' I . r 5 . ; ? . $ 5 g . ‘ 1 i x i v g q - M n u . ‘ 4 . 4 _ . , . u » u ? . v . $ 2 . 9 . . . 1 ( i . . 1 . 1 u I i i 7 é . i 1 } . . . - ‘ ‘ p . g 3 ; t u . i l 1 l l 3 . a . ! “ x . } . i h a t . . E d $ ‘ - . l ? a I 2 . q f v I ¢ - : ‘ 1 G 1 . - D 1 0 i i - . ' ’ l t I t § F O : l S u n 2 u l ? 5 . ; ‘ w l 5 . 1 1 . % | { 8 h v ! fi 2 l 5 n u a . l 1 l } . . “ | z . . t ‘ : x . L l E i . i v . n . . 0 " § . . . . 1 ; . ' ? : . : . ! 2 . » { l 3 u . . 5 e . . 3 . 5 “ . . i . . I u . ” n 7 c i s 5 i fl . - \ . h . % n w . . . fi { { r . . fi I £ 2 & n . c . i . l : I t 3 ‘ t Q . } i . 3 l n i . . 3 £ , 3 . w | . . , . . fi , 3 § . . 5 . v h . § . k fl . . z i . 2 § ‘ n ? 5 1 . h § . . 1 . 3 t z s 3 2 . ; x . . n . . i : I 2 2 i : \ v a x i . : r . t I $ t n 2 . . - ‘ ‘ s I 3 4 { . 3 i t . } o . n . i u . 1 3 t w 3 . . : t . fi ‘ { : 2 . . . g a . . . } . 9 ! : “ . . s . . ! ) . I » 3 . 2 . R : 1 i 5 5 3 I . { h . c . 1 l k i h ‘ . i ! « . i H 3 a . $ w a r . . $ 5 3 i s k l W . - } 2 1 5 h : v . 4 ‘ y 5 i ‘ . ! n . ‘ | . 3 . “ i u a “ . " x . _ s : € 1 t . 1 . m ' . 5 K 1 n . . 5 ( . . . 3 . i : 3 . . n m . a . « 2 { 1 . 3 . i , t i f . . u ‘ 3 a l . x “ , l n 3 » 5 \ a . . 8 3 - . u . 4 9 t . 2 . . é h . . t . 3 . 3 3 5 ! . % ! | 1 . " s 1 . x a . l . - { o 3 ‘ . . . n i = | . . 3 l { h . . 1 3 . t 1 I : ‘ . . X z t . “ 1 l i 3 9 . fi L a . . r . t l . 5 . . 3 . 3 . ; l 1 d . § t . . I 2 . ‘ . l ? I . h S 1 . . t y 1 \ n . m 2 h . ; x . f ’ r ' 1 ( . . . l l i § m . ‘ 1 t . . . u 2 . 3 z ) \ I : . . l ’ . i 3 . . H . b . i fl . l . 3 5 u ‘ “ . t . . i : i 3 } fl x . . u 3 . . i . 5 { . K l . 1 a ; . i . . n ; l ‘ . 5 I 9 ~ l 1 i k . ; \ s 3 . 1 \ } : . $ . s . ! - t i o 5 “ : ‘ x ‘ . a b 0 . . \ § r 3 I fl . § - l l ‘ 2 . . D o . . l t N t 8 s e . 3 a i l 0 . l 1 1 fl % § . . 3 i i : g v I \ ? - v a l . ¢ 1 . 1 f } ) 1 . 6 - . l h € . » } t “ I \ i . “ § i t . . : . ! . . . w . . ! a £ r x . . i I . n 2 . . ‘ I I 2 \ ! . - 1 . t . “ . 7 t 5 . $ . . . . ‘ . . . - ? " ‘ # . l . | fi ‘ ‘ . l 1 “ . i 4 5 u ! fl a 2 ) € . . ) . I . 1 4 s § I 1 t ‘ i i n 0 t ! n ! l . x a . . i ‘ 1 ‘ l . ‘ i n , I . ‘ 3 ‘ ” ; 1 . 2 - ; « a u r a : { ’ 4 " l 1 1 . } z 0 : . . 3 5 1 : ). L O _ [ l L I B R A R Y ~ / . I M i g h t y " ; S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . I , fl ‘ . ‘ . - _ ' . . . - . . b o u h - - - - T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e t h e s i s e n t i t l e d C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N O F T R U C K T R A F F I C I N M I C H I G A N F O R T H E N E W M E C H A N I S T I C E M P I R I C A L P A V E M E N T D E S I G N G U I D E p r e s e n t e d b y J o e l T h o m a s B r o w n h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d t o w a r d s f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e M S . d e g r e e i n C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g 5 ’ ” M a j o r P r o f e s s o r ’ s S i g n a t u r e M S U i s a n A f fi r m a t i v e A c t i o n / E q u a l O p p o r t u n i t y E m p l o y e r P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T O A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e f o r e d a t e d u e . M A Y B E R E C A L L E D w i t h e a r l i e r d u e d a t e i f r e q u e s t e d . D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E 5 / 0 8 K : I P r o j / A o c & P r e s / C l R C / D a t e D u e . i n d d C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N O F T R U C K T R A F F I C I N M I C H I G A N F O R T H E N E W M E C H A N I S T I C E N I P I R I C A L P A V E M E N T D E S I G N G U I D E V O L U M E I B y J o e l T h o m a s B r o w n A T H E S I S S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f M A S T E R O F S C I E N C E C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g 2 0 0 9 A B S T R A C T C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N O F T R U C K T R A F F I C I N M I C H I G A N F O R T H E N E W M E C H A N I S T I C E M P I R I C A L P A V E M E N T D E S I G N G U I D E B y J o e l T h o m a s B r o w n T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s t h e s i s i s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t r u c k t r a f f i c f o r t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n i n t e r m s o f t r u c k t r a f f i c d i s t r i b u t i o n , a x l e g r o u p s p e r v e h i c l e , a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s , m o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s a n d h o u r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s t o f a c i l i t a t e d e s i g n i n t h e n e w M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n G u i d e ( M - E P D G ) . W e i g h t a n d c l a s s i fi c a t i o n d a t a w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m 4 4 w e i g h - i n - m o t i o n ( W I M ) a n d c l a s s i fi c a t i o n s t a t i o n s f o u n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e t o d e v e l o p M - E P D G L e v e l I ( s i t e - s p e c i f i c ) t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . C l u s t e r a n a l y s e s w e r e t h e n c o n d u c t e d t o g r o u p s i t e s w i t h s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o g e t h e r f o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f M — E P D G L e v e l I I ( r e g i o n a l ) d a t a . F i n a l l y d a t a f r o m a l l s i t e s w e r e a v e r a g e d t o e s t a b l i s h s t a t e w i d e M - E P D G L e v e l H I d a t a . A s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s u s i n g r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s i n t h e M - E P D G w a s t h e n p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e s e h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s w e l l a s M — E P D G d e f a u l t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a i n p u t l e v e l t o a c h i e v e a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y i n d e s i g n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e e f f e c t o f l e n g t h o f c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d w a s a l s o e x p l o r e d b y s t a t i s t i c a l l y c o m p a r i n g t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e v e l o p e d u s i n g o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h d a t a a n d c o n t i