 7 1 . 9 6 9 . 9 7 4 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 1 6 1 1 . 6 4 . 7 1 9 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 7 0 6 6 . 5 9 . 9 2 . 4 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 , 5 3 1 2 9 . 3 3 6 . 3 2 0 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 6 , 0 3 2 6 4 . 2 5 3 . 7 7 6 . 7 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 3 , 9 9 0 4 3 . 0 3 1 . 7 5 6 . 6 * * * * N o 6 , 2 7 9 5 7 . 0 6 8 . 3 4 3 . 4 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 1 , 0 2 6 9 6 5 : 0 0 6 . 2 i 0 . 0 7 . 0 i 0 . 0 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 8 , 5 2 6 7 7 . 5 7 5 . 6 7 9 . 8 * * C o n s u m e r 1 , 7 4 3 2 2 . 5 2 4 . 4 2 0 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 7 , 9 8 6 7 9 . 9 7 8 . 1 8 2 . 0 * * N o 2 . 2 8 3 2 0 . 1 2 1 . 9 1 8 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 0 , 2 6 9 2 . 2 8 5 i 2 5 2 , 6 9 8 i 3 0 1 , 7 8 9 i 2 0 * * * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 3 , 6 1 2 3 3 . 8 3 2 . 2 3 5 . 8 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 , 6 5 7 6 6 . 2 6 7 . 8 6 4 . 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 8 0 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 7 1 8 . 1 * 4 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 7 7 2 4 . 3 2 3 . 9 2 4 . 9 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 1 9 7 2 4 . 5 2 3 . 3 2 6 . 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 6 2 1 4 . 3 1 3 . 8 1 4 . 8 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 5 3 - 1 7 . 4 1 8 . 4 1 6 . 2 8 9 T a b l e 9 ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r s 2 , 3 2 7 1 9 . 3 1 4 . 6 2 4 . 9 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 7 , 4 0 7 7 4 . 8 7 7 . 6 7 1 . 4 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 3 5 6 . 0 7 . 8 3 . 8 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s , a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . 2 P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 3 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y w e i g h t s t a t u s w e r e t e s t e d b y t - t e s t . 4 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 9 0 h i g h — i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( 8 . % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 6 . 2 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 9 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s o f n o r m a l w e i g h t ( - 6 . 7 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 6 . 7 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 7 . 7 % ) . 2 . G e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y g e n d e r e x c e p t f a t i n t a k e a n d t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s ( T a b l e 8 ) . W o m e n , c o m p a r e d t o m e n , h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f : s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l a n d h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ( 8 3 . 6 v s . 7 9 . 9 % ) , l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( 2 9 . 9 v s . 2 5 . 7 % ) . t h o s e w h o w e r e w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d ( 2 2 . 9 v s . 1 0 . 7 % ) . n o n - s m o k e r s ( 7 4 . 3 v s . 6 7 . 4 % ) , t h o s e w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s w a l k i n g a l o t ( 5 4 . 6 v s . 4 5 . 7 % ) . t h o s e w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s ( 3 4 . 0 v s . 2 8 . 8 % ) . n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( 4 0 . 0 v s . 3 3 . 2 % ) a s w e l l a s o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 3 3 . 3 v s . 2 5 . 4 % ) . t h o s e w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t ( 6 9 . 9 v s . 4 7 . 8 % ) , t h o s e w h o a c c u r a t e l y a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 7 8 . 2 v s . 7 1 . 0 % ) a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h o o v e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 1 4 . 6 v s . 2 . 0 % ) , t h o s e w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ( 7 6 . 8 v s . 5 3 . 3 % ) , t h o s e w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( 4 6 . 1 v s . 2 6 . 0 % ) a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h o a t t e m p t e d n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( 4 7 . 0 v s . 3 3 . 4 % ) , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m e r s ( 8 1 . 8 v s . 7 8 . 6 % ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e u n d e r - r e p o r t e r s ( 2 1 . 4 v s . 1 7 . 5 % ) . M e a n B M I w a s a l s o h i g h e r i n w o m e n t h a n m e n ( 2 8 . 2 v s . 2 7 . 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . M e n , c o m p a r e d t o w o m e n , h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f h i g h — i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( 5 0 . 1 v s . 4 5 . 4 % ) , t h o s e w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s c a r r y i n g h e a v y o r l i g h t l o a d s ( 3 2 . 2 v s . 1 9 . 8 % ) , o v e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( e x c l u d i n g o b e s e s u b j e c t s : 4 1 . 4 v s . 2 6 . 7 % ) , t h o s e w h o p e r c e i v e d 9 1 t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s a s u n d e r w e i g h t ( 6 . 7 v s . 1 . 7 % ) a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s a s a b o u t r i g h t ( 4 5 . 5 v s . 2 9 . 3 % ) . t h o s e w h o u n d e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 2 7 . 0 v s . 7 . 2 % ) . t h o s e w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h m o r e ( 9 . 8 v s . 1 . 6 % ) a s w e l l a s a n d t h o s e w h o w a n t e d t h e i r w e i g h t t o s t a y t h e s a m e ( 3 6 . 9 v s . 2 1 . 6 % ) , a n d t h o s e w h o a t e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( 3 5 . 5 v s . 2 3 . 9 % ) . M e n , c o m p a r e d t o w o m e n , a l s o c o n s u m e d h i g h e r a m o u n t o f a l c o h o l ( 6 v s . 2 d r i n k s / w e e k a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) a n d e n e r g y ( 2 . 6 4 5 v s . 1 , 8 7 2 k c a l / d a y a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . D i f f e r e n c e s f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . s u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y g e n d e r e x c e p t m e a n B M I ( T a b l e 9 ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m 1 9 8 8 — 9 4 i n m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 5 . 6 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 . 1 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n ( - 1 0 . 1 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f h i g h - i n c o m e m e n ( 8 . 8 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d m e n ( - 8 . 3 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 9 . 1 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t m e n ( - 5 . 2 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e m e n ( 5 . 6 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 5 . 7 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e ( - 5 3 k c a l ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 4 % ) . I n w o m e n , n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 1 1 . 7 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 4 . 5 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 9 . 1 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 7 . 7 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 8 . 9 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t w o m e n ( - 8 . 8 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e w o m e n ( 8 . 1 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 1 0 . 5 % ) ; a n d i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 3 k c a l ) . 3 . I n c o m e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l s e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y , B M I , e n e r g y i n t a k e , b r e a s t f e e d i n g p r a c t i c e s , a n d a g e a t f i r s t m e n a r c h e ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . M i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f m e n t h a n w o m e n ( 5 3 . 4 v s . 4 6 . 6 i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d 5 6 . 3 v s . 4 3 . 8 % i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e r a t i o b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p w a s s i m i l a r . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f r o m l o w , m i d d l e , t o h i g h . t h e p e r c e n t o f w h i t e s i n c r e a s e d ( 6 8 . 5 , 8 1 . 6 , a n d 9 1 . 9 % r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d . t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d ( 3 8 . 4 . 1 8 . 5 , a n d 6 . 9 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d w a s h i g h e r i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 2 6 . 9 v s . 1 5 . 2 a n d 1 1 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d w a s h i g h e r i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 5 4 . 3 v s . 2 8 . 0 a n d 3 2 . 6 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d ( 4 4 . 9 , 6 0 . 5 , a n d 7 4 . 6 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o h a d n e v e r m a r r i e d o r t h o s e w h o w e r e l i v i n g w i t h t h e i r p a r t n e r s d e c r e a s e d ( 3 1 . 6 , 2 0 . 9 , a n d 1 4 . 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s m o k e r s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d ( 4 3 . 0 , 3 2 . 8 , a n d 1 9 . 8 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d , t h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o w a t c h e d T V o r u s e d c o m p u t e r s f o r l o n g h o u r s ( 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ) a n d t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t 9 3 T a b l e 1 0 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 T o t a l ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 7 3 3 5 0 . 0 4 6 . 6 4 3 . 8 * * M a l e 2 , 2 8 3 5 0 . 0 5 3 . 4 5 6 . 3 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 2 , 2 6 6 6 8 . 5 8 1 . 6 9 1 . 9 * * * * N o n — H i s p a n i c B l a c k 7 2 7 1 6 . 4 1 0 . 4 5 . 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 0 2 3 1 5 . 2 8 . 0 2 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 6 7 3 8 . 4 1 8 . 5 6 . 9 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 9 4 8 3 1 . 2 3 2 . 5 2 1 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 8 0 1 3 0 . 5 4 9 . 0 7 2 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 6 0 2 2 6 . 9 1 5 . 2 1 1 . 2 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 6 5 7 2 2 . 9 2 4 . 6 1 7 . 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 8 1 8 1 8 . 3 2 1 . 0 3 0 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 6 2 9 . 7 1 1 . 6 2 4 . 0 6 0 + y r s 1 , 3 7 7 2 2 . 3 2 7 . 7 1 7 . 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 4 5 1 4 4 . 9 6 0 . 5 7 4 . 6 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 7 8 2 3 . 5 1 8 . 7 1 1 . 1 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 7 8 7 3 1 . 6 2 0 . 9 1 4 . 4 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 9 4 4 5 7 . 0 6 7 . 3 8 0 . 2 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 0 7 2 4 3 . 0 3 2 . 8 1 9 . 8 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 , 1 1 9 2 4 . 5 2 6 . 5 3 3 . 4 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 8 4 5 4 2 . 2 4 6 . 6 4 9 . 6 2 4 h r s 1 , 0 5 2 3 3 . 3 2 6 . 9 1 7 . 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 4 , 0 1 6 5 : 0 . 4 4 i 0 . 4 4 i 0 . 2 N S . . 9 4 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( % 1 V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 9 3 2 2 3 . 6 2 0 . 7 2 5 . 4 N S W a l k a l o t 2 , 1 3 2 4 9 . 9 5 0 . 3 4 9 . 4 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 9 5 2 2 6 . 6 2 9 . 0 2 5 . 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 5 6 0 4 5 . 1 3 4 . 8 2 1 . 4 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 5 1 1 1 3 . 9 1 3 . 0 1 5 . 6 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 8 0 1 2 . 1 1 4 . 3 1 3 . 7 3 r d q u i n t i l e 5 1 2 1 0 . 2 1 4 . 6 1 5 . 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 9 8 . 2 1 1 . 6 1 7 . 7 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 4 1 0 . 4 1 1 . 7 1 6 . 5 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 4 , 0 1 6 2 8 . 4 4 2 0 3 Z 8 . 1 i 0 . 3 2 7 . 6 : 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 3 2 7 3 6 . 4 3 3 . 2 3 7 . 9 * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 4 9 6 3 1 . 4 3 6 . 3 3 5 . 7 O b e s e 1 , 1 9 3 3 2 . 3 3 0 . 5 2 6 . 4 9 5 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) M V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ’ d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 9 4 7 . 1 4 . 7 2 . 7 * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 6 4 6 4 1 . 5 3 7 . 3 3 6 . 4 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 7 6 5 1 . 4 5 8 . 0 6 0 . 9 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 9 1 7 2 4 . 9 1 9 . 3 1 3 . 1 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 8 6 7 6 9 . 0 7 4 . 5 7 7 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 2 3 2 6 . 1 6 . 2 9 . 6 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 4 5 9 . 4 7 . 7 3 . 3 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 3 7 8 3 4 . 6 2 9 . 8 2 7 . 0 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 3 9 3 5 6 . 0 6 2 . 5 6 9 . 7 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 3 1 2 2 7 . 4 3 4 . 5 4 0 . 2 * * * N o 2 , 7 0 4 7 2 . 6 6 5 . 5 5 9 . 8 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 4 4 9 2 8 . 2 3 4 . 8 4 8 . 8 * * * * N o 2 , 5 6 7 7 1 . 8 6 5 . 2 5 1 . 2 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 4 , 0 1 6 4 . 9 e 0 . 1 5 . 1 i 0 . 1 5 . 3 : 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 4 , 0 1 6 6 . 2 i 0 . 1 6 . 4 3 : 0 . 1 6 . 7 i 0 . 0 C o m p o n e n t 2 5 4 , 0 1 6 2 . 6 i 0 . 0 2 . 7 s 0 0 2 9 : 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 0 6 0 3 1 . 5 2 0 . 9 1 2 . 1 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 9 0 9 2 3 . 6 2 1 . 7 2 0 . 9 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 0 9 0 2 6 . 1 2 6 . 8 3 0 . 6 2 4 t i m e s / w k 9 5 7 1 8 . 8 3 0 . 6 3 6 . 5 B r e a k f a s t C o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 3 , 2 0 6 7 2 . 6 8 1 . 2 8 3 . 8 * * * * N o 8 1 0 2 7 . 4 1 8 . 8 1 6 . 2 9 6 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) V a r i a b l e s L o w T o t a l 0 / 0 M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p o r t e r 4 , 0 1 6 2 , 2 3 6 i 3 8 2 , 3 2 0 i 4 1 2 , 3 0 2 i 3 2 N S 1 , 5 4 2 2 , 4 7 4 9 1 0 1 , 0 7 9 9 1 5 5 7 6 5 3 6 8 5 1 2 , 9 8 0 1 8 5 3 9 . 5 6 0 . 5 2 8 . 7 2 5 . 2 2 1 . 2 1 3 . 1 1 1 . 8 2 2 . 8 7 1 . 6 5 . 6 3 2 . 6 6 7 . 4 2 0 . 6 2 6 . 9 2 1 . 4 1 5 . 1 1 6 . 1 1 9 . 3 7 4 . 0 6 . 7 3 3 . 9 6 6 . 1 1 4 . 3 2 3 . 7 2 5 . 2 1 8 . 0 1 8 . 9 1 7 . 2 7 8 . 7 4 . 0 * * * * * 9 7 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 2 , 2 8 3 2 5 . 7 2 4 . 2 5 0 . 1 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 , 2 5 9 6 4 . 0 8 0 . 9 9 1 . 1 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 4 1 4 1 6 . 1 9 . 7 5 . 7 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 6 1 0 1 9 . 9 9 . 3 3 . 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 7 8 3 4 2 . 0 2 1 . 2 8 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 5 2 2 2 8 . 7 3 2 . 4 2 2 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 9 7 8 2 9 . 3 4 6 . 4 6 9 . 6 A g e 2 0 — 2 9 y r s 3 6 6 3 0 . 2 1 7 . 8 1 2 . 7 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 6 6 2 2 . 7 2 2 . 7 1 8 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 4 4 6 1 7 . 3 2 2 . 8 2 8 . 5 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 9 9 9 . 5 1 0 . 1 2 1 . 7 6 0 + y r s 8 0 6 2 0 . 4 2 6 . 6 1 8 . 4 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 4 9 0 5 1 . 1 6 1 . 7 7 3 . 7 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 9 4 1 2 . 5 1 3 . 4 8 . 5 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 4 9 9 3 6 . 4 2 4 . 9 1 7 . 8 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 6 0 8 5 4 . 0 6 2 . 3 7 6 . 8 * * * * S m o k e r 6 7 5 4 6 . 0 3 7 . 7 2 3 . 2 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 5 8 6 2 1 . 3 2 4 . 5 2 9 . 9 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 0 9 2 4 4 . 2 4 7 . 9 5 1 . 6 2 4 h r s 6 0 5 3 4 . 5 2 7 . 6 1 8 . 5 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 2 8 3 7 2 : 0 6 7 : 0 6 6 : 0 . 3 1 ' 9 8 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) M a c / 9 1 V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 4 9 8 1 9 . 1 1 8 . 3 2 5 . 6 * W a l k a l o t 1 , 1 3 7 4 6 . 6 4 5 . 5 4 5 . 2 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 6 4 8 3 4 . 3 3 6 . 2 2 9 . 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 8 4 3 4 4 . 2 3 3 . 6 1 8 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 0 9 1 6 . 0 1 4 . 2 1 6 . 9 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 6 4 1 1 . 2 1 1 . 3 1 3 . 3 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 8 3 7 . 6 1 5 . 7 1 4 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 8 6 9 . 9 1 2 . 4 1 7 . 5 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 9 8 1 2 . 1 1 2 . 8 1 9 . 0 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 , 2 8 3 2 7 . 3 : 0 3 2 7 . 6 i 0 . 3 2 7 . 8 i 0 . 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 7 2 7 3 7 . 4 3 2 . 9 3 1 . 2 N S O v e r w e i g h t 9 8 7 3 8 . 9 4 1 . 7 4 2 . 6 O b e s e 5 6 9 2 3 . 7 2 5 . 5 2 6 . 2 9 9 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( o / o l V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 5 0 1 1 . 0 7 . 1 4 . 3 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 1 2 1 5 3 . 1 4 6 . 1 4 1 . 4 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 0 1 2 3 6 . 0 4 6 . 7 5 4 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 7 2 1 3 7 . 9 2 9 . 1 2 0 . 4 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 1 8 6 0 . 8 6 8 . 8 7 7 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 4 4 1 . 2 2 . 2 2 . 3 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 9 8 1 5 . 5 1 2 . 8 5 . 5 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 9 7 0 4 4 . 4 3 7 . 0 3 2 . 9 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 1 1 5 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 6 1 . 6 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 5 5 6 1 7 . 0 2 2 . 1 3 2 . 5 * * * * N o 1 , 7 2 7 8 3 . 0 7 7 . 9 6 7 . 5 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t Y e s 6 8 5 1 9 . 4 2 7 . 2 4 3 . 6 * * * * N o 1 , 5 9 8 8 0 . 6 7 2 . 8 5 6 . 4 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 , 2 8 3 4 . 5 3 5 0 1 4 . 8 9 . 0 . 1 5 . 1 1 : 0 . 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 2 , 2 8 3 5 . 7 e 0 . 1 6 . 0 i 0 . 1 6 . 4 i 0 . 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 5 2 , 2 8 3 2 . 4 i 0 . 0 2 . 5 e 0 0 2 . 8 1 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 5 8 6 2 9 . 2 1 9 . 6 1 1 . 2 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 4 7 1 2 2 . 3 1 9 . 5 1 8 . 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 6 0 2 2 3 . 6 2 5 . 8 2 9 . 5 2 4 t i m e s / w k 6 2 4 2 4 . 8 3 5 . 1 4 1 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 7 8 7 7 1 . 5 7 9 . 0 8 2 . 1 * * N o 4 9 6 2 8 . 5 2 1 . 0 1 8 . 0 1 0 0 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) V a r i a b l e s L o w M e n ( o / o l M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 , 2 8 3 2 , 5 8 3 i 4 3 2 , 7 1 5 i 7 4 2 , 6 4 3 i 3 7 N S 9 0 9 1 , 3 7 4 5 4 1 6 2 2 5 0 0 3 2 7 2 9 3 4 4 8 1 , 7 0 3 1 3 2 4 3 . 0 5 7 . 0 3 0 . 2 2 4 . 9 2 1 . 9 1 3 . 7 9 . 3 2 1 . 9 7 1 . 1 7 . 0 3 6 . 3 6 3 . 7 2 2 . 0 2 7 . 3 1 9 . 7 1 6 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 7 . 4 7 3 . 5 9 . 1 3 2 . 7 6 7 . 3 1 5 . 3 2 4 . 6 2 2 . 8 1 8 . 2 1 9 . 1 1 5 . 2 7 9 . 6 5 . 2 * * * * 1 0 1 b e a e a a g e i 2 4 3 5 r V D G R E A a r i e e F M a c N N d M < g H > 2 4 a i 3 6 5 W a l r f M N m N S 5 2 2 m n e a o o e u i 0 0 0 0 e 0 a i i c e i e o m e o - a + d d m l o n n x c g - - - - r H H l / - - h i i t v s k n o y 1 3 4 o h M L S D A l r c t r l fi H H g g 9 9 9 l 9 y i y w r h s n s s a e e h i i a o c s y y y y s d e e g m s s r s h s h l n s r r r l r e e r p n m n t h r r r r d s s c i p p - a f o h c c a o s s s s s o o c , a a r a k i h h o A t t f n i n n u r e c l m o o a c t s o e t i - k h h h o W B i h l c i a a t c n e k s a t e i i y e c c o o g l l d t s i t r i o e u r v r T V , u e r a d o s d s r c o i v n r i d l t h d e , i n o i n o v e o r g s w p a s e i t r c o p t a h r a p 5 m d p u r y a a t t ( # o f d r i n k t s e e s u m p t i o : 0 0 . 3 _ n 7 / 1 1 8 2 0 2 3 9 7 6 7 6 8 8 3 9 3 5 4 1 1 3 N 4 4 4 , , 8 2 2 3 2 4 5 9 2 1 , 3 5 7 4 d n e r r u s e / w k ) 1 , 7 2 L 7 1 3 3 3 1 2 2 N 2 1 3 3 2 o / 9 3 6 0 4 3 1 3 3 9 4 9 . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 6 0 9 7 0 2 6 3 2 4 3 w A 9 0 7 4 7 7 6 6 0 3 3 1 7 6 8 1 9 7 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . 2 i 0 . 3 3 7 3 A 3 3 0 4 6 3 1 1 2 3 6 1 4 8 3 7 3 7 3 3 6 3 M i 2 d 4 N / d . . . . . . . . . A 5 . . . . . . . . . . h 4 0 9 1 3 1 g . . . / . . . . 9 5 2 7 6 5 4 0 4 5 7 7 5 . . . . . . A 0 5 5 . . . . . . . 7 0 0 7 3 0 1 4 6 8 0 l 6 1 4 1 3 7 0 1 . 9 3 9 8 1 6 1 3 9 e 7 2 3 H 4 i 5 N 7 1 3 2 4 2 5 9 1 7 1 1 1 8 1 3 4 1 9 3 3 5 : 2 1 6 . 2 2 5 2 6 8 3 4 8 9 6 2 7 5 8 6 1 5 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 5 2 8 2 7 1 2 4 2 2 N P * * * 2 A * * * * * * * * / * * * * * * * * * N * * * * S T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( W e d 1 0 2 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( % 1 V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 4 3 4 2 8 . 1 2 3 . 5 2 5 . 2 N S W a l k a l o t 9 9 5 5 3 . 2 5 5 . 7 5 4 . 9 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 3 0 4 1 8 . 8 2 0 . 8 1 9 . 9 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 7 1 7 4 6 . 1 3 6 . 1 2 5 . 0 * * * * i s t q u i n t i l e 2 0 2 1 1 . 9 1 1 . 7 1 4 . 0 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 1 6 1 3 . 1 1 7 . 8 1 4 . 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 2 9 1 2 . 9 1 3 . 2 1 5 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 9 3 7 . 5 1 0 . 8 1 7 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 7 6 8 . 7 1 0 . 4 1 3 . 3 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 8 6 6 4 5 . 6 4 8 . 1 4 8 . 5 N S N o 6 2 8 4 1 . 7 3 6 . 3 3 3 . 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 1 2 . 8 1 5 . 6 1 8 . 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 1 2 . 8 1 5 . 6 1 8 . 2 * * * * 1 2 5 5 1 8 . 4 1 4 . 5 1 6 . 3 2 4 5 5 2 1 . 2 2 7 . 2 3 8 . 7 3 3 7 7 2 2 . 5 2 4 . 1 1 8 . 2 4 1 8 1 1 1 . 9 1 1 . 1 4 . 1 2 5 2 2 6 1 3 . 2 7 . 4 4 . 6 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 3 1 2 1 7 . 8 1 6 . 3 1 8 . 2 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 , 3 1 0 7 5 . 8 7 6 . 0 7 6 . 6 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 1 1 6 . 4 7 . 7 5 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 7 3 3 2 9 . 4 i 0 . 4 2 8 . 6 : 0 4 2 7 . 3 i 0 . 3 * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 6 0 0 3 5 . 4 3 3 . 6 4 6 . 5 * * O v e r w e i g h t 5 0 9 2 3 . 8 3 0 . 2 2 6 . 8 O b e s e 6 2 4 4 0 . 8 3 6 . 2 2 6 . 7 1 0 3 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( % 1 V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 4 4 3 . 2 1 . 9 0 . 6 * A b o u t r i g h t 5 2 5 2 9 . 9 2 7 . 2 3 0 . 0 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 1 6 4 6 6 . 8 7 0 . 9 6 9 . 4 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 9 6 1 1 . 8 8 . 1 3 . 7 * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 3 4 9 7 7 . 2 8 1 . 0 7 7 . 4 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 8 8 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 9 1 9 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 4 7 3 . 3 1 . 8 0 . 4 * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 0 8 2 4 . 7 2 1 . 6 1 9 . 5 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 2 7 8 7 2 . 0 7 6 . 6 8 0 . 1 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 7 5 6 3 7 . 7 4 8 . 6 5 0 . 2 * * N o 9 7 7 6 2 . 3 5 1 . 4 4 9 . 8 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t Y e s 7 6 4 3 7 . 1 4 3 . 4 5 5 . 5 * * N o 9 6 9 6 3 . 0 5 6 . 6 4 4 . 5 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 , 7 3 3 5 . 3 9 0 1 5 . 4 9 0 0 5 . 5 9 0 0 N S C o m p o n e n t 1 4 1 , 7 3 3 6 7 9 0 . 1 8 9 9 0 . 1 7 . 0 9 0 1 * C o m p o n e n t 2 5 1 , 7 3 3 2 8 9 0 . 1 2 . 9 9 0 0 3 . 1 9 0 1 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 4 7 4 3 3 . 8 2 2 . 4 1 3 . 1 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 4 3 8 2 4 . 8 2 4 . 3 2 4 . 4 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 4 8 8 2 8 . 6 2 8 . 0 3 2 . 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 3 3 3 1 2 . 8 2 5 . 4 3 0 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 4 1 9 7 3 . 8 8 3 . 7 8 6 . 0 * * * N o 3 1 4 2 6 . 2 1 6 . 3 1 4 . 0 1 0 4 T a b l e 1 0 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n W e ) V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 7 3 3 1 , 8 8 8 i 5 2 1 , 8 6 8 9 4 3 1 . 8 6 4 9 3 1 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 3 3 3 6 . 0 2 8 . 4 3 5 . 4 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 1 0 0 6 4 . 1 7 1 . 6 6 4 . 6 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 6 9 2 7 . 2 1 8 . 9 1 2 . 9 * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 4 5 7 2 5 . 5 2 6 . 4 2 2 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 4 1 5 2 0 . 4 2 3 . 3 2 8 . 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 4 9 1 2 . 5 1 4 . 2 1 7 . 7 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 2 4 3 1 4 . 3 1 7 . 3 1 8 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 0 3 2 3 . 7 2 1 . 4 1 9 . 8 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 7 7 7 2 . 0 7 4 . 8 7 7 . 6 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 3 4 . 3 4 . 0 2 . 6 ‘ A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s , a n d B M I ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s , a n d B M I b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 1 0 5 p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s d e c r e a s e d ( 3 3 . 3 , 2 6 . 9 , a n d 1 7 . 0 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e ; 4 5 . 1 , 3 4 . 8 , a n d 2 1 . 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s w a s l o w e r i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 2 6 . 4 v s . 3 2 . 3 a n d 3 0 . 5 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w a s l o w e r i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 5 1 . 4 v s . 5 8 . 0 a n d 6 0 . 9 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s o r s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r w a s a l s o l o w e r i n t h e l o w - i n e o m e g r o u p , f o l l o w e d b y t h e m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 5 6 . 0 , 6 2 . 5 , a n d 6 9 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ; 2 7 . 4 , 3 4 . 5 , a n d 4 0 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a c c u r a t e l y a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s w a s a l s o l o w e r i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 6 9 . 0 v s . 7 4 . 5 a n d 7 7 . 3 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o a t e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d o f t e n ( 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ) i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d ( 1 8 . 8 , 3 0 . 6 , a n d 3 6 . 5 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s w a s h i g h e r a m o n g t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 2 7 . 4 v s . 1 8 . 8 a n d 1 6 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o h a d a s m a l l n u m b e r o f m e a l s / s n a c k s ( S 3 t i m e s / d a y ) d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d ( 2 8 . 7 , 2 0 . 6 , a n d 1 4 . 3 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . U n e x p e c t e d l y , t h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o a t e m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y f r o m f a t w a s h i g h e r a m o n g m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 6 7 . 4 a n d 6 6 . 1 v s . 6 0 . 5 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . D i f f e r e n c e s f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 , s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e s a n d a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e ( T a b l e 1 l ) . N o t i c e a b l e 1 0 6 T a b l e 1 1 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 M V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 4 , 5 9 0 4 9 . 5 4 5 . 0 4 3 . 2 * * * M a l e 5 , 6 7 9 5 0 . 5 5 5 . 0 5 6 . 9 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 4 , 7 3 8 6 9 . 2 8 7 . 2 9 3 . 4 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 2 , 8 5 2 2 0 . 0 9 . 3 4 . 9 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 2 , 6 7 9 1 0 . 8 3 . 5 1 . 7 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 7 0 9 4 2 . 1 2 0 . 8 7 . 5 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 , 3 2 6 3 5 . 6 4 2 . 2 2 8 . 5 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 2 3 4 2 2 . 3 3 7 . 0 6 4 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 9 9 7 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 6 1 3 . 7 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 9 2 3 . 7 2 7 . 8 2 4 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 7 8 3 1 3 . 5 1 9 . 1 2 6 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 2 1 9 9 . 1 1 0 . 3 1 7 . 3 6 0 + y r s 3 , 0 3 1 2 3 . 4 2 2 . 2 1 8 . 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 6 , 6 7 6 5 4 . 5 7 0 . 9 7 7 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 0 3 8 2 7 . 9 1 5 . 2 1 1 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 5 5 5 1 7 . 7 1 3 . 9 1 1 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 7 , 0 4 7 5 7 . 1 6 6 . 5 7 5 . 5 * * * * S m o k e r 3 , 2 2 2 4 2 . 9 3 3 . 5 2 4 . 5 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 0 , 2 6 9 4 9 0 . 3 4 9 0 . 3 4 9 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 8 8 5 2 0 . 2 1 2 . 4 6 . 7 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 1 1 8 2 0 . 9 1 9 . 9 1 5 . 8 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 5 1 1 2 . 7 1 7 . 9 1 7 . 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 6 5 1 4 . 0 1 5 . 5 1 7 . 5 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 9 3 5 1 9 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 3 . 8 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 1 5 1 3 . 2 1 3 . 3 1 9 . 2 1 0 7 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) 1 2 M V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 0 , 2 6 9 2 7 . 1 9 0 2 2 7 . 0 9 0 2 2 6 . 4 9 0 2 * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 3 , 9 1 5 4 2 . 9 4 2 . 4 4 3 . 9 * * O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 7 3 3 3 2 . 0 3 3 . 9 3 6 . 9 O b e s e 2 , 6 2 1 2 5 . 1 2 3 . 7 1 9 . 2 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 5 1 8 5 . 7 4 . 6 2 . 8 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 4 , 3 5 2 4 1 . 8 3 8 . 6 3 9 . 8 O v e r w e i g h t 5 , 3 9 9 5 2 . 5 5 6 . 8 5 7 . 4 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 4 4 1 9 . 6 1 6 . 0 1 5 . 0 * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 7 , 2 0 9 7 1 . 0 7 3 . 2 7 1 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 1 6 9 . 5 1 0 . 8 1 3 . 6 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 7 0 6 8 . 3 7 . 7 4 . 3 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 , 5 3 1 3 3 . 7 2 6 . 6 2 8 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 6 , 0 3 2 5 8 . 0 6 5 . 7 6 7 . 0 1 0 8 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( ‘ 7 0 ) V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 3 , 9 9 0 3 7 . 4 4 3 . 3 4 6 . 6 * * * * N o 6 , 2 7 9 6 2 . 6 5 6 . 7 5 3 . 4 C o m p o n e n t i 3 1 0 , 2 6 9 6 . 3 9 0 0 6 . 5 9 0 0 6 . 6 9 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 8 , 5 2 6 8 6 . 0 7 9 . 7 7 0 . 0 * * * * C o n s u m e r 1 , 7 4 3 1 4 . 0 2 0 . 3 3 0 . 0 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 7 , 9 8 6 7 4 . 9 8 0 . 7 8 2 . 5 * * * * N o 2 , 2 8 3 2 5 . 1 1 9 . 3 1 7 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 0 , 2 6 9 2 , 2 0 4 9 3 9 2 , 3 2 7 9 2 6 2 , 3 0 2 9 3 9 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 3 , 6 1 2 3 4 . 7 3 1 . 3 3 5 . 4 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 , 6 5 7 6 5 . 4 6 8 . 7 6 4 . 6 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 8 0 2 7 . 9 1 6 . 9 1 6 . 2 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 7 7 2 7 . 7 2 4 . 1 2 2 . 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 1 9 7 2 0 . 6 2 4 . 1 2 7 . 5 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 6 1 1 2 . 0 1 6 . 5 1 3 . 8 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 5 3 1 1 . 8 1 8 . 3 2 0 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 2 , 3 2 7 2 4 . 4 1 7 . 5 1 7 . 5 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 7 , 4 0 7 6 8 . 6 7 6 . 6 7 7 . 3 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 3 5 7 . 0 5 . 9 5 . 3 1 0 9 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) M M V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 5 , 6 7 9 2 4 . 4 3 4 . 3 4 1 . 3 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 2 , 5 3 9 6 7 . 4 8 7 . 0 9 3 . 1 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 5 1 6 1 9 . 1 9 . 0 5 . 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 6 2 4 1 3 . 5 3 . 9 1 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 2 8 3 4 5 . 3 2 3 . 8 8 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 2 6 3 1 . 7 3 8 . 0 2 6 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 7 7 0 2 3 . 0 3 8 . 2 6 4 . 8 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 1 3 1 3 2 . 0 2 3 . 4 1 4 . 0 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 3 6 2 2 . 8 2 7 . 9 2 4 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 9 4 5 1 4 . 6 1 8 . 7 2 5 . 7 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 4 9 8 . 7 9 . 2 1 7 . 6 6 0 + y r s 1 , 8 1 8 2 1 . 9 2 0 . 8 1 8 . 0 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 4 , 0 6 4 6 4 . 4 7 4 . 0 7 7 . 8 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 0 7 1 4 . 6 9 . 2 9 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 9 0 8 2 1 . 0 1 6 . 9 1 3 . 0 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 3 , 7 7 6 5 5 . 8 6 3 . 7 7 3 . 2 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 9 0 3 4 4 . 2 3 6 . 3 2 6 . 8 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 6 7 9 7 9 0 . 5 6 9 0 . 5 6 9 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 8 6 6 1 7 . 3 9 . 2 5 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 0 6 1 1 9 . 4 1 9 . 3 1 2 . 9 2 n d q u i n t i l e 8 0 3 1 2 . 1 1 7 . 1 1 6 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 5 1 1 4 . 6 1 6 . 4 1 8 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 4 0 2 0 . 5 2 2 . 0 2 4 . 7 5 t h q u i n t i l e 9 5 8 1 6 . 1 1 5 . 9 2 2 . 0 1 1 0 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) M 2 1 0 9 1 V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 5 , 6 7 9 2 6 . 5 9 0 2 2 7 . 1 9 0 2 2 6 . 7 9 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 1 1 3 4 3 . 2 3 6 . 8 3 6 . 9 * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 3 6 8 3 6 . 7 4 1 . 4 4 5 . 0 O b e s e 1 , 1 9 8 2 0 . 1 2 1 . 8 1 8 . 0 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 3 7 1 8 . 7 6 . 5 3 . 9 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 9 7 0 5 3 . 6 4 4 . 7 4 6 . 2 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 3 3 8 3 7 . 7 4 8 . 8 5 0 . 0 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 7 5 2 3 0 . 2 2 4 . 6 2 3 . 3 * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 3 , 7 4 6 6 7 . 1 7 1 . 5 7 0 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 8 1 2 . 7 3 . 9 6 . 5 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 5 3 5 1 3 . 1 1 2 . 0 6 . 4 * * * “ S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 5 0 2 4 4 . 8 3 2 . 2 3 4 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 6 4 2 4 2 . 2 5 5 . 8 5 8 . 8 1 1 1 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( o / o i V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h r = > 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 5 6 7 2 1 . 7 3 3 . 6 3 6 . 1 * * * * N o 4 , 1 1 2 7 8 . 3 6 6 . 4 6 3 . 9 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 5 , 6 7 9 5 . 8 9 0 1 6 . 2 9 0 1 6 . 4 9 0 1 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 4 , 6 1 9 8 4 . 8 7 8 . 1 6 8 . 2 * * * * C o n s u m e r 1 , 0 6 0 1 5 . 2 2 1 . 9 3 1 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 4 , 3 5 0 7 5 . 2 7 8 . 0 8 0 . 0 N S N o 1 , 3 2 9 2 4 . 8 2 2 . 0 2 0 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 5 , 6 7 9 2 . 6 4 2 9 5 4 2 , 7 4 5 9 3 6 2 . 6 9 2 9 4 7 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 9 7 1 3 4 . 1 2 9 . 9 3 3 . 0 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 3 , 7 0 8 6 5 . 9 7 0 . 2 6 7 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 6 1 9 2 8 . 0 1 8 . 8 1 8 . 0 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 5 3 6 2 9 . 0 2 2 . 2 2 2 . 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 1 7 0 1 8 . 3 2 3 . 1 2 6 . 4 6 t i m e s / d a y 6 5 0 1 2 . 2 1 6 . 4 1 2 . 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 7 0 4 1 2 . 5 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 0 7 5 2 0 . 0 1 3 . 9 1 2 . 1 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 2 3 1 6 9 . 8 7 8 . 0 8 1 . 9 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 3 7 3 1 0 . 3 8 . 1 6 . 0 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 4 , 5 9 0 2 8 . 7 3 3 . 7 3 7 . 7 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 2 , 1 9 9 7 1 . 0 8 7 . 4 9 3 . 8 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 3 3 6 2 1 . 0 9 . 5 4 . 7 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 0 5 5 8 . 1 3 . 1 1 . 5 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 4 2 6 3 8 . 9 1 7 . 1 6 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 7 0 0 3 9 . 6 4 7 . 3 3 0 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 4 6 4 2 1 . 6 3 5 . 6 6 3 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 8 6 6 2 8 . 6 1 7 . 1 1 3 . 2 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 0 3 2 4 . 6 2 7 . 6 2 3 . 5 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 8 3 8 1 2 . 3 1 9 . 6 2 6 . 9 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 7 0 9 . 5 1 1 . 8 1 6 . 9 6 0 + y r s 1 , 2 1 3 2 4 . 9 2 3 . 9 1 9 . 5 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 6 1 2 4 4 . 3 6 7 . 0 7 6 . 7 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 , 3 3 1 4 1 . 4 2 2 . 6 1 3 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 6 4 7 1 4 . 3 1 0 . 4 9 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 3 , 2 7 1 5 8 . 3 7 0 . 0 7 8 . 5 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 3 1 9 4 1 . 7 3 0 . 0 2 1 . 5 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 4 , 5 9 0 2 9 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 2 3 9 0 . 2 * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 0 1 9 2 3 . 1 1 6 . 2 8 . 0 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 0 5 7 2 2 . 3 2 0 . 5 1 9 . 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 6 4 8 1 3 . 4 1 8 . 9 1 7 . 7 3 r d q u i n t i l e 6 1 4 1 3 . 3 1 4 . 5 1 6 . 6 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 9 5 1 7 . 8 1 9 . 9 2 2 . 6 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 5 7 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 5 . 5 1 1 3 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 2 , 0 6 8 4 6 . 3 4 4 . 2 4 1 . 8 * * * * N o 1 , 8 5 3 4 2 . 7 4 0 . 3 3 2 . 0 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 1 1 . 0 1 5 . 5 2 6 . 1 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 1 1 . 0 1 5 . 5 2 6 . 1 * * * * 1 8 0 7 1 8 . 4 1 7 . 9 1 6 . 5 2 1 , 2 2 7 2 6 . 2 3 0 . 8 3 4 . 7 3 7 9 7 1 8 . 6 1 9 . 2 1 3 . 2 4 4 7 9 1 2 . 5 7 . 9 5 . 5 2 5 6 1 1 1 3 . 4 8 . 7 4 . 0 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 9 5 0 1 8 . 9 1 9 . 0 2 1 . 1 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 3 , 3 5 6 7 5 . 0 7 6 . 1 7 4 . 1 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 8 4 6 . 1 5 . 0 4 . 8 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 4 , 5 9 0 2 7 . 7 9 0 3 2 6 . 8 9 0 3 2 6 . 0 9 0 3 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 8 0 2 4 2 . 6 4 9 . 3 5 3 . 0 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 3 6 5 2 7 . 2 2 4 . 7 2 6 . 3 O b e s e 1 , 4 2 3 3 0 . 2 2 6 . 0 2 0 . 7 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 4 7 2 . 7 2 . 3 1 . 4 N S A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 3 8 2 2 9 . 7 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 4 O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 0 6 1 6 7 . 6 6 6 . 6 6 7 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 4 9 2 8 . 7 5 . 5 4 . 2 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 3 , 4 6 3 7 5 . 0 7 5 . 2 7 2 . 8 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 6 3 5 1 6 . 3 1 9 . 2 2 3 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 7 1 3 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 6 * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 0 2 9 2 2 . 4 1 9 . 6 2 0 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 3 , 3 9 0 7 4 . 1 7 7 . 9 7 7 . 7 1 1 4 T a b l e 1 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 2 4 2 3 5 3 . 3 5 5 . 2 6 0 . 4 N S N o 2 , 1 6 7 4 6 . 7 4 4 . 8 3 9 . 6 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 4 , 5 9 0 6 . 9 9 0 1 7 . 0 9 0 0 7 . 0 9 0 1 N S D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 3 , 9 0 7 8 7 . 3 8 1 . 6 7 2 . 5 * * * * C o n s u m e r 6 8 3 1 2 . 7 1 8 . 4 2 7 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 3 , 6 3 6 7 4 . 7 - 8 4 . 0 8 5 . 8 * * * * N o 9 5 4 2 5 . 3 1 6 . 0 1 4 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 4 , 5 9 0 1 , 7 5 8 9 2 9 1 8 1 6 9 2 6 1 7 8 9 9 3 5 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 6 4 1 3 5 . 2 3 3 . 1 3 8 . 6 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 9 4 9 6 4 . 8 6 6 . 9 6 1 . 4 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 1 6 1 2 7 . 8 1 4 . 5 1 3 . 9 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 4 1 2 6 . 3 2 6 . 4 2 2 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 0 2 7 2 2 . 9 2 5 . 5 2 9 . 0 6 t i m e s / d a y 6 1 2 1 1 . 8 1 6 . 7 1 5 . 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 5 4 9 1 1 . 1 1 7 . 0 1 9 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 5 2 2 8 . 9 2 1 . 8 2 4 . 5 * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 3 , 1 7 6 6 7 . 5 7 4 . 9 7 1 . 2 O v e r — r e p o r t e r 1 6 2 3 . 7 3 . 3 4 . 3 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s , a n d B M I ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s , a n d B M I b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t " P < 0 . 0 5 , * ‘ P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , ” * * P < 0 O O O 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 1 1 5 c h a n g e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w e r e : i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 4 . 4 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 4 . 4 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 . 2 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 4 . 8 % ) : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 9 . 6 % ) : i n c r e a s e i n a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( 1 d r i n k / w e e k ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 2 4 . 9 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o u n d e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 5 . 3 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - l ( ) % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 4 . 9 % ) . I n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o h a d 2 l i v e b i r t h s d e c r e a s e d ( - 5 . 0 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n m i d d l e — i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w e r e : i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 4 . 5 % ) a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w h i t e s ( - 5 . 6 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 9 . 7 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 2 . 0 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 5 . 5 % ) a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( ~ 5 . 4 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 1 0 . 4 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 2 2 . 4 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o o v e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( - 4 . 6 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 8 . 8 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 7 . 3 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e 1 1 6 p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 3 0 — 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 7 . 1 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 1 0 . 8 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o n — s m o k e r s ( 4 . 7 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 4 . 7 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s a c c u r a t e l y ( 6 . 0 % ) a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o o v e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( - 4 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 6 . 4 % ) ; a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m e a l s 6 t i m e s / d a y ( 4 . 2 % ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d ( 6 . 7 % ) . w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t d e c r e a s e d ( - 7 . 9 % ) . i n a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o h a d n o l i v e b i r t h s o r w h o h a d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t d e c r e a s e d ( - 7 . 9 % ) , w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w i t h 3 l i v e b i r t h s i n c r e a s e d ( 5 . 0 % ) . 4 . R a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y e x c e p t s m o k i n g s t a t u s , a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ( T a b l e 1 2 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w a s h i g h e s t a m o n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 5 5 . 6 % ) , f o l l o w e d b y b l a c k s ( 4 7 . 4 % ) a n d w h i t e s ( 2 2 . 8 % ) . D i f f e r e n c e i n e d u c a t i o n l e v e l s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e p a t t e r n . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f y o u n g a d u l t s ( a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ) t h a n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 3 3 . 2 v s . 1 4 . 8 a n d 1 8 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . B l a c k s h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s t h a n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 3 4 . 8 v s . 6 6 . 1 a n d 6 3 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a t c h e d T V o r u s e d c o m p u t e r s f o r a s h o r t t i m e ( $ 1 h o u r / d a y ) t h a n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 3 5 . 9 v s . 2 9 . 5 a n d 2 1 . 8 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e b l a c k s h a d a h i g h e r 1 1 7 T a b l e 1 2 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 M 1 0 1 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 7 3 3 4 7 . 0 4 7 . 2 3 5 . 9 * * * * M a l e 2 , 2 8 3 5 3 . 0 5 2 . 9 6 4 . 1 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 1 , 4 9 5 2 2 . 8 4 7 . 4 5 5 . 6 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 , 0 4 7 2 4 . 0 2 6 . 5 2 6 . 0 > 3 . 5 1 , 4 7 4 5 3 . 2 2 6 . 1 1 8 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 6 7 1 3 . 4 3 2 . 8 5 4 . 8 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 9 4 8 2 7 . 9 2 3 . 7 1 8 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 8 0 1 5 8 . 7 4 3 . 5 2 7 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 6 0 2 1 4 . 8 1 8 . 2 3 3 . 2 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 6 5 7 1 9 . 6 2 3 . 8 2 6 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 8 1 8 2 4 . 6 2 8 . 4 2 1 . 8 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 6 2 1 8 . 1 1 4 . 0 9 . 5 6 0 + y r s 1 , 3 7 7 2 3 . 0 1 5 . 6 8 . 9 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 4 5 1 6 6 . 1 3 4 . 8 6 3 . 7 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 7 8 1 5 . 8 2 6 . 1 1 0 . 0 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 7 8 7 1 8 . 1 3 9 . 2 2 6 . 4 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 9 4 4 7 1 . 0 6 5 . 3 7 2 . 8 N S S m o k e r 1 , 0 7 2 2 9 . 0 3 4 . 7 2 7 . 2 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 , 1 1 9 2 9 . 5 2 1 . 8 3 5 . 9 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 8 4 5 4 7 . 7 4 0 . 7 4 5 . 3 2 4 h r s 1 , 0 5 2 2 2 . 9 3 7 . 5 1 8 . 7 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 4 , 0 1 6 4 9 0 . 2 5 9 1 . 0 5 9 0 4 N S 1 1 8 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) L o a f e r ) V a r i a b l e s 1 1 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 9 3 2 2 3 . 9 2 9 . 3 1 5 . 4 * * * * W a l k a l o t 2 , 1 3 2 4 9 . 1 5 2 . 3 5 4 . 0 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 9 5 2 2 7 . 0 1 8 . 5 3 0 . 6 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 5 6 0 2 8 . 0 4 7 . 0 4 6 . 5 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 5 1 1 1 4 . 9 1 2 . 5 1 3 . 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 8 0 1 4 . 0 9 . 2 1 1 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 5 1 2 1 4 . 3 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 9 1 4 . 4 1 0 . 5 8 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 4 1 4 . 4 1 0 . 6 9 . 0 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N l A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t , m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 4 , 0 1 6 2 7 . 7 9 0 2 2 9 . 3 9 0 3 2 7 . 9 9 0 2 * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 3 2 7 3 7 . 4 3 1 . 7 3 1 . 1 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 4 9 6 3 4 . 3 3 2 . 1 4 1 . 2 O b e s e 1 , 1 9 3 2 8 . 3 3 6 . 2 2 7 . 7 1 1 9 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 9 4 3 . 9 7 . 8 5 . 5 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 6 4 6 3 6 . 9 4 2 . 9 4 4 . 2 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 7 6 5 9 . 2 4 9 . 3 5 0 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 3 5 1 5 . 7 2 8 . 7 2 7 . 7 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 6 9 2 7 5 . 5 6 8 . 9 6 8 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 3 7 1 8 . 8 2 . 5 4 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 4 5 5 . 3 1 1 . 0 7 . 6 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 3 7 8 2 8 . 1 3 9 . 3 3 6 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 3 9 3 6 6 . 6 4 9 . 7 5 5 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 3 1 2 3 6 . 3 2 9 . 0 3 2 . 3 * N o 2 , 7 0 4 6 3 . 7 7 1 . 0 6 7 . 7 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 4 4 9 4 1 . 6 3 0 . 0 3 1 . 5 * * * N o 2 , 5 6 7 5 8 . 5 7 0 . 0 6 8 . 6 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 4 , 0 1 6 5 . 2 9 0 0 4 . 8 9 0 1 4 . 9 9 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 4 , 0 1 6 6 . 5 9 0 0 6 . 1 9 0 1 6 . 3 9 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 6 4 , 0 1 6 2 . 8 9 0 0 2 . 6 9 0 0 2 . 6 9 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 8 7 0 1 8 . 0 2 9 . 8 2 4 . 6 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 5 2 5 2 1 . 5 2 1 . 4 2 6 . 0 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 , 7 8 6 2 8 . 6 2 8 . 6 2 6 . 9 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 , 4 3 2 3 2 . 0 2 0 . 2 2 2 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 3 7 2 8 1 . 8 7 0 . 2 7 3 . 5 * * * * N o 5 , 2 3 8 1 8 . 2 2 9 . 8 2 6 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 4 , 0 1 6 2 . 2 9 0 9 2 5 2 . 2 6 0 9 5 1 2 . 3 0 5 9 3 8 N S 1 2 0 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) 1 9 1 6 1 0 7 9 1 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 7 6 3 3 . 7 3 8 . 0 4 7 . 0 * * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 0 3 8 6 6 . 3 6 2 . 0 5 3 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 6 5 6 1 7 . 7 3 0 . 8 2 6 . 8 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 7 6 1 2 4 . 0 3 0 . 5 2 8 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 9 2 3 . 6 2 0 . 3 2 2 . 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 9 0 7 1 6 . 9 1 0 . 5 1 2 . 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 8 1 7 1 7 . 7 8 . 0 1 0 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 5 9 6 1 8 . 3 2 8 . 2 1 8 . 7 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 7 2 7 7 6 . 9 6 5 . 4 7 4 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 9 2 7 . 8 6 . 4 6 . 7 1 2 1 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e a d / 9 ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 2 , 2 8 3 8 1 . 7 9 . 4 9 . 0 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) . < . 1 . 8 5 8 3 8 2 0 . 2 4 4 . 1 5 7 . 0 * * * * 1 8 6 - 3 5 5 8 2 2 4 . 0 2 5 . 1 2 5 . 2 > 3 . 5 8 6 3 5 5 . 9 3 0 . 7 1 7 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 7 8 3 1 4 . 2 3 5 . 4 5 7 . 5 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 5 2 2 2 7 . 4 2 3 . 6 1 9 . 5 > H i g h s c h o o l 9 7 8 5 8 . 4 4 1 . 0 2 3 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 6 6 1 6 . 2 2 1 . 1 3 6 . 4 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 6 6 1 9 . 8 2 2 . 5 2 7 . 1 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 4 4 6 2 4 . 2 2 8 . 1 2 0 . 0 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 9 9 1 6 . 8 1 3 . 1 9 . 3 6 0 + y r s 8 0 6 2 3 . 0 1 5 . 1 7 . 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 4 9 0 6 8 . 1 3 9 . 2 6 4 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 9 4 1 0 . 5 1 7 . 0 5 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 4 9 9 2 1 . 4 4 3 . 8 2 9 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 6 0 8 6 8 . 3 5 9 . 3 6 7 . 9 N S S m o k e r 6 7 5 3 1 . 7 4 0 . 7 3 2 . 2 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 5 8 6 2 6 . 4 1 7 . 8 3 5 . 2 “ * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 0 9 2 4 9 . 2 4 5 . 0 4 6 . 8 2 4 h r s 6 0 5 2 4 . 4 3 5 . 2 1 8 . 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 2 8 3 6 9 0 . 3 7 9 1 . 7 7 9 0 . 6 N S 1 2 2 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M a r n i / < 9 ) V a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 4 9 8 2 3 . 0 2 6 . 0 1 0 . 5 * * * * W a l k a l o t 1 , 1 3 7 4 4 . 6 4 9 . 5 5 1 . 7 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 6 4 8 3 2 . 5 2 4 . 5 3 7 . 9 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 8 4 3 2 5 . 3 4 2 . 5 4 6 . 4 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 0 9 1 6 . 6 1 2 . 6 1 4 . 0 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 6 4 1 2 . 6 9 . 1 1 2 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 8 3 1 3 . 8 1 1 . 8 8 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 8 6 1 4 . 7 1 3 . 3 8 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 9 8 1 7 . 0 1 0 . 7 9 . 5 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 , 2 8 3 2 7 . 7 9 0 2 2 7 . 4 9 0 4 2 7 . 5 9 0 3 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 7 2 7 3 2 . 6 3 8 . 7 3 2 . 8 N S O v e r w e i g h t 9 8 7 4 1 . 7 3 7 . 1 4 3 . 9 O b e s e 5 6 9 2 5 . 7 2 4 . 3 2 3 . 3 1 2 3 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( % ) v a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 5 0 6 . 2 1 0 . 8 7 . 2 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 1 2 1 4 3 . 6 5 5 . 3 5 3 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 0 1 2 5 0 . 2 3 4 . 0 3 9 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 7 2 1 2 4 . 8 3 7 . 9 3 5 . 8 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 1 8 7 3 . 1 6 1 . 4 6 2 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 4 4 2 . 1 0 . 7 1 . 9 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 9 8 9 . 2 1 5 . 4 9 . 6 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 9 7 0 3 4 . 3 5 0 . 9 4 5 . 3 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 1 1 5 5 6 . 5 3 3 . 7 4 5 . 1 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 5 5 6 2 7 . 3 1 7 . 9 2 2 . 7 * * N o 1 , 7 2 7 7 2 . 7 8 2 . 1 7 7 . 3 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 6 8 5 3 5 . 8 2 4 . 1 2 1 . 9 * * * N o 1 , 5 9 8 6 4 . 2 7 5 . 9 7 8 . 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 2 , 2 8 3 5 . 0 9 0 0 4 . 4 9 0 1 4 . 7 9 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 2 . 2 8 3 6 . 2 9 0 0 5 . 6 9 0 1 5 . 9 9 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 5 2 , 2 8 3 2 6 9 0 . 0 2 4 9 0 . 0 2 . 5 9 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 5 8 6 1 6 . 0 2 7 . 5 2 4 . 8 * * * 1 t i m e / w k 4 7 1 1 9 . 2 1 9 . 7 2 1 . 9 2 — 3 t i m e s / w k 6 0 2 2 6 . 9 2 8 . 9 2 7 . 3 2 4 t i m e s / w k 6 2 4 3 7 . 9 2 3 . 9 2 5 . 9 . B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 7 8 7 8 0 . 7 6 7 . 1 7 1 . 2 * * * * N o 4 9 6 1 9 . 3 3 2 . 9 2 8 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 , 2 8 3 2 . 6 6 6 9 3 6 2 . 5 1 4 9 5 8 2 . 5 9 6 9 4 7 N S T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 9 0 9 3 4 . 0 4 0 . 3 5 2 . 1 * * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 3 7 4 6 6 . 0 5 9 . 7 4 8 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 4 1 1 8 . 9 3 0 . 5 2 7 . 7 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 6 2 2 2 4 . 2 3 2 . 7 2 8 . 0 5 t i m e s / d a y 5 0 0 2 2 . 1 1 9 . 1 2 2 . 6 6 t i m e s / d a y 3 2 7 1 7 . 5 1 2 . 0 1 1 . 9 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 2 9 3 1 7 . 4 5 . 8 1 0 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 4 8 1 6 . 6 2 6 . 7 1 5 . 6 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 7 0 3 7 7 . 0 6 6 . 9 7 5 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 3 2 6 . 4 6 . 4 8 . 7 1 2 5 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) m m V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 7 3 3 8 4 . 4 9 . 8 5 . 9 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 6 5 7 2 5 . 9 5 1 . 1 5 3 . 2 * * * * 1 8 6 - 3 5 4 6 5 2 4 . 1 2 8 . 0 2 7 . 4 > 3 . 5 6 1 1 5 0 . 1 2 0 . 9 1 9 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 4 8 4 1 2 . 6 3 0 4 9 . 9 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 4 2 6 2 8 . 4 2 3 . 8 1 5 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 8 2 3 5 9 . 1 4 6 . 3 3 4 . 2 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 3 6 1 3 . 3 1 4 . 9 2 7 . 4 * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 9 1 1 9 . 4 2 5 . 3 2 6 . 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 7 2 2 4 . 9 2 8 . 7 2 5 . 0 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 6 3 1 9 . 5 1 4 . 9 9 . 8 6 0 + y r s 5 7 1 2 2 . 9 1 6 . 3 1 1 . 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 9 6 1 6 4 . 0 2 9 . 7 6 2 . 6 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 4 8 4 2 1 . 8 3 6 . 3 1 7 . 4 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 8 8 1 4 . 3 3 4 . 0 2 0 . 1 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 3 3 6 7 4 . 1 7 2 . 0 8 1 . 7 * * S m o k e r 3 9 7 2 5 . 9 2 8 . 0 1 8 . 4 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 5 3 3 3 3 . 0 2 6 . 3 3 7 . 2 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 7 5 3 4 5 . 9 3 3 . 7 4 2 . 7 2 4 h r s 4 4 7 2 1 . 1 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 7 3 3 2 9 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 5 2 9 0 2 * * 1 2 6 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 4 3 4 2 4 . 9 3 3 . 0 2 4 . 1 * * W a l k a l o t 9 9 5 5 4 . 2 5 5 . 4 5 8 . 2 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 3 0 4 2 0 . 9 1 1 . 7 1 7 . 8 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 7 1 7 3 1 5 2 . 1 4 6 . 8 * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 0 2 1 2 . 9 1 2 . 4 1 1 . 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 1 6 1 5 . 7 9 . 3 1 0 . 4 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 2 9 1 4 . 9 8 . 2 1 4 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 9 3 1 4 . 0 7 . 4 9 . 0 5 1 h q u i n t i l e 1 7 6 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 6 8 . 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d 3 , Y e s 8 6 6 4 7 . 0 4 1 . 7 6 4 . 4 * * * * N o 6 2 8 3 6 . 2 4 8 . 9 2 1 . 5 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 1 6 . 8 9 . 4 1 4 . 1 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 3 9 1 6 . 8 9 . 4 1 4 . 1 * * 1 2 5 5 1 5 . 9 2 2 . 1 1 5 . 3 2 4 5 5 3 1 . 6 2 8 . 1 2 1 . 2 3 3 7 7 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 0 2 4 . 8 4 1 8 1 7 . 6 1 0 . 7 1 1 . 4 2 5 2 2 6 7 . 3 9 . 8 1 3 . 2 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 3 1 2 1 6 . 8 2 2 . 5 2 0 . 9 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 , 3 1 0 7 7 . 2 6 8 . 5 7 5 . 1 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 1 1 6 . 0 9 . 1 4 . 0 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 7 3 3 2 7 . 8 9 0 2 3 1 . 6 9 0 3 2 8 . 7 9 0 4 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 6 0 0 4 2 . 7 2 3 . 8 2 8 . 0 " * * * O v e r w e i g h t 5 0 9 2 6 . 1 2 6 . 6 3 6 . 4 O b e s e 6 2 4 3 1 . 2 4 9 . 7 3 5 . 6 1 2 7 T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 4 4 1 . 3 4 . 4 2 . 6 N S A b o u t r i g h t 5 2 5 2 9 . 4 2 9 . 0 2 8 . 3 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 1 6 4 6 9 . 3 6 6 . 6 6 9 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 9 6 5 . 5 1 8 . 3 1 3 . 1 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 3 4 9 7 8 . 3 7 7 . 2 7 9 . 1 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 8 8 1 6 . 3 4 . 5 7 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 4 7 1 . 0 6 . 1 3 . 9 * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 0 8 2 1 . 0 2 6 . 3 2 1 . 2 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 2 7 8 7 8 . 0 6 7 . 6 7 4 . 9 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 7 5 6 4 6 . 4 4 1 . 4 4 9 . 4 N S N o 9 7 7 5 3 . 6 5 8 . 6 5 0 . 6 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 7 6 4 4 8 . 1 3 6 . 6 4 8 . 5 * N o 9 6 9 5 1 . 9 6 3 . 4 5 1 . 5 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 1 , 7 3 3 5 . 5 9 0 0 5 . 2 9 0 1 5 . 4 9 0 1 * * C o m p o n e n t 1 5 1 , 7 3 3 6 . 9 9 0 0 6 . 7 9 0 1 6 . 9 9 0 1 * C o m p o n e n t 2 6 1 , 7 3 3 2 . 9 9 0 0 2 . 8 9 0 1 3 0 9 0 . 1 N S R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 4 7 4 2 0 . 1 3 2 . 5 2 4 . 2 * * * 1 t i m e / w k 4 3 8 2 4 . 0 2 3 . 3 3 3 . 4 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 4 8 8 3 0 . 5 2 8 . 3 2 6 . 2 2 4 t i m e s / w k 3 3 3 2 5 . 4 1 6 . 0 1 6 . 2 . B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 4 1 9 8 3 . 0 7 3 . 7 7 7 . 6 * * N o 3 1 4 1 7 . 0 2 6 . 3 2 2 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 7 3 3 1 , 8 6 7 9 2 4 1 . 9 7 5 9 6 6 1 . 7 8 5 9 3 6 N S T a b l e 1 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 3 3 3 3 . 4 3 5 . 4 3 8 . 0 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 1 0 0 6 6 . 6 6 4 . 6 6 2 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 6 9 1 6 . 8 3 1 . 2 2 5 . 2 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 4 5 7 2 3 . 7 2 8 . 0 2 9 . 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 4 1 5 2 5 . 2 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 3 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 4 9 1 6 . 2 8 . 8 1 3 . 6 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 2 4 3 1 8 . 2 1 0 . 4 1 0 . 7 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 0 3 2 0 . 2 2 9 . 9 2 4 . 2 * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 7 7 7 6 . 7 6 3 . 7 7 2 . 8 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 3 3 . 1 6 . 4 3 . 0 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s . o r - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t b e a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 6 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N l A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 1 2 9 p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a t c h e d T V o r u s e d c o m p u t e r s f o r a l o n g h o u r s ( 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ) t h a n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 3 7 . 5 v s . 2 2 . 9 a n d 1 8 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a l s o h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s s i t t i n g t h a n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 1 5 . 4 v s . 2 3 . 9 a n d 2 9 . 3 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e b l a c k s h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s c a r r y i n g h e a v y o r l i g h t l o a d s t h a n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 1 8 . 5 v s . 2 7 . 0 a n d 3 0 . 6 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A s f o r l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d b l a c k s h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s t h a n w h i t e s ( 4 7 . 0 a n d 4 6 . 5 v s . 2 8 . 0 % . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . M e a n B M I w a s t h e h i g h e s t a m o n g b l a c k s , f o l l o w e d b y M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d w h i t e s ( 2 9 . 3 , 2 7 . 9 , a n d 2 7 . 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s w a s h i g h e r a m o n g b l a c k s t h a n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 3 6 . 2 v s . 2 8 . 3 a n d 2 7 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f o v e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s w a s h i g h e r a m o n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s t h a n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 4 1 . 2 v s . 3 4 . 3 a n d 3 2 . 1 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t w a s h i g h e r a m o n g w h i t e s t h a n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d b l a c k s ( 5 9 . 2 v s . 5 0 . 3 a n d 4 9 . 3 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s a n d s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r w e r e a l s o h i g h e r a m o n g w h i t e s t h a n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d b l a c k s ( 6 6 . 6 v s . 5 5 . 8 a n d 4 9 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h o s e w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ; 3 6 . 3 v s . 3 2 . 3 a n d 2 9 . 0 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h o s e w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o a t e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d o f t e n ( 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ) w a s h i g h e r a m o n g w h i t e s t h a n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d b l a c k s ( 3 2 . 0 v s . 2 2 . 5 a n d 2 0 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s w a s h i g h e r a m o n g r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s t h a n w h i t e s ( 2 9 . 8 a n d 2 6 . 5 v s . 1 8 . 2 % f o r b l a c k s , M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , a n d 1 3 0 w h i t e s . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y f r o m f a t w a s l o w e r a m o n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s t h a n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 5 3 . 0 v s . 6 6 . 3 a n d 6 2 . 0 % . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m e a l s / s n a c k s o f t e n ( 2 5 t i m e s / d a y ) w a s h i g h e s t a m o n g w h i t e s , f o l l o w e d b y M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d b l a c k s ( 5 8 . 2 , 4 4 . 8 , a n d 3 8 . 8 % . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o a c c u r a t e l y r e p o r t e d t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s w a s l o w e r a m o n g b l a c k s t h a n w h i t e s a n d M e x l e a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 6 5 . 4 v s . 7 6 . 9 a n d 7 4 . 7 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n w o m e n , M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n s h a d a h i g h e s t p r e v a l e n c e o f w o m e n w h o b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n , f o l l o w e d b y w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s ( 6 4 . 4 , 4 7 . 0 . a n d 4 1 . 7 % . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . D i f f e r e n c e s f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( T a b l e I 3 ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n w h i t e s w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m i d d l e — i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( - l O . 9 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( 9 . 6 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( 1 2 . 2 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 9 . 4 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 9 . 1 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 5 . 6 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 1 7 . 3 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s o f n o r m a l w e i g h t ( ~ 6 . 9 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 7 . 0 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 7 . 7 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n b l a c k s w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( ~ 1 4 . 7 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( 1 0 . 8 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s 1 3 1 T a b l e 1 3 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 E L M / 9 1 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 4 , 5 9 0 4 5 . 6 4 8 . 1 3 7 . 6 * * * * M a l e 5 , 6 7 9 5 4 . 5 5 1 . 9 6 2 . 4 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) $ 1 . 8 5 4 , 4 1 1 2 1 . 5 5 0 . 9 6 0 . 2 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 3 , 2 1 0 3 4 . 9 3 0 . 4 2 5 . 5 > 3 . 5 2 , 6 4 8 4 3 . 6 1 8 . 7 1 4 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 7 0 9 1 8 . 3 2 8 . 9 5 4 . 2 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 , 3 2 6 3 5 . 2 3 8 . 4 2 5 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 2 3 4 4 6 . 5 3 2 . 7 2 0 . 1 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 9 9 7 1 9 . 2 2 4 . 0 3 4 . 3 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 9 2 4 . 6 2 9 . 5 2 8 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 7 8 3 2 0 . 5 2 1 . 0 1 9 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 2 1 9 1 3 . 1 1 1 . 5 9 . 1 6 0 + y r s 3 , 0 3 1 2 2 . 6 1 4 . 0 9 . 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 6 , 6 7 6 7 1 . 7 4 7 . 0 7 1 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 0 3 8 1 6 . 2 2 5 . 7 1 1 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 5 5 5 1 2 . 1 2 7 . 3 1 7 . 7 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 7 , 0 4 7 6 8 . 4 5 9 . 3 7 0 . 6 * * * * S m o k e r 3 , 2 2 2 3 1 . 6 4 0 . 7 2 9 . 4 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 0 , 2 6 9 4 9 0 . 2 5 9 0 . 2 5 9 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 8 8 5 1 0 . 7 1 8 . 9 2 3 . 0 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 1 1 8 1 8 . 0 2 0 . 4 2 3 . 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 5 1 1 6 . 8 1 3 . 4 1 2 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 6 5 1 6 . 2 1 4 . 7 1 2 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 9 3 5 2 2 . 7 1 6 . 1 1 5 . 4 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 4 1 5 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 5 1 2 . 9 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 0 . 2 6 9 2 6 . 6 9 0 1 2 7 . 9 9 0 2 2 7 . 4 9 0 2 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 3 , 9 1 5 4 4 . 3 3 7 . 2 3 4 . 5 “ * * * O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 7 3 3 3 4 . 4 3 3 . 8 4 0 . 2 O b e s e 2 , 6 2 1 2 1 . 3 2 9 . 0 2 5 . 3 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 5 1 8 3 . 8 7 . 8 4 . 0 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 4 . 3 5 2 3 9 . 4 4 2 . 2 4 3 . 9 O v e r w e i g h t 5 , 3 9 9 5 6 . 8 5 0 . 0 5 2 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 4 4 1 5 . 2 2 4 . 8 2 3 . 6 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 7 , 2 0 9 7 2 . 2 7 0 . 2 6 9 . 9 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 1 6 1 2 . 6 5 . 1 6 . 5 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 7 0 6 5 . 9 1 2 . 0 5 . 3 “ * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 , 5 3 1 2 8 . 2 3 4 . 7 3 6 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 6 , 0 3 2 6 5 . 9 5 3 . 3 5 8 . 0 1 3 3 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 3 . 9 9 0 4 4 . 0 3 8 . 0 3 6 . 4 * * * * N o 6 , 2 7 9 5 6 . 0 6 2 . 0 6 3 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r C o n s u m e r B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s N o E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 3 4 1 0 . 2 6 9 6 6 9 0 . 0 6 . 2 9 0 0 6 . 4 9 0 0 8 , 5 2 6 1 . 7 4 3 7 , 9 8 6 2 . 2 8 3 1 0 . 2 6 9 2 . 2 8 8 9 2 7 2 . 2 3 3 9 2 8 2 . 3 4 7 9 3 0 3 . 6 1 2 6 , 6 5 7 2 , 7 8 0 2 , 7 7 7 2 . 1 9 7 1 . 2 6 2 1 . 2 5 3 2 . 3 2 7 7 , 4 0 7 5 3 5 7 5 . 8 2 4 . 2 8 1 . 6 1 8 . 4 3 3 . 7 6 6 . 3 1 7 . 0 2 3 . 9 2 5 . 3 1 5 . 0 1 8 . 9 1 8 . 4 7 5 . 7 5 . 9 8 8 . 9 1 1 . 1 6 8 . 9 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 8 6 8 . 2 3 5 . 0 2 6 . 6 1 9 . 5 1 0 . 3 8 . 6 2 6 . 9 6 7 . 1 6 . 0 8 4 . 0 1 6 . 0 7 2 . 7 2 7 . 3 4 0 . 6 5 9 . 5 3 1 . 6 2 7 . 9 2 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 9 . 3 1 7 . 8 7 5 . 3 6 . 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) @ 0 1 9 ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 5 , 6 7 9 8 4 . 7 9 . 9 5 . 4 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 . 3 9 1 1 9 . 4 4 7 . 2 6 0 . 8 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 . 7 8 4 3 5 . 2 3 1 . 5 2 4 . 9 > 3 . 5 1 , 5 0 4 4 5 . 4 2 1 . 3 1 4 . 3 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 2 8 3 1 9 . 4 3 1 . 7 5 6 . 9 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 2 6 3 1 . 9 3 6 . 6 2 3 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 7 7 0 4 8 . 7 3 1 . 7 1 9 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 1 3 1 2 0 . 1 2 5 . 6 3 7 . 5 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 3 6 2 4 . 8 2 8 . 8 2 7 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 9 4 5 2 0 . 9 1 9 . 9 1 7 . 5 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 4 9 1 2 . 9 1 1 . 5 8 . 5 6 0 + y r s 1 . 8 1 8 2 1 . 3 1 4 . 3 8 . 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 4 , 0 6 4 7 5 . 4 5 4 . 4 7 4 . 4 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 0 7 9 9 1 7 . 7 5 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 9 0 8 1 4 . 7 2 7 . 9 1 9 . 7 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 3 , 7 7 6 6 6 . 8 5 5 . 6 6 7 . 0 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 9 0 3 3 3 . 2 4 4 . 4 3 3 . 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 6 7 9 6 9 0 3 7 9 0 . 4 7 9 0 4 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 8 6 6 8 . 6 1 3 . 4 2 0 . 4 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 0 6 1 1 6 . 3 1 6 . 9 2 1 . 9 2 n d q u i n t i l e 8 0 3 1 6 . 1 1 3 . 5 1 2 . 9 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 5 1 1 7 . 2 1 5 . 1 1 3 . 0 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 4 0 2 3 . 7 1 8 . 2 1 6 . 4 5 t h q u i n t i l e 9 5 8 1 8 . 2 2 2 . 9 1 5 . 4 1 3 5 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M m V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 5 , 6 7 9 2 6 . 8 9 0 1 2 6 . 8 9 0 2 2 6 . 9 9 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 1 1 3 3 8 . 3 4 1 . 5 3 4 . 6 * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 3 6 8 4 2 . 0 3 7 . 1 4 6 . 1 O b e s e 1 , 1 9 8 1 9 . 7 2 1 . 5 1 9 . 4 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 3 7 1 5 . 5 1 0 . 1 4 . 7 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 . 9 7 0 4 6 . 2 5 5 . 3 5 3 . 9 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 3 3 8 4 8 . 3 3 4 . 6 4 1 . 4 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 . 7 5 2 2 4 . 0 3 4 . 9 3 1 . 2 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 3 . 7 4 6 7 0 . 9 6 3 . 4 6 6 . 0 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 8 1 5 . 1 1 . 8 2 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 5 3 5 9 . 4 1 6 . 4 6 . 8 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 5 0 2 3 4 . 6 4 5 . 8 4 6 . 4 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 6 4 2 5 6 . 0 3 7 . 8 4 6 . 8 1 3 6 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ’ d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 5 6 7 3 3 . 0 2 4 . 4 2 5 . 6 * * * * N o 4 , 1 1 2 6 7 . 0 7 5 . 6 7 4 . 4 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 5 . 6 7 9 6 . 2 9 0 0 5 . 7 9 0 0 6 . 0 9 0 0 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 4 , 6 1 9 7 3 . 9 8 6 . 3 8 2 . 8 * * * * C o n s u m e r 1 , 0 6 0 2 6 . 1 1 3 . 7 1 7 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 4 , 3 5 0 7 9 . 9 6 6 . 5 7 1 . 8 * * * * N o 1 . 3 2 9 2 0 . 1 3 3 . 6 2 8 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 5 , 6 7 9 2 . 7 1 0 9 3 4 2 . 6 1 1 9 3 8 2 , 6 6 6 9 4 2 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 . 9 7 1 3 , 7 0 8 1 , 6 1 9 1 . 5 3 6 1 , 1 7 0 6 5 0 7 0 4 1 . 0 7 5 4 . 2 3 1 3 7 3 3 1 . 6 3 1 . 3 4 3 . 4 6 8 . 4 6 8 . 7 5 6 . 6 1 8 . 2 3 6 . 5 3 1 . 6 2 3 . 3 2 6 . 5 2 8 . 7 2 4 . 0 1 8 . 6 2 0 . 7 1 4 . 6 9 . 5 8 . 8 2 0 . 0 8 . 9 1 0 . 3 1 3 . 9 2 1 . 7 1 3 . 5 7 8 . 4 7 0 . 9 7 8 . 2 7 . 8 7 . 4 8 . 3 * * * * * * * * 1 3 7 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) W W V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x — A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 4 , 5 9 0 8 5 . 1 1 1 . 0 3 . 9 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 , 0 2 0 2 3 . 9 5 4 . 9 5 9 . 2 * * * * 1 . 8 6 3 5 1 , 4 2 6 3 4 . 6 2 9 . 2 2 6 . 3 > 3 . 5 1 , 1 4 4 4 1 . 5 1 6 . 0 1 4 . 5 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 2 6 1 7 . 0 2 6 . 0 4 9 . 8 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 7 0 0 3 9 . 1 4 0 . 3 2 9 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 6 4 4 3 . 9 3 3 . 8 2 0 . 4 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 8 6 6 1 8 . 1 2 2 . 3 2 8 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 0 3 2 4 . 4 3 0 . 2 2 8 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 8 3 8 2 0 . 0 2 2 . 3 2 2 . 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 7 0 1 3 . 4 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 2 6 0 + y r s 1 , 2 1 3 2 4 . 2 1 3 . 7 1 0 . 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 . 6 1 2 6 7 . 3 3 9 . 1 6 5 . 6 * * * * W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 , 3 3 1 2 3 . 7 3 4 . 3 2 0 . 0 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 6 4 7 9 . 0 2 6 . 6 1 4 . 4 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 3 , 2 7 1 7 0 . 4 6 3 . 3 7 6 . 7 * * * * S m o k e r 1 . 3 1 9 2 9 . 6 3 6 . 7 2 3 . 4 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 4 , 5 9 0 2 9 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 0 1 9 1 3 . 3 2 4 . 8 2 7 . 4 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 0 5 7 2 0 . 0 2 4 . 1 2 6 . 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 6 4 8 1 7 . 6 1 3 . 2 1 2 . 0 3 r d q u i n t i l e 6 1 4 1 5 . 1 1 4 . 3 1 2 . 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 9 5 2 1 . 4 1 4 . 0 1 3 . 6 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 5 7 1 2 . 6 9 . 7 8 . 6 1 3 8 T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) ' w e ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d 3 Y e s 2 , 0 6 8 4 4 . 7 3 4 . 5 5 2 . 8 * * * * N o 1 , 8 5 3 3 6 . 0 5 4 . 2 3 2 . 8 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 1 9 . 3 1 1 . 3 1 4 . 4 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 6 9 1 9 . 3 1 1 . 3 1 4 . 4 * * * * 1 8 0 7 1 6 . 8 2 4 . 0 1 4 . 5 2 1 . 2 2 7 3 1 . 9 2 6 . 8 2 1 . 6 3 7 9 7 1 6 . 8 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 7 4 4 7 9 8 . 0 8 . 4 1 4 . 5 2 5 6 1 1 7 . 3 1 3 . 5 1 6 . 4 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 9 5 0 1 9 . 1 2 2 . 5 2 5 . 3 * * * * 1 2 — 1 5 y r s o l d 3 , 3 5 6 7 6 . 0 6 9 . 0 7 1 . 0 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 8 4 4 . 9 8 . 5 3 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s 4 , 5 9 0 2 6 . 4 9 0 2 2 9 . 1 9 0 3 2 8 . 3 9 0 3 B M I W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t O v e r w e i g h t O b e s e P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t A b o u t r i g h t O v e r w e i g h t W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r O v e r - a s s e s s o r D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e W e i g h l e s s 1 3 9 1 , 8 0 2 1 , 3 6 5 1 , 4 2 3 1 4 7 1 , 3 8 2 3 , 0 6 1 4 9 2 3 . 4 6 3 6 3 5 1 7 1 1 . 0 2 9 3 . 3 9 0 5 1 . 5 2 5 . 3 2 3 . 2 1 . 7 3 1 . 3 6 7 . 0 4 . 7 7 3 . 8 2 1 . 6 1 . 8 2 0 . 6 7 7 . 6 3 2 . 6 3 0 . 3 3 7 . 1 5 . 3 2 8 . 0 6 6 . 7 1 3 . 9 7 7 . 4 8 . 6 7 . 2 2 2 . 8 7 0 . 0 3 4 . 3 3 0 . 5 3 5 . 2 2 . 9 2 7 . 3 6 9 . 9 1 1 . 0 7 6 . 3 1 2 . 7 2 . 8 2 0 . 6 7 6 . 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i * * * * T a b l e 1 3 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n W e ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 2 , 4 2 3 5 7 . 2 5 2 . 7 5 4 . 1 N S N o 2 , 1 6 7 4 2 . 8 4 7 . 3 4 5 . 9 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 4 . 5 9 0 7 . 0 9 0 0 6 . 8 9 0 1 7 , 0 9 0 . 0 * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 3 , 9 0 7 7 8 . 0 9 1 . 8 8 6 . 0 * * * * C o n s u m e r 6 8 3 2 2 . 0 8 . 3 1 4 . 0 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 3 . 6 3 6 8 3 . 7 7 1 . 6 7 4 . 4 * * * * N o 9 5 4 1 6 . 3 2 8 . 4 2 5 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 4 , 5 9 0 1 . 7 8 3 9 2 3 1 . 8 2 5 9 2 9 1 . 8 1 8 9 2 9 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 6 4 1 3 6 . 2 3 2 . 3 3 5 . 8 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 9 4 9 6 3 . 8 6 7 . 7 6 4 . 3 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 1 6 1 1 5 . 5 3 3 . 4 3 1 . 6 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 4 1 2 4 . 5 2 6 . 8 2 6 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 0 2 7 2 7 . 0 2 0 . 6 2 1 . 8 6 t i m e s / d a y 6 1 2 1 5 . 4 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 3 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 5 4 9 1 7 . 6 8 . 2 7 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 5 2 2 3 . 9 3 2 . 6 2 4 . 9 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 3 , 1 7 6 7 2 . 5 6 3 . 1 7 0 . 6 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 6 2 3 . 7 4 . 4 4 . 6 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s . r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s . b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s u s e d i n r e g r e s s i o n . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . ‘ S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 1 4 0 a g e d 2 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( — 1 1 . 5 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 7 . 4 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( 4 2 . 2 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o n - s m o k e r s ( 6 . 0 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 2 8 . 1 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( - 5 . 5 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 7 . 2 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( ~ 9 . 0 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 6 . 2 % ) . 1 1 1 b l a c k w o m e n . t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d ( 7 . 2 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e C h a n g e i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 7 . 5 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( 6 . 9 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 7 . 4 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 2 3 . 5 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 6 . 5 % ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o b r e a s t f e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d ( 1 1 . 6 % ) a n d t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o h a d 3 l i v e b i r t h s a l s o i n c r e a s e d ( 6 . 1 % ) . 5 . S u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r G e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n i n c o m e a n d v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s ( i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) : M o s t o f t h e s i g n i fi c a n t i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ‘ C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n r e m a i n e d w h e n t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , a l c o h o l i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t w a s s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n m e n ( 7 , 7 , a n d 6 1 4 1 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . N o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n m e n ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s c a r r y i n g h e a v y o r l i g h t l o a d s w a s h i g h e r a m o n g l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n t h a n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n ( 3 4 . 3 a n d 3 6 . 2 v s . 2 9 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . M e a n B M I d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r . i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w o m e n ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . M e a n B M I w a s h i g h e s t a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , f o l l o w e d b y m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 2 9 . 4 . 2 8 . 6 , a n d 2 7 . 3 . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . W e i g h t s t a t u s c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o n o r m a l , o v e r w e i g h t . a n d o b e s e . u s i n g B M I c u t - p o i n t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . H o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n m e n . M e a n s c o r e o n t h e d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( c o m p o n e n t 1 ) d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ( p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w o m e n . I n a d d i t i o n t o s i g n i fi c a n t i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . s o m e o f t h e p e r c e n t v a l u e s d i f f e r e d n o t i c e a b l y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p e r c e n t o f s m o k e r s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , 2 3 . 2 % o f h i g h - i n c o m e m e n s m o k e d , w h i l e o n l y 1 5 . 6 % o f h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n s m o k e d ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , t h i s p e r c e n t f o r h i g h - i n c o m e m e n v s . h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n w a s v e r y d i f f e r e n t ( 1 8 . 6 v s . 2 5 . 0 % ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , w h i l e 4 0 . 0 % o f l o w - i n c o m e m e n w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s , 7 2 . 0 % o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s . T h u s , t h e s e 1 4 2 a b s o l u t e v a l u e d i f f e r e n c e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e w e i g h t - i n c o m e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . G e n d e r d i f f e r e g c e s i n a s s o c i a t i o g s b e t w e e n i n c o m e a l _ l d v a r i o u s v a r i a b l e s ( i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) : M o s t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l o b s e r v e d i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n r e m a i n e d w h e n t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , a l c o h o l i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w o m e n ( 2 , 2 . 3 d r i n k s / w e e k a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . M e a n B M I d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n m e n . P e r c e p t i o n a b o u t s u b j e c t s ' o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w o m e n . A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r . h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w o m e n . M e a n s c o r e o n t h e d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( c o m p o n e n t 1 ) d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w o m e n . B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n m e n . M e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , h o w e v e r , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n m e n a n d w o m e n . F a t i n t a k e d i f f e r e d 1 4 3 s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r . h o w e v e r . i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n m e n a n d w o m e n . I n a d d i t i o n t o s i g n i f i c a n t i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n , s o m e o f t h e p e r c e n t v a l u e s d i f f e r e d n o t i c e a b l y b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . F o r e x a m p l e . t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r . w h i l e 4 5 . 3 % o f l o w - i n c o m e m e n h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . 3 8 . 9 % o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , w h i l e 1 7 . 3 % o f l o w - i n c o m e m e n d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y , 2 3 . 1 % o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f o r m e n a n d w o m e n . H o w e v e r , w h i l e 4 2 . 2 % o f l o w - i n c o m e m e n w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s . 7 4 . 1 % o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s . A g a i n , t h e s e a b s o l u t e v a l u e d i f f e r e n c e s m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e w e i g h t - i n c o m e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m e n a n d w o m e n . D i f f e r e g c e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g g n d e r f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , s u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n m e n w e r e s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e , B M I , b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n , e n e r g y i n t a k e . a n d f a t i n t a k e . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n w o m e n d i f f e r e d b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l e x c e p t a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , p e r c e p t i o n a b o u t o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d f a t i n t a k e . I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , s u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n m e n d i f f e r e d b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n w o m e n 1 4 4 d i f f e r e d b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e . n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , b r e a s t f e e d i n g e x p e r i e n c e , a g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e . c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n w e r e : i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 6 . 4 % ) : i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 6 . 3 % ) : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - l 3 . 3 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 2 6 . 9 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s o f n o r m a l w e i g h t ( - 5 . 8 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o u n d e r - a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 7 . 7 % ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 8 . 9 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e C h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w h i t e s ( 6 . 1 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 5 . 4 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 5 . 6 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 . 2 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 5 . 2 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 1 2 . 3 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( 1 d r i n k / w e e k ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 2 4 . 4 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ( - 5 . 6 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - I 1 . 5 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( - 6 . 5 % ) ; a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 5 . 1 % ) . 1 4 5 N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 6 . 0 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 3 . 0 9 1 6 ) : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( - 5 . 7 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 8 . 2 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s a c c u r a t e l y ( 7 . 1 % ) : a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t e m e a l s / s n a c k s 6 t i m e s / d a y ( 5 . 7 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 5 . 9 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 0 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e - i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 5 . 0 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 7 . 0 % ) : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 5 . 6 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 2 3 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o h a d 2 l i v e b i r t h s ( - 5 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( - 7 . 2 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 1 0 . 6 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 1 5 . 6 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 1 3 0 k c a l ) ; a n d d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o u n d e r - r e p o r t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ( - 5 . 2 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e C h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 1 4 . 6 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 7 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 5 . 0 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 5 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s ( - 7 . 9 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e 1 4 6 p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 9 . 9 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s o f n o r m a l w e i g h t ( - 1 5 . 7 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 6 . 6 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 5 2 k c a l ) ; a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( 4 . 7 % ) . N o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f r o m 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n w e r e : d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e ( - 1 0 . 8 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 2 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( - 8 . 4 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d . 4 0 : 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 1 5 . 9 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o n - s m o k e r s ( 5 . 5 % ) ; i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h ( 1 7 . 0 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ( - 6 . 5 % ) a n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e . p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( 6 . 0 % ) ; t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a s s e s s e d t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s a c c u r a t e l y ( 4 . 6 % ) ; d e c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ( - 1 0 . 2 % ) ; a n d i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 7 5 k c a l ) . 6 . S u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( O n l y i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) . m E l e v e n o f 1 9 s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s h o w e d s i g n i fi c a n t o r n o n - . s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l t h a t w e r e c o m m o n r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f r o m l o w . m i d d l e , t o h i g h , t h e p e r c e n t o f . s u b j e c t s w i t h l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d ( 3 9 . 3 , 2 3 . 2 , a n d 8 . 0 % i n w h i t e m e n ; 4 7 . 2 , 2 1 . 5 , a n d 1 2 . 3 % i n b l a c k m e n ; a n d 7 2 . 8 , 4 2 . 4 , a n d 1 4 . 9 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . H i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s h a d a l o w e r p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d t h a n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 1 3 . 9 v s . 3 0 . 8 a n d 2 2 . 3 % i n w h i t e 1 4 7 T a b l e 1 4 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 W h i t e m e n ( 0 / 0 ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 2 , 5 3 9 1 9 . 4 3 5 . 2 4 5 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 7 1 0 3 9 . 3 ' - 2 3 . 2 8 . 0 ” * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 7 6 5 3 3 . 6 3 8 . 0 2 6 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 0 6 4 2 7 . 1 3 8 . 9 6 5 . 6 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 2 5 3 0 . 8 2 2 . 3 1 3 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 9 3 " 2 1 . 2 ' 2 7 . 7 2 4 . 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 7 4 1 3 . 7 1 8 . 9 2 5 . 6 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 3 4 8 8 . 7 9 . O 1 7 . 8 6 0 + y r s 1 . 0 9 9 2 5 . 7 2 2 . 1 1 8 . 7 M a r i t a l s t a t u s , . . . M a r r i e d 1 , 9 6 7 6 6 . 7 7 5 6 7 8 . 9 * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 3 1 0 1 5 . 1 8 . 7 8 . 7 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 6 2 1 8 . 2 1 5 . 7 1 2 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 8 3 0 5 7 . 2 6 3 . 3 7 3 . 6 * * * S m o k e r 7 0 9 ' 4 2 . 8 3 6 . 7 . - 2 6 . 4 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 5 3 9 6 9 0 . 7 6 9 0 . 5 6 9 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 8 1 1 5 . 1 9 . 0 5 . 5 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 2 7 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 1 1 2 . 6 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 8 6 1 1 . 9 1 7 . 5 1 6 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 2 9 1 4 . 9 1 6 . 9 1 8 . 4 4 t h q u i n t i l e 6 0 0 2 2 . 2 2 2 . 7 2 5 . 0 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 1 6 1 5 . 9 1 4 . 8 2 1 . 7 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d . ~ Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 4 8 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n ( ‘ 7 0 ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N l A N / A N / A 3 N / A N l A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 . 5 3 9 2 6 . 6 9 0 3 2 7 . 1 9 0 3 2 6 . 6 9 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 9 5 7 4 3 . 2 3 6 . 9 3 7 . 3 N S O v e r w e i g h t 1 . 0 8 3 3 5 . 6 4 1 . 7 4 5 . 1 O b e s e 4 9 9 2 1 . 2 2 1 . 4 1 7 . 6 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 4 4 8 . 3 6 . 3 3 . 7 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 2 4 6 5 1 . 5 4 3 . 4 4 6 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 1 . 1 4 9 4 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 6 8 8 2 8 . 0 2 3 . 3 2 2 . 8 * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 7 3 5 6 8 . 9 ' 7 2 . 6 7 0 . 5 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 1 6 3 . 1 4 . 2 6 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 9 4 1 2 . 8 1 1 . 7 6 . 1 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 0 2 3 4 1 . 6 3 0 . 8 3 4 . 5 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 3 2 2 4 5 . 7 5 7 . 5 5 9 . 3 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s - 7 6 4 2 2 . 3 3 4 . 6 3 6 . 3 * * * * N o 1 , 7 7 5 7 7 . 8 6 5 . 4 6 3 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 5 3 9 5 . 9 9 0 1 6 . 2 9 0 1 6 . 4 9 0 1 1 4 9 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 9 3 6 8 3 . 3 7 7 . 1 6 7 . 4 * * * * C o n s u m e r 6 0 3 1 6 . 7 2 2 . 9 3 2 . 6 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 2 , 1 5 8 7 8 . 6 7 9 . 5 8 0 . 8 N S N o 3 8 1 2 1 . 4 2 0 . 5 1 9 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 , 5 3 9 2 . 6 8 2 9 7 4 2 . 7 5 0 9 4 2 2 . 6 9 1 9 5 1 N S F a t i n t a k e . s 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 1 3 3 2 . 2 2 9 . 4 3 3 . 0 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 7 2 6 6 7 . 8 7 0 . 6 6 7 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 0 5 2 3 . 5 1 6 . 7 1 7 . 0 * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 6 5 4 2 8 . 9 2 1 . 8 2 2 . 0 5 t i m e s / d a y 5 8 7 1 8 . 2 2 3 . 4 2 6 . 9 6 t i m e s / d a y 3 5 7 1 4 . 5 1 7 . 4 1 2 . 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 4 3 6 1 5 . 0 2 0 . 6 2 1 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 2 4 1 9 . 8 1 3 . 3 1 1 . 8 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 9 5 9 6 9 . 0 7 8 . 6 8 2 . 2 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 5 6 1 1 . 2 8 . 1 6 . 0 1 5 0 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 1 , 5 1 6 4 7 . 2 3 1 . 5 2 1 . 3 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 5 7 0 4 7 . 2 2 1 . 5 1 2 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 5 2 6 3 5 . 4 4 1 . 3 3 2 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 4 2 0 1 7 . 4 3 7 . 2 5 5 . 3 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 3 7 2 9 . 1 2 9 . 5 1 2 . 1 * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 8 6 2 6 . 2 2 9 . 1 3 4 . 3 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 2 7 9 1 7 . 2 1 7 . 6 2 9 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 6 7 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 8 1 5 . 5 6 0 + y r s 3 4 7 1 7 . 5 1 3 . 1 8 . 8 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 8 5 5 4 7 . 6 5 8 . 7 6 3 . 1 * * * W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 7 7 2 0 . 1 1 4 . 1 1 7 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 3 8 4 3 2 . 3 2 7 . 2 1 9 . 0 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 8 5 7 4 6 . 2 6 3 . 1 6 5 . 4 * * * * S m o k e r 6 5 9 5 3 . 8 3 6 . 9 3 4 . 6 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 . 5 1 6 8 9 0 . 6 6 9 0 . 6 6 9 0 . 5 * * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 2 6 1 8 . 8 1 0 . 0 6 . 5 * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 6 9 1 5 . 4 1 8 . 8 1 7 . 6 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 0 6 1 3 . 1 1 4 . 6 1 2 . 9 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 2 6 1 5 . 1 1 3 . 9 1 6 . 9 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 6 9 1 7 . 7 1 8 . 3 1 9 . 0 5 t h q u i n t i l e 3 2 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 . 4 2 7 . 1 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 5 1 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n ( ‘ 7 0 ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 5 1 6 2 6 . 3 9 0 2 2 7 . 1 9 0 3 2 7 . 3 9 0 3 * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 6 2 1 4 7 . 8 3 8 . 2 3 2 . 3 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 5 5 1 3 3 . 8 3 6 . 8 4 4 . 8 O b e s e 3 4 4 1 8 . 4 2 5 . 0 2 3 . 0 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 5 0 1 2 . 6 9 . 0 6 . 5 * * A b o u t r i g h t 8 4 5 5 7 . 5 5 5 . 7 4 9 . 7 O v e r w e i g h t 5 2 1 2 9 . 9 3 5 . 4 4 3 . 8 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 5 3 2 3 5 . 3 3 5 . 6 3 3 . 0 N S A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 9 6 0 6 3 . 3 6 3 . 0 6 4 . 2 O v e r — a s s e s s o r 2 4 1 . 5 1 . 4 2 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 3 1 1 8 . 2 1 7 . 1 1 1 . 4 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 7 1 6 5 0 . 7 4 2 . 4 3 9 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 5 6 9 3 1 . 1 4 0 . 5 4 8 . 9 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 3 7 3 2 0 . 3 2 5 . 7 3 1 . 8 * * N o 1 , 1 4 3 7 9 . 7 7 4 . 3 6 8 . 2 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 . 5 1 6 5 . 5 9 0 1 5 . 8 9 0 1 6 . 1 9 0 1 1 5 2 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s 0 L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 3 2 4 8 9 . 1 8 6 . 3 8 0 . 3 * C o n s u m e r 1 9 2 1 0 . 9 1 3 . 7 1 9 . 7 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 0 2 8 6 5 . 7 6 6 . 5 6 8 . 1 N S N o 4 8 8 3 4 . 3 3 3 . 5 3 1 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 5 1 6 2 . 5 4 3 9 6 8 2 . 6 9 4 9 6 3 2 . 6 3 9 9 9 5 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 7 7 3 1 . 2 2 9 . 9 3 3 . 8 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 3 9 6 8 . 8 7 0 . 1 6 6 . 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 6 8 3 8 . 9 3 3 . 5 3 5 . 5 N S 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 9 4 2 7 . 9 2 4 . 9 2 5 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 6 1 7 . 2 2 1 . 2 1 8 . 0 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 5 1 8 . 1 9 . 5 1 2 . 6 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 2 7 7 . 8 1 1 . 1 8 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 3 7 2 2 3 . 8 2 0 . 6 1 8 . 5 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 0 3 5 6 8 . 0 7 1 . 4 7 6 . 5 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 0 9 8 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 0 1 5 3 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 1 , 6 2 4 6 0 . 8 2 4 . 9 1 4 . 3 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 0 0 3 7 2 . 8 4 2 . 4 1 4 . 9 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 3 5 1 7 . 0 3 1 . 5 3 5 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 8 6 1 0 . 2 2 6 . 2 5 0 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 4 6 9 4 2 . 5 3 3 . 8 2 3 . 1 * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 5 7 2 6 . 3 3 1 . 0 2 9 . 4 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 9 2 1 5 . 6 1 8 . 5 2 3 . 8 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 3 4 7 . 0 8 . 5 1 4 . 7 6 0 + y r s 3 7 2 8 . 6 8 . 3 9 . 0 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 2 4 2 7 6 . 7 7 2 . 8 6 7 . 2 * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 2 0 4 . 4 7 . 6 9 . 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 6 2 1 8 . 9 1 9 . 6 2 3 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 0 8 9 6 2 . 8 7 3 . 3 7 3 . 9 * * S m o k e r 5 3 5 3 7 . 2 2 6 . 7 2 6 . 1 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 6 2 4 7 9 0 . 6 6 9 0 . 5 6 9 0 . 6 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 5 9 2 6 . 1 1 2 . 6 9 . 6 * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 6 5 2 2 . 4 2 3 . 8 1 6 . 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 1 1 1 1 . 3 1 6 . 0 1 4 . 3 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 9 6 1 2 . 6 1 2 . 6 1 5 . 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 7 1 1 5 . 6 1 4 . 7 2 3 . 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 2 2 1 2 . 0 2 0 . 2 2 1 . 5 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 5 4 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( % 1 V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N l A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 6 2 4 2 6 . 6 9 0 2 2 7 . 3 9 0 3 2 7 . 5 9 0 4 * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 5 3 5 3 6 . 6 3 2 . 0 3 0 . 3 N S O v e r w e i g h t 7 3 4 4 6 . 3 4 6 . 5 4 4 . 4 O b e s e 3 5 5 1 7 . 2 2 1 . 5 2 5 . 3 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 7 7 5 . 2 3 . 6 4 . 4 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 8 7 9 5 8 . 9 5 0 . 0 3 9 . 5 O v e r w e i g h t 6 6 8 3 6 . 0 4 6 . 4 5 6 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 5 3 2 3 4 . 3 2 8 . 4 2 2 . 7 * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 5 1 6 3 . 5 6 8 . 4 7 2 . 6 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 4 1 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 7 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 1 0 7 . 3 6 . 7 5 . 0 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 7 6 3 5 2 . 3 3 9 . 9 3 2 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 7 5 1 4 0 . 5 5 3 . 3 6 2 . 2 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 4 3 0 2 1 . 0 3 0 . 4 3 7 . 3 * * N o 1 , 1 9 4 7 9 . 0 6 9 . 6 6 2 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 , 6 2 4 5 9 9 0 . 1 6 . 2 9 0 1 6 . 5 9 0 1 1 5 5 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 3 5 9 8 6 . 0 8 1 . 3 7 1 . 5 * * C o n s u m e r 2 6 5 1 4 . 0 1 8 . 7 2 8 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 1 6 4 7 1 . 3 7 0 . 4 7 6 . 0 N S N o 4 6 0 2 8 . 7 2 9 . 6 2 4 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 6 2 4 2 . 5 8 2 9 4 9 2 7 5 2 9 7 6 6 8 7 3 9 1 1 * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 8 1 4 7 . 8 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 0 * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 9 4 3 5 2 . 3 5 9 . 9 6 9 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 4 6 3 5 . 1 3 1 . 0 1 7 . 4 * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 4 8 8 3 0 . 8 2 4 . 9 2 6 . 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 3 0 7 2 0 . 3 2 1 . 0 2 2 . 0 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 4 2 6 . 8 1 0 . 6 1 4 . 0 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 4 1 7 . 0 1 2 . 6 2 0 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 2 7 9 1 5 . 3 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 5 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 3 7 7 6 . 3 8 0 . 6 8 2 . 0 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 0 8 8 . 4 8 . 5 7 . 5 1 5 6 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 2 , 1 9 9 2 3 . 9 3 4 . 6 4 1 . 5 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 4 7 8 3 6 . 1 1 6 . 7 6 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 6 5 4 0 . 7 4 7 . 8 3 0 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 8 5 6 2 3 . 2 3 5 . 6 6 2 . 8 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 9 8 2 8 . 6 1 6 . 6 1 3 . 3 * * * * 3 0 — 3 9 y r s 4 3 1 2 3 . 0 2 6 . 8 2 3 . 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 3 3 9 . 9 1 9 . 1 2 6 . 5 5 0 — 5 9 y r s 3 1 8 9 . 4 1 1 . 7 1 7 . 1 6 0 + y r s 8 1 9 2 9 . 1 2 5 . 8 2 0 . 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 4 0 8 4 7 . 0 6 9 . 1 7 7 . 5 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 6 3 7 4 3 . 6 2 2 . 3 1 3 . 4 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 5 4 9 . 4 8 . 6 9 . 1 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 6 2 0 5 6 . 9 6 9 . 8 7 8 . 6 * * * * S m o k e r 5 7 9 4 3 . 1 3 0 . 2 2 1 . 4 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 1 9 9 2 9 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 2 3 9 0 . 2 * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 7 4 2 0 . 1 1 5 . 4 7 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 2 9 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 3 1 9 . 3 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 5 3 1 4 . 1 1 9 . 7 1 7 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 3 1 8 1 4 . 4 1 4 . 0 1 6 . 5 4 t h q u i n t i l e 4 7 1 1 9 . 8 2 0 . 5 2 3 . 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 5 4 1 1 . 1 1 0 . 0 1 5 . 6 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 1 , 0 3 6 4 8 . 1 4 5 . 2 4 2 . 4 * * * * N o 7 9 4 3 9 . 7 3 9 . 2 3 1 . 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 3 6 9 1 2 . 2 1 5 . 6 2 6 . 4 1 5 7 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 3 6 9 1 2 . 2 1 5 . 6 2 6 . 4 * * * * 1 3 6 7 1 8 . 3 1 6 . 6 1 6 . 1 2 6 7 6 2 7 . 4 3 1 . 6 3 4 . 6 3 3 8 6 1 8 . 8 1 9 . 5 1 3 . 4 4 2 0 5 1 2 . 3 8 . 1 5 . 5 2 5 1 9 6 1 1 . 0 8 . 6 4 . 0 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e _ < _ 1 1 y r s o l d 3 9 4 1 7 . 5 1 8 . 1 2 0 . 9 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 , 6 7 7 7 7 . 1 7 7 . 2 7 4 . 4 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 2 8 5 . 5 4 . 7 4 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 , 1 9 9 2 7 . 1 9 0 4 2 6 . 5 9 0 3 2 5 . 8 9 0 . * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 5 3 4 7 . 2 5 1 . 4 5 4 . 1 N S O v e r w e i g h t 6 1 8 2 5 . 3 2 4 . 5 2 5 . 9 O b e s e 5 2 8 2 7 . 5 2 4 . 1 2 0 . 0 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 4 5 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 4 N S A b o u t r i g h t 7 0 7 2 9 . 6 3 1 . 6 3 2 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 4 4 7 6 9 . 0 6 6 . 3 6 6 . 5 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 6 0 5 . 3 5 . 0 4 . 1 N S A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 . 6 2 2 7 4 . 7 7 4 . 5 7 2 . 6 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 4 1 7 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 6 2 3 . 3 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 4 7 1 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 5 N S S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 9 7 2 1 . 3 1 9 . 5 2 1 . 1 W e i g h l e s s 1 . 6 5 5 7 6 . 8 7 8 . 4 7 7 . 5 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 1 7 4 . 5 5 . 1 5 4 . 9 6 0 . 3 N S N o 1 . 0 2 5 4 4 . 9 4 5 . 1 3 9 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 1 9 9 7 . 0 9 0 1 7 . 0 9 0 1 7 9 0 . 1 N S 1 5 8 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 , 7 5 8 8 4 . 6 8 0 . 7 7 1 . 9 * * * * C o n s u m e r 4 4 1 1 5 . 4 1 9 . 3 2 8 . 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 8 9 5 7 6 . 9 8 5 . 2 8 6 . 3 * * N o 3 0 4 2 3 . 1 1 4 . 8 1 3 . 7 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 , 1 9 9 1 . 7 2 3 9 3 6 1 , 8 1 5 9 3 0 1 , 7 9 0 9 3 ' r N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 2 0 3 5 . 2 3 3 . 5 3 9 . 1 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 3 7 9 6 4 . 8 6 6 . 5 6 0 . 9 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 6 9 2 3 . 5 1 2 . 6 1 3 . 3 * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 8 2 2 5 . 3 2 6 . 6 2 2 . 5 5 t i m e s / d a y 5 4 8 2 4 . 5 2 6 . 0 2 9 . 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 3 4 4 1 3 . 1 1 6 . 9 1 5 . 6 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 3 5 6 1 3 . 6 1 8 . 0 1 9 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 5 5 1 2 7 . 9 2 0 . 7 2 4 . 2 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 . 5 8 1 6 8 . 8 7 6 . 3 7 1 . 4 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 6 7 3 . 3 3 . 0 4 3 4 1 5 9 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n ( % ) 3 V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 3 3 6 5 4 . 9 2 9 . 2 1 6 . 0 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 3 9 9 3 7 . 3 1 6 . 1 5 . 1 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 5 2 8 4 2 . 4 4 4 . 3 2 5 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 4 0 9 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 0 6 9 . 2 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 8 8 2 7 . 4 1 9 . 3 1 0 . 1 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 3 9 2 2 8 . 3 3 3 . 0 3 1 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 9 2 1 7 . 5 2 4 . 2 3 5 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 5 3 1 0 . 5 1 2 . 7 1 3 . 1 6 0 + y r s 2 1 1 1 6 . 3 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 0 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 5 3 1 2 9 . 3 4 5 . 8 6 0 . 5 * * * * W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 4 5 7 4 0 . 3 2 9 . 0 2 3 . 5 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 3 4 8 3 0 . 4 2 5 . 2 1 5 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 8 4 5 5 7 . 5 6 8 . 3 7 4 . 1 * * S m o k e r 4 9 1 4 2 . 5 3 1 . 7 2 5 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 3 3 6 2 9 0 . 3 2 9 0 . 3 1 9 0 . 3 * * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 3 5 2 8 . 7 2 2 . 0 1 6 . 1 * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 4 6 2 6 . 2 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 4 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 6 8 1 2 . 7 1 1 . 9 1 7 . 5 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 7 7 1 1 . 2 1 7 . 8 1 8 . 6 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 8 7 1 3 . 3 1 6 . 0 1 2 . 4 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 2 3 7 . 9 1 0 . 6 1 4 . 0 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 4 7 6 3 7 . 2 3 2 . 3 2 9 . 7 * N o 7 0 4 5 5 . 8 5 2 . 8 5 1 . 1 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 5 6 7 . 1 1 4 . 9 1 9 . 2 1 6 0 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n J O / ( Q E V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 5 6 7 . 1 1 4 . 9 1 9 . 2 * * * * 1 2 9 4 2 1 . 4 2 8 . 8 2 3 . 9 2 3 4 1 2 4 . 0 2 5 . 9 3 8 . 2 3 2 2 2 1 7 . 9 1 6 . 3 8 . 9 4 1 2 5 1 1 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 2 5 1 9 8 1 8 . 5 9 . 0 4 . 8 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 2 9 7 2 2 . 1 2 4 . 1 2 1 . 2 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 9 2 4 6 8 . 9 6 7 . 5 7 1 . 8 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 1 5 9 . 0 8 . 4 7 . 0 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 3 3 6 2 9 . 3 9 0 3 2 9 . 3 9 0 4 2 8 . 2 9 0 5 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 3 9 9 3 1 . 7 3 3 . 5 3 4 . 1 N S O v e r w e i g h t 4 0 6 3 1 . 3 2 6 . 2 3 4 . 4 O b e s e 5 3 1 3 7 . 0 4 0 . 3 3 1 . 5 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 7 3 6 . 5 4 . 7 2 . 4 * A b o u t r i g h t 3 7 9 3 0 . 4 2 7 . 9 2 0 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 8 8 4 6 3 . 1 6 7 . 4 7 7 . 5 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 0 3 1 7 . 3 1 1 . 2 7 . 4 * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 4 4 7 6 . 2 8 0 . 8 7 5 . 8 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 9 6 . 5 8 . 0 1 6 . 9 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 9 7 8 . 7 6 . 4 3 . 5 * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 0 4 2 5 . 7 2 1 . 3 1 5 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 9 3 5 6 5 . 5 7 2 . 4 8 0 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s . 6 9 6 . . 4 8 . 3 5 5 . 9 6 2 . 2 * * N o 6 4 0 5 1 . 7 4 4 . 1 3 7 . 8 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 . 3 3 6 6 . 6 9 0 1 6 . 9 9 0 1 7 . 2 9 0 1 1 6 1 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n Q / o f ‘ V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n — c o n s u m e r 1 , 2 3 6 9 5 . 2 8 9 . 1 8 4 . 8 * * C o n s u m e r 1 0 0 4 . 8 1 0 . 9 1 5 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 9 5 3 6 7 . 8 7 5 . 3 7 7 . 9 * N o 3 8 3 3 2 . 2 2 4 . 7 2 2 . 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 3 3 6 1 . 8 4 9 9 4 8 1 . 8 3 3 9 4 9 1 . 7 3 1 9 5 5 N S F a t i n t a k e 3 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 4 4 3 3 . 6 3 0 . 7 3 0 . 9 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 9 2 6 6 . 4 - 6 9 . 3 6 9 . 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 6 6 3 9 . 0 2 8 . 6 2 2 . 6 * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 5 8 2 9 . 8 2 5 . 2 1 9 . 5 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 5 6 1 8 . 5 2 0 . 5 2 7 . 9 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 4 4 7 . 8 1 5 . 4 1 4 . 4 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 1 2 5 . 0 1 0 . 2 1 5 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 3 9 3 3 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 8 4 4 6 1 . 1 6 3 . 8 6 8 . 4 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 3 4 . 9 5 . 3 0 . 7 1 6 2 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 0 5 5 5 9 . 2 2 6 . 3 1 4 . 5 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 5 4 9 6 6 . 9 3 2 . 5 1 0 . 9 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 0 7 2 2 . 5 4 3 . 4 3 5 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 9 9 1 0 . 5 2 4 . 1 5 3 . 7 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 8 0 3 2 . 2 2 5 . 5 2 1 . 3 N S 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 8 0 2 9 . 1 3 2 . 3 2 0 . 8 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 1 3 2 0 . 5 2 1 . 3 3 0 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 9 9 8 . 1 1 0 . 5 1 8 . 5 6 0 + y r s 1 8 3 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 4 9 . 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 6 7 3 5 9 . 9 7 3 . 8 7 4 . 2 * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 3 7 2 5 . 1 1 1 . 6 1 4 . 0 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 4 5 1 5 . 0 1 4 . 5 1 1 . 8 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 8 0 6 7 3 . 0 8 1 . 4 8 3 . 1 * S m o k e r 2 4 9 2 7 . 1 1 8 . 6 1 6 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 0 5 5 2 9 0 . 3 2 9 0 . 4 2 9 0 4 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 1 0 3 0 . 5 2 1 . 5 9 . 0 * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 8 2 2 6 . 9 2 4 . 1 2 6 . 6 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 2 7 9 . 4 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 5 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 1 9 1 0 . 0 1 5 . 6 1 5 . 8 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 3 7 1 1 . 7 1 4 . 0 2 0 . 6 5 t h q u i n t i l e 8 0 7 . 6 9 . 3 1 1 . 5 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 5 5 6 5 5 . 1 5 1 . 0 4 6 . 5 * * N o 3 5 5 3 4 . 6 3 2 . 9 2 5 . 4 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 4 4 1 0 . 3 1 6 . 1 2 8 . 1 1 6 3 T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ‘ d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 4 4 1 0 . 3 1 6 . 1 2 8 . 1 * * * * 1 1 4 6 1 1 . 6 1 9 . 3 1 7 . 5 2 2 1 0 2 1 . 1 2 0 . 3 2 6 . 2 3 1 8 9 1 8 . 3 2 1 . 0 1 5 . 7 4 1 4 9 1 7 . 6 1 1 . 6 7 . 1 2 5 2 1 7 2 1 . 1 1 1 . 7 5 . 4 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 2 5 9 2 2 . 9 2 6 . 4 3 3 . 4 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 7 5 5 7 3 . 1 7 0 . 6 6 3 . 1 2 1 6 y r s o l d 4 1 4 . 0 3 . 1 3 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t O v e r w e i g h t O b e s e P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t A b o u t r i g h t O v e r w e i g h t W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r O v e r - a s s e s s o r D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e W e i g h l e s s A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s N o C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 6 4 1 , 0 5 5 3 5 0 3 4 1 3 6 4 2 9 2 9 6 7 3 0 1 2 9 7 9 7 1 2 9 2 7 2 2 8 8 0 0 5 5 3 5 0 2 1 . 0 5 5 2 8 . 6 9 0 4 2 8 . 2 9 0 5 2 7 . 1 9 0 6 N S 3 0 . 4 3 7 . 6 4 4 . 5 N S 3 3 . 4 2 7 . 7 2 4 . 1 3 6 . 3 3 4 . 7 3 1 . 4 4 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 * 2 9 . 1 2 4 . 4 2 4 . 8 6 6 . 7 7 4 . 6 7 4 . 2 1 6 . 0 4 . 4 2 . 9 * * * 7 4 . 5 8 0 . 2 7 6 . 6 9 . 5 1 5 . 4 2 0 . 5 3 . 9 1 . 5 0 . 8 * 2 3 . 0 1 7 . 5 1 6 . 2 7 3 . 1 8 0 . 9 8 3 . 0 5 0 . 5 6 0 . 3 5 7 . 6 N S 4 9 . 5 3 9 . 7 4 2 . 4 6 . 8 9 0 1 7 . 1 9 0 1 7 . 1 9 0 1 * * T a b l e 1 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 9 1 3 9 0 . 8 8 4 . 0 6 9 . 7 * * C o n s u m e r 1 4 2 9 . 2 1 6 . 0 3 0 . 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 7 8 8 7 2 . 9 7 5 . 9 7 7 . 5 N S N o 2 6 7 2 7 . 1 2 4 . 1 2 2 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 0 5 5 1 . 8 2 5 9 3 4 1 . 7 7 2 9 5 0 1 , 8 7 2 9 8 1 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 3 7 7 3 9 . 5 2 9 . 7 3 1 . 6 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 7 8 6 0 . 6 7 0 . 3 6 8 . 4 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 2 6 3 6 . 2 2 5 . 8 2 3 . 4 * 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 0 1 2 7 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 6 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 2 3 2 0 . 1 2 6 . 4 2 0 . 3 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 2 4 1 1 . 2 1 3 . 0 1 5 . 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 8 1 5 . 5 8 . 7 1 4 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 2 6 2 2 4 . 2 2 6 . 7 2 4 . 6 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 7 5 1 7 1 . 8 6 8 . 1 7 0 . 1 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 4 2 4 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s . b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s . a n d B M I ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l , e n e r g y i n t a k e s . a n d B M I b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 O O O 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 1 6 5 m e n ; 1 2 . 1 v s . 2 9 . 1 a n d 2 9 . 5 % i n b l a c k m e n ; a n d 2 3 . 1 v s . 4 2 . 5 a n d 3 3 . 8 % 1 1 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e y h a d a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s a g e d 4 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 4 3 . 4 v s . 2 2 . 4 a n d 2 7 . 9 % i n w h i t e m e n ; 4 4 . 8 v s . 2 7 . 2 a n d 2 8 . 4 % i n b l a c k m e n : a n d 3 8 . 5 v s . 2 2 . 6 a n d 2 7 . 0 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s m o k e r s w a s h i g h e r i n l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 4 2 . 8 v s . 3 6 . 7 a n d 2 6 . 4 % i n w h i t e m e n ; 5 3 . 8 v s . 3 6 . 9 a n d 3 4 . 6 % i n b l a c k m e n ; a n d 3 7 . 2 v s . 2 6 . 7 a n d 2 6 . 1 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s w a s h i g h e r i n l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 5 . 5 v s . 1 5 . 1 a n d 9 . 0 % i n w h i t e m e n ; 6 . 5 v s . 1 8 . 8 a n d 1 0 . 0 % i n b l a c k m e n ; a n d 9 . 6 v s . 2 6 . 1 a n d 1 2 . 6 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t , w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s . a n d w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r w a s l o w e r i n l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 4 0 . 2 v s . 5 0 . 3 a n d 5 0 . 2 % i n w h i t e m e n . 2 9 . 2 v s . 3 5 . 4 a n d 4 3 . 8 % i n b l a c k m e n , a n d 3 6 . 0 v s . 4 6 . 4 a n d 5 6 . 1 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n f o r t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s a s o v e r w e i g h t ; 4 5 . 7 v s . 5 7 . 5 a n d 5 9 . 3 % i n w h i t e m e n , 3 1 . 1 v s . 4 0 . 5 a n d 4 8 . 9 % i n b l a c k m e n , a n d 4 0 . 5 v s . 5 3 . 3 a n d 6 2 . 2 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n f o r t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s ; a n d 2 2 . 3 v s . 3 4 . 6 a n d 3 6 . 3 % i n w h i t e m e n , 2 0 . 3 v s . 2 5 . 7 a n d 3 1 . 8 % i n b l a c k m e n , a n d 2 1 . 0 v s . 3 0 . 4 a n d 3 7 . 3 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n f o r t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w w a s h i g h e r i n h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 3 2 . 6 v s . 1 6 . 7 a n d 2 2 . 9 % i n w h i t e m e n , 1 9 . 7 v s . _ 1 0 . 9 a n d 1 3 . 7 % i n b l a c k m e n , a n d 2 8 . 5 v s . 1 4 . 0 a n d 1 8 . 7 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f 1 6 6 b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s d i d n o t d i f f e r b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . A l t h o u g h t r e n d s o f i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i d n o t d i f f e r r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e d e p e n d e d o n s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . F o r e x a m p l e . t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w h o h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n w a s 3 9 . 3 . 4 7 . 2 , a n d 7 2 . 8 % f o r w h i t e s , b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s w a s 1 5 . 1 . 1 8 . 8 , a n d 2 6 . 1 % f o r w h i t e s , b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p e r c e n t m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n w e i g h t - i n c o m e r e l a t i o n s h i p a c r o s s r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . T h e r e s t o f i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e p e n d e d o n s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . F o r e x a m p l e , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s ( 6 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r a l l i n c o m e l e v e l s ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 7 , 6 , a n d 6 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( 8 , 6 , a n d 6 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a t p < 0 . 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . W h i l e m e a n B M I d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s ( 2 6 . 6 , 2 7 . 1 , a n d 2 6 . 6 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k s ( 2 6 . 3 , 2 7 . 1 , a n d 2 7 . 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) 1 6 7 a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 2 6 . 6 , 2 7 . 3 , a n d 2 7 . 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . W h e n t h e w e i g h t s t a t u s w a s c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o n o r m a l , o v e r w e i g h t . a n d o b e s e , u s i n g B M I c u t - p o i n t , t h e o v e r a l l d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a m o n g w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , w h i l e i t w a s n o t s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n b l a c k s . A c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s . E n e r g y a n d f a t i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n I V I e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( m e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e f r o m f a t i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d [ 2 , 5 8 2 , 2 , 7 5 2 , a n d 2 , 8 7 3 k c a l / d a y a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r e n e r g y i n t a k e ; 5 2 . 3 , 5 9 . 9 , a n d 6 9 . 0 % f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r f a t i n t a k e j ) . T h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k s , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 1 n w h i t e m e n , t h e p e r c e n t o f e n e r g y i n t a k e a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s w a s l o w e r i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 6 9 . 0 v s . 7 8 . 6 a n d 8 2 . 2 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . i W o m e n : E l e v e n o f 2 2 s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s h o w e d s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d f r o m l o w , m i d d l e , t o h i g h , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d ( 3 6 . 1 , 1 6 . 7 , a n d 6 . 3 % i n w h i t e w o m e n ; 3 7 . 3 , 1 6 . 1 , a n d 5 . 1 % i n b l a c k 1 6 8 w o m e n ; a n d 6 6 . 9 , 3 2 . 5 . a n d 1 0 . 9 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f m a r r i e d s u b j e c t s w a s l o w e r a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 4 7 . 0 v s . 6 9 . 1 a n d 7 7 . 5 % i n w h i t e w o m e n ; 2 9 . 3 v s . 4 5 . 8 a n d 6 0 . 5 % i n b l a c k w o m e n ; a n d 5 9 . 9 v s . 7 3 . 8 a n d 7 4 . 2 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d . t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s d e c r e a s e d ( 2 0 . 1 , 1 5 . 4 , a n d 7 . 6 % i n w h i t e w o m e n ; 2 8 . 7 , 2 2 . 0 , a n d 1 6 . 1 % i n b l a c k w o m e n ; a n d 3 0 . 5 , 2 1 . 5 , a n d 9 . 0 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e w h o h a d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n ( 2 4 ) w a s h i g h e r a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 2 3 . 3 v s . 1 6 . 7 a n d 9 . 5 % i n w h i t e w o m e n ; 2 9 . 6 v s . 1 4 . 1 a n d 9 . 9 % i n b l a c k w o m e n ; a n d 3 8 . 7 v s . 2 3 . 3 a n d 1 2 . 5 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . A g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e , t h e w e i g h t s t a t u s t h a t w a s d e t e r m i n e d b a s e d o n t h e B M I c u t - p o i n t , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ‘ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . A s o b s e r v e d i n m e n , a l t h o u g h t r e n d s o f i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s o r i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e s a m e r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e / e t h n i c i t i e s , t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e s d e p e n d e d o n b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w h o h a d l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n w a s 3 6 . 1 , 3 7 . 3 a n d 6 6 . 9 % f o r w h i t e s , b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d r e g a r d l e s s o f s u b j e c t s ’ r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s w a s 2 0 . 1 , 2 8 . 7 , a n d 3 0 . 5 % f o r 1 6 9 w h i t e s , b l a c k s , a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p e r c e n t . a g a i n , m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n w e i g h t - i n c o m e r e l a t i o n s h i p a c r o s s r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s . T h e r e s t o f i n c o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e p e n d e d o n r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . A g e d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) a n d b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s . W h i l e a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s ( 2 , 2 , 3 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a t p < 0 . 0 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a n d b l a c k s ( 2 . 2 , l d r i n k s / w e e k a t p < 0 . 0 1 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( 2 d r i n k s / w e e k f o r a l l i n c o m e g r o u p s ) . W h i l e m e a n B M I d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k s ( 2 9 . 3 , 2 9 . 3 , a n d 2 8 . 2 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a n d M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n s ( 2 8 . 6 , 2 8 . 2 , a n d 2 7 . 1 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w h i t e s ( 2 7 . 1 , 2 6 . 5 , a n d 2 5 . 8 f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a t p < 0 . 0 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . P e r c e p t i o n a b o u t s u b j e c t s ’ o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . A c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w h i t e s . D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n w h i t e s . I n b l a c k s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o _ w e i g h l e s s w a s l o w e r i n l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 6 5 . 5 v s . 7 2 . 4 a n d 8 0 . 8 % i n b l a c k s ; a n d 1 7 0 7 3 . 1 v s . 8 0 . 9 a n d 8 3 . 0 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 1 n b l a c k s , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d a s t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n c r e a s e d ( 4 8 . 3 . 5 5 . 9 . a n d 6 2 . 2 % f o r t h e l o w - , m i d d l e - , a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , w h i l e i t d i d i n w h i t e s ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) a n d b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s , t h e p e r c e n t o f b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m e r s i n l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p s w a s l o w e r t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s ( 7 6 . 9 v s . 8 5 . 2 a n d 8 6 . 3 % i n w h i t e s ; a n d 6 7 . 8 v s . 7 5 . 3 a n d 7 7 . 9 % i n b l a c k s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . W h i l e f a t i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s , i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o h a d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s f r o m f a t w a s l o w e r i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p t h a n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 6 0 . 6 v s . 7 0 . 3 a n d 6 8 . 4 % . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n b l a c k s ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . W E I G H T S T A T U S B Y T H E I N C O M E L E V E L W H E N A G E W A S C O N T R O L L E D B M I a s 3 1 L o u t c o m r e v a r i a b l e : I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e i n w o m e n ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 a n d [ 3 = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 5 ) . I n m e n , t h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l ( T a b l e 1 5 ) . 1 7 1 ) 5 0 A A A A A A A A A M 7 / / / / / / / / / B = N N N N N N N N N n ( * * “ * * * * A / N n e m k c a l B : M B , n e m e t i h w * 1 0 0 0 * 3 * * * 0 0 0 4 * 0 : 0 6 2 . 3 . . . . 6 . 0 M 0 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . W O 0 0 0 A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A A A , n e m o w n a c i r e m A - n a / / / / / / / / / / c N N N N N N N N N N i x e M : W * * “ * * M * * 0 3 0 * * “ * * * * * 0 0 4 7 * 0 , n 2 2 . 3 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m . O . . 0 7 . 0 1 e 0 O 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 * * * 2 1 “ * 0 0 0 4 * * * 0 0 7 7 8 6 . . . . . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . . . - 0 o w k c a l b : 1 0 0 0 W . B < . p n * e * m * * o w 3 0 0 0 * * * * * “ “ * * * . * 1 0 0 3 * * e * * * * * 0 0 * 0 * 3 0 . . . 6 * 4 6 8 0 t 0 i h n 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 . 0 0 e w . O 0 . 0 0 0 < 3 0 O 5 . 3 s 5 R l p : m * W n * a * W c . , i 1 n 0 e . m r e m 0 A < - : p M n t . . P r r r r * , c 8 s s s s 5 a * p 1 3 y y y y s n i e e e r x < > 5 s . 9 9 9 9 y e c m 5 r e t n o R R 8 c l l . e n P P 1 g 2 3 5 4 - - - - + 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 3 5 4 0 m . o M 0 w < : 2 p : M I I R A * M W 1 7 2 T a b l e 1 5 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) 1 w M W B W M W W M ( n = 3 , 3 4 3 ) ( n = 3 , 5 4 2 ) ( n = 1 , 7 6 6 ) ( n = 7 3 2 ) @ 8 4 5 ) ( n = 1 , 9 3 1 ) M M ( Q F Q O G ) ’ A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s . r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . a n d g e n d e r ; o t h e r H i s p a n i c s ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e . b l a c k . o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r t — i c e / e t h n i c i t y c o m b i n e d , a n a l y s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d o n l y i n w h i t e w o m e n a n d m e n . T h i s i s b e c a u s e o t h e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s h a d p r o b l e m s w i t h t h e i r d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s ( n e s t i n g a n d s t r a t u m v a r i a b l e s ) , m a k i n g t h e i r s a m p l e s i z e s t o o s m a l l ( s a m p l e s i z e = l ) t o c o m p u t e v a r i a n c e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s t u d y d e s i g n . I n w h i t e w o m e n . l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 a n d [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 5 ) . w h i l e t h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e m e n ( T a b l e 1 5 ) . I n I 9 8 8 - 9 4 , l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e i n w o m e n ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 a n d 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 . r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n m e n , o n l y m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , l o w — a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e i n w h i t e w o m e n ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 a n d [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 . r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n b l a c k w o m e n , l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e a l s o p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 a n d B = 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , o n l y l o w - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ; T a b l e 1 6 ) r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e . I n w h i t e m e n , m i d d l e - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n b l a c k m e n , l o w - i n c o m e p r e d i c t e d l o w e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o h i g h - i n c o m e ( B = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ; T a b l e 1 6 ) . T h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y 1 7 3 ) 0 * 3 * * * * . “ * * * s 9 * 1 0 0 7 t 2 * * * “ M * 0 0 0 * * n * 0 . 0 5 o . . . 5 1 6 0 M 1 2 0 0 c e j = - - s 0 0 0 b 0 1 0 1 . . . . u n 3 ( 0 0 0 0 ) 4 * * 7 * n s n o e i t m t h s g k e u i c e a * 1 2 2 * q * w “ l 8 * e r B M * , 8 0 0 4 3 0 5 O O O h e B 1 0 t d 0 0 . . : 2 0 = - 0 0 l 0 0 n M . n 0 l u B 3 - a ( ) 3 * 0 * * “ * * * * o d . t n n a e d m n ; o n e * 5 0 0 * * “ * “ a p t 9 1 M * 0 3 0 0 * 0 * * 0 , 0 . 5 . . . 9 8 1 s c i e i h w 2 0 r r W 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . t 0 . 0 e 0 0 0 0 m : o n A M d n i a d c W , n 0 * - * 7 * “ * * * i “ o e * * x 8 * 0 0 e * * 6 h m 7 * “ 8 W * 6 5 0 0 * * 0 w M o , * 3 9 . . 1 9 . 0 w 1 0 0 e r M 2 8 1 0 1 0 0 o 1 0 s = 0 n . O 0 . . 0 0 O 0 o h , a k c t c a ; l i r e m A - ) b A 2 * * * * 3 * * * * ” “ n “ e , m e H 0 0 * 6 * * * “ 1 * * t W * * 0 0 * * 0 i o n N . 1 7 . . . 3 6 6 7 0 w a h ( B 2 w c 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 g 1 = . . . . n n i s 0 0 0 O 3 i n x 0 0 ( p u o ) r 2 “ a t e h a M t t c r a e : * * l W h g 4 * t “ o 1 * * “ “ n 0 0 * 7 * “ / “ * * * t M b u 3 0 0 7 * 0 a s , , 3 1 6 1 3 * . . . 0 7 t n n W 0 0 0 0 1 g c . 1 e s = . 0 1 . 1 e e 0 0 m n 3 0 0 O 0 = . n 3 ( 1 ) 4 ) 9 * n 3 S ( E N g ( n o ) m 7 * r j p o b u w : s e k * * * “ w e r ; e r c a l a 0 “ 7 1 * 0 0 4 d * * * “ d 1 n 0 * * * * b p 0 , * 3 0 0 * * 0 * 0 e : e 0 M d 1 5 8 W 7 g . . . . i h s n o i t a 6 0 1 0 u 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . B = . 0 . . . . l d n n c 0 3 0 0 0 0 ( ) x a e < . p n , e * ; y * m r t * e i * o 4 * * * * l * * * “ 4 * o . i " “ v c w e * * 0 0 * 7 n e 0 * * “ “ 1 r , * * 0 0 * 0 d 0 h t w . . 4 8 1 0 6 . n 0 e 4 i * t 7 7 h n I = 1 1 . . O . e 0 e w 1 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 a / M n 0 d c < 3 0 0 0 0 0 m B ( - l a p : o r * W n s * , a W e s * 5 r c m . o 3 u a i t . , e r a 1 n y t e c < s . 0 e n I . 6 1 . 5 R 8 I . P 5 s s s s t . r r r r 0 2 t . m m 0 A h < - : d g p M n e i * a g e * , c p 1 3 e < > e s y y y y s w n i r e x a , , 5 e 0 5 c m m 9 9 9 9 y s e l 8 o R R r 2 3 5 4 t e l m . o M b c I I . e u o w : t < e + - - - - 0 a n n P P 1 g 0 0 0 0 0 d c 2 3 5 6 4 2 p A n : M T A I I R ’ W i * M 1 7 4 s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . R i s k o f o b e s i g r a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : I n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n ( O R = 2 . 2 1 [ C ‘ l = l . 5 4 . 3 . 1 7 ] a n d O R = 1 . 7 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 2 . 4 4 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 7 ) . I n m e n . t h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l ( T a b l e 1 7 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n ( O R = 2 . 0 9 [ C l = l . 3 4 . 3 . 2 7 ] a n d O R = 1 . 5 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 2 . 3 6 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i l e t h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e m e n ( T a b l e 1 7 ) . I n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n ( O R = I . 9 6 [ C I = 1 . 5 1 , 2 . 5 4 ] a n d O R = 1 . 4 4 [ C l = 1 . l l , 1 . 8 7 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T a b l e 1 8 ) . I n m e n , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 4 3 [ C I = 1 . 1 1 , 1 8 4 ] ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n ( O R = 1 . 7 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 2 . 4 7 ] a n d O R = I . 3 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 1 . 8 1 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n b l a c k w o m e n , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s a l s o i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 3 0 ] a n d O R = 1 . 6 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 , 2 . 5 4 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , t h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l . I n w h i t e m e n , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f 1 7 5 A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / l / / / / N N N N N N N N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 9 9 0 9 9 3 5 5 4 0 0 2 0 4 0 . . . . 0 . . . 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 . . . . , 3 9 0 1 0 5 9 6 , . . 9 9 0 1 0 7 1 2 . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 9 2 2 3 0 0 0 9 8 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 2 7 8 8 8 0 0 6 3 3 8 8 4 0 0 . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 . . , 0 0 . , , 1 1 4 0 2 9 0 0 2 8 4 1 3 2 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 5 7 0 0 2 6 5 9 9 6 0 0 6 7 2 6 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 0 0 4 3 8 9 6 2 0 0 6 9 6 . . . . . . 3 0 1 1 1 1 . 2 2 2 . . . , 2 3 0 0 8 0 2 5 2 , . , 8 0 0 9 9 2 3 2 . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 3 7 0 0 6 0 9 0 1 0 0 3 8 9 . . . . . . . 1 8 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 9 4 2 . ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 0 0 4 1 3 6 2 0 0 9 0 1 0 . . . . . . . 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 . . . . 6 , , , 0 0 9 1 0 4 2 5 . 1 3 3 6 0 0 0 2 . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 0 0 0 6 5 3 6 9 7 0 0 4 5 0 2 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 3 _ < . 5 R 8 s s s s I 5 . P 1 3 e 5 < > r r r r y y y y s r m 5 9 9 9 9 y o R R 8 2 3 4 5 c I I . e - - - - + n P P 1 g I A 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 5 6 1 7 6 T a b l e 1 7 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g j u b g r o g p s ’ ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) W ( n = 3 , 3 4 3 ) M ( n = 3 , 5 4 2 ) W W ( n = 1 , 7 6 6 ) B W ( n = 7 3 2 ) M W ( n = 8 4 5 ) W M ( n = 1 . 9 3 1 ) B M ( n = 7 0 5 ) M M ( n = 9 0 6 ) O R C l O R C l O R C l O R C I O R C l O R C l O R C I O R C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 2 3 ( 0 . 1 7 , 0 . 3 1 ) 0 . 2 3 ( 0 . 1 7 , 0 . 3 3 ) 0 . 1 8 ( 0 . 1 3 , 0 . 2 7 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 0 . 2 2 ( 0 1 4 , 0 3 4 ) N / A N / A N / A 1 l e R 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 N / A N / A 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e . w e i g h t s t a t u s . r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; o t h e r H i s p a n i c s ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e , b l a c k , o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . W : w o m e n , M : m e n . W W : w h i t e w o m e n , B W : b l a c k w o m e n , M W : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n . W M : w h i t e m e n , B M : B l a c k m e n M M : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . ) ) ) ) ) ) 6 6 2 0 8 0 ) 1 0 3 3 4 8 . 3 . . . . . 0 l 0 1 2 5 3 2 9 C , , , , , , 2 7 0 0 9 6 0 3 = . 0 9 1 5 5 . . . . . n ( 0 0 2 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( M 6 6 0 0 3 4 0 1 1 R 1 5 5 0 0 5 2 1 4 W O . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 7 9 4 2 5 2 0 0 ) 3 0 0 2 3 2 5 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 7 0 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 7 l , , C , , , , , , , , 1 6 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 3 9 9 2 8 5 0 = . . n . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( W 4 0 4 4 5 1 M . R 2 0 6 2 6 . O . . . . 2 1 1 1 0 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) 7 0 9 4 6 6 1 1 1 ) 2 2 . 0 3 l 1 C , 2 4 1 = . 0 0 2 9 7 1 . . . . . 1 2 3 5 3 . , . , . 0 3 7 5 1 0 2 8 3 5 . . . . . 1 1 2 1 n 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( W 9 3 8 0 0 8 8 9 1 R 1 7 8 0 0 6 7 6 1 B . O 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 1 5 9 0 0 1 9 4 . . . 5 4 4 4 7 9 2 0 0 . 0 2 1 1 1 . 3 3 5 2 I . . C , , 4 , , . , , . . . 7 0 1 6 0 0 4 7 0 4 0 0 . 1 2 1 2 3 . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 1 8 0 6 0 8 5 5 R 1 8 4 0 0 9 1 0 4 O . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 ) 7 0 ) ) 8 0 8 0 . . 1 1 , , 7 0 1 . 2 0 2 6 = n ( M . . 1 1 ( ( 0 . 0 2 8 0 0 2 6 8 3 1 R 1 0 9 5 3 0 0 4 9 . . . . . . . . . O 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 ) ) ) ) 7 1 1 0 1 6 0 0 ) 0 2 2 1 . . . . 4 l 4 C , , , . 0 9 7 4 0 . 0 6 2 0 . . . . 7 = n ( 0 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( 2 W 1 . 0 8 9 . 7 2 1 1 3 8 . . . 1 1 2 3 5 . 3 s 5 R I t . . r r r r P 8 5 s s s s p 1 3 e e s < > c m 5 r e t n o R R 8 c I I . e n P P g 1 I i A y y y y s 9 9 9 9 y r 2 3 4 5 - — - - + 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 7 T a b l e 1 8 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b g r o g l s ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) ’ W W ( n = 3 . 1 4 2 ) R 2 O R 2 . 0 9 1 . 5 8 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) ( 1 . 3 7 , 2 . 8 5 ) ( 1 . 4 8 , 3 . 1 8 ) ( 2 . 3 3 , 4 . 7 0 ) ( 1 . 3 4 , 2 . 4 6 ) 0 . 0 3 C l ( 0 . 0 9 , 0 . 1 6 ) ( 1 . 0 5 . 1 . 8 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 0 0 ) ( 1 . 5 0 , 2 . 8 3 ) ( 2 . 0 6 , 4 . 3 1 ) ( 1 . 5 1 , 2 . 4 8 ) 0 . 0 3 ( 1 . 2 8 , 2 . 3 4 ) ( 1 . 3 1 , 2 . 6 9 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 4 1 . 3 7 1 . 3 9 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 ( 1 . 1 0 , 2 . 2 1 ) ( 1 . 2 2 . 2 . 0 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7 3 . 2 1 0 0 6 7 6 1 0 3 0 0 7 5 6 7 . . . . . . . . ) 0 4 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 g n i t , a e , 0 l t , t e C , , , i , . , , , , c 3 9 3 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 5 9 7 0 2 0 0 a h m l w o n e , . . m 1 . . . . . . . c / 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 n 1 1 t n = ( n ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( n a i 0 k . 0 a h , c n n n t a l g e o e r B . M m r e s s p : h o M n t 8 0 0 6 9 8 t 1 6 8 0 0 2 3 7 : o 8 o c M w . . . . . . . e k 0 0 r 1 1 1 3 1 2 t s j b c . i e B ) ) ) ) e u a s t , w s e c l n u e b e d t m q j e : h b e u d g h W s e t 2 5 0 0 u t i 4 0 6 0 . . . . ) 0 4 l 1 1 1 7 , C , , , 8 8 9 1 0 , 1 = n 1 4 7 0 . . . . 0 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( l e l ; c l r w x r e a B i h , w . n t e d e o n t d n a e : ; r e n m M c d fi g u o W e n v w o , o d d p e n n i n g ( i M d a a s s t n i e n e a r , ; h n m y l y n w B 7 0 6 0 9 8 o e l R 2 0 0 2 1 3 . . . . . O . 0 t t d a a i w m l o o n c c : c i 1 1 1 1 1 i i n W n t s d n h r a s a i e c W i r c t t a i e a d m i , ) d 5 . e y ' 0 t n 3 S / A t r r o e n s h c e n a m e m a m w r A A r e e 2 c e , i : - e - M n n o w c ( 8 t 5 R 8 5 I . . P s s s s a e g M t i n i r r r r a t t d x s s o u a a e e h . c t c d 1 p 1 3 y y y y s s e x h r x e m < > e s e r g s ; o e e 5 c m 9 9 9 9 t y n M i t M l h , o l 8 r 2 4 3 5 l o R R e k b e t c I I . e m - - - - + u g c : : h w 0 0 0 0 0 a d i g a n n P 1 P g A i e l o : W M 2 3 6 5 4 T A I I 1 M M H w w b W 1 7 8 R 2 0 . 7 2 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 7 5 , 1 . 5 2 ) ( 0 . 8 1 . 1 . 8 0 ) ( 0 . 7 9 , 1 . 8 0 ) ( 1 . 0 7 , 1 . 7 9 ) 0 . 0 1 O R 0 . 2 2 o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 2 . 2 0 ] a n d O R = 1 . 4 6 [ C I = 1 . 1 0 . 1 . 9 3 ] . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I n b l a c k m e n a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , t h e r e w e r e n o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l . C H A N G E S I N A G E S T A N D A R D O Z E D P R E V A L E N C E O F O B E S I T Y A M O N G T H E S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E T h e a g e s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e U . S . i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 3 . 6 t o 3 1 . 1 % ( 7 . 5 % ) o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e ( T a b l e 1 9 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e d a l m o s t a l l s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n m e n , t h e p r e v a l e n c e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 1 . 1 t o 2 7 . 7 % ( 6 . 6 % ) . w h i l e i t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 6 . 0 t o 3 4 . 5 % ( 8 . 5 % ) i n w o m e n . W h i l e t h e p r e v a l e n c e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 8 . 8 t o 3 5 . 8 % ( 7 . 0 % ) i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p , i t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 5 . 6 t o 3 3 . 8 % ( 8 . 2 % ) i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d f r o m 1 8 . 6 t o 2 7 . 0 % i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 . 4 % ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , t h e p r e v a l e n c e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 2 . 2 t o 2 9 . 6 % ( 7 . 4 % ) i n w h i t e s , w h i l e i t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 3 1 . 7 t o 3 9 . 8 % ( 8 . 1 % ) i n b l a c k s a n d f r o m 2 9 . 4 t o 3 3 . 4 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s ( 4 . 0 % ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r c o m b i n e d , t h e h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e w a s a m o n g t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n f r o m 2 7 . 1 t o 3 7 . 9 % ( 1 0 . 8 % ) , f o l l o w e d b y t h e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n ( f r o m 1 7 . 8 t o 2 6 . 7 % ; 8 . 9 % i n c r e a s e ) , l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n ( f r o m 3 3 . 7 t o 4 2 . 4 % ; 8 . 7 % i n c r e a s e ) , h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( f r o m 1 9 . 6 t o 2 7 . 3 % ; 7 . 7 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n ( f r o m 2 4 . 0 t o 2 9 . 8 % ; 5 . 8 % i n c r e a s e ) , a n d l o w - i n c o m e m e n ( f r o m 2 2 . 9 t o 2 8 . 0 % ; 5 . 1 % i n c r e a s e ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e . a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y c o m b i n e d , i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e w a s h i g h e s t a m o n g t h e h i g h — i n c o m e . M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( f r o m 2 5 . 1 t o 3 9 . 3 % ; 1 4 . 2 % i n c r e a s e ) , f o l l o w e d b y t h e h i g h - 1 7 9 T a b l e 1 9 . C h a n g e s i n t h e a g e - s t a n d a r d i z e d p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , u s i n g t h e 2 0 0 0 S t a n d a r d P o p u l a t i o n W i t h o u t a d j u s t m e n t W i t h a d j u s t m e n t S u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 B y g e n d e r T o t a l 2 3 . 0 3 1 . 2 2 3 . 6 3 1 . 1 M e n 2 0 5 2 7 . 7 2 1 . 1 2 7 . 7 W o m e n 2 5 . 5 3 4 . 8 2 6 . 0 3 4 . 5 B y i n c o m e L o w - i n c o m e 2 6 . 3 3 3 . 8 2 8 . 8 3 5 . 8 M i d - i n c o m e 2 4 . 8 3 3 . 9 2 5 . 6 3 3 . 8 H i g h - i n c o m e 1 9 . 0 2 8 . 1 1 8 . 6 2 7 . 0 B y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 2 1 . 8 3 0 . 1 2 2 . 2 2 9 . 6 B l a c k 3 0 . 2 3 9 . 3 3 1 . 7 3 9 . 8 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n 2 6 . 4 3 1 . 5 2 9 . 4 3 3 . 4 B y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r L o w i n c o m e m e n 2 0 . 8 2 6 . 1 2 2 . 9 2 8 . 0 M i d - i n c o m e m e n 2 2 . 9 2 9 . 9 2 4 . 0 2 9 . 8 H i g h - i n c o m e m e n 1 8 . 2 2 7 . 6 1 7 . 8 2 6 . 7 L o w i n c o m e w o m e n 3 0 . 8 4 0 . 2 3 3 . 7 4 2 . 4 M i d - i n c o m e w o m e n 2 6 . 7 3 8 . 0 2 7 . 1 3 7 . 9 H i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n 1 9 . 8 2 8 . 7 1 9 . 6 2 7 . 3 B y i n c o m e , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r W h i t e , l o w - i n c o m e m e n 2 2 . 1 2 8 . 7 2 4 . 3 3 0 . 4 W h i t e , m i d - i n c o m e m e n 2 2 . 8 2 9 . 9 2 3 . 9 2 9 . 7 W h i t e , h i g h - i n c o m e m e n 1 7 . 6 2 6 . 8 1 7 . 0 2 5 . 7 B l a c k , l o w - i n c o m e m e n 1 8 . 3 2 1 . 0 1 9 . 0 2 1 . 7 B l a c k , m i d - i n c o m e m e n 2 4 . 7 3 0 . 5 2 4 . 7 3 1 . 8 B l a c k , h i g h - i n c o m e m e n 2 3 . 8 3 2 . 7 2 5 . 8 3 3 . 0 M e x - A m , l o w - i n c o m e m e n 1 8 . 2 2 1 . 2 2 3 . 6 2 3 . 4 M e x - A m , m i d - i n c o m e m e n 2 1 . 8 2 8 . 9 2 3 . 9 3 0 . 1 M e x - A m , h i g h - i n c o m e m e n 2 7 . 6 3 8 . 5 2 7 . 5 3 9 . 7 W h i t e , l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n 2 8 . 1 3 7 . 6 3 0 . 7 4 1 . 0 W h i t e , m i d - i n c o m e w o m e n 2 4 . 6 3 5 . 7 2 5 . 0 3 5 . 1 W h i t e , h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n 1 9 . 1 2 7 . 1 1 8 . 8 2 5 . 7 B l a c k , l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n 3 8 . 0 4 9 . 9 4 1 . 5 5 0 . 3 B l a c k . m i d - i n c o m e w o m e n 4 1 . 2 5 2 . 6 4 2 . 4 5 3 . 3 B l a c k , h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n 2 9 . 4 4 6 . 1 3 1 . 0 4 3 . 3 M e x - A m , l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n 3 4 . 0 3 9 . 2 3 7 . 0 4 0 . 9 M e x - A m , m i d - i n c o m e w o m e n 3 5 . 6 3 6 . 6 3 5 . 9 3 5 . 2 M e x - A m , h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n 2 9 . 2 3 8 . 5 2 5 . 1 3 9 . 3 1 8 0 i n c o m e b l a c k w o m e n ( f r o m 3 1 . 0 t o 4 3 . 3 ; 1 2 . 3 % i n c r e a s e ) , h i g h - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( f r o m 2 7 . 5 t o 3 9 . 7 % : 1 2 . 2 % i n c r e a s e ) . m i d d l e - i n c o m e b l a c k w o m e n ( f r o m 4 2 . 4 t o 5 3 . 3 % ; 1 0 . 9 % i n c r e a s e ) . l o w - i n c o m e w h i t e w o m e n ( f r o m 3 0 . 7 t o 4 1 . 0 % ; 1 0 . 3 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e - i n c o m e w h i t e w o m e n ( f r o m 2 5 . 0 t o 3 5 . 1 % : 1 0 . 1 % i n c r e a s e ) , l o w - i n c o m e b l a c k w o m e n ( f r o m 4 1 . 5 t o 5 0 . 3 % ; 8 . 8 % i n c r e a s e ) , h i g h - i n c o m e w h i t e m e n ( f r o m 1 7 . 0 t o 2 5 . 7 % ; 8 . 7 % i n c r e a s e ) . h i g h - i n c o m e b l a c k m e n ( f r o m 2 5 . 8 t o 3 3 . 0 % ; 7 . 2 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e - i n c o m e b l a c k m e n ( f r o m 2 4 . 7 t o 3 1 . 8 % ; 7 . 1 % i n c r e a s e ) , h i g h - i n c o m e w h i t e w o m e n ( f r o m 1 8 . 8 t o 2 5 . 7 % : 6 . 9 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( f r o m 2 3 . 9 t o 3 0 . 1 % : 6 . 2 % i n c r e a s e ) , l o w - i n c o m e w h i t e m e n ( f r o m 2 4 . 3 t o 3 0 . 4 % ; 6 . 1 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e - i n c o m e w h i t e m e n ( f r o m 2 3 . 9 t o 2 9 . 7 % ; 5 . 8 % i n c r e a s e ) , l o w - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( f r o m 3 7 . 0 t o 4 0 . 9 % ; 3 . 9 % i n c r e a s e ) , l o w - i n c o m e b l a c k m e n ( f r o m 1 9 . 0 t o 2 1 . 7 % : 2 . 7 % i n c r e a s e ) , m i d d l e — i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( f r o m 3 5 . 9 t o 3 5 . 2 % : 0 . 7 % i n c r e a s e ) . a n d l o w - i n c o m e 1 \ " l e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( f r o m 2 3 . 6 t o 2 3 . 4 % ; 0 . 2 % i n c r e a s e ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y w i t h o u t a g e - s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d t h e o n e w i t h a g e - s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n w a s v e r y s m a l l , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a s w e l l a s s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i s n o t d u e t o a g i n g p o p u l a t i o n s i n t h e U . S . o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y A M O M G T H E S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S L o g - t r a n s f o g n e d m e a n B M I a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : T h e f o l l o w i n g 1 t h o u g h 4 w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f B M I t h a t w e r e i d e n t i fi e d a m o n g v a r i o u s s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . F r o m 5 , t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t h a t w e r e i d e n t i fi e d w e r e b a s e d o n t h e r e g r e s s i o n s a d j u s t e d f o r t h e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 s i n c e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 d i d n o t h a v e 1 8 1 a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . T h u s , a d j u s t e d N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t e s t e d f o r a f e w e r n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s . I . P r e d i c t o r s i n g e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( ( 3 2 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 1 — 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 O 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( ( 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( I 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 t i m e s / d a y ( [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 1 ( T a b l e 2 0 ) . I n w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y 1 8 2 T a b l e 2 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 4 2 " “ 0 . 0 9 2 . 2 6 " ” " * " r 0 . 1 2 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n — H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 1 . 8 5 s P I R s 3 . 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 * * 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 2 4 h r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 " 0 . 0 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 2 * * * * 0 . 0 0 1 8 3 T a b l e 2 0 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E [ 3 S E D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 W a l k a l o t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * ” 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 1 h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 N o N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 N / A N / A - 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 2 2 N / A N / A - 0 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 3 N / A N / A — 0 . 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 4 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 2 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 2 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 4 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 * * * * 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 1 8 4 T a b l e 2 0 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s 8 S E j ; S E B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 3 * ” 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ~ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 1 ’ D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 8 5 ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s 1 h o u r / d a y . s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 : 0 0 . 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h a v i n g o n e l i v e b i r t h ( B = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . o r t h r e e l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 9 ( T a b l e 2 0 ) . 2 . P r e d i c t o r s i n i n c o m e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s I h o u r / d a y , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r - p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e 1 8 6 t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( [ 1 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( ( 1 2 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . a n d c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d I t i m e / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k . I n a d d i t i o n b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( j l = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 9 ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s l h o u r / d a y , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 0 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 7 ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g o n l y l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( B = 0 _ . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g 1 8 7 T a b l e 2 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 8 S E 8 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 4 1 “ “ 0 . 1 2 2 . 4 1 ” “ 0 . 1 6 2 . 3 8 “ “ 0 . 1 1 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 0 4 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 “ 0 . 0 0 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B l a c k 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 6 " 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 0 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 0 4 ” 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 6 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 0 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V . v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 0 2 4 h r s 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 1 * * * 0 . 0 0 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 0 W a l k a l o t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 8 8 T a b l e 2 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 0 8 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 2 “ 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 5 ’ D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * p < 0 . 0 5 . * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 8 9 a c o m p u t e r f o r S l h o u r / d a y , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 " ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . 3 . P r e d i c t o r s i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n w h i t e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r S I h o u r / d a y , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r b y w a l k i n g a l o t ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o I 9 0 p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n t h e d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t . c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n I t i m e / w e e k , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s o r s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( l 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 2 2 . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o u l d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f b l a c k s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s d u e t o t h e p r o b l e m s w i t h s t u d y d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . 4 . P r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( l 3 = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k , a n d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 7 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . 1 9 1 T a b l e 2 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I i n w h i t e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 0 * * * * 0 . 0 8 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 0 6 * “ 0 . 0 1 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e S 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 0 2 “ 0 . 0 1 2 4 h r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 . 0 0 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 0 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 W a l k a l o t 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 2 T a b l e 2 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 4 0 . 0 3 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 5 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g — t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * p < 0 . 0 5 . * * p < 0 . 0 1 . p < 0 . 0 0 1 . p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 9 3 T a b l e 2 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E 8 S E ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 6 * * * * 0 . 1 2 2 . 6 5 * * * * 0 . 1 9 2 . 5 1 “ “ 0 . 1 4 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 “ 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 6 * * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V . v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 4 h r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 1 * 0 . 0 0 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 W a l k a l o t , 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 4 T a b l e 2 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d N l A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * ” 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 4 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 0 1 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 1 9 5 T a b l e 2 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M l l v l H I M V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 5 4 0 . 4 9 I 9 6 T a b l e 2 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 2 9 * * * * 0 . 1 5 2 . 3 5 * * * * 0 . 2 2 2 . 2 1 " “ 0 . 1 7 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 8 * " 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 2 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s - 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 — 3 9 y r s 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s - 0 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 6 0 + y r s - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 7 * “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e S 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 7 * " 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 2 4 h r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 " 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 W a l k a l o t 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 7 T a b l e 2 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 1 3 S E 8 S E L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 1 3 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 0 * * 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 N o 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 2 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 3 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 8 * * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 1 1 “ 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 1 6 * “ 0 . 0 4 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 O . 1 0 * * * 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 4 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 4 t i m e s / w k - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 1 9 8 T a b l e 2 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E 8 S E F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 3 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 1 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ‘ 1 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * p < 0 . 0 5 . * * p < 0 . 0 1 . p < 0 . 0 0 1 . p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 1 9 9 I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 4 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r a M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( n = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 3 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . I n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y s i t t i n g ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( B = 0 . I 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 : 0 1 ] a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n - d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . I n 2 0 0 a d d i t i o n , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 3 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r S l h o u r / d a y , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( j 3 = 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( 8 = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( [ 3 = - 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r t h r e e l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 2 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r S l h o u r / d a y , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 1 3 : 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . I 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( [ 3 = O . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e 2 0 1 o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 1 ( T a b l e 2 3 ) . 5 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n g e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d l 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n m e n : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( l l - E 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( ( 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 0 ( T a b l e 2 4 ) . I n w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 5 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( B = O . 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e — t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g 2 0 2 T a b l e 2 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 4 2 " “ 0 . 0 8 2 . 3 2 * * * * 0 . 1 2 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 6 * “ 0 . 0 2 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * * 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 7 * * * 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 2 * * * * 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 0 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 0 3 T a b l e 2 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E 8 S E B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N o N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 N / A N / A — 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 2 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 3 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 4 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 1 3 “ “ 0 . 0 2 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 2 0 4 T a b l e 2 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 8 S E N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 0 0 . 4 7 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g — t r a n s f o r m e d B M I . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . “ * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 0 5 i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n I t i m e / w e e k , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n . t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h a v i n g o n e l i v e b i r t h ( I 3 = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . o r t h r e e l i v e b i r t h s ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 7 ( T a b l e 2 4 ) . I n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n m e n : b e i n g b l a c k ( [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . e a t i n g 2 0 6 m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s o r s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 l a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) . I n w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 1 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 2 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) . 6 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n i n c o m e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d l 9 8 8 - 9 4 T a b l e 2 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 5 7 * * * * 0 . 0 6 2 . 2 3 * * * * 0 . 0 9 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 2 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 4 ” “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 3 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 0 0 1 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 — 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 6 * “ 0 . 0 1 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 4 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 3 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 “ 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * * 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 2 * * * * 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 , 0 0 5 * “ 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 0 8 T a b l e 2 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s fi S E [ 3 S E B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N o N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 2 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 3 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 7 " " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 9 * * * “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n s u m e r - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 " 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 " 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 ' 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 2 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 0 9 I n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p : b e i n g b l a c k ( j 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . o r 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 1 t i m e / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n ‘ I t i m e / w e e k . I n a d d i t i o n b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 9 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 4 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s 2 1 0 T a b l e 2 6 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e ‘ ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 8 S E ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 4 1 * * * * 0 . 1 1 2 . 4 4 * * * * 0 . 1 8 2 . 4 3 “ “ 0 . 1 1 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 8 * * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B l a c k 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 7 * " 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n - 0 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 0 7 * " 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 * * * 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N O a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 9 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 7 * “ 0 . 0 2 1 s t r q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 “ “ 1 1 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 S t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 1 1 T a b l e 2 6 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s j S E ( 3 S E 6 S E C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 1 0 " “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 4 0 . 4 3 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t - p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( l 3 = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( j 3 = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( n = — 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 3 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) . I n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y 2 1 3 ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s o r s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( j 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 4 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 0 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 2 1 4 T a b l e 2 7 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 8 S E ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 9 * * * * 0 . 0 7 2 . 4 0 * * * * 0 . 1 1 2 . 5 4 * * * * 0 . 0 8 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 4 " 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B l a c k 0 . 0 5 * * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * " 0 . 0 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 * “ 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 — 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 — 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 5 * * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i l i t o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 * * * 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 * * 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N 0 a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 1 8 1 q u i n t i l e 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * " 0 . 0 1 _ 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 “ “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 “ “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 " “ 0 . 0 0 2 1 5 T a b l e 2 7 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s 0 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n s u m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 5 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 4 0 . 4 0 0 . 3 8 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( ( 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( n = — 0 m a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 8 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) . 7 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n w h i t e s : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t 2 1 7 p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( ( 3 = - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 4 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) . I n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n w h i t e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 O 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 9 a t 2 1 8 T a b l e 2 8 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I i n w h i t e s 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s [ 5 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 5 “ ” 0 . 0 8 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 . 0 6 “ “ 0 . 0 1 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 4 * “ 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 1 9 T a b l e 2 8 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 3 ” 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 4 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 . * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) I ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( n = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 9 ( T a b l e 2 9 ) . I n b l a c k s . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r m i d d l e - i n c o m e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e . h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , o r 5 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 2 9 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t 2 2 1 T a b l e 2 9 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 M e x i c a n - W h i t e s B l a c k A m e r i c a n V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E ( 3 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 4 7 * * * * 0 . 0 6 2 . 3 8 * * * * 0 . 0 7 2 . 4 9 * * * * 0 . 0 8 G e n d e r M a l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 F e m a l e - 0 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 4 “ " 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 3 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 0 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 P I R > 3 . 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 — 3 9 y r s 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 5 * * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * " 0 . 0 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * * * * 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 2 2 T a b l e 2 9 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - W h i t e s B l a c k A m e r i c a n V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n s u m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * " 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 3 * " 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 " 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 3 9 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 0 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * " p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( f 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a w o m a n ( [ 3 = — 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n a n d c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o n o t c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 0 ( T a b l e 2 9 ) . 8 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r b e t w e e n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k , a n d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 7 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 3 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . 2 2 4 ' T a b l e 3 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 1 L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 4 * * * * 0 . 1 1 2 . 6 6 * * * * 0 . 1 8 2 . 5 1 * * * * 0 . 1 3 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e > H i g h s c h o o l A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 0 + y r s M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r S m o k e r A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N o N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 1 1 " 1 0 . 0 7 * * 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 “ 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 2 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 3 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A T a b l e 3 0 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E 8 S E ( 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 0 9 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * ” 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 4 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 5 3 0 . 4 8 2 2 6 T a b l e 3 0 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E [ 3 S E 1 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 6 “ “ 0 . 1 5 2 . 4 3 * * * * 0 . 2 4 2 . 2 6 * * * * 0 . 1 8 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 2 0 1 1 * " 0 . 0 3 0 0 9 * 0 . 0 3 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s - 0 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l ' 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 0 0 9 * 0 . 0 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 6 0 + y r s - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 4 0 0 9 “ 0 . 0 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 7 * " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 1 4 * * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 “ 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 8 “ 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 N o 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 2 7 T a b l e 3 0 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E [ 3 S E 8 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 2 - 0 . 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 - 0 1 2 * * * 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 3 3 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 6 * * 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 4 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 - 0 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 1 1 “ 0 . 0 4 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 1 7 * “ 0 . 0 4 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 “ “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 4 t i m e s / w k - 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 - 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 8 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 2 8 I n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n . h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 1 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( l 3 = — 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( B = 0 . l l a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d I 2 2 9 t i m e / w e e k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n I t i m e / w e e k . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( l 3 = - 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r t h r e e l i v e b i r t h s ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( [ 3 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 0 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d o r s e p a r a t e d 2 3 0 d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( I F - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e i n g m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 2 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B r - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 7 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( j 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( B = - 0 O l a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 2 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . 2 3 1 T a b l e 3 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E [ 3 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 5 8 * * * * 0 . 0 8 2 . 5 7 “ “ 0 . 1 2 2 . 6 0 * * * * 0 . 0 9 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e > H i g h s c h o o l A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 0 + y r s M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d N e v e r m a r r i e d ’ o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r S m o k e r A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N o N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 " 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 0 0 4 " " 0 . 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 2 3 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 3 " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * * 0 0 3 * “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 5 * * - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 0 5 * 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 N / A N / A N / A T a b l e 3 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E ( 3 S E 8 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 0 6 “ “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 1 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 2 2 3 3 T a b l e 3 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E 8 S E 8 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 1 8 * * * * 0 . 1 2 2 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 1 3 2 . 4 0 * * * * 0 . 1 4 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 8 “ “ 0 . 0 1 0 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * “ 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 7 “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 7 “ 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 8 “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 4 * * * * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 5 * " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s O . 1 0 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 6 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 N o 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 3 4 T a b l e 3 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E 4 3 S E [ 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 1 2 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 " 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 “ “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 3 0 . 4 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 I n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 6 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n — s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . a n d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( I F - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( B = O . l 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e 2 3 6 w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 3 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g b l a c k ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 l 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 2 0 . 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( t 3 = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( j 3 = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 0 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . 9 . P r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n w h i t e l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 1 3 = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 7 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . 2 3 7 T a b l e 3 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 W h i t e m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 5 9 * * * * 0 . 1 1 2 . 5 9 * * * * 0 . 1 4 2 . 6 1 * * * * 0 . 1 0 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 — 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 0 4 0 . 0 2 — 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r ' 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 3 8 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E j S E ( 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N l A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r — 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 * * 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 2 2 3 9 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E [ 3 S E ( 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 5 0 * * * * 0 . 0 9 2 . 5 8 “ “ 0 . 1 1 2 . 7 3 * * * * 0 . 1 7 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 4 0 - 4 9 y r s - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 — 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 ” 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 1 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 2 n d q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 3 r d q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 N o 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 0 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E [ 3 S E fi S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 « 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 3 * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 5 1 2 4 1 0 . 5 3 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d — i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E 1 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 7 6 * * * * 0 . 1 0 2 . 6 4 * * * * 0 . 1 0 2 . 5 4 * * * * 0 . 2 0 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 7 * “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 6 0 + y r s 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 6 * * 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 4 2 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h — i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 6 S E [ 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 7 * * " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r — 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 0 1 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 8 2 4 3 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 1 7 * * * * 0 . 1 6 2 . 1 4 * * * * 0 . 1 4 2 . 4 0 * * * * 0 . 1 5 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 1 1 * " 0 . 0 3 O . 1 0 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 1 5 * * * * 0 . 