n u o u s ( y e a r - r o u n d ) d a t a . P e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e s t h e s e t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c r e a t e w e r e a n a l y z e d i n t h e M — E P D G . F o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s i n w h i c h L e v e l I I d a t a i s r e q u i r e d , a d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s e s s e l e c t i o n a l g o r i t h m w a s c r e a t e d t h a t u t i l i z e s t h e s i t e s ’ p r o p e r t i e s t o a c q u i r e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l I I t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c n e c e s s a r y f o r d e s i g n . A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S I w o u l d l i k e t o e x t e n d m y s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o D r . N e e r a j B u c h a n d D r . S y e d W a q a r H a i d e r f o r t h e i r c o n t i n u e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d d i r e c t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s e n d e a v o r . I w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o r e c o g n i z e M i k e E a c h e r , M i k e W a l i m a k i , J i m K r a m e r a n d K e v i n K r z e m i n s k i a t t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( M D O T ) f o r t h e i r s u p p l y o f i n f o r m a t i o n , m a p s , a n d k n o w l e d g e r e g a r d i n g t r u c k t r a f f i c a n d d e s i g n i n M i c h i g a n . F i n a l l y , I m u s t t h a n k M o m , D a d , M a r i s s a a n d f r i e n d s f o r t h e i r p e r s i s t e n c e a n d m o r a l s u p p o r t t o w a r d s h e l p i n g m e a c c o m p l i s h t h i s p r o j e c t . i i i T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S L I S T O F T A B L E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i i L I S T O F F I G U R E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x v L I S T O F S Y N I B O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x i i i C H A P T E R 1 - I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 C H A P T E R 2 - L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 . 1 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N I N T H E M - E P D G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 . 2 E F F E C T O F D A T A C O V E R A G E O N D E V E L O P M E N T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 . 3 W I M A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O N S E N S O R O V E R V I E W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 . 3 . 1 W I M a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n E q u i p m e n t U s e d i n t h e S t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 . 3 . 2 E r r o r S o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 2 . 3 . 3 Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 2 . 3 . 4 C o u n t P r o g r a m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 . 3 . 4 . a U s e s a n d O u t p u t o f C o u n t P r o g r a m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 . 3 . 4 . b S h o r t - D u r a t i o n C o u n t P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 . 3 . 4 . c C o n t i n u o u s C o u n t P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 2 . 3 . 4 . d C o n t i n u o u s V o l u m e C o u n t P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 2 . 3 . 4 . 6 C o n t i n u o u s C l a s s i fi c a t i o n C o u n t P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 2 . 3 . 4 . f C o n t i n u o u s W e i g h t C o u n t P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 2 . 3 . 4 . g A d m i n i s t r a t i v e E f f o r t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 2 . 4 O V E R V I E W O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N P A T T E R N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 2 . 4 . 1 T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 2 . 4 . l . a T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 2 . 4 . 1 . b M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 2 . 4 . l . c H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 2 . 4 . l . d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 2 . 5 E F F E C T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S I N D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 C H A P T E R 3 - M E T H O D O L O G Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 3 . 1 D A T A C O L L E C T I O N A N D P R O C E S S I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 3 . 1 . 1 R e v i e w o f E x i s t i n g D a t a C o l l e c t i o n S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 3 . 1 . 2 P r o c e s s i n g o f R a w D a t a i n T r a f L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 3 . 1 . 3 C o n v e r s i o n o f S i t e s I n t o T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 3 . 1 . 4 D a t a Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l R e v i e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 3 . 2 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O F N E C E S S A R Y E L E M E N T S F O R T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 3 . 3 O N E W E E K P E R M O N T H V S C O N T I N U O U S D A T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 3 . 3 . 1 M a n i p u l a t i o n o f T r a f f i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D a t a f o r C o m p a r i s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 i v 3 . 3 . 1 . a A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f f i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 3 . 3 . 1 . b T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 3 . 3 . 1 . c M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 3 . 3 . 1 . d H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 3 . 3 . 1 . e A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 3 . 3 . 1 . f A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 3 . 3 . 2 T r a f fi c I n p u t a n d M - E P D G P e r f o r m a n c e C o m p a r i s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 3 . 3 . 2 . a T r a f f i c I n p u t C o m p a r i s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 3 . 3 . 2 . b M - E P D G P e r f o r m a n c e C o m p a r i s o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 3 . 