0 3 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 0 2 0 . 0 4 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 0 1 0 . 0 4 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 6 “ 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 3 - 0 . 0 4 * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 1 1 * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s 0 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 N o 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 4 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E 8 S E [ 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 — 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 1 5 * * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 0 6 " 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 1 0 “ “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 0 " " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 — 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 3 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 2 2 4 5 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 1 3 S E 8 S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 2 5 " " 0 . 1 4 2 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 2 0 2 . 8 8 * * * * 0 . 2 3 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 9 “ 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 1 2 * " 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 1 6 * * * * 0 . 0 3 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 6 6 0 + y r s 0 . 1 6 " ” 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 0 " 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 0 1 0 * 0 . 0 5 W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 0 6 * “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 8 * “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 1 1 * 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 7 * * 0 . 0 5 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 * * 0 . 0 4 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3 * * 0 . 0 4 3 r d q u i n t i l e - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 “ 0 . 0 4 4 t h q u i n t i l e - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3 “ 0 . 0 4 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r C h i l d Y e s - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 8 N o 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 6 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s 8 S E 8 S E 1 3 S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 1 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 8 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 7 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 O . 1 0 * * * ” 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n u s m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 0 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 4 2 4 7 T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s ( 3 S E [ 3 S E fi S E I n t e r c e p t 2 . 3 2 “ “ 0 . 1 6 2 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 2 3 2 . 2 1 * * * * 0 . 3 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e O . 1 0 * * * 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 0 8 * “ 0 . 0 2 0 1 3 * " 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 0 8 * * 0 . 0 3 0 1 1 * 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 6 6 0 + y r s 0 1 1 * “ 0 . 0 2 0 1 5 * “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 5 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 7 0 . 0 5 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 6 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n — s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 5 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 1 " 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 7 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s - 0 0 6 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 N o _ - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 0 4 , 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 8 N J O b V l T a b l e 3 2 ( c o n t ' d ) V a r i a b l e s N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 5 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n S 1 1 y r s o l d 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 1 6 y r s o l d C o m p o n e n t 1 3 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r C o n u s m e r B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s N o E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e [ 3 S E ( 3 S E ( 3 S E 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 3 0 . 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 “ " 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 1 0 1 0 " “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 — 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 — 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 1 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 5 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m ‘ o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * p < 0 . 0 5 , * * p < 0 . 0 1 . * * * p < 0 . 0 0 1 . * * * * p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 4 9 I n w h i t e m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n w h i t e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 2 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( l 3 = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g 2 5 0 m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t u n e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 9 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 3 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 1 3 2 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 1 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n h ' l e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g m a r r i e d ( [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e e n m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 1 1 : 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 7 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , o r 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , w h i l e p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( I 3 = - 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 8 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . 2 5 1 I n w h i t e l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 : 1 1 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( [ 3 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 1 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n w h i t e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 = 0 . 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( l 3 = 0 l l a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y ( j 3 = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 2 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . 2 5 2 I n w h i t e h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 2 0 . 1 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n . t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 0 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( j 3 = 0 . 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 — 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 0 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( j 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 5 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o 2 5 3 b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( 1 5 : 1 1 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( [ 3 : 0 1 ] a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q t r i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . a n d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g m a r r i e d ( I F - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r b e i n g w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d ( I F - 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e e n m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r . R 2 w a s 0 . 5 2 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n b l a c k h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g m a r r i e d ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( l 3 = 0 . l 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( [ 3 = 0 . 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , - a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( l 3 = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 4 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) o r h a v i n g h i g h . s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 = 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( I 3 = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s 2 5 4 o l d . a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n . e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I ( [ 3 : - 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 1 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n h ’ l e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) , 4 0 — 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) . 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 7 — 7 0 . 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 1 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( ( 3 : 0 1 I a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . I l a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) , a n d n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t d e c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 9 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( 8 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) i n c r e a s e d m e a n B M I . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 5 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a s a n L o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : T h e f o l l o w i n g 1 t h o u g h 4 w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k t h a t w e r e i d e n t i fi e d a m o n g v a r i o u s s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . F r o m 5 , t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t h a t w e r e i d e n t i fi e d w e r e b a s e d o n t h e l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n s a d j u s t e d f o r t h e N H A N E S I 9 8 8 - 9 4 s i n c e N H A N E S l 9 8 8 - 9 4 d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . T h u s , a d j u s t e d N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t e s t e d f o r a f e w e r n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s . 1 . P r e d i c t o r s i n g e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 2 5 5 I n m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 7 6 [ C I = 1 . I 4 , 2 7 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 1 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 4 . 7 7 [ C l = 3 . 5 7 , 6 3 8 ] ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = I . 2 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 1 5 6 ] ) . a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 8 5 [ C l = 0 . 7 5 . 0 . 9 7 ) ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 8 ( T a b l e 3 3 ) . I n w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 . 2 3 [ C I = 1 . 4 0 , 3 5 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 2 . I I [ C I = 1 . 2 8 , 3 . 4 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 0 8 [ C I = 1 . I 3 , 3 . 8 5 ) ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 6 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 2 6 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 8 5 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 2 6 9 ] ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 2 . 2 7 [ C l = l . 3 8 , 3 7 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r S I h o u r / d a y . s p e n d i n g t h e d a y s i t t i n g ( O R = 2 . I 8 [ C I = 1 . 4 4 , 3 3 0 ] ) o r w a l k i n g a l o t ( O R = 1 . 7 0 [ C I = 1 . I O . 2 6 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 7 8 [ C I = 1 . 5 0 , 5 . 1 3 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 . 7 O [ C I = 1 . I O , 2 6 3 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 . 7 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 9 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 9 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 6 , 6 7 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 6 . 4 6 [ C I = 4 . 4 5 , 9 3 6 ] ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = I . 3 4 [ C I = 1 . I I , 1 6 2 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 7 3 [ C I = O . 6 2 , 0 8 6 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 3 ( T a b l e 3 3 ) . 2 5 6 T a b l e 3 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 7 6 ( 1 . 1 4 . 2 . 7 1 ) 2 . 2 3 ( 1 . 4 0 . 3 . 5 5 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 6 4 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 9 . 1 . 0 6 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 9 2 , 2 . 1 4 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 9 2 . 2 . 1 4 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 8 ( 1 . 0 5 . 2 . 1 0 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 6 0 . 2 . 0 4 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 1 6 ) 2 . 1 1 ( 1 . 2 8 , 3 . 4 9 ) 1 . 8 5 S P I R S 3 . 5 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 8 0 . 1 . 8 6 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 8 6 , 2 . 3 3 ) P I R > 3 . 5 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 0 . 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 8 4 , 2 . 8 9 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 7 7 . 2 . 4 8 ) 2 . 0 8 ( 1 . 1 3 , 3 . 8 5 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 5 . 2 . 8 5 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 4 . 2 . 0 3 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 7 6 . 3 . 1 6 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 7 1 . 2 . 5 4 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 0 3 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 5 7 , 1 . 4 1 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 3 , 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 1 , 1 . 6 5 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 6 2 , 1 . 0 4 ) 1 . 6 8 ( 1 . 0 8 , 2 . 6 1 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e S 1 h r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 - 3 h r s 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 8 1 . 1 . 5 4 ) 1 . 8 5 ( 1 . 2 7 , 2 . 6 9 ) 2 4 h r s 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 8 1 , 2 . 0 6 ) 2 . 2 7 ( 1 . 3 8 . 3 . 7 5 ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 7 5 , 0 . 9 7 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 6 2 . 0 . 8 6 ) 2 5 7 T a b l e 3 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 8 . 1 . 9 4 ) 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 4 4 , 3 . 3 0 ) W a l k a l o t 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 0 . 2 . 0 5 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 1 . 1 0 , 2 . 6 3 ) C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 . 6 5 ) 2 . 7 8 ( 1 . 5 0 . 5 . 1 3 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 4 , 2 . 0 5 ) 2 . 0 3 ( 1 . 0 9 . 3 . 7 9 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 4 6 , 1 . 5 0 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 8 1 . 2 . 8 5 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 0 1 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 1 . 0 5 . 2 . 9 7 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 8 4 . 2 . 5 3 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 . 7 2 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 5 8 . 2 . 6 0 ) N o N / A N / A 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 5 8 , 3 . 2 9 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h , 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 N / A N / A 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 6 , 1 . 1 4 ) 2 N / A N / A 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 9 , 1 . 0 6 ) 3 N / A N / A 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 7 , 1 . 2 8 ) 4 N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 N / A N / A 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 5 0 , 2 . 5 1 ) A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e g g 7 S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 2 . 9 1 ( 1 . 2 6 . 6 . 7 2 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 9 0 , 3 . 0 3 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 4 . 7 7 ( 3 . 5 7 . 6 . 3 8 ) 6 . 4 6 ( 4 . 4 5 , 9 . 3 6 ) C o m p o n e n t 2 ‘ 1 1 . 2 9 ( 1 . 0 8 . 1 . 5 6 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 6 2 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 9 , 1 . 6 4 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 8 3 , 2 . 1 9 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 5 , 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 7 1 , 1 . 5 6 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 3 . 1 . 6 2 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 8 9 , 2 . 5 9 ) 2 5 8 T a b l e 3 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 5 8 , 1 . 3 0 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 9 5 , 1 . 8 5 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 9 7 , 2 . 6 1 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 8 , 1 . 6 3 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 6 6 , 1 . 3 7 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 9 2 . 1 . 6 3 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 9 4 , 2 . 4 5 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 9 0 , 2 . 6 1 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 5 4 . 1 . 4 7 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 9 1 , 2 . 1 7 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 6 3 , 1 . 6 3 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 6 8 , 1 . 5 3 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 . 1 9 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 . 3 6 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 % R 2 0 . 2 8 0 . 3 3 1 . D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 5 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l l l l . 9 . 3 5 ; . L 1 1 . . I i i . . . . i n 3 m . 3 & 3 “ . i s . 1 . 3 . . 3 l . u . v . . 1 1 . . . w . n v i l : t a . n n . ‘ . : . t . t u c U fl J i a h . i t ( « 1 . 1 2 . . . . n . . 2 3 . : I . . . . L I B R A R Y M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T o A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e f o r e d a t e d u e . M A Y B E R E C A L L E D w i t h e a r l i e r d u e d a t e i f r e q u e s t e d . D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E 6 / 0 7 p : / C I R C / D a t e D u e . i n d d - p . 1 C H A N G E S I N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y P R E V A L E N C E A M O N G U . S . S U B P O P U A L T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E V O L U M E 1 1 B y S a o r i O b a y a s h i A D I S S E R T A T I O N S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l fi l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y D e p a r t m e n t o f F o o d S c i e n c e a n d H u m a n N u t r i t i o n 2 0 0 7 2 . P r e d i c t o r s i n i n c o m e s u b p u p u i a t i o u g r o u p s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 9 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 | , 3 . 7 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = l . 4 6 [ C I = 1 . 1 2 , 1 9 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 0 6 [ C l = l . 8 3 , 5 . 1 4 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 5 4 [ C I = 1 . 4 2 , 4 5 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e — t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 4 . 6 2 [ C I = 3 . 3 5 , 6 . 3 9 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = l . 3 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , [ 6 4 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 6 5 [ C I = 0 . 4 3 . 0 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 6 ( T a b l e 3 4 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 3 . 4 2 [ C l = l . 9 8 . 5 9 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e . w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 2 8 . 3 6 9 ] ) o r _ > _ 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 2 . 2 7 [ C l = l . 3 9 , 3 . 7 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s l h o u r / d a y , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 5 . 1 7 [ C l = 3 . 3 3 , 8 . 0 1 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = I . 4 2 [ C l = l . l l , l . 8 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 2 ( T a b l e 3 4 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 2 . 0 2 [ C l = l . 0 7 , 3 . 8 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 0 [ C l = l . 3 9 , 5 2 3 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 1 [ C l = l . 2 9 , 3 . 8 l ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 9 4 [ C l = l . l l , 3 . 3 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a 2 6 0 T a b l e 3 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i g y r i s k b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 8 6 ( 0 5 6 , 1 3 1 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 4 8 , 1 4 3 ) 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 4 6 , 0 . 8 8 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 3 3 ( 0 8 3 , 2 1 3 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 . 3 3 ) 2 . 0 2 ( 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 8 1 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 9 0 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 7 3 , 1 6 2 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 7 9 , 1 8 1 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 , 0 0 1 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) B l a c k 1 . 9 6 ( 1 0 1 , 3 7 9 ) 3 . 4 2 ( 1 . 9 8 , 5 . 9 2 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 6 6 , 2 . 2 2 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n 0 . 6 5 ( 0 4 3 , 0 9 9 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 6 1 , 2 1 6 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 3 , 1 . 9 6 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 1 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 9 1 ( 0 . 7 7 , 4 . 7 3 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 2 5 , 1 2 9 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 6 7 , 3 . 6 2 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 9 2 , 3 . 3 7 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 2 8 , 2 4 2 ) 2 . 7 0 ( 1 . 3 9 , 5 . 2 3 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 5 0 , 3 . 2 1 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 5 1 , 3 9 8 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 8 6 , 3 . 5 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 6 , 2 . 0 7 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 6 0 , 3 6 8 ) 2 . 2 1 ( 1 . 2 9 , 3 . 8 1 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 5 , 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 0 , 2 . 5 0 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 3 8 , 1 2 9 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 . 6 1 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 2 9 , 1 2 9 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 3 3 , 1 5 8 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 4 6 ( 1 . 1 2 , 1 . 9 1 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 6 1 , 2 6 0 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 6 6 , 1 6 2 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 1 . 0 0 ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 3 1 h r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 - 3 h r s 1 . 1 4 ( 0 7 2 , 1 8 0 ) 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 2 8 , 3 . 6 9 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 9 0 , 1 8 3 ) 2 4 h r s 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 8 6 , 2 . 3 2 ) 2 . 2 7 ( 1 . 3 9 , 3 . 7 3 ) 1 . 9 4 ( 1 . 1 1 , 3 . 3 7 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 1 ( 0 6 3 , 1 0 3 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 8 0 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 6 3 , 0 8 6 ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 9 , 2 . 2 5 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 8 4 , 2 . 7 4 ) 1 . 9 3 ( 1 . 2 9 , 2 . 9 0 ) W a l k a l o t 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 9 3 , 2 . 5 2 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 9 0 , 2 . 4 8 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 9 7 , 2 . 7 7 ) C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) . 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 6 1 T a b l e 3 4 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 . 0 6 ( 1 . 8 3 , 5 . 1 4 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 8 3 . 3 . 8 2 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 8 3 , 3 . 3 0 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 6 8 , 3 . 2 0 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 5 . 2 . 5 0 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 8 2 . 2 . 8 7 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 3 . 2 . 3 1 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 . 9 1 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 5 4 . 1 . 9 2 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 . 5 4 ( 1 . 4 2 , 4 . 5 6 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 7 . 2 . 5 5 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 7 5 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 6 1 . 4 . 5 3 ) 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 2 8 . 1 . 7 8 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 . 5 9 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 4 . 6 2 ( 3 . 3 5 , 6 . 3 9 ) 5 . 1 7 ( 3 . 3 3 , 8 . 0 1 ) 7 . 0 4 ( 4 . 0 2 , 1 2 . 3 2 ) C o m p o n e n t z ‘ 1 . 3 4 ( 1 . 0 9 . 1 . 6 4 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 8 2 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 9 7 , 1 5 1 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 7 5 ( 0 9 1 , 3 3 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 6 8 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 8 . 1 . 8 8 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 2 2 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 9 . 1 . 6 1 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 5 3 , 2 . 1 4 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 0 2 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 3 . 2 . 9 0 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 4 . 2 . 3 1 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 7 . 1 . 4 6 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 8 7 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 . 0 6 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 9 9 , 2 . 0 1 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 5 5 , 2 . 6 8 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 8 2 . 2 . 3 7 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 4 ( 0 7 0 , 1 2 8 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 0 6 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 7 3 . 1 . 4 9 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s . < . 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 9 6 ( 0 8 1 . 4 7 5 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 5 6 , 2 . 9 5 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 2 8 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 4 7 , 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 4 5 . 2 . 7 6 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 9 , 2 . 2 6 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 1 1 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 4 1 , 1 6 4 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 6 . 1 . 9 6 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 4 5 , 4 . 4 9 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 3 9 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 1 8 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 6 ' D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 6 2 c o m p u t e r f o r s l h o u r / d a y , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y s i t t i n g ( O R = l . 9 3 [ C l = l . 2 9 , 2 9 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 7 . 0 4 [ C l = 4 . 0 2 , 1 2 3 2 ] ) . a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 - l [ C I = 0 . 6 3 . 0 8 6 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a w o m a n ( O R = 0 . 6 3 [ C l = 0 . 4 6 , 0 8 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 6 ( T a b l e 3 4 ) . 3 . P r e d i c t o r s i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n w h i t e s . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = l . 4 6 [ C l = l . 0 6 . 2 0 2 ] ) ( T a b l e 3 5 ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 9 6 [ C l = l . 2 7 , 3 0 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h — i n c o m e g r o u p . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = l . 9 0 [ C l = l . 0 9 , 3 3 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r / d a y ( O R = l . 5 2 [ C l = l . l 7 , l . 9 7 ] ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = l . 7 3 [ C l = l . l S , 2 6 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s l h o u r / d a y . s p e n d i n g t h e d a y s i t t i n g ( O R = I . 6 5 [ C ‘ l : l . 2 7 . 2 . l 3 ] ) o r w a l k i n g a l o t ( O R = l . 5 6 [ C l = l . l 2 . 2 1 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 0 7 [ C I = I . 2 3 , 3 4 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 6 . 0 0 [ C l = 4 . 0 9 , 8 8 1 ] ) . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = l . 3 4 [ C l = l . l 7 , l . 5 3 ] ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = l . 5 6 [ C l = l . 0 6 , 2 2 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 8 0 [ C I = 0 . 6 9 , 0 9 2 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a w o m a n ( O R = 0 . 7 l [ C I = 0 . 5 4 , 0 9 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 8 ( T a b l e 3 5 ) . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y 2 6 3 T a b l e 3 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k i n w h i t e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 5 4 , 0 . 9 4 ) E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 6 ( 1 . 0 6 , 2 . 0 2 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 7 9 , 1 . 7 7 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 1 . 9 6 ( 1 . 2 7 , 3 . 0 2 ) 1 . 8 5 s P I R s 3 . 5 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 0 , 2 . 0 5 ) P I R > 3 . 5 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 6 , 2 . 3 8 ) 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 1 . 9 0 ( 1 . 0 9 , 3 . 3 1 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 7 1 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 9 9 , 3 . 0 4 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 6 8 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 4 9 , 1 . 5 1 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 8 5 , 1 . 6 1 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 - 3 h r s 1 . 5 2 ( 1 . 1 7 , 1 . 9 7 ) 2 4 h r s 1 . 7 3 ( 1 . 1 5 , 2 . 6 0 ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) ? 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 6 9 , 0 . 9 2 ) 2 6 4 T a b l e 3 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 . 6 5 ( 1 . 2 7 , 2 . 1 3 ) W a l k a l o t 1 . 5 6 ( 1 . 1 2 , 2 . 1 8 ) C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 0 7 ( 1 . 2 3 . 3 . 4 8 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 8 5 . 2 . 6 0 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 7 3 . 1 . 6 7 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 0 9 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 7 7 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 6 . 0 0 ( 4 . 0 9 , 8 . 8 1 ) C o m p o n e n t 2 4 1 . 3 4 ( 1 . 1 7 , 1 . 5 3 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 2 , 2 . 0 2 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 7 3 , 1 . 6 6 ) . > . 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 0 7 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 8 3 , 1 . 6 9 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 4 5 ( 1 . 0 0 , 2 . 1 3 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 8 1 . 1 . 4 2 ) 2 6 5 T a b l e 3 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 6 ( 1 . 0 6 , 2 . 2 9 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 3 , 1 . 6 2 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 7 0 . 1 . 4 8 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 6 . 2 . 0 9 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 8 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g — t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t 2 6 6 c o u l d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y f o r o t h e r r a c e / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a l i o n g r o u p s d u e t o t h e r e a s o n s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . 4 . P r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 2 . 8 7 [ C l = l . 4 5 , 5 6 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 5 I [ C l = l . 0 5 . l l . 7 l ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 4 . 7 3 [ C I = 2 . 9 8 , 7 . 5 0 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 5 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C l = l . 2 9 . 6 7 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g m a r r i e d ( O R = 2 . 7 I [ C l = l . 0 3 , 7 | l ] ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e i n g m a r r i e d o r l o v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 8 5 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 1 2 5 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 5 . 2 6 [ C I = 3 . I 6 . 8 . 7 4 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = l . 8 2 [ C l = l . l l , 2 9 8 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n . b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 2 9 [ C I = 0 . 0 9 , 0 9 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 4 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 3 2 , 3 . 6 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 6 [ C l = l . 1 2 , 4 5 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R ‘ - f 5 . 9 1 [ C I = 3 . 4 0 , 1 0 2 7 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e 2 6 7 T a b l e 3 6 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 6 5 , 3 . 4 2 ) 2 . 9 4 ( 1 . 2 9 , 6 . 7 0 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 7 0 , 2 . 9 2 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 4 1 , 4 1 5 ) 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 3 2 . 3 6 1 ) E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 6 6 , 3 . 1 7 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 6 , 2 . 1 9 ) 2 . 0 3 ( 0 . 7 8 , 5 . 2 6 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 2 . 8 7 ( 1 . 4 5 . 5 6 9 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 7 5 . 2 . 0 3 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 6 4 , 2 0 2 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 4 , 7 . 1 5 ) 0 . 2 9 ( 0 . 0 9 , 0 . 9 0 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 5 6 . 3 . 5 7 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 8 7 ( 0 7 2 , 4 8 3 ) 0 . 2 5 ( 0 . 0 5 . 1 . 1 5 ) 2 . 2 6 ( 1 . 1 2 , 4 . 5 7 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 7 3 . 4 . 3 3 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 2 8 . 2 . 9 3 ) 1 . 9 4 ( 0 . 7 2 , 5 . 2 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 4 9 ( 0 5 3 . 4 1 9 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 1 4 , 3 . 0 7 ) 2 . 1 4 ( 0 . 8 8 , 5 . 2 2 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 6 4 , 3 . 2 9 ) 2 . 7 1 ( 1 . 0 3 , 7 . 1 1 ) 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 3 2 . 1 . 5 8 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 4 3 . 2 . 8 6 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 2 1 . 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 1 8 . 1 . 5 2 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 9 5 ( 0 5 4 . 1 6 7 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 3 0 , 2 0 6 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 4 6 , 1 2 4 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 - 3 h r s 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 7 3 , 2 . 3 4 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 2 9 . 2 . 0 7 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 6 7 ) 2 4 h r s 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 7 2 . 3 . 6 9 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 4 5 . 2 . 5 9 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 5 8 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( i l i t o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 7 1 . 1 . 1 8 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 2 . 0 8 8 ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 8 6 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 4 9 . 3 . 7 0 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 2 0 ) W a l k a l o t 1 . 8 0 ( 0 . 9 4 . 3 . 4 8 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 4 8 . 2 0 0 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 4 . 2 6 7 ) C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 2 9 ( 0 6 9 , 7 6 0 ) 3 . 8 5 ( 1 . 1 8 , 1 2 . 5 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 8 . 2 . 1 4 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e _ 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 3 5 . 3 . 2 6 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 3 3 , 4 . 0 4 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 7 , 2 . 4 0 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 3 4 , 5 . 2 8 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 2 8 . 2 9 1 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 3 0 . 1 . 6 1 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 3 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 5 . 1 4 . 4 7 ) 2 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 0 . 1 0 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 2 7 . 1 . 8 1 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 3 . 5 1 ( 1 . 0 5 . 1 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 3 3 . 4 . 6 2 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 6 6 . 2 . 3 4 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 6 8 T a b l e 3 6 ( c o n t ' t y L l M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 4 . 7 3 ( 2 . 9 8 , 7 . 5 0 ) 5 . 2 6 ( 3 . 1 6 , 8 . 7 4 ) 5 . 9 1 ( 3 . 4 0 . 1 0 . 2 7 ) C o m p o n e n t 2 “ 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 3 0 . 1 . 7 4 ) 1 . 8 2 ( 1 . 1 1 , 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 8 3 , 1 . 6 0 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 7 4 . 4 . 1 5 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 1 2 , 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 4 , 2 . 1 0 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 8 5 ( 0 . 8 2 , 4 . 1 7 ) 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 2 0 , 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 3 4 , 1 . 9 9 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 . 9 9 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 4 9 , 4 . 0 7 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 6 , 1 . 7 5 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 4 5 , 1 . 6 9 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 1 4 . 1 . 8 6 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 5 4 . 2 . 3 1 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 6 6 , 3 . 8 2 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 4 7 . 3 . 1 3 ) 3 . 4 9 ( 1 . 2 2 , 9 . 9 8 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 1 4 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 6 . 2 . 1 7 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 5 1 , 1 . 3 1 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 4 9 , 4 . 8 4 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 3 6 . 4 . 1 8 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 6 5 , 4 . 0 4 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 2 7 , 2 . 6 0 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 2 4 , 2 . 8 0 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 8 , 2 . 1 9 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 2 7 . 2 . 0 9 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 2 7 , 2 . 9 9 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 7 3 , 2 . 4 2 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 3 2 , 4 . 3 6 ) . 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 3 5 , 3 . 9 5 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 6 2 , 2 . 8 7 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 4 0 . 2 7 2 6 9 T a b l e 3 6 E o n t ' d ) L l W M l W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 2 . 4 2 ( 1 . 0 0 . 5 . 8 3 ) 5 . 7 2 ( 1 . 7 3 , 1 8 . 9 3 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 3 , 2 . 9 2 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 2 8 . 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 4 9 , 1 5 1 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 1 8 . 1 . 2 3 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 0 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 6 4 , 3 . 8 9 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 4 3 , 4 . 7 5 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 3 1 , 3 . 3 6 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 2 . 2 . 3 4 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 5 9 , 2 . 1 2 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 9 9 ( 0 . 8 0 , 4 . 9 6 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 1 . 3 . 3 5 ) 2 . 4 4 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 4 . 3 0 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 7 0 , 3 . 7 4 ) 2 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 4 . 7 . 6 9 ) 3 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 9 , 1 4 . 7 2 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 1 5 , 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 8 5 ( 0 . 5 6 . 6 . 1 8 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 3 9 , 4 . 4 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 1 8 . 1 . 8 5 ) 3 . 9 1 ( 1 . 0 7 , 1 4 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 3 9 , 4 . 9 1 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 4 2 , 1 . 6 6 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 2 9 . 4 . 3 0 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 2 4 . 1 . 7 5 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 4 0 , 2 . 6 4 ) 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 1 6 . 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 2 2 . 3 . 3 1 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 9 3 ( 1 . 2 0 . 3 . 0 9 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 7 1 , 3 . 2 9 ) 2 . 6 1 ( 1 . 1 4 . 5 . 9 5 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 8 4 ) 5 . 3 3 ( 2 . 9 2 , 9 . 7 4 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 9 0 . 3 . 4 9 ) 2 4 h r s 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 4 4 , 2 . 5 2 ) 4 . 8 3 ( 2 . 4 8 , 9 . 4 2 ) 4 . 0 1 ( 1 . 9 3 , 8 . 3 3 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 3 9 , 0 . 9 1 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 5 6 . 1 . 0 1 ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 4 7 . 3 . 2 4 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 6 7 , 4 . 1 8 ) 4 . 3 9 , ( 1 . 9 6 . 9 . 8 4 ) W a l k a l o t 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 5 7 . 3 . 6 0 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 6 4 , 3 . 8 6 ) 2 . 0 5 ( 0 . 9 2 . 4 . 5 6 ) C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h _ N o a c t i v i t i e s 4 . 6 7 ( 1 . 2 1 , 1 7 . 9 9 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 3 0 , 1 . 9 9 ) 4 . 5 8 ( 1 . 4 5 , 1 4 . 4 7 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 8 . 9 . 9 2 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 2 5 , 2 . 9 8 ) 3 . 6 6 ( 1 . 3 1 . 1 0 . 2 6 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 2 8 , 5 . 9 3 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 1 . 1 . 6 5 ) 2 . 5 7 ( 0 . 8 2 . 7 . 9 9 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 3 . 0 2 ( 0 . 9 6 , 9 . 4 7 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 0 , 1 . 5 9 ) 2 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 5 . 5 . 9 9 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 2 0 , 4 . 8 3 ) 0 . 2 5 ( 0 . 0 7 , 0 . 8 8 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 3 6 , 2 . 8 5 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 7 0 T a b l e 3 6 ( c o n t ' d ) L l W M l W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 2 . 0 3 ( 0 . 5 2 , 7 . 8 5 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 3 9 , 5 . 5 1 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 2 1 . 3 . 7 2 ) N o 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 4 , 9 . 1 7 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 4 4 . 5 . 8 9 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 2 9 , 5 . 2 3 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 2 4 , 2 . 5 2 ) 0 . 4 2 ( 0 . 1 2 . 1 . 4 5 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 1 1 . 1 . 9 5 ) 2 0 . 3 1 ( 0 . 1 0 , 0 . 9 6 ) 0 . 1 4 ( 0 . 0 4 , 0 . 4 2 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 4 2 . 4 . 3 9 ) 3 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 6 , 1 . 7 6 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 5 , 1 . 3 2 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 2 7 . 3 . 5 2 ) 4 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 3 5 , 3 . 9 0 ) 0 . 3 0 ( 0 . 0 9 , 0 . 9 6 ) 3 . 2 1 ( 0 . 5 7 , 1 8 . 1 6 ) A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 3 . 3 3 ( 0 . 6 8 , 1 6 . 3 2 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 2 7 , 4 . 4 6 ) 3 . 9 4 ( 1 . 1 0 , 1 4 . 0 8 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 4 3 . 6 . 5 4 ) 0 . 4 9 ( 0 . 1 2 . 2 . 0 1 ) 2 . 4 5 ( 0 . 7 7 . 7 . 8 1 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 5 . 1 4 ( 3 . 5 5 . 7 . 4 4 ) 7 . 2 6 ( 3 . 1 7 . 1 6 . 6 3 ) 4 7 . 5 2 ( 9 . 9 7 . 2 2 6 . 6 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 2 “ 1 . 6 5 ( 1 . 0 5 , 2 . 6 0 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 9 7 . 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 9 , 1 9 2 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 3 . 2 . 9 1 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 7 9 . 3 . 1 5 ) 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 5 4 , 3 . 7 7 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 5 5 , 1 . 4 4 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 4 5 , 2 . 3 0 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 5 0 , 3 . 1 6 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 4 5 . 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 6 9 . 4 . 5 8 ) 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 5 9 , 5 . 2 4 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 8 9 ) 2 . 0 4 ( 0 . 8 2 . 5 . 0 6 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 5 4 . 2 . 5 7 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 6 5 , 2 . 2 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 1 , 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 . 2 9 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 3 1 ) 2 . 7 7 ( 1 . 3 7 . 5 . 5 9 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 7 2 , 2 . 4 0 ) 2 7 1 T a b l e 3 6 ( c o n t ' d ) L l W M l W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s s t i m e s / d a y 2 . 5 0 ( 0 . 9 9 , 6 . 2 9 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 4 7 . 4 . 3 3 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 4 1 4 . 2 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 3 ( 0 4 7 . 2 2 5 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 5 3 . 4 . 1 8 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 8 , 6 . 4 2 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 6 0 . 2 . 0 9 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 6 8 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 7 , 7 . 7 2 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 4 3 , 5 . 1 6 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 5 8 . 2 . 9 3 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 0 0 . 3 8 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d o n a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t 2 7 2 ( O R — 3 . 4 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 9 9 8 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 7 4 [ C I = 0 . 6 2 , 0 8 8 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 9 3 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 3 0 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 4 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 1 7 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 5 . 1 4 [ C I = 3 . 5 5 , 7 4 4 ] ) , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 1 . 6 5 [ C l = l . 0 5 , 2 . 6 0 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( O R = O . 5 9 [ C l = 0 . 3 9 . 0 9 1 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 3 1 [ C l = 0 . 1 0 . 0 9 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 8 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 5 . 7 2 [ C I = 1 . 7 3 , 1 8 9 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 9 1 [ C l = l . 0 7 , 1 4 3 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 5 . 3 3 [ C I = 2 9 2 , 9 . 7 4 ] ) o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 4 . 8 3 [ C l = 2 . 4 8 . 9 4 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r s l h o u r / d a y , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 7 . 2 6 [ C l = 3 . l 7 , 1 6 6 3 ] ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( O R = 2 . 7 7 [ C I = 1 . 3 7 , 5 5 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g . < _ 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 0 . 2 5 [ C l = 0 . 0 7 , 0 8 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h a v i n g t w o l i v e b i r t h s ( O R = 0 . 1 4 [ C l = 0 . 0 4 . 0 . 4 2 ] ) o r 2 5 l i v e b i r t h s ( O R = 0 . 3 0 [ C l = 0 . 0 9 , 0 9 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 0 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . 2 7 3 I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 2 . 6 1 [ C l = l . 1 4 . 5 9 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y ( O R = 4 0 1 [ C I = 1 9 3 , 8 3 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r S l h o u r / d a y , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y s i t t i n g ( O R = 4 . 3 9 [ C I = 1 . 9 6 , 9 8 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o s p e n d i n g t h e d a y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 4 . 5 8 [ C l = l . 4 5 , 1 4 4 7 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 6 6 [ C l = l 3 l , 1 0 2 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 9 4 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 1 4 0 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 4 7 . 5 2 [ C I = 9 9 7 , 2 2 6 . 6 0 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 8 ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . 5 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n g e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n m e n : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 6 8 [ C l = l . l 3 , 2 5 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = l . 5 1 [ C l = l . l l , 2 0 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 2 3 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 3 9 [ C I = 2 . 8 4 , 4 0 6 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 . 6 9 [ C l = l . 0 4 , 2 . 7 7 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 8 7 [ C I = 0 . 7 7 , 0 9 9 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 7 8 [ C I = 0 . 6 1 , 0 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 3 7 ) . I n w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 . I 9 [ C l = l . 4 l , 3 . 4 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 2 . 1 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 9 , 3 4 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . b e i n g 3 0 — 3 9 y e a r s o l d 2 7 4 T a b l e 3 7 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 6 8 ( 1 . 1 3 . 2 . 5 0 ) 2 . 1 9 ( 1 . 4 1 . 3 . 4 0 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 6 , 1 . 4 5 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 4 9 , 1 . 0 7 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 9 3 , 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 9 6 , 2 . 3 2 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 5 1 ( 1 . 1 1 , 2 . 0 6 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 8 . 2 . 0 8 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) i n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 1 . 5 4 ( 1 . 0 1 . 2 . 3 5 ) 2 . 1 1 ( 1 . 2 9 , 3 . 4 4 ) 1 . 8 5 s P I R s 3 . 5 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 8 1 . 1 . 9 5 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 8 4 . 2 . 2 4 ) P I R > 3 6 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 6 5 , 2 . 5 2 ) 1 . 8 9 ( 1 . 0 9 , 3 . 2 9 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 8 4 . 2 . 9 2 ) 2 . 5 7 ( 1 . 4 8 , 4 . 4 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 8 9 , 3 . 5 4 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 6 2 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 8 8 ( 0 . 9 2 . 3 . 8 2 ) 2 . 0 3 ( 1 . 1 4 . 3 . 6 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 2 , 1 . 9 2 ) 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 5 7 , 1 . 2 8 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 3 8 , 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 3 , 1 . 5 5 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 6 1 , 0 . 9 9 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 1 . 0 7 , 2 . 4 2 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 7 7 . 0 . 9 9 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 6 3 , 0 . 8 5 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 7 9 ( 0 . 9 4 . 3 . 4 3 ) 3 . 5 4 ( 1 . 9 2 . 6 . 5 4 ) l s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 5 9 ) 2 . 2 3 ( 1 . 1 9 . 4 . 1 9 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 6 . 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 8 4 ( 0 . 9 7 , 3 . 5 0 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 5 6 . 2 . 5 2 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 1 . 1 1 . 2 . 8 7 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 8 0 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 5 . 1 . 5 4 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 7 5 T a b l e 3 7 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 2 , 2 . 1 0 ) N o N / A N / A 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 . 7 1 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 N / A N / A 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 3 2 , 1 . 2 1 ) 2 N / A N / A 0 . 5 5 ( 0 . 3 1 , 0 . 9 7 ) 3 N / A N / A 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 2 , 1 . 2 3 ) 4 N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 N / A N / A 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 3 3 ) A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 3 . 1 7 ( 1 . 5 0 , 6 . 7 2 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 6 7 ( 1 . 0 1 . 2 . 7 7 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 3 9 ( 2 . 8 4 . 4 . 0 6 ) 3 . 3 3 ( 2 . 8 1 . 3 . 9 5 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 6 3 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 1 3 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 9 , 1 . 8 4 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 7 7 , 1 . 6 2 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 8 3 . 1 . 6 1 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 1 . 0 4 . 2 6 9 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 8 . 1 . 3 3 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 1 2 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 6 9 ( 1 . 0 4 . 2 . 7 7 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 7 1 . 1 . 5 6 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 4 4 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 9 7 . 1 . 6 8 ) 2 7 6 T a b l e 3 7 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 9 4 . 2 . 4 5 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 9 6 , 2 . 5 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 5 , 1 . 5 6 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 0 7 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 6 0 , 1 . 5 4 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 7 , 1 . 6 4 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 2 , 2 . 2 9 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 7 , 2 . 6 0 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 4 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 3 0 ' D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 7 7 ( O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 . 3 2 9 ] ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 5 7 [ C l = l . 4 8 , 4 4 6 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 0 3 [ C l = l . l 4 . 3 6 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 . 2 4 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 5 4 [ C l = l 9 2 . 6 5 4 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 2 3 [ C l = l . l 9 . 4 . 1 9 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 . 7 8 [ C l = l . l l , 2 8 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 1 7 [ C l = l . 5 0 . 6 7 2 ] ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 2 7 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 3 3 [ C I = 2 . 8 1 , 3 9 5 ] ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 . 2 6 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k , n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 1 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 0 ( T a b l e 3 7 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n m e n : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 5 0 [ C l = l . l 6 , 1 9 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 5 7 [ C l = l . l l , 2 . 2 1 ] ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C l = l . l l , 1 9 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 2 . 4 3 ] ) o r i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 3 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , l . 7 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 5 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 , 2 3 8 ] ) o r 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l 3 4 , 3 5 5 ] ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 7 [ C l = l 3 8 , 2 8 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 5 3 [ C l = l . 1 5 , 2 0 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 1 2 [ C I = 1 3 4 , 3 3 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d 2 7 8 h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R — 7 2 . 8 4 [ C l = 2 . 5 0 , 3 2 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 2 ( T a b l e 3 8 ) . I n w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 7 3 [ C l = l . 3 7 , 2 . 1 9 ] ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( O R = l . 4 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 , 1 8 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 9 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 6 . 3 0 8 ] ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 3 0 1 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 7 [ C l = l . 6 9 . 4 5 3 ] ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 3 4 [ C l = l . 5 2 , 3 6 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 5 9 [ C l = l . 6 6 , 4 0 3 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 9 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 5 , 3 . 1 8 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 6 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 2 6 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 4 0 [ C l = l . 4 1 . 4 0 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 8 [ C l = 2 . 5 8 . 3 2 1 ] ) . h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 . 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 . 1 8 3 ] ) . a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 6 , 0 8 5 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 1 ( T a b l e 3 8 ) . 6 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n i n c o m e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d - 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : I n t h e l o w — i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 9 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 3 5 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 0 3 [ C l = l . l 3 , 3 6 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = l . 3 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , l . 7 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e — t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 6 9 [ C I = 2 . 1 4 , 6 3 4 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 7 3 [ C I = 1 . 5 1 , 4 9 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t 2 7 9 T a b l e 3 8 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 5 0 ( 1 . 1 6 , 1 . 9 3 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 1 . 3 7 , 2 . 1 9 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 6 4 , 1 . 2 5 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 1 . 0 6 , 1 . 8 8 ) E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 5 7 ( 1 . 1 1 . 2 . 2 1 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 9 . 1 . 8 8 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 7 ( 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 9 5 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 9 8 , 1 . 6 4 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 1 . 5 8 ( 1 . 0 3 , 2 . 4 3 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 9 6 . 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 8 5 s P I R s 3 . 5 1 . 3 3 ( 1 . 0 1 , 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 8 8 . 1 . 6 1 ) P I R > 3 5 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 6 . 1 . 8 3 ) 1 . 9 7 ( 1 . 2 6 , 3 . 0 8 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 5 8 ( 1 . 0 6 , 2 . 3 8 ) 1 . 8 9 ( 1 . 1 8 . 3 . 0 1 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 3 4 , 3 . 5 5 ) 2 . 7 7 ( 1 . 6 9 , 4 . 5 3 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 9 7 ( 1 . 3 8 . 2 . 8 1 ) 2 . 3 4 ( 1 . 5 2 . 3 . 6 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 7 2 , 1 . 4 6 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 3 3 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 7 , 1 . 2 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 6 7 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 5 3 ( 1 . 1 5 , 2 . 0 4 ) ' 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 8 5 . 1 . 5 6 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) ? 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 8 0 . 1 . 0 5 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 6 6 , 0 . 8 5 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 8 1 ) 2 . 5 9 ( 1 . 6 6 . 4 . 0 3 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 . 1 2 ( 1 . 3 4 , 3 . 3 4 ) 1 . 9 9 ( 1 . 2 5 . 3 . 1 8 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 6 5 ( 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 6 8 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 4 , 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 3 3 ( 0 . 8 5 , 2 . 0 7 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 6 1 , 1 . 3 6 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 7 5 . 1 . 7 3 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 8 0 T a b l e 3 8 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 8 , 1 . 3 1 ) N o N / A N / A 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 6 0 , 1 . 5 7 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 N / A N / A 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 2 . 1 . 8 4 ) 2 N / A N / A 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 5 5 , 1 . 2 6 ) 3 N / A N / A 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 6 . 1 . 5 5 ) 4 N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 N / A N / A 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 9 8 , 2 . 7 2 ) A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 2 . 4 0 ( 1 . 4 1 , 4 . 0 8 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 1 3 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 8 4 ( 2 . 5 0 . 3 . 2 2 ) 2 . 8 8 ( 2 . 5 8 , 3 . 2 1 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 6 2 , 1 . 2 0 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 2 1 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 4 8 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 9 5 . 1 . 6 4 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 1 . 0 4 , 1 . 8 3 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 8 8 . 1 . 4 9 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 4 8 ) 2 8 1 T a b l e 3 8 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n W o m e n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 3 ( 1 . 0 0 , 2 . 3 5 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 5 4 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 9 1 , 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 9 6 . 1 . 9 5 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 7 . 1 . 3 5 ) 1 . 2 ( 0 . 7 7 , 1 . 8 7 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 6 . 1 . 3 8 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 7 1 , 1 . 4 8 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 1 ' D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t 2 8 2 ( O R — “ 3 . 5 3 [ C l = 2 9 l , 4 2 9 ] ) . I l l a d d i t i o n , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 5 [ C l = 0 4 3 , 0 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a w h i t e . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 5 ( T a b l e 3 9 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 3 . 1 9 [ C 1 = 2 . 0 3 , 5 0 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 3 . 3 2 [ C l = 2 . 5 6 . 4 3 1 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 9 ( T a b l e 3 2 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 9 7 [ C l = l . l 4 . 3 3 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 1 6 [ C l = l 6 8 , 5 9 6 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 5 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 4 1 9 ] ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 8 9 [ C l = l . 7 5 , 4 7 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 2 9 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 4 . 4 8 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 9 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 5 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 3 1 [ C l = 2 . 7 7 . 3 9 5 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 4 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 0 8 6 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 O [ C I = 0 4 5 , 0 8 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 3 ( T a b l e 3 9 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 4 9 [ C l = l . 1 1 , 2 0 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 6 7 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 . 5 3 ) ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 5 [ C l = l 3 7 , 3 . 3 7 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 4 . 1 8 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C l = l . l 4 . 2 9 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C I = 1 3 9 , 2 4 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 1 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 6 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o 2 8 3 T a b l e 3 9 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 8 8 8 - 9 4 ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 8 4 ( 0 5 6 , 1 2 6 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 4 7 , 1 5 2 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 4 5 , 0 . 8 1 ) E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 8 7 , 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 6 8 . 2 . 1 9 ) 1 . 9 7 ( 1 . 1 4 . 3 . 3 9 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 0 , 3 . 2 0 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 6 9 , 1 5 8 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 8 5 . 1 . 8 5 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B l a c k 1 . 9 0 ( 1 . 0 2 , 3 . 5 3 ) 3 . 1 9 ( 2 . 0 3 , 5 . 0 0 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 7 3 2 . 5 3 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 4 3 , 0 . 9 9 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 5 6 . 2 . 0 7 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 8 4 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 . 2 3 ( 0 . 9 5 , 5 . 2 6 ) 0 . 7 0 ( 0 . 2 9 . 1 . 6 8 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 8 0 , 3 . 9 6 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 0 3 ( 1 . 1 3 , 3 . 6 3 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 3 0 . 2 . 5 3 ) 3 . 1 6 ( 1 . 6 8 , 5 . 9 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 6 6 . 3 . 8 6 ) 1 . 9 2 ( 0 . 7 4 , 5 . 0 3 ) 2 . 1 5 ( 1 . 1 0 . 4 . 1 9 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 6 3 , 2 . 6 9 ) 2 . 1 2 ( 0 . 8 6 , 5 . 1 9 ) 2 . 8 9 ( 1 . 7 5 . 4 . 7 8 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 5 5 . 2 . 0 9 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 4 2 , 1 3 3 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 5 . 1 . 0 9 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 3 3 1 . 8 2 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 3 5 ( 1 . 0 3 . 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 5 0 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 . 5 4 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 6 4 . 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 8 0 , 1 2 4 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 3 . 0 . 8 6 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 . 6 9 ( 2 . 1 4 , 6 . 3 4 ) 2 . 2 4 ( 0 . 9 8 , 5 . 1 3 ) 2 . 2 9 ( 1 . 1 8 , 4 . 4 8 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 7 ( 0 . 7 6 . 3 . 7 7 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 9 5 ( 1 . 0 7 . 3 . 5 6 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 7 3 , 3 . 0 3 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 6 . 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 1 . 2 . 3 9 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 . 7 3 ( 1 . 5 1 . 4 . 9 2 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 3 7 . 2 . 9 4 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 5 . 2 . 0 1 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 6 4 . 4 . 6 6 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 . 8 9 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 6 6 . 1 . 5 3 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 5 3 ( 2 9 1 , 4 2 9 ) 3 . 3 2 ( 2 . 5 6 . 4 . 3 1 ) 3 . 3 1 ( 2 . 7 7 . 3 9 5 ) 2 8 4 T a b l e 3 9 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 9 7 , 3 . 4 2 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 5 9 , 2 . 0 1 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 3 8 ( 0 8 3 2 . 3 2 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 9 . 1 . 7 0 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 3 4 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 8 . 2 . 0 7 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 8 2 , 2 . 9 3 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 3 9 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 9 5 ( 0 6 0 , 1 6 2 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 5 5 . 1 9 5 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 8 2 . 2 . 3 1 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / c l ) 2 1 . 4 2 ( 1 0 0 , 2 0 2 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 5 4 . 2 . 8 4 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 8 9 , 2 3 3 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 7 1 , 1 . 3 6 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 8 7 . 2 . 1 0 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 8 1 , 1 . 6 3 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 7 9 , 4 . 9 5 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 5 8 . 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 5 . 2 . 1 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 5 , 2 . 1 6 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 4 7 , 2 . 8 3 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 7 4 . 2 . 2 8 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 0 2 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 3 . 1 . 8 2 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 7 0 . 1 . 9 7 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 4 2 . 4 . 5 3 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 5 6 . 2 . 5 4 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 3 , 2 . 5 6 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 4 1 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 9 0 . 2 3 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 8 5 p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 1 0 [ C l = 2 . 7 7 , 3 4 7 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = l . 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 1 8 3 ] ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 2 9 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 7 [ C l = 0 4 6 , 0 9 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 6 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 3 3 [ C l = l . 7 1 . 3 . 1 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = I . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 3 . 1 6 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C I = 1 3 6 , 3 4 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 3 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 4 4 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 0 7 [ C l = 2 . 7 1 , 3 . 4 9 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 2 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 . 5 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 2 . 1 2 ] ) o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( O R = 1 6 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 2 4 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 9 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 3 4 3 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 5 4 [ C I = 1 . 8 0 , 6 9 5 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 9 5 [ C I = 1 . 6 0 , 5 4 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 3 7 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 5 9 [ C I = 1 . 5 2 , 4 4 0 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 9 0 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 2 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 5 3 [ C I = 2 . 1 2 , 3 0 1 ] ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 8 0 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 9 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 . t i m e s / d a y , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 4 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 0 8 6 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n 2 8 6 T a b l e 4 0 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 4 6 . 0 . 9 ? ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 5 1 . 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 5 4 , 0 . 9 8 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 6 7 ( 1 . 1 0 . 2 . 5 3 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 9 0 . 2 . 1 0 ) 1 . 5 4 ( 0 9 2 . 2 5 8 ) ' H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 9 5 . 2 . 1 5 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 8 9 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 8 3 1 9 0 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B l a c k 1 . 4 9 ( 1 . 1 1 . 2 . 0 0 ) 2 . 3 3 ( 1 . 7 1 . 3 1 8 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 1 . 0 9 . 2 . 1 2 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 6 6 . 1 . 3 6 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 8 7 . 1 5 9 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 1 . 0 7 . 2 . 4 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 8 9 . 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 2 1 ) 2 . 0 5 ( 1 . 0 0 . 4 . 2 0 ) 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 2 . 1 5 ( 1 . 3 7 , 3 . 3 7 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 9 5 . 2 . 9 4 ) 1 . 9 2 ( 1 . 0 8 . 3 . 4 3 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 2 4 ( 1 . 2 0 . 4 . 1 8 ) 1 . 9 4 ( 1 . 2 0 . 3 . 1 6 ) 3 . 5 4 ( 1 . 8 0 . 6 . 9 5 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 8 4 ( 1 . 1 4 , 2 . 9 6 ) 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 3 6 . 3 4 8 ) 2 . 9 5 ( 1 . 6 0 , 5 . 4 5 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 . 5 2 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 6 6 . 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 7 . 1 . 2 9 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 3 . 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 4 1 . 1 . 1 8 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 3 9 , 2 0 4 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 8 4 ( 1 . 3 9 . 2 . 4 5 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 . 4 8 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 8 5 . 1 . 7 7 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 0 9 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 7 9 . 1 . 0 8 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 3 . 0 . 8 6 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 9 4 ( 1 . 0 3 . 3 6 6 ) 2 . 3 1 ( 1 . 2 0 . 4 . 4 6 ) 1 . 8 9 ( 1 . 0 7 . 3 . 3 7 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 8 8 . 3 . 0 2 ) 1 . 9 1 ( 0 9 6 , 3 7 9 ) 2 . 5 9 ( 1 5 2 . 4 4 0 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 4 9 . 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 7 . 2 . 1 3 ) 1 . 9 0 ( 1 . 2 0 . 2 . 9 9 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 1 1 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 6 . 2 . 4 0 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 9 3 . 2 . 4 5 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 5 1 . 1 . 7 9 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 5 3 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 0 0 ) 5 t h q u i t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t l 3 3 . 1 0 ( 2 . 7 7 . 3 . 4 7 ) 3 . 0 7 ( 2 . 7 1 . 3 . 4 9 ) 2 . 5 3 ( 2 : 1 2 , 3 . 0 1 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 5 9 . 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 7 . 1 . 3 0 ) 2 8 7 T a b l e 4 0 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w M i d d l e H i g h V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 . 6 2 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 7 6 . 1 . 5 4 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 7 0 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 1 . 3 8 ( 1 . 0 3 . 1 . 8 3 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 9 2 . 1 . 9 5 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 9 4 ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 5 ( 0 8 8 , 1 5 0 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 9 1 . 1 . 6 6 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 . 5 3 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 7 9 ( 1 . 0 8 . 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 8 0 ( 1 . 1 0 . 2 . 9 3 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 5 7 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 9 1 . 1 . 9 2 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 8 9 . 2 . 1 7 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 4 9 ( 0 . 8 9 . 2 . 4 8 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 5 9 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 6 3 . 1 . 6 4 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 8 5 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 7 . 1 . 2 3 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 3 5 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 2 0 . 1 7 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t 2 8 8 d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 . 7 3 [ C l — 0 . 5 4 . 0 9 8 ] ) l ‘ e i t t t i w t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 1 7 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) . 7 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n r a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 _ : . I n w h i t e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 0 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 2 0 5 [ C l = l 3 4 , 3 1 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 3 [ C l = 1 3 0 . 3 8 4 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 3 9 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 3 3 [ C l = l 3 6 , 4 0 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 6 6 [ C I = 1 . 5 7 , 4 . 4 9 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 1 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 4 4 [ C l = 2 9 l . 4 0 5 ] ) , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k ( O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 0 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = ‘ I . 5 9 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 3 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 8 1 [ C I = 0 . 7 1 , 0 9 2 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 9 [ C l = 0 5 3 , 0 8 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 6 ( T a b l e 4 1 ) . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o u l d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y f o r o t h e r r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s d u e t o t h e r e a s o n s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n w h i t e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 5 2 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 0 9 ] ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 O [ C l = l . 1 0 , 1 . 7 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g h i g h . s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 0 [ C l = l . 1 3 , 1 9 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s 2 8 9 T a b l e 4 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k i n w h i t e s 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 5 3 . 0 . 8 9 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 5 ( 1 . 0 5 . 2 . 0 0 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 8 4 , 1 . 7 9 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 2 . 0 5 , ( 1 . 3 4 , 3 . 1 3 ) 1 . 8 5 s P I R S 3 . 5 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 0 2 ) P I R > 3 5 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 6 2 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 2 3 ( 1 . 3 0 . 3 . 8 4 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 8 7 ( 1 . 0 3 . 3 . 3 9 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 3 3 ( 1 . 3 6 , 4 . 0 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 6 8 , 1 . 5 7 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 4 7 . 1 . 4 9 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 8 4 , 1 . 5 3 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 7 1 , 0 . 9 2 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 6 6 ( 1 . 5 7 , 4 . 4 9 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 8 4 ( 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 1 5 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 0 4 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 9 0 . 2 . 3 5 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 5 , 1 . 7 8 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 9 0 T a b l e 4 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e s V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 4 4 ( 2 . 9 1 , 4 . 0 5 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 8 6 , 2 . 0 1 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 7 4 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 4 7 ( 1 . 0 5 . 2 . 0 6 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 8 6 , 1 . 8 3 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 4 8 ( 1 . 0 0 , 2 . 1 7 ) F a t i n t a k e . < . 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 8 8 . 1 . 4 9 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 9 ( 1 . 1 0 . 2 . 3 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 8 0 , 1 . 6 9 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y , 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 4 9 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 7 9 , 2 . 3 1 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 6 ' D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 9 1 0 1 d ( O R = 1 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 . 2 3 7 ] ) . 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 7 9 [ C 1 2 1 2 ] , 2 6 6 ] ) . 5 0 — 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 6 1 [ C l = l . 7 0 , 4 0 1 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 9 [ C I = 1 . 5 7 , 3 3 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 2 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , l . 5 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 1 4 [ C l = l 3 9 , 3 3 1 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 4 6 , 3 2 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 7 [ C l = 2 . 5 6 . 3 2 2 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = l . 3 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , l . 7 0 ] ) . e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = I . 6 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 2 2 3 ] ) o r 4 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = l . 3 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 . 1 7 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( O R = 0 . 8 3 [ C I = 0 . 7 5 . 0 9 2 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , b e i n g a w o m a n d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 5 [ C I = 0 5 3 , 0 8 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 0 ( T a b l e 4 2 ) . I n b l a c k s . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 4 [ C I = 1 . 1 l , 2 . 1 4 ] ) o r h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 8 0 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 2 5 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 5 2 [ C l = l . l 4 . 2 0 3 ] ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 6 9 [ C l = l . 1 5 , 2 4 7 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 8 [ C I = 1 . 2 4 , 2 8 5 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 4 [ C l = l . 4 4 , 3 4 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 6 2 [ C I = 1 . 2 9 , 2 0 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 1 . 8 6 [ C I = 1 . 2 8 , 2 7 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 7 7 [ C l = 2 . 5 1 , 3 0 7 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = l . 3 9 , [ C I = l . 0 8 , l . 7 9 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( O R = 0 . 8 0 [ C I = 0 . 6 9 , 0 9 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 4 2 ) . 2 9 2 T a b l e 4 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 M e x i c a n - W h i t e s B l a c k A m e r i c a n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) G e n d e r M a l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) F e m a l e 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 5 3 , 0 . 8 1 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 7 4 . 1 . 2 2 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 8 7 . 1 . 6 2 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 5 2 ( 1 . 1 0 . 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 9 2 . 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 8 3 , 1 . 6 6 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 0 ( 1 . 1 0 , 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 8 1 , 1 . 3 0 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 7 0 . 1 . 4 5 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) I n c o m e P I R < 1 . 8 5 1 . 5 0 ( 1 . 1 3 . 1 . 9 9 ) 1 . 5 4 ( 1 . 1 1 . 2 . 1 4 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 7 2 . 1 . 5 1 ) 1 . 8 5 5 P I R S 3 . 5 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 9 7 , 1 . 5 6 ) 1 . 8 0 ( 1 . 2 7 . 2 5 5 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 3 9 ) P I R > 3 5 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 6 1 ( 1 . 0 9 . 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 1 . 1 4 . 2 0 3 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 7 3 . 1 . 5 3 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 7 9 ( 1 . 2 1 . 2 6 6 ) 1 . 6 9 ( 1 . 1 5 . 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 1 . 1 0 . 2 6 2 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 6 1 ( 1 . 7 0 . 4 . 0 1 ) 1 . 8 8 ( 1 . 2 4 . 2 . 8 5 ) 2 . 3 8 ( 1 . 4 0 , 4 . 0 4 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 2 9 ( 1 . 5 7 . 3 . 3 3 ) 2 . 2 4 ( 1 . 4 4 . 3 . 4 7 ) 1 . 8 7 ( 1 . 1 2 , 3 . 1 3 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 5 5 . 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 7 1 . 1 . 3 2 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 9 2 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 4 0 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 4 2 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 8 5 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 2 8 ( 1 . 0 4 . 1 . 5 9 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 1 . 2 9 . 2 0 5 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 9 2 . 1 . 8 1 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 7 5 . 0 . 9 2 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 6 9 . 0 . 9 2 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 . 1 5 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 1 4 ( 1 . 3 9 , 3 . 3 1 ) 1 . 8 6 ( 1 . 2 8 . 2 7 1 ) 2 . 5 8 ( 1 . 3 0 . 5 . 0 9 ) t s t q u i n t i l e 2 . 1 8 ( 1 . 4 6 . 3 2 7 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 9 6 . 2 . 0 6 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 9 6 . 3 . 0 9 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 9 2 . 2 . 0 1 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 6 6 . 1 . 5 9 ) 2 . 0 6 ( 1 . 1 5 . 3 . 6 8 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 9 2 . 1 . 9 4 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 9 5 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 7 3 . 2 . 0 1 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 7 0 . 1 . 4 3 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 8 . 1 . 9 1 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 5 . 2 . 0 9 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 2 . 8 7 ( 2 . 5 6 , 3 . 2 2 ) 2 . 7 7 ( 2 . 5 1 . 3 . 0 7 ) 2 . 9 4 ( 2 . 6 0 , 3 . 3 3 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 1 0 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 5 1 . 0 . 9 3 ) 2 9 3 T a b l e 4 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - W h i t e s B l a c k A m e r i c a n V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 8 9 . 1 . 6 1 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 7 4 . 1 . 2 0 ) 1 . 2 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 5 8 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 3 3 ( 1 . 0 4 . 1 . 7 0 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 1 . 0 8 . 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 1 . 0 9 , 2 . 2 0 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 9 6 . 1 . 4 5 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 8 7 , 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 7 5 , 1 . 1 8 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 6 4 ( 1 . 2 0 . 2 2 3 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 9 4 . 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 8 0 . 2 . 1 1 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 3 6 ( 1 . 0 6 . 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 9 4 . 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 7 . 1 . 6 4 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 7 6 . 1 . 4 1 ) 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 9 7 . 2 . 4 0 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 5 9 . 1 . 5 4 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 7 2 . 1 . 2 8 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 5 4 . 1 . 5 6 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 3 3 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 4 3 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 9 4 I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 8 y e a r s o l d ( O R = I . 7 0 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 6 2 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 3 8 [ C l = l . 4 0 , 4 0 4 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 7 [ C l = l . 1 2 , 3 . 1 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 5 8 [ C I = 1 3 0 , 5 0 9 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 0 6 [ C l = l . 1 5 . 3 6 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C I = 2 6 0 , 3 3 3 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 5 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 2 2 0 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 6 9 [ C l = 0 5 1 , 0 . 9 3 1 ) . R 3 w a s 0 . 2 4 ( T a b l e 4 2 ) . 8 . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r b e t w e e n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 5 3 , 5 6 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 1 l [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 9 4 0 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 4 . 3 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 1 7 5 7 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 4 6 6 [ C l = l . 4 9 , 1 4 5 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 7 1 [ C l = 2 . 7 9 , 4 9 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 5 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 6 5 [ C I = 1 3 2 , 5 3 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g m a r r i e d ( O R = 2 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 6 5 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e i n g m a r r i e d o r l o v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 4 . 1 0 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 1 4 2 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n 2 9 5 T a b l e 4 3 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 6 7 , 3 . 0 9 ) 2 . 6 5 ( 1 . 3 2 . 5 . 3 5 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 7 6 , 3 . 0 3 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 . 0 9 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 4 0 . 3 . 2 4 ) 1 . 9 0 ( 1 . 1 9 . 3 . 0 5 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 6 1 . 3 . 3 4 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 . 5 9 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 9 0 . 4 . 9 0 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 2 . 9 4 ( 1 . 5 3 , 5 . 6 4 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 7 0 , 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 7 7 , 2 . 0 9 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 . 6 5 ( 0 . 7 9 , 8 . 8 7 ) 0 . 3 5 ( 0 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 0 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 5 9 , 3 . 5 3 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 1 5 ( 0 . 8 0 , 5 . 7 9 ) 0 . 2 9 ( 0 . 0 6 , 1 . 4 0 ) 2 . 4 7 ( 1 . 2 1 , 5 . 0 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 4 7 ( 0 . 9 6 . 6 . 3 4 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 3 3 , 4 . 1 2 ) 2 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 9 , 5 . 7 8 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 2 2 ( 0 . 7 6 , 6 . 5 2 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 1 6 , 2 . 8 4 ) 2 . 5 1 ( 1 . 0 3 . 6 . 1 3 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 5 4 . 3 . 1 5 ) 2 . 6 1 ( 1 . 0 4 , 6 . 5 1 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 7 . 1 . 6 8 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 4 4 , 2 . 9 6 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 1 9 . 2 . 2 2 ) 0 . 4 5 ( 0 . 1 6 . 1 . 3 0 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 6 , 2 . 1 9 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 4 7 . 1 . 1 6 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 7 5 . 1 . 1 8 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 4 6 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 6 4 . 0 . 8 9 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 . 1 1 ( 1 . 0 3 , 9 . 4 0 ) 4 . 1 0 ( 1 . 1 8 , 1 4 . 2 7 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 4 8 , 3 . 0 4 ) I s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 5 7 , 4 . 5 9 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 2 9 , 4 . 3 8 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 6 6 , 3 . 2 2 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 4 1 . 6 . 5 8 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 3 1 . 3 . 4 7 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 3 6 . 2 . 0 0 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 . 3 0 ( 1 . 0 5 , 1 7 . 5 7 ) 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 3 7 . 9 . 0 1 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 3 4 , 2 3 5 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 4 . 