4 F O R M A T I O N O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N C L U S T E R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 3 . 4 . 1 H i e r a r c h i c a l C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s O v e r v i e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 3 . 4 . 2 H i e r a r c h i c a l C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s P r o c e d u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 3 . 4 . 3 C l u s t e r i n g E x a m p l e w i t h T T C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 3 . 4 . 4 P r a c t i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f D e v e l o p e d T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 3 . 5 D I S C R I M I N A N T A N A L Y S I S P R O C E D U R E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 C H A P T E R 4 - R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 4 . 1 S E L E C T I O N O F F I N A L S I T E S F O R A N A L Y S E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 4 . 2 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O F N E C E S S A R Y E L E M E N T S F O R T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 4 . 3 E F F E C T O F D A T A C O V E R A G E B E T W E E N O W P M A N D C O N T I N U O U S D A T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 4 . 3 . 1 T r a f fi c I n p u t D i f f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 4 . 3 . 2 S t a t i s t i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f M - E P D G R i g i d O u t p u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 4 . 3 . 3 S t a t i s t i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f M E P D G F l e x i b l e O u t p u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 4 . 3 . 3 . a P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n R u t t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3 4 . 3 . 3 . b P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 4 . 3 . 3 . 0 S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7 4 . 4 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7 4 . 4 . 1 A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f fi c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 8 4 . 4 . 2 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i fi c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 8 4 . 4 . 3 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9 4 . 4 . 4 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 4 . 4 . 5 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ( A G P V ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 4 . 4 . 6 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 7 4 . 4 . 7 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9 4 . 4 . 8 T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 4 . 4 . 9 Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 4 . 5 I I v I P A C T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N S I N T H E M - E P D G . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 . 5 . 1 R i g i d P a v e m e n t A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 4 . 5 . 1 . a T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 4 . 5 . l . b M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 5 4 . 5 . 1 . c H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6 4 . 5 . 1 . d A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8 4 . 5 . 1 . e S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 9 4 . 5 . l . f T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 0 4 . 5 . 1 . g T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2 4 . 5 . 1 . h Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3 4 . 5 . 2 F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 4 . 5 . 2 . a T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5 4 . 5 . 2 . b M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6 4 . 5 . 2 . 0 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 8 4 . 5 . 2 . d A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 8 4 . 5 . 2 . e S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9 4 . 5 . 2 . f T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 4 . 5 . 2 . g T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2 4 . 5 . 2 . b Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3 4 . 5 . 2 . i S u m m a r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5 4 . 6 S E L E C T I O N O F A P P R O P R I A T E T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 0 4 . 6 . 1 T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i fi c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 1 4 . 6 . 2 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 4 4 . 6 . 3 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8 4 . 6 . 4 S u m m a r y a n d U s e o f D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 1 C H A P T E R 5 - C O N C L U S I O N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 2 5 . 1 E F F E C T O F D A T A C O V E R A G E O N T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O n D E V E L O P M E N T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 2 5 . 2 T R A F F I C E L E M E T S I N T H E M - E P D G U T I L I Z E D F O R I - I I E R A R C H I C A L C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 3 5 . 3 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 4 5 . 4 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N F O R D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 8 5 . 5 S E L E C T I O N O F A P P R O P R I A T E L E V E L H T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N F O R D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 3 5 . 6 E X P A N S I O N O F D A T A C O V E R A G E T O F A C I L I T A T E I M P R O V E D T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R Z A T I O N W I T H I N T H E S T A T E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 4 5 . 6 R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R F U R T H E R R E S E A R C H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 6 A P P E N D D ( A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 8 A P P E N D D ( B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 A P P E N D I X C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 2 A P P E N D I X D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 5 A P P E N D I X E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 9 A P P E N D I X F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 3 A P P E N D D ( G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 7 A P P E N D I X H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 2 v i A P P E N D I X I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 R E F E R E N C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 8 v i i L I S T O F T A B L E S T a b l e 2 - 1 . T r a f f i c d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t h r e e M - E P D G i n p u t l e v e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 T a b l e 2 ~ 2 . S t r e n g t h s a n d D r a w b a c k s o f P e n n . W I M a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S e n s o r s i n M I . . . 1 3 T a b l e 2 - 3 . S t r e n g t h s a n d D r a w b a c k s o f P o r t a b l e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d W I M T e c h n o l o g y . . 1 5 T a b l e 2 - 4 . P o t e n t i a l C l a s s i fi c a t i o n E r r o r C h e c k s a n d S o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 T a b l e 2 - 5 . F H W A V e h i c l e C l a s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 T a b l e 2 - 6 . A c t u a l H D F D e f a u l t V a l u e s i n t h e M - E P D G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 T a b l e 3 - 1 . S u m m a r y o f W I M D a t a E x t e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 T a b l e 3 - 2 . S u m m a r y o f C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a E x t e n t f o r T r a f L o a d — V a l i d a t e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 T a b l e 3 - 3 . Q u a n t i t y o f P r o c e s s e d C o n t i n u o u s W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 T a b l e 3 - 4 . Q u a n t i t y o f P r o c e s s e d O n e W e e k P e r M o n t h W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a 5 2 T a b l e 3 - 5 . T y p i c a l A x l e L o a d L i m i t a n d G r o s s V e h i c l e W e i g h t L i m i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 T a b l e 3 - 6 . T r a f fi c D a t a R e q u i r e d f o r t h e T h r e e M - E P D G I n p u t L e v e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 T a b l e 3 - 7 . R i g i d B a s e D e s i g n f o r M - E P D G A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 T a b l e 3 — 8 . F l e x i b l e B a s e D e s i g n f o r M - E P D G A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 T a b l e 3 - 9 . E u c l i d e a n D i s t a n c e C a l c u l a t i o n B e t w e e n S i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d S i t e 5 0 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 T a b l e 3 - 1 0 . C o m p u t a t i o n o f S u m o f S q u a r e s f o r F i r s t T T C C l u s t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 T a b l e 3 - 1 1 . T r a f f i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s C r e a t e d a n d C o m p a r e d i n M - E P D G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 T a b l e 3 - 1 2 . W i l k s ’ L a m b d a R e s u l t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s u s e d i n S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 T a b l e 3 - 1 3 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r H D F D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s . . . . . 8 4 T a b l e 3 - 1 4 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i fi c a n c e o f M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 T a b l e 3 - 1 5 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 T a b l e 3 - 1 6 . R e g r e s s i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s C r e a t e d b y S P S S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 v i i i T a b l e 3 - 1 7 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r H D F V a r i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 T a b l e 3 - 1 8 . C l a s s i fi e d S i t e s i n t o H D F C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 T a b l e 4 - 1 . Q u a n t i t y o f W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a f o r O n e W e e k P e r M o n t h a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 T a b l e 4 - 2 . S u m m a r y S t a t i s t i c s o f t h e M D O T W I M a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 T a b l e 4 - 3 . S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s U s i n g O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 T a b l e 4 4 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G R i g i d P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( i n y r s ) w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 T a b l e 4 - 5 . P a i r e d t - t e s t B e t w e e n C o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M D a t a f o r R i g i d P a v e m e n t P e r f o r m a n c e D i f f e r e n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 T a b l e 4 - 6 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s f o r R i g i d P a v e m e n t 1 0 1 T a b l e 4 - 7 . T u k e y ’ s C o n t r a s t T e s t f o r T e s t i n g D i f f e r e n c e s o f M e a n s W i t h i n G r o u p s 1 0 2 T a b l e 4 - 8 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( R u t t i n g ) ( i n y r s ) w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 3 T a b l e 4 - 9 . P a i r e d t - t e s t R e s u l t f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s B a s e d o n R u t t i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4 T a b l e 4 - 1 0 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s B a s e d o n R u t t i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4 T a b l e 4 - 1 1 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( i n y r s ) B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 T a b l e 4 - 1 2 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a T y p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6 T a b l e 4 - 1 3 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6 T a b l e 4 - 1 4 . E s t a b l i s h e d A A D T T L e v e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 8 T a b l e 4 - 1 5 . I m p a c t D e s i g n a t i o n f o r t h e M — E P D G R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 i x T a b l e 4 - 1 6 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T T C H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 5 T a b l e 4 - 1 7 