6 6 ( 1 . 4 9 , 1 4 . 5 7 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 2 8 . 4 . 7 4 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 7 2 . 2 . 5 5 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 9 6 T a b l e 4 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 7 1 ( 2 . 7 9 . 4 . 9 2 ) 4 . 1 9 ( 2 . 8 6 . 6 . 1 5 ) 3 . 3 6 ( 2 . 6 2 . 4 . 3 0 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 7 5 ( 0 . 7 7 , 4 . 0 0 ) 0 . 3 8 ( 0 . 1 1 , 1 . 3 4 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 3 5 . 2 . 2 9 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 9 0 , 4 . 4 5 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 2 0 , 1 . 2 7 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 4 . 2 . 4 0 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 4 5 . 3 . 2 5 ) 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 4 6 . 3 . 0 3 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 4 8 , 1 . 9 3 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 9 . 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 1 3 . 1 . 6 8 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 5 5 . 2 . 3 9 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 7 2 . 3 . 9 6 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 4 8 . 3 . 3 3 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 7 3 , 3 . 4 8 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 1 6 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 . 2 0 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 6 , 1 . 5 2 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 4 7 , 4 . 5 1 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 3 6 , 4 . 2 5 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 6 3 , 4 . 0 9 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 2 7 . 2 . 4 5 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 2 5 , 3 . 1 4 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 4 7 . 2 . 4 1 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 2 4 , 1 . 9 4 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 2 8 . 3 . 2 9 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 2 1 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 3 0 . 3 . 6 4 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 3 6 . 3 . 9 7 ) 1 . 4 8 ( 0 . 7 0 . 3 . 1 2 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 Q 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 3 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 5 2 9 7 T a b l e 4 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 2 . 3 3 ( 0 . 9 9 , 5 . 4 7 ) 4 . 8 8 ( 1 . 9 4 , 1 2 . 2 9 ) 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 4 5 . 3 . 8 5 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 3 0 . 1 . 0 6 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 5 3 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 2 7 . 1 . 3 9 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 5 9 . 2 . 6 6 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 6 . 4 . 5 9 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 6 2 . 4 . 8 0 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 3 9 . 3 . 5 0 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 4 8 . 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 4 8 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 . 2 3 ( 0 . 8 8 . 5 . 6 6 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 4 3 . 3 . 7 6 ) 3 . 1 5 ( 0 . 5 8 . 1 7 . 0 9 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 9 6 ( 0 . 8 5 . 4 . 5 3 ) 2 . 1 6 ( 0 . 6 1 . 7 . 5 9 ) 4 . 7 1 ( 1 . 3 6 . 1 6 . 2 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 2 0 . 3 . 2 4 ) 2 . 6 4 ( 0 . 8 5 . 8 . 1 7 ) 2 . 3 5 ( 0 . 7 2 . 7 . 6 6 ) 6 0 + y r s 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 2 5 . 2 . 0 1 ) 6 . 3 1 ( 1 . 7 1 , 2 3 . 2 8 ) 2 . 3 8 ( 0 . 7 8 , 7 . 2 3 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 3 7 . 1 . 5 4 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 2 6 . 3 . 4 4 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 3 7 , 1 . 8 5 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 5 . 2 . 3 0 ) 0 . 4 8 ( 0 . 1 4 , 1 . 5 9 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 4 1 . 5 . 2 4 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 8 3 ( 1 . 1 7 . 2 . 8 7 ) 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 8 2 . 3 . 4 2 ) 2 . 1 ( 0 . 7 8 , 5 . 4 9 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 3 9 . 0 . 8 0 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 5 4 . 0 . 9 7 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 4 . 5 6 ( 1 . 2 6 . 1 6 . 4 3 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 3 7 . 3 . 1 3 ) 6 . 6 0 ( 2 . 4 2 . 1 8 . 0 6 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 3 5 , 8 . 0 2 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 2 1 , 3 . 5 2 ) 4 . 5 6 ( 1 . 5 7 . 1 3 . 2 3 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 3 2 . 6 . 2 9 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 1 7 . 2 . 0 4 ) 3 . 3 4 ( 1 . 0 9 , 1 0 . 2 7 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 . 7 8 ( 0 . 9 7 . 7 . 9 5 ) 0 . 3 8 ( 0 . 0 9 . 1 . 5 2 ) 2 . 3 4 ( 0 . 9 4 , 5 . 8 2 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 2 0 , 3 . 5 3 ) 0 . 3 1 ( 0 . 0 9 , 1 . 0 7 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 . 9 2 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 7 . 6 . 8 9 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 3 1 . 3 . 0 9 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 1 6 . 1 . 8 0 ) N o 2 . 1 4 ( 0 . 5 4 . 8 . 5 2 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 3 1 . 4 . 5 5 ) 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 2 4 , 2 . 5 8 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 9 8 T a b l e 4 3 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 2 7 . 2 . 7 2 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 1 7 . 1 . 6 5 ) 0 . 5 4 ( 0 . 1 7 . 1 . 7 6 ) 2 0 . 3 1 ( 0 . 1 1 . 0 . 8 6 ) 0 . 1 9 ( 0 . 0 6 . 0 . 5 9 ) 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 5 8 , 3 . 2 8 ) 3 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 3 2 . 1 . 6 6 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 2 6 , 2 . 0 9 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 3 5 , 2 . 9 6 ) 4 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 3 8 , 3 . 7 0 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 3 . 1 . 2 7 ) 3 . 8 8 ( 0 . 7 5 . 2 0 . 1 3 ) A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e . S 1 1 y r s o l d 3 . 4 1 ( 0 . 8 2 . 1 4 . 1 8 ) 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 3 6 . 7 . 4 1 ) 4 . 8 8 ( 1 . 2 7 , 1 8 . 6 8 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 5 2 , 5 . 9 3 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 1 5 , 2 . 3 5 ) 2 . 8 0 ( 0 . 8 4 , 9 . 2 8 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 9 9 ( 3 . 0 7 , 5 . 1 7 ) 3 . 5 9 ( 2 . 4 5 , 5 . 2 5 ) 3 . 4 8 ( 2 . 5 1 , 4 . 8 2 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 t i m e / w k 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 7 6 , 3 . 2 6 ) 1 . 8 4 ( 0 . 9 6 . 3 . 4 9 ) 1 . 3 ( 0 . 5 1 , 3 . 5 4 ) 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 5 0 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 7 5 ) 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 5 3 , 3 . 4 9 ) 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 0 9 ) 2 . 3 2 ( 0 . 9 6 . 5 . 6 0 ) 2 ( 0 . 6 9 , 5 . 9 4 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 6 0 , 1 . 9 3 ) 2 . 1 1 ( 0 . 7 7 , 5 . 7 5 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 4 , 2 . 8 6 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 0 0 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 0 , 2 . 0 0 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 1 , 2 . 3 8 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 . 3 6 ) 2 . 4 9 ( 1 . 2 5 . 4 . 9 8 ) 1 . 3 ( 0 . 7 3 . 2 . 1 7 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 4 0 ( 0 . 9 3 . 6 . 2 3 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 4 9 , 5 . 1 2 ) 1 . 2 ( 0 . 4 0 , 3 . 7 8 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 4 2 , 2 . 1 4 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 5 5 , 5 . 6 6 ) 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 6 6 , 4 . 2 1 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 6 0 , 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 4 1 , 2 . 3 1 ) 1 . 3 ( 0 . 6 2 , 2 . 8 0 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 5 3 . 7 . 4 7 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 5 3 . 5 . 9 2 ) 1 . 3 ( 0 . 5 0 , 3 . 1 4 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 9 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 9 R 2 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 9 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 2 9 9 l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 4 . I 9 [ C I = 2 . 8 6 , 6 1 5 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 3 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n ( O R : I . 9 0 [ C l = l . 1 9 . 3 0 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 . 5 0 6 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 5 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 0 1 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 3 6 [ C l = 2 6 2 . 4 3 0 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 4 , 0 8 9 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 5 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 8 3 [ C l = l . l 7 , 2 8 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 4 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 2 6 . 1 6 4 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 9 9 [ C I = 3 0 7 . 5 . 1 7 1 ) . a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( O R = 0 5 6 [ C I = 0 3 9 , 0 8 0 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 3 I [ C I = 0 1 1 , 0 8 6 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 9 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a B l a c k ( O R = 4 . 8 8 [ C I = 1 9 4 , 1 2 2 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a w h i t e , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 6 3 I [ C I = I . 7 I , 2 3 2 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 5 9 [ C l = 2 . 4 5 , 5 2 5 ] ) , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( O R = 2 . 4 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 5 , 4 9 8 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . I n a d d i t i o n h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o b i r t h o r n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 1 9 [ C l = 0 . 0 6 , 0 5 9 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 5 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . 3 0 0 I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 . 7 1 [ C l = l 3 6 , 1 6 2 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 6 6 0 [ C l = 2 4 2 , 1 8 0 6 ] ) . p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 4 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 5 7 , 1 3 2 3 ] ) , o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 3 . 3 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 1 0 2 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 . 8 8 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 1 8 6 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 4 8 [ 0 1 : 2 5 1 , 4 8 2 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 9 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : I n t h e l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 3 1 [ C l = l . l 3 , 4 7 4 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 3 5 [ C l = l . l 7 , 4 7 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 2 0 0 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 3 1 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 2 3 [ C l = 2 . 7 6 , 3 . 7 9 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 . 0 6 [ C I = 1 3 7 , 3 0 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 0 5 [ C l = 2 . 5 5 , 3 0 4 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 5 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 1 l , 7 8 3 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 0 4 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 6 9 [ C l = l . l 4 . 6 3 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 5 7 [ C I = 2 0 1 , 3 2 8 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 0 , 0 9 3 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 1 9 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . 3 0 1 T a b l e 4 4 . P r e d i c t o r s o f r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y i n c o m e a n i g e n d e r i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 7 . 1 . 6 9 ) 2 . 0 6 ( 1 . 3 7 . 3 0 9 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 9 4 . 2 . 7 3 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 3 9 . 1 . 0 3 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 4 2 ) 1 . 5 9 ( 0 . 8 5 . 3 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 8 1 ( 0 . 9 7 . 3 . 3 8 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 8 8 . 2 . 5 9 ) 1 . 9 5 ( 0 . 9 9 . 3 . 8 6 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 6 6 ( 0 . 9 3 , 2 . 9 7 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 8 7 . 2 . 2 3 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 8 4 , 2 . 2 5 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 6 6 . 2 . 3 7 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 7 . 1 . 9 2 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 4 9 . 3 . 9 5 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 3 1 ( 1 . 1 3 . 4 . 7 4 ) 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 4 1 ) 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 8 3 . 4 . 7 1 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 0 1 ( 0 . 7 6 . 5 . 3 0 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 6 7 . 3 . 6 6 ) 2 . 9 4 ( 1 . 1 1 . 7 . 8 3 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 3 5 ( 1 . 1 7 . 4 . 7 5 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 5 1 ) 2 . 7 9 ( 1 . 2 1 . 6 . 4 6 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 0 , 2 . 3 9 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 6 9 . 3 . 0 2 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 3 4 . 1 . 3 3 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 9 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 6 . 1 . 3 3 ) 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 2 3 . 1 . 8 3 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 . 0 0 ( 1 . 2 7 . 3 . 1 3 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 9 9 . 2 . 2 9 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 8 1 . 2 . 2 2 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o i d r i n k s / w k ) 2 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 9 0 . 1 . 3 8 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 8 5 . 1 . 2 5 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 6 0 , 0 . 9 3 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 6 3 . 3 . 2 4 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 4 8 . 4 . 0 3 ) 2 . 0 9 ( 0 . 8 2 . 5 . 3 5 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 7 4 , 3 . 2 8 ) 1 . 8 4 ( 0 . 7 7 . 4 . 3 7 ) 2 . 6 9 ( 1 1 4 , 6 8 1 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 5 3 , 2 . 9 3 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 6 5 , 3 2 1 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 1 9 ( 0 . 5 0 . 2 . 8 0 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 7 4 . 2 8 0 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 4 0 . 1 . 7 2 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 6 . 1 . 3 4 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 6 5 . 2 . 5 1 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 0 2 T a b l e 4 4 ( c o n t ‘ d ) L l I v l M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h - 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A - 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 2 3 ( 2 . 7 6 . 3 . 7 9 ) 3 . 0 5 ( 2 . 5 5 , 3 . 6 4 ) 2 . 5 7 ( 2 . 0 1 . 3 . 2 8 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 5 3 , 1 . 4 3 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 4 6 . 1 . 1 8 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 7 4 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 9 4 , 2 . 6 4 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 7 . 1 . 7 1 ) 1 . 2 5 4 ( 0 . 7 4 , 2 . 1 1 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 7 9 , 1 . 9 6 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 7 5 . 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 6 9 . 1 . 9 0 ) F a t i n t a k e - S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 7 5 , 1 . 7 4 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 9 1 . 2 . 3 1 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 9 , 1 . 3 9 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 8 4 ( 0 . 8 9 , 3 . 8 0 ) 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 9 2 , 3 . 1 6 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 7 2 , 2 . 9 2 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 8 3 , 3 . 2 8 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 . 6 2 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 8 2 , 3 . 2 2 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 6 , 2 . 2 6 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 8 8 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 4 1 , 1 . 4 2 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 7 0 ( 0 . 8 2 . 3 . 5 4 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 9 , 1 . 2 4 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 5 0 . 1 . 8 7 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d g y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 9 3 0 3 T a b l e 4 4 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 . 6 6 ( 1 . 1 3 , 2 . 4 5 ) 2 . 7 8 ( 1 . 7 9 , 4 . 3 2 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 7 8 , 2 . 1 0 ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 8 0 . 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 5 6 ( 0 . 9 8 . 2 . 5 0 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 8 7 . 2 . 5 8 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 9 1 , 2 . 3 3 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 8 0 . 2 . 6 3 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 3 9 . 2 3 5 ) . H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 8 1 , 2 . 2 6 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 7 7 . 2 . 0 5 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 7 5 . 1 . 9 2 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 3 9 ) 2 . 1 3 ( 0 . 9 7 . 4 . 6 4 ) 3 . 5 2 ( 1 . 5 0 . 8 . 2 4 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 9 1 , 2 . 9 2 ) 3 . 2 0 ( 1 . 3 0 , 7 . 9 0 ) 2 . 2 6 ( 0 . 9 0 , 5 . 6 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 2 6 ( 1 . 0 2 , 5 . 0 1 ) 2 . 5 8 ( 1 . 1 9 , 5 . 5 9 ) 5 . 1 2 ( 2 . 3 0 , 1 1 . 4 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 4 2 ( 0 . 7 8 , 2 . 6 2 ) 3 . 7 9 ( 1 . 7 5 , 8 . 2 3 ) 3 . 5 5 ( 1 . 5 6 . 8 . 0 7 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s _ M a r r i e d 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 9 , 1 . 5 2 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 1 . 2 . 2 7 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 3 0 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 3 2 , 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 4 6 . 4 . 5 1 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 8 4 ( 1 . 2 2 , 2 . 7 7 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 5 1 , 1 . 1 5 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 5 8 , 1 . 8 5 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) , , A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 6 0 , 0 . 9 5 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 6 3 , 1 . 0 3 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 5 2 , 0 . 9 3 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 4 0 ( 1 . 1 1 . 5 . 1 6 ) 3 . 2 8 ( 1 . 6 2 . 6 6 3 ) 2 . 0 2 ( 0 . 8 2 , 4 . 9 6 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 8 2 , 3 . 1 2 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 1 . 0 2 , 4 . 3 2 ) 2 . 3 0 ( 1 . 0 2 . 5 . 1 8 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 7 6 , 3 . 4 2 ) 2 . 4 2 ( 1 . 0 8 . 5 . 4 4 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 5 4 . 2 . 2 8 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 6 1 . 2 . 6 1 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 6 7 . 3 . 3 5 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 0 4 ) 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 8 9 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 7 8 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 3 8 . 1 . 9 3 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 3 5 . 2 . 2 3 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 2 . 1 . 4 5 ) N o 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 6 5 , 3 . 0 2 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 3 4 . 2 . 2 5 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 2 6 , 1 . 7 9 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 4 T a b l e 4 4 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 8 6 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 7 4 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 8 . 2 . 5 5 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 4 9 , 4 . 0 1 ) 2 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 3 3 , 1 . 3 2 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 4 3 . 2 . 3 0 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 . 7 0 ) 3 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 4 8 . 2 . 1 5 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 2 7 . 1 . 5 5 ) 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 4 9 . 3 . 2 4 ) . 4 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 , ( 1 : 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 7 7 . 3 . 3 5 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 6 3 . 4 . 1 0 ) 2 . 1 7 ( 0 . 7 4 , 6 . 3 7 ) A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 5 . 4 4 ( 2 . 6 9 , 1 0 . 9 9 ) 2 . 4 4 ( 0 . 8 1 . 7 . 3 5 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 7 3 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 . 4 1 ( 1 . 3 0 . 4 . 4 7 ) 1 . 8 2 ( 0 . 6 1 . 5 . 4 3 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 2 5 , 1 . 0 9 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 0 9 ( 2 . 6 3 , 3 . 6 1 ) 3 . 4 2 ( 2 . 8 1 . 4 . 1 6 ) 2 . 5 6 ( 2 . 1 0 , 3 . 1 1 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 5 1 . 1 . 7 2 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 5 , 1 . 5 0 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 9 , 1 . 2 6 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 6 6 , 1 . 5 7 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 6 , 1 . 7 7 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 5 3 . 1 . 6 9 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 9 6 , 2 . 3 9 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 8 1 . 1 . 7 9 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 9 4 . 2 . 7 7 ) F a t i n t a k e ' S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 8 2 , 1 . 8 0 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 7 4 . 1 . 6 5 ) 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 9 4 , 2 . 1 1 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S B t i m e s l d a y 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 7 4 . 3 . 7 7 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 5 3 . 2 . 3 0 ) 2 . 3 2 ( 0 . 9 9 , 5 . 4 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 6 2 . 2 . 7 8 ) 1 . 7 6 ( 1 . 0 3 , 3 . 0 0 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 3 , 2 . 2 9 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 6 8 , 3 . 6 5 ) 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 4 . 1 . 7 8 ) 1 . 4 ( 0 . 6 8 . 2 . 8 8 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 7 1 , 3 . 4 4 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 8 0 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 5 , 1 . 7 5 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 Q 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 9 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t 3 0 5 l i t t h e l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 1 6 6 [ C l = l . l 3 , 2 4 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 5 0 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 8 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 2 7 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 . 4 O [ C I = 1 . I I . 5 . 1 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n ' a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 5 . 1 4 [ C I = 3 . 5 5 , 7 4 4 ] ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 . 4 4 [ C I = 2 . 6 9 , 1 0 9 9 ] ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 4 1 [ C l = l 3 0 , 4 4 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 3 . 0 9 [ C I = 2 . 6 3 , 3 6 1 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e s ( O R = 0 . 7 6 [ C I = 0 . 6 0 , 0 9 5 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . I n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g b l a c k ( O R = 2 . 7 8 [ C I = 1 . 7 9 , 4 3 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 2 0 [ C I = 1 3 0 , 7 9 0 ] ) . 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 5 8 [ C l = l . l 9 . 5 5 9 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 7 5 , 8 2 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 2 8 [ C I = 1 . 6 2 , 6 6 3 ] ) o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 1 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 4 3 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 4 2 [ C I = 2 . 8 I , 4 . 1 6 ] ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 7 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 0 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 3 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . I n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 5 2 [ C I = 1 . 5 0 , 8 2 4 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 . 1 2 [ C I = 2 3 0 , l l . 4 0 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 5 5 [ C I = 1 . 5 6 . 8 0 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 3 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 5 . 1 8 ] ) o r a t t h e 3 0 6 s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R ; 2 . 4 2 [ C I — “ 1 . 0 8 . 5 4 4 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 5 6 [ C I = 2 . 1 0 , 3 . 1 1 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( O R = 0 6 9 [ C I = 0 5 2 , 0 9 3 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . l 9 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . 9 . P r e d i c t o r s i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 I n w h i t e l o w - i n c o m e m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 2 . 6 4 [ C l = l 3 5 . 5 1 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 3 5 7 [ C l = 2 . 7 9 , 4 5 8 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 0 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n w h i t e m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 3 0 6 [ C I = 2 . 4 6 , 3 8 0 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 5 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n w h i t e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 7 2 [ C l = l . l 6 . 1 1 9 4 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 3 2 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 9 1 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e fi r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 8 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 7 2 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 2 5 4 [ C I = 1 9 5 , 3 . 3 2 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 1 9 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s ( O R = 3 . 1 6 [ C I = 2 5 9 , 3 8 6 ] ) , h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 2 3 4 [ C I = 1 3 8 , 3 9 7 ] ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 3 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 1 2 . 7 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 7 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 3 . 2 3 [ C l = 2 . 4 9 , 4 . 2 1 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 1 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k 3 0 7 T a b l e 4 5 . P r e d i c t o r s o f r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 W h i t e m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 9 5 ( 0 . 8 2 . 4 . 6 5 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 8 7 . 3 . 1 0 ) 2 . 1 2 ( 0 . 9 9 . 4 . 5 3 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 7 7 , 4 . 0 0 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 9 0 . 2 . 7 3 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 8 3 . 2 . 3 7 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 3 4 ( 0 . 4 8 . 3 . 7 8 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 2 1 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 4 8 , 6 . 2 6 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 8 8 ( 0 . 9 6 . 8 6 5 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 4 9 . 3 . 1 2 ) 2 . 4 5 ( 0 . 8 5 . 7 . 0 6 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 0 , 8 . 3 3 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 3 . 4 . 7 7 ) 3 . 7 2 ( 1 . 1 6 . 1 1 . 9 4 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 8 , 7 . 1 6 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 7 7 . 2 . 9 6 ) 3 . 3 2 ( 1 . 2 0 , 9 . 1 8 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s _ M a r r i e d 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 4 7 . 4 . 1 4 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 5 9 . 3 . 6 3 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 2 7 , 1 . 3 5 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 3 6 ( 0 . 3 8 . 4 . 9 2 ) 0 . 5 1 ( 0 . 1 9 . 1 . 3 7 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 1 8 . 2 . 1 0 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 . 6 4 ( 1 . 3 5 . 5 . 1 ? ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 9 3 . 2 . 4 8 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 7 9 . 2 . 4 0 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 9 1 . 1 . 7 0 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 8 4 . 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 5 8 , 0 . 9 4 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 6 , 6 . 3 0 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 3 5 . 4 . 3 8 ) 2 . 1 2 ( 0 . 7 1 . 6 . 3 6 ) l s t q u i n t i l e 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 7 2 , 6 . 1 0 ) 1 . 7 8 ( 0 . 6 6 , 4 . 8 5 ) 2 . 8 0 ( 1 . 0 8 . 7 . 2 9 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 4 1 . 4 . 8 6 ) 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 2 3 . 1 . 6 6 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 6 0 , 3 . 4 6 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 4 3 . 5 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 9 ( 0 4 2 , 2 8 7 ) 1 . 4 4 ( 0 . 6 7 . 3 . 1 1 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 0 . 2 . 0 1 ) 0 . 4 9 ( 0 . 1 9 . 1 . 2 7 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 6 3 . 2 . 7 8 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 0 8 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 5 7 ( 2 . 7 9 . 4 . 5 8 ) 3 . 0 6 ( 2 . 4 6 . 3 . 8 0 ) 2 . 5 4 ( 1 . 9 5 , 3 . 3 2 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 . 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 . 7 7 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 2 2 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 5 . 1 . 7 7 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 5 3 ( 0 . 6 4 , 3 . 6 6 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 7 4 ) 1 . 2 7 ( 0 . 6 9 . 2 . 3 3 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 4 , 2 . 0 2 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 2 1 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 6 1 . 1 . 9 2 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 9 8 ( 0 . 5 2 , 1 . 8 4 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 8 9 . 2 . 7 5 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 6 5 . 1 . 4 3 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 0 6 ( 0 . 7 4 . 5 . 7 4 ) 1 . 9 2 ( 0 . 9 3 , 3 . 9 5 ) 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 7 2 . 3 . 3 0 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 6 ( 0 . 5 2 . 3 . 0 4 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 6 4 ) 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 7 9 . 3 . 4 1 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 8 1 ( 0 . 2 8 . 2 . 3 8 ) 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 . 9 0 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 3 8 . 1 . 4 3 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 8 0 ( 0 . 7 1 . 4 . 5 4 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 6 . 1 . 3 0 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 4 7 . 2 . 0 0 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R ’ - 0 . 3 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 9 3 0 9 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) 3 1 0 B l a c k m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 8 6 . 3 . 4 9 ) 1 . 5 2 ( 0 . 6 4 , 3 . 6 1 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 2 9 . 2 . 9 9 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 8 1 ( 0 . 9 0 . 3 . 6 5 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 . 4 1 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 8 , 2 . 2 5 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 0 . 0 ( 1 . . 0 0 1 0 . 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 2 5 ) 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 7 , 1 . 6 4 ) 0 . 3 3 ( 0 . 0 9 . 1 . 1 9 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 4 5 . 2 . 8 5 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 1 9 . 1 . 3 5 ) 0 . 3 9 ( 0 . 0 7 . 2 . 3 0 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 3 7 . 3 . 5 0 ) 0 . 4 2 ( 0 . 1 3 . 1 . 3 5 ) 0 . 3 7 ( 0 . 0 6 . 2 . 4 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 1 4 ( 0 . 9 9 . 4 6 2 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 1 5 , 1 . 4 2 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 1 5 , 6 . 9 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 8 0 . 2 . 6 7 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 9 0 ) 2 . 8 7 ( 0 . 8 7 . 9 . 5 1 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 4 1 . 1 . 8 3 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 2 7 . 2 . 9 6 ) 2 . 6 0 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 3 1 ( 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 1 7 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 7 7 , 2 . 7 8 ) 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 6 1 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 7 0 , 1 . 1 2 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 7 3 , 1 . 2 9 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 6 8 , 1 . 2 9 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 9 1 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 5 9 . 3 . 8 6 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 2 0 , 7 . 5 3 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 . 9 8 ) 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 8 7 . 3 . 8 2 ) 2 . 0 8 ( 0 . 5 8 . 7 . 4 7 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 . 9 8 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 3 7 . 3 . 1 4 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 4 5 . 6 . 1 2 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 8 ( 0 . 4 6 . 2 . 9 8 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 5 8 . 2 . 9 1 ) 2 . 3 9 ( 0 . 6 4 , 8 . 9 3 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 7 9 . 3 . 5 4 ) 1 . 6 2 ( 0 . 6 1 . 4 . 3 1 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 2 7 . 3 . 2 0 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A _ N I A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 1 6 ( 2 . 5 9 , 3 . 8 6 ) 3 . 2 3 ( 2 . 4 9 . 4 . 2 1 ) 3 . 0 2 ( 2 . 2 4 . 4 0 8 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 3 5 . 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 2 9 . 2 . 7 3 ) 1 . 8 7 ( 0 . 7 4 . 4 . 7 1 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 9 3 . 2 . 4 6 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 8 0 . 2 . 4 3 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 7 3 , 3 . 5 2 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 2 . 3 4 ( 1 . 3 8 , 3 . 9 7 ) 0 . 8 9 ( 0 . 4 2 . 1 . 8 8 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 3 5 . 2 . 8 7 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 3 8 ( 0 . 6 8 , 2 . 7 9 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 7 3 , 2 . 6 6 ) 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 8 , 2 . 4 9 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 2 0 ( 0 . 8 5 . 5 . 7 3 ) 2 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 7 . 7 . 3 4 ) 1 . 7 5 ( 0 . 2 6 . 1 1 . 5 8 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 . 9 4 ( 1 . 2 2 , 1 2 . 7 6 ) 2 . 2 4 ( 0 . 7 7 . 6 . 5 3 ) 2 . 3 8 ( 0 . 3 7 , 1 5 . 1 8 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 . 2 1 ( 0 . 6 7 . 7 . 2 9 ) 2 . 5 8 ( 0 . 9 1 , 7 . 3 1 ) 3 . 5 8 ( 0 . 5 4 . 2 3 . 7 1 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 2 0 , 5 . 0 5 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 3 7 , 3 . 9 3 ) 2 . 0 7 ( 0 . 2 8 , 1 5 . 5 4 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 Q 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 3 1 0 . 2 8 3 1 1 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 5 5 ( 0 . 8 7 , 2 . 7 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 3 8 . 1 . 8 9 ) 0 . 6 ( 0 . 1 2 , 2 . 6 3 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 4 2 . 2 . 5 9 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 2 9 . 1 . 4 9 ) 1 . 1 ( 0 . 2 7 . 4 . 7 2 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 5 3 , 1 . 5 5 ) 1 . 6 3 ( 0 . 4 9 . 5 . 4 0 ) 0 . 1 6 ( 0 . 0 3 . 0 . 8 3 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 . 2 1 ( 1 . 2 8 , 3 . 8 0 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 4 6 , 6 . 5 0 ) 0 . 2 2 ( 0 . 0 4 . 1 . 2 8 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 . 4 0 ( 2 . 0 1 . 1 4 . 5 6 ) 2 . 8 6 ( 0 . 5 6 , 1 4 . 6 3 ) 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 1 1 . 6 . 3 7 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 1 4 ( 1 0 4 , 4 4 0 ) 2 . 5 3 ( 0 . 6 0 . 1 0 . 7 9 ) 0 . 5 ( 0 . 0 7 . 3 . 5 9 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 . 3 8 ( 1 . 0 5 , 5 . 4 0 ) 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 6 3 . 5 . 3 5 ) 1 . 4 ( 0 . 3 7 , 5 . 5 0 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 3 3 . 4 . 0 9 ) 3 . 1 7 ( 0 . 7 6 . 1 3 . 1 6 ) 0 . 3 ( 0 . 0 2 . 4 . 3 4 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 9 9 ( 0 6 0 , 1 6 6 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 3 6 . 2 . 3 6 ) 0 . 7 ( 0 . 2 0 , 2 . 3 7 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e b i l o r d r i n k s / w k ) 2 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 8 2 . 1 . 2 1 ) 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 7 7 . 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 8 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 3 0 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 2 9 , 4 . 2 1 ) 2 8 . 8 9 ( 2 . 5 2 , 3 3 0 . 7 1 ) 2 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 0 . 1 0 . 8 8 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 3 0 . 3 . 7 3 ) 1 1 . 3 5 ( 1 . 2 2 , 1 0 5 . 6 5 ) 1 . 5 7 ( 0 . 3 4 , 7 . 1 8 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 . 6 0 ( 0 . 8 6 . 7 . 8 2 ) 1 3 . 9 1 ( 1 . 7 6 . 1 0 9 . 8 6 ) 2 . 5 7 ( 0 . 8 3 , 7 . 9 3 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 7 8 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 . 9 8 ) 1 4 . 1 3 ( 1 . 6 5 , 1 2 0 . 7 0 ) 0 . 0 9 ( 0 . 0 1 , 1 . 2 0 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 2 9 , 3 . 8 7 ) 1 0 4 3 ( 1 0 3 . 1 0 5 . 4 2 ) 2 . 3 3 ( 0 . 6 9 . 7 . 8 5 ) 5 1 h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 1 2 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) I v ‘ r e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 1 3 ( 2 . 5 4 . 3 . 8 5 ) 4 . 2 7 ( 2 . 8 7 . 6 . 3 6 ) 3 . 3 ( 2 . 1 3 . 4 . 9 8 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 4 4 . 1 . 3 6 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 3 9 . 2 . 5 0 ) 0 . 6 ( 0 . 2 5 . 1 . 6 2 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 9 8 ( 1 . 3 0 . 3 . 0 1 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 5 7 , 1 . 7 1 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 2 4 . 2 . 3 3 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 0 . 9 7 ( 0 . 5 4 . 1 . 7 5 ) 2 . 0 2 ( 0 . 7 9 , 5 . 2 1 ) 3 . 4 ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 0 . 1 7 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 8 7 . 2 . 2 7 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 7 . 1 . 7 7 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 4 3 . 5 . 3 6 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 7 4 . 4 . 2 4 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 2 9 , 3 . 9 3 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 1 7 , 5 . 9 1 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 8 5 . 3 . 9 4 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 3 2 . 2 . 8 8 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 4 0 , 6 . 3 2 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 5 0 , 3 . 5 2 ) 1 . 2 4 ( 0 . 3 8 , 4 . 1 1 ) 1 . 5 8 ( 0 . 4 3 , 5 . 8 2 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 2 5 . 2 . 1 3 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 1 5 , 2 . 2 8 ) 0 . 6 2 ( 0 . 1 0 . 3 . 7 2 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 2 3 1 3 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 7 1 , 3 . 0 8 ) 1 . 3 7 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 8 3 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 3 5 . 2 . 5 7 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 9 4 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 7 1 . 2 . 2 9 ) 1 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 8 . 2 . 1 6 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 5 1 , 3 . 0 1 ) 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 7 8 , 5 . 1 4 ) 4 . 0 0 ( 1 . 5 4 , 1 0 . 4 1 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 4 4 . 3 . 3 6 ) 3 . 3 7 ( 1 . 1 4 . 1 0 . 0 0 ) 2 . 3 7 ( 0 . 8 4 . 6 . 7 1 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 8 . 6 . 0 8 ) 2 . 8 3 ( 1 . 1 2 , 7 . 1 4 ) 5 . 6 1 ( 2 . 3 3 . 1 3 . 4 9 ) 6 0 + y r s 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 4 8 . 2 . 6 5 ) 4 . 0 9 ( 1 . 6 3 , 1 0 . 2 8 ) 4 . 0 1 ( 1 . 6 3 . 9 . 8 5 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 6 3 ( 0 . 1 5 , 2 . 7 2 ) 1 . 3 9 ( 0 . 4 5 . 4 . 2 6 ) 0 . 6 7 ( 0 . 2 2 , 2 . 0 6 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 2 4 , 4 . 3 3 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 3 5 , 3 . 6 8 ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 3 3 , 4 . 4 2 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 9 1 ( 1 . 0 1 . 3 6 0 ) 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 4 0 . 1 . 0 4 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 5 5 . 1 . 9 4 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( 1 1 o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 6 1 ( 0 . 4 2 , 0 . 8 8 ) 0 . 7 6 ( 0 . 5 6 . 1 . 0 2 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 5 0 , 0 . 9 3 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 5 0 ( 0 . 8 2 . 7 . 6 1 ) 3 . 4 8 ( 1 . 4 6 , 8 . 2 7 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 6 4 . 4 . 7 7 ) l s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 6 8 , 4 . 4 1 ) 2 . 0 0 ( 0 . 8 6 , 4 . 6 4 ) 2 . 4 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 5 . 7 7 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 7 7 ( 0 . 2 8 . 2 . 1 2 ) 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 6 9 , 3 . 9 4 ) 2 . 4 8 ( 1 . 0 3 . 5 . 9 6 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 5 , 2 . 6 7 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 4 8 . 2 . 6 9 ) 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 6 4 . 3 . 5 7 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 1 2 ( 0 . 4 5 , 2 . 8 0 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 5 2 . 3 . 2 3 ) 1 . 1 7 ( 0 . 4 7 . 2 . 9 1 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 2 4 , 3 . 2 8 ) 0 . 7 5 ( 0 . 2 6 . 2 . 1 9 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 2 . 1 . 6 8 ) N o 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 4 6 , 5 . 5 5 ) 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 2 4 . 2 . 1 8 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 2 6 , 2 . 1 2 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 0 , 2 . 6 4 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 4 0 . 2 6 9 ) 1 . 3 2 ( 0 . 4 2 , 4 . 1 6 ) 2 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 1 9 . 1 . 5 0 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 . 7 8 ) 0 . 6 9 ( 0 . 3 0 . 1 . 5 9 ) 3 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 3 0 , 2 . 7 1 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 2 1 . 1 . 5 5 ) 1 . 2 2 ( 0 . 4 4 . 3 . 3 9 ) 4 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 5 1 . 4 . 1 0 ) 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 5 7 . 4 . 9 1 ) 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 5 5 , 5 . 4 9 ) 3 1 4 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 1 1 . 1 8 ( 2 . 8 7 . 4 3 . 6 0 ) 3 . 5 4 ( 0 . 8 0 , 1 5 . 7 8 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 . 4 4 , 2 . 7 2 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 4 . 1 7 ( 1 . 3 1 , 1 3 . 2 9 ) 2 . 3 1 ( 0 . 5 3 . 1 0 . 1 3 ) 0 . 4 7 ( 0 . 2 1 . 1 . 0 5 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 . 5 6 ( 2 . 6 1 , 4 . 8 6 ) 3 . 7 3 ( 2 . 9 1 , 4 . 7 9 ) 2 . 5 5 ( 2 . 0 7 . 3 . 1 4 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 9 3 ( 0 . 4 4 . 1 . 9 9 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 6 3 . 1 . 5 8 ) 0 . 7 9 ( 0 . 4 8 . 1 . 2 8 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 2 9 ( 0 6 4 , 2 6 0 ) 1 . 1 4 ( 0 . 6 3 , 2 . 0 6 ) 0 . 9 3 ( 0 4 7 , 1 8 5 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 7 4 ( 0 . 8 8 , 3 . 4 3 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 7 3 . 1 . 8 0 ) 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 9 0 . 3 . 1 2 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 6 5 ) 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 8 1 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 9 2 , 2 . 2 8 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 5 4 . 4 . 7 4 ) 1 . 0 3 ( 0 . 4 1 , 2 . 5 9 ) 2 . 4 1 ( 0 . 9 5 , 6 . 1 1 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 5 1 ( 0 . 6 0 , 3 . 8 1 ) 1 . 9 4 ( 1 . 0 5 . 3 . 6 0 ) 1 . 2 9 ( 0 . 6 4 . 2 . 5 6 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 6 5 ( 0 . 5 4 . 5 . 0 2 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 5 0 . 1 . 9 9 ) 1 . 4 7 ( 0 . 6 8 . 3 . 1 5 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 6 8 ( 0 . 6 2 . 4 . 5 2 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 4 7 . 2 . 1 4 ) 0 . 9 0 ( 0 . 4 2 , 1 . 9 0 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 8 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 9 3 1 5 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 4 3 0 . 8 3 . 2 . 4 7 ) 1 . 8 2 ( 0 . 6 8 . 4 . 8 5 ) 0 . 3 6 ( 0 . 0 3 , 4 . 1 0 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 0 1 0 . 5 8 , 1 . 7 5 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 2 , 2 . 3 1 ) 0 . 2 5 ( 0 . 0 6 , 1 . 0 0 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 6 6 1 . 4 1 , 5 . 0 2 ) 4 . 0 8 1 . 6 5 . 1 0 . 1 2 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 0 7 , 2 . 6 7 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 . 4 2 1 . 8 3 . 6 . 3 8 ) 3 . 8 1 ( 1 . 5 0 , 9 . 6 8 ) 2 . 5 2 ( 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 . 9 5 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 5 . 6 6 2 . 1 1 , 1 5 . 1 8 2 . 3 7 ( 0 . 6 8 , 8 . 2 1 ) 4 . 4 5 ( 0 . 5 4 , 3 6 . 6 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 4 . 9 6 2 . 0 2 , 1 2 . 1 9 3 . 1 7 0 . 8 7 . 1 1 . 5 5 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 5 8 0 . 2 9 , 1 . 1 5 ) 0 . 3 8 ( 0 . 1 7 . 0 . 8 3 ) 6 . 1 4 ( 0 . 9 7 , 3 8 . 7 2 ) W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 8 8 0 . 4 4 , 1 . 7 6 ) 0 . 3 7 ( 0 . 1 8 . 0 . 7 5 ) 4 . 5 6 ( 0 . 4 2 . 4 9 . 2 7 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 . 8 7 1 . 1 9 , 2 . 9 5 ) 3 . 1 5 ( 1 . 5 6 . 6 . 3 6 ) 0 . 5 3 ( 0 . 1 6 . 1 . 7 2 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o t d r i n k s / w k ) 2 1 0 6 0 7 9 . 1 4 2 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 8 1 . 2 . 2 6 ) 0 . 8 5 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 . 9 8 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 . 1 7 0 . 8 8 . 5 . 3 2 ) 1 . 7 9 ( 0 . 5 9 . 5 . 3 8 ) 1 2 . 2 4 ( 1 . 0 8 , 1 3 8 . 8 2 ) I s t q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 4 0 . 5 8 . 3 . 5 5 ) 1 . 2 3 ( 0 . 4 5 , 3 . 3 6 ) 2 . 0 7 ( 0 . 2 6 , 1 6 . 7 2 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 . 4 5 0 . 5 9 . 3 . 5 8 ) 0 . 2 4 ( 0 . 0 7 , 0 . 8 1 ) 4 . 8 0 ( 0 . 8 2 , 2 8 . 0 9 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 4 0 . 3 9 . 2 . 7 2 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 3 4 , 3 . 3 0 ) 1 . 5 0 ( 0 . 2 0 , 1 1 . 2 7 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 7 0 . 3 5 , 2 . 1 9 ) 0 . 9 4 ( 0 . 3 3 . 2 . 7 0 ) 2 . 9 7 ( 0 . 4 0 . 2 1 . 9 3 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 6 1 0 . 2 0 . 1 . 8 4 ) 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 2 0 , 5 . 6 9 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 0 2 , 1 3 . 1 9 ) N o 1 . 0 4 0 . 3 6 . 2 . 9 9 ) 1 . 6 0 ( 0 . 2 9 . 8 . 8 8 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 0 4 . 1 7 . 0 3 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 8 3 0 . 3 8 . 1 . 8 4 ) 0 . 6 8 ( 0 . 1 3 . 3 . 4 8 ) 3 . 1 3 ( 0 . 3 2 , 3 0 . 1 7 ) 2 0 . 9 8 0 . 4 2 . 2 . 2 7 ) 0 . 3 5 ( 0 . 0 8 , 1 . 5 6 ) 2 . 7 6 ( 0 . 3 5 , 2 1 . 5 1 ) 3 1 . 3 9 0 . 5 6 . 3 . 4 4 ) 0 . 4 8 ( 0 . 0 9 . 2 . 4 9 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 4 9 ) 4 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 9 0 0 . 8 6 , 4 . 2 1 ) 1 . 1 5 ( 0 . 2 5 . 5 . 3 8 ) 2 2 3 . 9 7 ( 2 . 1 9 . 2 2 8 6 5 . 8 2 ) 3 1 6 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' c fi 8 1 3 0 w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 2 . 7 2 1 . 0 9 , 6 . 7 7 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 1 1 . 1 . 6 8 ) 2 . 3 4 ( 0 . 2 8 , 1 9 . 5 3 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 . 5 7 0 . 6 6 . 3 . 7 6 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 2 2 . 3 . 3 8 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 2 2 , 9 . 5 4 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 9 3 2 . 4 7 . 3 . 4 8 ) 2 . 7 6 ( 2 . 0 8 . 3 . 6 5 ) 5 . 9 0 ( 2 . 7 5 . 1 2 . 6 4 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 8 9 0 . 2 9 . 2 . 7 8 ) 0 . 9 6 ( 0 . 3 6 , 2 . 6 0 ) 0 . 4 2 ( 0 . 1 1 . 1 6 3 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n - Y e s 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 0 . 6 6 0 . 4 3 . 1 . 0 1 ) 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 3 2 . 1 . 0 5 ) 0 . 2 2 ( 0 . 2 2 , 3 . 8 4 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 0 8 0 . 7 0 . 1 . 6 9 ) 1 . 7 6 ( 0 . 8 7 . 3 . 5 4 ) 0 . 5 6 ( 0 . 1 6 . 1 . 9 7 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 1 9 0 . 7 7 . 1 . 8 5 ) 1 . 2 5 ( 0 . 7 4 . 2 . 1 2 ) 0 . 3 5 ( 0 . 1 4 , 0 . 8 3 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 0 0 . 5 4 . 2 . 6 8 ) 1 . 1 0 ( 0 0 . 3 2 . 3 . 7 9 ) 1 . 0 1 ( 0 . 1 3 , 7 . 8 9 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 7 , 1 . 5 0 ) 1 . 1 6 ( 0 . 3 1 , 4 . 2 9 ) 0 . 4 4 ( 0 . 0 7 , 2 . 9 9 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 6 0 . 5 1 . 3 . 1 0 ) 0 . 8 3 ( 0 . 2 5 , 2 . 7 1 ) 1 . 0 8 ( 0 . 2 0 . 5 . 8 2 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 7 7 0 . 3 3 . 1 . 8 3 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 0 , 1 . 6 3 ) 0 . 6 6 ( 0 . 1 1 . 4 . 1 3 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 L 1 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 : : 2 0 . 3 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 4 1 3 1 7 T a b l e 4 5 E o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C I O R 9 5 % C l I n t e r c e p t 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 1 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 3 ) 0 . 0 0 ( 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 ) E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 5 4 ( 0 . 7 2 , 3 . 3 0 ) 1 . 0 2 ( 0 . 4 0 . 2 . 5 7 ) 2 . 8 8 ( 0 . 2 8 . 3 0 . 0 0 ) H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 2 . 6 8 ( 1 . 3 0 , 5 . 5 3 ) 0 . 5 9 ( 0 . 2 4 . 1 . 4 8 ) 1 . 0 4 ( 0 . 2 5 . 4 . 3 0 ) > H i g h s c h o o l 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 . 0 5 ( 0 . 5 3 , 2 . 0 8 ) 2 . 3 0 ( 0 . 7 4 . 7 . 1 6 ) 1 . 7 3 ( 0 . 2 6 . 1 1 . 3 8 ) 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 . 9 4 ( 1 . 1 3 . 3 . 3 2 ) 2 . 6 7 ( 0 . 6 2 . 1 1 . 5 2 ) 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 2 3 . 1 1 . 2 9 ) 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 . 2 6 ( 0 . 9 0 . 5 . 6 6 ) 1 . 8 2 ( 0 . 3 8 , 8 . 7 5 ) 5 . 1 1 ( 0 . 5 5 , 4 7 . 0 0 ) 6 0 + y r s 2 . 5 6 ( 1 . 0 5 , 6 . 2 5 ) 1 . 7 7 ( 0 . 3 7 . 8 . 3 7 ) 0 . 7 3 ( 0 . 0 3 . 1 9 . 7 0 ) M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 8 2 . 3 . 4 8 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 1 3 , 5 . 0 4 ) 0 . 3 8 ( 0 . 0 6 . 2 . 3 7 ) W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d . o r s e p a r a t e d 1 . 6 4 ( 0 . 8 5 . 3 . 1 5 ) 1 . 8 6 ( 0 . 2 7 . 1 2 . 8 6 ) 0 . 2 8 ( 0 . 0 3 . 2 . 2 8 ) N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 . 2 0 ( 1 . 1 5 . 4 . 2 0 ) 1 . 7 9 ( 0 . 7 7 . 4 . 2 1 ) 2 . 6 ( 0 . 5 5 . 1 2 . 4 0 ) S m o k e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 1 . 1 3 ( 0 . 7 9 . 1 . 6 0 ) 0 . 8 8 ( 0 . 5 2 . 1 . 4 9 ) 1 . 3 5 ( 0 . 6 7 . 2 . 7 1 ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 . 6 9 ( 0 . 5 1 . 5 . 6 0 ) 4 . 7 3 ( 0 . 7 6 , 2 9 . 6 7 ) 1 . 4 0 ( 0 . 0 9 . 2 1 . 9 1 ) 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 8 0 ( 0 . 2 4 . 2 . 7 1 ) 3 . 2 9 ( 0 . 5 1 . 2 1 . 1 4 ) 2 . 9 2 ( 0 . 4 5 . 1 9 . 0 7 ) 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 7 1 ( 0 . 2 2 . 2 . 3 2 ) 3 . 6 5 ( 0 . 4 9 . 2 7 . 1 9 ) 0 . 5 2 ( 0 . 0 7 . 4 . 2 1 ) 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 6 4 ( 0 . 1 9 . 2 . 1 6 ) 1 . 9 8 ( 0 . 2 9 . 1 3 . 6 1 ) 0 . 6 0 ( 0 . 0 8 . 4 . 4 6 ) 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 5 7 ( 0 . 1 8 . 1 . 8 4 ) 1 . 9 1 ( 0 . 3 1 . 1 1 . 7 6 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 1 1 . 4 . 8 7 ) 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 . 0 0 ( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 1 7 . 0 . 9 3 ) 0 . 9 5 ( 0 . 1 6 , 5 . 6 4 ) 0 . 7 4 ( 0 . 0 3 . 1 6 . 7 2 ) N o 0 . 7 2 ( 0 . 2 8 . 1 . 8 ? ) 1 . 2 1 ( 0 . 1 6 , 9 . 1 5 ) 0 . 4 1 ( 0 . 0 1 . 1 1 . 5 3 ) N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 0 . 6 5 ( 0 . 2 8 . 1 . 4 7 ) 0 . 8 0 ( 0 2 1 , 3 0 1 ) 2 . 3 4 ( 0 . 1 3 . 4 1 . 2 1 ) 2 0 . 9 2 ( 0 . 3 7 . 2 . 2 9 ) 0 . 2 2 ( 0 . 0 8 . 0 . 5 9 ) 3 . 6 5 ( 0 . 2 8 . 4 7 . 7 2 ) 3 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 0 . 2 . 4 0 ) 0 . 8 7 ( 0 . 2 1 . 3 . 6 3 ) 0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 0 2 , 7 . 3 0 ) 4 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 5 1 . 4 1 ( 0 . 7 8 . 2 . 5 4 ) 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 2 7 . 4 . 1 2 ) 3 . 4 3 ( 0 . 0 8 . 1 4 3 5 0 ) 3 1 8 T a b l e 4 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n L o w - i n c o m e M i d - i n c o m e H i g h - i n c o m e V a r i a b l e s O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l O R 9 5 % C l A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e S 1 1 y r s o l d 1 . 6 7 ( 0 . 5 8 . 4 . 8 2 ) 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 6 0 . 2 . 4 1 ) 1 . 7 1 ( 0 . 4 5 . 6 . 5 3 ) 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 8 2 ( 0 . 2 5 . 2 . 7 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 8 3 ( 2 . 2 7 . 3 . 5 3 ) 3 . 8 7 ( 2 . 3 2 . 6 . 4 7 ) 5 . 7 8 ( 2 . 3 3 . 1 4 . 3 4 ) R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) C o n s u m e r 0 . 2 5 ( 0 . 1 2 . 0 . 5 3 ) 1 . 4 3 ( 0 . 5 6 , 3 . 6 0 ) 0 . 5 ( 0 . 1 1 . 2 . 1 9 ) B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N o 1 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 6 . 1 . 7 0 ) 1 . 7 2 ( 0 . 6 9 , 4 . 3 0 ) 0 . 8 4 ( 0 . 1 6 , 4 . 3 3 ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 1 . 6 1 ( 0 . 8 7 . 2 . 9 7 ) 1 . 8 3 ( 0 . 7 2 , 4 . 6 6 ) 2 ( 0 . 3 6 . 1 1 . 1 3 ) F a t i n t a k e S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 5 8 ( 0 . 4 1 . 0 . 8 2 ) 0 . 9 1 ( 0 . 4 4 . 1 . 8 8 ) 2 . 3 ( 0 . 8 5 . 6 . 0 8 ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s S 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 7 1 ( 0 . 6 2 . 4 . 7 2 ) 2 . 6 4 ( 0 . 7 7 , 9 . 1 1 ) 2 . 4 ( 0 . 4 0 , 1 4 . 1 8 ) 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 1 1 ( 0 . 4 6 , 2 . 6 6 ) 1 . 9 3 ( 0 . 5 1 . 7 . 3 2 ) 0 . 4 3 ( 0 . 0 8 . 2 . 3 2 ) 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 2 0 ( 0 . 5 2 , 2 . 7 6 ) 1 . 4 5 ( 0 . 4 9 . 4 . 2 6 ) 1 ( 0 . 2 0 . 5 . 3 6 ) 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 7 ( 0 . 3 3 , 3 . 4 9 ) 0 . 9 9 ( 0 . 2 3 . 4 . 2 5 ) 0 . 5 0 ( 0 . 0 8 . 3 . 3 0 ) 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) R 2 0 . 2 9 0 . 2 9 0 . 3 3 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s o b e s e v s . n o n - o b e s e . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t 3 1 9 h i g h - i n c o m e m e n . h i g h e r s c o r e 0 1 1 t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 3 0 2 [ C I = 2 2 4 , 4 . 0 8 ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 8 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 8 , 3 8 0 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 . 4 0 [ C I = 2 . 0 1 , 1 4 5 6 ] ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 4 4 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 — 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g m a r r i e d ( O R = 2 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 . 5 4 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e i n g m a r r i e d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 1 3 [ C l = 2 . 5 4 , 3 8 5 ] ) , a n d n o t c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( O R = 1 9 8 [ C I = 1 3 0 , 3 0 1 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 5 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 2 8 8 9 [ C I = 2 5 2 , 3 3 0 . 7 1 ] ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e f i r s t q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 1 3 5 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 1 0 5 . 6 5 ] ) , a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 1 3 9 l [ C l = l . 7 6 , 1 0 9 8 6 ] ) , a t t h e t h i r d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = I 4 . 1 3 [ C I = 1 . 6 5 . 1 2 0 7 0 ] ) . o r a t t h e f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = l 0 4 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 1 0 5 . 4 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 4 . 2 7 [ C I = 2 . 8 7 . 6 3 6 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 2 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 3 . 2 6 [ C I = 2 . 1 3 , 4 9 8 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 2 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n w h i t e l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 9 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 3 6 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 1 . 1 8 [ C I = 2 . 8 7 . 4 3 6 0 ] ) o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 . 1 7 [ C I = 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 5 6 [ C I = 2 . 6 1 , 4 8 6 ] ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e 3 2 0 ( O R = 0 6 I [ C I = 0 . 4 2 , 0 8 8 ] ) . R 3 w a s 0 . 2 8 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I I I w h i t e m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 3 7 [ C l = l . l 4 . 1 0 0 0 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 8 3 [ C l = l . 1 2 , 7 1 4 ] ) . o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 0 9 [ C I = 1 . 6 3 . 1 0 2 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e — t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 3 . 4 8 [ C l = l . 4 6 , 8 2 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 7 3 [ C I = 2 9 1 , 4 . 7 9 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 3 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n w h i t e h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 0 0 [ C I = 1 . 5 4 . 1 0 4 1 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 6 1 [ C I = 2 3 3 , 1 3 4 9 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 0 1 [ C I = 1 . 6 3 , 9 8 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 2 . 4 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 5 9 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 5 5 [ C l = 2 . 0 7 , 3 . 1 4 1 ) , a n d h i g h e r a l c o h o l i n t a k e ( O R = 0 6 8 [ C I = O 5 0 . 0 . 9 3 ) ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 1 9 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n . t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 6 6 [ C l = l . 4 l , 5 0 2 ] ) , 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 4 2 [ C l = l . 4 l , 5 0 2 ] ) , 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 6 6 [ C I = 2 . 1 1 , 1 5 1 8 ] ) , o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 9 6 [ C l = 2 . 0 2 , l 2 . 1 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 1 8 7 [ C l = l . l 9 . 2 9 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 6 7 7 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d . a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 9 3 [ C I = 2 . 4 7 , 3 4 8 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 3 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 4 . 0 8 [ C I = 1 . 6 5 , 1 0 1 2 ] ) o r 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 8 1 [ C I = 1 . 5 0 , 9 6 8 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 3 . l 5 [ C I = 1 . 5 6 . 6 3 6 ] ) r e l a t i v e 3 2 1 t o b e i n g a s m o k e r . a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 7 6 [ C l = 2 . 0 6 , 3 6 5 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : b e i n g m a r r i e d ( O R = 0 3 8 [ C I = 0 1 7 , 0 8 3 ] ) o r b e i n g w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d ( O R = 0 3 7 [ C I = 0 1 8 , 0 7 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e i n g m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h a p a r t n e r , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d q u i n t i l e l e v e l ( O R = 0 2 4 [ C l = 0 . 0 7 , 0 8 1 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 2 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n b l a c k h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y ( O R = 1 2 . 2 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , l 3 8 . 8 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , h a v i n g 2 5 l i v e b i r t h s ( O R = 2 2 3 9 7 [ C I = 2 . 1 9 , 2 2 8 6 5 8 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 5 9 0 [ C l = 2 . 7 5 , 1 2 6 4 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 3 5 [ C I = 0 1 4 , 0 8 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . R 2 w a s 0 . 4 1 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 2 . 6 8 [ C I = 1 3 0 , 5 5 3 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 1 3 , 3 3 2 ] ) o r 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 6 2 5 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r ( O R = 2 . 2 0 [ C I = 1 . 1 5 , 4 2 0 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , a n d h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 3 [ C I = 2 . 2 7 , 3 5 3 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n . t h e f o l l o w i n g d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y : c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w ( O R = 0 2 5 [ C I = 0 1 2 , 0 5 3 ] ) a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( O R = 0 5 8 [ C l = 0 4 1 , 0 8 2 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t . R 2 w a s 0 . 2 9 3 2 2 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 3 8 7 [ C I = 2 3 2 . 6 . 4 7 ] ) . I n a d d i t i o n , h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 0 2 2 [ C l = 0 . 0 8 , 0 5 9 ] ) r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t . R 3 w a s 0 . 2 9 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , h i g h e r s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( O R = 5 . 7 8 [ C l = 2 3 3 , 1 4 3 4 ] ) . R 2 w a s 0 . 3 3 ( T a b l e 4 5 ) . D I F F E R E N C E S I N S T U D Y S U B J E C T S ’ C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B E F O R E A N D A F T E R E X C L U D I N G S U B J E C T S W I T H M I S S I N G R E S P O N S E S O N T H E V A R I A B L E S O F I N T E R E S T S i n c e s o m e s u b j e c t s d i d n o t p r o v i d e a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f i n t e r e s t , t h e s t u d y s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m a y h a v e c h a n g e d b e t w e e n t h e s a m p l e w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n a t l e a s t B M I , g e n d e r , a g e , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d i n c o m e ( S a m p l e A i n F i g u r e 2 a a n d b ) a n d t h e s a m p l e w i t h a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y r i s k ( S a m p l e B i n F i g u r e 2 a a n d b ) . T h e r e f o r e , s u b j e c t s “ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o s t u d y s a m p l e s n e e d e d t o b e e x a m i n e d t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t . 1 . W e i g h t s t a t u s b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l B M I a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e a g e - a d j u s t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I a n d i n c o m e l e v e l s a fi e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 4 6 ) w a s t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e s b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g t h e s e s u b j e c t s ( T a b l e 1 5 ) . I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o n n e d m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 0 0 0 1 a n d 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 0 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 4 6 ) . T h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e l o g - t r a n s f o n n e d m e a n B M I b y t h e 3 2 3 ) 0 1 A A A A A A A A A A M 6 / / / / / / / / / / M N N N N N N N N N N = n ( ) 9 * 5 2 . 1 = * * 1 0 0 3 2 . 0 . . . 0 0 0 n 3 ( ) 3 1 A A A A . n e m e t i h w : M W , n e m o n a c i r e m A - * 0 0 w 4 / / / / n = a N N N N n ( ) 3 1 A A A A A A A A W 3 / / / / / / / / B = N N N N N N N N n ( ) * 9 * * “ ” “ 1 * * 0 0 ” 9 8 9 7 * 4 0 0 6 8 c i x e M : W M , n e m o w k c 9 = 0 2 n . ( 3 ) * 3 * 8 0 0 0 0 0 a . . 0 . . . 0 0 . l 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * o B m 0 * * * * i b 1 0 : n 0 . 0 W e n . s , n < * * * * * 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 * 0 0 0 5 * * * 0 n s a P * , . 4 0 8 0 9 . . . 2 0 0 e c e * r i 2 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 * = - - g m r . . . . 0 _ * n 3 0 0 0 e e o r ( w m . e 1 A ) h e t - 0 0 . d 3 “ 3 “ * * * * 0 7 * 1 6 0 . 9 1 0 2 = . . . 0 0 0 n 3 ( 5 . 3 S R 5 8 I P 5 . t i n 0 n h a . i 0 w c i < P e : x d * e W u M * * l W c n , : . i n M 1 e M 0 s . m r 0 . o < t : n P c M e i m * d , * e k t n p 1 3 e < > e S c m 5 r e t n o R R 8 c I I . n P P 1 I I r c , p 5 a e m 0 l e h o B . t w 0 : < n : M P o W B * 3 2 4 T a b l e 4 6 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 f o r t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) W M W A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 5 * 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 9 “ 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 8 * * 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 6 * * R 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 N / A N / A M W W M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 5 B M ( n = 4 1 4 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s . r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . a n d g e n d e r ; o t h e r H i s p a n i c s ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s . b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; a n d t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s i n c o m e l e v e l i n m e n ( T a b l e 4 6 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n ( B = 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 a n d [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 4 6 ) . T h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i l l l o g — t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e m e n ( T a b l e 4 6 ) . I n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 , t h e a g e - a d j u s t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I a n d i n c o m e l e v e l s a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 4 7 ) w a s a l s o t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e s b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g t h e s e s u b j e c t s e x c e p t M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . I n w o m e n , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 0 0 0 1 a n d ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 0 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 4 7 ) . I n m e n , b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e — i n c o m e g r o u p p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I ( l 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p , w h i l e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( T a b l e 4 7 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 0 0 0 1 a n d [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n . B e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 0 0 0 1 a n d [ 3 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 0 0 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n b l a c k w o m e n . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ; T a b l e 1 6 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e 3 2 5 ) 4 * 2 * M * 0 0 6 0 * 0 0 1 . . 4 . . M 1 0 , o e h m w 2 o - 0 0 = . n 3 ( ) 6 c e n s i o h n t o d s , n n * n * a o * e 1 * 1 0 i ; * 2 m 5 0 4 t s M * 0 . 8 0 . . B . 0 0 s t . c e 1 2 = . 3 0 - - 0 0 u q e j b k c a l n B ( ) 9 * * * * * e u h s t t l h : M l B a g i * , * * * * o e 3 * * n * * * 0 t 0 * 1 M 5 * 2 0 e 0 * * * 0 * w . 0 6 8 8 m . 0 . . 1 n e 0 d r W 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 . . . . 0 . o d e n = p t 3 0 O 0 0 n 4 ) 5 5 “ * * * * o a * M * c n s u i e r ; w h s t n : 0 * i “ W * * * * 4 0 0 6 W 0 . 7 0 0 0 8 * * * d r 0 i 1 2 M = . n 3 ( 0 0 3 . . . . 1 n m 0 0 9 . d e . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 . o A e 0 0 0 . 0 0 h m n w o a ) 6 * 3 * * * * * t M * e c s i o x h e w n a c i * r r * * * * 0 0 * ; * * * 3 * * W 5 4 0 0 * * * . * 7 B 1 1 0 0 0 . . 4 7 3 0 . 0 0 1 1 1 . . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 = 2 n 3 ( ) 9 * 9 * “ 1 * * 0 * 1 s p u o r o e n e , m s m A k . - o n n c w a a o l i g s b n s i . e c i x t s r e a e g M t t e c i r : a h l w e W . * 3 0 / h g . 4 2 0 6 b W = 1 . 0 0 0 u 0 n 3 s ( g n ) o 9 * 7 * m ) * 0 0 * a n 6 . t t n M n a a h i n . n n t g d e e r r e d e m p h o u t l w : o c e k r c s n t i 4 c e w s e a l b * 0 2 0 0 r 1 M 1 o 5 . . 0 p 0 0 2 . d o 0 j e : 0 b t 0 u c i = 0 d 0 . W i h s 3 n s s ( n e o g i t e ) r 0 * * a * * * 9 l * * * 0 e 5 u . s i l ; e d B c r r . x e p n e d 0 < P * n e e * ; h * e m r e g o t * 6 d o v w n . o 1 e * 4 * 0 0 n e h , r W 4 8 0 . t 4 1 0 . 0 . d a s t 0 i 0 0 n e . . I r . . 0 n 3 0 a y s t M d ( i o n w 0 e < = h n f B - 4 e 9 l c : o P m o p i n s * W n * s a h * e W m . . a i - e 5 r t c r 8 3 e / e r 1 n . o e c 8 S 9 0 a m t . m r 0 l A y h e 0 c e n 1 2 l I . R a : - < P 5 8 I . P 5 e s s s s e u a * d s M n t r r r r v , c t * 3 y y y y s a n i g a . S 7 E 4 N e < > e A c m 5 p 1 e S l 8 o R R r 2 3 5 4 H - n e 0 - - - c . I I e u g w b t a n n P P g N 1 d 0 0 0 0 0 d i : < : M P 2 3 6 4 5 i A e T ( A i I 1 * M w d W 9 9 9 9 y s e r h x s e 5 a t , + l h t t M o o . t m 0 3 2 6 R 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * * 0 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 1 6 * * * * 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 * * * * 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 1 7 * * * * 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 0 3 * ‘ 1 ’ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 * * * 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 7 e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e b o t h b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r m e a n B M I r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 7 ) . B e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p p r e d i c t e d h i g h e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e m e n , w h i l e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e l o w - i n c o m e a n d t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p . B e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p p r e d i c t e d l o w e r l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I ( l 3 = - 0 0 5 a t p < 0 0 0 1 ) r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n b l a c k m e n . T h e l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d m e a n B M I d i d n o t d i f f e r b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n . fl e L i s k o f o b e s i t L a s a m t c o m e v a r i a b l e : I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e a g e - a d j u s t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o b e s i t y r i s k a n d t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 4 8 ) w e r e t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e s b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 7 ) . I n w o m e n . b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 9 7 [ C I = 1 . 5 6 . 2 . 4 9 ] f o r t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d O R = I . 7 0 [ C l = l . 3 0 , 2 . 2 2 ] f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 4 8 ) . I n m e n , t h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n t h e l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n ( O R = 1 . 9 5 [ C l = l . 4 4 , 2 . 6 2 ] a n d O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 2 . 3 2 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . N o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y w a s o b s e r v e d i n w h i t e m e n . I n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 , t h e a g e - a d j u s t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o b e s i t y r i s k a n d t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t w e r e t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e s b e f o r e e x c l u s i o n e x c e p t t h e o n e i n m e n . W o m e n i n t h e 3 2 7 ) 0 1 I 6 C A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / = A N N N N N N N N N n / ( ; N A A A A A A A A A M R O M / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N s . t e c m e o j b c u ) n 4 i A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / s t N N N N N N N N N h n A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / A o g / i N e s , n n w o i r e e m N N N N N N N N N t ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 9 0 7 7 0 0 5 0 0 s e d n u u q 2 7 5 1 0 9 6 0 0 ; . . . . . . . e s . . k c a l B 5 1 1 0 1 1 4 h n 3 5 5 2 : l . . . t a . C 1 9 6 7 . . . , . , c M 0 0 1 1 3 6 2 l 0 8 7 0 0 3 7 4 1 0 l B i = a . . . . . . . . . . r n ( 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 . 0 o e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( t n m A e d M 1 m 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 R 1 1 0 0 5 2 5 9 3 n n W . . . . e . . . . . o a 0 p t 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 C 4 = n ( R M B O ) 9 O ) 3 l C 4 = n ( R c s i i e x r e h w t M : A A A A A A A A A 1 / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N o A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / A n r M / W o d N , i d s , k n c O N N N N N N N N N . o e a ) W n M n o h m i s ) s 3 A A A A A A A A A l C e 1 r g 3 e = n / / / / / / / I / N N N N N N N N N l b o w o i e . s s w s s o e e n r a A t h g i c / t e h i N r r w ( A A A A A A A A A e R W h O / / / / I / / / / ; r n n e e a h m B A N N N N N N N N N e t t r ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) h m t n - o n i o 8 ) 7 f 2 3 0 0 2 3 8 6 w a e d 6 0 0 8 2 8 2 r ) . . . . g . . . e . h 2 c 2 1 1 3 t d i 2 3 3 4 4 n 9 0 l . 0 . 9 C 4 , , , . . , , i o u x t l e 0 0 2 9 1 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 5 5 s a M c - = . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 9 3 1 1 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : 0 t n t . i c c 0 a e l W j s / b r 7 9 5 0 0 3 5 3 t 2 R 1 0 5 0 0 7 9 n 5 3 u o M s t c , . . . . . . . . . a O i 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 n n ; g s d e e c e 9 n 9 ( 9 1 W W S E N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) r m r i A p n o 7 4 4 5 4 p 3 3 0 0 2 6 8 6 4 3 0 4 0 H ) . . . . . . . . . a e w : p 1 1 1 1 h 2 3 4 3 N 3 0 l 8 . ( C . . , , . , , , 2 1 0 5 0 0 6 6 2 5 2 1 , s 2 p = l n ( 1 . 0 8 7 0 0 9 w 3 5 3 . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 d r o l b e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 s h e : t e d o s W fl 8 9 0 2 u 3 3 0 0 9 e s k t r i c e H a n r g O b u s M 0 0 0 0 5 R 1 2 6 2 . . . . . . . . . n B l ; o c r p . 0 2 2 2 t 1 1 1 1 1 x e e d s n n e e a ) ) ) ) ) ) ) n ) ) 9 7 4 7 5 8 m 0 e 0 0 ; r c fi 2 5 g 1 4 8 4 5 0 0 r fi ) g . . . . . . . . . e i e o v w n h 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 0 d 2 n l 3 o C . . . , . , , . , o t g n e i l 7 3 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 t d a s l m . a 1 y = t n 1 9 5 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 n a i . . , . . . . . . . . h n y 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w a l y e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 e l t v d a i l a c : m c i i ( 0 0 0 o 1 1 i h 6 7 3 W n t s W R 2 2 7 0 0 e . . . . . O 0 2 1 1 1 . . . 2 1 1 2 b o n s s a h t W i r c t o t a n i e a . e r / t e d n s f y o k 5 . c i e e 0 m a d m e 3 r 2 o : - e A r s , S i R . 8 5 R I d s w h M n e w u a t d , c g t . P 5 r r r r a t t s x e n i 8 e s s s s a 4 o e m < > e S r g s e p 1 3 s e y y y y s h e 5 c m l 8 r o R R 9 9 9 9 t y M i t h 2 3 4 5 l l h t o b c I I . e d i d t g 0 0 0 0 0 e - - - - + u g w : h a n n P P g 1 2 : n A e i M 2 6 3 5 4 T A I I R 1 a M H w W 3 2 8 l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s h a d a h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y t h a n w o m e n i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 2 0 9 [ C l = l 6 7 , 2 . 6 1 ] a n d O R = I 5 8 [ C I = 1 . 2 4 , 2 . 0 1 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . W h i l e o n l y b e i n g 1 1 1 t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 4 3 [ : ( ‘ I Z I . 1 l . 1 8 4 ] ) a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , b o t h b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = l . 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 1 . 8 1 ] a n d O R = 1 5 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 1 . 8 8 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y i n T a b l e 1 8 ) . W h e n s u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y t o g e t h e r , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w h i t e w o m e n ( O R = 1 8 8 [ C I = 1 . 4 4 , 2 . 4 5 ] a n d O R = 1 . 4 6 [ C I = 1 . 1 l , 1 . 9 2 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . B l a c k w o m e n i n t h e l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s h a d a h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y t h a n b l a c k w o m e n i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = I . 7 3 [ C I = 1 . 2 8 . 2 . 3 4 ] a n d O R = 1 8 8 [ C l = l 3 l , 2 . 6 9 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . N o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n . W h i t e m e n i n t h e l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s h a d a h i g h e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y t h a n w h i t e m e n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 1 0 , 2 . 2 1 ] a n d O R = 1 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 2 . 0 1 ] , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . N o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n b l a c k a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n . 2 . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 1 . T o t a l p o p u l a t i o n I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r e x c l u d i n g r e s p o n d e n t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 0 a n d T a b l e 8 ) . 3 2 9 ) 0 5 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4 8 5 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 3 6 1 6 0 0 . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 ) I . 5 C 6 , , , . , , . , 5 0 3 6 0 6 5 0 1 3 0 8 7 0 8 7 4 0 , . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( = n ( 0 . 0 W 8 0 6 0 0 2 7 9 0 R 2 4 2 0 0 4 2 7 4 M . . . . . . . . . O 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 9 0 4 0 0 4 6 6 0 0 8 2 3 5 6 4 7 5 . 0 ) I . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 1 1 4 6 4 , , C . . , , , . , 6 3 3 2 6 0 0 5 0 0 5 9 2 0 1 0 0 . . . 2 9 4 3 . . . 0 1 1 . . . 1 1 2 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( . 1 = n ( ( ( ( ( ( W 9 0 6 6 2 2 B R 1 0 8 9 0 6 . O . . . . . 0 2 4 2 1 1 ) n o i ) s 0 ) ) ) ) ) 0 4 6 5 5 2 9 5 7 4 0 s e . 0 r ) I g 9 C , e 9 8 r 1 0 . . . . . 1 3 3 5 2 , , , . , 0 1 8 8 1 0 1 1 9 2 . . . . . . . 0 ( 1 1 1 1 1 2 ( ( ( ( ( 0 . 0 e 2 h = t n ( r o f 2 7 5 0 0 5 0 2 9 4 7 3 0 R 1 0 8 0 1 2 w 9 . . . . . . . . . - 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 O 8 8 9 1 S E ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 4 0 0 7 1 4 7 8 0 8 0 1 8 1 9 . . . . . . . . N 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 A H , , , , . , . , 0 0 0 1 4 4 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 1 7 N . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 ( 1 s p u ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 . 0 o 1 r R 1 g O . 0 5 3 0 0 7 5 4 1 3 4 0 0 5 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 b u s t n e r e f ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 4 1 2 9 6 7 0 0 1 5 8 8 0 0 0 6 4 . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 f ) I i 0 d 9 C , . , . , . . . , 9 1 1 0 0 5 7 9 0 0 5 1 0 0 4 2 0 5 . . . . . . . . 3 g . n 4 = 0 1 1 1 1 ( 1 2 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 . 1 3 o 0 n m ( a 3 y R 1 W t O . 0 i s e b o f o k 6 4 0 9 4 0 . . . 0 0 . 1 1 1 1 5 . 3 s S i R . 9 4 5 R I t . r r r r P 5 8 s s s s p 1 3 y y y y s e < > e r S e 5 c m l 8 r o R R b e t c I I . e a n n P P g 1 9 9 9 9 y 2 3 4 5 - - - - + 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 T A I I 3 3 0 R 2 1 . 9 8 1 2 . 2 5 3 . 1 9 1 . 8 2 M ( n = 5 , 6 7 9 ) C I ( 0 . 0 8 . 0 . 1 5 ) ( 1 . 2 7 , 2 . 4 7 ) ( 1 . 0 1 , 1 . 8 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 5 3 1 . 6 4 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4 8 0 0 0 6 9 9 2 3 1 6 0 0 9 9 4 9 . 0 I C , . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 t 4 6 2 d s o . i t , , , n . , , . 9 6 4 0 0 4 5 0 0 1 7 7 3 d c . 1 n e d 0 9 7 1 . . . . . . . o j i e . . 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 1 d 1 b ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( h m 0 u . s o w o 0 w e h ; s w r n o h e a e t s d c n i o e h r ; g n e d m n a t e m d A n - o a n ) ) ) ) ) w a , 0 0 0 3 3 0 5 8 7 9 g . . . . . n ; y c t s i t i c x 8 R 1 O . 0 ) ) ) ) 0 2 0 8 4 1 0 7 . . . . ) I t i e e 0 1 1 1 1 i c 6 C . , . . . . . . n , a 1 8 0 2 0 0 1 0 6 h 4 t 5 c 1 5 7 0 0 7 8 6 t 1 j . M b n u o i : . . . . . . . . e s . 1 1 1 1 0 ( . 1 = n ( M B 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 a l W / s ( ( ( e s t ( ( ( ( ( 0 / n c h e M . t 0 n a e g r a , m r i g n n . e e g s e n v r 5 3 0 0 3 0 9 7 r 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t d t i w r e u a r t n m e p a o e h c ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 ) ) : n s n e r e u i e k t c m h d ; a A w - g e s l i d n b n d a e u l a 4 0 3 1 1 5 7 e : c 0 0 w 1 2 9 6 7 5 1 i d . . c c ) l . . . . . . . 1 1 . i n W u r e x i B 9 l e 0 2 2 6 3 3 1 C . . m e c m s 3 0 0 . . , . , , , o 5 x A 0 0 6 3 0 3 4 6 4 . 0 0 1 0 6 3 7 e . . n c o n r t , M 2 . . . . . . . 1 1 n i n e a t : ( ( c = 0 1 1 1 ; c 1 2 1 a m M i ( ( ( r fi ( ( ( ( n c ( M . e i n d o M v n o w i e o g x r , s p e e n i d n s t 9 0 0 0 ' 0 8 8 M e 6 W R 0 5 4 7 5 0 0 4 n 4 . . . . a . . . . 6 o e i i r h h y m t l O o w 0 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 t k l 5 d s c a l e o u , n s o i : a c k t l W s q c s B s r e t a e W i a h s a l : e t n b , M t n s y o B l , e l s p . e 3 s 0 e , a m 2 t o e n : e r S t i d h r e M w m ) d ' t n o c w R d e e ( 5 8 I . P 5 s s s s n e o t t n g n h e . d 9 t r r r r a t a 4 e p 1 e < > e S 3 y y y y s p e i h h l r s g s l h t m a c m e 9 9 9 9 y t w i 5 o l 8 e w e - - - - + u e h : r 2 3 4 5 r l l o R R r b v c I I . e t d t h g 0 0 0 0 0 a n n P P g A i o t a : 1 M 2 3 4 5 6 T A I I 1 h n o W W H 3 3 1 R 2 0 . 0 3 O R 0 . 2 7 M M ( n = 1 , 6 2 4 ) 0 . 7 4 0 . 9 3 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 3 4 2 . 9 8 3 . 7 6 1 . 8 2 T a b l e 5 0 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) 3 9 1 3 6 . 1 1 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r M e n 3 , 5 4 2 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 N / A N / A W o m e n 3 , 3 4 3 4 9 . 8 N / A 4 9 . 8 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 3 , 6 9 7 8 0 . 6 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 9 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 4 3 7 1 1 . 6 1 0 . 6 1 2 . 5 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 7 5 1 7 . 6 8 . 5 6 . 6 E d u c a fl o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 2 8 7 1 9 . 7 2 0 . 2 1 9 . 1 N S H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 2 7 2 6 . 8 2 6 . 1 2 7 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 9 6 1 5 3 . 6 5 3 . 7 5 3 . 5 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 0 6 6 1 7 . 3 1 9 . 1 1 5 . 4 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 2 8 2 0 . 7 2 1 . 6 1 9 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 3 1 5 2 3 . 1 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 9 5 5 1 6 . 8 1 6 . 6 1 7 . 0 6 0 + y r s 2 , 4 2 1 2 2 . 1 1 9 . 7 2 4 . 5 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 , 7 7 1 3 0 . 5 2 7 . 5 3 3 . 5 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 , 7 5 1 2 4 . 4 2 4 . 8 2 4 . 1 > 3 . 5 2 , 3 6 3 4 5 . 1 4 7 . 7 4 2 . 5 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 0 0 6 0 . 5 6 3 . 9 5 7 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 , 4 2 4 1 7 . 8 1 1 . 4 2 4 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 3 2 1 2 1 . 7 2 4 . 8 1 8 . 7 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 8 1 6 7 3 . 6 6 9 . 7 7 7 . 3 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 4 8 8 2 6 . 4 3 0 . 3 2 2 . 7 3 3 2 T a b l e 5 0 ( c o n t ' d ) 3 3 3 E g g ! V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 , 9 1 3 2 8 . 6 2 6 . 4 3 0 . 8 * * 2 - 3 h r s 3 , 1 3 1 4 6 . 8 4 8 . 5 4 5 . 0 2 4 h r s 1 , 8 3 2 2 4 . 6 2 5 . 1 2 4 . 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 5 9 9 4 i 0 . 1 6 i 0 . 2 2 i O . 2 * * * * D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 , 6 9 5 2 4 . 5 2 2 . 4 2 6 . 5 * * * * W a l k a l o t 3 , 6 5 1 5 0 . 2 4 5 . 5 5 5 . 0 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 5 3 2 2 5 . 4 3 2 . 1 1 8 . 5 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 5 8 5 3 2 . 3 2 9 . 3 3 5 . 5 * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 7 5 8 1 3 . 4 1 4 . 8 1 2 . 0 2 n d q u i n t i l e 7 4 8 1 3 . 3 1 3 . 1 1 3 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 0 5 1 3 . 8 1 3 . 3 1 4 . 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 4 9 1 3 . 6 1 3 . 8 1 3 . 3 5 t h q u i n t i l e 7 2 5 1 3 . 6 1 5 . 8 1 1 . 3 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 4 Y e s 1 , 4 9 8 N / A N / A 4 7 . 6 N / A N o 1 , 1 0 0 N / A N / A 3 6 . 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 4 1 1 N / A N / A 1 6 . 2 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 4 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 5 2 7 N / A N / A 1 9 . 8 N / A 1 4 3 2 N / A N / A 1 5 . 6 2 7 2 4 N / A N / A 2 6 . 9 3 6 3 3 N / A N / A 1 9 . 8 4 3 2 6 N / A N / A 8 . 7 2 5 4 8 4 N / A N / A 9 . 1 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 4 s 1 1 y r s o l d 5 8 2 N / A N / A 1 9 . 3 N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 , 2 2 6 N / A N / A 7 4 . 6 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 0 0 N / A N / A 6 . 1 T a b l e 5 0 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l P e r c e n t M e n W o m e n P 3 V a r i a b l e s n W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 1 1 4 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 5 3 8 O b e s e 2 , 2 3 3 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 3 0 3 A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 7 6 2 O v e n / v e i g h t 3 , 8 0 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 3 5 A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 6 9 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 3 7 1 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 3 9 1 S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 2 9 3 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 1 9 1 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 9 7 9 N o 4 , 2 0 2 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 2 , 6 7 1 N o 4 , 2 0 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 6 , 8 6 5 C o m p o n e n t 1 6 6 , 1 6 5 C o m p o n e n t 2 7 6 , 1 7 9 3 3 4 6 , 8 8 5 2 8 . 3 : 0 . 1 2 8 . 0 i 0 . 1 2 8 . 6 : 0 2 * * 3 3 . 6 3 5 . 1 3 1 . 2 3 . 8 3 7 . 3 5 8 . 8 1 8 . 5 7 3 . 9 7 . 6 5 . 3 2 8 . 7 6 6 . 0 3 4 . 8 6 5 . 2 4 3 . 3 5 6 . 7 5 . 2 i 0 . 0 4 . 9 i 0 . 0 5 . 4 i 0 . 0 6 . 5 3 : 0 . 0 6 . 1 : 0 0 6 . 8 i 0 . 0 2 7 : 0 0 2 6 : 0 0 2 . 9 i 0 . 0 3 0 . 5 4 1 . 7 2 7 . 7 6 . 2 4 4 . 4 4 9 . 4 2 8 . 0 6 9 . 6 2 . 4 9 . 1 3 5 . 5 5 5 . 4 2 6 . 2 7 3 . 8 3 7 . 5 6 2 . 5 3 6 . 8 2 8 . 5 3 4 . 8 1 . 5 3 0 . 2 6 8 . 3 9 . 1 7 8 . 2 1 2 . 8 1 . 5 2 1 . 7 7 6 . 8 4 3 . 6 5 6 . 5 4 9 . 2 5 0 . 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * T a b l e 5 0 ( c o n t ' d ) m V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 8 7 0 2 1 . 4 1 9 . 1 2 3 . 8 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 5 2 5 2 2 . 4 2 0 . 2 2 4 . 7 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 , 7 8 6 2 8 . 7 2 7 . 8 2 9 . 7 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 , 4 3 2 2 7 . 4 3 2 . 9 2 1 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 5 , 2 3 8 7 9 . 9 7 7 . 9 8 1 . 9 * * * N o 1 , 3 7 2 2 0 . 1 2 2 . 1 1 8 . 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 6 1 5 2 , 2 3 5 i 1 5 2 , 6 3 4 i 2 6 1 , 8 3 2 i 2 0 * * * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 7 6 3 6 . 3 3 7 . 2 3 5 . 4 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 0 3 8 6 3 . 7 6 2 . 8 6 4 . 6 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 6 5 6 2 1 . 8 2 3 . 2 2 0 . 4 N S 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 7 6 1 2 4 . 8 2 4 . 1 2 5 . 5 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 9 2 2 . 6 2 1 . 4 2 3 . 7 6 t i m e s / d a y 9 0 7 1 5 . 5 1 5 . 9 1 5 . 0 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 8 1 7 1 5 . 4 1 5 . 4 1 5 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r s 1 , 5 9 6 2 1 . 2 1 8 . 7 2 3 . 7 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 7 2 7 7 3 . 9 7 5 . 0 7 2 . 8 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 9 2 4 . 9 6 . 4 3 . 5 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . 2 P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 3 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y w e i g h t s t a t u s w e r e t e s t e d b y t - t e s t . ‘ B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 6 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 7 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e I n I 9 8 8 - 9 4 : S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s b e f o r e a n d a fi e r e x c l u d i n g r e s p o n d e n t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 | a n d T a b l e 9 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f m i d d l e — i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w a s s m a l l e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 2 5 . 8 % i n T a b l e 5 i ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a fi e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 4 . 0 % i n T a b l e 9 ) . 2 . G e n d e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 0 a n d T a b l e 8 ) w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n : e d u c a t i o n a t t a i n m e n t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y g e n d e r b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 0 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 8 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 1 a n d T a b l e 9 ) . 3 . I n c o m e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . 1 3 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 2 a n d T a b l e 1 0 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . W h i l e n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s t o a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . M e a n B M I d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . M e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . 3 3 6 T a b l e 5 1 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r M e n 7 , 0 4 4 4 9 . 6 4 9 . 6 N / A N / A W o m e n 6 , 7 0 7 5 0 . 4 N / A 5 0 . 4 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 6 , 0 4 5 8 3 . 4 8 3 . 7 8 3 . 1 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 4 , 0 0 6 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 7 1 2 . 4 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 3 , 7 0 0 5 . 1 5 . 7 4 . 6 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 5 , 3 7 8 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 8 2 2 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 4 , 3 2 0 3 5 . 0 3 1 . 5 3 8 . 5 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 9 8 3 4 2 . 0 4 4 . 7 3 9 . 3 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 , 7 3 0 2 0 . 7 2 2 . 0 1 9 . 4 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 8 1 0 2 4 . 1 2 5 . 0 2 3 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 5 1 9 . 6 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 5 7 0 1 2 . 7 1 2 . 6 1 2 . 8 6 0 + y r s 4 , 4 0 6 2 2 . 9 2 0 . 4 2 5 . 4 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 6 , 4 4 1 2 8 . 6 2 5 . 9 3 1 . 4 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 4 , 0 9 2 3 3 . 5 3 4 . 3 3 2 . 8 > 3 . 5 3 , 2 1 8 3 7 . 9 3 9 . 9 3 5 . 8 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 8 , 5 6 4 6 7 . 3 7 2 . 4 6 2 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 9 8 1 1 7 . 6 1 0 . 5 2 4 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 , 1 8 9 1 5 . 1 1 7 . 1 1 3 . 1 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r . 9 , 6 3 0 6 9 . 9 6 6 . 5 7 3 . 2 * * * * S m o k e r 3 , 7 7 5 3 0 . 1 3 3 . 5 2 6 . 8 3 3 7 T a b l e 5 1 ( c o n t ' d ) M a n i V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 0 , 9 6 8 4 i 0 . 2 6 i 0 . 3 2 i 0 . 2 * * * * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 9 3 0 1 3 . 8 1 0 . 3 1 7 . 3 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 8 2 0 1 8 . 8 1 7 . 2 2 0 . 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 6 3 1 5 . 6 1 5 . 3 1 5 . 9 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 8 0 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 6 1 4 . 6 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 , 4 7 7 2 1 . 1 2 2 . 6 1 9 . 6 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 7 8 1 1 5 . 1 1 8 . 1 1 2 . 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 4 Y e s 3 , 0 5 5 N / A N / A 4 4 . 6 N / A N o 2 , 5 4 1 N / A N / A 3 7 . 5 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 9 5 8 N / A N / A 1 7 . 8 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 4 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 , 2 7 3 N / A N / A 2 2 . 