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r M D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6 T a b l e 4 - 1 8 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r H D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 7 T a b l e 4 - 1 9 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r H D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8 T a b l e 4 - 2 0 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r S i n g l e A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 9 T a b l e 4 - 2 1 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 0 T a b l e 4 - 2 2 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2 T a b l e 4 - 2 3 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r Q u a d A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3 T a b l e 4 - 2 4 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t — t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T T C C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5 T a b l e 4 - 2 5 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r M D F C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7 T a b l e 4 - 2 6 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r A G P V C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 8 T a b l e 4 - 2 7 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r S i n g l e A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 9 T a b l e 4 - 2 8 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1 T a b l e 4 - 2 9 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2 T a b l e 4 - 3 0 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d H o s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 4 T a b l e 4 - 3 1 . C l u s t e r T T C A v e r a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6 T a b l e 4 - 3 2 . S t a t e w i d e M D F A v e r a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 6 T a b l e 4 — 3 3 . H D F C l u s t e r a n d S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 7 T a b l e 4 - 3 4 . A G P V S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 8 T a b l e 4 - 3 5 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r T T C D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s 1 5 1 T a b l e 4 - 3 6 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i f i c a n c e o f M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 2 T a b l e 4 — 3 7 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 2 T a b l e 4 - 3 8 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r T T C V a r i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 3 T a b l e 4 - 3 9 . C l a s s i fi e d S i t e s i n t o T T C C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 4 T a b l e 4 - 4 0 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r H D F D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s . . . 1 5 4 T a b l e 4 - 4 1 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i fi c a n c e o f H D F M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 5 T a b l e 4 - 4 2 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r H D F M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 6 T a b l e 4 - 4 3 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r I - I D F V a r i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7 T a b l e 4 - 4 4 . C l a s s i f i e d S i t e s i n t o H D F C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8 T a b l e 4 - 4 5 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 8 T a b l e 4 - 4 6 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i f i c a n c e o f M o d e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9 T a b l e 4 - 4 7 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9 x i T a b l e 4 - 4 8 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a V a r i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 0 T a b l e 4 - 4 9 . C l a s s i f i e d S i t e s i n t o T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 1 T a b l e 5 - 1 . I m p a c t D e s i g n a t i o n f o r t h e M - E P D G R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 8 T a b l e 5 - 2 . I m p a c t o f C h a r a c t e r i z e d T r a f fi c o n M - E P D G P a v e m e n t P e r f o r m a n c e . . . . . . . . 1 7 2 T a b l e A - 1 . C o m p r e h e n s i v e M D O T W I I V I S i t e s f o r W e i g h t a n d T r a f f i c R e c o r d i n g . . . . . . . 1 8 6 T a b l e A - 2 . C o m p r e h e n s i v e M D O T C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S i t e s f o r T r a f f i c R e c o r d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 0 T a b l e A - 3 . R i g i d P a v e m e n t E S A L a n d P a v e m e n t T h i c k n e s s V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 1 T a b l e A - 4 . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t E S A L a n d P a v e m e n t T h i c k n e s s V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 2 T a b l e A - 5 . P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s ( 1 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 3 T a b l e A - 6 . P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s ( 2 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 5 T a b l e A - 7 . P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e V a l u e s f o r A l l S i t e s ( 1 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 8 T a b l e A - 8 . P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e V a l u e s f o r A l l S i t e s ( 2 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 0 T a b l e B - 1 . D i f f e r e n c e i n A A D T T b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3 T a b l e B - 2 . D i f f e r e n c e i n T T C b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 T a b l e B - 3 . D i f f e r e n c e i n M D F b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 7 T a b l e B — 4 . D i f f e r e n c e i n H D F b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 8 T a b l e B - 5 . D i f f e r e n c e i n A G P V b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 9 T a b l e B - 6 . D i f f e r e n c e i n A v e r a g e A x l e L o a d b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a . . 2 2 2 T a b l e B - 7 . R i g i d P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n P e r c e n t S l a b s C r a c k e d ( 1 o f 3 ) . . . . . . . 2 2 8 T a b l e B - 8 . R i g i d P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n P e r c e n t S l a b s C r a c k e d ( 2 o f 3 ) . . . . . . . 2 3 0 T a b l e B - 9 . R i g i d P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n P e r c e n t S l a b s C r a c k e d ( 3 o f 3 ) . . . . . . . 2 3 2 x i i T a b l e B - l O . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ( l o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 T a b l e B - 1 1 . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ( 2 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . 2 3 6 T a b l e B - 1 2 . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n R u t t i n g ( l o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 8 T a b l e B — 1 3 . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t D e s i g n L i f e B a s e d o n R u t t i n g ( 2 o f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 0 T a b l e B - 1 4 . L o w A A D T T G r o u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 T a b l e B - 1 5 . M e d i u m A A D T T G r o u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 T a b l e B - 1 6 . H i g h A A D T T G r o u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 T a b l e H - l . S t a t e w i d e a n d C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 3 T a b l e H — 2 . S t a t e w i d e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s ( A l l C l a s s e s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 4 T a b l e H - 3 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 4 - 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 4 T a b l e H - 4 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 8 - 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 5 T a b l e H - 5 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 1 1 - 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 5 T a b l e H - 6 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s 2 9 6 T a b l e H - 7 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M E P D G D e f a u l t S i n g l e A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e 2 9 7 T a b l e H - 8 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M — E P D G D e f a u l t T a n d e m A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 7 T a b l e H - 9 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M E P D G D e f a u l t T r i d e m A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 8 T a b l e H - 1 0 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M E P D G D e f a u l t Q u a d A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e 2 9 8 T a b l e H - 1 1 . S t a t e w i d e S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 9 T a b l e H - 1 2 . C l u s t e r 1 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 1 T a b l e H — 1 3 . C l u s t e r 2 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 3 T a b l e H - 1 4 . C l u s t e r 3 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 5 T a b l e H - 1 5 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 7 x i i i T a b l e H - 1 6 . S t a t e w i d e T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 9 T a b l e H — 1 7 . C l u s t e r 1 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 T a b l e H - 1 8 . C l u s t e r 2 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3 T a b l e H - 1 9 . C l u s t e r 3 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 5 T a b l e H - 2 0 . C l u s t e r 4 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7 T a b l e H - 2 l . C l u s t e r 5 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 9 T a b l e H - 2 2 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 1 T a b l e H - 2 3 . S t a t e w i d e T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 3 T a b l e H - 2 4 . C l u s t e r 1 T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 5 T a b l e H - 2 5 . C l u s t e r 2 T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 7 T a b l e H - 2 6 . C l u s t e r 3 T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 9 T a b l e H - 2 7 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 1 T a b l e H - 2 8 . S t a t e w i d e Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 T a b l e H - 2 9 . C l u s t e r 1 Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 5 T a b l e H - 3 0 . C l u s t e r 2 Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 7 T a b l e H - 3 l C l u s t e r 3 Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 9 T a b l e H — 3 2 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 1 T a b l e I - 1 . C l u s t e r G r o u p i n g M a t r i x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 4 x i v L I S T O F F I G U R E S F i g u r e 2 - 1 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t T T C D i s t r i b u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 F i g u r e 2 - 2 . D e f a u l t H D F S i n t h e M - E P D G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 F i g u r e 3 - 1 . I c i c l e T r e e C l u s t e r D i a g r a m f o r T T C T r a f f i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 F i g u r e 3 - 2 . C l u s t e r i n g D e n d o g r a m f o r T T C T r a f f i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 F i g u r e 3 - 3 . M D O T R e g i o n s W i t h i n M i c h i g a n U t i l i z e d f o r D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s e s . . . . . . . . 7 9 F i g u r e 3 - 4 T e r r i t o r i a l M a p f o r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 F i g u r e 4 - 1 . C o m p i l e d T T C V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 9 F i g u r e 4 - 2 . C o m p i l e d V C 4 - 7 M D F V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 F i g u r e 4 - 3 . C o m p i l e d V C 8 — 1 0 M D F V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 F i g u r e 4 - 4 . C o m p i l e d V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 F i g u r e 4 - 5 . C o m p i l e d H D F V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 F i g u r e 4 - 6 . S i n g l e A x l e A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 F i g u r e 4 - 7 . T a n d e m A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5 F i g u r e 4 - 8 . T r i d e m A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6 F i g u r e 4 - 9 . Q u a d A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 7 F i g u r e 4 - 1 0 