5 N / A 1 1 , 1 0 3 N / A N / A 1 6 . 3 2 1 , 6 6 5 N / A N / A 2 8 . 2 3 1 , 1 2 1 N / A N / A 1 6 . 0 4 6 9 2 N / A N / A 8 . 1 2 5 1 , 0 2 1 N / A N / A 8 . 9 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 4 s 1 1 y r s o l d 1 , 3 2 4 N / A N / A 1 9 . 2 N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 4 , 9 7 1 N / A N / A 7 5 . 2 . > . 1 6 y r s o l d 4 4 5 N / A N / A 5 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 3 7 5 1 2 6 . 8 - $ 0 . 1 2 6 . 8 i 0 . 1 2 6 . 8 : 0 . 1 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 5 , 2 2 7 4 3 . 2 3 8 . 7 4 7 . 7 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 4 , 9 0 9 3 3 . 8 4 0 . 9 2 6 . 7 ' O b e s e 3 , 6 1 5 2 3 . 0 2 0 . 5 2 5 . 5 3 3 8 T a b l e 5 1 ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e n t 2 V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 6 7 9 4 . 0 5 . 9 2 . 2 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 5 , 8 8 0 4 0 . 1 4 8 . 0 3 2 . 2 O v e n / v e i g h t 7 , 1 8 5 5 5 . 9 4 6 . 1 6 5 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 9 1 6 1 6 . 2 2 5 . 4 7 . 3 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 9 , 3 3 1 7 2 . 1 7 0 . 2 7 4 . 0 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 4 7 1 1 . 7 4 . 5 1 8 . 7 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 9 0 4 6 . 0 9 . 7 2 . 4 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 , 8 6 9 3 0 . 2 3 7 . 6 2 2 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 7 , 9 7 2 6 3 . 8 5 2 . 7 7 4 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 5 , 2 6 5 4 2 . 5 3 1 . 1 5 3 . 9 * * * * N o 8 , 4 8 2 5 7 . 5 6 9 . 0 4 6 . 2 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 1 3 , 7 3 4 6 . 5 i 0 . 0 6 . 1 i 0 . 0 6 . 9 : 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n C o n s u m e r 2 , 0 8 0 2 1 . 2 2 3 . 8 1 8 . 6 * * * * N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 1 , 2 1 6 7 8 . 8 7 6 . 2 8 1 . 4 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 0 , 3 6 5 8 0 . 2 7 8 . 3 8 2 . 1 * * N o 2 , 9 3 1 1 9 . 8 2 1 . 8 1 7 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 1 3 , 3 0 1 2 , 2 0 9 i 2 3 2 , 6 7 3 i 2 9 1 , 7 5 7 i r 1 8 * * * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 8 2 0 3 4 . 8 3 2 . 5 3 7 . 1 * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 , 4 8 1 6 5 . 2 6 7 . 5 6 2 . 9 3 3 9 T a b l e 5 1 ( c o n t ' d ) B e r s e r fi V a r i a b l e s n T o t a l M e n W o m e n P 3 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 9 1 6 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 5 2 0 . 4 * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 6 6 3 2 5 . 0 2 4 . 3 2 5 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 5 5 2 4 . 0 2 2 . 9 2 5 . 0 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 5 0 6 1 3 . 9 1 3 . 6 1 4 . 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 5 6 1 6 . 2 1 7 . 7 1 4 . 8 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r s 3 , 3 0 2 2 0 . 7 1 5 . 3 2 5 . 9 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 9 , 3 5 5 7 3 . 8 7 7 . 0 7 0 . 6 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 6 4 4 5 . 6 7 . 7 3 . 5 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . 2 P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 3 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y w e i g h t s t a t u s w e r e t e s t e d b y t - t e s t . 4 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 3 4 0 T a b l e 5 2 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) I o _ t a | _ l % l V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 3 4 3 5 4 . 7 4 9 . 0 4 6 . 9 * * * * M a l e 3 , 5 4 2 4 5 . 3 5 1 . 0 5 3 . 1 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 3 , 6 9 7 6 7 . 6 7 9 . 9 9 0 . 3 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 4 3 7 1 8 . 1 1 2 . 4 6 . 7 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 7 5 1 1 4 . 3 7 . 7 3 . 0 E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 2 8 7 3 8 . 1 1 9 . 6 7 . 2 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 2 7 3 0 . 5 3 1 . 9 2 1 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 9 6 1 3 1 . 4 4 8 . 5 7 1 . 4 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 0 6 6 2 6 . 5 1 5 . 9 1 1 . 8 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 2 8 2 0 . 8 2 4 . 0 1 8 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 3 1 5 1 7 . 4 1 9 . 1 2 9 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 9 5 5 1 0 . 0 1 3 . 6 2 3 . 0 6 0 + y r s 2 , 4 2 1 2 5 . 3 2 7 . 4 1 7 . 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 0 0 4 3 . 3 5 9 . 2 7 2 . 8 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 , 4 2 4 2 6 . 6 1 8 . 8 1 1 . 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 3 2 1 3 0 . 2 2 2 . 0 1 5 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 8 1 6 6 3 . 5 7 0 . 5 8 1 . 8 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 4 8 8 3 6 . 5 2 9 . 5 1 8 . 2 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 , 9 1 3 2 5 . 5 2 5 . 8 3 2 . 2 * * * * 2 — 3 h r s 3 , 1 3 1 4 2 . 0 4 7 . 1 4 9 . 8 2 4 h r s 1 , 8 3 2 3 2 . 5 2 7 . 1 1 8 . 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 5 9 9 5 : 0 . 3 4 i 0 . 3 4 : 0 . 2 N S 3 4 1 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l 0 / 0 V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 , 6 9 5 2 6 . 0 1 9 . 9 2 5 . 9 W a l k a l o t 3 , 6 5 1 4 9 . 4 5 2 . 1 4 9 . 7 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 5 3 2 2 4 . 6 2 8 . 0 2 4 . 5 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 5 8 5 4 6 . 4 3 5 . 2 2 2 . 0 1 s t q u i n t i l e 7 5 8 1 2 . 5 1 2 . 9 1 4 . 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 7 4 8 1 2 . 0 1 4 . 2 1 3 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 0 5 1 0 . 5 1 4 . 0 1 5 . 8 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 4 9 8 . 1 1 2 . 3 1 7 . 6 5 t h q u i n t i l e 7 2 5 1 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 1 6 . 6 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 6 , 8 8 5 2 8 7 2 0 . 2 2 8 . 6 i 0 . 2 2 7 . 9 i 0 . 2 * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 . 1 1 4 3 4 . 5 3 0 . 4 3 4 . 8 * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 5 3 8 3 1 . 8 3 5 . 7 3 7 . 1 O b e s e 2 , 2 3 3 3 3 . 8 3 3 . 9 2 8 . 1 3 4 2 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 3 0 3 6 . 0 4 . 2 2 . 2 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 7 6 2 4 1 . 1 3 5 . 4 3 5 . 8 O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 8 0 2 5 2 . 9 6 0 . 4 6 2 . 0 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 3 5 2 4 . 7 1 8 . 9 1 4 . 2 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 6 9 2 6 9 . 1 7 4 . 7 7 6 . 7 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 3 7 1 6 . 2 6 . 4 9 . 2 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 3 9 1 7 . 8 6 . 2 3 . 1 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 2 9 3 3 3 . 4 2 8 . 0 2 5 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 1 9 1 5 8 . 8 6 5 . 7 7 1 . 1 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 9 7 9 2 7 . 4 3 4 . 8 3 9 . 9 * * * N o 4 , 2 0 2 7 2 . 6 6 5 . 2 6 0 . 1 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 2 , 6 7 1 3 3 . 0 3 9 . 6 5 2 . 3 N o 4 , 2 0 7 6 7 . 0 6 0 . 4 4 7 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 6 , 8 6 5 5 . 0 2 0 0 5 . 2 2 0 0 5 . 3 2 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 6 , 1 6 5 6 2 2 0 . 0 6 . 5 2 0 1 6 . 6 2 0 0 C o m p o n e n t z 6 6 , 1 7 9 2 . 6 2 0 0 2 . 7 2 0 0 2 . 9 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 8 7 0 3 3 . 3 2 2 . 4 1 2 . 9 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 5 2 5 2 3 . 8 2 1 . 2 2 2 . 2 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 , 7 8 6 2 5 . 7 2 9 . 0 3 0 . 6 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 , 4 3 2 1 7 . 2 2 7 . 5 3 4 . 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 5 , 2 3 8 7 3 . 0 8 1 . 5 8 3 . 6 * * * N o 1 , 3 7 2 2 7 . 0 1 8 . 5 1 6 . 4 3 4 3 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l l o / o l V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 6 1 5 2 , 1 3 6 2 2 4 2 . 2 7 3 2 3 1 2 , 2 8 0 2 2 7 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 7 6 4 0 . 2 3 3 . 5 3 5 . 2 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 0 3 8 5 9 . 8 6 6 . 5 6 4 . 8 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 6 5 6 2 9 . 9 2 1 . 8 1 6 . 4 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 7 6 1 2 6 . 1 2 5 . 6 2 3 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 9 2 0 . 5 2 1 . 6 2 4 . 6 6 t i m e s / d a y 9 0 7 1 3 . 6 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 7 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 8 1 7 1 0 . 0 1 5 . 5 1 9 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 5 9 6 2 5 . 4 2 1 . 7 1 8 . 1 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 7 2 7 6 9 . 6 7 1 . 8 7 7 . 9 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 9 2 4 . 9 6 . 5 4 . 0 3 4 4 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M M V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 3 , 5 4 2 2 7 . 5 2 4 . 8 4 7 . 7 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 , 9 3 1 6 5 . 7 7 9 . 9 9 0 . 0 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 7 0 5 1 6 . 6 1 1 . 3 6 . 9 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 9 0 6 1 7 . 7 8 . 8 3 . 1 E d u c a t i o n - < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 1 3 3 9 . 3 2 1 . 6 8 . 5 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 1 3 2 8 . 5 3 1 . 5 2 2 . 0 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 5 1 0 3 2 . 2 4 6 . 9 6 9 . 5 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 5 8 2 2 9 . 7 1 7 . 6 1 3 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 8 5 2 2 . 2 2 4 . 3 1 9 . 8 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 6 6 5 1 8 . 1 1 9 . 9 2 7 . 4 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 4 8 8 1 0 . 1 1 3 . 4 2 1 . 9 6 0 + y r s 1 , 2 2 2 1 9 . 9 2 4 . 8 1 7 . 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 1 6 0 5 1 . 2 6 1 . 5 7 2 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 4 6 7 1 4 . 4 1 3 . 0 8 . 8 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 7 4 4 3 4 . 5 2 5 . 5 1 8 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 3 2 0 5 7 . 6 6 5 . 2 7 8 . 9 * * * * S m o k e r 8 8 9 4 2 . 5 3 4 . 8 2 1 . 1 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 9 1 8 2 3 . 5 2 3 . 6 2 9 . 6 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 6 6 6 4 3 . 8 4 8 . 7 5 1 . 0 2 4 h r s 9 5 5 3 2 . 7 2 7 . 8 1 9 . 3 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 3 , 1 5 4 7 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 2 N S 3 4 5 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n l o / o j V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 7 8 7 2 1 . 4 1 8 . 2 2 5 . 2 * * W a l k a l o t 1 , 7 4 6 4 4 . 7 4 6 . 3 4 5 . 5 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 0 0 6 3 3 . 9 3 5 . 6 2 9 . 3 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 2 2 3 4 3 . 8 3 3 . 9 1 9 . 1 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 2 4 1 3 . 8 1 4 . 1 1 5 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 8 3 1 1 . 9 1 3 . 0 1 3 . 7 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 1 4 9 . 4 1 3 . 9 1 5 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 4 0 8 . 8 1 1 . 8 1 7 . 5 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 3 3 1 2 . 4 1 3 . 4 1 8 . 9 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N I A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 3 , 5 4 2 2 7 . 8 2 0 2 2 8 . 1 2 0 2 2 8 1 2 0 . 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 6 9 3 5 . 9 2 9 . 5 2 8 . 0 * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 5 0 6 3 8 . 0 4 0 . 6 4 4 . 5 O b e s e 9 6 7 2 6 . 1 2 9 . 9 2 7 . 6 3 4 6 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e n l v e i g h t 2 2 2 9 . 9 6 . 8 3 . 7 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 7 0 5 5 0 . 4 4 3 . 4 4 1 . 5 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 6 0 6 3 9 . 7 4 9 . 8 5 4 . 8 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 8 3 3 5 . 8 2 9 . 1 2 2 . 9 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 3 4 6 2 . 0 6 8 . 3 7 4 . 7 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 7 3 2 . 2 2 . 6 2 . 5 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 3 0 2 1 3 . 9 1 1 . 0 5 . 5 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 4 5 7 4 1 . 4 3 5 . 3 3 1 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 7 7 8 4 4 . 8 5 3 . 8 6 2 . 7 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 7 7 5 2 0 . 2 2 3 . 3 3 1 . 3 * * * * N o 2 , 4 2 0 7 9 . 8 7 6 . 7 6 8 . 7 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 1 9 0 2 5 . 9 3 1 . 4 4 7 . 4 * * * * N o 2 , 3 4 8 7 4 . 1 6 8 . 6 5 2 . 6 C o m p o n e n t l 4 3 . 5 3 1 4 . 6 2 0 1 4 . 9 2 0 1 5 . 1 2 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 3 , 1 8 7 5 . 8 2 0 1 6 . 0 2 0 1 6 . 3 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 6 3 , 1 9 4 2 4 2 0 . 0 2 5 2 0 . 0 2 . 7 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 8 9 8 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 7 1 1 . 9 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 7 2 1 2 2 . 0 1 9 . 3 1 9 . 7 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 9 0 3 2 4 . 9 2 8 . 1 2 9 . 3 2 4 t i m e s / w k 8 7 5 2 3 . 1 3 1 . 9 3 9 . 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 2 , 6 2 9 7 1 . 4 7 8 . 4 8 1 . 4 * * N o 7 6 7 2 8 . 6 2 1 . 6 1 8 . 7 3 4 7 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) M i n e / e ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 3 , 3 9 8 2 , 5 4 9 2 4 7 2 , 6 8 6 2 5 9 2 , 6 5 6 2 3 7 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 3 4 8 4 3 . 1 3 5 . 6 3 4 . 6 * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 0 4 9 5 6 . 9 6 4 . 4 6 5 . 4 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s _ < . 3 t i m e s / d a y 8 9 0 3 2 . 5 2 3 . 1 1 7 . 9 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 8 8 6 2 3 . 5 2 5 . 7 2 3 . 5 5 t i m e s / d a y 7 2 8 2 1 . 7 1 9 . 8 2 2 . 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 4 6 6 1 3 . 4 1 6 . 8 1 7 . 0 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 4 2 6 8 . 9 1 4 . 7 1 9 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 7 2 4 2 3 . 4 1 8 . 9 1 5 . 9 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 4 8 1 7 0 . 4 7 2 . 3 7 9 . 0 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 9 3 6 . 3 8 . 8 5 . 1 3 4 8 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) 2 2 9 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 3 4 3 3 3 . 5 2 4 . 1 4 2 . 5 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 1 , 7 6 6 6 9 . 1 8 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 7 3 2 1 9 . 4 1 3 . 6 6 . 5 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 8 4 5 1 1 . 5 6 . 5 2 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 0 7 4 3 7 . 1 1 7 . 6 5 . 8 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 1 4 3 2 . 2 3 2 . 3 2 0 . 8 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 4 5 1 3 0 . 7 5 0 . 2 7 3 . 4 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 4 8 4 2 3 . 9 1 4 . 3 9 . 4 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 4 3 1 9 . 7 2 3 . 6 1 7 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 6 5 0 1 6 . 7 1 8 . 2 3 1 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 4 6 7 9 . 9 1 3 . 9 2 4 . 3 6 0 + y r s 1 , 1 9 9 2 9 . 8 3 0 . 1 1 7 . 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 6 4 0 3 6 . 9 5 6 . 8 7 3 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 9 5 7 3 6 . 5 2 4 . 8 1 4 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 5 7 7 2 6 . 6 1 8 . 4 1 2 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 4 9 6 6 8 . 4 7 5 . 7 8 5 . 0 * * * * S m o k e r 5 9 9 3 1 . 6 2 4 . 3 1 5 . 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 9 9 5 2 7 . 2 2 8 . 1 3 5 . 2 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 4 6 5 4 0 . 4 4 5 . 4 4 8 . 4 2 4 h r s 8 7 7 3 2 . 3 2 6 . 5 1 6 . 5 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 4 4 5 2 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 2 3 2 0 . 2 * * 3 4 9 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 9 0 8 2 9 . 8 2 1 . 8 2 6 . 6 * * W a l k a l o t 1 , 9 0 5 5 3 . 2 5 8 . 2 5 4 . 5 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 5 2 6 1 6 . 9 2 0 . 1 1 8 . 9 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 3 6 2 4 8 . 5 3 6 . 5 2 5 . 3 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 3 4 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 6 1 2 . 6 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 6 5 1 2 . 0 1 5 . 5 1 3 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 3 9 1 1 1 . 5 1 4 . 1 1 6 . 5 4 t h q u i n t i l e 3 3 9 7 . 6 1 2 . 8 1 7 . 8 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 9 2 8 . 9 9 . 5 - 1 4 . 0 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s 1 , 4 9 8 4 6 . 1 4 5 . 1 5 0 . 2 * N o 1 , 1 0 0 4 0 . 9 3 9 . 1 3 0 . 9 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 4 1 1 1 3 . 1 1 5 . 8 1 9 . 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 5 2 7 1 5 . 2 1 8 . 8 2 3 . 9 * * * * 1 4 3 2 1 8 . 0 1 4 . 2 1 4 . 7 2 7 2 4 1 9 . 0 2 5 . 4 3 3 . 7 3 6 3 3 2 0 . 1 2 4 . 1 1 7 . 2 4 3 2 6 1 1 . 8 9 . 8 5 . 9 2 5 4 8 4 1 5 . 9 7 . 9 4 . 6 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 5 8 2 1 9 . 2 1 6 . 4 2 1 . 1 N S 1 2 — 1 5 y r s o l d 2 , 2 2 6 7 4 . 1 7 7 . 0 7 3 . 6 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 0 0 6 . 8 6 . 6 5 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 3 , 3 4 3 2 9 . 4 2 0 3 2 9 . 1 2 0 3 2 7 . 6 2 0 3 * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 4 5 ' 3 3 . 3 3 1 . 3 4 2 . 6 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 0 3 2 2 6 . 6 3 0 . 6 2 8 . 7 O b e s e 1 , 2 6 6 4 0 . 2 3 8 . 0 2 8 . 7 3 5 0 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g L P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e n / v e i g h t 8 1 2 . 8 1 . 5 0 . 5 * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 0 5 7 3 3 . 5 2 7 . 0 2 9 . 4 O v e n / v e i g h t 2 , 1 9 6 6 3 . 7 7 1 . 5 7 0 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 4 5 2 1 5 . 6 8 . 4 4 . 4 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 4 5 8 7 5 . 0 8 1 . 3 7 8 . 9 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 2 9 8 9 . 5 1 0 . 3 1 6 . 7 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 8 9 2 . 9 1 . 4 0 . 4 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 8 3 6 2 6 . 6 2 0 . 2 1 8 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 4 1 3 7 0 . 5 7 8 . 3 8 0 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 2 0 4 3 3 . 5 4 6 . 7 4 9 . 9 * * * N o 1 , 7 8 2 6 6 . 5 5 3 . 3 5 0 . 1 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 4 8 1 3 8 . 9 4 8 . 2 5 7 . 8 * * * ” N o 1 , 8 5 9 6 1 . 2 5 1 . 8 4 2 . 2 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 3 , 3 3 4 5 . 3 2 0 0 5 . 5 2 0 0 5 . 5 2 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 2 , 9 7 8 6 . 6 2 0 1 6 . 9 2 0 1 7 . 0 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 6 2 , 9 8 5 2 . 7 2 0 0 2 . 9 2 0 0 3 . 0 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 9 7 2 3 6 . 1 2 4 . 1 1 3 . 9 * * * * 1 t i m e / w k 8 0 4 2 5 . 3 2 3 . 2 2 5 . 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 8 8 3 2 6 . 4 2 9 . 9 3 2 . 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k 5 5 7 1 2 . 2 2 2 . 9 2 8 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 2 , 6 0 9 7 4 . 4 8 4 . 8 8 6 . 2 * * * N o 6 0 5 2 5 . 6 1 5 . 2 1 3 . 9 3 5 1 T a b l e 5 2 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 3 , 2 1 7 1 , 7 9 4 2 3 3 1 , 8 4 4 2 3 0 1 , 8 5 5 2 2 5 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 2 2 8 3 7 . 8 3 1 . 4 3 5 . 8 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 9 8 9 6 2 . 2 6 8 . 6 6 4 . 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 7 6 6 2 7 . 7 2 0 . 4 1 4 . 7 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 8 7 5 2 8 . 2 2 5 . 5 2 3 . 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 7 4 1 1 9 . 5 2 3 . 5 2 7 . 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 4 4 1 1 3 . 8 1 4 . 4 1 6 . 4 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 3 9 1 1 0 . 8 1 6 . 3 1 8 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 8 7 2 2 7 . 2 2 4 . 6 2 0 . 6 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 2 4 6 6 9 . 0 7 1 . 3 7 6 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 9 9 3 . 8 4 . 2 2 . 8 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t b e a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 2 B a s e d o n t h e C h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 6 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * " P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 3 5 2 I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 3 a n d T a b l e 1 1 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 5 5 . 3 i n T a b l e 5 3 v s . 4 9 . 5 % i n T a b l e 1 1 ) . 4 . R a c i a l / e t h n i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : S u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r e x c l u d i n g r e s p o n d e n t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 4 a n d T a b l e I 2 ) . H o w e v e r . t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . T h e p e r c e n t o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n i n t h e s a m p l e w a s a l s o l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 4 3 . 5 % i n T a b l e 5 4 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 5 . 9 % i n T a b l e 1 2 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f b l a c k s w h o a t t e m p t e d n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r i n t h e s a m p l e w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 9 . 6 % i n T a b l e 5 4 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 0 . 0 % i n T a b l e 1 2 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f l y l c x i c a n - A m c r i c a n s w h o a t t e m p t e d n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r w a s a l s o l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 5 2 . 3 % T a b l e 5 4 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 1 . 5 % i n T a b l e 1 2 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 5 a n d T a b l e 1 3 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e p e r c e n t o f w o m e n w a s l a r g e r f o r a n y r a c e / e t h n i c g r o u p s b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 5 0 . 2 v s . 4 5 . 6 % i n w h i t e s ; 5 4 . ] v s . 4 8 . 1 % i n b l a c k s ; a n d 4 5 . 0 v s . 3 7 . 6 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s i n T a b l e 5 5 a n d T a b l e 1 3 ) . 5 . S u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r I n 1 9 9 9 2 2 0 0 2 : I n m e n , m o s t o f t h e s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 2 a n d T a b l e 1 0 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . A l c o h o l 3 5 3 T a b l e 5 3 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) I C L a l fl / e l V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 7 , 0 4 4 5 5 . 3 4 9 . 2 4 7 . 7 * * * * M a l e 6 , 7 0 7 4 4 . 7 5 0 . 8 5 2 . 3 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 6 , 0 4 5 6 7 . 3 8 6 . 4 9 2 . 9 “ * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 4 , 0 0 6 2 1 . 4 1 0 . 1 5 . 3 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 3 , 7 0 0 1 1 . 4 3 . 5 1 . 8 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 5 , 3 7 8 4 5 . 0 2 1 . 7 7 . 6 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 4 , 3 2 0 3 4 . 2 4 1 . 7 2 9 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 9 8 3 2 0 . 8 3 6 . 6 6 2 . 8 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 , 7 3 0 2 8 . 3 2 1 . 0 1 4 . 7 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 8 1 0 2 2 . 0 2 6 . 6 2 3 . 5 4 0 — 4 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 5 1 3 . 1 1 8 . 3 2 5 . 6 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 5 7 0 8 . 9 1 0 . 6 1 7 . 5 6 0 + y r s 4 , 4 0 6 2 7 . 7 2 3 . 5 1 8 . 8 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 8 , 5 6 4 5 2 . 4 6 9 . 5 7 6 . 7 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 9 8 1 2 8 . 9 1 5 . 5 1 1 . 0 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 , 1 8 9 1 8 . 8 1 5 . 0 1 2 . 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 9 , 6 3 0 6 1 . 9 6 8 . 8 7 6 . 8 * * * * S m o k e r 3 , 7 7 5 3 8 . 1 3 1 . 2 2 3 . 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 0 , 9 6 8 4 2 0 . 3 4 2 0 . 3 4 2 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 9 3 0 2 2 . 7 1 3 . 5 7 . 4 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 8 2 0 - 2 0 . 2 2 0 . 6 1 6 . 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 6 3 1 2 . 7 1 6 . 7 1 6 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 8 0 1 3 . 5 1 5 . 3 1 7 . 4 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 , 4 7 7 1 8 . 1 2 0 . 5 2 3 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 7 8 1 1 2 . 8 1 3 . 5 1 8 . 3 3 5 4 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l j O / o j V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 3 7 5 1 2 7 . 2 2 0 2 2 7 . 1 2 0 2 2 6 . 3 2 0 1 “ * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 5 , 2 2 7 4 1 . 8 4 2 . 2 4 5 . 2 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 4 , 9 0 9 3 1 . 9 3 3 . 0 3 5 . 8 O b e s e 3 , 6 1 5 2 6 . 3 2 4 . 8 1 9 . 0 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 6 7 9 5 . 6 4 . 3 2 . 6 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 5 , 8 8 0 4 2 . 6 3 7 . 8 4 0 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 7 , 1 8 5 5 1 . 8 5 7 . 9 5 7 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 9 1 6 2 0 . 2 1 5 . 1 1 4 . 3 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 9 , 3 3 1 7 1 . 1 7 3 . 8 7 1 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 4 7 8 . 7 1 1 . 1 1 4 . 4 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 9 0 4 7 . 6 7 . 0 4 . 1 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 , 8 6 9 3 5 . 3 2 7 . 0 2 9 . 1 W e i g h l e s s 7 , 9 7 2 5 7 . 2 6 6 . 1 6 6 . 8 3 5 5 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 5 , 2 6 5 3 6 . 9 4 3 . 6 4 5 . 9 * * * * N o 8 , 4 8 2 6 3 . 1 5 6 . 4 5 4 . 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 1 3 , 7 3 4 6 . 3 2 0 0 6 . 6 2 0 0 6 . 6 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n C o n s u m e r 2 , 0 8 0 1 2 . 8 1 9 . 1 2 9 . 3 * * * * N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 1 , 2 1 6 8 7 . 2 8 0 . 9 7 0 . 7 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 0 , 3 6 5 7 6 . 6 8 0 . 4 8 2 . 8 * * * N o 2 , 9 3 1 2 3 . 4 1 9 . 6 1 7 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 3 , 3 0 1 2 , 1 0 3 2 3 3 2 , 2 5 0 2 2 3 2 , 2 5 3 2 3 6 * * * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 8 2 0 3 6 . 4 3 1 . 6 3 6 . 5 * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 , 4 8 1 6 3 . 6 6 8 . 4 6 3 . 5 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 9 1 6 2 9 . 9 1 8 . 2 1 6 . 7 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 6 6 3 2 8 . 5 2 4 . 6 2 2 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 5 5 1 9 . 6 2 4 . 0 2 7 . 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 5 0 6 1 1 . 5 1 5 . 6 1 4 . 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 5 6 1 0 . 4 1 7 . 6 1 9 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 3 , 3 0 2 2 6 . 4 1 9 . 0 1 7 . 9 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 9 , 3 5 5 6 7 . 4 7 5 . 6 7 6 . 9 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 6 4 4 6 . 2 5 . 3 5 . 3 3 5 6 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 6 , 6 9 0 2 5 . 8 3 4 . 3 3 9 . 9 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n — H i s p a n i c W h i t e 2 , 9 0 3 6 6 . 2 8 6 . 5 9 2 . 6 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 8 7 4 2 0 . 1 9 . 6 5 . 5 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 9 3 0 1 3 . 7 3 . 9 2 . 0 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 7 8 3 4 6 . 7 2 4 . 6 8 . 5 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 8 8 4 3 1 . 4 3 7 . 1 2 6 . 8 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 0 0 0 2 1 . 9 3 8 . 4 6 4 . 8 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 3 8 5 3 1 . 7 2 3 . 8 1 4 . 2 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 2 9 9 2 2 . 6 2 7 . 3 2 4 . 6 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 0 8 2 1 3 . 9 1 8 . 3 2 5 . 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 7 4 3 9 . 0 9 . 5 1 7 . 7 6 0 + y r s 2 , 1 9 8 2 2 . 8 2 1 . 2 1 8 . 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 4 , 7 0 4 6 3 . 4 7 2 . 8 7 7 . 9 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 8 6 9 1 4 . 4 9 . 3 9 . 1 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 1 2 9 2 2 . 2 1 8 . 0 1 3 . 0 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 3 9 9 5 7 . 1 6 5 . 0 7 3 . 8 * * * * S m o k e r 2 , 1 2 4 4 3 . 0 3 5 . 0 2 6 . 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 8 9 9 7 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 0 8 5 1 8 . 1 9 . 8 5 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 2 6 9 1 9 . 2 2 0 . 3 1 3 . 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 9 2 0 1 1 . 7 1 6 . 5 1 6 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 9 7 9 1 3 . 9 1 6 . 2 1 8 . 5 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 3 3 3 2 0 . 6 2 1 . 4 2 4 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 2 1 1 6 . 4 1 5 . 8 2 1 . 2 3 5 7 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M i l / c 2 ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A ' N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 6 , 7 0 7 2 6 . 6 2 0 2 2 7 . 2 2 0 2 2 6 . 7 2 0 1 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 5 3 5 4 3 . 7 3 6 . 5 3 7 . 3 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 7 4 9 3 5 . 5 4 0 . 6 4 4 . 6 O b e s e 1 , 4 2 3 2 0 . 8 2 2 . 9 1 8 . 2 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 4 4 3 8 . 7 6 . 3 3 . 7 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 3 , 5 4 5 5 4 . 4 4 4 . 2 4 7 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 7 1 5 3 7 . 0 4 9 . 4 4 9 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 9 9 3 3 0 . 0 2 4 . 0 2 3 . 5 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 2 7 3 6 7 . 5 7 2 . 2 7 0 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 9 9 2 . 5 3 . 8 6 . 3 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s - W e i g h m o r e 6 3 2 1 2 . 6 1 1 . 3 6 . 5 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 , 0 3 2 4 6 . 3 3 2 . 9 3 6 . 1 W e i g h l e s s 3 , 0 3 8 4 1 . 1 5 5 . 8 5 7 . 4 3 5 8 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 7 9 9 2 1 . 6 3 3 . 2 3 5 . 3 * * * * N o 4 , 9 0 6 7 8 . 4 6 6 . 8 6 4 . 7 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 6 , 6 9 6 5 . 8 2 0 1 6 . 2 2 0 1 6 . 3 2 0 1 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n C o n s u m e r 1 , 1 7 6 1 4 . 9 2 1 . 4 3 1 . 7 * * * * N o n - c o n s u m e r 5 . 2 8 8 8 5 . 2 7 8 . 6 6 8 . 3 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 4 , 9 6 5 7 5 . 6 7 7 . 9 8 0 . 3 N S N o 1 , 4 9 9 2 4 . 4 2 2 . 1 1 9 . 7 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 4 6 9 2 . 6 1 5 2 4 9 2 , 7 0 1 2 3 6 2 , 6 8 7 2 4 4 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 , 2 7 0 4 , 1 9 9 1 , 9 4 4 1 , 7 6 2 1 , 2 9 0 7 0 5 7 6 3 1 . 2 8 6 4 , 7 5 6 4 2 7 3 4 . 8 2 9 . 6 3 3 . 7 6 5 . 2 7 0 . 4 6 6 . 4 2 9 . 5 1 9 . 7 1 7 . 9 2 8 . 9 2 2 . 5 2 2 . 9 1 7 . 7 2 3 . 1 2 6 . 1 1 2 . 1 1 6 . 0 1 2 . 6 1 1 . 9 1 8 . 7 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 6 1 5 . 1 1 2 . 1 6 9 . 2 7 7 . 4 8 1 . 7 1 0 . 2 7 . 4 6 . 2 * * * * * * * * 3 5 9 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) m u s / a V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 7 , 0 2 9 3 1 . 4 3 2 . 8 3 5 . 8 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 3 , 1 4 2 6 8 . 1 8 6 . 3 9 3 . 3 * * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 2 , 1 3 2 2 2 . 4 1 0 . 7 5 . 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 7 7 0 9 . 5 3 . 1 1 . 6 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 5 9 5 4 3 . 7 1 8 . 8 6 . 6 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 2 , 4 3 6 3 6 . 5 4 6 . 5 3 2 . 8 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 9 8 3 1 9 . 8 3 4 . 9 6 0 . 5 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 3 4 5 2 5 . 5 1 8 . 2 1 5 . 2 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 5 1 1 2 1 . 5 2 5 . 7 2 2 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 1 5 3 1 2 . 4 1 8 . 3 2 5 . 9 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 8 2 7 8 . 9 1 1 . 8 1 7 . 2 6 0 + y r s 2 , 2 0 8 3 1 . 7 2 6 . 0 1 9 . 4 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 6 0 4 3 . 4 6 6 . 1 7 5 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 1 1 2 4 0 . 6 2 1 . 9 1 3 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 0 6 0 1 6 . 0 1 2 . 0 1 1 . 6 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 5 , 2 3 1 6 5 . 9 7 2 . 7 8 0 . 1 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 6 5 1 3 4 . 2 2 7 . 3 1 9 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 0 6 9 2 2 0 . 2 2 2 0 . 2 3 2 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 8 4 5 2 6 . 4 1 7 . 2 9 . 3 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 5 5 1 2 1 . 1 2 0 . 9 1 9 . 5 2 n d q u i n t i l e 9 4 3 1 3 . 5 1 7 . 0 1 7 . 0 3 r d q u i n t i l e 9 0 1 1 3 . 2 1 4 . 3 1 6 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 4 4 1 6 . 0 1 9 . 5 2 2 . 8 5 t h q u i n t i l e 6 6 0 9 . 8 1 1 . 1 1 5 . 2 3 6 0 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) W e ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s 3 , 0 5 5 4 7 . 8 4 4 . 4 4 2 . 1 * * * * N o 2 , 5 4 1 4 0 . 0 3 9 . 9 3 3 . 1 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 9 5 8 1 2 . 3 1 5 . 8 2 4 . 9 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 , 2 7 3 1 5 . 4 1 9 . 8 3 1 . 0 * * * * 1 1 , 1 0 3 1 6 . 6 1 6 . 7 1 5 . 8 2 1 , 6 6 5 2 4 . 6 2 8 . 0 3 1 . 6 3 1 , 1 2 1 1 7 . 5 1 8 . 6 1 2 . 3 4 6 9 2 1 1 . 2 8 . 0 5 . 4 2 5 1 , 0 2 1 1 4 . 7 8 . 9 4 . 0 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 1 , 3 2 4 1 8 . 7 1 7 . 9 2 0 . 7 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 4 , 9 7 1 7 4 . 7 7 6 . 4 7 4 . 5 2 1 6 y r s o l d 4 4 5 6 . 5 5 . 8 4 . 8 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 7 , 0 4 4 2 7 . 8 2 0 2 2 6 . 9 2 0 3 2 5 . 9 2 0 2 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 6 9 2 4 0 . 2 4 8 . 2 5 4 . 0 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 6 0 2 9 . 0 2 5 . 2 2 6 . 2 O b e s e 2 , 1 9 2 3 0 . 8 2 6 . 7 1 9 . 8 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 2 3 6 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 3 * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 3 3 5 3 3 . 1 3 1 . 2 3 2 . 4 O v e r w e i g h t 4 , 4 7 0 6 3 . 8 6 6 . 6 6 6 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t _ U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 9 2 3 1 2 . 3 6 . 0 4 . 2 “ * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 5 , 0 5 8 7 4 . 0 7 5 . 5 7 2 . 5 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 4 8 1 3 . 7 1 8 . 5 2 3 . 2 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 7 2 3 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 4 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 8 3 7 2 6 . 4 2 0 . 9 2 1 . 5 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 9 3 4 7 0 . 1 7 6 . 6 7 7 . 1 3 6 1 T a b l e 5 3 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n j ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 3 , 4 6 6 4 9 . 3 5 4 . 2 5 7 . 5 * * N o 3 , 5 7 6 5 0 . 7 4 5 . 8 4 2 . 5 C o m p o n e n t l “ 7 , 0 3 8 6 8 2 0 . 0 6 . 9 2 0 0 7 . 0 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n C o n s u m e r 9 0 4 1 1 . 1 1 6 . 8 2 6 . 8 * * * * N o n - c o n s u m e r 5 , 9 2 8 8 8 . 9 8 3 . 2 7 3 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 5 , 4 0 0 7 7 . 4 8 3 . 0 8 5 . 4 * * * * N o 1 , 4 3 2 2 2 . 6 1 7 . 0 1 4 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 8 3 2 1 . 6 9 1 2 2 3 1 , 7 9 1 2 2 2 1 , 7 8 2 2 3 1 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 5 0 3 7 . 7 3 3 . 7 3 9 . 6 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 2 8 2 6 2 . 3 6 6 . 3 6 0 . 4 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 9 7 2 3 0 . 2 1 6 . 6 1 5 . 3 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 9 0 1 2 8 . 2 2 6 . 8 2 2 . 5 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 5 2 1 . 2 2 4 . 9 2 8 . 5 6 t i m e s / d a y 8 0 1 1 1 . 1 1 5 . 2 1 5 . 8 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 6 9 3 9 . 3 1 6 . 4 1 8 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 2 , 0 1 6 3 1 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 4 . 1 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 5 9 9 6 6 . 0 7 3 . 9 7 1 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 1 7 3 . 0 3 . 1 4 . 2 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e , b l a c k , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * P < 0 . 0 5 , “ P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * “ P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 3 6 2 T a b l e 5 4 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) M V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 3 4 3 4 9 . 8 5 3 . 9 4 3 . 5 * * * * M a l e 3 , 5 4 2 5 0 . 2 4 6 . 1 5 6 . 5 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 , 7 7 1 2 5 . 5 4 7 . 8 5 7 . 4 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 , 7 5 1 2 4 . 1 2 6 . 2 2 4 . 7 > 3 . 5 2 , 3 6 3 5 0 . 4 2 6 . 0 1 7 . 9 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 2 8 7 ' 1 4 . 1 3 5 . 5 5 5 . 3 — * t “ H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 2 7 2 8 . 0 2 3 . 2 1 8 . 6 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 9 6 1 5 7 . 9 4 1 . 4 2 6 . 1 A g e - - 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 0 6 6 1 5 . 4 2 0 . 1 3 3 . 1 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 2 8 1 9 . 7 2 4 . 6 2 6 . 0 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 3 1 5 2 3 . 1 2 4 . 7 2 1 . 5 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 9 5 5 1 7 . 8 1 4 . 1 9 . 8 6 0 + y r s 2 , 4 2 1 2 4 . 1 1 6 . 5 9 . 7 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 0 0 6 4 . 0 3 4 . 2 6 2 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 , 4 2 4 1 7 . 1 2 7 . 1 1 1 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 3 2 1 1 8 . 9 3 8 . 8 2 6 . 4 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 8 1 6 7 3 . 8 6 9 . 7 - 7 6 . 2 N S S m o k e r 1 , 4 8 8 , 2 6 . 2 3 0 . 3 , 2 3 . 8 - - D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e . 5 1 h r 1 , 9 1 3 2 8 . 6 2 3 . 7 3 6 . 8 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 3 , 1 3 1 4 8 . 0 3 9 . 2 4 5 . 3 2 4 h r s 1 , 8 3 2 2 3 . 5 3 7 . 1 1 7 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 5 9 9 4 2 0 . 2 4 2 0 . 7 5 2 0 . 3 N S 3 6 3 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M i l l i / 2 1 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 ' L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 , 6 9 5 2 4 . 6 2 8 . 8 1 6 . 0 * * * * W a l k a l o t 3 , 6 5 1 4 9 . 4 5 1 . 8 5 5 . 5 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 5 3 2 2 5 . 9 1 9 . 4 2 8 . 5 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 5 8 5 2 8 . 7 4 8 . 0 4 7 . 6 1 s t q u i n t i l e 7 5 8 1 3 . 8 1 1 . 6 1 2 . 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 7 4 8 1 4 . 1 8 . 9 1 1 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 0 5 1 4 . 6 1 0 . 4 1 1 . 0 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 4 9 1 4 . 5 9 8 8 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 7 2 5 1 4 . 3 1 1 . 4 8 . 6 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A . N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A » . A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 6 , 8 8 5 2 8 . 1 2 0 2 2 9 . 7 2 0 2 2 8 4 2 0 . 2 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 1 1 4 3 4 . 7 2 9 . 0 2 9 . 0 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 5 3 8 3 5 . 2 3 1 . 7 3 9 . 4 * O b e s e 2 , 2 3 3 3 0 . 1 3 9 . 3 3 1 . 5 3 6 4 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ’ d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e n l v e i g h t 3 0 3 3 . 4 6 . 5 4 . 8 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 7 6 2 3 6 . 2 4 2 . 6 4 1 . 5 O v e r w e i g h t 3 , 8 0 2 6 0 . 4 5 0 . 9 5 3 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 3 5 1 6 . 4 2 8 . 8 2 6 . 8 * ' * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 6 9 2 7 5 . 1 6 8 . 5 6 8 . 5 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 3 7 1 8 . 5 2 . 7 4 . 8 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 3 9 1 4 . 5 1 0 . 2 6 . 3 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 2 9 3 2 7 . 0 3 6 . 4 3 4 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 1 9 1 6 8 . 5 5 3 . 4 5 9 . 0 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 9 7 9 3 5 . 6 3 0 . 3 3 2 . 9 * * N o 4 , 2 0 2 6 4 . 4 6 9 . 7 6 7 . 1 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 2 , 6 7 1 4 5 . 2 3 4 . 9 3 5 . 8 * * * * N o 4 , 2 0 7 5 4 . 8 6 5 . 2 6 4 . 2 . C o m p o n e n t 1 ‘ 6 , 8 6 5 5 . 2 2 0 0 4 . 9 2 0 0 5 . 0 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 6 , 1 6 5 6 . 5 2 0 0 6 . 1 2 0 1 6 . 3 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 6 6 , 1 7 9 2 . 8 2 0 0 2 . 6 2 0 0 2 . 7 2 0 0 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 8 7 0 1 9 . 6 3 1 . 0 2 6 . 2 “ * * * 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 5 2 5 2 2 . 3 2 1 . 4 ‘ 2 6 . 0 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 1 , 7 8 6 2 9 . 0 2 8 . 3 2 7 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 , 4 3 2 2 9 . 2 1 9 . 3 2 0 . 7 3 6 5 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) L o w V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 6 1 5 2 . 2 4 8 2 1 9 2 , 1 5 3 2 3 2 2 , 2 0 8 2 3 4 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 7 6 3 5 . 0 3 9 . 3 4 5 . 8 * * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 0 3 8 6 5 . 0 6 0 . 7 5 4 . 2 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s . 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 6 5 6 1 9 . 6 3 3 . 9 2 7 . 9 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 7 6 1 2 3 . 8 2 8 . 8 2 9 . 0 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 9 2 3 . 1 1 9 . 2 2 1 . 8 6 t i m e s / d a y 9 0 7 1 6 . 4 1 1 . 2 1 2 . 0 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 8 1 7 1 7 . 1 6 . 9 9 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 5 9 6 1 9 . 8 3 0 . 6 2 2 . 4 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 7 2 7 7 5 . 6 6 3 . 4 7 1 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 9 2 4 . 7 6 . 0 6 . 0 3 6 6 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M 2 9 0 0 2 ) V a r i a b l e s 0 W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c i G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 3 , 5 4 2 8 0 . 8 1 0 . 6 8 . 5 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 1 , 3 4 8 2 2 . 3 4 2 . 9 5 6 . 9 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 9 0 6 2 4 . 5 2 6 . 3 2 5 . 7 > 3 . 5 1 , 2 2 8 5 3 . 2 3 0 . 8 1 7 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 1 3 1 4 . 3 3 6 . 3 5 6 . 6 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 1 3 2 7 . 1 2 3 . 9 1 9 . 5 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 5 1 0 5 8 . 6 3 9 . 9 2 3 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 5 8 2 1 6 . 9 2 2 . 7 3 5 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 8 5 2 0 . 6 2 4 . 3 2 7 . 4 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 6 6 5 2 3 . 1 2 4 . 4 2 0 . 4 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 4 8 8 1 7 . 8 1 4 . 2 8 . 5 6 0 + y r s 1 , 2 2 2 2 1 . 7 1 4 . 4 7 . 7 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 1 6 0 6 7 . 0 3 9 . 8 6 3 . 7 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 4 6 7 1 1 . 0 1 8 . 2 6 . 5 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 7 4 4 2 2 . 0 4 2 . 0 2 9 . 8 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 3 2 0 7 0 . 8 6 0 . 7 7 0 . 1 * S m o k e r 8 8 9 2 9 . 2 3 9 . 3 2 9 . 9 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 9 1 8 2 6 . 4 2 0 . 1 3 4 . 5 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 6 6 6 4 9 . 3 4 3 . 3 4 6 . 8 2 4 h r s 9 5 5 2 4 . 2 3 6 . 6 1 8 . 6 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 3 , 1 5 4 6 2 0 . 2 6 2 1 . 2 6 2 0 . 5 N S 3 6 7 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M 2 1 2 2 3 ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 7 8 7 2 3 . 6 2 3 . 3 1 0 . 7 * * * * W a l k a l o t 1 , 7 4 6 4 4 . 3 4 9 . 9 5 0 . 4 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 0 0 6 3 2 . 1 2 6 . 9 3 8 . 8 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 2 2 3 2 6 . 0 4 0 . 8 ' 4 6 . 7 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 2 4 1 5 . 3 1 1 . 7 1 3 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 8 3 1 3 . 7 9 . 3 1 1 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 1 4 1 3 . 8 1 2 . 9 9 . 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 4 0 1 4 . 5 1 1 . 9 8 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 3 3 1 6 . 8 1 3 . 4 9 . 7 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A . N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 3 , 5 4 2 2 7 . 1 2 0 2 2 7 . 7 2 0 2 2 7 . 8 2 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 6 9 2 9 . 6 3 7 . 3 3 0 . 4 * O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 5 0 6 4 2 . 4 3 5 . 6 4 3 . 4 O b e s e 9 6 7 2 8 . 0 2 7 . 1 2 6 . 2 3 6 8 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n j o / o j V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x — A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s - . U n d e r w e i g h t 2 2 2 5 . 6 1 0 . 2 6 . 4 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 7 0 5 4 2 . 1 5 6 . 6 5 1 . 0 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 6 0 6 5 2 . 3 3 3 . 9 1 . 4 2 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t - ' - . . U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 8 3 2 5 . 6 - 3 9 . 8 3 5 . 6 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 3 4 7 1 . 7 5 9 . 2 6 2 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 7 3 2 . 7 1 . 0 2 . 2 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 3 0 2 ‘ 8 . 2 ‘ 1 6 . 7 ‘ 8 . 5 . . - * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 4 5 7 3 3 . 0 4 7 . 8 4 3 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 7 7 8 5 8 . 8 3 5 . 5 4 7 . 7 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 7 7 5 2 7 . 6 . 1 8 . 3 2 2 . 6 * * * N o 2 , 4 2 0 . 7 2 . 4 . 8 1 . 7 7 7 . 4 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 1 9 0 4 0 . 0 2 8 . 2 2 6 . 1 - N o 2 , 3 4 8 . 6 0 . 1 7 1 . 8 7 3 . 9 C o r i l p o r l e n t l 4 3 , 5 3 1 5 0 2 0 . 0 4 . 4 2 0 1 4 . 8 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 5 3 , 1 8 7 6 . 2 2 0 0 5 . 5 2 0 1 5 . 9 2 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 6 3 , 1 9 4 2 . 6 2 0 0 2 . 4 2 0 0 2 . 4 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n - < 1 t i m e / w k 8 9 8 1 7 . 2 2 9 . 4 2 4 . 4 1 t i m e / w k ‘ 7 2 1 1 9 9 ~ 2 0 . 4 " 2 2 . 8 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 9 0 3 2 7 . 9 2 7 . 8 2 6 . 8 2 4 t i m e s / w k 8 7 5 3 5 . 0 2 2 . 5 2 6 . 0 3 6 9 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) V a r i a b l e s D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r O f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r O v e r - r e p g r t e r M e n j o / o j n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 3 , 3 9 8 2 , 6 5 8 2 3 1 2 , 5 2 3 2 3 9 2 , 5 4 2 2 4 3 * 1 , 3 4 8 3 5 . 5 4 1 . 3 4 8 . 3 * * * 2 , 0 4 9 6 4 . 5 5 8 . 7 5 1 . 8 8 9 0 2 1 . 1 3 4 . 5 ' 2 9 . 0 * * * * 8 8 6 2 3 . 1 2 9 . 2 2 7 . 4 7 2 8 2 1 . 7 1 8 . 8 2 2 . 6 4 6 6 1 7 . 0 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 2 4 2 6 1 7 . 2 6 . 1 9 . 8 7 2 4 1 7 . 6 2 7 . 1 1 8 . 4 * * * * 2 , 4 8 1 7 6 . 3 6 5 . 2 7 3 . 8 ’ ' ‘ 1 9 3 6 . 0 7 . 7 7 . 7 3 7 0 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 3 4 3 8 0 . 9 1 2 . 5 6 . 6 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 1 , 4 2 3 2 8 . 6 * 5 1 . 9 5 8 . 1 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 8 4 5 2 3 . 8 2 6 . 1 2 3 . 4 > 3 . 5 1 , 0 7 5 4 7 . 6 2 2 . 0 1 8 . 5 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 0 7 4 1 3 . 9 3 4 . 7 5 3 . 7 ’ * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 1 4 2 8 . 9 2 2 . 6 1 7 . 4 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 4 5 1 5 7 . 2 4 2 . 7 i 2 9 . 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 4 8 4 1 3 . 9 " ' 1 7 . 8 ‘ 2 9 . 4 ‘ I 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 4 3 1 8 . 7 2 4 . 9 2 4 . 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 6 5 0 2 3 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 2 . 8 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 4 6 7 1 7 . 9 1 4 . 0 1 1 . 3 6 0 + y r s 1 , 1 9 9 2 6 . 5 1 8 . 3 1 2 . 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 6 4 0 6 1 . 1 2 9 . 5 6 0 . 0 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 9 5 7 2 3 . 2 3 4 . 4 1 8 . 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 5 7 7 1 5 . 8 3 6 . 0 2 1 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 4 9 6 7 6 . 7 7 7 . 7 8 4 . 3 * * S m o k e r 5 9 9 2 3 . 3 2 2 . 3 1 5 . 7 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 9 9 5 3 0 . 7 2 6 . 8 3 9 . 7 * * * * 2 - 3 h r s 1 , 4 6 5 4 6 . 6 3 5 . 6 4 3 . 4 2 4 h r s 8 7 7 2 2 . 7 3 7 . 6 1 6 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 4 4 5 2 2 0 . 2 2 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 2 * * 3 7 1 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 9 0 8 2 5 . 7 3 3 . 6 2 2 . 8 * * * * W a l k a l o t 1 , 9 0 5 5 4 . 6 5 3 . 5 6 2 . 2 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 5 2 6 1 9 . 7 1 3 . 0 1 5 . 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 3 6 2 3 1 . 5 5 4 . 1 4 8 . 8 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 3 4 1 2 . 2 1 1 . 4 1 0 . 4 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 6 5 1 4 . 6 8 . 6 1 1 . 4 3 r d q u i n t i l e 3 9 1 1 5 . 3 8 . 3 1 3 . 5 4 t h q u i n t i l e 3 3 9 1 4 . 5 7 . 9 8 . 8 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 9 2 1 1 . 9 9 . 7 7 . 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s 1 , 4 9 8 4 7 . 6 3 8 . 5 6 3 . 0 * * * * N o 1 , 1 0 0 3 5 . 1 5 0 . 5 2 4 . 7 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 4 1 1 1 7 . 3 1 1 . 0 1 2 . 4 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 5 2 7 2 0 . 7 1 6 . 5 1 4 . 7 * * 1 4 3 2 1 5 . 2 1 9 . 3 1 4 . 2 2 7 2 4 2 7 . 7 2 3 . 9 2 1 . 7 3 6 3 3 1 9 . 9 1 7 . 4 2 3 . 0 4 3 2 6 8 . 3 - 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 7 ' 2 5 4 8 4 8 . 2 1 1 . 9 1 5 . 8 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 5 8 2 1 8 . 5 2 2 . 9 2 3 . 0 * 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 , 2 2 6 7 5 . 6 6 6 . 6 7 2 . 4 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 0 0 5 . 9 8 . 5 4 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 3 , 3 4 3 2 8 . 1 2 0 2 3 1 . 4 2 0 3 2 9 . 2 2 0 4 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 4 5 3 9 . 9 2 1 . 8 2 7 . 3 * * * * O v e n r v e i g h t 1 , 0 3 2 2 8 . 0 2 8 . 4 3 4 . 2 O b e s e 1 , 2 6 6 3 2 . 1 4 9 . 8 3 8 . 5 3 7 2 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n W e ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 8 1 1 . 1 3 . 2 2 . 6 N S A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 0 5 7 3 0 . 2 3 0 . 7 2 9 . 2 O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 9 6 6 8 . 7 6 6 . 1 6 8 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t ‘ v . , U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 4 5 2 7 . 0 1 9 . 2 1 5 . 5 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 4 5 8 7 8 . 6 7 6 . 6 7 6 . 4 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 2 9 8 1 4 . 4 4 . 2 8 . 1 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 8 9 0 . 8 4 . 7 3 . 5 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 8 3 6 2 0 . 9 2 6 . 6 2 2 . 9 W e i g h l e s s 2 , 4 1 3 7 8 . 3 6 8 . 8 7 3 . 6 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 2 0 4 4 3 . 7 4 0 . 8 4 6 . 7 N S N o 1 , 7 8 2 , 5 6 . 3 5 9 . 2 5 3 . 4 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 4 8 1 5 0 . 5 4 0 . 6 4 8 . 5 » * * N o 1 , 8 5 9 4 9 . 5 5 9 . 5 5 1 . 5 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 3 , 3 3 4 5 . 5 2 0 0 5 . 3 2 0 1 5 . 4 2 0 1 * * C o m p o n e n t 1 5 2 , 9 7 8 6 . 9 2 0 0 6 . 6 2 0 1 6 . 8 2 0 1 * * C o m p o n e n t 2 6 2 , 9 8 5 2 . 9 2 0 0 2 . 8 2 0 1 2 . 9 2 0 0 * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 9 7 2 2 2 . 1 3 2 . 4 2 8 . 6 * * 1 t i m e / w k 8 0 4 2 4 . 6 2 2 . 2 3 0 . 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 8 8 3 3 0 . 0 2 8 . 7 2 7 . 3 2 4 t i m e s / w k 5 5 7 2 3 . 3 1 6 . 6 1 4 . 0 3 7 3 T a b l e 5 4 ( c o n t ' d ) W _ 0 m _ e _ n _ l % l V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 3 , 2 1 7 1 , 8 3 7 2 2 2 1 , 8 3 1 2 3 9 1 , 7 8 2 2 3 2 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 2 2 8 3 4 . 5 3 7 . 6 4 2 . 7 * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 9 8 9 6 5 . 5 6 2 . 4 5 7 . 3 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 7 6 6 1 8 . 0 3 3 . 4 ~ ‘ 2 6 . 4 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 8 7 5 2 4 . 6 2 8 . 4 3 0 . 9 5 t i m e s / d a y 7 4 1 2 4 . 6 1 9 . 6 2 0 . 8 6 t i m e s / d a y 4 4 1 1 5 . 8 1 1 . 1 1 3 . 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 3 9 1 1 7 . 1 7 . 6 8 . 7 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 8 7 2 2 1 . 9 3 3 . 7 2 7 . 4 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 2 4 6 7 4 . 8 6 1 . 7 6 9 . 0 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 9 9 3 . 3 4 . 5 3 . 7 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t b e a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 5 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t t o m a k e t h i s v a r i a b l e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o n e i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 6 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 3 7 4 T a b l e 5 5 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a n d g e n d e r 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) . M 2 2 2 2 1 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 7 , 0 4 4 5 0 . 2 5 4 . 1 4 5 . 0 M a l e 6 , 7 0 7 4 9 . 8 4 5 . 9 5 5 . 0 P o v e r t y i n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 6 , 4 4 1 2 3 . 1 5 3 . 1 6 3 . 6 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 4 , 0 9 2 3 4 . 7 2 9 . 5 2 3 . 0 > 3 . 5 3 , 2 1 8 4 2 . 2 1 7 . 4 ~ 1 3 . 4 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 5 , 3 7 8 1 9 . 8 3 1 . 2 , 5 7 . 1 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 4 , 3 2 0 3 5 . 3 3 7 . 8 2 4 . 3 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 9 8 3 . 4 4 . 9 . 3 1 . 0 1 8 . 7 A g e . 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 2 , 7 3 0 1 9 . 2 2 5 . 5 3 4 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 2 , 8 1 0 2 3 . 4 2 7 . 5 ' 2 7 . 4 - 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 2 , 2 3 5 1 9 . 7 1 9 . 3 _ 1 8 . 4 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 , 5 7 0 1 3 . 2 1 1 . 1 9 . 1 ' 6 0 + y r s 4 , 4 0 6 2 4 . 6 1 6 . 6 1 0 . 3 ‘ M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 8 , 5 6 4 7 0 . 1 4 5 . 3 7 0 . 5 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 9 8 1 1 6 . 7 2 6 . 7 1 2 . 1 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 , 1 8 9 1 3 . 2 2 8 . 0 1 7 . 4 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 9 , 6 3 0 7 0 . 5 6 3 . 8 ‘ 7 3 . 1 * * * * S m o k e r 3 , 7 7 5 2 9 . 5 ' 3 6 . 2 2 6 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 1 0 , 9 6 8 4 2 0 . 2 4 2 0 . 7 5 2 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 9 3 0 1 2 . 0 2 1 . 4 2 5 . 5 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 , 8 2 0 1 8 . 4 2 0 . 0 2 3 . 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 6 3 1 6 . 2 1 2 . 9 1 2 . 4 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 , 8 8 0 1 6 . 0 1 3 . 9 1 2 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 , 4 7 7 2 2 . 2 1 6 . 1 1 4 . 7 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 7 8 1 1 5 . 3 1 5 . 8 1 1 . 5 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l j o / o j ‘ - . V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A , N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A _ 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 3 , 7 5 1 2 6 . 6 2 0 1 2 8 . 0 - 2 0 . 2 2 7 . 5 2 0 2 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 5 , 2 2 7 4 4 . 7 3 6 . 8 3 4 . 5 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 4 , 9 0 9 ” 3 3 . 5 3 3 . 1 3 9 . 1 O b e s e 3 , 6 1 5 2 1 . 8 _ 3 0 . 2 2 6 . 4 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 6 7 9 3 . 6 7 . 2 4 . 2 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 5 , 8 8 0 3 9 . 6 4 1 . 8 - 4 3 . 3 O v e r w e i g h t 7 , 1 8 5 5 6 . 8 5 1 . 1 5 2 . 5 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t , _ . U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 , 9 1 6 1 4 . 8 2 3 . 9 2 3 . 2 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 9 , 3 3 1 7 2 . 4 7 0 . 5 7 0 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 0 4 7 1 2 . 8 5 . 6 i 6 . 6 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 9 0 4 5 . 4 1 1 . 0 5 . 4 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 , 8 6 9 2 9 . 2 3 4 . 8 3 6 . 5 W e i g h l e s s 7 , 9 7 2 6 5 . 5 5 4 . 3 5 8 . 1 3 7 6 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) T o t a l 0 / 0 V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x — A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 5 , 2 6 5 4 3 . 5 3 8 . 4 3 6 . 8 * * * * N o 8 , 4 8 2 5 6 . 5 6 1 . 6 6 3 . 2 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 1 3 7 3 4 6 . 6 2 0 0 6 . 3 2 0 0 6 . 4 2 0 0 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 1 , 2 1 6 7 6 . 9 8 9 . 9 8 5 . 2 * * * * C o n s u m e r 2 , 0 8 0 2 3 . 1 1 0 . 2 1 4 . 8 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 0 , 3 6 5 8 2 . 1 6 9 . 8 7 3 . 1 * * * * N o 2 , 9 3 1 1 7 . 9 3 0 . 2 2 7 . 0 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 3 , 3 0 1 2 . 2 1 6 2 2 6 2 , 1 4 0 2 2 6 2 , 2 5 0 2 2 8 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 8 2 0 3 4 . 7 3 3 . 1 4 1 . 5 * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 8 . 4 8 1 6 5 . 3 6 6 . 9 5 8 . 5 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 9 1 6 1 8 . 0 3 6 . 4 3 3 . 8 . * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 3 , 6 6 3 2 4 . 5 2 7 . 3 2 8 . 6 5 t i m e s / d a y 2 , 7 5 5 2 4 . 9 1 9 . 0 ' 2 0 . 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 5 0 6 1 4 . 7 9 . 6 9 . 0 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 5 6 1 7 . 8 7 . 7 8 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 3 , 3 0 2 1 9 . 6 2 9 . 2 1 9 . 9 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 9 , 3 5 5 7 4 . 9 6 5 . 3 7 3 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 6 4 4 . 5 . 5 5 . 5 6 . 4 3 7 1 . 7 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M e _ n _ t ° _ / c 2 ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P " a D e m o g r a p h i c - G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 6 , 7 0 7 8 3 . 7 1 0 . 7 5 . 7 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 , 9 7 0 2 0 . 4 4 8 . 6 6 2 . 3 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 2 , 0 5 5 3 5 . 5 3 1 . 0 2 3 . 8 > 3 . 5 1 , 6 8 2 4 4 . 1 2 0 . 5 1 4 . 0 . E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 7 8 3 2 0 . 4 3 2 . 9 5 7 . 7 “ * * * . H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 8 8 4 3 1 . 5 3 6 . 2 2 2 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 0 0 0 4 8 . 1 3 1 . 0 1 9 . 4 A g e V 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 3 8 5 2 0 . 3 2 7 . 1 3 8 . 3 * * * ” 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 2 9 9 2 4 . 5 2 7 . 6 2 7 . 7 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 0 8 2 2 0 . 2 1 9 . 4 1 7 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 7 4 3 1 3 . 1 1 1 . 2 8 . 0 6 0 + y r s 2 , 1 9 8 2 1 . 9 1 4 . 8 8 . 7 M a r i t a l s t a t u s , _ _ M a r r i e d 4 , 7 0 4 7 4 . 8 5 2 . 7 . - 7 4 . 0 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 8 6 9 9 . 9 1 8 . 2 5 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 1 2 9 1 5 . 3 2 9 . 1 2 0 . 2 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 3 9 9 6 7 . 6 5 8 . 0 6 6 . 4 * * * * S m o k e r 2 , 1 2 4 3 2 . 4 . 4 2 . 0 3 3 . 6 . A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 8 9 9 6 2 0 . 3 7 2 0 . 4 ~ 7 . 2 0 . 4 ' N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 0 8 5 9 . 1 1 3 . 8 2 1 . 2 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 2 6 9 1 6 . 9 1 6 . 5 2 1 . 9 2 n d q u i n t i l e 9 2 0 1 5 . 7 1 3 . 3 1 2 . 5 3 r d q u i n t i l e 9 7 9 1 7 . 1 1 4 . 4 1 3 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 3 3 3 2 3 . 5 1 8 . 8 1 6 . 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 2 1 1 7 . 7 2 3 . 2 1 5 . 1 3 7 8 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 - 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N I A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A ‘ N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 6 , 7 0 7 2 6 . 8 2 0 1 2 6 . 7 2 0 2 2 6 . 9 2 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 5 3 5 3 8 . 5 4 2 . 1 3 5 . 0 * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 7 4 9 4 1 . 2 3 6 . 5 4 4 . 7 O b e s e 1 , 4 2 3 2 0 . 4 2 1 . 4 2 0 . 3 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 4 4 3 5 . 4 1 0 . 2 5 . 1 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 3 , 5 4 5 4 6 . 7 5 5 . 5 5 3 . 0 O v e n r v e i g h t 2 , 7 1 5 4 7 . 9 3 4 . 2 4 1 . 9 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 9 9 3 2 3 . 8 3 4 . 7 3 0 . 7 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 2 7 3 7 1 . 3 6 3 . 6 6 6 . 3 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 9 9 4 . 9 1 . 8 3 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 6 3 2 9 . 1 1 6 . 4 7 . 2 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 3 , 0 3 2 3 5 . 9 4 6 . 6 4 5 . 9 W e i g h l e s s 3 , 0 3 8 5 5 . 0 3 7 . 0 4 6 . 9 3 7 9 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M e n 1 % ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 7 9 9 3 2 . 4 2 3 . 4 2 5 . 7 * * * * N o 4 , 9 0 6 6 7 . 6 7 6 . 6 7 4 . 3 C o m p o n e n t 1 4 2 , 8 9 8 6 . 2 2 0 0 5 . 7 2 0 0 6 . 0 2 0 0 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 5 , 2 8 8 7 4 . 4 8 7 . 0 8 2 . 8 * * * * C o n s u m e r 1 , 1 7 6 2 5 . 6 1 3 . 0 1 7 . 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 4 , 9 6 5 8 0 . 1 6 7 . 2 7 2 . 0 * * * * N o 1 , 4 9 9 1 9 . 9 3 2 . 8 2 8 . 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 6 , 4 6 9 2 . 6 8 7 2 3 3 2 , 5 7 7 2 3 9 2 . 6 5 4 2 3 8 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 2 7 0 3 1 . 9 3 2 . 2 4 2 . 9 * * * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 1 9 9 6 8 . 1 6 7 . 8 5 7 . 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 9 4 4 1 8 . 7 3 7 . 2 3 3 . 3 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 7 6 2 2 3 . 6 2 7 . 1 2 8 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 2 9 0 2 3 . 7 1 8 . 1 1 9 . 9 6 t i m e s / d a y 7 0 5 1 4 . 5 9 . 2 8 . 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 7 6 3 1 9 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 8 6 1 4 . 4 2 2 . 9 1 4 . 6 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 7 5 6 7 7 . 9 6 9 . 5 7 6 . 9 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 4 2 7 7 . 7 7 . 6 8 . 5 3 8 0 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) M M V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 7 , 0 4 4 8 3 . 1 1 2 . 4 4 . 6 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 3 , 4 7 1 2 5 . 7 5 6 . 9 6 5 . 2 * * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 2 , 0 3 7 3 4 . 0 2 8 . 3 2 2 . 1 > 3 . 5 1 , 5 3 6 4 0 . 2 1 4 . 8 1 2 . 8 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 5 9 5 1 9 . 3 2 9 . 8 5 6 . 3 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 2 , 4 3 6 3 9 . 0 3 9 . 2 2 6 . 0 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 9 8 3 4 1 . 7 3 1 . 0 1 7 . 7 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 3 4 5 1 8 . 1 2 4 . 1 3 0 . 7 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 5 1 1 2 2 . 3 2 7 . 4 2 6 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 1 5 3 1 9 . 1 1 9 . 3 1 9 . 7 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 8 2 7 1 3 . 2 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 5 6 0 + y r s 2 , 2 0 8 2 7 . 2 1 8 . 2 1 2 . 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 6 0 6 5 . 5 3 9 . 0 6 6 . 3 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 2 , 1 1 2 2 3 . 5 3 3 . 9 1 9 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 0 6 0 1 1 . 0 2 7 . 1 1 4 . 1 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 5 , 2 3 1 7 3 . 5 6 8 . 7 8 1 . 1 * * * * S m o k e r 1 , 6 5 1 2 6 . 5 3 1 . 3 1 8 . 9 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 0 6 9 2 2 0 . 2 2 2 0 . 2 2 2 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 8 4 5 1 4 . 9 2 7 . 8 3 0 . 9 * * * ” 1 s t q u i n t i l e 1 , 5 5 1 1 9 . 8 2 3 . 0 2 4 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 9 4 3 1 6 . 6 1 2 . 4 1 2 . 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 9 0 1 1 4 . 9 1 3 . 5 1 2 . 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 1 , 1 4 4 2 0 . 8 1 3 . 7 1 3 . 0 5 t h q u i n t i l e 6 6 0 1 2 . 8 9 . 6 7 . 2 8 1 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 3 Y e s 3 , 0 5 5 4 5 . 3 3 6 . 8 5 3 . 3 * * * * N o 2 , 5 4 1 3 5 . 8 5 1 . 4 3 3 . 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 9 5 8 1 8 . 9 1 1 . 9 1 3 . 5 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 3 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 , 2 7 3 2 3 . 4 1 8 . 1 1 6 . 4 * * * * 1 1 , 1 0 3 1 5 . 7 2 1 . 5 1 4 . 5 2 1 , 6 6 5 2 9 . 3 2 4 . 0 2 0 . 7 3 1 , 1 2 1 1 6 . 2 1 4 . 2 1 7 . 1 4 6 9 2 7 . 8 8 . 1 1 3 . 5 2 5 1 , 0 2 1 7 . 7 1 4 . 1 1 7 . 9 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 1 , 3 2 4 1 8 . 5 2 2 . 5 2 3 . 1 * * * * 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 4 , 9 7 1 7 6 . 2 6 8 . 7 7 3 . 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 4 4 5 5 . 3 8 . 8 3 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 7 , 0 4 4 2 6 . 4 2 0 2 2 9 . 1 2 0 2 2 8 . 2 2 0 2 * * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 2 , 6 9 2 5 0 . 8 3 2 . 2 3 3 . 9 * * * * O v e r w e i g h t 2 , 1 6 0 2 5 . 9 3 0 . 2 3 2 . 3 O b e s e 2 , 1 9 2 2 3 . 3 3 7 . 6 3 3 . 8 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 2 3 6 1 . 8 4 . 6 3 . 1 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 2 , 3 3 5 3 2 . 6 3 0 . 1 3 1 . 3 O v e r w e i g h t 4 , 4 7 0 6 5 . 6 6 5 . 4 6 5 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 9 2 3 5 . 9 1 4 . 8 1 4 . 0 “ * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 5 , 0 5 8 7 3 . 6 7 6 . 4 7 5 . 0 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 8 4 8 2 0 . 6 8 . 8 1 1 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 7 2 1 . 8 6 . 4 3 . 3 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 8 3 7 2 2 . 4 2 4 . 7 2 4 . 9 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 9 3 4 7 5 . 8 6 8 . 9 7 1 . 8 3 8 2 T a b l e 5 5 ( c o n t ' d ) W o m e n j % ) V a r i a b l e s n W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 3 , 4 6 6 5 4 . 4 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 4 N S N o 3 , 5 7 6 4 5 . 6 4 8 . 8 4 9 . 6 C o m p o n e n t 1 “ 7 , 0 3 8 6 . 9 2 0 0 6 . 7 2 0 0 6 . 8 2 0 0 * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 5 , 9 2 8 7 9 . 4 9 2 . 3 8 8 . 1 * * * * C o n s u m e r 9 0 4 2 0 . 6 7 . 7 1 1 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 5 , 4 0 0 8 4 . 0 7 2 . 1 7 4 . 4 * * * * N o 1 , 4 3 2 1 6 . 0 2 7 . 9 2 5 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 6 , 8 3 2 1 . 7 5 4 2 2 0 1 , 7 7 0 2 2 3 1 , 7 6 1 2 2 4 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 2 , 5 5 0 3 7 . 4 3 3 . 8 3 9 . 7 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 4 , 2 8 2 6 2 . 6 6 6 . 2 6 0 . 3 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s . < . 3 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 9 7 2 1 7 . 4 3 5 . 8 3 4 . 5 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 9 0 1 2 5 . 3 2 7 . 4 2 8 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 1 , 4 6 5 2 6 . 1 1 9 . 8 2 0 . 3 6 t i m e s / d a y 8 0 1 1 4 . 9 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 6 9 3 1 6 . 3 7 . 1 6 . 7 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 2 , 0 1 6 2 4 . 6 3 4 . 6 2 6 . 3 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 5 9 9 7 2 . 0 6 1 . 7 6 9 . 9 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 2 1 7 3 . 4 3 . 8 3 . 8 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e , b l a c k , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . ‘ P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , “ * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 3 8 3 c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g r e s p o n d e n t s w h o d i d n o t h a v e r e s p o n s e s o n a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . W h e n t h e w e i g h t s t a t u s w a s c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o n o r m a l . o v e r w e i g h t , a n d o b e s e b a s e d o n B M I , i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e m e n w h o a t t e m p t e d n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 2 5 . 9 % i n T a b l e 5 2 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 1 9 . 4 % i n T a b l e 1 0 ) . l n w o m e n , m o s t o f t h e s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 1 0 a n d T a b l e 5 2 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . W h i l e a l c o h o l i n t a k e s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) . i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . N o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . B r e a s t f e e d i n g p r a c t i c e s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . M e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 2 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 0 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w h o d i d n o t s m o k e w a s l a r g e r 3 8 4 b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 6 8 . 4 % i n T a b l e 5 2 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 6 0 . 1 % i n T a b l e l 0 ) . I n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 : l n m e n . s u b j e c t s ‘ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s . H o w e v e r . f a t i n t a k e d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) . w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a l t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . I n w o m e n . s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . A l c o h o l i n t a k e d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e l l ) . W h i l e p e r c e p t i o n a b o u t s u b j e c t s ’ o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e l 1 ) . W h i l e a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . W h i l e m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t 1 O i l d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a l t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . M e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a l t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . F a t i n t a k e a l s o d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 3 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n w h o d i d n o t s m o k e w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 6 5 . 9 % i n T a b l e 5 4 v s . 5 8 . 3 % i n T a b l e 1 3 ) . 6 . S u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 3 8 5 M o s t o f s u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o s a m p l e s ( T a b l e 5 6 a n d T a b l e 1 4 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s . 1 n w h i t e m e n , w h i l e w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , w h i l e m a r i t a l s t a t u s d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . I n w h i t e w o m e n , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . W e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . A c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d w e i g h t s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . M e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . 1 n b l a c k w o m e n , w h i l e m e a n B M I d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a fi e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p e r c e n t o f b l a c k w o m e n w h o d i d n o t h a v e a n y l i v e b i r t h o r h a d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t w a s l a r g e r f o r a n y i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n 3 8 6 T a b l e 5 6 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g 1 8 s u b g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y ( N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 b e f o r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n ) 1 W h i t e m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 2 , 9 0 3 2 0 . 4 3 5 . 5 4 4 . 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 8 6 2 4 0 . 8 2 4 . 0 8 . 1 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 5 7 3 3 . 5 3 6 . 8 2 6 . 3 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 1 7 7 2 5 . 7 3 9 . 2 6 5 . 6 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 6 6 3 0 . 1 2 2 . 5 1 3 . 9 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 3 1 2 1 . 1 2 7 . 1 2 4 . 0 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 4 0 9 1 2 . 7 1 8 . 4 2 5 . 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 3 9 2 9 . 3 9 . 4 1 7 . 9 6 0 + y r s 1 , 3 0 5 2 6 . 9 2 2 . 6 1 9 . 0 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 2 , 2 2 0 6 5 . 9 7 4 . 6 7 9 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 3 7 3 1 4 . 7 8 . 7 8 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 3 1 0 1 9 . 5 1 6 . 7 1 2 . 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 0 9 9 5 8 . 2 6 4 . 7 7 4 . 1 * * * S m o k e r 7 6 3 4 1 . 8 3 5 . 3 2 5 . 9 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 6 2 3 6 . 4 2 0 7 6 . 0 2 0 5 6 . 0 2 0 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 3 5 0 1 6 . 0 9 . 5 5 . 5 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 5 1 1 1 9 . 7 2 0 . 3 1 2 . 9 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 3 2 1 1 . 5 1 6 . 8 1 6 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 8 0 1 4 . 0 1 6 . 7 1 8 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 6 7 2 2 2 . 4 2 2 . 0 2 5 . 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 5 8 1 6 . 3 1 4 . 7 2 0 . 8 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 8 7 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n ( W e ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 , 9 0 3 2 6 . 6 2 0 3 2 7 . 2 2 0 2 2 6 . 6 2 0 2 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 0 9 9 4 3 . 6 3 6 . 3 3 7 . 8 * * O v e n r v e i g h t 1 , 2 3 1 3 4 . 3 4 0 . 9 4 4 . 6 O b e s e 5 7 3 2 2 . 1 2 2 . 8 1 7 . 6 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 6 0 8 . 1 6 . 2 3 . 5 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 4 5 6 5 2 . 4 4 2 . 8 4 7 . 2 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 2 8 4 3 9 . 5 5 1 . 0 4 9 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 7 6 4 2 7 . 8 2 2 . 7 2 2 . 9 * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 9 1 6 6 9 . 4 7 3 . 2 7 0 . 6 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 2 0 2 . 8 4 . 1 6 . 6 D e s i r e d w e i g h t C h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 0 8 1 1 . 9 1 1 . 0 6 . 2 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 1 , 2 2 8 4 3 . 5 3 1 . 5 3 6 . 0 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 4 6 6 4 4 . 7 5 7 . 5 5 7 . 8 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 8 4 8 2 2 . 6 3 4 . 2 3 5 . 5 * * * * N O 2 , 0 5 4 7 7 . 4 6 5 . 8 6 4 . 5 3 8 8 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 , 8 9 8 6 2 0 . 1 6 2 0 . 1 6 2 0 . 1 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 2 , 1 4 9 8 3 . 6 7 7 . 6 6 7 . 5 * * * * C o n s u m e r 6 5 4 1 6 . 4 2 2 . 4 3 2 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 2 , 3 9 4 7 9 . 2 7 9 . 4 8 1 . 1 N S N O 4 0 9 2 0 . 9 2 0 . 6 1 8 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 , 8 0 3 2 , 6 4 8 2 6 9 2 . 7 0 8 2 4 1 2 , 6 8 8 2 4 8 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 9 0 7 3 3 . 0 2 9 . 0 3 3 . 7 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 8 9 6 6 7 . 0 7 1 . 0 6 6 . 3 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 9 0 2 4 . 7 1 7 . 6 1 6 . 9 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 7 3 2 2 8 . 9 2 2 . 0 2 2 . 6 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 3 5 1 7 . 7 2 3 . 5 2 6 . 7 6 t i m e s / d a y 3 8 5 1 4 . 5 1 6 . 9 1 2 . 6 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 4 6 1 1 4 . 3 1 9 . 9 2 1 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 8 6 2 0 . 4 1 4 . 4 1 1 . 7 * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 1 4 8 6 8 . 7 7 8 . 1 8 2 . 0 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 6 9 1 0 . 9 7 . 5 6 . 3 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 1 , 8 7 4 4 8 . 6 3 1 . 0 2 0 . 5 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 7 1 8 4 8 . 1 2 2 . 2 1 3 . 0 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 6 3 8 3 4 . 3 4 1 . 9 3 2 . 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 5 0 0 1 7 . 6 3 5 . 9 5 4 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s - 4 4 7 2 9 2 9 3 0 . 5 ' . 1 5 0 . * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 5 1 2 5 . 0 2 8 . 1 3 2 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 3 7 1 6 . 8 1 7 . 9 2 7 . 7 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 9 7 9 . 7 1 0 . 5 1 5 . 9 6 0 + y r s 4 4 2 1 8 . 6 1 3 . 0 8 . 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s - M a r r i e d 1 , 0 2 1 4 6 . 4 5 5 . 7 6 4 . 5 * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 3 4 6 2 0 . 4 1 5 . 0 1 7 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 5 0 3 3 3 . 2 2 8 . 4 2 0 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r _ 1 , 0 5 6 4 9 . 7 6 4 . 6 6 8 . 1 * * * * S m o k e r 7 3 9 5 0 . 3 3 5 . 4 3 1 . 9 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 5 9 0 8 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 6 6 2 0 . 5 * * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 9 6 1 8 . 9 1 0 . 9 6 . 3 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 3 2 4 1 5 . 3 1 8 . 3 1 6 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 4 4 1 3 . 0 1 4 . 3 1 2 . 6 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 6 3 1 4 . 5 1 3 . 4 1 5 . 6 4 t h q u i n t i l e 3 4 7 1 8 . 5 1 8 . 2 2 0 . 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 4 0 0 1 9 . 7 2 4 . 9 2 8 . 6 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 9 0 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ’ d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s O l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s O l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 8 7 4 2 6 . 1 2 0 2 2 7 . 1 2 0 3 2 7 . 4 2 0 3 * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 7 8 7 4 8 . 9 3 8 . 6 3 1 . 4 * * * O v e r w e i g h t 6 7 1 . 3 2 . 9 3 6 . 8 4 4 . 8 O b e s e 4 1 6 _ 1 8 . 3 2 4 . 7 ' 2 3 . 8 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 8 8 1 2 . 7 8 . 2 . 7 . 3 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 0 5 2 5 8 . 2 5 5 . 3 . 4 9 . 5 O v e r w e i g h t 6 3 3 2 9 . 1 3 6 . 4 4 3 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 6 2 4 3 4 . 5 . 3 4 . 6 3 5 . 0 N S A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 1 4 6 6 4 . 1 6 3 . 7 6 2 . 1 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 2 8 1 . 4 . 1 . 6 2 . 9 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 2 8 9 1 8 . 7 1 5 . 8 1 1 . 8 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 9 0 1 5 1 . 8 4 2 . 8 4 0 . 3 W e i g h l e s s 6 8 1 2 9 . 5 4 1 . 5 4 7 . 9 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 4 4 0 1 8 . 4 2 5 . 8 ' 3 1 . 8 * * * N o 1 , 4 3 4 8 1 . 6 7 4 . 2 6 8 . 2 3 9 1 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k m e n ( % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 , 8 7 0 5 . 5 2 0 1 5 . 8 2 0 1 6 . 0 2 0 1 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 , 5 7 7 9 0 . 0 8 6 . 9 8 0 . 0 * * C o n s u m e r 2 1 7 1 0 . 0 1 3 . 1 2 0 . 0 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 2 2 7 6 6 . 9 6 7 . 3 6 7 . 7 N S N O 5 6 7 3 3 . 2 3 2 . 8 _ 3 2 . 3 - E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 7 9 9 2 . 5 3 8 2 6 5 2 : 6 1 9 2 5 9 2 . 6 0 8 2 8 8 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 5 8 3 3 2 . 5 3 1 . 2 3 3 . 0 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 2 1 6 6 7 . 5 6 8 . 8 6 7 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 6 9 3 3 9 . 7 3 4 . 3 3 5 . 6 N S 4 t i m e s / d a y 4 7 6 2 8 . 2 2 5 . 3 2 7 . 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 3 1 5 1 6 . 7 2 0 . 4 1 8 . 0 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 6 8 7 . 9 9 . 8 1 1 . 4 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 4 2 7 . 6 ' 1 0 . 2 7 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 4 6 3 2 4 . 3 2 2 . 9 1 9 . 7 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 0 4 6 6 . 8 6 7 . 0 7 5 . 4 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 3 2 8 . 9 7 . 2 4 . 9 3 9 2 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( W e ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e ‘ H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e N / A , N / A N / A N / A N / A M a l e 1 , 9 3 0 6 2 . 3 2 3 . 8 , 1 4 . 0 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 2 0 3 7 3 . 1 4 2 . 6 1 5 . 2 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 3 8 9 1 7 . 1 3 2 . 0 3 2 . 9 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 2 3 9 . 8 2 5 . 4 5 1 . 8 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 5 7 2 4 2 . 4 3 5 . 8 . 2 4 . 4 , ~ * - * ' 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 1 7 2 6 . 5 2 9 . 3 3 0 . 6 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 3 6 1 5 . 5 1 8 . 7 2 2 . 9 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 5 4 6 . 7 1 8 . 3 . ~ 1 3 . 2 6 0 + y r s . - . 4 5 1 9 . 0 7 . 9 8 . 9 M a r i t a l s t a t u s - - - . M a r r i e d 1 , 4 6 3 7 6 . 2 7 1 . 9 6 7 . 8 N S W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 1 5 0 4 . 8 6 . 9 8 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 3 1 6 1 9 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 3 . 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 2 4 4 6 2 . 3 _ . - 7 1 . 7 7 5 . 5 * * S m o k e r 6 2 2 3 7 . 7 . 2 8 . 3 . 2 4 . 5 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 6 8 6 7 2 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 4 6 2 0 . 6 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 4 3 9 2 6 . 9 1 3 . 4 8 . 7 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 3 4 2 2 . 3 2 3 . 4 1 7 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 4 4 1 1 . 0 1 5 . 1 1 5 . 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 3 6 1 2 . 7 1 2 . 5 1 6 . 7 4 t h q u i n t i l e 3 1 4 1 5 . 0 1 6 . 1 2 1 . 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 6 3 1 2 . 2 1 9 . 6 2 0 . 5 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 9 3 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( O / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 9 3 0 2 6 . 7 2 0 2 2 7 . 2 2 0 3 2 7 . 6 2 0 4 * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 6 4 9 3 6 . 5 3 3 . 9 2 9 . 7 N S O v e n r v e i g h t 8 4 7 4 5 . 3 4 4 . 3 4 2 . 7 O b e s e 4 3 4 1 8 . 2 2 1 . 8 2 7 . 6 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 9 5 5 . 2 5 . 5 4 . 3 * * * * A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 0 3 7 5 8 . 3 4 7 . 9 3 8 . 2 O v e n r v e i g h t 7 9 8 3 6 . 5 4 6 . 6 5 7 . 5 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 6 0 5 3 4 . 1 2 7 . 3 2 1 . 5 * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 2 1 1 6 3 . 3 _ 6 9 . 7 7 4 . 1 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 5 1 2 . 6 3 . 0 4 . 4 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 3 5 7 . 3 8 . 5 4 . 6 * * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 9 0 3 5 2 . 1 3 8 . 1 3 1 . 9 W e i g h l e s s 8 9 1 4 0 . 7 5 3 . 4 6 3 . 5 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 5 1 1 2 1 . 3 3 0 . 0 3 8 . 3 * * * N o 1 , 4 1 8 7 8 . 7 7 0 . 0 6 1 . 7 3 9 4 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 , 9 2 8 5 . 9 2 0 1 6 . 2 2 0 1 7 2 0 . 1 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 , 5 6 2 8 5 . 8 8 0 . 7 7 2 . 5 * * C o n s u m e r 3 0 5 1 4 . 2 1 9 . 3 2 7 . 5 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 3 4 4 7 1 . 5 7 0 . 3 7 6 . 6 N S N o 5 2 3 2 8 . 5 2 9 . 7 2 3 . 4 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 8 6 7 2 . 5 6 7 2 4 6 2 . 7 4 9 2 6 8 2 , 8 8 2 2 1 0 7 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 7 8 0 4 6 . 5 4 0 . 0 3 1 . 5 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 0 8 7 5 3 . 5 6 0 . 0 6 8 . 6 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 6 6 1 3 7 . 4 3 1 . 1 1 8 . 3 * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 5 4 2 9 . 9 2 5 . 8 2 8 . 3 5 t i m e s / d a y 3 4 0 1 9 . 4 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 9 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 5 2 6 . 5 1 0 . 0 1 2 . 7 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 6 0 6 . 7 1 2 . 4 1 9 . 8 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 3 3 7 1 6 . 7 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 1 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 . 4 0 4 7 4 . 8 7 9 . 9 8 1 . 4 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 1 2 6 8 . 5 8 . 6 8 . 6 3 9 5 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 1 4 2 2 5 . 7 3 4 . 0 4 0 . 2 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 8 0 9 4 0 . 2 1 8 . 3 6 . 7 * * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 . 2 0 0 3 8 . 0 4 6 . 8 3 3 . 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 1 2 1 2 1 . 8 3 4 . 9 6 0 . 3 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 9 9 2 3 . 8 1 7 . 5 1 5 . 0 * * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 2 9 1 9 . 3 2 5 . 1 2 1 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 4 3 3 1 0 . 8 1 7 . 8 2 5 . 6 5 0 — 5 9 y r s 4 3 4 8 . 5 1 1 . 8 1 7 . 4 6 0 + y r s 1 , 3 4 7 3 7 . 6 2 7 . 9 2 0 . 1 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 , 9 0 6 4 5 . 6 6 8 . 0 7 6 . 1 * * * * W i d o w e d . d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 9 7 6 4 3 . 3 2 1 . 5 1 2 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 5 8 1 1 . 2 1 0 . 5 1 1 . 3 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 2 , 3 9 4 6 4 . 2 7 2 . 5 8 0 . 2 * * * * S m o k e r 6 9 4 3 5 . 8 2 7 . 5 1 9 . 9 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 , 4 2 3 2 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 2 3 2 0 . 2 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 6 2 2 2 2 . 9 1 6 . 3 8 . 7 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 6 0 5 1 9 . 9 2 0 . 5 1 9 . 3 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 7 4 1 4 . 4 1 7 . 7 1 7 . 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 4 4 1 4 . 1 1 4 . 2 1 6 . 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 6 4 3 1 7 . 9 2 0 . 0 2 3 . 4 5 1 h q u i n t i l e 3 5 4 1 0 . 8 1 1 . 3 1 5 . 4 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 1 , 4 3 9 4 9 . 5 4 5 . 2 4 2 . 5 * * * N o 1 . 0 3 4 3 7 . 0 3 8 . 8 3 2 . 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 4 8 6 1 3 . 5 1 5 . 9 2 5 . 2 3 9 6 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n 4 % ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 6 0 9 1 6 . 4 1 9 . 7 3 1 . 0 * * * * 1 4 7 8 1 5 . 9 1 5 . 8 1 5 . 4 2 8 8 2 2 6 . 1 2 8 . 6 3 1 . 9 3 5 3 7 1 8 . 3 1 9 . 0 1 2 . 5 4 2 8 1 1 0 . 9 8 . 2 5 . 4 2 5 2 9 7 1 2 . 4 8 . 7 3 . 9 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 5 1 6 1 7 . 3 1 7 . 0 2 0 . 4 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s O l d 2 , 3 0 1 7 6 . 8 7 7 . 5 7 4 . 9 2 1 6 y r s o l d 1 9 2 5 . 9 5 . 5 4 . 7 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 3 , 1 4 2 2 7 . 2 2 0 3 2 6 . 6 2 0 3 2 5 . 7 2 0 2 * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 1 , 4 6 8 4 4 . 4 5 0 . 6 5 5 . 1 * * O v e r w e i g h t 9 1 8 2 7 . 5 2 4 . 9 2 5 . 8 O b e s e 7 5 6 2 8 . 1 2 4 . 6 1 9 . 2 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 7 6 2 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 2 N S A b o u t r i g h t 1 , 0 8 4 3 2 . 8 3 1 . 8 3 3 . 1 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 9 8 1 6 5 . 1 6 6 . 1 6 5 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 9 6 9 . 3 5 . 4 4 . 1 * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 2 , 2 2 6 7 3 . 7 7 4 . 8 7 2 . 4 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 5 2 3 1 7 . 0 1 9 . 8 2 3 . 5 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 7 3 2 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 3 N S S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 8 1 3 2 5 . 3 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 2 . 2 5 6 7 2 . 6 7 6 . 9 7 6 . 9 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 5 5 0 5 0 . 5 5 3 . 9 5 7 . 4 N S N O 1 , 5 9 1 4 9 . 5 4 6 . 1 4 2 . 6 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) W h i t e w o m e n ( ‘ 7 0 ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ’ d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 3 , 1 4 0 6 . 8 2 0 1 6 . 9 2 0 0 7 . 0 2 0 1 N S D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 2 , 4 9 3 8 6 . 2 8 2 . 4 7 2 . 6 * * * * C o n s u m e r 5 5 3 1 3 . 8 1 7 . 7 2 7 . 4 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 2 , 6 4 0 8 0 . 4 8 4 . 2 8 6 . 2 * N o 4 0 6 1 9 . 6 1 5 . 8 1 3 . 9 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 3 , 0 4 6 1 . 6 6 1 2 3 0 1 , 7 9 1 2 2 5 1 . 7 8 2 2 3 3 * * F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 1 7 0 3 7 . 8 3 3 . 9 4 0 . 1 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 8 7 6 6 2 . 2 6 6 . 1 6 0 . 0 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 9 3 2 5 . 3 1 4 . 6 1 4 . 7 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 8 2 9 2 7 . 9 2 6 . 9 2 2 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 7 3 4 2 2 . 6 2 5 . 4 2 8 . 8 6 t i m e s / d a y 4 4 6 1 2 . 7 1 5 . 5 1 5 . 9 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 4 4 4 1 1 . 6 1 7 . 7 1 8 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 7 9 8 2 9 . 8 2 1 . 7 2 3 . 7 * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 2 , 1 6 3 6 7 . 5 7 5 . 4 7 1 . 9 O v e r - r g m r t e r 8 5 2 . 6 2 . 9 4 . 4 3 9 8 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 2 , 1 3 2 5 6 . 9 2 8 . 3 1 4 . 8 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 7 2 2 4 2 . 4 1 8 . 1 4 . 4 * * * ” H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 8 1 0 3 9 . 1 4 5 . 3 2 7 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 5 9 0 1 8 . 5 3 6 . 6 6 7 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 4 8 6 2 7 . 6 2 1 . 9 1 5 . 0 * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 5 6 4 2 6 . 1 3 0 . 1 2 7 . 6 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 9 9 1 5 . 0 2 1 . 1 3 2 . 1 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 2 3 1 9 . 8 1 2 . 0 1 3 . 8 6 0 + y r s 4 5 2 2 1 . 6 1 4 . 8 1 1 . 5 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 8 2 4 2 8 . 6 4 8 . 8 6 0 . 2 “ * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 7 3 2 3 9 . 8 2 7 . 9 2 2 . 9 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 5 6 7 3 1 . 6 2 3 . 3 1 6 . 9 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 4 2 7 6 5 . 1 7 1 . 3 7 7 . 6 * S m o k e r 6 3 5 3 4 . 9 2 8 . 7 2 2 . 4 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 5 0 9 3 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 2 * * L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 6 1 2 3 2 . 5 2 3 . 1 1 9 . 0 * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 5 0 9 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 5 2 2 . 1 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 6 8 1 2 . 0 1 1 . 4 1 6 . 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 2 6 2 1 1 . 5 1 5 . 6 1 7 . 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 8 5 1 2 . 6 1 6 . 3 1 2 . 9 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 9 6 8 . 4 1 0 . 2 1 2 . 8 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 7 1 8 3 8 . 9 3 5 . 1 3 1 . 5 * N o 9 5 5 5 2 . 1 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 8 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 4 7 9 . 0 1 4 . 7 1 7 . 7 3 9 9 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 3 8 6 1 3 . 8 2 1 . 0 2 8 . 6 * * * * 1 3 9 8 2 0 . 4 2 3 . 2 2 2 . 2 2 4 6 7 2 1 . 6 2 5 . 7 2 9 . 8 3 3 0 0 1 5 . 5 1 4 . 9 8 . 3 4 1 8 9 1 0 . 2 5 . 9 4 . 8 2 5 3 2 1 1 8 . 5 9 . 5 6 . 3 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 4 3 6 2 2 . 2 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 0 N S 1 2 - 1 5 y r s O l d 1 , 4 0 8 6 8 . 4 6 8 . 3 7 0 . 8 2 1 6 y r s O l d 1 8 5 9 . 4 8 . 8 6 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 2 , 1 3 2 2 9 . 4 2 0 3 2 9 . 4 2 0 3 2 7 . 8 2 0 4 * * * W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 6 4 5 3 0 . 8 3 2 . 9 3 6 . 6 N S O v e r w e i g h t 6 3 9 3 1 . 2 2 6 . 0 3 4 . 0 O b e s e 8 4 8 3 8 . 0 4 1 . 2 2 9 . 4 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 1 0 2 5 . 6 3 . 9 1 . 9 * * A b o u t r i g h t 6 6 3 3 3 . 3 2 7 . 9 2 1 . 9 O v e n r v e i g h t 1 , 3 6 5 6 1 . 1 6 8 . 3 7 6 . 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 3 4 2 1 8 . 9 1 0 . 8 7 . 2 * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 7 2 7 5 . 0 8 0 . 2 7 4 . 4 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 4 7 6 . 1 9 . 0 1 8 . 4 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 1 4 0 7 . 3 6 . 0 4 . 0 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 5 4 6 2 8 . 8 2 0 . 7 1 6 . 5 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 4 4 6 6 4 . 0 7 3 . 3 7 9 . 6 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t Y e s 1 , 0 7 4 4 7 . 0 5 5 . 9 5 8 . 4 * * * N o 1 , 0 5 8 5 3 . 0 4 4 . 1 4 1 . 6 4 0 0 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) B l a c k w o m e n ( ° / o ) V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 2 . 1 3 0 6 . 6 2 0 1 6 . 9 2 0 1 7 . 1 2 0 1 * * * * D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 , 9 1 3 9 5 . 7 8 9 . 5 8 4 . 6 * * * * C o n s u m e r 1 5 0 4 . 3 1 0 . 5 1 5 . 4 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 4 8 0 7 0 . 1 7 4 . 7 7 4 . 4 N S N o 5 8 3 2 9 . 9 2 5 . 3 2 5 . 6 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 , 0 6 3 1 . 7 6 2 2 3 3 1 . 7 9 4 2 4 0 1 . 7 6 2 2 4 8 N S F a t i n t a k e s 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 7 0 5 3 5 . 2 3 2 . 1 3 1 . 6 N S > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 3 5 8 6 4 . 8 6 7 . 9 6 8 . 4 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 7 8 1 4 1 . 9 2 9 . 5 2 4 . 2 * * * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 6 0 2 8 . 7 2 6 . 8 2 3 . 7 5 t i m e s / d a y 3 9 1 1 7 . 8 2 1 . 4 2 4 . 4 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 9 1 7 . 3 1 3 . 5 1 3 . 5 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 4 0 4 . 3 8 . 8 1 4 . 3 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 7 3 0 3 6 . 6 3 2 . 6 3 0 . 5 * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 2 6 0 5 9 . 3 6 2 . 9 6 8 . 2 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 7 3 4 . 1 4 . 4 1 . 3 4 0 1 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e r m / r fi V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 1 , 7 7 0 6 5 . 2 2 2 . 1 1 2 . 8 N / A M a l e N / A N / A N / A N / A E d u c a t i o n < H i g h s c h o o l 1 , 0 6 4 7 1 . 8 3 6 . 4 1 1 . 9 “ * * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 4 2 6 1 9 . 3 4 0 . 9 3 4 . 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 2 7 2 9 . 0 2 2 . 6 5 3 . 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 4 6 0 3 3 . 0 2 6 . 2 2 6 . 6 * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 1 8 2 6 . 6 2 9 . 1 2 4 . 9 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 3 2 1 1 8 . 2 2 1 . 8 2 4 . 0 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 1 6 2 9 . 1 1 0 . 9 1 7 . 2 6 0 + y r s 4 0 9 1 3 . 2 1 1 . 9 7 . 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 1 . 1 3 0 6 2 . 4 7 3 . 5 7 3 . 5 * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 4 0 4 2 3 . 5 1 1 . 8 1 3 . 4 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 2 3 5 1 4 . 1 1 4 . 8 1 3 . 1 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 1 , 4 1 0 7 9 . 3 8 4 . 1 8 5 . 4 N S S m o k e r 3 2 2 2 0 . 7 1 5 . 9 1 4 . 6 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 1 , 1 3 7 2 2 0 . 3 2 2 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 3 N S L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 6 1 1 3 7 . 1 2 4 . 1 1 0 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 3 7 2 5 . 2 2 3 . 5 2 4 . 4 2 n d q u i n t i l e 2 0 1 1 0 . 3 1 4 . 8 1 6 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 1 9 5 1 0 . 7 1 4 . 1 1 6 . 0 4 t h q u i n t i l e 2 1 6 1 0 . 5 1 5 . 2 2 2 . 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 1 1 0 6 . 3 8 . 3 1 0 . 1 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 8 9 8 5 5 . 3 5 1 . 2 4 5 . 7 * * N o 5 5 2 3 4 . 2 3 4 . 2 2 6 . 2 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 2 5 1 0 . 5 1 4 . 6 2 8 . 2 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n C E V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y ( c o n t ' d ) N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 2 7 8 1 2 . 1 1 7 . 1 3 6 . 9 * * * * 1 2 2 7 1 2 . 6 1 8 . 5 1 7 . 5 2 3 1 6 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 2 1 . 2 3 2 8 4 1 6 . 7 2 0 . 8 1 2 . 7 4 2 2 2 1 5 . 6 1 0 . 8 7 . 5 2 5 4 0 3 2 2 . 5 1 2 . 2 4 . 3 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 3 7 2 2 1 . 2 2 3 . 5 3 1 . 9 * 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 1 , 2 6 2 7 4 . 6 7 3 . 9 6 5 . 5 2 1 6 y r s o l d 6 8 4 . 2 2 . 7 2 . 6 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I 1 , 7 7 0 2 8 . 3 2 0 3 2 8 . 4 2 0 4 2 7 . 0 2 0 5 N S W e i g h t s t a t u s N o r m a l w e i g h t 5 7 9 3 1 . 9 3 3 . 6 4 4 . 8 N S O v e n r v e i g h t 6 0 3 3 4 . 1 3 0 . 8 2 6 . 0 O b e s e 5 8 8 3 4 . 0 3 5 . 6 2 9 . 2 P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t 5 8 4 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 6 * * * A b o u t r i g h t 5 8 8 3 4 . 8 2 5 . 0 2 4 . 3 O v e r w e i g h t 1 , 1 2 4 6 1 . 0 7 4 . 0 7 4 . 1 W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 2 8 5 1 8 . 6 6 . 4 3 . 6 * * * * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 1 , 2 6 0 7 3 . 0 8 0 . 2 7 5 . 7 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 1 7 8 8 . 3 1 3 . 4 2 0 . 7 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 5 9 4 . 3 1 . 1 1 . 7 * * * S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 4 7 8 2 8 . 5 1 9 . 5 1 5 . 8 W e i g h l e s s 1 , 2 3 2 6 7 . 2 7 9 . 4 8 2 . 5 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t _ Y e s 8 4 2 4 5 . 6 5 7 . 7 6 2 . 4 * * * N O 9 2 7 5 4 . 4 4 2 . 3 3 7 . 6 4 0 3 T a b l e 5 6 ( c o n t ' d ) M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n ( m V a r i a b l e s n L o w M i d d l e H i g h P 2 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) C o m p o n e n t 1 3 1 , 7 6 8 6 . 7 2 0 1 7 . 1 2 0 1 7 . 2 2 0 1 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 1 , 5 2 2 9 2 . 3 8 4 . 2 7 3 . 1 * * * C o n s u m e r 2 0 1 7 . 7 1 5 . 8 2 6 . 9 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 1 , 2 8 0 7 3 . 0 7 6 . 2 7 8 . 5 N S N o 4 4 3 2 7 . 0 2 3 . 8 2 1 . 5 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 1 , 7 2 3 1 . 7 4 3 2 2 7 1 . 7 7 1 2 4 1 1 . 8 3 7 2 6 2 N S F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 6 7 5 4 2 . 8 3 2 . 6 3 6 . 5 * > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 1 , 0 4 8 5 7 . 2 6 7 . 4 6 3 . 5 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 5 9 8 3 8 . 4 2 9 . 9 2 2 . 1 * * 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 1 2 2 9 . 7 2 5 . 8 2 6 . 4 5 t i m e s / d a y 3 4 0 1 8 . 9 2 4 . 7 2 0 . 4 6 t i m e s / d a y 1 6 4 8 . 5 1 1 . 6 1 5 . 3 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 1 0 9 4 . 5 8 . 0 1 5 . 8 E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r , 4 8 8 2 6 . 1 2 7 . 1 2 5 . 9 N S A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 1 , 1 7 6 7 0 . 8 6 7 . 8 6 8 . 7 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 5 9 3 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 4 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e . w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s . b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; a n d u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s . 2 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l . e n e r g y i n t a k e s . a n d B M I ; d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l c o h o l . e n e r g y i n t a k e s . a n d B M I b y i n c o m e l e v e l s w e r e t e s t e d b y A N O V A . 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s . a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 . * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 . N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t . N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 4 0 4 c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 1 3 . 8 v s . 7 . 1 % i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p ; 2 1 . 0 v s . 1 4 . 9 % i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p ; a n d 2 8 . 6 v s . 1 9 . 2 % i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n T a b l e 5 6 a n d T a b l e 1 4 ) . i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , a n a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . W h i l e s m o k i n g s t a t u s d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , i t d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . A g e a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e i 4 ) . A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r d i f f e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 6 ) , w h i l e i t d i d n o t d i f f e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t l y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . i n a d d i t i o n . t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 6 5 . 2 i n T a b l e 5 6 v s . 5 9 . 2 % i n T a b l e 1 4 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n w o m e n w h o h a d n e v e r p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a fi e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 7 . 1 i n T a b l e 5 6 v s . 3 0 . 5 % i n T a b l e 1 4 ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f h i g h - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n w h o d i d n o t h a v e a n y l i v e b i r t h w a s l a r g e r b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n c o m p a r e d t o t h e p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 3 6 . 9 % i n T a b l e 5 6 v s . 2 8 . 1 % i n T a b l e 1 4 ) . C H A N G E S I N P R E D I C T O R S O F O B E S I T Y A M O N G T H E S U B P O P U L A T I O N G R O U P S O V E R T H E P A S T D E C A D E l . L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e 4 0 5 £ 1 3 1 5 T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M i i n 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 4 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) : b e i n g i n t h e l o w — i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 0 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 2 ) a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 6 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s o r s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 0 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . S i x v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 8 : 0 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 3 t p < 0 . 0 0 i i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 0 i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s Z 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 l i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( l 3 = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) 4 0 6 ( [ 3 : 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a i s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . W o m e n : S i x v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 4 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 5 ) : b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o r n e g r o u p ( [ 3 : 0 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g o n e l i v e b i r t h r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( B = 0 . 0 0 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 l i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g 3 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( 0 : 0 0 2 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 2 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 l i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( 8 : 0 0 2 i f c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 O 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i f e a t i n g 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 0 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( [ 3 : 0 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 O l i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 0 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 0 i n 4 0 7 l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s _ < _ 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s Z 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 6 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . N i n e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 i i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . i 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e ' p a s t 3 0 d a y s r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( B : 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 l l a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o n o t h a v i n g a n y l i v e b i r t h s ( B = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t 4 0 8 m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t Z 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n c o m e s u b ' L e c t s : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M l i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) : p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( ( 5 2 0 . 0 2 i l l 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( D = - 0 . 0 1 i f e a t i n g t h e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i f e a t i n g 1 t i m e / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g a n d B = 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i f e a t i n g 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 l i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 l a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e a t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t d e g r e e ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 0 9 S e v e n v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M l i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n [ 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = ~ 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 6 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n [ 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s O l d ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 i i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( B : 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 l i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s : O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) : e a t i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( B = 0 . 0 l i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . S e v e n v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 8 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 1 3 : - 4 1 0 0 . 0 l i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 4 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 0 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s _ < _ 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; j 3 = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 1 1 fi j g h - i n e o g m e s u b j e c t s : T h r e e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 6 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 7 ) : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( B = 0 . 0 2 1 n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , s k i p p i n g b r e a k f a s t r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 0 : 0 0 0 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( B = - 0 . 0 0 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . S i x v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( ( 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 O 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 2 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d l o w e s t l e v e l ( 2 n d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . S e v e n v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; l 3 = 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 O 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 4 1 2 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . m i : F o u r v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 2 8 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 2 9 ) : b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 0 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( B = - 0 . 0 1 i f e a t i n g t h e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; l 3 = 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i f e a t i n g _ > _ 4 t i m e s / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g < l t i m e / w e e k i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 8 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( B = 0 . 0 l i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l 4 1 3 e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T e n v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : B = - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n m a n ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 O 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( 0 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s O l d ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 1 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 8 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; l 3 = 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 4 1 4 t i m e s / d a y ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n c o m e m e n : F o u r v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( B = — 0 . 0 1 i f e a t i n g t h e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i f e a t i n g 2 — 3 t i m e s / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 2 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g m a r r i e d ( B = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n m a n ( B = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o 4 1 5 b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s O l d ( 8 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - i g c o m e m e g O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) : e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; l 3 = - 0 . 0 2 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( [ 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 0 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s O l d ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 2 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e a b e i n g w h i t e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 6 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . H i g h - i n c o m e m e n : T h e r e w e r e n o v a r i a b l e s t h a t p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; j 3 = 0 . 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 2 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 1 6 n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 8 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n [ 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 0 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e a b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( 1 3 = - 0 . 0 l a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = ~ 0 O l a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n c o m e w o m e n : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) : p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( l 3 = 0 . 0 2 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( B = - 0 . 0 2 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ i = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t 4 1 7 p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t i t a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i l l 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( B = 0 . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 0 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( ( 3 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : [ 3 : 0 0 0 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s O l d ( 1 5 : 0 . 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 0 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; l 3 = ~ 0 . 0 0 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . S e v e n v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 8 : 0 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = ~ 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = O . 1 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 5 1 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t 4 1 8 m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 1 3 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 6 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) : h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( B = - 0 . 0 3 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . h a v i n g 3 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( B = - 0 . 0 4 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( B = - 0 . 0 2 i f e a t i n g t h e r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i f e a t i n g 1 t i m e / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 6 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = O . 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 9 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( B = 0 . 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 0 4 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( [ 3 = O . . 0 4 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 1 4 1 9 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( 0 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; ( 3 : 0 1 1 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( [ 3 = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 5 l 1 y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 8 : 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 0 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = O . 1 O a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . H i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n : T h r e e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 0 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 1 ) : n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 4 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 0 : 0 1 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g f i r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t Z 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 3 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d n o t e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t ( 0 : 0 0 0 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 0 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t m e a n B M I i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h s o r n e v e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t ( B = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 0 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( B = 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , 4 2 0 b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 1 4 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( 0 : 0 1 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 i n [ 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( 0 : 0 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 5 i n [ 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; B = - 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( 1 1 : 0 . 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; [ 3 : 0 1 0 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) 2 . R i s k o f o b e s i t y a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e M E J L T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 7 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 8 ) : a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 9 2 [ C I = 0 . 8 0 , 1 . 0 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 8 7 [ C I = 0 . 7 7 , 0 . 9 9 ] i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 . 2 4 [ C l = 0 9 5 , 1 . 6 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 6 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 . 2 . 7 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 5 7 [ C l = l . l 1 , 2 . 2 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 7 [ C l = 0 9 3 , 2 . 0 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = l . 3 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 1 . 7 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 2 6 [ C l - = 0 8 ] , 1 . 9 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 5 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 . 2 . 3 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 5 6 [ C I = 0 . 8 4 , 2 . 9 2 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 3 4 , 3 . 5 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 7 8 [ C I = 0 . 8 9 , 3 . 5 4 ] i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 4 2 1 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 7 [ C l = l . 3 8 , 2 . 8 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 8 [ C l = 0 9 2 . 3 . 8 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 1 2 [ C l = l . 3 4 , 3 . 3 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 4 [ C I = 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 5 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 5 0 [ C l = l . 1 6 , 1 . 9 3 ] i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 6 8 [ C I = 1 . 1 3 , 2 . 5 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C l = l . l l , 1 . 9 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 5 1 [ C 1 = l . l l , 2 . 0 6 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 2 . 4 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 5 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 2 . 3 5 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 5 3 [ C I = 1 . 1 5 , 2 . 0 4 ] i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 8 [ C I = 0 . 6 1 , 0 . 9 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 4 [ C l = 2 . 5 0 , 3 . 2 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 9 [ C I = 2 . 8 4 , 4 . 0 6 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . W o m e n : S i x v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 7 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ( T a b l e 3 8 ) : b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 3 1 [ C l = 0 9 6 , 1 . 7 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 9 , 3 . 4 4 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 1 5 [ C I = 0 . 8 5 , 1 . 5 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 2 . 4 2 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = l . 3 3 [ C I = 0 . 8 5 , 2 . 0 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 7 8 [ C l = l . 1 1 , 2 . 8 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 3 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t Z . 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 2 7 [ C I = 0 . 7 6 , 2 . 1 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 1 , 2 . 7 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( O R = 0 . 9 1 [ C I = 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 2 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 i f 4 2 2 e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g : O R e ‘ l . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 2 . 6 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i f e a t i n g 2 4 t i m e / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d n o t e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g b r e a k f a s t ( O R = 1 . 0 8 [ C I = 0 . 7 8 , 1 . 4 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 1 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 4 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 , 1 . 8 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 3 [ C l = 0 4 9 , 1 . 0 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 7 [ C I = 1 . 6 9 . 4 . 5 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 5 5 [ C l = 0 9 1 , 2 . 6 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 6 , 0 . 8 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 3 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 0 . 8 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d l o w e s t l e v e l ( 2 n d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 6 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 2 . 6 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C l = 0 9 7 , 3 . 5 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 . 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 . 1 . 8 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 0 5 [ C I = 0 . 7 1 . 1 . 5 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 7 3 [ C l = l . 3 7 , 2 . 1 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 9 [ C l = l . 4 1 , 3 . 4 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 6 , 3 . 0 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 3 . 2 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 3 . 0 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 5 7 [ C l = l . 4 8 , 4 . 4 6 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 3 4 [ C I = 1 . 5 2 , 3 . 6 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 0 3 [ C l = l . l 4 . 3 . 6 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 5 9 [ C I = 1 . 6 6 , 4 . 0 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 5 4 [ C l = l . 9 2 , 4 2 3 6 . 5 4 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( 1 s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i l l l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 9 9 [ C l = l . 2 5 , 3 . 1 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 2 3 [ C l = l . l 9 . 4 . 1 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t _ > _ 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 4 0 [ C l = l . 4 l , 4 . 0 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 1 7 [ C I = 1 . 5 0 . 6 . 7 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 8 [ C l = 2 . 5 8 . 3 . 2 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 3 [ C I = 2 . 8 1 , 3 . 9 5 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n f c o m e s u b j e c t s : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 9 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 0 9 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 6 , 1 . 3 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 9 1 ; O R = 0 6 5 [ C I = 0 4 3 , 0 . 9 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 1 9 [ C I = 0 . 6 7 , 2 . 1 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 7 3 [ C l = l . 5 1 , 4 . 9 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( O R = 0 6 7 [ C l = 0 4 6 . 0 . 9 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 8 4 [ C I = O . 5 6 , 1 . 2 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 1 0 , 2 . 5 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 3 [ C I = 0 . 8 7 , 2 . 3 7 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s ( O R = 2 . 2 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 4 . 1 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 6 O [ C I = 0 . 6 6 , 3 . 8 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C l = l . 1 4 , 2 . 9 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 0 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 2 . 6 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = 1 . 3 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 1 . 8 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 0 , 2 . 0 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s < 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 2 . 9 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 8 [ C I = 0 . 7 9 , 4 . 9 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 2 4 F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b u i l t l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d l 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 4 9 [ C l = l . l l , 2 . 0 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 3 . 5 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 5 [ C l = l . 3 7 , 3 . 3 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 0 3 [ C I = 1 . 1 3 , 3 . 6 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C l = l . 3 9 . 2 . 4 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 1 . 7 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 . 6 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 6 9 [ C I = 2 . 1 4 , 6 . 3 4 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 1 0 [ C l = 2 . 7 7 . 3 . 4 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 5 3 [ C l = 2 . 9 l , 4 . 2 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s : T h e r e w e r e n o v a r i a b l e s t h a t p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 9 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 3 . 1 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 2 [ C I = 0 . 7 4 , 5 . 0 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s O l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 3 6 , 3 . 4 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 2 [ C I = 0 . 8 6 , 5 . 1 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 3 1 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 4 . 4 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 2 4 [ C l = 0 . 9 8 , 5 . 1 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 2 . 3 3 [ C l = l . 7 l , 3 . 1 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 1 9 [ C l = 2 . 0 3 , 5 . 0 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 0 7 [ C l = 2 . 7 1 , 3 . 4 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 2 [ C l = 2 . 5 6 , 4 . 3 1 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 2 5 H i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s : O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 3 9 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 0 ) : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 5 4 [ C l = 0 . 9 2 , 2 . 5 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 7 [ C l = l . l 4 . 3 . 3 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 5 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 2 . 1 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 6 [ C I = 0 . 7 3 , 2 . 5 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 6 O [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 2 . 4 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 2 0 [ C I = 0 . 7 8 , 1 . 8 4 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 9 O [ C l = 1 . 2 0 . 2 . 9 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 O [ C I = 0 . 7 1 , 2 . 3 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 8 0 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 . 9 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 3 4 [ C I = 0 . 8 5 , 2 . 1 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F i v e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( O R = 0 . 7 3 [ C l = 0 5 4 . 0 . 9 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 6 0 [ C l = 0 4 5 , 0 . 8 1 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 3 . 4 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 1 6 [ C I = 1 . 6 8 , 5 . 9 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 5 4 [ C l = l . 8 0 , 6 . 9 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 5 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 4 . 1 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 9 5 [ C I = 1 . 6 0 , 5 . 4 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 8 9 [ C l = l . 7 5 . 4 . 7 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 4 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 0 . 8 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 4 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 0 . 8 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 8 9 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 3 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 2 9 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 4 . 4 8 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l 4 2 6 ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 5 9 [ C I = 1 . 5 2 , 4 . 4 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 5 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 5 3 [ C I = 2 . 1 2 . 3 . 0 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 1 [ C l = 2 . 7 7 . 3 . 9 5 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . M O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 1 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 2 ) : e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d ( O R = 0 . 8 6 [ C l = 0 . 6 8 . 1 . 1 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 i f e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d t h e d a y b e f o r e t h e i n t e r v i e w r e l a t i v e t o n o t e a t i n g ; O R = 1 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 . 0 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i f e a t i n g 2 4 t i m e / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . F o u r v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 9 , 2 . 3 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 5 [ C I = 0 . 8 0 , 2 . 6 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 2 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 1 . 5 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 1 4 [ C I = 0 . 8 4 , 1 . 5 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , e n e r g y i n t a k e ( O R = l . 3 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 1 . 7 0 ] i n l 9 8 9 - 9 4 : O R = 1 . 4 8 [ C I = 1 . 0 0 , 2 . 1 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 3 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 6 . 1 . 7 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 1 7 [ C I = 0 . 8 0 , 1 . 6 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . E i g h t v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a w o m a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a m a n ( O R = 0 6 5 [ C l = 0 . 5 3 , 0 . 8 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = O . 6 9 [ C l = 0 . 5 3 , 0 . 8 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m e r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 5 2 [ C l = l . 1 0 , 2 . 0 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 5 [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 2 . 0 0 ] i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p ( O R = 1 . 5 0 [ C I = 1 . 1 3 , 1 . 9 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 0 5 [ C l = 1 _ . 3 4 , 3 . 1 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 2 . 6 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; 4 2 7 O R = 2 . 2 3 [ C l = l . 3 0 , 3 . 8 4 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 6 1 [ C l = l . 7 0 , 4 . 0 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 7 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 . 3 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 9 [ C I = 1 . 5 7 , 3 . 3 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 3 3 [ C l = l . 3 6 , 4 . 0 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 8 3 [ C I = 0 . 7 5 , 0 . 9 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 8 1 [ C I = 0 . 7 1 . 0 . 9 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 1 4 [ C l = l . 3 9 , 3 . 3 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 6 6 [ C 1 = 1 . 5 7 , 4 . 4 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 1 8 [ C l = l . 4 6 , 3 . 2 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 7 , 3 . 1 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 8 7 [ C l = 2 . 5 6 . 3 . 2 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 4 4 [ C I = 2 . 9 1 , 4 . 0 5 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 2 7 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 6 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 0 , 2 . 2 3 ] i l l 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 5 9 [ C 1 = 1 . 1 0 , 2 . 3 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n c o m e m e n : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g m o r e t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n ( O R = 1 . 6 6 [ C l = 0 . 9 3 , 2 . 9 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C I = 1 . 5 3 , 5 . 6 4 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 4 2 [ C I = 0 . 6 3 , 3 . 2 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 — 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 1 l [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 9 . 4 0 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 1 . 2 4 [ C l = 0 . 5 1 , 2 . 9 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 3 O [ C I = 1 . 0 5 , 1 7 . 5 7 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 4 t h q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t 4 2 8 l e v e l ( 5 1 h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R — 7 0 . 8 3 [ C l = 0 4 0 , 1 . 7 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 6 6 [ C 1 = 1 . 4 9 , 1 4 . 5 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 3 1 [ C l = l . 1 3 . 4 . 7 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 5 [ C I = 0 . 8 0 , 5 . 7 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 3 5 [ C l = l . l 7 , 4 . 7 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 2 2 [ C I = 0 . 7 6 . 6 . 5 2 ] i n i 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 2 . 0 0 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 3 . 1 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 8 3 [ C l = 0 4 8 , 1 . 4 4 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 2 3 [ C l = 2 . 7 6 , 3 . 7 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 7 1 [ C l = 2 . 7 9 , 4 . 9 2 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - g e o m e m e n : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n i 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : b e i n g m a r r i e d r e l a t i v e t o n e v e r b e e n m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h s u b j e c t s ’ p a r t n e r s ( O R = 1 . 4 5 [ C I = 0 . 6 9 , 3 . 0 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 6 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 . 6 . 5 1 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = l . 3 9 [ C l = 0 4 8 , 4 . 0 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 1 0 [ C l = l . 1 8 . 1 4 . 2 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e r e w e r e n o v a r i a b l e s t h a t d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 . O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 0 5 [ C l = 2 . 5 5 , 3 . 6 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 1 9 [ C I = 2 . 8 6 , 6 . 1 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . H i g h - i n c o m e m e n : T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 5 9 [ C I = 0 . 8 5 . 3 . 0 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 9 0 [ C l = l . l 9 . 3 . 0 5 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 9 8 [ C I = 0 . 8 3 , 4 . 7 1 ] i n 4 2 9 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 4 7 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 5 . 0 6 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 9 4 [ C l = l . i 1 . 7 . 8 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 3 [ C I = 0 . 7 9 , 5 . 7 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 6 9 [ C l = l . l 4 . 6 . 3 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 4 6 [ C l = 0 . 6 6 , 3 . 2 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 — 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 7 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 6 . 4 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 5 1 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 6 . 1 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C l = 0 . 6 0 , 0 . 9 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 5 [ C l = 0 . 6 4 , 0 . 8 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 5 7 [ C l = 2 . 0 1 . 3 . 2 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 6 [ C I = 2 . 6 2 . 4 . 3 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . L o w - i n c o m e w o m e n : T h e r e w e r e n o v a r i a b l e s t h a t p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g b l a c k r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g w h i t e ( O R = 1 . 6 6 [ C I = 1 . 1 3 , 2 . 4 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 3 3 [ C l = 0 . 9 9 , 5 . 4 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 5 . 0 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = O . 8 0 [ C I = 0 2 0 , 3 . 2 4 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S 1 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 . 4 4 [ C I = 2 . 6 9 , 1 0 . 9 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 4 1 [ C I = 0 . 8 2 , 1 4 . 1 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 2 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 4 1 [ C l = l . 3 0 , 4 . 4 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R _ = 1 . 7 6 [ C l = 0 . 5 2 , 5 . 9 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . 4 3 0 F o u r v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r ( O R = 1 . 8 4 [ C I = 1 . 2 2 , 2 . 7 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 8 3 [ C l = l . l 7 , 2 . 8 7 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 7 6 [ C l = 0 . 6 0 . 0 . 9 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = O . 5 6 [ C I = 0 . 3 9 , 0 . 8 0 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 4 0 [ C l = l . 1 1 , 5 . 1 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 2 6 , 1 6 . 4 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 0 9 [ C 1 = 2 . 6 3 . 3 . 6 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 9 9 [ C I = 3 . 0 7 , 5 . 1 7 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . M i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n : O n e v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : e a t i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f s u b j e c t s ’ e n e r g y i n t a k e f r o m f a t r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g 5 3 0 % o f t h e i r e n e r g y f r o m f a t ( O R = 1 . 1 1 [ C 1 = O . 7 4 , 1 . 6 5 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 4 9 [ C l = l . 2 5 , 4 . 9 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 2 0 [ C l = l . 3 0 , 7 . 9 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 1 6 [ C I = 0 . 6 ] , 7 . 5 9 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 5 8 [ C l = l . 1 9 , 5 . 5 9 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 6 4 [ C I = 0 . 8 5 , 8 . 1 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 3 . 2 8 [ C I = 1 . 6 2 , 6 . 6 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 0 8 [ C I = 0 . 3 7 , 3 . 1 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 1 0 [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 4 . 3 2 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 8 7 [ C 1 = O . 2 1 , 3 . 5 2 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s _ > _ 7 t i m e s / d a y ( O R = 1 . 7 6 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 , 3 . 0 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 1 . 7 7 [ C l = 0 . 5 5 , 5 . 6 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T w o v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n 4 3 1 b o t h 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d s t a t u s ( O R = 3 . 7 9 [ C l = l . 7 5 . 8 . 2 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 6 . 3 1 [ C l = l . 7 l , 2 3 . 2 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 3 . 4 2 [ C I = 2 . 8 1 , 4 . 1 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 5 9 [ C I = 2 . 4 ' . 5 . 2 5 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . H i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n : T h r e e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ( T a b l e 4 3 ) b u t d i d n o t p r e d i c t i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 2 . 2 6 [ C l = 0 . 9 0 . 5 . 6 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 7 1 [ C l = l . 3 6 , 1 6 . 2 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 0 2 [ C I = 0 . 8 2 , 4 . 9 6 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 6 . 6 0 [ C 1 = 2 . 4 2 , 1 8 . 0 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t S l 1 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t Z 1 6 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 1 . 1 6 [ C 1 = 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 7 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 8 8 [ C I = 1 . 2 7 , 1 8 . 6 8 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . O n e v a r i a b l e d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t p r e d i c t e d i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 5 2 [ C I = 1 . 5 0 , 8 . 2 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 1 5 [ C l = 0 . 5 8 , 1 7 . 0 9 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 5 . 1 2 [ C 1 = 2 . 3 0 , 1 1 . 4 0 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 3 5 [ C I = 0 . 7 2 , 7 . 6 6 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d ( O R = 3 . 5 5 [ C I = 1 . 5 6 , 8 . 0 7 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 2 . 3 8 [ C I = 0 . 7 8 , 7 . 2 3 ] i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T h r e e v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t e d m e a n B M I i n b o t h l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a n d 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 : a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( O R = 0 . 6 9 [ C l = 0 . 5 2 , 0 . 9 3 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 0 . 7 2 [ C l = 0 . 5 4 , 0 . 9 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( 1 s t q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 3 O [ C I = 1 . 0 2 , 5 . 1 8 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 4 . 5 6 [ C I = 1 . 5 7 , 1 3 . 2 3 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d l o w e s t l e v e l ( 2 n d q u i n t i l e ) r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 5 t h q u i n t i l e ) ( O R = 2 . 4 2 [ C I = 1 . 0 8 , 5 . 4 4 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 3 4 [ C [ = 1 . 0 9 , 1 0 . 2 7 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t ( O R = 2 . 5 6 [ C 1 = 2 . ' 1 0 , 3 . 1 1 ] i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 4 ; O R = 3 . 4 8 [ C 1 = 2 . 5 1 , 4 . 8 2 ] i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) . T H E E F F E C T O F E N E R G Y I N T A T E I N A D E Q U A T E R E P O R T E R S O N R E S U L T S 1 . W e i g h t s t a t u s b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l w h e n a g e w a s c o n t r o l l e d L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : I n ‘ 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p i n w o m e n a n d m e n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 5 7 ) d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 4 6 ) ; b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n ( B = 0 . 0 9 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 f o r t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d [ # 0 0 6 a t p < 0 . 0 1 f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y [ T a b l e 5 7 ] ) . w h i l e t h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n m e n . T h e r e w e r e n o t e n o u g h s u b j e c t s t o e x a m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n B M I a n d t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e w o m e n a n d w h i t e m e n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s . I n 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4 , t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p i n w o m e n a n d m e n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 5 8 ) d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 4 7 ) ; B = 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 f o r t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d l 3 = 0 . 0 3 a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y i n w o m e n ( T a b l e 5 8 ) , w h i l e o n l y b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e — i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n m e n ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 [ T a b l e 5 8 ] ) . [ n w h i t e w o m e n , w h i l e b e i n g i n l o w - i n c o m e a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s 4 3 3 ) 2 6 A A A A A A A A A M 4 / / / / / / / / / M N N N N N N N N N = n ( ) 9 6 A A A A A A A A A M 2 / / / / / / / / / B = N N N N N N N N N n ( ) 2 7 A A A A A A A A A M 9 / / / / / / / / / = N N N N N N N N N W n ( ) 8 9 A A A A A A A A A W 2 / / / / / / / / / = N N N N N N N N N M n ( ) 3 0 A A A A A A A A A W 2 / / / / / / / / / B N N N N N N N N N = n ( ) 6 e l b a 7 A A A A A A A A A c 7 / / / / / / / / / = N N N N N N N N N i l p p a t o n : A w n ( ) 3 “ 0 “ “ * * * / * * * * N 7 * 1 1 0 0 * * * 3 0 0 * * * , 0 0 , 6 M 2 . . . . 9 0 9 1 0 1 0 = 0 . . 0 0 0 0 n 0 1 0 n 3 ( ) * . . . 0 0 0 0 e 0 m . 0 n < a P c * * * i r 7 * * 7 * 2 * * * " * * 0 0 3 * 5 8 8 6 * 0 0 0 , 7 0 0 0 0 w 1 . . . 1 0 . . . . 2 = . n 3 ( . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 . 3 _ < _ 5 R 8 I . P 5 s s s s t . r r r r p 1 3 e < > e s c m 5 y y y y s 9 9 9 9 y r r 2 3 5 4 o R R 8 e m , A 1 - 0 n 0 a . c 0 i < x P e * M * * : , M 1 M 0 . , 0 n < e P m * * k c , a 5 l 0 B . e 0 + - - - — c I I . e t : < n n P P 1 g 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6 5 4 M P I I A B * T a b l e 5 7 . I n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g s u b g r o u p s 1 ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) 4 3 4 R 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n ; a n d i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s . W : w o m e n , M : m e n , W W : w h i t e w o m e n , B W : b l a c k w o m e n , M W : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , W M : w h i t e m e n , ) * » * 7 * * * * * “ 3 * 1 0 0 0 7 * * 2 * 0 * 5 0 0 0 * * 0 , 5 . 4 0 . . . . 9 9 1 0 0 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 . - . = . . 0 n 3 ( ) 5 * * * * 0 0 0 3 0 , * * 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 * 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 . . . . . . . 1 0 0 2 . 0 0 0 0 0 ) = - - . 0 s n 3 - r ( e t r ) o 9 “ p “ 5 0 * e M 9 0 1 2 0 0 0 r , . . 2 . W 1 0 0 . 0 e = k 3 n ( a t n i y g 0 1 r . 0 e n e e t a * * * " u * * 0 7 q e d * 7 0 8 8 0 . 0 0 . 1 . . 0 0 a 3 . 0 0 n 1 i s g p n u i o d r u g l * * “ * * * 0 * * * “ 0 7 * 5 * . 0 3 o 1 0 . 1 1 . b . . c 0 0 0 o u x s e r g e n t f * o a * m * 3 n * 0 1 2 . 3 a o p i i s h s s e n r o g i e t ) r a 6 . 0 l 6 e 7 e 0 h 1 r . t , I r 3 = M n o f B ( - 4 e 9 m - 5 . 0 8 3 8 _ o c 9 n 1 I . S 8 E 5 < _ 5 R 8 I . P 5 s s s s t . r r r r p 1 3 y y y y s N e < > e s r e A c m 5 9 9 9 9 y l 8 o R R r 2 3 5 4 H e - - - - + b t c I I . e a n N 1 n P P g 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 4 6 T ( A I I 4 3 5 R 2 W 3 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 * * * 0 . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 1 6 * * * * o . 1 o * * * * M 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 * * * 0 . 0 7 * * 1 ' 1 ' O . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 6 * * * * W 3 . 1 2 * * * * 0 . 0 5 " 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 B W ( n = 4 , 2 3 1 ) ( n = 1 , 5 8 1 ) ( n = 8 4 4 ) 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 8 “ 0 . 1 3 “ “ 0 . 1 8 * * * * 0 . 1 1 “ M W ( n = 7 5 1 ) 3 . 1 8 * * * * 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 1 * * * * 0 . 1 7 * * * * o . 1 4 * * * * o . 1 3 * * * * 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 * * * 0 . 0 8 * * * * 0 . 0 9 * * * * 0 . 0 7 * * * * 0 . 0 4 B M 0 . 0 2 M M 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n ; a n d i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s . W : w o m e n , M : m e n , W W : w h i t e w o m e n , B W : b l a c k w o m e n , M W : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , W M : w h i t e m e n , B M : B l a c k m e n , M M : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n ' P < 0 . 0 5 * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e i n c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 4 7 ) , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d B M l c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( 1 3 : 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 1 [ T a b l e 5 8 ] ) . I n b l a c k w o m e n . b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d B M l c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( P F - 0 . 0 7 a t p < 0 . 0 1 f o r t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d [ P 0 0 8 a t p < 0 . 0 1 f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y [ T a b l e 5 8 ] ) , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p o b s e r v e d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , w h i l e b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n , t h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n B M I b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 5 8 ) . I n w h i t e m e n . b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( B = 0 . 0 2 a t p < 0 . 0 5 [ T a b l e 5 8 ] ) , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n b l a c k m e n , b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p d e c r e a s e d B M I c o m p a r e d t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( l 3 = - 0 . 0 5 a t p < 0 . 0 0 1 [ T a b l e 5 8 ] ) , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , t h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n B M l b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n c o m e - B M I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . B i s ] ; o f o b e s i t y a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e : I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i n c o m e a n d o b e s i t y r i s k i n w o m e n a n d m e n a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 5 9 ) d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m t h e o n e b e t w e e n i n c o m e a n d o b e s i t y r i s k b e f o r e e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s ( T a b l e 4 8 ) ; b e i n g i n l o w - i n c o m e a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e . g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n w o m e n 4 3 6 ) 2 I A A A A 6 / / / / C 4 N N N N = n ( M M A A A A R / / / / O N N N N ) 9 l 6 C 2 = n ( R A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N A A A A A A A A A M / / / / / / I / / B O N N N N N N N N N ) 2 7 l 9 C A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / = A N N N N N N N N N / N A / N n ( M W ) A A A A A / / / / / N N N N N 8 A A A A / / / / N N N N 9 l 2 C ) = s n r ( e t A A A A A A A A A r R W / / / / / / / / / o O p M e r N N N N N N N N N ) e A 3 l k / 0 C a N 2 t = n n i ( y A A A A A A g / W R r N O B / / / / / N N N N N e n e ) 6 l e C 7 7 t = a n u ( A A A A / / / / N N N N q R A / e w O N d w a fl ) ) ) ) ) ) ) n 0 5 7 7 9 0 0 i 2 4 2 7 8 0 0 ) . . . . . . . d 3 0 1 1 1 1 3 5 u 0 I C , , , , , , , l 7 , c 1 x 7 4 4 3 3 0 0 0 9 8 1 4 0 0 . . . . . . . = 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 e n ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 r ( s e 9 6 0 0 8 9 2 t M 2 2 0 0 9 7 1 p f u a o r n g o . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 . i ) ) ) ) b u s s 2 8 4 0 3 2 6 0 s . . . . e ) 0 3 2 1 r 7 I g 7 g C , , , , n e 2 1 9 6 0 o r 1 . . . . . 1 3 1 0 m 0 1 1 1 e = ( ( ( ( a h n t ( y t r o w f i s e 4 5 0 1 7 0 . . . 2 2 1 1 b 0 o 0 f 2 o - 5 . 9 3 k s i R 9 9 1 . S 9 E 5 s 5 R I t . . P r r r r 8 5 s s s s p 1 3 y y y s y N e < > e s r e A 5 c m 9 9 9 9 y l 8 r o R R 2 4 3 5 H e - - - - + b t c I I e . a n N n P P 1 g 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 6 5 T A ( I I 4 3 7 R 2 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , O R 0 . 1 9 1 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 2 . 1 8 1 . 8 4 1 . 5 7 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 7 0 , 2 . 2 4 ) ( 1 . 1 8 , 4 . 0 3 ) ( 0 . 9 8 , 3 . 4 6 ) ( 0 . 9 6 , 2 . 5 7 ) 0 . 0 3 O R 0 . 1 2 . 2 . 4 4 ( 1 . 5 9 , 6 . 1 2 ) ( 1 . 3 3 , 4 . 3 0 ) . 0 . 0 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A O R N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; n o n - w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e n / v e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n ; a n d i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s . W : w o m e n , M : m e n , W W : w h i t e w o m e n , B W : b l a c k w o m e n , M W : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , W M : w h i t e m e n , B M : B l a c k m e n , M M : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t ( O R = 2 . 1 4 [ C l = l . 3 9 , 3 . 2 8 ] f o r t h e l o t s - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d O R = 1 . 7 5 [ C l = l . 1 6 , 2 . 6 4 ] f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y [ T a b l e 5 9 ] ) . T h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n m e n ( T a b l e 5 9 ) . T h e r e w e r e n o t e n o u g h s u b j e c t s t o e x a m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a n d t h e i n c o m e l e v e l i n w h i t e w o m e n a n d w h i t e m e n a fi e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s . I n 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4 , a l l t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a n d t h e i n c o m e l e v e l b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) r e m a i n e d a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 0 ) e x c e p t i n w o m e n , w h i t e w o m e n , a n d w h i t e m e n . I n w o m e n , w h i l e b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = 1 . 9 5 [ C l = l . 4 0 , 2 . 7 3 ] i n T a b l e 6 0 ) . I n m e n , b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 [ C I = 1 . 0 4 , 1 . 8 9 ] i n T a b l e 6 0 ) a s s e e n b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . I n w h i t e w o m e n , w h i l e b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = 1 . 7 7 [ C I = 1 . 1 8 , 2 . 6 5 ] i n T a b l e 6 0 ) . I n b l a c k w o m e n , b e i n g i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g i n t h e h i g h — i n c o m e g r o u p a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = 2 . 1 9 [ C I = 1 . 2 1 , 3 . 9 6 ] f o r t h e l o w - i n c o m e g r o u p a n d O R = 2 . 5 2 [ C l = l . 3 6 , 4 . 6 8 ] f o r t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p , r e s p e c t i v e l y i n T a b l e 6 0 ) a s s e e n b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , t h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y 4 3 8 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 6 3 5 0 0 6 0 0 2 9 4 0 3 0 0 6 2 . . . . . . . . . ) 4 5 7 6 0 3 3 1 1 I 4 C , , , , , , , , , 4 6 1 7 0 0 6 4 4 2 8 3 1 0 2 2 9 4 0 0 . . 6 . . . . . . . = 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 n ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) V s V r e B t r o p e r e k a ( 9 2 0 2 7 6 0 0 1 5 1 1 9 9 0 0 . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 5 3 0 0 6 6 0 5 2 6 7 2 2 9 8 0 0 . 0 t ) . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 1 1 1 n 1 I i 8 3 5 6 C , , , , , , , , , 5 0 0 6 8 6 5 9 3 1 y 0 0 , 0 1 8 9 9 3 7 g 1 . . . . . . 2 . . . 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . 0 r = e n ( n e W e t W 0 9 6 6 2 0 3 5 7 6 a u q e d . . . . . 1 1 1 2 3 a ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) n 5 9 0 0 6 9 8 1 2 1 2 2 7 0 0 8 3 0 i ) . 0 g T I . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 n 3 C , , , , , , , , , i 2 8 2 4 0 4 0 7 4 2 d , u 4 l = c n ( 1 x s e 0 9 0 0 9 0 2 . . . . . 0 . . . . 5 4 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 . 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 M 1 9 0 0 p r 2 4 0 R 1 u e . . . . o 0 t O 1 1 1 f r a g ‘ b ) n ) ) ) o 8 3 3 0 u s i 7 1 9 0 s ) . . . . g I s 6 2 0 1 1 e 7 n C , , , , r 1 7 7 0 0 o 4 0 9 , g 0 3 3 . . . . 0 m e r = 0 0 1 . 1 a 0 ( ( ( ( n e ( y t h i w t 1 5 7 8 9 0 0 5 7 R 1 9 3 0 0 9 6 7 2 s r e o O . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 b f o 4 f 9 o - 5 . 8 3 k s i R 8 9 1 . S 0 E 6 s R 5 I 8 5 P t . . p 1 3 N e < > e s e A c m 5 l 8 r o R R H e b t c I . I a n N n P 1 P T ( I I 4 3 9 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 0 + y r s R 2 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 1 . 1 6 , 3 . 2 8 ) ( 1 . 6 4 , 4 . 7 4 ) ( 1 . 9 3 , 5 . 6 1 ) ( 1 . 0 6 , 2 . 6 3 ) 1 . 0 0 1 . 4 6 2 . 2 6 2 . 6 4 2 . 0 9 O R 0 . 1 1 1 . 7 7 1 . 2 6 1 . 0 0 O R 0 . 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4 3 . 6 8 0 0 8 7 6 3 2 7 0 0 0 8 2 4 . . . . . . . ) . 7 5 5 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 I 3 C , , , , , , , , , 2 9 3 5 6 9 0 0 8 9 , 0 0 0 4 5 8 9 1 . . . . . . . . . 4 5 = 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . n ( ( 0 ( M M 7 4 9 0 0 3 0 4 8 R 0 0 3 6 1 7 9 8 9 . . . . . . . . . O 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 7 0 0 3 6 8 5 ) 4 5 . 3 0 I 0 . . . 1 1 1 . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 C , , , , , , , , , , 8 3 3 3 8 2 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 1 4 6 6 0 0 7 4 8 . . = . . . 0 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 n 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( M 9 0 9 6 3 0 R 2 0 1 1 9 8 B O . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 1 ) 0 ) ) 6 4 1 1 1 0 ) ) ) ) 1 . 8 6 8 0 9 . 5 0 : 1 . . . . 2 5 3 4 c , 9 , , 6 0 , , , , 0 2 8 6 1 1 . = 0 9 5 4 7 n ( 0 0 1 1 1 . 1 . . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( M 0 0 2 2 9 6 W R 1 0 6 5 0 3 . . . . . . O 0 2 3 2 1 1 ) 6 5 . 0 I ) ) ) ) ) 0 5 2 7 8 0 2 8 8 0 . . . . . 1 3 6 4 4 C , , , , , , 2 4 1 4 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 . . . . . . 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( 6 R 2 O . 0 ) d ' t n o 5 . 3 s c R ( 5 I 0 t . . P r r r r 8 5 s s s s 6 p 1 3 < . . y y y y s e < > e r e 5 c m 9 9 9 9 y l 8 o R R r 2 3 4 5 b e t c . I I e a n n g P P 1 - - - - + 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6 5 4 T A I I 4 4 0 R 2 M w ( n = 7 5 1 ) 1 . 0 7 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 7 5 3 . 6 0 2 . 3 3 2 . 0 6 ( 0 . 6 3 , 1 . 8 1 ) ( 0 . 5 4 , 1 . 7 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 4 1 . 4 2 1 . 4 3 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 9 5 , 2 . 1 2 ) ( 1 . 0 3 , 1 . 9 8 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 0 2 0 . 6 9 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 0 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n w h i t e s , b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s ; u n d e r w e i g h t s u b j e c t s ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t h a v e a l l t h e r e s p o n s e s o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n ; a n d i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s . W : w o m e n , M : m e n , W W : w h i t e w o m e n , B W : b l a c k w o m e n , M W : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n w o m e n , W M : w h i t e m e n , B M : B l a c k m e n , M M : M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n H i g h l i g h t e d w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 0 ) a s s e e n b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . I n w h i t e m e n , w h i l e b e i n g l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) , o n l y b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( O R = 1 . 4 3 [ C I = 1 . 0 3 . 1 . 9 8 ] i n T a b l e 6 0 ) . I n b l a c k m e n , t h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 0 ) a s s e e n b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . I n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n , t h e r e w e r e n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y b y t h e i n c o m e l e v e l a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 0 ) a s s e e n b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 9 ) . 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y ( 1 ) L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e T h e r e w e r e s o m e c h a n g e s i n t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r : I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 1 ) , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 2 3 ) : b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g 2 0 - 2 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r r e l a t i v e t o b e i n g a s m o k e r , a n d e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 - 3 t i m e s / w e e k r e l a t i v e t o e a t i n g l e s s t h a n 1 t i m e / w e e k . l n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , b e i n g b l a c k d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e i n g 5 0 — 5 9 y e a r s o l d p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , b e i n g M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n a n d a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 4 4 1 T a b l e 6 1 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r 1 M A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n g g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E [ 3 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 1 . 2 8 “ “ 0 . 2 4 2 . 0 6 “ “ 0 . 3 6 1 . 8 2 " “ 0 . 2 3 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 " 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 7 “ 0 . 0 3 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 6 ” 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 8 * 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 4 h r s 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 W a l k a l o t 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 1 0 “ ” 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 T a b l e 6 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E [ 3 S E 1 3 S E B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 9 “ “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 “ “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 * * * “ 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 “ 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 " 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 4 t i m e s / w k - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 0 . 1 8 “ “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 “ " 0 . 0 3 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 . 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 1 4 4 3 T a b l e 6 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E [ 3 S E [ 3 S E I n t e r c e p t N I A N / A 1 . 8 3 * * * * 0 . 3 1 1 5 4 “ " 0 . 2 1 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k N / A N / A 0 . 0 9 “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e N / A N / A - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 4 0 - 4 9 y r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 5 0 - 5 9 y r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 6 0 + y r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d N / A N / A - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d N / A N / A - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r N I A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 - 3 h r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 8 ” ” 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 4 h r s N / A N / A 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 9 * * * 0 . 0 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 * * 0 . 0 1 D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t N / A N / A 0 . 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 W a l k a l o t N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s N / A N I A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 1 3 " ” 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e N / A N / A - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 " 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e N / A N / A - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e N / A N / A - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 4 t h q u i n t i l e N / A N / A - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 4 4 T a b l e 6 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s [ 3 S E 1 3 S E 6 S E B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 N o N / A N / A 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 N / A N / A - 0 . 0 7 " 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 2 N / A N / A - 0 . 1 3 * * * 0 . 0 3 — 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 3 N / A N / A ~ 0 . 0 7 * 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 4 N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 N / A N / A — 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 1 7 * “ 0 . 0 4 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 0 * 0 . 0 4 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 N / A N / A 0 . 1 0 " “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 2 “ “ 0 . 0 1 C o m p o n e n t 2 ‘ N / A N / A 0 . 0 4 “ 0 . 0 1 0 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 t i m e / w k N / A N / A 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 - 3 t i m e s / w k N / A N / A - 0 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 2 4 t i m e s / w k N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) 2 N / A N / A 0 0 9 * 0 . 0 3 0 1 0 * “ 0 . 0 3 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N / A N / A 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 4 4 5 T a b l e 6 1 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s B S E [ 3 S E B S E N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 4 t i m e s / d a y N / A N / A 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 5 t i m e s / d a y N / A N / A 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y N / A N / A 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y N / A N / A 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 N / A 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 7 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I . 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s 4 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s t i o n s o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t a n d a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 4 4 6 P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y w e r e n o t o b t a i n e d i n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , s i n c e t h e r e w a s n o t e n o u g h s a m p l e s i z e t o c o n d u c t t h e s t a t i s t i c s . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , s p e n d i n g t h e d a y m a i n l y b y s i t t i n g , h a v i n g o n e l i v e b i r t h , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . l n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n . e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n . w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g b l a c k . b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d , a n d w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 - 3 h o u r s / d a y . I n 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4 : b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d B M I i n l m v - i n c o m e m e n a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 2 ) , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 3 1 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d , e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y . 1 n h i g h ~ i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y . 1 n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : h a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , h a v i n g h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t d e g r e e ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , b e i n g a M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n p r e d i c t e d B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , 4 4 7 T a b l e 6 2 . P r e d i c t o r s o f B M I b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r 1 fl H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a f t e r e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s B S E B S E B S E I n t e r c e p t 1 . 9 3 ” " 0 . 1 8 1 . 9 8 ” " 0 . 1 5 2 . 0 3 " “ 0 . 1 7 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 " 0 . 0 1 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 “ ” 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 " 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4 * * * 0 . 0 1 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 3 * 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 7 “ ” 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d - 0 . 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 4 “ ” 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 “ 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A . N / A 4 4 8 T a b l e 6 2 ( c o n t ' d ) L I M M I M H I M V a r i a b l e s B S E B S E B S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A 4 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 2 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 " " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 " “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n s u m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 1 0 * * * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 0 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 0 “ “ 0 . 0 2 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 5 “ 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 7 t i m e s / d a L 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 1 0 . 4 2 4 4 9 T a b l e 6 2 ( c o n t ‘ d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s 1 3 S E 0 S E 1 3 S E I n t e r c e p t 1 . 2 8 “ “ 0 . 2 2 0 . 9 6 " “ 0 . 2 3 1 . 4 1 “ " 0 . 2 0 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 0 . 0 7 ” “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 1 “ " 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 0 . 0 5 " 0 . 0 2 0 0 4 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 E d u c a fl o n < H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 > H i g h s c h o o l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 0 0 8 * " 0 . 0 2 0 0 5 * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 8 “ ” 0 . 0 2 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 0 . 0 9 “ 0 . 0 3 0 1 1 * “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 “ " 0 . 0 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 0 . 1 3 “ “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3 " “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 5 “ “ 0 . 0 2 6 0 + y r s 0 . 1 3 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 7 “ “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 6 “ “ 0 . 0 2 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 — 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 N e v e r m a r r i e d o r l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d a y s N o n - s m o k e r 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 S m o k e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 - 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 3 * * * 0 . 0 1 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 3 “ ” 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 1 s t q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 2 n d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 3 r d q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 N o 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 5 0 T a b l e 6 2 ( c o n t ' d ) L I W M I W H I W V a r i a b l e s B S E B S E B S E N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 — 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 2 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 — 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 A g e a t t h e f i r s t m e n a r c h e s 1 1 y r s o l d 0 . 1 3 “ “ 0 . 0 2 0 0 8 * 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 0 . 0 7 * * 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 3 2 1 6 y r s o l d 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 0 . 0 8 " ” 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 9 “ " 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 * * “ 0 . 0 0 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 C o n s u m e r - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 N o 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a l / d ) 2 0 . 1 5 * * * * 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 9 " “ 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 6 “ “ 0 . 0 3 F a t i n t a k e 5 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 0 6 * 0 . 0 2 4 t i m e s / d a y - 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 " 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 5 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 6 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 R 2 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 2 1 D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w a s l o g - t r a n s f o r m e d B M I 2 L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i fi c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 4 5 1 e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d B M I a l t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n . w h i l e i t d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e i n g a b l a c k a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) d i d n o t p r e d i c t B M I a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . ( 2 ) R i s k o f o b e s i t y a s a n o u t c o m e v a r i a b l e T h e r e w e r e a l s o s o m e c h a n g e s i n p r e d i c t o r s o f t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r : I n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r 2 4 h o u r s / d a y , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e m i d d l e l e v e l ( 3 r d q u i n t i l e ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 3 ) , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 3 6 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d h i g h e s t l e v e l ( 4 t h q u i n t i l e ) d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . 1 n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g b l a c k , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d , a n d n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h , m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . I n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a fi e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . P r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y w e r e n o t o b t a i n e d i n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , s i n c e t h e r e w a s n o t a n e n o u g h s a m p l e s i z e t o c o n d u c t t h e s t a t i s t i c s . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g w i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d , o r s e p a r a t e d , n o t h a v i n g b r e a s t f e d s u b j e c t s ’ c h i l d , h a v i n g o n e l i v e b i r t h , m e a n s c o r e o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s c o r e o n a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , 4 5 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 1 4 5 4 2 6 4 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 9 4 5 0 5 1 0 0 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 3 8 9 8 2 6 9 2 4 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 2 0 7 9 1 7 0 0 0 4 2 7 7 2 5 3 5 . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 . . . 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 0 9 3 0 0 3 7 6 4 0 8 3 1 1 R 0 1 3 4 3 3 0 4 0 0 3 5 6 4 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 8 3 0 9 6 0 2 9 3 0 7 0 5 0 0 5 0 1 9 0 7 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 7 4 4 3 9 1 . . . 1 1 1 ) ) ) , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 0 6 4 1 7 , , , 0 0 1 6 4 0 7 2 1 1 1 . . 7 1 1 . . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( 0 8 2 0 9 6 2 5 0 0 2 0 7 3 4 1 . . . . . . . . M I H ) s r e t r o p e 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 3 r e k a 1 t r e n i ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 0 5 4 0 2 0 0 8 3 0 7 ) d . l 0 6 8 1 2 0 7 0 0 0 n e g y C . . . . . . . . . . 3 g 0 2 9 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 r % , , , , , , , , , , e , 0 6 7 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 5 n 0 7 4 5 5 1 0 0 0 0 4 d n e 9 . . . 7 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 . a e ( e t a m u o q c e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 ( ' _ 3 n d 1 0 0 9 9 0 R 0 1 9 0 0 0 4 i a n O . . . . . - . 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 y i b g k n s i i r d u y l t c i x s e e b r o e t f f o a s 2 e k s e t r 0 a o 0 t 2 t c n i a a h l c u d c a - W B i d r e e t n a t r r a a p p e s h t r i o w , d g n i e v c i r l i r o 9 / d g c c d l l v r 9 y e i i 9 t r 1 i n n e o o m o o l s u i e d i P t A h h o r c a a i p p - a c c s s s s o , r . s s S n h r r r r s n n s s t t d a m 3 o c s y y y y d s e E e p i i h a 6 h h s r e N H H e c l t fi g g 9 9 9 9 y l i w r e h 2 3 5 4 A i i b e c a - - i a r o e l b H i e e i r t c r o o e i u e 0 0 0 0 0 a i e n n x c t + v d H H g - - - - r a / r a n a N N N d H M < > g 2 3 6 4 W 5 M N a a T V A ( M I R E 4 5 3 1 . 0 0 3 . 1 9 2 . 6 5 3 . 0 3 3 . 8 9 1 . 2 8 0 . 5 5 1 . 0 0 L I M ( 0 . 4 3 , 2 . 7 2 ) ( 1 . 5 3 , 7 . 6 9 ) ( 0 . 5 3 , 1 7 . 2 0 ) ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 0 . 2 7 ) O R 0 . 0 0 1 . 2 0 2 . 0 8 1 . 0 0 3 . 6 2 0 . 9 0 1 . 0 0 M I M 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 4 0 , 3 . 5 7 ) ( 0 . 9 5 , 4 . 5 5 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) l C % 5 ) ) ) ) 0 5 8 9 0 7 2 8 . . . . 1 1 3 0 , , , , 0 9 6 7 0 6 5 5 9 . . . . 1 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( M I H 1 0 R 0 6 O . . 0 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 0 0 0 0 ) ) ) 1 3 4 6 9 5 6 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 6 1 4 l C % 5 . . . . . 6 . . . 5 1 0 5 6 . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , 2 2 6 3 8 2 2 8 2 3 4 6 9 5 3 2 2 0 8 0 0 4 0 , , , , , , , , 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 M 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( I M 4 0 0 0 5 4 R 4 8 9 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 1 1 1 . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 0 2 1 0 ) 1 ) 9 0 0 9 0 7 4 3 l C . . 1 . . . 1 1 1 3 3 1 . 5 7 . 2 9 , , , , 1 % , , 5 4 0 3 5 5 0 0 7 1 0 7 7 , 1 , 9 . . 1 . . . 6 0 0 0 1 1 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( . 5 1 . ( 0 ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 7 2 8 8 0 8 9 0 0 8 9 8 0 5 0 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 e s u r e t u p s y a d 5 m 2 ) k w t s a p e h t n i ) o / c s r o o e d i v k n i r d f o d # ' t n o c ( s u t r a e , ( V e T k a t f t k t t s o s o 3 s e s g m n i i s o l a 6 r y l n s r l m h r e h b i - h h o l n k l i 1 3 i o l 4 a h y k n l b - o a a o r i c a a l a m W 5 2 2 N M T V S D A 4 5 4 S m o k e r D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e O R 1 . 3 1 1 . 4 9 1 . 0 0 L I M ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 6 9 , 4 . 7 8 ) ( 1 . 2 1 , 7 . 2 9 ) ( 0 . 4 8 , 6 . 9 5 ) ( 0 . 2 9 , 3 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 3 1 , 8 . 1 5 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 . 0 1 1 . 4 2 1 . 0 0 2 . 1 7 0 . 5 3 0 . 5 0 1 . 2 5 0 . 5 5 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 7 6 , 1 . 4 4 ) 0 . 8 9 1 . 0 7 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 2 0 . 7 5 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 3 2 , 1 . 1 8 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 6 5 , 2 . 9 3 ) ( 0 . 7 5 , 3 . 5 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 3 3 , 2 . 4 2 ) ( 0 . 4 5 , 2 . 5 3 ) ( 0 . 2 5 , 1 . 6 3 ) ( 0 . 2 2 , 1 . 7 5 ) ( 0 . 3 1 , 1 . 8 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) l C % 5 9 M I H R O ) 7 8 . 0 1 A A A / / / N N N , ) 3 7 . 1 , 8 5 8 7 . . 0 3 ( ( A A A / / / N N N ) 2 3 . 9 , 7 6 . 3 ( ) 3 1 . A A A 8 / / / N N N R / / / / / / A A A A A A O N N N N N N , 9 8 . 2 ( 5 8 . 4 t n a n g e e h t c n r r d p a a l h n i t n n ) h g r d c i e e ' r e r b m e t b p e t n v s u d 3 4 l 1 2 o c ( o i r n r d d y e fi l l l o e t t f s v o o 3 e e n y s e b h s s d e e n n o e r e f t r r 6 r n n l y y r t e d t 5 b o o e l s n 6 e a 1 a b s v i a a 1 1 1 - p p e e o m e m m 2 b r e a r a Y 0 N N u g s 2 1 o o T A V C C B N 4 5 5 x — N C O V ' A I 5 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 . 1 6 L I M 9 5 % C I N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A ( 0 . 7 1 , 1 . 8 9 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 . 8 5 1 . 8 7 M I M 9 5 % C l N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A ( 0 . 9 6 , 3 . 6 4 ) O R N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A 6 . 3 9 1 . 2 3 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 4 0 8 9 3 9 9 7 6 0 8 0 0 6 0 3 3 0 0 4 0 2 5 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 2 2 2 4 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 1 3 1 9 0 0 5 5 3 6 7 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 4 3 4 6 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . 0 7 3 . 0 R 5 0 0 0 8 O . . . . . 1 1 0 0 6 0 2 4 2 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 0 0 3 1 0 4 8 1 0 9 6 0 0 9 1 2 1 2 2 8 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 5 8 4 1 0 9 3 6 0 0 2 3 1 1 5 0 2 3 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 5 0 0 4 0 6 1 0 8 0 0 6 0 9 9 . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 ) ) ) ) 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 7 8 7 . 4 9 1 2 4 4 8 3 0 l C % 5 9 . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 3 6 4 , , , , 1 , , 0 7 8 3 5 0 0 4 3 1 4 , 0 . . 5 . . . . 1 0 0 0 8 . 1 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( , , , , , 2 2 0 6 0 4 2 2 3 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( 3 ( 0 5 3 0 0 7 1 1 R 0 1 0 0 0 8 4 7 O 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . n o i t p m t t a a s n o f f i m m s u a s c o o n o ) c d ' d t o n o k k o w f k w c ( w / / t / s k s r r f f y y g g c o g n r r i e e t n n a e e e y y a a d d y y y / / a a a f s s f f d d d 3 a s e e w e o o k o / / / e e n e e m m m m / m s s s 6 r l i i e i a t % % i i r e e e e a 0 0 a b i i i i i b t t t n t t u m m m m e l t 1 3 i t 4 3 3 3 t t t 7 m b - s t a a r e a < 2 2 5 > s 5 6 2 4 1 u T V R F N 4 5 6 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s N o E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c e l / d ) 2 R 2 2 1 . 7 6 2 . 0 0 0 . 9 8 0 . 8 8 1 . 5 0 1 . 0 0 L I M ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 3 4 , 1 . 4 8 ) 0 . 3 9 O R 4 . 3 3 1 . 3 5 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 4 1 . 4 6 1 . 0 0 M I M 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 3 1 , 5 9 . 6 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 3 4 , 2 6 9 ) 1 . 0 0 0 . 8 6 0 . 8 2 0 . 7 1 H I M 9 5 % C l ( 1 . 5 9 , 2 3 . 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 0 7 0 0 0 5 0 7 0 1 0 1 3 7 4 . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 1 3 7 3 4 1 ) , , , , , , , 0 0 8 5 3 1 6 , 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 . . 7 . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 . ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 ( 0 0 9 7 8 0 0 9 6 1 1 1 R 0 8 8 3 3 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 9 9 1 3 3 1 7 0 0 l 0 0 7 0 0 C . . . . . . . . . 0 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 6 3 7 7 0 3 2 4 1 % , , , , , 5 0 7 0 , 0 1 0 4 0 4 0 2 1 4 4 9 . 7 . 7 4 9 . . . 0 0 0 1 1 . . . . ( ( ( ( ( 1 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( e l 0 9 0 6 2 9 0 R 0 0 0 0 5 4 1 O . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 , , , l C % 5 9 R O W I L ) d ' t A A A A A A A / / / / / / / N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N d r e e t n a t r r a a p p e s h t r i o w , g e t a n u d a d i e v c i r l r o e k s t c n i a a h l c W B i n o o c c y r e l l g o c ( t i i i n n c a a i p p / v d i e d i s u m o o l A h h o r - a c c o s s s s t , r 3 t s n n s s e p i i h a n h r r r r s s t d a m o c y y y y s d s e 6 e h h s r l t fi e c H H g g 9 9 9 9 y l i w r e h 2 3 4 5 - - a i i b e c i a r o e l b a / r i e e r t c n n x c + t d v H H g - - - - r o o e i u e 0 0 0 0 0 a i e i r a n a a N N M H d < > g 2 3 4 W 5 6 M N T V A I R E a M 4 5 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 . 0 0 7 . 4 0 0 . 9 7 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 4 . 0 2 2 . 6 6 6 . 5 7 ( 0 . 3 9 , 2 . 9 9 ) ( 0 . 1 9 . 1 . 6 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 1 , 1 . 6 0 ) ( 0 . 0 7 , 0 . 5 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 4 9 0 . 9 3 1 . 0 0 l e 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 9 , 3 . 9 7 ) ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 3 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 5 , 1 . 6 5 ) ( 0 . 1 9 , 4 . 5 2 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 6 8 6 0 4 4 8 5 9 4 0 0 0 8 0 9 9 8 3 1 5 0 4 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 4 0 7 5 9 5 0 , , , , , . , , 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 , , , , , , , 8 6 5 7 0 0 0 0 8 7 3 1 2 5 9 . . . . . . . 6 1 0 . 8 9 5 3 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 . . . 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 W I H R O ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 1 2 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 7 1 0 3 0 . . . 1 1 5 ) ) ) ) 5 0 0 7 6 2 9 5 ) ) l 7 0 2 0 . . C . . . . 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 % 5 , , , , 1 5 0 0 , , 4 5 0 0 3 9 9 . . 1 4 . . 0 0 1 1 . . ( ( ( ( 3 1 ( ( R 4 8 5 8 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 9 4 3 3 4 4 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 A A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N W O I C % 5 9 W I L R / / A A O N N s y a d e s u r e t u p 5 m 2 ) k w t s a p e h o / s c s r o k n i r d a o l o y e d t y ) n t v i d i f v o a i d # i t v e ' t n o c ( s u t r a e , V e T k a l a r o ( h c t f t k t h t s o n g i i o s i i o s s l a c t 3 r s y e s g m l 6 e l n s r l r m r h y a e h n r b k o h h i k - h p l y l i r 1 3 i o l 4 l a h y y k n o l b - o o m a a a r i c i . a a l a a m N S 5 2 2 M W C T V A S D D 4 5 8 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 1 . 2 4 1 . 0 0 2 . 8 1 2 . 3 5 1 . 0 0 M I W ( 0 . 8 2 , 9 . 7 1 ) ( 0 . 6 6 , 8 . 3 8 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 4 , 2 . 0 1 ) ( 0 . 2 3 , 3 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 0 5 , 1 . 1 2 ) ( 0 . 0 4 , 1 . 3 0 ) ( 0 . 0 4 , 0 . 9 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 2 . 2 9 1 . 0 0 0 . 7 2 3 . 5 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 8 4 4 . 5 2 4 . 1 9 2 . 9 1 1 . 9 7 1 . 0 0 9 5 % C l ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 3 7 3 2 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 7 1 6 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 4 0 6 1 7 7 ) ) ) 1 1 2 , , , , , , , , , 4 1 0 0 3 1 7 0 0 , , , 1 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 9 6 l C % 5 9 4 1 6 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 1 0 ( ( ( 6 3 0 0 7 2 0 9 8 5 7 0 R 7 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 3 6 6 O 0 0 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . ) ) 5 0 8 7 . . 0 7 2 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 7 0 6 8 6 5 8 0 0 0 6 0 8 3 5 3 9 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 0 3 , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 3 1 6 0 3 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 I C % 5 9 6 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 ( ( 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( W I H W I M 2 9 0 0 6 7 3 0 5 4 0 1 R 0 0 7 1 1 0 1 7 6 0 0 3 O . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 l C % 5 9 R O W I L A A A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N N N A A A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N N N t n a n e t g e r h c d p a a n r l h n i t n n ) d h g r c e i e e b m ' r r e b t p e t n s v u d o c ( 3 6 e l o i r n r d d l y e fi l l l o e f s v o o d e e o e r s e b h s s n y e f t r r r l y y r d t 5 b e t e s n 6 a 1 a b s v i a a 5 1 1 1 - e e e 2 o m b r e a r a Y 0 g s 2 N N u 1 T V A B N 4 5 9 x - N C O V I ' A I C o m p o n e n t 1 3 N / A N / A 6 . 8 6 ( 2 . 3 9 , 1 9 . 7 3 ) 9 7 . 9 3 ( 1 1 . 3 2 , 8 4 7 . 0 9 ) C o m p o n e n t 2 4 N / A N / A 1 . 6 0 ( 1 . 0 3 , 2 . 5 1 ) 1 . 2 8 ( 0 . 7 5 , 2 . 1 9 ) 0 0 1 0 0 6 9 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 9 0 2 8 0 8 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 6 5 2 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 7 6 3 3 2 5 1 1 , , , , , , , 0 0 0 3 0 3 6 , , 0 0 0 9 2 7 5 3 4 . . 9 6 . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 . . 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 2 6 8 R 0 8 3 4 O 1 1 2 3 . . . . ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 0 5 2 8 3 l 6 C . . . . . . . 6 1 1 1 8 2 6 4 4 % , , , , , , , , 0 8 0 5 1 3 0 0 0 7 7 9 . . 7 1 5 . . . . . 0 4 4 1 1 0 0 ( ( ( ( 1 1 1 0 ( ( ( ( W I M 0 5 5 2 8 0 R 4 1 0 1 4 0 O 1 1 3 2 1 1 . . . . . . 1 3 . 2 A A A A / / / / N N N N R / / / / A A A A O N N N N n o i t p m u s t t a a f f n 2 m m o o ) o i r r d ) c o t l f f p a n / d ' d u m t o s c y y k g g ( r r e e n o e k k n o f k ' w w o k n n a e e c w / c ( k t / t 3 a i k s e e e w t n n e / s s f f o o 6 r l i i i e a e m m m / s b t t m f u y t % % a e a a i k t n g 0 0 s r i l t 1 3 i 4 t a 3 3 b - s e t r e e o a r e a < Y 2 2 N n 5 > 1 a T V R B E F 4 6 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A L I W 9 5 % C l N / A N / A N / A N / A W A ( 0 . 4 0 , 5 . 4 5 ) H I W 9 5 % C l ) ) ) ) ) 0 3 8 2 7 0 0 6 3 1 . . . . . 3 8 6 3 1 , , , , , 0 5 3 0 0 l C % 5 2 4 7 4 0 9 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( 1 8 8 0 5 2 7 1 9 1 0 . . . . . 0 2 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) 8 7 9 2 0 7 4 3 9 0 . . . . . 4 7 6 3 1 1 1 , , , 6 8 0 , , I C % 5 3 3 1 1 0 t 9 . 0 6 . . 0 0 . . 1 s h g ( ( ( u 2 1 0 i ( e ( 4 t W I H W I M 0 . 1 6 2 5 0 e R 8 2 2 0 5 O 1 1 1 3 3 . . . . . a w t s n i t a h g g o i t w t o d n e r t i p s m e e d t t d a n a d n s a I C % 5 9 W I L A A A A A u / / / / / N N N N N t t a h t g s i e . 8 e z t 3 h w i s . g e 0 i s e e o l w l p A A A A A d o m R t e a / / / / / O N N N N N s n o i . v t s e i s e p l m l e e c b t r o t e - a p a m s o n o n n t t n o o n e a . s s c u s n d n fi v o o i i i d n e e t t s s t s g i s e e e e s b u u l y a l o q l q p c c o e e m a s o c h h a t t t c i w o t o i s ) d ' g e n l b t o t t s t s n a t a d y y t s n a a a o y y y i e s a e r n m n w r i e e s s e r o d d a o c e / / a a a v p s o p ( w f i d d d s s s s f s e e o / / / t s s e e d n y 3 e r m m l e s s s r n e r 6 a l f e e e a i f i d r o n t h e l b e m m m o t t n g t a a b i i i i e - m m l i 3 t t t 7 p g e b r m e h o u u h g a L S u s 4 5 6 2 2 a D S T i T 1 V 2 3 4 5 N R H 4 6 1 O R 0 . 5 2 e a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d I t i m e / w e e k . a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s 4 t i m e s / d a y . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n . w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . I n 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4 , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n l o w - i n c o m e m e n a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 6 4 ) , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n ( T a b l e 4 4 ) : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r , e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s g 3 t i m e s / d a y p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . I n h i g h - i n c o m e m e n , b e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t d e g r e e ( 1 s t q u i n t i l e ) d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . I n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n , e n e r g y i n t a k e p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e i t d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g b l a c k , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r , a n d n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h . I n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n , b e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d , p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d l o w e s t l e v e l ( 2 n d q u i n t i l e ) , a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e . I n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e d i c t e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y 4 6 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 8 7 0 4 0 2 9 6 3 4 0 0 2 0 3 8 0 2 5 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 6 8 2 4 , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 4 2 1 8 2 3 8 6 0 0 0 9 8 4 7 8 1 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( 0 4 2 0 R 0 0 2 0 . . . . O 0 2 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( 0 0 1 ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 4 0 0 9 6 0 0 3 6 0 0 4 0 0 9 2 1 5 5 7 6 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 3 3 4 , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 8 2 3 0 0 0 2 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ) s r e t ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 7 0 6 0 7 6 2 7 0 0 0 r 0 9 R 0 8 0 6 8 8 9 7 0 6 o . . . . . . . . . . . . p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 O e r e 1 k r a e t d n ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 2 5 4 7 3 3 3 5 5 0 9 0 0 0 i l 0 9 6 6 4 8 8 3 7 2 0 8 0 0 0 n e g y C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 2 3 6 2 2 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 g % d r 5 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 1 9 1 9 4 3 9 6 5 3 0 0 0 0 n e a n e M I e L t a e m o c u n q i e 0 6 2 8 7 4 5 2 7 2 3 0 0 0 0 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 0 8 2 6 5 0 R 0 5 0 0 4 4 0 d O 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . y a b n k i s i g r l i d u l c x y t i s e b o e f r e o t f e s t a e k s r a o 4 t 9 t c n i a a h l c u d c a - d r e e t n a t r r a a p p e s h t r i o w , d e g n i v c i r i r o W i B l 8 d g l l c c r 8 y / v d i e d i e r P 9 t s i i e o o n n u m o o l 1 i A h h o r c a a i p p - a c c s s s s o t , r . s s S n h r r r r 4 6 E e p i i h a s n t n s s o c y y y y s d s e h h s r e t d a m N H H e c l t fi g g 9 9 9 9 y l i e h b e c a - - i H i i a / r 2 3 4 5 a r w r o e l r g - - - - n n x c + t d v A i e e H H i b r t c r o o e i u e 0 0 0 0 0 a i e a n a a a N M d N H < > g 2 3 5 6 4 M N W N T V ( A I R E M 4 6 3 1 . 0 0 1 . 6 1 3 . 0 2 1 . 7 3 2 . 9 9 1 . 2 3 0 . 8 3 1 . 0 0 M I M 9 5 % C l ( 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) ( 0 . 7 6 , 3 . 8 2 ) ( 0 . 2 2 , 1 . 6 5 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) 1 . 0 0 1 . 1 4 1 . 8 9 2 . 3 4 3 . 0 2 0 . 5 9 0 . 7 2 1 . 0 0 H I M 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 9 3 , 4 . 4 6 ) ( 0 . 6 9 , 2 . 1 7 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 6 7 5 1 1 0 9 7 3 5 7 3 0 . . . . . . . 0 2 2 2 3 5 1 , , , , , , , 2 0 4 8 8 6 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 7 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( 1 ( ( ( ( 2 0 0 2 6 0 1 A A A 7 0 2 4 2 1 0 . . . . . . . 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 / / / N N N l C % 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 5 0 8 5 3 7 0 3 8 5 4 . . . 0 7 . . 1 1 1 5 4 2 2 , , , , , , , 1 2 7 3 4 4 0 9 4 5 2 0 2 3 9 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 6 0 0 7 4 5 6 0 7 9 6 . . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 1 0 0 7 4 8 0 8 6 0 0 1 0 4 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 5 6 3 2 4 4 , , . , , , , , 4 0 9 6 7 5 9 0 5 0 8 7 5 2 6 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( R 3 O . 1 0 A A A / / / N N N s y a d 5 t s a p e h 2 ) k w / s k n i r d t f o ) n i d # d l i t n a n h g c e ' t n o c ( s u t r a ( r e k o r u p n e a y t e k t s s o n d e i e 4 r e g m 6 e l n s l e l b b k o i - a h k n o i o o o m r c b r e s v e e o f t s a e a a l T V S A r B m Y N S N N 4 6 4 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e 2 . 7 3 1 . 0 0 2 . 1 3 1 . 8 7 2 . 0 4 1 . 4 1 0 . 7 2 1 . 0 0 L I M 9 5 % C l ( 1 . 0 3 , 1 . 6 5 ) N / A N / A N / A O R 1 . 1 2 N / A N / A N / A M I M ( 1 . 1 2 , 2 . 7 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N / A N / A N / A O R H I M 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 6 8 , 2 . 3 2 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) N / A N / A N / A ) ) ) ) ) 1 0 4 0 9 0 3 0 9 0 . . . . . A A A A A A A A A 3 2 1 1 1 / / / / / / / / / , , , , , N N N N N N N N N 6 4 5 0 0 8 7 7 0 0 . . . . . 1 0 0 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N A A A A A A / / / / / / 0 0 0 2 . . 1 1 ) ) 0 7 0 2 . . 1 1 , , ) 2 8 . 0 1 N N N N N N , 0 5 0 4 M I H l C % 5 9 . . 1 0 ( ( 6 7 . 1 ( R O l A A A / / / N N N 8 0 6 0 6 1 2 7 0 0 2 3 . . . . . . 3 0 4 1 1 1 ) ) ) 6 4 ) 4 0 0 8 4 C . . 4 1 A A A A A A A A A 2 4 . 0 1 / / / / / / / / / , , , N N N N N N N N , N 0 4 7 8 . 2 0 8 7 . 4 0 . 1 ( ( ( 1 ( M I L % 5 9 R O t n a n e g e r p h h c r 2 ) d a / t n ) d ' t n r i e b e b e m n s v e t d l 3 1 l a c k ( e o c ( i r l e r d d k fi l l o o o t a f s v t o e r s h s s e n 4 n y e e r r t 6 n r y y t 5 a 1 1 6 o n i y g e l l b e d a b n i a b r a a m o e m 2 e e u 1 o 0 g s 2 Y n N T V A N C E 1 1 - r p s 4 6 5 F N C ‘ O V N 5 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r C o n s u m e r B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N I A 3 . 5 8 1 . 0 0 0 . 6 0 ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 3 0 , 1 . 2 2 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M I M N / A N / A N / A ( 2 . 6 9 , 4 . 0 1 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 6 6 , 2 . 2 3 ) O R 2 . 3 7 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 8 8 , 9 . 1 8 ) l C ) ) 0 3 0 4 . . 1 1 % , , 5 0 8 0 5 9 . . 1 0 ( ( 7 1 . 0 R 7 2 6 0 0 O . . . . . 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 8 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) l C % 5 0 4 4 8 0 9 0 0 4 0 7 0 2 5 . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 , , , , , , , 0 0 1 1 6 6 3 0 0 8 0 4 2 4 9 . . . . . . . 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 ( ( 0 4 R 0 3 O 1 1 . . l C % 5 9 M I L ( ( ( ( ( 9 2 4 2 0 0 0 2 4 0 . . . . . 2 2 1 1 1 t t a a s n o f i f m m o o r r f f y y g g s a c c o g n r i r e e t n n a y y a a ) d ' t n o y y y c ( e e / / a a a e d d s o o e e / / / e o f f s s f d d d 4 k 6 e a l t b n % % i i m m s s s r e e e e m m m t t e 0 0 a b i i i i l i 3 3 3 t t t 7 m b r t a a a 5 s 4 > 6 2 5 u T V F N 4 6 6 R 2 ( 1 . 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 7 0 , 1 . 9 8 ) ( 0 . 7 8 , 5 . 5 9 ) ( 0 . 7 5 , 5 . 4 6 ) ( 0 . 4 4 , 3 . 4 9 ) ( 0 . 5 4 , 3 . 7 6 ) 0 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 ) 0 . 2 8 2 . 1 4 0 . 8 2 0 . 9 0 0 . 4 8 1 . 0 0 M I M 0 . 2 6 1 . 0 0 0 . 9 2 H I M ( 0 . 5 8 , 2 . 4 8 ) ( 0 . 7 9 , 3 . 4 6 ) ( 0 . 3 8 , 1 . 5 7 ) ( 0 . 4 9 , 2 . 0 2 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 9 7 2 0 9 0 7 9 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 7 2 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 9 0 4 3 3 9 0 1 1 1 ) ) ) , . , , , , , , 0 0 0 3 7 7 2 8 , , , 0 0 0 8 2 3 4 8 4 8 2 . 4 2 0 . . . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 2 2 ( ( ( 0 0 2 2 6 4 0 0 0 R 0 0 3 0 9 5 7 1 7 O . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 8 1 0 0 9 8 5 8 0 0 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 3 8 4 0 1 9 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 6 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 7 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 0 6 0 9 1 1 8 5 , , , 0 4 1 7 0 0 0 1 1 8 9 1 5 4 . . 2 2 . 9 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2 2 2 ( ( ( 0 0 7 0 9 3 5 2 6 0 0 2 6 0 1 R 0 0 9 7 1 5 8 1 7 0 0 4 1 0 2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 2 2 7 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 8 5 4 4 5 9 0 0 4 0 7 5 0 0 0 7 0 5 5 8 0 7 6 5 0 2 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 4 2 2 3 3 2 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 4 0 0 0 8 4 3 8 9 3 7 5 3 0 0 0 0 8 7 7 6 9 7 3 3 6 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 ( ( ( ( ( 0 4 2 2 2 ( ( ( 8 0 0 R 0 2 7 0 4 9 7 3 0 O . 0 . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 d r e e t n a t r r a a p p e h s t r i o w g e t e k s , t d a n ) d ' t c n i a a h l c W B i u d a r c c r l l g n o o y e o m o o l t i i s i n n u i e v c i r l o / v d i e d i c A h h o r ( o c c s s s s i p p - c a a t a , r 4 t s n n s s e h a p i i n h r r r r s s t d a m o s e c s y y y y d 6 h s h r e l t fi e c w r H H 9 9 9 9 g g y l i e h 2 3 4 5 i i b e c a - - i a r o e l r n n x g - - - - c t + d v i e e H H i a / r b r t c o o e i u e 0 0 0 0 a 0 i e a n a a N N M d H < > g 3 2 4 5 6 r a M N W T V A I R E M 4 6 7 L l W 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 1 ) M I W 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 3 ) 1 . 0 0 0 . 8 6 1 . 7 9 1 . 2 4 1 . 4 3 1 . 0 0 l e 9 5 % C l ( 0 . 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 2 6 , 1 . 9 2 ) ( 0 . 4 4 , 3 . 8 6 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 3 1 8 7 0 0 8 0 9 9 9 3 7 6 0 0 4 8 0 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 l C 2 0 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 % , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 1 0 5 9 6 7 6 7 9 5 9 . . . 2 2 4 4 2 5 3 1 2 0 0 0 . . 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 0 2 0 . . 1 1 l C % 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8 8 4 0 5 0 9 5 2 1 2 4 0 0 8 0 9 5 9 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 9 6 8 2 8 0 1 1 , , , , , , , , 0 3 3 7 1 6 0 0 , , 6 0 7 9 2 2 3 1 0 0 9 0 2 . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 . . ( 2 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( R 1 5 2 2 8 0 O . . . . . . 6 3 3 2 2 1 0 6 0 5 8 0 ( ( ( ) ) 8 0 6 2 6 0 1 9 2 7 2 0 9 5 1 5 0 . . . 5 . 3 . . 2 0 1 7 3 3 2 1 4 , , , , , 0 8 5 7 0 9 . 6 0 0 0 8 5 6 0 0 4 0 3 . . . . 7 6 3 4 . 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 , 2 , 3 4 5 6 2 6 0 5 4 0 7 4 8 8 1 1 0 0 7 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s y a d 5 t s a p e h t d l i t n a n g ) d ' i s c e r r n h t p u t r a e u o y n t e n o c ( s k s o 4 r e g m 6 e l n s b k i - e l a i k n o b r o o m a a m S N N N r Y T V S B d e e b f t s a e r e s v e e o 4 6 8 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # o f d r i n k s / w k ) 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 s t q u i n t i l e 2 n d q u i n t i l e 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 t h q u i n t i l e 5 t h q u i n t i l e L I W 9 5 % C l ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 1 . , . 0 0 1 0 0 . 6 9 1 . 0 0 0 . 7 9 0 . 6 2 0 . 7 4 1 . 0 0 M I W ( 0 . 4 1 , 1 . 1 9 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) O R 0 . 6 6 0 . 9 9 1 . 5 7 1 . 3 3 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 4 1 . 0 0 0 . 5 3 0 . 6 8 1 . 0 0 H I W ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 9 0 0 4 0 0 8 6 8 8 0 4 0 9 9 0 0 3 0 6 8 2 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 5 2 0 , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 4 0 0 2 0 3 8 9 8 4 8 0 0 0 8 0 2 3 3 2 1 4 4 ) 3 0 . 3 4 , 8 . . . . . 5 . . . . . . W 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . 5 ( 9 4 . 5 1 ) 5 8 . 5 2 , I H W I M l C % 5 0 0 2 2 9 2 5 0 0 9 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 0 5 5 7 3 0 2 0 0 8 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 2 6 5 8 9 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 7 8 2 1 1 8 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 6 8 5 3 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 0 5 0 8 5 0 5 1 0 6 4 0 0 0 4 7 0 7 4 3 5 5 0 6 7 9 . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0 3 3 9 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 8 1 0 8 2 1 0 7 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 . 3 ( 0 1 . 0 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 7 4 1 0 6 ) ) ) 1 7 3 ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 0 1 7 8 7 1 I C % 5 0 8 2 9 0 2 0 0 0 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 7 3 5 2 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , , 0 0 7 1 9 7 0 0 0 5 7 , , , 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 2 3 6 5 7 9 . . 0 5 . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 5 2 2 ( ( ( 0 0 7 2 2 6 5 R 7 5 8 0 0 4 9 O 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 . . . . . . . t n a n e h c g e r p h n o i t p m u r s a / n n 2 o i ) d ) c e e c t n o n r t l p a d ' i b e b m d r u m k ( t o e t s d 3 e n s e o v o c ( i r l e l 1 n m r d d f fi l l o o u t r c f s v o o t s s o e e n e r n n t h s s 4 e a m n y e r r t o s 6 r n u r l y y c e d t u 5 b o s - a f k a t n i y a 1 g 1 k 6 a 1 1 t a - r p n n s e 2 m o o e o e s e e l a b n i a m b r a a T V A C N R B E u 1 0 g s 2 C o N N e r Y n 4 6 9 F N C ’ J V ' A I 5 1 1 . 7 9 5 . 9 1 1 . 0 0 L I W ( 2 . 4 6 , 3 . 5 5 ) O R ( 2 . 3 8 , 3 . 7 8 ) O R 9 5 % C l ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) ( 0 . 4 3 , 1 . 5 4 ) ) ) 0 5 ) ) ) ) ) 0 6 9 1 0 0 5 l 2 2 7 6 5 C . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 2 3 6 % , , , , , , , 0 0 5 9 4 2 1 9 9 . . 1 7 6 7 4 0 0 W 1 1 1 . 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 0 ( ( I H ( ( ( ( ( 2 . 0 R O W I M ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 6 3 6 0 5 0 4 8 9 0 8 6 . . . . . 6 . 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 , , , , , , , 0 3 0 0 7 8 0 0 0 6 3 0 4 6 . . . . . . 1 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2 . 0 l C ) ) 0 4 0 9 . . 1 1 % , , 5 0 8 0 7 9 . . 1 0 ( ( W I L 0 3 R 0 2 O 1 1 . . t t a a s n o f i f 8 2 . 0 . e s e b o - n o n . s v e s e m m a o s b t n a c fi i n g i s y l l o a o r r f f c c o s a w ) y y g e c i t s i t d a ' g g n r r i l b t s t a d e e t y y n e i e o r y y y c e e e e d d a r n n a r m a a / / a a a v o ( w f f s s f f d d d 4 k s o o e e o / / / e t n s d 6 r a t e m m a e s s s n e l % % i i e e e t d r h e 0 0 t n n t t g b e m m m a i b i i i i l b i t t t 7 3 3 3 m r _ t e - p g e o l h a a L a D i _ > s 2 5 6 4 u < g T V F N 1 2 H 4 7 0 R 2 1 . 4 0 0 . 9 8 1 . 3 7 1 . 1 2 1 . 0 0 ( 0 . 5 6 , 3 . 4 7 ) ( 0 4 3 , 2 2 3 ) ( 0 . 5 3 , 3 . 5 3 ) ( 0 . 4 4 , 2 . 8 0 ) ( 1 . 0 0 , 1 . 0 0 ) O R 1 . 0 0 0 . 9 3 0 . 8 2 2 . 0 4 1 . 2 9 0 . 8 9 1 . 0 0 9 5 % C l 2 . 6 7 1 . 3 0 1 . 6 0 1 . 1 3 1 . 0 0 3 S u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n . w h i l e t h e y d i d n o t a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n : b e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d , e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d e a t i n g m e a l s / s n a c k s S 3 t i m e s / d a y . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d n o t p r e d i c t t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n , w h i l e t h e y d i d b e f o r e t h e e x c l u s i o n : p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e l o w e s t l e v e l ( l s t q u i n t i l e ) a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h e s e c o n d l o w e s t l e v e l ( 2 n d q u i n t i l e ) . 4 7 1 D I S C U S S I O N S o c i o d e m o g r a g h i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a n d t h e i r c h a n g e s o v e r t h e n a _ s _ t d e c a d e s : T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y w a s r e c o r d h i g h i n t h e U S . a n d t h e i n c r e a s e w a s n o t d u e t o a g i n g p o p u l a t i o n . I t w a s c o n fi r m e d t h a t t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e d i f f e r e d n o t o n l y b y i n c o m e l e v e l b u t a l s o i t s c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h g e n d e r a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . T h e h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e i n t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 2 5 . 1 t o 3 9 . 3 % ) w h e r e a s t h e p r e v a l e n c e d i d n o t . c h a n g e i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w — i n c o m e m e n ( 2 3 . 6 t o 2 3 . 4 % ) a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n ( 3 5 . 9 t o 3 5 . 2 % ) . P r e d i c t o r s t h a t a c c o u n t e d f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n o b e s i g l p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s _ u b p o p u l a t i g r 1 g r o u p s : L i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l p r e d i c t o r s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e . g e n d e r . o r r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a l o n e d i f f e r e d f r o m t h o s e t h a t w e r e b a s e d o n t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( A p p e n d i x 3 a - c ) . S i n c e t h e s a m p l e s i z e a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y c o m b i n e d i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w a s t o o s m a l l , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y f a i l e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s a m o n g t h e s e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a n d t h e i r c h a n g e s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T h u s , d i s c u s s i o n f r o m n o w o n w i l l f o c u s o n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a l o n e , a n d s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r c o m b i n e d . M o s t a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n p r e d i c t o r s a n d o b e s i t y r i s k w e r e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h o n e s r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y ( H e d l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; H a r r e l l a n d G o r e , 1 9 9 8 ; Z h a n g a n d W a n g , 2 0 0 4 ; W i n k l e b y i e t a l . , 1 9 9 6 ; C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 2 ; K i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; H u e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ; B i n k l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; C o o p e r e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ; M a n d e l e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; L a i t i n e n e t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; C h a n g e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ; S a l m o n a n d F l a t t . 1 9 8 5 ; R o l l s a n d S h i d e , 1 9 9 2 ) ; b e i n g b l a c k , o l d e r , n o n - s m o k e r , b e i n g a t l o w e r S E S , w a t c h i n g T V o r u s i n g a c o m p u t e r f o r l o n g e r h o u r s , h a v i n g a s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t y o u n g e r a g e , c o n s u m i n g h i g h e r e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d c o n s u m i n g a d i e t h i g h i n f a t i n c r e a s e d t h e o b e s i t y r i s k c o m p a r e d t o t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s . U n e x p e c t e d w e r e : b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n a s a n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d a s a n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s a n d M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 , a n d h a v i n g t w o o r 2 fi v e l i v e b i r t h s a s a n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . A l t h o u g h t h e s t u d y d e s i g n o f N H A N E S I 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w a s v e r y s i m i l a r , c o n s u m p t i o n o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d w a s m e a s u r e d d i f f e r e n t l y b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o d a t a s e t s . I n N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 , r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m e r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d i f t h e y r e p o r t e d c o n s u m i n g f o o d f r o m f a s t f o o d o r n o n - f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t s i n t h e 2 4 h o u r r e c a l l . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s u b j e c t s ’ f r e q u e n c y o f u s u a l r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n w a s a s k e d i n N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . C o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d l e s s t h a n w e e k l y i n w o m e n a n d w h i t e s i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b e f o r e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y , h o u r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e , a t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t , w h i c h m a d e t h e d a t a s e t c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . H o w e v e r , o n c e t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e c o n t r o l l e d f o r , c o n s u m i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w e e k d i d n o t a p p e a r a s a p r e d i c t o r o f t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y . F r e q u e n t f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t u s e h a s b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e i n b o d y w e i g h t o v e r 3 y e a r s ( F r e n c h e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) o r o v e r 1 5 y e a r s ( P e r e i r a 4 7 3 e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ) , a n d h i g h e r B M I ( S a t i a e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; B o w m a n a n d V i n y a r d , 2 0 0 4 ; D u f f e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 7 ; J e f f e r y e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) . F r e q u e n c y o f c o n s u m i n g c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d f o o d w a s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h B M I ( K a n t a n d G r a d u b a r d , 2 0 0 4 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , D u f f e y e t a l . ( 2 0 0 7 ) r e p o r t e d d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d a n d f a s t f o o d i n t a k e s o n B M I ; f r e q u e n c y o f f a s t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d b o t h f a s t f o o d a n d n o n - f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n w e r e p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e i n B M I o v e r t h r e e y e a r s , w h i l e n o n - f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n o n l y w a s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e i n B M I . T h u s , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s u m p t i o n o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d a n d w e i g h t s t a t u s m a y d e p e n d o n t h e t y p e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d . R e s t a u r a n t f o o d i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 i n c l u d e s b o t h f a s t f o o d a n d n o n - f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t , w h i l e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e t y p e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d i n t h e N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e . C o m p a r e d t o t h e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n t r o l l e d f o r a w i d e r r a n g e s o f c o n f o u n d i n g v a r i a b l e s o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d o b e s i t y r i s k s u c h a s p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s . W h i l e m a j o r i t y o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s u s e d a m e a s u r e m e n t o f f r e q u e n c y o f u s u a l r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n , t h e m e a s u r e m e n t u s e d i n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w a s b a s e d o n o n e - d a y 2 4 h o u r s r e c a l l . B e c a u s e t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h e f o o d w a s o b t a i n e d w a s n o t i d e n t i fi a b l e i n t h e 2 4 h o u r d i e t a r y r e c a l l i n N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y f a i l e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n f r e q u e n c y o f u s u a l r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t h e c o n s u m p t i o n b a s e d o n t h e o n e - d a y 2 4 r e c a l l m e t h o d . T h u s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n s t u d y d e s i g n s m a y h a v e r e s u l t e d i n a n u n e x p e c t e d n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d o b e s i t y r i s k i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 . D e s p i t e s e v e r a l s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d t h e h i g h e r o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s c o m p a r e d t o C a u c a s i a n s ( S c h o e n b o r n e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; H e d l e y e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; F l e g a l 4 7 4 e t a l . , 2 0 0 2 ; F i e g a i e t a l . , 1 9 9 8 ) , b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n d e c r e a s e d o b e s i t y r i s k i n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s i n I 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h i s m i g h t b e p a r t i a l l y b e c a u s e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s i n w h i c h b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n a p p e a r e d a s a p o s i t i v e p r e d i c t o r w e r e b a s e d o n a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , w h i l e n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n f o r o b e s i t y r i s k i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s b a s e d o n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s . U n d e r s t a n d i n g o b e s i t y a m o n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s i s c h a l l e n g i n g s i n c e t h e i r b e h a v i o r s m a y b e i n fl u e n c e d b y t h e i r c o u n t r i e s o f b i r t h o r d e g r e e s o f a c c u l t u r a t i o n , i n c r e a s i n g t h e d i v e r s i t y o f t h e g r o u p . F o r i m m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n s f r o m t h e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y i s l o w e r t h a n i n t h e U S , a c c u l t u r a t i o n t o U S . n o r m s c a n l e a d t o t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f a m o r e s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e , w h i c h m a y r e s u l t i n e x c e s s w e i g h t g a i n a n d o b e s i t y ( G o e l e t a l . , 2 0 0 4 ; G o r d o n - L a r s o n e t a l . , 2 0 0 3 ) . D i x o n e t a l . ( 2 0 0 0 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t m o r e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s b o r n i n M e x i c o m e t t h e d i e t a r y g u i d e l i n e s o r r e c o m m e n d e d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s t h a n t h o s e b o r n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s e v e n a f t e r c o n t r o l l i n g f o r e d u c a t i o n l e v e l a n d a g e . H o w e v e r , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e c o u n t r y o f b i r t h o r d e g r e e o f a c c u l t u r a t i o n w a s n o t a l w a y s c o n t r o l l e d i n t h e p a s t s t u d i e s . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , w h e t h e r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s w e r e h e a l t h i e r t h a n o t h e r r a c i a l / e t h n i c g r o u p s d e p e n d e d o n t h e i r i n c o m e , g e n d e r , l i f e s t y l e , p s y c h o s o c i a l , a n d r e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a b l e s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f n o n - s m o k e r s i n h i g h - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n w a s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f h i g h - i n c o m e w h i t e m e n a n d h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f h i g h - i n c o m e b l a c k m e n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p e r c e n t o f l o w - i n c o m e M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n w h o d i d n o t e n g a g e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f l o w - i n c o m e w h i t e m e n a n d l o w - i n c o m e b l a c k m e n . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g a c c u l t u r a t i o n w a s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p r e s e n t d a t a s e t s . H o w e v e r , t h e s a m p l e s i z e b e c a m e t o o s m a l l t o c o n d u c t t h e a n a l y s e s w h e n M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s w e r e 4 7 5 c a t e g o r i z e d f u r t h e r b a s e d o n t h e a c c u l t u r a t i o n i n a d d i t i o n t o g e n d e r a n d i n c o m e . B e c a u s e t h e n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f b e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n a p p e a r e d o n l y i n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s w h o a r e l i k e l y t o b e l e s s a c c u l t u r a t e d , t h e y m a y s t i l l r e t a i n h e a l t h i e r b e h a v i o r s a n d t h u s , b e a t l o w e r r i s k o f o b e s i t y . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e i r m e a l c o m p o s i t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e , m a y h e l p u s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r d e g r e e o f a c c u l t u r a t i o n . F u t u r e s t u d i e s r e q u i r e a l a r g e r s a m p l e s i z e o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e b i a s f r o m t h e d e g r e e o f a c c u l t u r a t i o n i n s t u d y i n g o b e s i t y a m o n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . H a v i n g t w o o r ‘ 2 fi v e l i v e b i r t h s d e c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y r e l a t i v e t o h a v i n g n o l i v e b i r t h o r n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . W h i l e m a n y s t u d i e s i n t h e p a s t r e p o r t e d t h e p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a r i t y a n d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( B a s t i a n e t a l . , 2 0 0 5 ; W a m a l a e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ; W o l f e t a l . , 1 9 9 7 ) , a f e w s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d o t h e r w i s e ; L e e e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t w h i t e w o m e n i n n o n - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s w i t h t w o c h i l d r e n h a d a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a r i t y a n d B M I c o m p a r e d t o n u l l i p a r o u s c o u n t e r p a r t s . I n t h i s s t u d y . a w e a k n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s a l s o o b t a i n e d i n b l a c k w o m e n i n n o n - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , a l t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i fi c a n t . B r o w n e t a l . ( 1 9 9 2 ) a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t w o m e n w i t h l i f e t i m e p a r i t y o f o n e o r t w o l i v e b i r t h s h a d l o w e r B M I a n d a p e r c e n t o f o v e r w e i g h t t h a n e i t h e r n u l l i p a r o u s w o m e n o r t h o s e w i t h 2 t h r e e l i f e t i m e b i r t h s a t e a c h a g e c a t e g o r y . L e e e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 ) s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a r i t y a n d B M I m a y h a v e b e e n d u e t o m a t e r n a l d e p l e t i o n s y n d r o m e d u r i n g t h e i r p r e g n a n c i e s . W h i l e t h i s i s p o s s i b l e , G u n d e r s o n e t a l . ( 2 0 0 4 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r i s k o f o v e r w e i g h t b y p a r i t y d e p e n d s o n s u b j e c t s ’ s m o k i n g s t a t u s ; t h e r i s k a m o n g w o m e n w h o c o n t i n u e d t o s m o k e d e c r e a s e d , w h i l e t h e r i s k i n c r e a s e d a m o n g w o m e n w h o h a d n e v e r s m o k e d . 4 7 6 S m o k i n g p r e v a l e n c e , m e a n e n e r g y i n t a k e , a n d n o n - l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y w e r e c o m p a r e d b y t h e n u m b e r o f p a r i t y i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e t h a t s u g g e s t s t h e s e v a r i a b l e s t o e x p l a i n t h e n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h a v i n g t w o o r 2 fi v e l i v e b i r t h s a n d a r i s k o f o b e s i t y ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . A n o t h e r p o i n t w h i c h n e e d s t o b e a d d r e s s e d i s a m e a s u r e m e n t o f p a r i t y . A n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n , w h i c h w a s u s e d a s a m e a s u r e m e n t o f p a r i t y , c a n n o t d i s t i n g u i s h c h i l d b e a r i n g f r o m c h i l d r e a r i n g . T h u s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e f a c t o r s t h a t w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h i l d r e a r i n g r a t h e r t h a n c h i l d b e a r i n g m a y h a v e r e d u c e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . V e r y l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f s t u d i e s a t t e m p t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s t h a t a r e d e fi n e d b y c o m b i n a t i o n s o f g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r o t h e r v a r i a b l e s . T h u s , i t i s d i f fi c u l t t o c o m p a r e t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w i t h o t h e r s t u d i e s . H o w e v e r , m o s t a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n p r e d i c t o r s a n d o b e s i t y r i s k c o r r e s p o n d e d t o t h e r e s u l t s i n t h e p a s t , s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n p r e d i c t o r s a n d o b e s i t y r i s k d o n o t d i f f e r a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ; i f p e o p l e d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y , t h e i r r i s k s o f o b e s i t y i n c r e a s e r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , f o r e x a m p l e . T h e n , w h y d o e s t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e d i f f e r a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ? O n e e x p l a n a t i o n i s p e r c e n t o r m e a n d i f f e r e n c e s i n l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . A s r e p o r t e d i n t h e p a s t , m a n y l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s t h a t i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t i n l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s t h a n i n h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ; t h e p e r c e n t o f s m o k e r s , b r e a k f a s t s k i p p e r s , s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h , w o m e n w i t h 2 fi v e l i v e b i r t h s , a n d s u b j e c t s w h o w e r e u n a b l e t o r e p o r t t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s a c c u r a t e l y w a s h i g h e r i n l o w - 4 7 7 i n c o m e s u b j e c t s t h a n i n t h e h i g h - i n c o l i i e s u b j e c t s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t w o u l d p r o t e c t s u b j e c t s f r o m o b e s i t y w e r e m o r e p r e v a l e n t i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s t h a n i n h i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s : t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w h o s p e n t t h e i r d a y s b y c a r r y i n g l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s r a t h e r t h a n s i t t i n g o r w a l k i n g a l o t a n d t h e p e r c e n t o f m e n w h o c o n s u m e d S 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t w e r e h i g h e r i n l o w - a n d m i d d l e - i n c o m e g r o u p s t h a n i n t h e h i g h - i n c o m e g r o u p i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , f o r e x a m p l e . T h u s , p e r c e n t o r m e a n o f l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s d i f f e r e d n o t o n l y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . D i f f e r e n c e s i n i n t e r a c t i o n s o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s m u s t h a v e r e s u l t e d i n o n e v a r i a b l e b e i n g a p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n o n e g r o u p b u t n o t i n t h e o t h e r g r o u p . C h a n g e s i n f s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c , l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a g d p s y c g o s o g a l v a r i a b l e s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o g g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e : T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n fi r m e d t h a t t h e c h a n g e s i n l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e v a r i e d a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . I t w a s u n e x p e c t e d a n d a s e r i o u s c o n c e r n t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h i n c r e a s e d i n a l l t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . H a m e t a 1 . ( 2 0 0 4 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f U S . a d u l t s a g e d 2 1 8 y e a r s o l d w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y d e c r e a s e d f r o m 3 1 . 5 % i n 1 9 8 9 t o 2 5 . 1 % i n 2 0 0 2 b a s e d o n t h e d a t a f r o m t h e B e h a v i o r a l R i s k F a c t o r S u r v e i l l a n c e S y s t e m ( B R F S S ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e N a t i o n a l H e a l t h I n t e r v i e w S u r v e y , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f U S . a d u l t s a g e d 2 1 8 y e a r s o l d w h o e n g a g e d i n l i g h t - t o - m o d e r a t e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 4 % t o 3 0 % , a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h o s e w h o p a r t i c i p a t e d i n v i g o r o u s a c t i v i t i e s d e c r e a s e d f r o m 1 6 % t o 1 4 % b e t w e e n 1 9 9 1 a n d 1 9 9 8 ( N a t i o n a l C e n t e r o f H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s , 2 0 0 1 ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , K a n t a n d G r a u b a r d ( 2 0 0 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e U S . a d u l t s a g e d 2 5 - 7 4 y e a r o l d w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 1 . 2 % 4 7 8 i n 1 9 8 2 3 - 9 4 t o 5 3 . 9 % i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b a s e d o n t h e N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . T h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a r e p a r t i a l l y d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y u s e d a c r o s s s t u d i e s . T h e r e s u l t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y r e q u i r e s c a u t i o n b e c a u s e t h e q u e s t i o n f o r m a t i n a s s e s s i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y i n N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w a s n o t i d e n t i c a l ; p a r t i c i p a n t s i n N H A N E S l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 w e r e a s k e d t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n 6 1 l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s , w h i l e s u b j e c t s i n N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 w e r e a s k e d t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n o n l y 8 a c t i v i t i e s . I t w a s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y i n t h e p a s t m o n t h w o u l d b e l o w e r i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t h a n i n l 9 8 8 - 9 4 , g i v e n t h e l a r g e r n u m b e r o f a c t i v i t i e s f o r l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 p a r t i c i p a n t s t o r e p o r t f o r . H o w e v e r , t h e r e s u l t w a s o p p o s i t e . A n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t p a r t i c i p a n t s d e c i d e d n o t t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e c a u s e o f a l a r g e n u m b e r o f i t e m s t o r e p o r t f o r . W h e n e v e r t h e q u e s t i o n f o r m a t c h a n g e s i n t h e N H A N E S , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e N C H S c o n d u c t s b r i d g i n g s t u d i e s t o a s s e s s t h e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s o n t h e r e s p o n s e r a t e . A n o t h e r p r o b l e m w a s t h a t t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o a t t e m p t e d t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r d e c r e a s e d o v e r t h e p a s t y e a r i n a l m o s t a l l s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , w h i l e t h e p e r c e n t o f o b e s e s u b j e c t s i n c r e a s e d i n a l m o s t a l l s u b p 0 p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . M a y n a r d e t a l . ( 2 0 0 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e m e a n v a l u e o f A m e r i c a n s ’ d e s i r e d w e i g h t i n c r e a s e d b e t w e e n 1 9 9 4 a n d 2 0 0 3 , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e U S . a d u l t s m a y b e b e c o m i n g m o r e t o l e r a n t a b o u t t h e i r w e i g h t s t a t u s . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e p e r c e n t o f s u b j e c t s w h o w a n t e d t o w e i g h l e s s r a n g e d f r o m 3 3 . 7 % i n b l a c k m e n t o 8 0 . 1 % i n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 , a n d i t d i d n o t c h a n g e n o t i c e a b l y o v e r t h e p a s t y e a r . T h u s , p e o p l e ’ s a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t h e i r w e i g h t 4 7 9 s t a t u s h a v e n ‘ t c h a n g e d , b u t t a k i n g a c t i o n s t o w a r d t h e i r d e s i r e s b e c a m e m u c h m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . P r e d i c t o r s t h a t w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o g u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e : A s h y p o t h e s i z e d , l i f e s t y l e . r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l p r e d i c t o r s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e ( A p p e n d i x 4 ) . M o r e s p e c i fi c a l l y . a l c o h o l i n t a k e s , e n e r g y i n t a k e s , n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y . p a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t t h i r d o r f o u r t h q u i n t i l e l e v e l , b e i n g a n o n - s m o k e r , h a v i n g fi r s t m e n a r c h e a t £ 1 1 y e a r s o l d o r a t 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d , s k i p p i n g b r e a k f a s t , a n d c o n s u m i n g m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t i n c r e a s e d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 b u t n o t i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e y m u s t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T e s t o f e q t l a l i t y i n c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s a n d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e s h o w e d t h a t t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s d i d n o t c h a n g e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e p r o c e s s e s o f t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y d i d n o t c h a n g e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . T h e p e r c e n t o f n o n - s m o k e r s , s u b j e c t s w h o d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , a n d s u b j e c t s w h o c o n s u m e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t i n c r e a s e d o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T h u s , i f t h e s e i n c r e a s e s w e r e m a i n l y f r o m o b e s e s u b j e c t s , t h e s e i n c r e a s e s m u s t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . A l t h o u g h t h e p r o c e s s e s o f t h e p r e d i c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y d i d n o t c h a n g e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y m a y c h a n g e i n t h e f u t u r e . F o r e x a m p l e , r e s t a u r a n t m e n u m i g h t b e c o m e h e a l t h i e r a n d c o n s u m i n g 4 8 0 r e s t a u r a n t f o o d m a y b e c o m e a n e g a t i v e p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n t h e f u t u r e e v e n t h o u g h i t i s c u r r e n t l y s u g g e s t e d a s a p o s i t i v e p r e d i c t o r o f o b e s i t y i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . T h u s , c o n t i n u o u s e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e m a d e t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . C o n s i s t e n c y b e t w e e g p r e d i c t o r s i d e n t i fi e d i n t h e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n v s . i n l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n : I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , p r e d i c t o r s f o r o b e s i t y r i s k w e r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e p r e d i c t i n g B M I . H o w e v e r , t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n p r e d i c t o r s f o r o b e s i t y r i s k a n d o b e s i t y r i s k w e r e s a m e a s t h e d i r e c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a r i a b l e s a n d B M I . I n fl u e n c e o n t h e r e s u l t s b y i n a d e g u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s : W h e n s u b j e c t s w h o u n d e r - r e p o r t e d o r o v e r - r e p o r t e d t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s ( i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s ) w e r e e x c l u d e d , t h e a n a l y s i s c o u l d n o t b e c o n t i n u e d i n l o w - i n c o m e w o m e n d u e t o t h e s m a l l s a m p l e s i z e . T h e p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n o t h e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e a n d g e n d e r a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s w e r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e o b t a i n e d w i t h a l l s u b j e c t s i n c l u d e d . H o w e v e r , t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d f o r t h e i r p r e d i c t a b i l i t y a n d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y w i t h a n d w i t h o u t i n a d e q u a t e e n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t e r s w e r e s a m e . S u b j e c t s w h o u n d e r - r e p o r t e d t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s t e n d e d t o b e l o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s . S u b j e c t s ’ c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r e x c l u d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s d i d n o t c h a n g e l a r g e l y . S i n c e s u b j e c t s w h o i n a d e q u a t e l y r e p o r t e d t h e i r e n e r g y i n t a k e s m a y n o t n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e r e p o r t e d i n a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b e s i t y , a d j u s t i n g t h e e n e r g y i n t a k e s o f i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s t o t h e l o w e s t o r h i g h e s t 4 8 1 v a l u e s f r o m t h e a c c e p t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e n e r g y i n t a k e s w o u l d b e b e t t e r t h a n e x c l u d i n g i n a d e q u a t e r e p o r t e r s . S t r e n g t h s a n d I i m i t a t i o g s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y : T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s t h e fi r s t t o i d e n t i f y a w i d e r a n g e o f o b e s i t y p r e d i c t o r s t h a t w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e i n p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e U S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y a l o n e a s w e l l a s b y t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h t h e m i n i m u m b i a s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n s t u d y d e s i g n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , w h i l e m a n y s t u d i e s d i d n o t c l e a r l y a d d r e s s t h e i s s u e o n m u l t i - c o l l i n e a r i t y a m o n g v a r i a b l e s t h e y e x a m i n e d , t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a s s u r e d t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e s e x a m i n e d w e r e n o t h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r , i n c r e a s i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f p r e d i c t o r s i d e n t i fi e d . L o w a s s o c i a t i o n s a m o n g v a r i a b l e s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s u g g e s t e d t h a t n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s n e e d t o t a c k l e o n l i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , o r p s y c h o s o c i a l a s p e c t s o n e a t a t i m e . T h e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . h o w e v e r , i s t h a t c a u s a l i t y o f t h e p r e d i c t o r s c a n n o t b e i d e n t i fi e d f r o m t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s i n c e t h e s t u d y w a s b a s e d o n c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l d a t a . A l t h o u g h t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i d e n t i fi e d t h a t t h e i n c o m e - o b e s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p d e p e n d e d o n s u b j e c t s ’ g e n d e r a n d r a c e s / e t h n i c i t i e s , i t f a i l e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s f o r o b e s i t y r i s k i n s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y g e n d e r , i n c o m e , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y d u e t o t h e i n a d e q u a t e s a m p l e s i z e . A n o t h e r l i m i t a t i o n i s t h a t t h e t r e n d s o f e a t i n g o u t a n d n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , w h i c h h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d a s c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y , c o u l d n o t b e i d e n t i fi e d b e c a u s e t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e i n o n e o f t h e d a t a s e t s e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h e r e a r e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y b u t n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ( i . e . s l e e p d e p r i v a t i o n , a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , e n d o c r i n e d i s r u p t o r [ K e i t h e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ] ) . 4 8 2 T h u s , t h e f u t u r e n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s n e e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e s a m p l e s i z e t o w e l l r e p r e s e n t s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a n d t o i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s t o r e s o l v e t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f o b e s i t y , e v e n t h o u g h i t i s v e r y c h a l l e n g i n g f o r s u r v e y d e s i g n e r s a s w e l l a s p a r t i c i p a n t s . 4 8 3 C O N C L U S I O N S T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y d i f f e r e d w i d e l y a m o n g t h e U S . s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 : 2 1 . 7 % i n b l a c k l o w - i n c o m e m e n t o 5 3 . 3 % i n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n . T h i s r e fl e c t s c h a n g e s f r o m l 9 8 8 - 9 4 : 1 7 . 0 % i n w h i t e h i g h - i n c o m e m e n t o 4 2 . 4 % i n b l a c k m i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n . S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e r a t e o f o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e v a r i e d w i d e l y f r o m - 0 . 2 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n l o w - i n c o m e m e n t o 1 4 . 2 % i n M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n h i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n . L i f e s t y l e , r e p r o d u c t i v e , a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s , s p e c i fi c a l l y s m o k i n g , h o u r s o f T V w a t c h i n g o r c o m p u t e r u s e , a l c o h o l i n t a k e , l e i s u r e - t i m e a n d n o n - l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , t h e n u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h s . a g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e , p e r c e p t i o n a n d a t t i t u d e a b o u t o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s , a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t , e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , b r e a k f a s t i n t a k e , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s e x p l a i n e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . S m o k i n g , a l c o h o l i n t a k e , l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , a g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e . e n e r g y i n t a k e , f a t i n t a k e , a n d b r e a k f a s t i n t a k e w e r e a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . T h e s e p r e d i c t o r s , t h e r e f o r e , n e e d t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s t o d e c r e a s e t h e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n t h e f u t u r e . 4 8 4 F U T U R E D I R E C T I O N S B a s e d o n t h e p r e d i c t o r s i d e n t i fi e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t h a t a r e s p e c i fi c t o t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s , n u t r i t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m s n e e d t o b e d e v e l o p e d t o t e s t w h e t h e r c h a n g i n g t h e s e p r e d i c t o r s w o u l d r e d u c e o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e w i t h i n t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . D u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s , s e v e r a l f o c u s g r o u p s c a n b e c o n d u c t e d t o o b t a i n t h e d e t a i l i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w a s n o t o b t a i n a b l e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t o i n c r e a s e t h e e f fi c a c y o f t h e p r o g r a m s ( i . e . b a r r i e r s t o l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y , t y p e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d , s t r e s s m a n a g e m e n t ) . I n c r e a s e i n u s e o f r e s t a u r a n t f o o d a n d m o r e s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d a s c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e r e c e n t i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y b y m a n y r e s e a r c h e r s . l - l o w e v e r , t h e s e v a r i a b l e s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e i n o n e o f d a t a s e t s , a n d t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y f a i l e d t o e x a m i n e t h e s e v a r i a b l e s i n r e l a t i o n t o c h a n g e s i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e . N H A N E S 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 i s n o w a v a i l a b l e w i t h t h e s e v a r i a b l e s . T h u s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d t o e x a m i n e w h e t h e r t h e s e v a r i a b l e s h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e c h a n g e i n o b e s i t y p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s f r o m l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n fi r m e d t h a t t h e i n c o m e - o b e s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p d e p e n d e d n o t o n l y o n g e n d e r b u t a l s o o n r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y f a i l e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r e d i c t o r s o f o b e s i t y a m o n g s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y d u e t o t h e l a c k o f s a m p l e s i z e s . T h u s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e N C H S n e e d s t o i n c r e a s e t h e s a m p l e s i z e o f r a c i a l / e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s i n t h e f u t u r e N H A N E S t o w e l l r e p r e s e n t s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s b y i n c o m e , g e n d e r , a n d r a c e / e t h n i c i t y . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e f u t u r e N H A N E S t o i n c l u d e o t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e p a s t t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d o b e s i t y p r o b l e m i n t h e U S . C u r r e n t l y o n g o i n g e f f o r t t o 4 8 5 a d d t h e F l e x i b l e C o n s u m e r B e h a v i o r S u r v e y M o d u l e ( F C B S M ) t o t h e f u t u r e N H A N E S b y E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e ( E R S ) a n d N C H S , f o r e x a m p l e , w i l l b e e x c i t i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r r e s e a r c h e r s t o u n d e r s t a n d u n d e r l y i n g r e a s o n s o f c o n s u m e r s ’ b e h a v i o r s s u c h a s f o o d s h o p p i n g a n d f r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e ( N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s , 2 0 0 5 ) . F i n a l l y , a s k i n g a w i d e r a n g e o f q u e s t i o n s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e c o m p l e x i s s u e s s u c h a s o b e s i t y w i t h o u t b u r d e n i n g s u r v e y p a r t i c i p a n t s i s a c h a l l e n g e . T h u s , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o d e v e l o p a s m a l l s e t o f q u e s t i o n i t e m s t o c o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o f t o p i c s w i t h o u t r e d u n d a n t i n f o r m a t i o n . C o n t i n u o u s e f f o r t s n e e d t o b e m a d e t o d e v e l o p r e l i a b l e a n d v a l i d q u e s t i o n i t e m s t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o u n d e r s t a n d o b e s i t y p r o b l e m i n t h e U S . 4 8 6 A p p e n d i x 1 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y w e i g h t i n 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 1 W e i q h t s t a t u s U n d e r - O v e r - V a r i a b l e s w e i g h t N o r m a l w e i g h t O b e s e P 3 n % 2 ( 0 / 0 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) D e m o g r a p h i c G e n d e r F e m a l e 3 , 4 1 2 5 0 . 3 7 4 . 6 5 4 . 4 4 0 . 3 5 5 . 4 * * * * M a l e 3 , 5 8 0 4 9 . 8 2 5 . 4 4 5 . 6 5 9 . 7 4 4 . 6 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e 3 , 7 6 6 8 1 . 0 8 7 . 2 8 3 . 5 8 1 . 0 7 7 . 8 “ * * * N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k 1 , 4 6 3 1 1 . 5 9 . 8 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 4 1 4 . 6 M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s 1 , 7 6 3 7 . 5 3 . 0 6 . 6 8 . 5 7 . 7 E d u c a fi o n < H i g h s c h o o l 2 , 3 2 2 1 9 . 8 2 6 . 9 1 6 . 6 2 0 . 8 2 1 . 7 * * H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e 1 , 6 4 7 2 6 . 6 1 7 . 6 2 5 . 9 2 5 . 8 2 8 . 7 > H i g h s c h o o l 3 , 0 1 3 5 3 . 6 5 5 . 5 5 7 . 5 5 3 . 4 4 9 . 6 A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 1 , 0 9 7 1 7 . 6 3 4 . 4 2 3 . 3 1 5 . 6 1 2 . 7 * * * 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 1 , 1 4 7 2 0 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 3 . 4 1 9 . 6 1 9 . 1 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 1 , 3 3 4 2 3 . 1 2 0 . 8 2 1 . 7 2 2 . 6 2 5 . 3 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 9 6 1 1 6 . 6 5 . 6 1 3 . 5 1 7 . 7 1 9 . 3 6 0 + y r s 2 , 4 5 3 2 2 . 0 1 7 . 6 1 8 . 1 2 4 . 5 2 3 . 7 P o v e r t y I n c o m e R a t i o ( P I R ) s 1 . 8 5 2 , 8 2 2 3 0 . 7 4 3 . 4 3 1 . 2 2 7 . 5 3 3 . 0 * * * 1 . 8 6 - 3 . 5 1 , 7 7 9 2 4 . 5 2 8 . 6 2 2 . 1 2 4 . 9 2 6 . 5 > 3 . 5 2 , 3 9 1 4 4 . 8 2 8 . 1 4 6 . 7 4 7 . 6 4 0 . 6 M a r i t a l s t a t u s M a r r i e d 3 , 8 3 3 6 0 . 0 3 6 . 1 5 5 . 5 6 3 . 1 6 2 . 9 “ * * * W i d o w e d , d i v o r c e d / s e p a r a t e d 1 , 4 5 7 1 8 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 7 . 1 1 7 . 8 1 8 . 6 N e v e r m a r r i e d / l i v i n g w i t h p a r t n e r 1 , 3 5 8 2 2 . 0 3 3 . 9 2 7 . 5 1 9 . 1 1 8 . 5 L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s S m o k i n g s t a t u s i n t h e p a s t 5 d N o n - s m o k e r 4 , 8 7 5 7 3 . 4 6 2 . 8 6 8 . 1 7 4 . 9 7 8 . 1 * * * S m o k e r 1 , 5 2 7 2 6 . 6 3 7 . 2 3 2 . 0 2 5 . 1 2 1 . 9 D a i l y h r s o f T V , v i d e o o r c o m p u t e r u s e 5 1 h r 1 , 9 5 4 2 8 . 9 4 1 . 6 3 5 . 7 2 7 . 7 2 2 . 0 “ * * * 2 - 3 h r s 3 , 1 7 1 4 6 . 5 3 4 . 1 4 5 . 3 4 9 . 2 4 5 . 6 2 4 h r s 1 , 8 5 8 2 4 . 6 2 4 . 3 1 9 . 0 2 3 . 1 3 2 . 4 A l c o h o l i n t a k e ( # d r i n k s / w k ) 5 , 6 8 7 4 i 0 . 1 3 2 0 . 8 5 i 0 . 2 5 i 0 . 3 3 2 0 . 2 “ * * * 4 8 7 A p p e n d i x 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W e i q h t s t a t u s U n d e r - O v e r - V a r i a b l e s w e i g h t N o r m a l w e i g h t O b e s e P 3 n % 2 ( % ) ( 0 / 0 ) ( % ) ( % ) L i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s ( c o n t ' d ) D a i l y p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y M a i n l y s i t 1 , 7 2 0 2 4 . 4 2 2 . 3 1 9 . 9 2 3 . 0 3 1 . 0 * * * ” W a l k a l o t 3 , 7 0 6 5 0 . 1 4 6 . 4 5 1 . 6 4 9 . 2 4 9 . 8 C a r r y l i g h t o r h e a v y l o a d s 1 , 5 5 9 2 5 . 5 3 1 . 3 2 8 . 5 2 7 . 8 1 9 . 2 L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 2 , 6 2 6 3 2 . 4 3 8 . 0 2 7 . 6 3 0 . 5 3 9 . 6 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 7 3 4 1 2 . 7 1 2 . 8 1 1 . 3 1 3 . 0 1 4 . 0 2 n d q u i n t i l e 8 2 9 1 4 . 6 9 . 8 1 4 . 4 1 4 . 8 1 4 . 8 3 r d q u i n t i l e 8 6 3 1 4 . 7 2 0 . 9 1 6 . 5 1 4 . 8 1 2 . 2 4 t h q u i n t i l e 7 8 1 1 3 . 9 1 5 . 0 1 5 . 8 1 4 . 4 1 1 . 2 5 t h q u i n t i l e 6 3 5 1 1 . 7 3 . 5 1 4 . 4 1 2 . 5 8 . 2 R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d 4 Y e s 1 , 5 2 0 4 7 . 2 3 2 . 5 4 8 . 5 4 9 . 9 4 4 . 7 * N o 1 , 1 2 7 3 6 . 5 4 5 . 4 3 2 . 2 3 6 . 7 4 0 . 0 N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 4 2 4 1 6 . 4 2 2 . 1 1 9 . 3 1 3 . 4 1 5 . 3 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 4 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 5 4 5 2 0 . 1 2 9 . 8 2 3 . 1 1 7 . 8 1 7 . 9 * * 1 4 4 3 1 5 . 5 1 1 . 1 1 8 . 2 1 5 . 2 1 3 . 2 2 7 3 8 2 6 . 8 2 3 . 1 2 8 . 8 2 5 . 9 2 5 . 6 3 6 4 5 1 9 . 9 2 2 . 6 1 8 . 4 2 1 . 5 2 0 . 0 4 3 3 2 8 . 7 6 . 6 6 . 1 9 . 9 1 0 . 7 2 5 4 9 0 9 . 0 6 . 9 5 . 4 9 . 7 1 2 . 6 A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n a r c h e 4 s 1 1 y r s o l d 5 8 5 1 8 . 9 4 . 8 1 4 . 1 1 8 . 9 2 5 . 3 * * * 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 , 2 7 7 7 4 . 8 8 1 . 8 7 8 . 2 7 5 . 6 6 9 . 9 2 1 6 y r s o l d 2 0 7 6 . 3 1 3 . 4 7 . 7 5 . 6 4 . 8 W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s B M I ( L o g - t r a n s f o r m e d ) W e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t N o r m a l w e i g h t O v e r w e i g h t O b e s e P e r c e i v e d o w n w e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r w e i g h t A b o u t r i g h t O v e r w e i g h t 6 , 9 9 2 2 8 . 1 i 0 . 1 1 7 . 4 i 0 . 1 2 2 . 5 : 0 . 1 2 7 . 4 i 0 . 0 3 5 . 5 i 0 . 1 * * * * 1 0 7 2 , 1 1 4 2 , 5 3 8 2 , 2 3 3 3 6 7 2 , 8 0 4 3 , 8 0 3 1 . 9 3 3 . 0 3 4 . 5 3 0 . 7 4 . 9 3 7 . 3 5 7 . 8 4 8 8 1 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 6 1 . 7 3 6 . 9 1 . 5 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 4 6 7 . 1 2 2 . 5 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 7 3 6 . 1 6 3 . 3 0 . 0 N / A 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 . 4 t * * t 6 . 7 9 2 . 9 A p p e n d i x 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W e i g h t s t a t u s U n d e r - O v e r - V a r i a b l e s w e i g h t N o r m a l w e i g h t O b e s e P 3 n % 2 ( % ) ( % ) ( 0 / 0 ) ( 0 / 0 ) W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) W e i g h t s t a t u s a s s e s s m e n t U n d e r - a s s e s s o r 1 , 5 3 5 1 8 . 3 0 . 0 1 0 . 2 3 7 . 0 6 . 8 * A c c u r a t e a s s e s s o r 4 , 7 5 2 7 3 . 6 6 0 . 8 6 7 . 2 6 3 . 1 9 3 . 2 O v e r - a s s e s s o r 4 1 1 8 . 2 3 9 . 2 2 2 . 7 0 . 0 0 . 0 D e s i r e d w e i g h t c h a n g e s W e i g h m o r e 4 5 8 6 . 3 5 9 . 5 1 4 . 0 1 . 5 0 . 2 * * ” S t a y a b o u t t h e s a m e 2 , 3 3 2 2 8 . 8 3 9 . 0 5 1 . 4 2 7 . 3 5 . 7 W e i g h l e s s 4 , 1 9 2 6 4 . 8 1 . 5 3 4 . 6 7 1 . 2 9 4 . 1 A t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 1 , 9 8 1 3 4 . 1 2 . 8 1 8 . 3 3 6 . 6 5 2 . 2 “ * * * N o 4 , 3 0 5 6 5 . 9 9 7 . 2 8 1 . 7 6 3 . 4 4 7 . 8 A t t e m p t n o t t o g a i n w e i g h t i n t h e p a s t y e a r Y e s 2 , 6 7 6 4 2 . 6 7 . 4 2 9 . 4 4 7 . 0 5 4 . 1 * * * ” N o 4 , 3 0 9 5 7 . 4 9 2 . 6 7 0 . 6 5 3 . 0 4 5 . 9 D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n < 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 9 1 0 2 1 . 7 3 6 . 0 2 1 . 8 2 1 . 1 2 1 . 3 * 1 t i m e / w k 1 , 5 4 3 2 2 . 4 2 1 . 9 2 3 . 5 2 2 . 2 2 1 . 6 2 — 3 t i m e s / w k 1 , 8 0 6 2 8 . 6 1 8 . 6 2 6 . 5 3 0 . 2 2 9 . 4 2 4 t i m e s / w k 1 , 4 5 4 2 7 . 3 2 3 . 5 2 8 . 1 2 6 . 5 2 7 . 7 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n Y e s 5 , 3 1 4 7 9 . 9 2 2 . 3 1 9 . 4 2 1 . 1 1 9 . 8 N S N o 1 , 3 9 6 2 0 . 1 7 7 . 7 8 0 . 6 7 8 . 9 8 0 . 2 E n e r g y i n t a k e ( k c a I / d ) F a t i n t a k e s 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t N u m b e r o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s s 3 t i m e s / d a y 4 t i m e s / d a y 5 t i m e s / d a y 6 t i m e s / d a y 2 7 t i m e s / d a y 6 , 7 1 5 2 . 2 3 5 3 2 1 5 2 , 2 5 1 i 1 3 1 2 , 2 5 6 i 3 5 2 , 2 6 0 i 3 4 2 , 1 8 4 i 2 6 N S 2 , 6 1 8 4 , 0 9 6 1 , 6 7 9 1 , 7 8 4 1 , 4 9 2 9 1 5 8 4 0 4 8 9 3 6 . 4 6 3 . 6 2 1 . 8 2 4 . 7 2 2 . 5 1 5 . 4 1 5 . 6 4 1 . 3 5 8 . 7 2 1 . 8 2 2 . 5 1 7 . 8 1 0 . 4 ' 2 7 . 6 3 9 . 9 6 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 2 4 . 1 2 2 . 2 1 6 . 3 1 7 . 3 3 6 . 9 6 3 . 1 2 1 . 9 2 4 . 8 2 3 . 8 1 4 . 7 1 4 . 9 3 1 . 8 6 8 . 2 2 3 . 6 2 5 . 4 2 1 . 6 1 5 . 5 1 3 . 9 t A p p e n d i x 1 ( c o n t ' d ) W e i q h t s t a t u s U n d e r - O v e r - V a r i a b l e s w e i g h t N o r m a l w e i g h t O b e s e ) 0 3 n 0 / o 2 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) D i e t a r y b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) E n e r g y i n t a k e r e p o r t i n g s t a t u s U n d e r - r e p o r t e r 1 , 6 0 6 2 0 . 9 4 . 8 1 3 . 3 2 0 . 1 3 0 . 8 * * * * A d e q u a t e - r e p o r t e r 4 , 8 0 9 7 4 . 1 8 4 . 0 7 8 . 8 7 6 . 2 6 6 . 1 O v e r - r e p o r t e r 3 0 0 5 . 0 1 1 . 2 7 . 9 3 . 7 3 . 1 1 A d u l t s a g e d 2 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r ; e x c l u d e d w e r e : p r e g n a n t / l a c t a t i n g w o m e n ; t h o s e w h o d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s o n i n c o m e , w e i g h t s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; a n d n o n - w h i t e s , - b l a c k s , o r M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . 2 P e r c e n t m i g h t n o t a d d u p t o 1 0 0 % d u e t o r o u n d i n g . 3 B a s e d o n t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t e x c e p t a l c o h o l i n t a k e s a n d e n e r g y i n t a k e s m e a n v a l u e s o f w h i c h w e r e c o m p a r e d b y t h e w e i g h t s t a t u s b y A N O V A . 4 B a s e d o n f e m a l e s o n l y . * P < 0 . 0 5 , * * P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , * * * * P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e 4 9 0 t i fi f * i i i * r t * * * * 8 9 3 8 9 9 7 3 0 7 3 0 1 . . 4 7 7 1 3 . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 7 1 8 5 5 9 8 6 5 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 e s ) e % b ( O ) n e - t h 5 5 8 2 9 9 1 1 m r ) 0 g . . e % . . . . . . . o i 9 2 2 1 6 1 5 2 v 1 8 1 e 2 2 7 5 3 2 4 W O ( w s u t l a a 7 m . M 4 9 . . r 7 P 7 4 t s t h g i e o N 8 2 2 1 1 1 6 5 0 8 1 . . . . . 9 9 2 3 5 W n t e ) h g d % i n ( 4 6 1 . . . 4 8 7 8 2 9 . . . 1 4 3 e 2 1 5 4 3 2 U w 0 2 9 2 9 4 2 4 8 8 7 9 5 9 6 2 5 1 8 0 4 4 0 6 3 5 2 6 8 9 , , , , , , 7 5 8 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 S N * * e s 6 4 9 5 7 6 6 5 3 8 7 5 4 2 1 4 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 e . . . P 8 9 1 8 1 5 2 5 7 6 0 0 0 9 3 9 9 b 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 5 2 2 2 2 4 7 2 O t h - r 1 1 9 5 7 9 6 8 6 8 2 6 4 0 e . . . g . . . . . . . . . . . i 2 9 6 8 5 4 0 3 0 7 1 1 9 8 e 8 2 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 2 1 v O w 5 0 6 6 8 7 4 7 2 1 . . 8 3 5 . 8 . . . . . . . . 1 4 3 7 4 0 1 6 7 1 2 2 5 2 2 2 1 1 ) o / ° n ( e d t . . . . . . . 4 4 h 9 7 2 0 6 6 7 3 7 . . 2 4 2 4 5 0 4 n g 6 2 5 4 1 1 6 U i e w 6 3 3 4 5 9 3 0 1 2 4 0 0 3 3 9 2 2 0 2 5 9 9 7 9 2 , , , , 7 9 8 5 5 6 4 1 1 1 1 r e d n e t t r a a p r a h p t e i w ) R e k s t c n i a e t a u o i t a a h l c W B i d a R o i v , i d l e c r r o r o e d I s P r g ( n y c c r e l l g o o c t i i i i n n c a a m o o l d u r A h h o c t h , c c o s s s s n - a i p p s n n s s p d s s I 5 t n h r r r r a e o c y y y y s d . s e h a i i l fi r t H H c b e g a - — i a / h s h y 5 3 r e g g t - 8 5 9 9 9 9 y i i r . 6 . h 2 3 4 5 l i w r a r o e i e H H e 1 3 o x c + n n g - - - - 8 r t d v i r c r m e o o i u e 0 0 0 0 0 v . a i e a a e a N N M d < > H g 2 3 5 6 4 o s W 1 > M N V D A R E P M r a m m o v i e s i 4 9 1 A p p e n d i x 2 . S u b j e c t s ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y w e i g h t f o r m e n a n d w o m e n 1 n 1 , 3 7 0 9 1 8 1 , 2 9 2 2 , 1 6 9 4 7 5 7 6 3 W e i q h t s t a t u s ( M e n ) 3 4 . 2 1 7 . 8 4 8 . 0 4 7 . 7 1 8 . 3 6 . 7 1 5 . 6 1 1 . 7 N o r m a l P M 3 2 . 3 2 4 . 0 4 3 . 7 5 2 . 8 1 3 . 7 3 3 . 6 ( % ) 2 5 . 0 2 4 . 1 5 0 . 8 * * * * * * * * n 5 0 3 5 5 7 6 6 4 4 6 8 1 , 2 2 0 9 3 . 3 3 . 8 2 . 9 2 9 . 8 2 2 . 8 2 5 . 6 2 . 2 1 9 . 6 4 0 . 4 2 4 . 5 3 5 . 1 1 2 . 4 2 7 . 0 6 0 . 6 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 5 4 9 . 2 5 7 . 7 1 9 . 9 2 2 . 4 1 4 . 2 1 7 . 9 2 1 . 1 1 6 . 8 3 0 . 1 5 6 . 5 2 7 . 7 1 5 . 8 5 6 . 9 2 6 . 0 1 7 . 1 2 S * * * * P N ' ‘ * * ) 7 3 7 2 8 7 6 1 0 / 0 ( . . . . . . . . 9 0 2 2 5 3 2 3 7 3 2 2 4 3 5 1 e s e b O ) n e - t h ) 2 8 8 8 4 7 3 0 r 0 m g . . . . . . . . e / i 0 8 1 4 4 0 5 8 6 o v ( e 7 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 W O w ( s u t l a a t 0 m . . . . . . . . ) 4 7 8 0 9 1 1 1 s / r 0 6 4 5 3 0 1 1 7 7 2 4 4 2 2 5 1 t o h N ( g i e W - t r h ) 5 5 5 6 9 8 4 8 e . g . . . . . . . 0 d i 8 4 5 9 1 8 2 / 0 8 n e 6 2 3 3 4 2 4 ( 1 U w n 0 4 9 5 2 8 2 4 8 0 7 0 3 4 2 9 9 5 4 3 , 2 * * * 6 5 8 9 , , , 1 1 1 * " * * ) 0 0 3 6 2 6 3 0 / 0 ( . . . . . 1 . . . 6 4 1 2 6 7 6 6 7 2 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 P e s e b O ) - t n r 0 h ) 6 4 0 9 8 3 9 1 e e / g . . . . . . . . i 7 1 7 1 0 2 1 2 5 M v ( e 2 2 2 3 2 4 7 5 ( O w s u t a t s l a 8 ) 2 4 5 6 0 4 1 m . . . . . . . / . 0 t r 0 9 0 0 2 7 8 5 6 6 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 h o ( g N i e W ) 0 / 0 ( - r e . . . . t . . . . 7 3 8 2 4 5 1 1 d 7 2 8 5 0 1 5 9 h n 4 3 4 6 3 3 2 1 U g i W 7 6 6 1 3 3 7 9 5 1 6 8 n 3 0 2 6 6 9 7 0 , , , , 9 9 9 7 2 1 1 1 e s u r e t u p s y a d 5 m t s a o c r p o s d a o l ) d ’ e o y h t y t e d i v v t n i i a n o s s , c a e h i v t V r c r ( o u t r 2 c a e t T t f a k s o x f o s l a o c t t i o t h s l i g s i i y r s d l l n r s e y e e g m r s s h a l n b y t i - k h h h h r r e n s k a o y p l y n r k y l p o e o m i 4 l l 1 3 i r r i f i - a a a p m N S 5 2 2 a i a a M C W A V L S D D 4 9 2 A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n 3 , 1 8 4 7 : 2 6 7 : 0 4 7 3 2 0 4 5 : 0 4 * 2 , 5 0 3 2 : 0 4 3 : 0 2 3 2 5 0 . 2 2 : 0 . 1 ‘ * * * ( # d r i n k s / w k ) L e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y / m o n t h N o a c t i v i t i e s 1 , 2 4 0 4 5 . 1 2 9 . 9 2 7 . 3 3 1 . 5 * * 1 , 3 8 6 3 5 . 6 2 5 . 7 3 5 . 3 ‘ 4 6 . 2 * * * * 1 s t q u i n t i l e 4 0 7 8 . 8 1 0 . 7 1 5 . 6 1 5 . 6 3 2 7 1 4 . 2 1 1 . 8 9 . 1 1 2 . 7 2 n d q u i n t i l e 4 1 7 8 . 6 1 2 . 8 1 5 . 3 1 4 . 1 4 1 2 1 0 . 3 1 5 . 8 1 4 . 2 1 5 . 4 3 r d q u i n t i l e 4 5 0 1 9 . 1 1 5 . 7 1 3 . 6 1 3 . 2 4 1 3 2 1 . 5 1 7 . 1 1 6 . 6 1 1 . 3 4 t h q u i n t i e 4 2 1 1 1 . 5 1 5 . 1 1 2 . 8 1 4 . 8 3 6 0 1 6 . 2 1 6 . 4 1 6 . 9 8 . 3 5 t h q u i n t i l e 3 8 6 6 . 9 1 5 . 7 1 5 . 5 1 0 . 8 2 4 9 2 . 3 1 3 . 3 8 . 0 6 . 1 i t * * * * i * t « 2 0 e s e M . . . . . . 3 . . . . . 8 7 0 3 9 2 7 6 6 0 3 9 . 4 0 5 0 5 9 2 5 7 3 0 2 . P 4 b 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 . 2 6 O t h 9 7 4 8 2 9 5 9 6 ) n e - r 6 3 1 0 m g M . . . . . . . . . e . . . o 9 9 v P i 9 6 5 1 3 7 5 8 5 5 4 e 4 3 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 . 9 7 6 1 W O w j s u t l a a 7 2 1 . t 1 m . . . . . . . . . i ) 4 7 s % . . . r 3 8 2 3 8 9 8 8 4 8 6 5 7 5 2 3 2 8 4 2 1 1 0 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 ( t o h N q i e W n t . 2 2 1 e o 1 1 1 6 9 8 h ) 5 4 8 6 8 4 0 d / . . . g . . . . . . . . . 5 i 2 ° 5 2 9 2 1 3 1 3 2 n e ( U w 3 2 4 2 2 2 8 1 1 4 6 6 4 . 7 1 0 7 2 7 7 2 2 4 1 9 9 8 5 1 2 , , 4 1 1 4 1 1 0 , , 1 , 3 2 1 A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N 2 0 : - 7 . 4 3 0 . A A A 0 / / / : N N N 5 7 2 1 . 0 4 7 . . : 8 3 7 1 7 2 2 9 . 7 0 . t h g M - r e i v P O e w l a ) o m / r ° A A A / / / ( N N N o N ) % 2 n ( e A A A A A A : s d / / / / / / 3 r fl . . 0 6 4 n U g i e w N N N N N N . 7 2 o 0 8 1 i 7 v 1 a h e A A A A A A A A A 8 8 1 0 b 0 7 6 n / / / / / / I / I N N N N N N N N N d 5 4 7 6 n , , , 2 a 3 1 1 s n o i t p e c r t e n p s u t a n g e r d a e t t s a ) l d t e h 3 p e 3 y d t n a fl c ' r l h o i t n n t g r t h d n s c o i e r i e b e c b p e h r u . w f n a s n n ( v t e o i r s a w 2 e y v r e h h t o g n u h t l t x t d e i f v a t i g - d o e t e i i c n s e b e f d l r u r s v e g r o v r g i e n b e e s v a b o s n p e e o m r p e i r a a 5 h u ( r e e g o e c d i I r n b v d t e d i n t L t w p Y a e r N N u 1 0 3 2 2 4 e U M e A O A V R B N B P W r g m r i o e 4 9 3 W e i q h t s t a t u s ( M e n ) N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A A g e a t t h e fi r s t m e n s t r u a t i o n 3 s 1 1 y r s o l d 1 2 - 1 5 y r s o l d 2 1 6 y r s o l d N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N I A N / A N / A N / A N I A N I A N / A N / A N / A N / A 0 . 9 4 5 . 5 5 3 . 5 O b e s e P M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 0 . 6 1 0 . 4 8 9 . 0 P 2 N / A N / A N / A * * * t n 5 4 5 4 4 3 7 3 8 6 4 5 3 3 2 4 9 0 5 8 5 2 , 2 7 7 2 0 7 5 5 . 9 4 2 . 2 2 . 0 3 . 7 0 . 2 0 . 3 6 1 . 6 2 2 . 2 3 . 7 3 4 . 8 7 7 . 6 9 6 . 1 p 2 ' fi ' fi t * * * t ‘ * 3 5 4 6 7 3 7 4 5 5 7 0 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 3 6 6 7 5 2 4 3 3 9 3 9 9 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 5 - r ) 0 7 3 5 5 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . e % . 2 7 0 7 2 2 7 3 4 2 9 8 2 v ( O l a m r o N ) % ( 2 7 4 4 5 5 2 2 3 8 1 1 4 6 . . 8 1 2 7 8 2 . . 4 5 1 8 n t e ) h 3 7 g . . d % i 7 0 0 . 2 n e ( U w 5 4 0 0 . . 0 0 1 9 3 4 6 7 6 3 2 9 8 6 7 1 0 4 8 2 8 8 3 2 5 4 2 2 6 4 2 8 4 9 9 1 9 7 4 3 8 , , 1 , , , , 9 8 8 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 i * * * S * * * * N e s e 7 3 5 5 9 1 . . 0 9 0 . 0 . . . . 5 4 2 7 b 1 8 4 5 5 4 O 6 4 . . 7 2 1 8 ) 0 6 4 5 6 e . . . . . 6 3 9 0 W 0 4 5 2 7 l a m r o N ) % 1 ) o / ° ( - r 2 7 2 6 9 7 8 9 1 . . . . . . . . . 6 0 3 9 0 4 4 4 5 2 6 2 2 3 2 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 . . 3 7 e t . . d h n g U i e w . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 3 2 7 3 9 5 8 0 6 6 8 5 2 6 7 9 5 3 2 5 5 8 2 0 2 3 4 7 r 1 3 1 1 2 8 6 7 3 , , , , 3 8 a , , 9 9 7 8 , 7 1 1 1 e 1 2 2 2 r y a t e s y a t p s e a h p t e h t n i n o i t n n p h t t e s g i ) s g e m e t h i e w d g r s n m m u s n ' o e a o a i n t n o r e g a e s c w a r o s r o d s e i h c s s s c s o e o h t ( k o k s s s h t s o s i u e s g w f w s o e t v 2 a r t t i s e s s l k a x e s a e o u s e o t o h t w k s s e n / / / i s s a s t e - a a b / b a e m m t o w w t n e m l e d l i h h y i d t t r m a e n b g g a h u e r y r m m e s i i s g c d e a i e e i t - r r e p p r t t u i m a i a t t 4 t t 3 p n e e e r i c s v t s - 1 t t e o o e s e o p A e e a t t i U < 2 N N O S Y W Y e W 2 Y N 1 A V W A A D D R 4 9 4 n W e i g h t s t a t u s a n d r e l a t e d p e r c e p t i o n s a n d b e h a v i o r s ( c o n t ' d ) 7 7 5 2 , 4 5 8 B r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n 0 . 0 8 0 . 2 1 9 . 8 8 6 . 5 1 3 . 5 0 . 0 3 4 . 8 1 3 . 6 2 7 . 3 2 4 . 3 1 8 . 1 7 3 . 9 8 . 1 6 . 8 9 3 . 2 1 6 . 7 8 3 . 3 W e i g h t s t a t u s ( M e n ) O v e r - w e i g h t 2 . 4 3 5 . 1 6 2 . 5 4 3 . 1 5 6 . 9 1 9 . 2 2 0 . 4 2 9 . 0 3 1 . 5 2 3 . 2 7 6 . 9 1 % ) 0 . 5 8 . 5 9 1 . 0 1 8 . 3 1 9 . 5 2 9 . 3 3 2 . 9 P 2 * t * * * * * t * n 2 , 6 5 8 6 2 1 W e i q h t s t a t u s ( W o m e n ) 0 . 0 5 4 . 3 4 5 . 7 3 . 8 9 6 . 2 3 6 . 4 2 4 . 6 1 5 . 7 2 3 . 2 2 1 . 0 7 9 . 0 3 . 6 6 1 . 6 3 4 . 8 3 . 8 4 3 . 6 5 2 . 5 4 0 . 1 5 9 . 9 2 3 . 7 2 5 . 8 2 7 . 9 2 2 . 6 w e i g h t 0 . 2 1 5 . 8 8 4 . 0 O b e s e ( % ) 2 1 . 6 7 8 . 4 p 2 i * * * I * * * * * * fi ' 2 7 8 5 4 0 7 3 0 d , 3 7 8 7 4 4 8 , 1 n 2 o p s e S " r a " ” “ N 8 4 * “ i 8 5 5 3 8 3 5 3 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 8 4 2 0 7 8 7 5 t o n d i 0 d . 4 o p m o c e r e 3 6 2 2 2 6 2 1 1 w h w h 3 o 2 7 1 1 1 9 0 8 0 7 5 h 9 t 8 7 2 2 5 2 5 5 7 7 . . . . o . . . . . . 3 7 6 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 ; n s e e h t y b d e r c i h w f e s e u m l o w a v g n n a i S N 1 3 ) i 6 8 7 0 0 o / 6 ° ( 2 8 , 1 ) n 1 t 3 . . . . . 2 2 7 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 ? t i t t h g i e e - m r h 7 4 3 2 5 0 i 1 w 9 g . . . . . . e 5 o i 1 4 5 4 4 . . 4 1 4 , v 7 W e O 7 ( w 2 2 2 2 7 1 1 e m . A , o s u 1 0 c V n i O t l 3 N a a i 7 3 4 0 6 7 4 n A t s m . . . . . . . 3 o t 8 r o 8 h , N g 1 i 6 e 0 W 1 - t 7 2 4 3 7 6 8 3 6 2 2 1 1 1 s n o i t s e u y b s u t a t s r h 5 5 3 4 9 0 4 ) i q t e g . . . . . . . % 3 d i 8 1 2 9 8 6 3 e h g n e 6 2 2 i 3 1 1 1 h ( 5 U w 0 , 2 2 2 8 9 8 5 8 9 6 0 4 l a o t t e l w 0 3 6 , 2 5 5 , 2 2 6 i 6 3 4 2 7 5 8 0 6 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 , 2 4 7 2 4 0 3 7 7 6 5 2 0 e t 4 2 2 7 2 m 5 1 1 1 1 a t c a l s e k / a t t n n 3 i i 3 4 8 2 3 6 3 9 5 1 4 0 a n . . . y . . . . . g . . 9 0 0 3 4 g 3 1 e 9 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 r 2 2 1 r 8 p , 2 3 7 5 3 6 7 6 0 0 6 7 : e r 7 e 0 6 w . g e n n i e d n d u n 4 3 0 0 3 3 9 6 5 9 r 3 d , , , 9 7 7 8 e 4 4 , 1 l o o 3 2 1 2 d t 1 o a s n t t a a o f f i s u t a t s u h o l c e c l u x d a e % t ; p r e 0 e 0 c v o 1 x e o d t t n s a d p e u t s g e ) d ' t ) o c d i a c s t r r a u l d / c n n ) m m o o a n l d r . o d y ' l ( r f f r q r o t n o a s y y c o g o e a p t e e s b - s r k g g e r y n t r s i e h c e o ( r r i o o r l ( e e e i e e t y y t p r c 0 a n 2 a a e e a o r a a a r d h e h d d e f v a e k n n k t r e y y y t a a 2 m h t f f s s f o g d d d e t - p / / t x e n e i d s e b i k i a r - a r m m s s s o a r t m e o o o e e o e n e p i n / / / g n l y % % i i e e e y t y t n b r e m m m a a i i i i b e g 0 0 g t e e q r e n t t n r u - s d d e r i t 3 3 3 t 7 t t p e m r e t _ < r d s e e s l u c e n d v d r a a p n _ > u s 5 4 6 2 O n B U a A a i A e B A V D E F N E 1 P 2 3 4 9 5 W e i q h t s t a t u s ( M e n ) O v e r - n U n d e r - N o r m a l w e i g h t O b e s e P 2 w e i g h t ( % ) ( % ) ( o / o ) ( % ) f l 1 , 2 5 1 2 , 0 3 1 4 . 4 8 7 . 1 8 . 5 1 % ) 1 4 . 4 7 9 . 9 5 . 7 ( % ) 3 6 . 6 6 3 . 4 O b e s e 3 2 . 0 6 8 . 0 3 3 . 3 6 4 . 3 2 . 4 s t a t u s , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , a n d g e n d e r ; n o n - M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n H i s p a n i c s ; a n d n o n - w h i t e s , - b l a c k s , o r - M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s . ' P < 0 . 0 5 , “ P < 0 . 0 1 , * * * P < 0 . 0 0 1 , “ “ P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , N S : n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e P 2 * i t A A A A A / / / / / N N N N N A A A A A / / / / / N N N N N W I M r e d W n I e L G 1 2 x 0 e M A A A A A 0 I / / / / / m 2 N N N N N o H - 9 9 c n I 9 M A A 1 I / / n M N N i s p u o r g M A A I / / L N N m A A A / / N N n - o i t a l x e M u k p c o a p l B b u s e e t h i t h W g n o H / / / A A A m a e m y o N N N A A A c M / / / N N N n I L / / / A A A N N N t i s e b o f o k s r i W A A / / r e N N d e n h A A e t / / G M N N r o f s r o t c i d e r p f o y r a m m u . 5 3 . s R e t a u d a r l l g o o o o l S . a 3 x s r 5 o h h 8 I 5 c c o s s s s . . 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Z \ > Z . » Z . » m m m Z 3 + 2 : » 2 : » m _ N m W I R R R H W I R R + R M r e d W n R I R R e L G x e m M I R R + R o H c n I M I R R R M M I L m A - y x t e i c M i n h k , n e m e m o c n i — e l d n d e i m m o w R R R A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N : M e I m M o c , n s t c i A A A A A A A A A n A u t e a / / / / / / I / / / / N N N N N N N N N N l e B e - m h g e i t h a g t i s e c w a R e t i R R + h W H R R R m o h t h n c : g i n W i a i I e g - w H o w t o , l n d e t r o e i n : M m I o L s e t d p w m e m o , e e m m c R R M R o o c c n e o t t d a n n I L R R R t t n a n d i n i - - s a h e u R R R r e W d n e G M R R R g l i d h d i a h t g s i : e m t H w h : g e W i s , e m I o M e o w l c o d n , e t i n v t - i e p e l m e m c e . t d o r d e d w e i p t a t e s m i m l : o M c n n o o e r a n s s , n i n e o - o t w i m i n o t o t ) d n m 2 L m o t ) o o c s t a i h h l i r : r d , ' / c o t t o t l f f e L n o t t t a a s c s a s l n c e n e o : fi i u u f i f W q i - q s e g e o n w I n p a c g y y r e e s , m s n o m c ( u s k g n w p e g e ( s r i r u s e e d e e t a o m o n n y y m t m e a n n k y y y : c r n a a e a o h r o 3 x s i r o o c a e e a a a M n o t f e d d d e f s s f - s e e / s / i f s e t g d d p p t o o n e , o s c / / / s i k e e r r o n n h n m m s s s d a e e e e t y t % i i % t r o i r o a g a f r h e f n c t n t t h e g 0 0 f e m m m m e s m i i b - y o f m k i i i r d a t 7 t t 3 3 3 l g : w e p e e u o m u e e t n M o r p r r a O z : I L S Y S n 4 N 5 s > s 2 6 u A P B E F N H R 1 W 2 3 4 4 9 9 A A A / / / R N N N A A A / / / + R N N N A A A / / / R + N N N A A A / / / R N N N A A A / / / + R N N N A A A / / / R N N N A A A R / / / N N N + + R / / / N N N A A A + / / / + R N N N A A A A A A / / / R R N N N A A A / / / R + R N N N A A A / / / + + R R N N N R R R + + R R R R + + + + + 5 . e k s t c n i a a h l c 3 i W B e t a u d a r _ r < c c . y l l g e o o 5 R t i i i n n m o o l A h h o 8 I c a a . P i p p - 5 c c s s s s o . s s n h r r r r n s s n c y y y y s 1 3 o s i i h a e t fi < > H H c h s h r g g 9 9 9 9 y m a 5 e - - i h 4 2 3 5 R R i i 8 / o c + n n x H H g - - - - I I . e c u e o o e i 0 0 0 0 0 P P 1 c n N M N d < H a > 5 g 2 3 6 4 I R E A A p p e n d i x 3 b . S u m m a r y o f p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s i n 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 5 0 0 P r e d i c t o r s . G e n d e r I n c o m e R a c e / e t h n i c i t y I n c o m e x G e n d e r M W L M H W h i t e B l a c k M e x - A m L I M M I M H I M L I W M I W H I W G e n d e r M e n N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A W o m e n N / A N / A - - - N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A + + + + + 0 : ( I C E ( I 0 : 0 : C ! 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B r e a s t f e d y o u r c h i l d Y e s N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N o N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t N / A R N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A ’ N / A N / A N / A N / A R R R > > > > > ? » > 3 \ \ \ \ \ 2 0 \ Z Z Z Z Z Z 2 Z 2 . > » 9 > » . 2 \ . 0 \ . % : Z Z Z 2 Z 2 3 6 3 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ % 0 > > > > > > . ? 9 . 2 ? ” : 3 x Z Z Z Z Z Z 2 2 Z . 3 0 » 9 > > > > 0 . 2 \ \ \ \ Z 2 Z Z Z Z . . > 9 . ) } 3 \ : % Z 2 Z Z 2 2 0 _ 8 w 0 N 0 : : < < 0 3 0 _ 3 » > > > » < _ 2 . . \ \ \ . 2 Z Z Z Z Z > > » > . » > » 3 \ \ . \ % . < . Z Z 2 Z z 2 Z Z Z 4 < 0 < 0 3 0 _ < 0 _ I + m > > ? > . ) 3 3 ) . \ \ : \ % Z Z Z 2 2 2 Z 2 Z 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 3 : 1 : . 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 « : 0 4 < ” 0 5 0 9 0 3 3 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 » 0 5 0 8 c . 0 : . . . 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 : 3 3 < 3 3 . 3 0 3 4 . 0 < m 0 0 " < < 0 0 0 0 : 3 6 . 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 A B 0 m < w 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 3 . 3 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 > 0 2 m 5 0 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 ? m a 3 0 3 . 8 3 0 0 . 0 8 3 N C O V I ‘ A l m 9 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 _ . 2 3 Z \ > Z \ > I Z \ > 2 2 » 2 E . 2 % , Z \ > Z 3 2 % . Z 0 , 2 3 Z ) 2 % . Z \ > 2 % » Z . » 2 3 . Z . » 2 2 9 Z \ > 3 0 0 3 0 x 9 0 3 0 0 4 2 5 $ I E . : 2 _ < _ _ < < I _ < < Z . » Z \ > Z ; 2 0 0 . Z \ > Z \ > Z < > Z \ > 2 5 m + m m W I H W I r M e d n e G x e W I L m M o I c H n i M I M M I L m A - y x t e i c M i n h k t c e a / l e B c a R e t i h W e m o c n I M r e W d n e R R G M R R t a s n o f i m s ) a d c o ' r t f n c o o g y c n g ( i r e t y y b a n a a 3 e e d d y y y / / a a a x e s i r k f s s f d d d o e e o / / / o a r m m s s s d e e e t i i % t n c n t t e m m m 0 i b i i i i e p d 3 3 t t t 7 e t m u p 4 3 5 2 s 6 r a A P N F 5 0 3 > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t R R R R R R R R R R A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N A A / / N N M I H W y t i c i M n A A I h / / t M N N M E / e c a R M x A A I r M e B d n e G x M I e m M o W c n I M I L M M I L B M I L W / / N N A A A A A / / / / / N N N N N A A A / / / N N N ) d ' t n o c ( ' b 3 5 . e k s t c n i a a h l c 3 i W B e t a u d a r s y e o o t i i m o o l R n n i c c r l l g 5 o A h h I c a a x P s i p p . . r n s s - n n h r r r r s s 8 o 5 c c s s s s i c y y y s y 1 3 o o h a s i i d < > t e t n c 5 e m H H c fl a h s h r g g 9 9 9 9 y i 8 / e c o + n n x g - - - - H H d I I . e R R i i - - i h 2 4 3 5 p c u e 0 o o e i 0 0 0 0 e 1 c P P p r A P n N N M d H < > 3 5 6 g 2 4 a i R E A 5 0 4 G e n d e r M e n W o m e n N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A + N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A B H I M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A M H I M M I H M M I H B M I H W y t i c i M n h I t M M E / e c a R x M I r M e B d n e G x M I A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A e / / / m M o W c n I M I L M M I L B M I L W N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N d r e e t n s y a a t 2 r r ) d a a p p 5 e t h s s t i a k w / h s t k n r o n o m i w p ) d g e r / ' n h , d t f d i t y t d l t n a n o v e n i i o c c n i i v h g r i c l # e ( s o t / ( v c r r p d i e u , a u b 3 x s r s e t r s u a n d i o k e e r l y a i e e e e e e t t l l l e , t t r k m l i a s i a n i i d e i t i i t d o v n t t t t i d r n n n b m i t e s m n e g i i o e d e t w r l n e s l i t u i c q u i i i f u u u r n c k r o o e i - q q q t a q r a e e t o d k v n i u s h r d s v d i o s h h a t d p m o a i o e o s n r e e o e i t t e r c p W m N S M N N 1 r a l r e 4 Y 2 3 5 N N A L S P M A B 5 0 5 + R + + + + + t r A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N M I H W y t i c i M n h I t M M E / e c a R x M I r M e B d n e G x e m o c n i M I L M A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N ) d ' e h c r a n o c ( n e m n 2 p a o i m u ) d / l c k ( . t t t s d 3 s l 1 n b e r d d o o k 3 fi l l x s i r o d t n c e i d e p p o o e s r h s s n t r r y e t s t c a t n i y y a n 5 y t a 1 6 o f 1 k p s 1 1 - g r e m 2 a e e o e g s 2 o N Y n 1 r r A P A C B E 5 0 6 N u m b e r o f l i v e b i r t h 0 a n d n e v e r b e e n p r e g n a n t 1 N C ‘ O V N 5 R e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n N o n - c o n s u m e r C o n s u m e r W L I M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A B L I M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A W M I M N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A B H I M N / A N / A N / A M H I M N / A N / A N / A M I H M M I H B M I H W y t i c i M n h I t M M E / e c a R x r e d n e G x M I e m M o W c n i M I L M M I L W R R s n t t a a o f i f m m s ) a d c o o ' t n r r f f c o o g y y c n g g ( r i r e e t y y b a n n a a 3 e e e d d y y y / / a a a x s e i r k f s s f f d d d o o o / / / e e o a r m m s s s d e e e t % i i % t n c n t t e m m m 0 0 i i b i i i e p d 3 t t t 7 3 3 e t m p 5 > s 5 4 6 2 u r a A P F N 5 0 7 B L I M R R R B M I M R R R R R W I H M W I A A A A A / / / / / N N N N N A A A / / / H N N N W y t i c W i I n h M t M E / e c a R W x I r M e B d n e G x W e I A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A A A / / / / / m o M N N N N N c W n I W i L M W I L B W I A A A A A A / / / / / / N N N N N N A A A / / / N N N A A A / / / L N N N W 5 . 3 s e k s t c n i a a h l c W B i e t a u d a r c c r l l g y e t i i o o m l o o R i n n 5 o A h h I c a a 8 5 - c c o s s s s P i p p . . s s n h r r r r n s s n c y y y y s 1 3 o s i i h a e t c < > fl h h s r m i 5 e a - - h 2 3 5 4 R R i i 8 / o x c + n n - - — g - I I . e H H H H 9 9 9 9 y g g c o o i 0 0 0 0 e u 0 e P P 1 c n N N M d < > H 2 6 3 5 g 4 a I E R A 5 0 8 A p p e n d i x 3 b ( c o n t ' d ) P r e d i c t o r s G e n d e r M e n W o m e n N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A m + + + + N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 4 . N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A B H I W N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A W I H M W I H B W I H W y t i c W i I n h M t M E / e c a R W x I r M e B d n e G x W e I m M o c W n I W I L M W I L B d r e e t n s y a a t 2 r r d a a p p 5 ) k w e t / h h s s s t k a t n r o i n ) o w p e i m r / d g , d y ' n h d t f i t d t n o v e i l i t n a n o c c v n h g i i r e i c l # ( s o / ( r t b 3 s t r e s v d i e u . c a r u o p u a k e n d i e r l y a i e e e e e e t t l m i l l l e , t r k t x a n s d i i a s i i i i t e r e m t i b t d o v t n t t t i d r n s m g e i n i n n o f d e i e t u t w r n l s e l i c q u i i i u r u u n c - q q k r o q a a o e i q e t i h u s r e t n o r d v k p e o m a i o d i o s t d h h a d s v o o s r n t t e e e e r c i p W m M N N S N N N l 2 3 5 4 Y r e r a l A P M S B L A 5 0 9 W L I W + + W I H B W I H W y t i c W i I n h M t M E / e c a R x r e d n e G x e m o c n i W I L B W I L W t n a n e ) g e r h c d r ' t n p h t n n r o i e c b e ( b e m a n / n o i t p m u s n 2 o i ) d o c t l p a d r u m c k ( e s t e o d v s o e b i r l e r d d f o o u l m n 3 fi l l k a f s v t o o t s r c x s r o r e n n n e e h s s t i n y t r r a m i o s o r d t e d t u 5 y y c a r u n c - s f n 6 a 1 k a 1 y g e i b d a 1 1 t a - r n s n p e 2 s e o o e e m o e p r u 1 1 N N 0 g s Y 2 C n e r A A P N R B E 5 1 0 N M V N 5 C o m p o n e n t 1 3 R R M L I W R W M I W R B M I W R R R R M H I W R W I H M W I H R R , n , e , n m n e o e m w m e e o , m m w o o n e c B c e m n n m o W i i e - - m w h o o g , i c l n h I n R R c n i - h g H W e i m k i m - c A h , e - n e a l l k m e x c d b y o d e m a t h g W e c l i : o M i n b m w M t i c i I i I : w - e e : H W n m e t W e R R h o I l i s M B I t M n d h L o , c H d M e w l E n n B / i o i m e - m , t : e c a : M R e o , m M n e w t n I e e l e p M m m m m d W x I M I o R R m o d W o c w i o r , M c n m w , n e t t e B d n n i e - m n e e m i a e e - d m o h o m m h g n c A c g i a e n - n e e G i h m i m h x i , o e e o - - s c t h w u x W c : e I R R n W i I - n i g o M i l h i - w h : t a t s m H k M o c W n I W I L W w c w W o : e t o a I , t l n M i l M l I b h h g : m e M i H w e M m : A W , w I L o W - : w d x , W I n L e e , n e e I B m r e e m M H i m m o o w , W o s c e n c : n m e n M e , e d i i I m n o , - m - s e L o c h c M n m e o g n l w i i e , i d - e h m - d n e m i e o e l u t a t s : o m H c m d l p c t : e d i o g d n d n u h , i i e m W - i m i r m I o m g - h e o e M c w g w c n n , i m l c c h A a n d e o e k i R R l e k i - n e v - w - e c b r t i e o x i m a e e l l h e : l f c d o w b e r . k d w M W d i : c I r e e : p t m M : e a : W M s m l M R B n i I I : o b l I o M c , L H : M , B e n s W r i , M M n n e n a e - I e , , o m w L , m n n m i t n o B n o t o e o e a w m l m c s e w n e , m s n t t c a a fi o : e e i n e u o f f W m e m i i - e m q w m m s n I m o o w m o e e g L c c o o c ) a m h d o c o o i c l e n n n t ' c c r r s m i n : , i i t f f o e n t L n - o i - - o n i y y r , n e g m l o - g e e c - h h g c n g g ( r i r e i n i i l d h h w e e - d h d g d s s e e e t y m y i m w d a a m m h o t a o o i m m i e n b a n n e d d A r p y y y A h : l m c 3 e e t e M n / / - s a a a e - o i e k t t x e s r k o o / / / o , - i x i s e e r s i a h e h h e f s s e t c x e f f d d d f i n n o a r g w M a M f m m w s s s o h l d e e h e e w b t % % t i i i o r n c n t t e t m m m m 0 0 h : : : : : : t e W m y i o i b i i i d 3 t t 7 t 3 3 l w : m g M M M W - W p e t p r a 5 > u s 5 4 6 2 n M o I I I I u I I O : L I M H H S M H L A P F N 1 H B M M W W W W 2 3 5 1 1 A A / / N N M A A A A A I / / / / / L N N N N N A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N m A - x e y t i M c i n k h t e / e c a R c A A A A A A A A a / / / / / / / / l B e t i h W N N N N N N N N A A A / / / N N N H / / / N N N A A A e m o c M n I A A A / / / N N N A A A L / / / N N N A A r / / W e N N d n e A A G / / M N N 5 . 3 s R e t a u d a r l l g o o o o l s r 5 o h h 8 5 I . . P c c o n h s s o s n 1 3 o c r fi < > h h s t e e c e m 5 i n 8 m R R d o n c e o I I . P P 1 d e r e W M n d > < H P G I E g g a i i h c g H H u i 5 1 2 A p p e n d i x 3 c . S u m m a r y o f p r e d i c t o r s f o r t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s ( N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 t o c o m p a r e w i t h N H A N E S 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 ) 1 R a c e / e t h n i c i t y N o n - H i s p a n i c W h i t e N o n - H i s p a n i c B l a c k M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n s A g e 2 0 - 2 9 y r s 3 0 - 3 9 y r s 4 0 - 4 9 y r s 5 0 - 5 9 y r s 6 0 + y r s + + R + N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A I n c o m e x G e n d e r M I M H I M L I W M I W N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A H I W N / A N / A N / A W I H W I r M e d n W e I G L x e M m I o H c n I M I M M I L m A - x y t e i M c i n k A A A A A A A A A A A A / / / / / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N N N N N h t e / c A A A A A A A A a l / / / / / / / / N N N N N N N N e B c a R e t i h W H e m o c M n i L d r e e t n s y a a t 2 r r ) d a a k 5 p p w e t h s s t r i o w a p g e / h s t k n n o i m r / , d y n h d d t i t f e i v o l i t n a n ) d ' t n o i i r i l # c e c v n h g c ( c o t ( r / s v d i e u e a c s t s r r u p 3 a r i e l y e e e e e u a e n d i e k o t t l l l e , r k t t i m l x s a n i i d t e a s i i i i r i m t e b t d o v t n t t t i n n d r n s g m e i n i o f d t w r n l s e e e t i u i i i l i c q u u r u u n c k r o q o q e i - q q a a r t s e e n t o r d v k i h u d s v p a i o e o m d i o s t d h h a o o s r t t e n e e e r c i p W M N m N S N 1 2 3 N N 4 5 Y r a e r l A A P M S L B 5 1 3 G e n d e r M W N / A N / A N / A R + N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A + N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A R m m m + + m m m + - < < _ I < < = 9 2 0 3 < < 0 _ - m m m + . 0 _ x 0 . : > 9 , > > » > 3 0 \ \ \ 0 % : \ + : m 2 2 z 2 2 2 2 2 z 3 . 0 1 0 3 _ . 2 ) 9 » , > y > > , 0 0 % \ 2 \ 2 % + m : 2 _ 2 _ . 2 Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 > , > > 9 > > 3 0 \ 0 \ \ ; \ < + m _ 2 z 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 9 3 > 9 9 9 > > > > , > > > 0 0 0 \ : \ \ \ \ % 2 \ \ 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 z 2 2 2 2 2 ? . . 2 0 3 x 3 0 3 0 0 _ m 0 0 2 0 = 9 > > > > > » > 9 > > > 0 \ \ \ < \ 0 < : \ \ \ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 z 2 , > > > > > 9 , > 0 m % \ \ \ \ \ % 0 \ + < 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 z 2 < 9 > y > > > > » 9 I m 0 \ 2 \ \ \ . 0 \ + 2 2 2 2 2 2 Z 2 2 0 3 0 . 0 2 3 _ > > 9 > 9 9 , > , \ < \ 0 0 E 0 \ % + m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . 3 S 9 9 > > > , , _ 0 : \ \ \ % % + m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 m m m + + + 2 < < 0 0 3 0 > » , 9 9 > 9 9 ? _ 0 \ 0 % 0 0 \ 0 0 0 + m + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 z 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 . 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 3 0 0 . N 8 : 0 8 2 0 » 0 0 0 q 3 2 . 0 0 0 0 : . . . 0 3 3 0 0 x ? 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 . ” * < 0 0 3 0 0 8 3 3 3 3 < 3 9 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 < < " 0 3 0 0 3 0 — 3 8 3 m 0 - 3 0 0 0 9 3 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 w < 3 2 0 . > 0 2 0 9 m 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 < 0 0 0 5 1 4 N C O V ‘ A I + 2 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 A . _ 2 3 0 2 * m m m m m m 2 \ > 2 < > m m m m m m 3 = 3 0 > 2 x z < > 2 2 > N 0 2 3 0 0 ? } z < > 2 % , w A 2 3 0 0 2 , } + + 2 \ > 2 \ > W I R R H W I R + R r M e d n W e I R R G L x e M m , I R R o n H c p u o r g e c e n m n e I r M e I f R R e t m M M I L m A R R o e c r n i : - R h g i e w e e l , s d n d e o l i m o m t o w t A A A A A A A : - p / / / / / / / e M x e y t i M c i n k N N N N N N N e I m m M o t c t , n a n i e - d m h n h t e / e c a R e m o c n I c A A A A A A A g a a / / / / / / / N N N N N N N l B e t e i m h o c : , s u t n W a i I t - H w o , s t i R R + h h W H R R l n g : e M m I o L i e w w d e r e , e m i . m e o l c b n o s c e n d a i M i , R R t - - s s h e u i l t g h a i d t t h d s L R R n i r e W R R i : H s w , o e m t h : g W i r m I r o M e w a c d d , n e n e s i a — n v e i d m e e G M R l R e c t d o r s i l d w e i p m e m e n r : o o a M c n s t n a c , n i e o - m i w fi o o t t t a a s c s i l n n e n o g : i u ) f i f m m o s a i W - q s w I o L e l e h d c r : r r , ' c o t t n o c ( f f o e L n w e o t y y g t , n m s g g n a e r i r e e t y y m e n t m h e e d s 0 n n a a o m o a e d d y y y r p s : c 3 e e e M n / / s a a a o x s e r k f s s e f f f d d d n i o o / / / e e r o s o , - h n i n o a g m m e s s s d e e e h t i % i % t r e a f i o r n c n t t h t 0 0 e t m m m m e y - i b i m i i i o d p 3 3 t t t 7 3 m l g w : u e M t n o p 4 5 > 5 2 6 S r I a : u 5 O L A 1 W 2 3 P H F N 5 1 5 A p p e n d i x 4 . S u m m a r y o f t h e c h a n g e s i n p r e d i c t o r s a m o n g t h e s u b p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e C h a n g e i n p e r c e n t o r P r e d i c t o r s 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 — 2 0 0 2 m e a n M e n B e i n g b l a c k + + N C H a v i n g < h i g h s c h o o l d e g r e e + N C B e i n g h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e + + 1 B e i n g l o w - i n c o m e + + N C B e i n g m i d d l e - i n c o m e + 1 B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + T B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g n o n - s m o k e r + - N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + 1 P a r t i c i p a t i o n l e i s u r e t i m e a c t i v i t y a t l s t Q n l e v e l + N C A l c o h o l i n t a k e + N C E n e r g y i n t a k e + 1 W o m e n B e i n g b l a c k + + N C B e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n + + N C B e i n g l o w - i n c o m e + N C B e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d + + 1 B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + + T B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + T B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + + N C B e i n g n o n - s m o k e r + T A l c o h o l i n t a k e + + N C N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + + T P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t l s t Q n l e v e l + + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 2 n d Q n l e v e l + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 3 r d Q n l e v e l + N C 5 1 1 y e a r s o l d a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e + + N C 1 2 — 1 5 y e a r s o l d a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e + N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e + T E a t i n g r e s t a u r a n t f o o d 2 4 t i m e s / w k + N / A S k i p p i n g b r e a k f a s t + N C L o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s B e i n g f e m a l e - N C B e i n g b l a c k + + N C B e i n g M e x i c a n — A m e r i c a n - T 5 1 6 A p p e n d i x 4 ( c o n t ' d ) C h a n g e i n p e r c e n t o r P r e d i c t o r s 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 m e a n L o w - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s ( c o n t ' d ) H a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n + N C B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + + T B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g n o n - s m o k e r + + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 3 r d Q n l e v e l + N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + 1 E n e r g y i n t a k e + T ( 3 2 k c a l ) E a t i n g m e a l s 3 t i m e s / d a y + N C M i d d l e - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s B e i n g b l a c k + + N C B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + T N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + T C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + l H i g h - i n c o m e s u b j e c t s B e i n g f e m a l e - - N C B e i n g b l a c k + N C B e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n + N C H a v i n g l e s s t h a n h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n + N C B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + + T ( 4 . 1 % ) B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + + T B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + + N C A l c o h o l i n t a k e + + N C N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + + T P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 1 s t Q n l e v e l + + N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + N C E a t i n g m e a l s 5 3 t i m e s / d a y + N C L o w - i n c o m e m e n B e i n g h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e + N C B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g n o n - s m o k e r + N C N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + T P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 3 r d Q n l e v e l + l P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 4 t h Q n l e v e l + 1 C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + l 5 1 7 A p p e n d i x 4 ( c o n t ' d ) C h a n g e i n p e r c e n t o r P r e d i c t o r s 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 m e a n M i d d l e - i n c o m e m e n B e i n g b l a c k + + N C B e i n g m a r r i e d + 1 N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + T C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + l H i g h - i n c o m e m e n B e i n g M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n + N C B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + + N C A l c o h o l i n t a k e + + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 1 s t Q n l e v e l + T C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + N C L o w - i n c o m e w o m e n B e i n g b l a c k + N C B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g n o n - s m o k e r + + N C A l c o h o l i n t a k e + + N C N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + + T C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + 1 H a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s - l s 1 1 y e a r s o l d a t f i r s t m e n a r c h e + N C 1 2 - 1 5 y e a r s o l d a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e + N C M i d d l e - i n c o m e w o m e n B e i n g b l a c k + + N C B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + N C B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + + T N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 1 s t Q n l e v e l + N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + 1 E a t i n g m e a l s 4 t i m e s / d a y + N C > 3 0 % o f e n e r g y f r o m f a t + T ‘ H a v i n g 2 l i v e b i r t h s - N C H i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n B e i n g 3 0 - 3 9 y e a r s o l d + 1 B e i n g 4 0 - 4 9 y e a r s o l d + T 5 1 8 A p p e n d i x 4 ( c o n t ' d ) C h a n g e i n p e r c e n t o r P r e d i c t o r s 1 9 8 8 - 9 4 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 m e a n H i g h - i n c o m e w o m e n ( c o n t ' d ) B e i n g 5 0 - 5 9 y e a r s o l d + T B e i n g 6 0 + y e a r s o l d + N C A l c o h o l i n t a k e + + N C N o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a n y l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y + T P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t l s t Q n l e v e l + + N C P a r t i c i p a t i n g l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y a t 2 n d Q n l e v e l + + N C C o m p o n e n t 1 o n d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s + + N C 5 1 L y e a r s o l d a t fi r s t m e n a r c h e + N C N C : N o s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , N / A : n o t a p p l i c a b l e C o m p o n e n t 1 i s a s u m o f r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s t i o n s o n p e r c e i v e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , d e s i r e d w e i g h t s t a t u s , a n d a t t e m p t t o l o s e w e i g h t . 5 1 9 1 0 ‘ U 1 0 R E F E R E N C E S A b r a m s o n J H , G o fi n R , H a b i b J , P r i d a n H , G o f t n J . I n d i c a t o r s o f s o c i a l c l a s s : a c o m p a r a t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f m e a s u r e s f o r u s e i n e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s . S o c S c i M e d . 1 9 8 2 ; 1 6 : 1 7 3 9 - 4 6 . A d a m s E J . G r u m m e r - S t r a w n L , C h a v e z G . J N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 3 3 : 1 0 7 0 - 4 A l b a n e s D , J o n e s D Y , M i c o z z i M S , M a t t s o n M E . A s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n s m o k i n g a n d b o d y w e i g h t i n t h e U S p o p u l a t i o n : a n a l y s i s o f N H A N E S l l . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 8 7 A p r ; 7 7 ( 4 ) : 4 3 9 - 4 4 . A l l i s o n D B , P a u l t r e F , H e y m s l i e l d S B , P i - S u n y e r F X . I s t h e i n t r a - u t e r i n e p e r i o d r e a l l y a c r i t i c a l p e r i o d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d i p o s i t y ? I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 5 ; 1 9 : 3 9 7 - 4 0 2 . A n d e r s o n S , D a l l a l G , M u s t A . R e l a t i v e w e i g h t a n d r a c e i n fl u e n c e a v e r a g e a g e a t m e n a r c h e : r e s u l t s f r o m t w o n a t i o n a l l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s u r v e y s o f U S g i r l s s t u d i e d 2 5 y e a r s a p a r t . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 3 : ] l 1 : 8 4 4 - 5 0 . B a k e r A H , W a r d l e J . S e x d i f f e r e n c e s i n f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e i n t a k e i n o l d e r a d u l t s . A p p e t i t e . 2 0 0 3 ; 4 0 : 2 6 9 - 7 5 . B a i l e y S M , G a r n S M . S o c i o e c o n o m i c i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h p h y s i q u e a n d f e r t i l i t y . H u m B i o l . I 9 7 9 : 5 1 ( 3 ) : 3 1 7 - 3 3 . B a i l M i s h r a G D , C r a w f o r d D . S o c i a l f a c t o r s a n d o b e s i t y : a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e r o l e o f h e a l t h b e h a v i o r s . i n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 3 ; 2 7 : 3 9 4 - 4 0 3 . B a r n e s P M , S c h o e n b o m C A . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a m o n g a d u l t s : U n i t e d S t a t e s , 2 0 0 0 . A d v a n c e d a t a f r o m v i t a l a n d h e a l t h s t a t i s t i c s ; n o . 3 3 3 . H y a t t s v i l l e , M a r y l a n d : N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . 2 0 0 3 . B a s t i a n L A , W e s t N A , C o r c o r a n C , M u n g e r R G . N u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n a n d t h e r i s k o f o b e s i t y i n o l d e r w o m e n . P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 5 ; 4 0 ( I ) : 9 9 - 1 0 4 . B a z z a n o L A , S o n g Y , B u b e s V , G o o d C K , M a n s o n J E , L i u S . D i e t a r y i n t a k e o f w h i l e a n d r e fi n e d g r a i n b r e a k f a s t c e r e a l s a n d w e i g h t g a i n i n m e n . O b e s R e s . 2 0 0 5 ; 1 3 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 5 2 - 6 0 . B e n b r o o k S L . O b e s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : S t r a t t ' j j l i n g f a c t o r s . U n p u b l i s h e d P h . D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , L o s A n g e l e s . 1 9 7 6 . B i e n e r L , H e a t o n A . W o m e n d i e t e r s o f n o r m a l w e i g h t : t h e i r m o t i v e s , g o a l s , a n d r i s k s . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 5 ; 8 5 : 7 1 4 - 7 . B i n k l e y J K , E a l e s J , J e k a n o w s k i M . T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n d i e t a r ) c h a n g e a n d r i s i n g U S o b e s i t y . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 0 ; 2 4 : 1 0 3 2 - 9 . B i r o F M , M c M a h o n R P , S t r i e g e l - M o o r e , C r a w f o r d P B , O b a r z a n e k E , M o r r i s o n J A . B a r t o n B A , F a l k n e r F . I m p a c t o f t i m i n g o f p u b e r t a l m a t u r a t i o n o n g r o w t h i n b l a c k a n d w h i t e f e m a l e a d o l e s c e n t s : T h e N a t i o n a l H e a r t , L u n g . a n d B l o o d I n s t i t u t e G r o w t h a n d H e a l t h S t u d y . J P e d i a t r . 2 0 0 1 ; 1 3 8 ( 5 ) : 6 3 6 - 4 3 . B l a c k A E , C o w a r d W A , C o l e T J , P r e n t i c e A M . H u m a n e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e i n a f f l u e n t s o c i e t i e s : a n a n a l y s i s o f 5 7 4 d o u b l y - l a b e l e d w a t e r m e a s u r e m e n t s . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 6 ; 5 0 : 7 2 - 9 2 . B o w m a n S A , V i n y a r d B T . F a s t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n o f U . S . a d u l t s : i m p a c t o n e n e r g y \ a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s a n d o v e r w e i g h t s t a t u s . J A m C o l l N u t r . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 3 ( 2 ) : 1 6 3 - 8 . B r a d b a r d S , M i c h a e l s E F , F l e m i n g K , C a m p b e l l M . U r n / e r s t u n d i n g t h e f o o d c h o i c e s o f l o w i n c o m e f a m i l i e s . w w w . f n s . u s d a . g o v / o a n e / M E N U / P u b l i s h e d / N u t r i t i o n E d u c a t i o n / F i l e s t U T R l . p d t ( A c c e s s e d M a y 2 6 , 2 0 0 4 ) . B r a y G A , N i e l s e n S J , P o p k i n B M . C o n s u m p t i o n o f h i g h - f r u c t o s e c o r n s y r u p i n b e v e r a g e s m a y p l a y a r o l e i n t h e e p i d e m i c o f o b e s i t y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 4 ; 7 9 : 5 3 7 - 4 3 . B r e i t k o p f C R , B e r e n s o n A B . C o r r e l a t e s o f w e i g h t l o s s b e h a v i o r s a m o n g l o w - i n c o m e A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n , C a u c a s i a n , a n d L a t i n a w o m e n . O b s t e t G y n e c o l . 2 0 0 4 ; 1 0 3 : 2 3 1 - 9 . B r e s l o w R A , S m o t h e r s B A . D r i n k i n g p a t t e r n s a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n n e v e r s m o k e r s . A m J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 5 ; 1 6 1 : 3 6 8 - 7 6 . B r i e f e l R R , J o h n s o n C L . S e c u l a r t r e n d s i n d i e t a r y i n t a k e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A n n u R e v N u t r . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 4 : 4 0 1 - 3 1 . B r i e f e l R R , S e m p o s C T , M c D o w e l l M A , C h i e n S , A l a i m o K . D i e t a r y m e t h o d s r e s e a r c h i n t h e t h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y : u n d e r r e p o r t i n g o f e n e r g y i n t a k e . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 7 ; 6 5 ( s u p p 1 ) : 1 2 0 3 8 - 9 8 . B r o w n S A , H a n i s C L . A c o m m u n i t y - b a s e d , c u l t u r a l l y s e n s i t i v e e d u c a t i o n a n d g r o u p - s u p p o r t i n t e r v e n t i o n f o r M e x i c a n A m e r i c a n s w i t h N I D D M : p i l o t s t u d y o f e f fi c a c y . D i a b e t e s E d u c . 1 9 9 5 ; 2 1 ( 3 ) : 2 0 3 - 1 0 . B u r k e G L , S a v a g e P J , M a n o l i o T A , S p r a fl < a J M , W a g e n k n e c h t L E , S i d n e y S , P e r k i n s L L , L i u K , J a c o b s D R . C o r r e l a t e s o f o b e s i t y i n y o u n g b l a c k a n d w h i t e w o m e n : t h e C A R D I A s t u d y . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 2 ; 8 2 : 1 6 2 1 - 5 . 5 2 1 C a r p e n t e r K M , H a s i n D S , A l l i s o n D B , F a i t h M S . R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n o b e s i t y a n d D S M - I V m a j o r d e p r e s s i v e d i s o r d e r , s u i c i d e i d e a t i o n , a n d s u i c i d e a t t e m p t s : r e s u l t s f r o m a g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n s t u d y . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 0 0 ; 9 0 ( 2 ) : 2 5 1 - 7 . C a t o n S J , B a l i M . A h e r n A , H e t h e r i n g t o n M M . D o s e - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t s o f a l c o h o l o n a p p e t i t e a n d f o o d i n t a k e . P h y s i o l B e h a v . 2 0 0 4 ; 8 1 : 5 1 - 8 . C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n . N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . P r e v a l e n c e o f o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y a m o n g a d u l t s : U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . h t t p : / w w w c d c . g o v / n c h s / p r o d u c t s / p u b s / p u b d / h e s t a t s / o b e s e / o b e s e / o b s e 9 9 . h t m # T a b l e % 2 0 2 ( A c c e s s e d N o v 2 6 . 2 0 0 2 ) . C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n . P r e v a l e n c e o f c i g a r e t t e u s e a m o n g 1 4 r a c i a l / e t h n i c p o p u l a t i o n s - - U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 1 . M M W R M o r b M o r t a l W k l y R e p . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 3 ( 3 ) : 4 9 - 5 2 . C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n ( C D C ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s ( N C H S ) . N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y D a t a . H y a t t s v i l l e , M D : U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4 . h t ‘ t p : / / w w w . c d c . g o v / n c h s / a b o u t / m a j o r / n h a n e s / d a t a l i n k . h t m . A c c e s s e d o n O c t 1 7 , 2 0 0 6 . C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n ( C D C ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s ( N C H S ) . N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y D a t a . H y a t t s v i l l e , M D : U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . h t t p : / / w w w . c h . g o v / n c h s / a b o u t / m a j o r / n h a n e s / d a t a l i n k . h t m . A c c e s s e d o n O c t 1 7 , 2 0 0 6 . C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n ( C D C ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s ( N C H S ) . N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y D a t a . H y a t t s v i l l e , M D : U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 . h t t p : / / w w w . c h . g o v / n c h s / a b o u t / m a j o r / n h a n e s / d a t a l i n k . h t m . A c c e s s e d o n O c t 1 7 , 2 0 0 6 . C h a n g S , G r a h a m B , Y a k u b u F , L i n D , P e t e r s J C , H i l l J O . M e t a b o l i c d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n o b e s i t y - p r o n e a n d o b e s i t y - r e s i s t a n t r a t s . A m J P h y s i o l . 1 9 9 0 ; 2 5 9 ( 6 P t 2 ) : R 1 1 0 3 - 1 0 . C h a m e y E , G o o d m a n H C , M c B r i d e M . C h i l d h o o d a n t e c e d e n t s o f a d u l t o b e s i t y . D 6 . c h u b b y i n f a n t s b e c o m e o b e s e a d u l t s ? N E n g l J M e d . 1 9 7 6 ; 2 9 5 : 6 - 9 . C h i t w o o d L F , B r o w n S P , L u n d y M J , D u p p e r M A . M e t a b o l i c p r o p e r t y t o w a r d o b e s i t y i n b l a c k v s . w h i t e w o m e n : r e s p o n s e s d u r i n g r e s t , e x e r c i s e , a n d r e c o v e r y . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 1 9 9 6 ; 2 0 : 4 5 5 - 6 2 . C h u m l e a W , S c h u b e r t C , R o c h e A , K u l i n H , L e e P , H i m e s J , S u n S . A g e a t m e n a r c h e a n d r a c i a l c o m p a r i s o n s i n U S g i r l s . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 - 3 . 5 2 2 C h o S , D i e t r i c h M , B r o w n C J P , C l a r k C A , B l o c k G . T h e e f f e c t s o f b r e a k f a s t t y p e o n t o t a l d a i l y e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x : r e s u l t s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y ( N A H N E S 1 1 1 ) . J A m C o l l N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 2 2 ( 4 ) : 2 9 6 - 3 0 2 . C o l d i t z G A , G i o v a n n u c c i E , R i m m E B , S t a m p f e r M J , R o s n e r B , S p e i z e r F E , G o r d i s E , W i l l e t W C . A l c o h o l i n t a k e i n r e l a t i o n t o d i e t a n d o b e s i t y i n w o m e n a n d m e n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 1 ; 5 4 : 4 9 - 5 5 . C o l h o u n H , P r e s c o t t - C l a r k e P . H e a l t h S z m ' e y f o r E n g l a n d 1 9 9 4 . L o n d o n , E n g l a n d : H e r M a j e s t y ‘ s S t a t i o n a r y O f f i c e ; 1 9 9 6 . C o l l i n s J W , A l l e n H , R i c h a r d D . V e r y - l o w - b i r t h w e i g h t i n f a n t s a n d i n c o m e i n c o n g r u i t y a m o n g A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n a n d w h i t e p a r e n t s i n C h i c a g o . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 7 ; 8 7 : 4 1 4 - 7 . C o m p t o n W M , G r a n t B F , C o l l i v e r J D , G l a n z M D , S t i n s o n F S . P r e v a l e n c e o f m a r i j u a n a u s e d i s o r d e r s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 2 a n d 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 . J A M A . 2 0 0 4 ’ 2 9 1 : 2 1 1 4 - 2 1 . C o m u z z i e A G , A l l i s o n D B . T h e s e a r c h f o r h u m a n o b e s i t y g e n e s . S c i e n c e . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 8 0 : 1 3 7 4 - 7 . C o o p e r A R , P a g e A , F o x K R , M i s s o n J . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y p a t t e r n s i n n o r m a l , o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s e i n d i v i d u a l s u s i n g m i n u t e - b y - m i n u t e a c c e l e r o m e t r y . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 0 ; 5 4 : 8 8 7 - 9 4 . C o r d a i n L , B r y a n E D , M e l b y C L , S m i t h M J . I n fl u e n c e o f m o d e r a t e d a i l y w i n e c o n s u m p t i o n o n b o d y w e i g h t r e g u l a t i o n a n d m e t a b o l i s m i n h e a l t h y f r e e - l i v i n g m a l e s . J A m C o l l N u t r . 1 9 9 7 ; 1 6 : 1 3 4 - 9 . C o r d a i n L , M e l b y C L , H a m a m o t o A E , O ’ N e i l l D S , C o r n i e r M A , B a r a k a t H A , I s r a e l R G , H i l l J O . i n fl u e n c e o f m o d e r a t e c h r o n i c w i n e c o n s u m p t i o n o n i n s u l i n s e n s i t i v i t y a n d o t h e r c o r r e l a t e s o f s y n d r o m e X i n m o d e r a t e l y o b e s e w o m e n . M e t a b o l i s m . 2 0 0 0 ; 4 9 : 1 4 7 3 - 8 . C r e s p o C J , A i n s w o r t h B E , K e t e y i a n S J , H e a t h G W , S m i t E . P r e v a l e n c e o f p h y s i c a l i n a c t i v i t y a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o s o c i a l c l a s s i n U S . a d u l t s : r e s u l t s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y , 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 . M e d S c i S p o r t s E x e r c . 1 9 9 9 ; 3 1 : 1 8 2 1 - 7 . C r e s p o C J , S m i t E , A n d e r s e n R E , C a r t e r - P o k r a s O , A i n s w o r t h B E . R a c e / e t h n i c i t y , s o c i a l c l a s s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o p h y s i c a l i n a c t i v i t y d u r i n g l e i s u r e t i m e : r e s u l t s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y , 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 . A m J P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 8 ( 1 ) : 4 6 - 5 3 . C r i s p A H , M c G u i n e s s B . J o l l y f a t : r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n o b e s i t y a n d p s y c h o n e u r o s i s i n g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . B M J . 1 9 7 6 ; ] : 7 - 9 . 5 2 3 C r i s p A H , Q u e e n a n M . S i t t a m p a l n Y , H a r r i s G . ' J o l l y f a t ‘ r e v i s i t e d . J P s y c h o s o m R e s . I 9 8 0 ; 2 4 ( 5 ) : 2 3 3 - 4 I . C u r h a n G C , C h e r t o w G m , W i l l e t W C , S p i e g e l m a n D , C o l d i t z G A , M a n s o n J E , S p e i z e r F E , S t a m p f e r M J . B i r t h w e i g h t a n d a d u l t h y p e r t e n s i o n a n d o b e s i t y i n w o m e n . C i r c u l a t i o n . 1 9 9 6 ; 9 4 : 1 3 1 0 - 5 . D e w e y , K . G . ; H e i n i g , M J . ; a n d N o m m s e n , L . A . M a t e r n a l w e i g h t - l o s s p a t t e r n s d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d l a c t a t i o n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 3 ; 5 8 : 1 6 2 - 1 6 6 . D i e h l H S . H e i g h t a n d w e i g h t s o f A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e m e n . H u m a n B i o l o g y . 1 9 9 3 a ; 5 : 4 4 5 - 7 9 . D i e h l H S . H e i g h t a n d w e i g h t s o f A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e w o m e n . H u m a n B i o l o g y . I 9 9 3 b ; 5 : 6 0 0 - 2 8 . D i x o n L B , W i n k l e b y M A , R a d i m e r K L . D i e t a r y i n t a k e s a n d s e r u m n u t r i e n t s d i f f e r b e t w e e n a d u l t s f r o m f o o d - i n s u f f i c i e n t a n d f o o d - s u f f i c i e n t f a m i l i e s : T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y , 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 . J N u t r . 2 0 0 1 ; 1 3 1 ( 4 ) : 1 2 3 2 - 4 6 . D i x o n L B , S u n d q u i s t J , W i n k l e b y M . D i f f e r e n c e s i n E n e r g y , N u t r i e n t , a n d F o o d I n t a k e s i n a U S S a m p l e o f M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n W o m e n a n d M e n : F i n d i n g s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y , 1 9 8 8 — 1 9 9 4 . A m J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 5 2 ( 6 ) : 5 4 8 - 5 7 . D o r n b u s c h S M , C a r l s m i t h J M , D u n c a n P D , G r o s s R T , M a r t i n J A , R i t t e r P L , S i e g a l - G o r e l i c k B . S e x u a l m a t u r a t i o n , s o c i a l c l a s s a n d t h e d e s i r e t o b e t h i n a m o n g a d o l e s c e n t f e m a l e s . J D e v B e h a v P e d i a t r . 1 9 8 4 ; 5 2 3 0 8 - 1 4 . D o s S a n t o s S i l v a I , B e r a l V . S o c i o e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e p r o d u c t i v e b e h a v i o u r . I A R C S c i P u b l . 1 9 9 7 ; 1 3 8 : 2 8 5 - 3 0 8 . D r e w n o w s k i A , K u r t h C L , K r a h n D D . B o d y w e i g h t a n d d i e t i n g i n a d o l e s c e n c e : i m p a c t o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s . I n t J E a t D i s o r d . 1 9 9 4 ; 1 6 ( 1 ) : 6 1 - 5 . D r e w n o w s k i A . O b e s i t y a n d t h e f o o d e n v i r o n m e n t . A m J P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 7 ( 3 S ) : 1 5 4 - 6 2 . D r e w n o w s k i A , Y e e D K . M e n a n d b o d y i m a g e : a r e m a l e s s a t i s fi e d w i t h t h e i r b o d y w e i g h t ? P s y c h M e d . 1 9 8 7 ; 4 9 : 6 2 6 - 3 4 . D r u m m o n d S E , C r o m b i e N E , C u r s i t e r M C , K i r k T R . E v i d e n c e t h a t e a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o b o d y w e i g h t s t a t u s i n m a l e , b u t n o t f e m a l e , n o n - o b e s e a d u l t s r e p o r t i n g v a l i d d i e t a r y i n t a k e s . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 2 : 1 0 5 - 1 2 . 5 2 4 D u f f e y K J , G o r d o n - L a r s e n P , J a c o b s J r . D R , \ l i t ’ i l l i a m s O D , P O p k i n B M . D i f f e r e n t i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s o f f a s t f o o d a n d r e s t a u r a n t f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n w i t h 3 - y c h a n g e i n b o d y m a s s i n d e x : t h e C o r o n a r y A r t e r y R i s k D e v e l o p m e n t i n Y o u n g A d u l t s S t u d y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 7 ; 8 5 : 2 0 1 - 8 . D w y e r J T , M a y e r J . P o t e n t i a l d i e t e r s : w h o a r e t h e y ? J A M A . 1 9 7 0 ; 5 6 : 5 1 0 - 4 . E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , U S D A . B r i e fi n g r o o m : s u g a r a n d s w e e t e n e r : d a t a t a b l e s . T a b l e 5 2 : h i g h f r u c t o s e c o r n s y r u p : e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r o f p e r c a p i t a c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d d a i l y , b y c a l e n d a r y e a r . h t t p : / / e r s . u s d a . g o v / B r i e fi n g / S u g a r / D a t a / d a - t a i t t m ( A c c e s s e d S e p t e m b e r 2 , 2 0 0 4 ) . E d e l s t e i n S L , B a r r e t t - C o n n o r E L , W i n g a r d D L , C o h n B A . I n c r e a s e d m e a l f r e q u e n c y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e c r e a s e d c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s : R a n c h o B e r n a r d o . C A , I 9 8 4 - I 9 8 7 . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 2 ; 5 5 : 6 6 4 - 9 . E n n s C W , G o l d m a n J D , C o o k A . T r e n d s i n f o o d a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s b y a d u l t s : N F C S 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 , C S F I l 1 9 8 9 - 9 1 , a n d C S F I I 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 . F a m i l y E c o n N u t r R e v . 1 9 9 7 ; 1 0 ( 4 ) : 2 - 1 5 . E s c o b e d o L G , P e d d i c o r d J P . S m o k i n g p r e v a l e n c e i n U S b i r t h c o h o r t s : t h e i n fl u e n c e o f g e n d e r a n d e d u c a t i o n . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 6 ; 8 6 ( 2 ) : 2 3 1 - 6 . F a i t h M S , M a t z P E , J o r g e M A . O b e s i t y - d e p r e s s i o n a s s o c i a t i o n s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . J P s y c h o s o m R e s . 2 0 0 2 ; 5 3 : 9 3 5 - 4 2 . F a u b e l M . B o d y i m a g e a n d d e p r e s s i o n i n w o m e n w i t h e a r l y a n d l a t e o n s e t o b e s i t y . J P s y c h o l . 1 9 8 9 ; 1 2 3 : 3 8 5 - 9 5 . F a l l o n A E , R o z i n P . S e x d i f f e r e n c e s i n p e r c e p t i o n s o f d e s i r a b l e b o d y s h a p e . J A b n o r m P s y c h o l o g y . 1 9 8 5 ; 9 4 ( 1 ) : 1 0 2 - 5 . F e d e r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n S o c i e t i e s f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l B i o l o g y , L i f e S c i e n c e s R e s e a r c h O f fi c e . P r e p a r e d f o r I n t e r a g e n c y B o a r d f o r N u t r i t i o n M o n i t o r i n g a n d R e l a t e d R e s e a r c h . T h i r d R e p o r t o n N u t r i t i o n M o n i t o r i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . V o l 2 . W a s h i n g t o n , D C : U S G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f fi c e ; 1 9 9 5 . F e h i l y A M , P h i l l i p s K M , Y a m e l l J W G . D i e t , s m o k i n g , s o c i a l c l a s s , a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n t h e C a e r p h i l l y H e a r t D i s e a s e S t u d y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 4 ; 4 0 : 8 2 7 - 3 3 . F e l d m a n W , F e l d m a n E , G o o d m a n J T . C u l t u r e v e r s u s b i o l o g y : C h i l d r e n ’ s a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t h i n n e s s a n d f a t n e s s . P e d i a t r i c s . 1 9 8 8 ; 8 1 : 1 9 0 - 4 . F e r r a r o K F , T h o r p e R J J r . , W i l k i n s o n J A . T h e l i f e c o u r s e o f s e v e r e o b e s i t y : d o e s c h i l d h o o d o v e r w e i g h t m a t t e r ? J G e r o n t o l . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 8 : S i 1 0 - 9 . 5 2 5 F i e l d A E , C o a k l e y E H , M u s t A , S p a d a n o J L , L a i r d N , D i e t z W H , R i m m E , C o l d i t z G A . I m p a c t o f o v e r w e i g h t o n t h e r i s k o f d e v e l o p i n g c o m m o n c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s d u r i n g a 1 0 - y e a r p e r i o d . A r c h I n t e r n M e d . 2 0 0 1 ; 1 6 l ( 1 3 ) 2 1 5 8 1 - 6 . F i n c h B K . S o c i o e c o n o m i c g r a d i e n t s a n d l o w b i r t h - w e i g h t : e m p i r i c a l a n d p o l i c y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . H e a l t h S e r v R e s . 2 0 0 3 ; 3 8 ( 6 P t 2 ) : 1 8 1 9 - 4 1 . F i n k e l s t e i n E A , F i e b e l k o r n 1 C , W a n g G . N a t i o n a l m e d i c a l s p e n d i n g a t t r i b u t a b l e t o o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y : h o w m u c h , a n d w h o ’ s p a y i n g ? H e a l t h A f f ( M i l l w o o d ) . 2 0 0 3 : W 3 : 2 1 9 - 2 6 . F i s h e r M , G o r d o n T . T h e r e l a t i o n o f d r i n k i n g a n d s m o k i n g h a b i t s t o d i e t : T h e L i p i d R e s e a r c h C l i n i c s P r e v a l e n c e S t u d y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 5 ; 4 1 : 6 2 3 - 3 0 . F l e g a l K M . T r o i a n o R P . C h a n g e s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b o d y m a s s i n d e x o f a d u l t s a n d c h i l d r e n i n t h e U S p o p u l a t i o n . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 0 ; 2 4 : 8 0 7 - 1 8 . F l e g a l K M , C a r r o l l M D , O g d e n C L , J o h n s o n C L . P r e v a l e n c e a n d t r e n d s i n o b e s i t y a m o n g U S a d u l t s , I 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . J A M A . 2 0 0 2 ; 2 8 8 ( 1 4 ) : 1 7 2 3 - 7 . F l e g a l K M , C a r r o l l M D , K u c z m a r s k i R J , J o h n s o n C L . O v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : p r e v a l e n c e a n d t r e n d s , 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 4 . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 2 : 3 9 - 4 7 . F l e g a l K M , C a r r o l l M D , O g d e n C L , J o h n s o n C L . P r e v a l e n c e a n d t r e n d s i n o b e s i t y a m o n g U S a d u l t s , 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 . J A M A . 2 0 0 2 ; 2 8 8 : 1 7 2 3 - 7 . F l e g a l K M , H a r l a n W R , L a n d i s J R . S e c u l a r t r e n d s i n b o d y m a s s i n d e x a n d s k i n h o l d t h i c k n e s s w i t h s o c i o e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s i n y o u n g a d u l t w o m e n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 8 a ; 4 8 : 5 3 5 - 4 3 . F l e g a l K M , H a r l a n W R , L a n d i s J R . S e c u l a r t r e n d s i n b o d y m a s s i n d e x a n d s k i n h o l d t h i c k n e s s w i t h s o c i o e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s i n y o u n g a d u l t m e n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 8 b ; 4 8 : 5 4 4 - 5 1 . F l e g a l K M , r o i a n o R P , P a m u k E R , K u c z m a r s k i R J , C a m p b e l l S M . T H e i n fl u e n c e o f s m o k i n g c e s s a t i o n o n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o v e r w e i g h t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . N e w E n g J M e d . 1 9 9 5 ; 3 3 3 ( 1 8 ) : 1 1 6 5 - 7 0 . F o l s o m A R , C o o k T C , S p r a i k a M J , B u r k e G L , N o r s t e d S W , J a c o b s D R J r . D i f f e r e n c e s i n l e i s u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t y l e v e l s b e t w e e n b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s i n p o p u l a t i o n - b a s e d s a m p l e s : T h e M i n n e s o t a H e a r t S u r v e y . J B e h a v M e d . 1 9 9 1 ; 1 4 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . F o r m a n M F , T r o w b r i d g e F L , G e n t r y E M , M a r k s J S , G o g e l i n G C . O v e r w e i g h t a d u l t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : T h e b e h a v i o r a l r i s k f a c t o r s u r v e y s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 6 ; 4 4 : 4 1 0 - 6 . 5 2 6 F o r m a n J N , M i l l e r W C , S z y m a n s k i L M , F e r n h a l l B . D i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s t i n g e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e o f i n a c t i v e o b e s e A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n a n d C a u c a s i a n w o m e n . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 2 : 2 1 5 - 2 1 . F o r s l u n d H B , L i n d r o o s A K , S j o s t r o m L , L i s s n e r L . M e a l p a t t e r n s a n d o b e s i t y i n S w e d i s h w o m e n — a s i m p l e i n s t r u m e n t d e s c r i b i n g u s u a l m e a l t y p e s , f r e q u e n c y a n d t e m p o r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 2 ; 5 6 : 7 4 0 - 7 . F o r s l u n d H B , T o r g e r s o n J S , S j o s t r o m L , L i n d r o o s A K . S n a c k i n g f r e q u e n c y i n r e l a t i o n t o e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d f o o d c h o i c e s i n o b e s e m e n a n d w o m e n c o m p a r e d t o a r e f e r e n c e p o p u l a t i o n . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 5 ; 2 9 ( 6 ) : 7 l 1 - 9 . F r e e m a n J V , P o w e r C , R o f g e r s B . W e i g h t f o r h e i g h t i n d i c e s a n d o f a d i p o s i t y : r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h h e i g h t i n c h i l d h o o d a n d a d u l t l i f e . I n t J E p i d e m i o l . 1 9 9 5 ; 2 4 : 9 7 0 - 6 . F r e e d m a n D S , K h a n L K , S e r d u l a M K , G a l u s k a D A , D i e t z W H . T r e n d s a n d c o r r e l a t e s o f c l a s s 3 o b e s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m 1 9 9 0 t h r o u g h 2 0 0 0 . J A M A . 2 0 0 2 ; 2 8 8 : 1 7 5 8 - 6 1 . F r e e d m a n D , K a h n L , S e r d u l a M , D i e t z W , S r i n i v a s a n S , B e r e n s o n G . R e l a t i o n o f a g e a t m e n a r c h e t o r a c e , t i m e p e r i o d , a n d a n t h r o p o m e t r i c d i m e n s i o n s : t h e B o g a l u s a H e a r t S t u d y . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 2 ; 1 1 0 : e 4 3 . F r e e d m a n D S , K h a n L K , S e r d u l a M K , D i e t z W H , S r i n i v a s a n S R , B e r e n s o n G S . T h e r e l a t i o n o f m e n a r c h e a l a g e t o o b e s i t y i n c h i l d h o o d a n d a d u l t h o o d : t h e B o g a l u s a h e a r t s t u d y . B M C P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 3 ; 3 z 3 . F r e n c h S A , H a r n a c k L , J e f f e r y R W . F a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t u s e a m o n g w o m e n i n t h e P o u n d o f P r e v e n t i o n s t u d y : d i e t a r y , b e h a v i o r a l a n d d e m o g r a p h i c c o r r e l a t e s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 0 ; 2 4 : 1 3 5 3 - 9 . F r i e d m a n M A , B r o w n e l l K D . P s y c h o l o g i c a l c o r r e l a t e s o f o b e s i t y : m o v i n g t o t h e n e x t r e s e a r c h g e n e r a t i o n . P s y c h o l B u l l . 1 9 9 5 ; ] 1 7 2 3 - 2 0 . F r o n g i l l o E A . U n d e r s t a n d i n g o b e s i t y a n d p r o g r a m p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e c o n t e x t o f p o v e r t y a n d f o o d i n s e c u r i t y . J N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; l 3 3 ( 7 ) : 2 1 1 7 - 8 . F u r r - H o l d e n C D , A n t h o n y J C . E p i d e m i o l o g i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n d r u g d e p e n d e n c e - - a U S - U K c r o s s - n a t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n . S o c P s y c h i a t r y P s y c h i a t r E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 3 ; 3 8 ( 4 ) : ] 6 5 - 7 2 . G a l a s s o P , A m e n d A , M e l k u s G D , N e l s o n G T . B a r r i e r s t o m e d i c a l n u t r i t i o n t h e r a p y i n b l a c k w o m e n w i t h t y p e 2 d i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s . D i a b e t e s E d u c . 2 0 0 5 ; 3 1 ( 5 ) : 7 1 9 - 2 5 . G a l u s k a D A , S e r d u l a M , P a m u k E , S i e g e l P Z , B y e r s T . T r e n d s i n o v e r w e i g h t a m o n g U S a d u l t s f r o m 1 9 8 7 t o 1 9 9 3 : a m u l t i s t a t e t e l e p h o n e s u r v e y . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 6 ; 8 6 : 1 7 2 9 - 3 5 . 5 2 7 G a r n S M , C l a r k D C . T h e e f f e c t s o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o n g r o w t h , s i z e , f a t n e s s a n d p r o p o r t i o n s . I n W . C . S t u r t e v a n t ( E d . ) , A n t h r o p o l o g » o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . W a s h i n g t o n , D C : A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 7 7 . G a r t s i d e P S , K h o u r y P , G l u e c k C J . D e t e r m i n a n t s o f h i g h - d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n c h o l e s t e r o l i n b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s : t h e s e c o n d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y . A m H e a r t J . 1 9 8 4 ; 1 0 8 : 6 4 1 - 5 3 . G e i s s l e r C A , H a m o d A l d o u r i M S . R a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e e n e r g y c o s t o f s t a n d a r d i z e d a c t i v i t i e s . A n n N u t r M e t a b . 1 9 8 5 ; 2 9 : 4 0 - 7 . G f r o e r e r J , B r o d s k y M . T h e i n fl u e n c e o f i l l i c i t d r u g u s e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 8 9 . B r J A d d i c t . l 9 9 2 ; 8 7 ( 9 ) : l 3 4 5 — 5 1 . G i b s o n S A . A r e h i g h - f a t , h i g h s u g a r f o o d s a n d d i e t s c o n d u c t i v e t o o b e s i t y ? I n t J F o o d S c i N u t r . 1 9 9 6 ; 4 7 : 4 0 5 - 1 5 . G i b s o n D . F o o d s t a m p p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o o b e s i t y i n l o w i n c o m e w o m e n . J N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 3 3 : 2 2 2 5 - 3 1 . G i l m a n S E , A b r a m s B , B u k a S L . S o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o v e r t h e l i f e c o u r s e a n d s t a g e s o f c i g a r e t t e u s e : i n i t i a t i o n . r e g u l a r u s e , a n d c e s s a t i o n . J E p i d e m i o l C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 7 : 8 0 2 - 8 . G i l l u m R F . O v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y i n B l a c k w o m e n : a r e v i e w o f p u b l i s h e d d a t a f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . J N a t M e d A s s o c . 1 9 8 7 ; 7 9 : 8 6 5 - 7 1 . G o e l M S , M c C a r t h y E P , P h i l l i p s R S , W e e C C . O b e s i t y a m o n g U S . i m m i g r a n t s u b g r o u p s b y d u r a t i o n o f r e s i d e n c e . J A M A . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 9 2 ( 2 3 ) : 2 8 6 0 - 7 . G o r d o n - L a r s o n P , H a r r i s K M , P o p l i n B M . A c c u l t u r a t i o n a n d o v e r w e i g h t - r e l a t e d b e h a v i o r s a m o n g H i s p a n i c i m m i g r a n t s t o t h e U . S . : t h e N a t i o n a l L o n g i t u d i n a l S t u d y o f A d o l e s c e n t H e a l t h . S o c S c i M e d . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 7 ( 1 I ) : 2 0 2 3 - 3 4 . G r e e n b e r g I , K u e h n l e J , M e n d e l s o n J H , B e r n s t e i n J G . E f f e c t s o f m a r i h u a n a u s e o n b o d y w e i g h t a n d c a l o r i c i n t a k e i n h u m a n s . P s y c h o p h a r m a c o l o g y ( B e r l ) . 1 9 7 6 ; 4 9 ( 1 ) : 7 9 - 8 4 . G r u c h o w H W , S o b o c i n s k i K A , B a r b o r i a k J J , S c h e l l e r J G . A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n , n u t r i e n t i n t a k e a n d r e l a t i v e b o d y w e i g h t a m o n g U S a d u l t s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 5 ; 4 2 : 2 8 9 - 9 5 . G u n d e r s o n E P , Q u e s e n b e r r y J r . C P , L e w i s C E , T S a i A L , S t e m f e l d B , W e s t D S , S i d n e y S . D e v e l o p m e n t o f o v e r w e i g h t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h i l d b e a r i n g : d e p e n d s o n s m o k i n g h a b i t s : t h e C o r o n a r y A r t e r y R i s k D e v e l o p m e n t i n Y o u n g A d u l t s ( C A R D I A ) S t u d y . O b e s R e s . 2 0 0 4 ; 1 2 ( 1 2 ) : 2 0 4 1 - 5 3 . 5 2 8 G u o X , W a r d e n B A , P a e r a t a k u l S , B r a y G A . H e a l t h y E a t i n g I n d e x a n d o b e s i t y . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 8 ( 1 2 ) 2 1 5 8 0 - 6 . G u o S S , W u W , C h u m l e a W C , R o c h e A F . P r e d i c t i n g o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y i n a d u l t h o o d f r o m b o d y m a s s i n d e x v a l u e s i n c h i l d h o o d a n d a d o l e s c e n c e . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 2 ; 7 6 : 6 5 3 - 8 . H a i n e s P S , G u i l k e t D K , P o p k i n B M . T r e n d s i n b r e a k f a s t c o n s u m p t i o n o f U S a d u l t s b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 9 1 . J A m D i e t A s s o c . 1 9 9 6 ; 9 6 ( 5 ) : 4 6 4 - 7 0 . H a l l s t r o m T , N o p p a H . O b e s i t y i n w o m e n i n r e l a t i o n t o m e n t a l i l l n e s s . s o c i a l f a c t o r s a n d p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s . J P s y c h o s o m R e s . 1 9 8 1 ; 2 5 : 7 5 - 8 2 . H a m S A , Y o r e M M , F u l t o n J E , K o h l H W . P r e v a l e n c e o f n o l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y - 3 5 S t a t e s a n d t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , 1 9 8 8 - 2 0 0 2 . M M W R . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 3 ( 4 ) : 8 2 - 6 . H a r r e l l J S , G o r e S V . C a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k f a c t o r s a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s i n A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n a n d C a u c a s i a n w o m e n . R e s N u r H e a l t h . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 1 : 2 8 5 - 9 5 . H a t h a w a y M L , F o a r d E D . H e i g h t a n d w e i g h t s o f a d u l t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( H o m e E c o n o m i c s R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o . 1 0 ) . W a s h i n g t o n , D C : U S . G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f fi c e . 1 9 6 0 . H e a l t h y P e o p l e 2 0 1 0 . h t t p : / / w w w . h e a l t h y p e o p l e g o v / d o c u m e n t / h t m l / u i h / u i h _ _ 4 . h i m # r w e r a n d o b e s e . A c c e s s e d J u n e 3 0 , 2 0 0 5 . H e d l e y A A , O g d e n C L , J o h n s o n C L , C a r r o l l M D , C u r t i n L R , F l e g a l K M . P r e v a l e n c e o f o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y a m o n g U S c h i l d r e n , a d o l e s c e n t s , a n d a d u l t s , 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . J A M A . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 9 1 : 2 8 4 7 - 5 0 . H i l l J O , P e t e r s J C . E n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e o b e s i t y e p i d e m i c . S c i e n c e . 1 9 9 8 ; 2 8 0 : 1 3 7 1 - 7 . H o w a r t h N C , H u a n g T T , R o b e r t s S B , L i n B H , M c C r o r y M A . E a t i n g p a t t e r n s a n d d i e t a r y c o m p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o B M I i n y o u n g e r a n d o l d e r a d u l t s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 6 ; 5 . H u F B , L i T Y , C o l d i t z G A , W i l l e t t W C , M a n s o n J E . T e l e v i s i o n w a t c h i n g a n d o t h e r s e d e n t a r y b e h a v i o r s i n r e l a t i v e r i s k o f o b e s i t y a n d t y p e 2 d i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s i n w o m e n . J A M A . 2 0 0 3 ; 2 8 9 ( 1 4 ) : 1 7 8 5 - 9 1 . H u l m a n S , K u s h n e r H , K a t z S , F a l k n e r B . C a n c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k b e p r e d i c t e d b y n e w b o r n , c h i l d h o o d , a n d a d o l e s c e n t b o d y s i z e ? A n e x a m i n a t i o n o f l o n g i t u d i n a l d a t a i n u r b a n A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n s . J P e d i a t r . 1 9 9 8 ; 1 3 2 : 9 0 - 7 . 5 2 9 I s t v a n J , Z a v e l a K , W e i d n e r G . B o d y w e i g h t a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s t r e s s i n N H A N E S 1 . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 2 ; 1 6 : 9 9 9 - 1 0 0 3 . J a k i c i c J M , W i n g R R . D i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s t i n g e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e i n A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n v s . C a u c a s i a n o v e r w e i g h t f e m a l e s . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 1 9 8 8 ; 2 2 : 2 3 6 - 4 2 . J a l k a n e n L . T u o m i l e h t o J , T a n s k a n e n A , P u s k a P . A c c u r a c y o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d b o d y w e i g h t c o m p a r e d t o m e a s u r e d b o d y w e i g h t . S c a n d J S o c M e d . 1 9 8 7 ; 1 5 : 1 9 1 - 8 . J e b b S A . M o o r e M S . C o n t r i b u t i o n o f a s e d e n t a r y l i f e s t y l e a n d i n a c t i v i t y t o t h e e t i o l o g y o f o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y : c u r r e n t e v i d e n c e a n d r e s e a r c h i s s u e s . M e d S c i S p o r t s E x e r c . 1 9 9 9 ; 3 l ( l l S u p p l ) : S S 3 4 - 4 l . J e f f e r y R W . B a x t e r J , M c G u i r e M , L i n d e J . A r e f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t s a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r f o r o b e s i t y ? I n t J B e h a v N u t r P h y s A c t . 2 0 0 6 ; 3 2 2 . J e f f e r y R W . B i a s i n r e p o r t e d b o d y w e i g h t a s a f u n c t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n , o c c u p a t i o n , h e a l t h a n d w e i g h t c o n c e r n . A d d B e h a v . 1 9 9 6 ; 2 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 . J e f f e r y R W , F r e n c h S A . S o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d w e i g h t c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s a m o n g 2 0 - t o 4 5 - y e a r - o l d w o m e n . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 6 ; 8 6 : 1 0 0 5 - 1 0 . J e f f e r y R W , F r e n c h S A . E p i d e m i c o b e s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : a r e f a s t f o o d s a n d t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g c o n t r i b u t i n g ? A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 8 ; 8 8 ( 2 ) : 2 7 7 - 8 0 . J e n K L , J u u h l N . L i n P K . R e p e a t e d p r e g n a n c y w i t h o u t l a c t a t i o n : e f f e c t s o n c a r c a s s c o m p o s i t i o n a n d a d i p o s e t i s s u e c e l l u l a r i t y i n r a t s . J N u t r . 1 9 8 8 J a n ; l 1 8 ( 1 ) : 9 3 — 8 . J o h a n s s o n L , S o l v o l l K , B j o r n e b o e G E A , D r e v o n C A . U n d e r - a n d o v e r r e p o r t i n g o f e n e r g y i n t a k e r e l a t e d t o w e i g h t s t a t u s a n d l i f e s t y l e i n a n a t i o n w i d e s a m p l e . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 8 ; 6 8 : 2 6 6 - 7 4 . K a n t A K , G r a u b a r d B I . E a t i n g o u t i n A m e r i c a , 1 9 8 7 - 2 0 0 0 : t r e n d s a n d n u t r i t i o n a l c o r r e l a t e s . P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 4 ; 3 8 : 2 4 3 - 9 . K a n t A K , G r a u b a r d B I . S e c u l a r t r e n d s i n p a t t e r n s o f s e l f - r e p o r t e d f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n o f a d u l t A m e r i c a n s : N H A N E S 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 t o N H A N E S 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 6 ; 8 4 : 1 2 1 5 - 2 3 . K a n t A K , G r a u b a r d B I , S c h a t z k i n A , B a l l a r d - B a r b a s h R . P r o p o r t i o n o f e n e r g y i n t a k e f r o m f a t a n d s u b s e q u e n t w e i g h t c h a n g e i n t h e N H A N E S I E p i d e m i o l o g i c F o l l o w - u p S t u d y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 5 ; 6 1 ( 1 ) : 1 1 - 7 . K a n t A K , S c h a t z k i n A , G r a u b a r d B I , B a l l a r d - B a r b a s h R . F r e q u e n c y o f e a t i n g o c c a s i o n s a n d w e i g h t c h a n g e i n t h e N H A N E S I E p i d e m i o l o g i c F o l l o w - u p S t u d y . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 5 ; 1 9 : 4 6 8 - 7 4 . 5 3 0 K e i g h l e y A , M i l l e r D S , H u g h e s A O , e t a l . T h e d e m o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p a t i e n t s w i t h C r o h n ’ s d i s e a s e i n t h e N o t t i n g h a m a r e a . S c a n d J G a s t r o e r o l . 1 9 7 6 ; 1 1 : 2 9 3 — 6 . K e i t h S W , R e d d e n D T , K a t z m a r z y k P T , B o g g i a n o M M , H a n l o n E C , B e n c a R M , R u d e n D , P i e t r o b e l l i A , B a r g e r J L , F o n t a i n e K R , W a n g C , A r o n n e L J , W r i g h t S M , B a s k i n M , D h u r a n d h a r N V , L i j o i M C , G r i l o C M , D e L u c a M , W e s t f a l l A O , A l l i s o n D B . P u t a t i v e c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e s e c u l a r i n c r e a s e i n o b e s i t y : e x p l o r i n g t h e r o d s l e s s t r a v e l e d . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 6 ; 3 0 : 1 5 8 5 - 9 4 . K e n c h a i a h S , E v a n s J C , L e v y D , W i l s o n P W F , B e n j a m i n E J , L a r s o n M G , K a n n e l W B , V a s a n R S . O b e s i t y a n d t h e r i s k o f h e a r t f a i l u r e . N E n g l J M e d . 2 0 0 2 ; 3 4 7 : 3 0 5 - 3 1 3 . K e p p e l K G , T a f f e l S M . P r e g n a n c y - r e l a t e d w e i g h t g a i n a n d r e t e n t i o n : I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e 1 9 9 0 I n s t i t u t e o f M e d i c i n e G u i d e l i n e s . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 3 ; 8 3 : 1 1 0 0 - 3 . K e r v e r J M , Y a n g E J , B i a n c h i L , S o n g W O . D i e t a r y p a t t e r n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r i s k f a c t o r s f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e i n h e a l t h y U S a d u l t s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 7 8 : 1 1 0 3 - 1 0 . K e s k i - R a h k o n e n A , K a p r i o J , R i s s a n e n A , V i r k k u n e n M , R o s e R J . B r e a k f a s t s k i p p i n g a n d h e a l t h - c o m p r o m i s i n g b e h a v i o r s i n a d o l e s c e n t s a n d a d u l t s . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 7 : 8 4 2 - 5 3 . K i n g G A , F i t z h u g h E C , B a s s e t t D R , M c L a u g h l i n J E , S t r a t h S J , S w a r t z A M , T h o m p s o n D L . R e l a t i o n s h i p o f l e i s u r e - t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y t o t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o b e s i t y . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 1 ; 2 5 : 6 0 6 - 1 2 . K i n g t o n R , L i l l a r d L , R o g o w s k i J . R e p r o d u c t i v e h i s t o r y , s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s , a n d s e l f - r e p o r t e d h e a l t h s t a t u s o f w o m e n a g e d 5 0 y e a r s o r o l d e r . A m J P u b l i c H e a t h . I 9 9 7 ; 8 7 ( I ) : 3 3 - 7 . K l e i n R J , S c h o e n b o m C A . A g e a d j u s t m e n t u s i n g t h e 2 0 0 0 p r o j e c t e d U S . p o p u l a t i o n . H e a l t h y P e o p l e S t a t i s t i c a l N o t e s , n o . 2 0 . H y a t t s v i l e , M a r y l a n d : N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . J a n u a r y 2 0 0 1 . K l e s g e s R C , E c k L , R a y J W . W h o u n d e r r e p o r t s d i e t a r y i n t a k e i n a d i e t a r y r e c a l l ? E v i d e n c e f r o m t h e S e c o n d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y . J C o n s u l t C l i n P s y c h o l . l 9 9 5 ; 6 3 ( 3 ) : 4 3 8 - 4 4 . K r e b s - S m i t h S M , K a n t o r L S . C h o o s e a v a r i e t y o f f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s d a i l y : u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s . J N u t r . 2 0 0 1 ; 1 3 1 : 4 8 7 8 - 5 0 1 8 . K u c h l e r F , V a r i y a m J N . M i s t a k e s w e r e m a d e : m i s p e r c e p t i o n a s a b a r r i e r t o r e d u c i n g o v e r w e i g h t . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 3 ; 2 7 : 8 5 6 - 6 1 . K u c h l e r F , V a r i y a m J N . M i s p e r c e p t i o n s i n s e l f - a s s e s s e d w e i g h t s t a t u s v a r y a l o n g d e m o g r a p h i c l i n e s . F o o d R e v . 2 0 0 2 ; 2 5 ( 3 ) : 2 1 - 7 . 5 3 1 K u m a n y i k a S K . O b e s i t y i n m i n o r i t y p o p u l a t i o n s : a n e p i d e m i o l o g i c a s s e s s m e n t . O b e s R e s . 1 9 9 4 ; 2 ( 2 ) : 1 6 6 - 8 2 . K u m a n y i k a S K . O b e s i t y i n b l a c k w o m e n . E p i R e v . l 9 8 7 ; 9 : 3 1 - 5 0 . L a h m a n n P H , L i s s n e r L . G u l l b e r g B , B e r g l u n d G . S o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o n g - t e r m w e i g h t g a i n . c u r r e n t b o d y f a t n e s s a n d c e n t r a l a d i p o s i t y i n S w e d i s h w o m e n . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 2 0 0 0 ; 2 4 ( 6 ) : 6 8 5 - 9 4 . L a h t i - K o s k i M , P i e t i n e n P . H e l i o v a a r a M , V a r t i a i n e n E . A s s o c i a t i o n s o f b o d y m a s s i n d e x a n d o b e s i t y w i t h p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y . f o o d c h o i c e s , a l c o h o l i n t a k e , a n d s m o k i n g i n t h e 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 9 7 F l N R l S K S t u d i e s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 2 ; 7 5 : 8 0 9 - 1 7 . L a i t i n e n J , P o w e r C , J a r v e l i n M R . F a m i l y s o c i a l c l a s s , m a t e r n a l b o d y m a s s i n d e x , c h i l d h o o d b o d y m a s s i n d e x , a n d a g e a t m e n a r c h e a s p r e d i c t o r s o f a d u l t o b e s i t y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 1 ; 7 4 : 2 8 7 - 9 4 . L a t t i n J M , C a r r o l l . 1 I ) , G r e e n P E . A n a l y z i n g m u l t i v a r i a t e d a t a . C A , U S A . T h o m a s L e a r n i n g I n c . 2 0 0 3 . L a w l e y D N a M A L F a c t o r A n a l y s i s a s a S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d . L o n d o n : B u t t e r w o r t h & C o . L t d . 1 9 6 3 . L e e S k , S o b a l J , F r o n g i l l o E A . O l s o n C M , W o l f e W S . P a r i t y a n d b o d y w e i g h t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : d i f f e r e n c e s b y r a c e a n d s i z e o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e . O b e s R e s . 2 0 0 5 ; l 3 ( 7 ) : 1 2 6 3 - 6 9 . L e i g h J P , F r i e s J F , H u b e r t H B . G e n d e r a n d r a c e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n b o d y m a s s a n d e d u c a t i o n i n t h e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5 N H A N E S I . J E p i d e m i o l C o m m H e a l t h . 1 9 9 2 ; 4 6 : 1 9 1 - 6 . L i R , Z h a o Z , M o k d a d A , B a r k e r L , G r u m m e r - S t r a w n L . P r e v a l e n c e o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : t h e 2 0 0 1 N a t i o n a l I m m u n i z a t i o n S u r v e y . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 3 ; ] 1 1 ( 5 P a r t 2 ) : 1 I 9 8 - 2 0 1 . L i b e r a t o s P , L i n k B G , K e l s e y J L . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f s o c i a l c l a s s i n e p i d e m i o l o g y . E p i d e m i o l R e v . 1 9 8 8 ; 1 0 ) 8 7 - 1 2 1 . L i f e S c i e n c e s R e s e a r c h O f fi c e , F e d e r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n S o c i e t i e s f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l B i o l o g y . T h i r d r e p o r t o n n u t r i t i o n m o n i t o r i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . W a s h i n g t o n , D C . 1 9 9 5 . L i n B H , H u a n g C L , F r e n c h S A . F a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h w o m e n ’ s a n d c h i l d r e n ’ s b o d y m a s s i n d i c e s b y i n c o m e s t a t u s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 4 ; 2 8 : 5 3 6 - 4 2 . 5 3 2 L o w e n s t e i n F W . S o m e p r e l i m i n a r y fi n d i n g s o f t h e fi r s t I l e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y i n t h e U S A r e l a t i n g t o l e a n n e s s a n d o b e s i t y i n a d u l t s . I n J . C . S o m o g y i ( E d ) , N u t r i t i o n a l , p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i a l a s p e c t s o f o b e s i t y ( p p . 1 5 4 - 1 5 8 ) . W h i t e P l a i n s , N Y : S . K a r g e r , 1 9 7 7 . L o w e n s t e i n F W . P r e l i m i n a r y c l i n i c a l a n d a n t h r o p o m e t r i c fi n d i n g s f r o m t h e fi r s t H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y , U S A , 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 2 . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 7 6 ; 2 9 : 9 1 8 - 2 7 . L o w r y R , G a l u s k a D A , F u l t o n J E , W e c h s l e r H , K a n n L , C o l l i n s J L . P h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , f o o d c h o i c e , a n d w e i g h t m a n a g e m e n t g o a l s a n d p r a c t i c e s a m o n g U S . c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s . A m J P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 8 ( 1 ) : 1 8 - 2 7 . L y n s k e y M , H a l l W . T h e e f f e c t s o f a d o l e s c e n t c a n n a b i s u s e o n e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t : a r e v i e w . A d d i c t i o n . 2 0 0 0 ; 9 5 : 1 6 2 1 - 3 0 . L u d w i g D S , P e t e r s o n K E , G o r t m a k e r S L . R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s u m p t i o n o f s u g a r - s w e e t e n e d d r i n k s a n d c h i l d h o o d o b e s i t y : a p r o s p e c t i v e , o b s e r v a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s . L a n c e t . 2 0 0 1 ; 3 5 7 : 5 0 5 - 8 . M a Y , B e r t o n e E R , S t a n e k [ 1 1 E J , R e e d G W , H e b e r t J R , C o h e n N L , M e r r i a m P A , O c k e n e I S . A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n e a t i n g p a t t e r n s a n d o b e s i t y i n a f r e e - l i v i n g U S a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n . A m J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 5 8 : 8 5 - 9 2 . M a e s H H , N e a l e M C , E a v e s L J . G e n e t i c a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i v e b o d y w e i g h t a n d h u m a n a d i p o s i t y . B e h a v G e n e t . I 9 9 7 ; 2 7 ( 4 ) : 3 2 5 - 5 I . M a n d e l D , Z i m l i c h m a n E , M i m o u n i F B , G r o t t o 1 , K r e i s s Y . A g e a t m e n a r c h e a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x : a p o p u l a t i o n s t u d y . J P e d i a t r E n d o c r i n o l M e t a b . 2 0 0 4 ; 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 5 0 7 - 1 0 . M a r m o t M G , K o g e v i n a s M , E l s t o n M A . S o c i a l / e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d d i s e a s e . A n n u R e v P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 8 7 ; 8 : 1 1 1 - 3 5 . M a r t i n J A , K o c h a n e c k K D , S t r o b i n o D M , G u y e r B , M a c D o r m a n M F . A n n u a l s u m m a r y o f v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s - 2 0 0 3 . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 5 ; l 1 5 ( 3 ) : 6 1 9 - 3 4 . M a y n a r d L M , S e r d u l a M K , G a l u s k a D A , G i l l e s p i e C , M o k d a d A H . S e c u l a r t r e n d s i n d e s i r e d w e i g h t o f a d u l t s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 6 ; 3 0 : 1 3 7 5 - 8 1 . M c A r t h u r L , P e fi a M , H o l b e r t D . E f f e c t s o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o n t h e o b e s i t y k n o w l e d g e o f a d o l e s c e n t s f r o m s i x L a t i n A m e r i c a n c i t i e s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 1 ; 2 5 : 1 2 6 2 - 8 . M c C r o r y M A , F u s s P J , S a l t z m a n E , R o b e r t s S B . D i e t a r y d e t e r m i n a n t s o f e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d w e i g h t r e g u l a t i o n i n h e a l t h y a d u l t s . J N u t r . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 3 0 : 2 7 6 8 - 9 8 . 5 3 3 M c C r o r y M A , F u s s P J , M c C a l l u m J E , Y a o M , V i n k e n A G , H a y s N , R o b e r t s S B . D i e t a r y v a r i e t y w i t h i n f o o d g r o u p s : a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h e n e r g y i n t a k e a n d b o d y f a t n e s s i n m e n a n d w o m e n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 9 ; 6 9 : 4 4 0 - 7 . M e n d e l s o n J H . M a r i j u a n a u s e : b i o l o g i c a n d b e h a v i o r a l a s p e c t s . P o s t g r a d M e d . I 9 7 6 ; 6 0 ( 5 ) : I 1 1 - 5 . M i s h i r a G D , B a l l K , D o b s o n A J , B y l e s J E , W a r n e r - S m i t h P . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s : i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f g e n d e r - a n d a g e - s p e c i fi c i n d i c a t o r s i n A u s t r a l i a : N a t i o n a l H e a l t h S u r v e y . S o c I n d i c R e s . 2 0 0 1 ; 5 6 : 7 3 - 8 9 . M M W R . R i s k f a c t o r s f o r s h o r t i n t e r p r e g n a n c y i n t e r v a l - U t a h , J u n e 1 9 9 6 - J u n e 1 9 9 7 . M M W R . N o . 6 . 1 9 9 8 ; 4 7 : 4 3 z 9 3 0 - 4 . M o l a r i u s A . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f l i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s t o s o c i o e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n o b e s i t y i n m e n a n d w o m e n - a p o p u l a t i o n b a s e d s t u d y i n S w e d e n . E u r J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 8 : 2 2 7 - 3 4 . M o r l a n d K , W i n g S , R o u x A D , P o o l e C . N e i g h b o r h o o d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l o c a t i o n o f f o o d s t o r e s a n d f o o d s e r v i c e p l a c e s . A m J P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 2 ; 2 2 ( 1 ) : 2 3 - 9 . M o s h e r W D , B a c h r a c h C A . U n d e r s t a n d i n g U . S . f e r t i l i t y : c o n t i n u i t y a n d c h a n g e i n t h e N a t i o n a l S u r v e y o f F a m i l y G r o w t h , I 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 5 . F a P l a n P e r . 1 9 9 6 ; 2 8 : 4 - 1 2 . M u e n n i g P . L u b e t k i n E . J i a H , F r a n k s P . G e n d e r a n d t h e b u r d e n o f d i s e a s e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o o b e s i t y . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 0 6 ; 9 6 : 1 6 6 2 - 6 8 . N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s . I m p r o v i n g d a t a t o a n a l y z e f o o d a n d n u t r i t i o n p o l i c i e s ( 2 0 0 5 ) . h t t p : / / b o o k s . n a p . e d u / o p e n b o o k . p h p ? r e c o r d _ i d = 1 l 4 2 8 & p a g e = 8 0 ( A c c e s s e d o n M a y 9 , 2 0 0 7 ) N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . D i e t a r y i n t a k e fi n d i n g s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 4 . ( V i t a l a n d h e a l t h s t a t i s t i c s . S e r i e s 1 1 , n o . 2 0 2 ) ( D H E W p u b l i c a t i o n n o . ( H R A ) 7 7 - 1 6 4 7 ) . P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e . W a s h i n g t o n , D C : U S G P O , J u l y 1 9 7 7 ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . 2 0 0 1 . H e a l t h y P e 0 p l e 2 0 0 0 F i n a l R e v i e w . H y a t t s v i l l e , M D : P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . N H A N E S [ 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 d a t a fi l e s . D a t a , D o c s , C o d e b o o k s , S A S C o d e . h t t p : / / w w w . c h . g o v / n c h s / a b o u t / m a j o r / n h a n e s / n h a n e s 9 9 _ 0 0 . h t m ( A c c e s s e d M a r c h 1 , 2 0 0 5 ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . N u t r i t i o n m o n i t o r i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( D H H S P u b l i c a t i o n N O [ P H S ] 8 6 - 1 2 5 5 ) . H y a t t s v i l l e , M D : P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e , 1 9 8 6 . 5 3 4 N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . F u l w o o d R . H e i g h t a n d w e i g h t o f a d u l t s , a g e s 1 9 - 7 4 y e a r s , b y s o c i o e c o n o m i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s , U n i t e d S t a t e s . ( V i t a l a n d h e a l t h s t a t i s t i c s . S e r i e s 1 I , n o . 2 2 4 ) ( D H H S p u b l i c a t i o n n o . ( P H S ) 8 1 - 1 6 7 4 ) , P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e . W a s h i n g t o n , D C : U S G P O , A u g u s t 1 9 8 1 . N e w b y P K , M u l l e r D , H a l l f r i s c h J , Q i a o N , A n d r e s R , T u c k e r K L . D i e t a r y p a t t e r n s a n d c h a n g e s i n b o d y m a s s i n d e x a n d w a i s t c i r c u m f e r e n c e i n a d u l t s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 7 7 ( 6 ) 2 1 4 1 7 - 1 4 2 5 . N i c o l a i d i s C , K o C W , S a h a S , K o e p s e l l T D . R a c i a l d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n p a t e r n a l v s . m a t e r n a l e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l a n d r i s k o f l o w b i r t h w e i g h t i n W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e . B M C P r e g n a n c y C h i l d b i r t h . 2 0 0 4 ; 4 ( 1 ) : I O . N i e l s e n S J , P o p k i n B M . P a t t e r n s a n d t r e n d s i n f o o d p o r t i o n s i z e s , I 9 7 7 - l 9 9 8 . J A M A . 2 0 0 3 ; 2 8 9 : 4 5 0 - 3 . N o r d M . F o o d s t a m p p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d f o o d s e c u r i t y . F o o d R e v . 2 0 0 1 ; 2 4 : 1 2 1 3 - 9 . O ’ C a l l a g h a n M J , W i l l i a m s G M , A n d e r s e n M J , B o r W , N a j m a n J M . P r e d i c t i o n o f o b e s i t y i n c h i l d r e n a t 5 y e a r s : a c o h o r t s t u d y . J P a e d i a t r C h i l d H e a l t h . 1 9 9 7 ; 3 3 : 3 1 1 - 6 . O g d e n C L , C a r r o l l M D , C u r t i n L R , M c D o w e l l M A , T a b a k C J , F l e g a l K M . P r e v a l e n c e o f o v e r w e i g h a n d o b e s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , l 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 4 . J A M A . 2 0 0 6 ; 2 9 5 ( I 3 ) : 1 5 4 9 - 5 5 . O h l i n A , R o s s n e r S . M a t e r n a l b o d y w e i g h t d e v e l o p m e n t a f t e r p r e g n a n c y . I n t J O b e s . I 9 9 0 F e b ; l 4 ( 2 ) : 1 5 9 - 7 3 . O k e n E , G i l l m a n M W . F e t a l o r i g i n s o f o b e s i t y . O b e s R e s . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 1 ( 4 ) : 4 9 6 - 5 0 6 . O n y i k e C U , C r u m R M , L e e H B , L y k e t s o s C G , E a t o n W W . I s o b e s i t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m a j o r d e p r e s s i o n ? R e s u l t s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y . A m J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 3 ; 1 5 8 ( 1 2 ) : 1 1 3 9 - 4 7 . O s l e r M , A n d r e a s e n A H , H e i t m a n n B , H o i d r u p S , G e r d e s U , J o r g e n s e n L M , S c h r o l l M . F o o d i n t a k e p a t t e r n s a n d r i s k o f c o r o n a r y h e a r t d i s e a s e : a p r o s p e c t i v e c o h o r t s t u d y e x a m i n i n g t h e u s e o f t r a d i t i o n a l s c o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 2 0 0 2 ; 5 6 : 5 6 8 - 7 4 . P a r s o n s T J , P o w e r C , L o g a n S , S u m m e r b e l l C D . C h i l d h o o d p r e d i c t o r s o f a d u l t o b e s i t y : a s y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 9 9 ; 2 3 ( s u p p l 8 ) : S l - 1 0 7 . P a e r a t a k u l S , W h i t e M A , W i l l i a m s o n D A , R y a n D H , B r a y G A . S e x , r a c e / e t h n i c i t y , s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s , a n d B M I i n r e l a t i o n t o s e l f - p e r c e p t i o n o f o v e r w e i g h t . O b e s R e s . 2 0 0 2 ; 1 0 : 3 4 5 - 5 0 . P a q u e t t e M C , R a i n e K . S o c i o c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t o f w o m e n ’ s b o d y . S o c S c i M e d . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 9 ( 5 ) : 1 0 4 7 - 5 8 . 5 3 5 P a r k e r J D . A b r a m s B . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p o s t p a r t u m w e i g h t r e t e n t i o n b e t w e e n b l a c k a n d w h i t e m o t h e r s . O b s t e t G y n e c o l . 1 9 9 3 ; 8 1 : 7 6 8 - 7 3 . P e r e i r a M A , K a r t a s h o v A l , E b b e l i n g C B , H o r n L V , S l a t t e r y M L , J a c o b s J r D R , L u d w i g D S . 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M o s t c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s a r e r e p o r t e d m o r e f r e q u e n t l y b y i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 1 2 y e a r s o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n i n t h e a g e 1 8 - 6 4 U n i t e d S t a t e s P o p u l a t i o n . J C h r o n i c D i s . 1 9 8 7 ; 4 0 : 8 6 5 - 7 4 . P o t t e r S , H a n n u m S , M c F a r l i n B , E s s e x - S o r l i e D , C a m p b e l l E , T r u p i n S . D o e s i n f a n t f e e d i n g m e t h o d i n fl u e n c e m a t e r n a l p o s t p a r t u m w e i g h t l o s s ? J A m D i e t A s s o c . l 9 9 1 ; 9 l ( 4 ) : 4 4 1 - 6 . P o w e r C , L a k e J K , C o l e T J . B o d y m a s s i n d e x a n d h e i g h t f r o m c h i l d h o o d t o a d u l t h o o d i n t h e 1 9 5 8 B r i t i s h b o r n c o h o r t . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 7 ; 6 6 : 1 0 9 4 - 1 1 0 1 . P o w e r C , M o y n i h a n C . S o c i a l c l a s s a n d c h a n g e s i n w e i g h t - f o r - h e i g h t b e t w e e n c h i l d h o o d a n d e a r l y a d u l t h o o d . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 8 8 ; 1 2 : 4 4 5 - 5 3 . P r e n t i c e R L , W i l l e t W C , G r e e n w a l d P , A l b e r t s D , B e r n s t e i n L , B o y d N F , B y e r s T , C l i n t o n S K , F r a s e r G , F r e e d m a n L , H u n t e r D , K i p n i s V , K o l o n e l L N , K r i s t a l B S , K r i s t a l A , L a m p e J W , M c T i e m a n A , M i l n e r J , P a t t e r s o n R E , P o t t e r J D , R i b o l i E , S c h a t z k i n A , Y a t e s A , Y e t l e y E . N u t r i t i o n a n d p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a n d c h r o n i c d i s e a s e p r e v e n t i o n : r e s e a r c h s t r a t e g i e s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . J N a t l C a n c e r I n s t . 2 0 0 4 ; 9 6 ( 1 7 ) : 1 2 7 6 - 8 7 . P r i c e G M , P a u l A A , C o l e T J , W a d s w o r t h M E J . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e l o w - e n e r g y r e p o r t e r s i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l n a t i o n a l d i e t a r y s u r v e y . B r J N u t r . 1 9 9 7 ; 7 7 : 8 3 3 - 5 1 . P r o p e r K I , C e r i n E , B r o w n W J , O w e n N . S i t t i n g t i m e a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 7 ; 3 1 : 1 6 9 - 7 6 . P u t n a m J , A l l s h o u s e J . F o o d c o n s u m p t i o n , p r i c e s , a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s , 1 9 9 6 , S B - 9 2 8 . U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e : W a s h i n g t o n , D C , A p r i l 1 9 9 6 . Q u a n T , S a l o m o n J , N i t z k e S , R e i c k s M . B e h a v i o r s o f l o w - i n c o m e m o t h e r s r e l a t e d t o f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e c o n s u m p t i o n . J A m D i e t A s s o c . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 0 0 ( 5 ) : 5 6 7 - 7 0 . 5 3 6 R a m c h a n d a n i V A , B o s r o n W F , L i T K . R e s e a r c h a d v a n c e s i n e t h a n o l m e t a b o l i s m . P a t h o l B i o l . 2 0 0 1 ; 4 9 ( 9 ) : 6 7 6 - 8 2 . R e i c k s M , R a n d a l l J L , H a y n e s B J . F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g c o n s u m p t i o n o f f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s b y l o w - i n c o m e f a m i l i e s . J A m D i e t A s s o c . l 9 9 4 ; 9 4 ( l l ) : | 3 0 9 - 1 l . R e s n i c o w K , W a l l a c e D C , J a c k s o n A , D i g i r o l a m o A , O d o m E , W a n g T , D u d l e y W N , D a v i s M , M i t c h e l l D , B a r a n o w s k i T . D i e t a r y c h a n g e t h r o u g h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c h u r c h e s : b a s e l i n e r e s u l t s a n d p r o g r a m d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c a t f o r l i f e t r i a l . J C a n c e r E d u c . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 5 ( 3 ) : 1 5 6 - 6 3 . R i s s a n e n A M , H e l i o v a a r a M , K n e k t P , R e u n a n e n A , A r o m a a A . D e t e r m i n a n t s o f w e i g h t g a i n a n d o v e r w e i g h t i n a d u l t F i n n s . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 1 ; 4 5 : 4 1 9 - 3 0 . R i z e k R L . T h e 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 N a t i o n w i d e f o o d c o n s u m p t i o n s u r v e y . F a m E c o n R e v . I 9 7 8 ; 2 0 0 1 ; 4 : 3 - 7 . R o b e r t S A , R e i t h e r E N . A m u l t i l e v e l a n a l y s i s o f r a c e , c o m m u n i t y d i s a d v a n t a g e . a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x a m o n g a d u l t s i n t h e U S . S o c S c i M e d . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 9 : 2 4 2 1 - 3 4 . R o b e r t s R E , K a p l a n G A , S h e m a S J , S t r a w b r i d g e W J . A r e t h e o b e s e a t g r e a t e r r i s k f o r d e p r e s s i o n ? A m J E p i d e m i o l . 2 0 0 0 ; 1 5 2 ( 2 ) : 1 6 3 - 7 0 . R o l l s B J , S h i d e D J . T h e i n fl u e n c e o f d i e t a r y f a t o n f o o d i n t a k e a n d b o d y w e i g h t . N u t r R e v . I 9 9 2 ; 5 0 ( 1 0 ) : 2 8 3 - 9 0 . R o l l s B J , B e l l E A , C a s t e l l a n o s V H , C h o w M , P e l k m a n C L , T h o r w a r t M L . E n e r g y d e n s i t y b u t n o t f a t c o n t e n t o f f o o d s a f f e c t e d e n e r g y i n t a k e i n l e a n a n d o b e s e w o m e n . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 9 ; 6 9 ( 5 ) : 8 6 3 - 7 1 . R o o k u s M A , R o k e b r a n d P , B u r e m a J , D e u r e n b e r g P . T h e e f f e c t o f p r e g n a n c y o n t h e b o d y m a s s i n d e x 9 m o n t h s p o s t p a r t u m i n 4 9 w o m e n . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 8 7 ; 1 [ ( 6 ) 2 6 0 9 - 1 8 . R o s e D , O l i v e i r a V . N u t r i e n t i n t a k e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m f o o d — i n s u f fi c i e n t h o u s e h o l d s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 1 9 9 7 ; 8 7 ( 1 2 ) : 1 9 5 6 - 6 1 . R y a n A S . T h e r e s u r g e n c e o f b r e a s t f e e d i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . P e d i a t r i c s . 1 9 9 7 ; 9 9 z E 1 2 . R y a n A S , W e n j u n Z , A c o s t a A . B r e a s t f e e d i n g c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e i n t o t h e n e w m i l l e n n i u m . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 2 ; 1 1 0 : 1 1 0 3 - 9 . S a t i a J A , G a l a n k o J A , S i e g a - R i z A M . E a t i n g a t f a s t - f o o d r e s t a u r a n t s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i e t a r y i n t a k e , d e m o g r a p h i c , p s y c h o s o c i a l a n d b e h a v i o r a l f a c t o r s a m o n g A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a . P u b l i c H e a l t h N u t r . 2 0 0 4 ; 7 ( 8 ) : 1 0 8 9 - 9 6 . 5 3 7 S a l m o n J , O w e n H N , B a u m a n A , S c h m i t z M K H , B o o t h M . L e i s u r e - t i m e , o c c u p a t i o n a l , a n d h o u s e h o l d p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y a m o n g p r o f e s s i o n a l , s k i l l e d , a n d l e s s s k i l l e d w o r k e r s a n d h o m e m a k e r s . P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 0 ; 3 0 : 1 9 1 - 9 . S a l m o n D M , F l a t t J P . E f f e c t o f d i e t a r y f a t c o n t e n t o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f o b e s i t y a m o n g a d l i b i t u m f e d m i c e . I n t J O b e s . 1 9 8 5 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 4 4 3 - 9 . S a r l i o - L a h t e e n k o r v a S , L a h e l m a E . T h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f b o d y m a s s i n d e x w i t h s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c d i s a d v a n t a g e i n w o m e n a n d m e n . I n t J E p i . 1 9 9 9 ; 2 8 : 4 4 5 - 9 . S A S I n s t i t u t e I n c . S A S f o r W i n d o w s , v e r s i o n 8 . 1 e d i t i o n . C a r y , N C : S A S I n s t i t u t e I n c . 2 0 0 0 . S c h r e i b e r S N , L i e b o w i t z M R , B e r n s t e i n L H , S r i n i v a s a n K . L i m b c o m p r e s s i o n a n d r e n a l i m p a i r m e n t ( c r u s h s y n d r o m e ) c o m p l i c a t i n g n a r c o t i c o v e r d o s e . N E n g l J M e d . 1 9 7 1 ; 2 8 4 ( 7 ) : 3 6 8 - 9 . S c h o e n b o m C A , A d a m s P F , B a r n e s P M . B o d y w e i g h t s t a t u s o f a d u l t s : U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 9 7 - 9 8 . A d v a n c e d a t a f r o m v i t a l a n d h e a l t h s t a t i s t i c s ; n o 3 3 0 . H y a t t s v i l l e , M a r y l a n d : N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r H e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . 2 0 0 2 . S c h o fi e l d W N . P r e d i c t i n g b a s a l m e t a b o l i c r a t e , n e w s t a n d a r d s a n d r e v i e w o f p r e v i o u s w o r k . H u m N u t r C l i n N u t r . 1 9 8 5 ; 3 9 ( s u p p l l ) : 5 - 4 1 . S e i d e l l J C . O b e s i t y , i n s u l i n r e s i s t a n c e a n d d i a b e t e s - - a w o r l d w i d e e p i d e m i c . B r J N u t r . 2 0 0 0 ; 8 3 S u p p l 1 2 8 5 - 8 . S e r d u l a M K , M o k d a d A H , W i l l i a m s o n D F , G a l u s k a D A , M e n d l e i n J M , H e a t h G W . P r e v a l e n c e o f a t t e m p t i n g w e i g h t l o s s a n d s t r a t e g i e s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g w e i g h t . J A M A . 1 9 9 9 ; 2 8 2 : 1 3 5 3 - 5 8 . S h a h B V , B a r n w e l l B G , B i e l e r G S . S U D A A N u s e r ’ s m a n u a l , r e l e a s e 7 . 5 . R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e P a r k , N C : R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e I n s t i t u t e , 1 9 9 7 . S h a n k a r S , N a n d a J P , B o n n e y G , K o fi e V . O b e s i t y d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n m e n a n d w o m e n . J N a t l M e d A s s o c . 2 0 0 0 ; 9 2 : 2 2 - 8 . S h i n t a n i T , B e c k h a m S , O ’ C o n n o r H K , H u g h e s C , S a t o A . T h e W a i a n a e D i e t P r o g r a m : a c u l t u r a l l y s e n s i t i v e , c o m m u n i t y - b a s e d o b e s i t y a n d c l i n i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m f o r t h e N a t i v e H a w a i a n p o p u l a t i o n . H a w a i i M e d J . 1 9 9 4 ; 5 3 ( 5 ) : 1 3 6 - 4 1 , 1 4 7 . S i e g a - R i z A M , P o p k i n B M , C a r s o n T . D i f f e r e n c e s i n f o o d p a t t e r n s a t b r e a k f a s t b y s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a m o n g a N a t i o n a l R e p r e s e n t a t i v e S a m p l e o f a d u l t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . P r e v M e d . 2 0 0 0 ; 3 0 : 4 1 5 - 2 4 . 5 3 8 S k i d m o r e P M , Y a m e l l J W . T h e o b e s i t y e p i d e m i c : p r o s p e c t s f o r p r e v e n t i o n . Q J M . 2 0 0 4 ; 9 7 ( 1 2 ) : 8 1 7 - 2 5 . S l a t t e r y M L , M c D o n a l d A , B i l d D E , C a a n B J , H i l n e r J E , J a c o b s D R , L i u K . A s s o c i a t i o n s o f b o d y f a t a n d i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h d i e t a r y i n t a k e , p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , a l c o h o l , a n d s m o k i n g i n b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 2 ; 5 5 : 9 4 3 - 9 . S m i t E , C r e s p o C J . D i e t a r y i n t a k e a n d n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s o f U S a d u l t m a r i j u a n a u s e r s : r e s u l t s f r o m t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y . P u b l i c H e a l t h N u t r . 2 0 0 1 ; 4 ( 3 ) : 7 8 1 - 6 . S m i t h A M , O w e n N . A s s o c i a t i o n s o f s o c i a l s t a t u s a n d h e a l t h r e l a t e d b e l i e f s w i t h d i e t a r y f a t a n d fi b e r d e n s i t i e s . P r e v M e d . 1 9 9 2 ; 2 1 : 7 3 2 - 4 5 . S o b a l J , S t u n k a r d A J . S o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d o b e s i t y : a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e . P s y c h o l B u l l . I 9 8 9 ; 1 0 5 ( 2 ) : 2 6 0 - 7 5 . S o b a l J , K l e i n H , G r a h a m D , B l a c k J . H e a l t h c o n c e r n s o f h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s ’ b e l i e f s a b o u t s t u d e n t h e a l t h c o n c e r n s . P e d i a t r i c s . 1 9 8 8 ; 8 l ( 2 ) : 2 1 8 - 3 3 . S o b a l J , R a u s h e n b a c h B S , F r o n g i l l o J r E A . M a r i t a l s t a t u s . f a t n e s s a n d o b e s i t y . S o c S c i M e d . 1 9 9 2 ; 3 5 : 9 1 5 - 2 3 . S o b a l J . O b e s i t y a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s : a f r a m e w o r k f o r e x a m i n i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l v a r i a b l e s . M e d A n t h r o p o l . 1 9 9 1 ; 1 3 : 2 3 1 - 4 7 . S o l o m o n M R . E a t i n g a s b o t h c o p i n g a n d s t r e s s o r i n o v e r w e i g h t c o n t r o l . J A d v N u r . 2 0 0 1 ; 3 6 ( 4 ) : 5 6 3 - 7 2 . S o n g W O , C h u n O K , O b a y a s h i S , C h o S , C h u n g C E . I s c o n s u m p t i o n o f b r e a k f a s t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n U S a d u l t s ? J A D A . 2 0 0 5 ; 1 0 5 ( 9 ) : 1 3 7 3 - 1 3 8 2 . S o r e n s e n H T , S a b r o e S , G i l l m a n M , F i s h e r P , S e r e n s e n T I A . R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n w e i g h t a n d l e n g t h a t b i r t h a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n y o u n g a d u l t h o o d : c o h o r t s t u d y . B M J . 1 9 9 7 ; 3 1 5 : 1 1 3 7 . S p e a k m a n J R , W a l k e r H , W a l k e r L , J a c k s o n D M . A s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n B M I , s o c i a l s t r a t a a n d t h e e s t i m a t e d e n e r g y c o n t e n t o f f o o d s . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . S p i t z e r B L , H e n d e r s o n K A , Z i v i a n M T . G e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n p o p u l a t i o n v e r s u s m e d i a b o d y s i z e s : a c o m p a r i s o n o v e r f o u r d e c a d e s . S e x R o l e s . 1 9 9 9 ; 4 0 : 5 4 5 - 6 5 . S t e p h e n s o n M G , L e v y A S , S a s s N L , M c G a r v e y W E . 1 9 8 5 N H I S fi n d i n g s : N u t r i t i o n k n o w l e d g e a n d b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r t h e w e i g h t - l o s s o b j e c t i v e s . P u b l i c H e a l t h R e p o r t . 1 9 8 7 ; 1 0 2 : 6 1 - 7 . 5 3 9 S t u n k a r d A J . F a i t h M S . A l l i s o n K C . D e p r e s s i o n a n d o b e s i t y . B i o l P s y c h i a t r y . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 4 : 3 3 0 - 7 . S u m m e r b e l l C D , M o o d y R C , S h a n k s J , S t o c k M , G e i s s l e r C . R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n f e e d i n g p a t t e r n a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n 2 2 0 f r e e - l i v i n g p e o p l e i n f o u r a g e g r o u p s . E u r J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 6 ; 5 0 : 5 1 3 - 9 . S u n H S , S c h u b e r t C M , C h u m l e a W C , R o c h e R F , K u l i n H E , L e e P A , H i m e s J H , R y a n A S . N a t i o n a l E s t i m a t e s o f t h e T i m i n g o f S e x u a l M a t u r a t i o n a n d R a c i a l D i f f e r e n c e s A m o n g U S C h i l d r e n . P e d i a t r i c s . 2 0 0 2 ; 1 1 0 : 9 1 1 - 1 9 . S u l l i v a n M , K a r l s s o n J . S j o s t r o m L , B a c k m a n L , B e n g t s s o n C , B o u c h a r d C , D a h l g r e n S , J o n s s o n E , L a r s s o n B , L i n d s t e d t S . S w e d i s h o b e s e s u b j e c t s ( S O S ) - - a n i n t e r v e n t i o n s t u d y o f o b e s i t y . B a s e l i n e e v a l u a t i o n o f h e a l t h a n d p s y c h o s o c i a l f u n c t i o n i n g i n t h e fi r s t 1 7 4 3 s u b j e c t s e x a m i n e d . I n t J O b e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 1 9 9 3 ; 1 7 ( 9 ) : 5 0 3 - I 2 . S u t e r P M . I s a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n a r i s k f a c t o r f o r w e i g h t g a i n a n d o b e s i t y ? C r i t R e v C l i n L a b S c i . 2 0 0 5 ; 4 2 ( 3 ) : l 9 7 - 2 2 7 . S u t e r P M , H a s l e r E , V e t t e r W . E f f e c t s o f a l c o h o l o n e n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m a n d b o d y w e i g h t r e g u l a t i o n : I s a l c o h o l a r i s k f a c t o r f o r o b e s i t y ? N u t r R e v . 1 9 9 7 ; 5 5 ( 5 ) : 1 5 7 - 7 1 . T e f f K L , E l l i o t t S S , T s c h o p M , K i e f f e r T J , R a d e r D , H e i m a n M , T o w n s e n d R R , K e i m N L , D ’ A l e s s i o D , H a v e l P J . D i e t a r y f r u c t o s e r e d u c e s c i r c u l a t i n g i n s u l i n a n d l e p t i n , a t t e n u a t e s p o s t p r a n d i a l s u p p r e s s i o n o f g h r e l i n , a n d i n c r e a s e s t r i g l y c e r i d e s i n w o m e n . J C l i n E n d o c r i n o l M e t a b . 2 0 0 4 ; 8 9 ( 6 ) : 2 9 6 3 - 7 2 . T i p p e t t K S , M i c k i e S J , G o l d m a n J D , S y k e s K E , C o o k D A , S e b a s t i a n R S . F o o d a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s b y i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 d a y , I 9 8 9 - 9 1 . C o n t i n u i n g S u r v e y o f F o o d I n t a k e s b y I n d i v i d u a l s 1 9 8 9 - 9 1 , N a t i o n w i d e f o o d s u r v e y r e p o r t n o . 9 1 - 2 . B e l t s v i l l e , M D : U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r e R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , 1 9 9 5 . T i p p e t t K S , C y p e l Y S . D e s i g n a n d o p e r a t i o n : t h e C o n t i n u i n g S u r v e y o f F o o d I n t a k e s b y I n d i v i d u a l s a n d D i e t a n d H e a l t h K n o w l e d g e S u r v e y , I 9 9 4 - 9 6 . C o n t i n u i n g S u r v e y o f F o o d I n t a k e s b y I n d i v i d u a l s 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 , N a t i o n w i d e F o o d S u r v e y s r e p o r t n o . 9 6 - 1 . B e l t s v i l l e , M D : U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r e R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , 1 9 9 8 . T o g o P , O s l e r M , S o r e n s e n T I A , H e i t m a n n B L . F o o d i n t a k e p a t t e r n s a n d b o d y m a s s i n d e x i n o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t u d i e s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 1 ; 2 5 : 1 7 4 1 - 5 1 T r u o n g K D , S t r u m R . W e i g h t g a i n t r e n d s a c r o s s s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c g r o u p s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 0 5 ; 9 5 ( 9 ) : 1 6 0 2 - 6 . T u r r e l l G , H e w i t t B , P a t t e r s o n C , O l d e n b u r g B . M e a s u r i n g s o c i o - e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n i n d i e t a r y r e s e a r c h : i s c h o i c e o f s o c i o - e c o n o m i c i n d i c a t o r i m p o r t a n t ? P u b l i c H e a l t h N u t r . 2 0 0 3 ; 6 ( 2 ) : 1 9 1 - 2 0 0 . 5 4 0 ( . . 1 2 ' S l i ' ) . » l c o n t i n u i n g s u r v e y ( i f / n o d i n t a k e s b y i n d i t ' i a ' u a i s . [ 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 6 . U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e . W a s h i n g t o n . D C . A p r i l 1 9 9 6 . U S D e p a r t m e n t o f l l e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s . T h e s u r g e o n g e n e r a l ' s c a l l t o a c t i o n t o p r e v e n t a n d d e c r e a s e o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y 2 0 0 1 . P u b l i c I l e a l t h S e r v i c e . O f l i c e o f t h e S u r g e o n G e n e r a l . R o c k v i l l e , M D . U S D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d I l u m a n S e r v i c e s . H e a l t h s t a t u s o f m i n o r i t i e s a n d l o w i n c o m e g r o u p s . ( D H H S p u b l i c a t i o n n o . ( I I R S A I I I R S - P - D V 8 5 - l ) . P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e . W a s h i n g t o n . D C : U S G P O . 1 9 8 5 . U S D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s . P r o m o t i n g h e a l t h y d i e t s a n d a c t i v e l i f e s t y l e s t o l o w e r - s c s a d u l t s . M a r k e t R e s e a r c h f o r P u b l i c E d u c a t i o n . 1 9 9 2 . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o n g r i c u l t u r e . A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e . D e s i g n a n d o p e r a t i o n : t h e C o n t i n u i n g S u r v e y o f F o o d I n t a k e s b y I n d i v i d u a l s a n d D i e t a n d I l e a l t h K n o w l e d g e S u r v e y , 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 a n d 1 9 9 8 . B e l t s v i l l e , M D : U S D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e . A g r i c u l t u r e R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , 2 0 0 0 . U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f l l e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s ( D l l l I S ) . N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r I l e a l t h S t a t i s t i c s . T h i r d N a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d N u t r i t i o n E x a m i n a t i o n S u r v e y . 1 9 8 8 4 9 9 4 . N H A N E S 1 1 1 S e c o n d E x a m i n a t i o n D a t a F i l e ( C D - R O M S e r i e s 1 I , N o . 3 A ) . I - I y a t t s v i l l e . M D : C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e C o n t r o l a n d P r e v e n t i o n , 1 9 9 9 . V a g e r o D . K o u p i l o v a 1 . L e o n D A . L i t h e l l U B . S o c i a l d e t e r m i n a n t s o f b i r t h w e i g h t . p o n d c r a l i n d e x a n d g e s t a t i o n a l a g e i n S w e d e n i n t h e l 9 2 0 s a n d t h e 1 9 8 0 s . A c t a P a e d i a t r . 1 9 9 9 ; 8 8 : 4 4 5 - 5 3 . W a m a l a S P , W o l k A , O r t h - G o m e r K . D e t e r m i n a n t s o f o b e s i t y i n r e l a t i o n t o s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a m o n g m i d d l e - a g e d S w e d i s h w o m e n . P r e v M e d . 1 9 9 7 ; 2 6 : 7 3 4 - 4 4 . W a n n a m e t h e e S G , S h a p e r A G . W h i n c u p P H . A l c o h o l a n d a d i p o s i t y : e f f e c t s o f q u a n t i t y a n d t y p e o f d r i n k a n d t i m e r e l a t i o n w i t h m e a l s . I n t J O b e s . 2 0 0 5 ; 1 - 9 . W a r d l e J , G r i f fi t h J . S o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d w e i g h t c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s i n B r i t i s h a d u l t s . J E p i d e m i o l C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h . 2 0 0 1 ; 5 5 1 1 8 5 - 9 0 . W a r d l e J , S t e p t o e A . S o c i o e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n a t t i t u d e s a n d b e l i e f s a b o u t h e a l t h y l i f e s t y l e s . J E p i d e m i o l C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h . 2 0 0 3 ; 5 7 : 4 4 0 - 3 . W a r d l e J , W a l l e r J , J a r v i s M J . S e x d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s w i t h o b e s i t y . A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 0 2 ; 9 2 : 1 2 9 9 - 1 3 0 4 . W a s h b u r n R A , K l i n e G , L a c k l a n d D T , W h e e l e r F C . L e i s u r e t i m e p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y : a r e t h e r e b l a c k / w h i t e d i f f e r e n c e s ? P r e v M e d . 1 9 9 2 ; 2 1 : 1 2 7 - 3 5 . 5 4 1 V i ’ a t t i g n e y W , S r i n i v a s a n S . C h e n W . G r e e n l u n d K . B e r e n s o n G . S e c u l a r t r e n d o f e a r l i e r o n s e t o f m e n a r c h e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g o b e s i t y i n b l a c k a n d w h i t e g i r l s : t h e B o g a l u s a H e a r t S t u d y . E t h n D i s . 1 9 9 9 ; 9 z l 8 l - 9 . W e y e r C . S n i t k e r S , B o g a r d u s C , R a v u s s i n E . E n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m i n A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n s : p o t e n t i a l r i s k f a c t o r s f o r o b e s i t y . A m J C l i n N u t r . 1 9 9 9 ; 7 0 : 1 3 - 2 0 . W i l l e t W C . l s d i e t a r y f a t 3 m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t o f b o d y f a t ? A m . 1 ( ‘ l i n N u t r . l 9 9 8 ; 6 7 ( s u p p l ) : 5 5 6 S — 6 2 8 . \ l ‘ v ’ i l l i a m s o n D F . M a d a n s J , P a m u k E . F l e g a l K M , K e n d r i c k J S . S e r d u l a M K . A p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y o f c h i l d b e a r i n g a n d 1 0 — y e a r w e i g h t g a i n i n U S w h i t e w o m e n 2 5 t o 4 5 y e a r s o f a g e . I n t J O B e s R e l a t M e t a b D i s o r d . 1 9 9 4 ; l 8 ( 8 ) : 5 6 1 - 9 . W i n k l e b y M A , G a r d n e r C D , T a y l o r C B . T h e i n fl u e n c e o f g e n d e r a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s o n H i s p a n i c / W h i t e d i f f e r e n c e s i n b o d y m a s s i n d e x . P r e v M e d . 1 9 9 6 ; 2 5 : 2 0 3 - 1 1 . W i n k l e b y M A . A c c e l e r a t i n g c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k f a c t o r c h a n g e i n e t l m i c m i n o r i t y a n d l o w s o c i o e c o n o m i c g r o u p s . A n n E p i d e m i o l . I 9 9 7 : S 7 : S 9 6 - 1 0 3 . W i n k l e b y M A , C u b b i n C , A h n D K , K r a e m e r H C . 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