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 9 F i g u r e 4 - 1 1 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 F i g u r e 4 - 1 2 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 F i g u r e 4 - 1 3 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 F i g u r e B - l . A A D T T C l u s t e r G r o u p i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3 F i g u r e B - 2 . T T C s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 4 F i g u r e B - 3 . T T C s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( C l a s s 9 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 4 ~ X V F i g u r e B - 4 . T ‘ T C s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( E v e n D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 5 F i g u r e B - 5 . T T C s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( C l a s s 5 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 5 F i g u r e B - 6 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 F i g u r e B - 7 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( M o n t h 6 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 F i g u r e B - 8 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o n t h 1 1 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 7 F i g u r e B — 9 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M o n t h 4 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 7 F i g u r e B - I O . V C 4 — 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( M o n t h 2 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8 F i g u r e B - 1 1 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8 F i g u r e B - 1 2 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 6 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 9 F i g u r e B - 1 3 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 7 ( S u m m e r / F a l l D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 9 F i g u r e B - l 4 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 0 F i g u r e B - 1 5 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 0 F i g u r e B - l 6 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 F i g u r e B - 1 7 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 1 F i g u r e B - 1 8 . V C 8 — 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( F a l l D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 F i g u r e B - 1 9 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( E v e n D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 F i g u r e B - 2 0 . V C 1 1 — 1 3 M D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 F i g u r e B — 2 1 . V C 1 1 — 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( M o n t h 1 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 F i g u r e B - 2 2 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o n t h 8 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 4 F i g u r e B - 2 3 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M o n t h s 5 / 8 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 4 F i g u r e B - 2 4 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( S p r i n g D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 5 F i g u r e B - 2 5 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( M o n t h 8 / 1 1 D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 5 F i g u r e B - 2 6 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 6 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 6 x v i F i g u r e B - 2 7 . V C l l - l 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 7 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 6 F i g u r e B - 2 8 . V C l l - l 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 8 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 7 F i g u r e B - 2 9 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 9 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 7 F i g u r e B - 3 0 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 0 ( P e a k M o n t h s 2 / 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 8 F i g u r e B - 3 1 . V C 1 1 — 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 1 ( P e a k M o n t h 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 8 F i g u r e B — 3 2 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 ( I n d i s t i n c t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 9 F i g u r e B — 3 3 . H D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 0 F i g u r e B - 3 4 . H D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( E v e n D i s t r i b u t i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 0 F i g u r e B - 3 5 . H D F S f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o r n i n g D o m i n a n t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 1 F i g u r e B - 3 6 . H D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M i d d a y P e a k D i s t r i b u t i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 1 F i g u r e C - l . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 3 F i g u r e C - 2 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 3 F i g u r e C — 3 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 4 F i g u r e C — 4 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 4 F i g u r e D - l . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 F i g u r e D - 2 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 6 F i g u r e D - 3 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 7 F i g u r e D - 4 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 7 F i g u r e D - 5 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 8 F i g u r e D - 6 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 8 F i g u r e E - l . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 0 F i g u r e E - 2 . A 1 1 T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 0 F i g u r e E - 3 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 1 x v i i F i g u r e E — 4 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 1 F i g u r e E - S . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 2 F i g u r e E - 6 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 2 F i g u r e F - l . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 4 F i g u r e F - 2 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 4 F i g u r e F - 3 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 5 F i g u r e F — 4 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 5 F i g u r e F — 5 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 6 F i g u r e F 6 A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 6 F i g u r e G - l . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 4 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 8 F i g u r e G - 2 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 5 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 8 F i g u r e G - 3 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 6 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 9 F i g u r e G - 4 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 7 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 9 F i g u r e G — 5 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 8 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 0 F i g u r e G — 6 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 9 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 0 F i g u r e G - 7 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C I O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 1 F i g u r e G - 8 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e v c 1 1 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 1 F i g u r e G - 9 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 2 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 2 F i g u r e G - l O . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 3 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 2 F i g u r e G - l 1 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 4 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 3 F i g u r e G - 1 2 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 5 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 3 F i g u r e G - 1 3 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 6 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 4 F i g u r e G - 1 4 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 7 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 4 x v i i i F i g u r e G - 1 5 . F i g u r e G - 1 6 . F i g u r e G - l 7 . F i g u r e G - 1 8 . F i g u r e G - l 9 . F i g u r e G - 2 0 . F i g u r e G - 2 l . F i g u r e G - 2 2 . F i g u r e G - 2 3 . F i g u r e G - 2 4 . F i g u r e G - 2 5 . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . S t a t e A v g . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . V S . M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 8 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 5 M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 9 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 5 M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C l O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 6 M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 1 2 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 6 M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 1 3 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 7 M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C 7 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 8 M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C l O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 8 M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C 1 3 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 9 M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C 7 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 0 M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C l O L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 0 M — E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C l 3 L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 1 x i x L I S T O F S Y M B O L S A : a r b i t r a r y s i t e n a m e A A A D T T : a v e r a g e a n n u a l d a i l y t r u c k t r a f f i c A G P V : a x l e g r o u p s p e r v e h i c l e A L S : f r e q u e n c y o f a x l e l o a d A R : t o t a l a m o u n t o f a x l e s p e r l o a d b i n o r v e h i c l e c l a s s A R T : t o t a l a m o u n t o f a x l e s a c r o s s a l l l o a d b i n s B : a r b i t r a r y s i t e n a m e B 6 : c o n t i n u o u s d a t a d : d i f f e r e n c e v a l u e E E : e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e F C : f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s F F : f u r n i t u r e a n d fi x t u r e s t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e F M P : f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e F P : f o o d p r o d u c t t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e g : v e h i c l e g r o u p 1 1 : h o u r o f d a y H V O L : h o u r l y v o l u m e c o u n t H V O L T O T : a v e r a g e h o u r l y v o l u m e c o u n t t o t a l 1 ' : v e h i c l e c l a s s j : a x l e t y p e k : n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e c l a s s e s w i t h i n e a c h g r o u p I : l o a d b i n X X S y m b o l s ( c o n t ’ d ) : L L W : l o g s l u m b e r a n d w o o d t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e m : m o n t h o f y e a r M : m a c h i n e r y t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e M A D T T : m o n t h l y a v e r a g e d a i l y t r u c k t r a f f i c M A D W : m o n t h l y a v e r a g e a n n u a l d a i l y t r u c k t r a f f i c b y d a y o f w e e k M A L S W : m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d f r e q u e n c y p e r l o a d b i n M D F : m o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r M M : m a c h i n e r y a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e n : n u m b e r o f s p e c i f i c d a y o f w e e k w i t h i n a g i v e n m o n t h p : p a r t i c u l a r d a y o f w e e k w i t h i n m o n t h P P : p a p e r a n d p u l p p r o d u c t s t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e P M : p r i n t e d m a t t e r t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e R : r e g i o n d e s i g n a t i o n R A T : r o a d w a y a n n u a l t o n n a g e R C : r o a d c l a s s d e s i g n a t i o n R P : r u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e t : t o t a l T E T : t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e T O T R E P : t o t a l a x l e r e p e t i t i o n s p e r v e h i c l e c l a s s T O T V O L : t o t a l a v e r a g e v o l u m e c o u n t T T : t o t a l t o n s T T C : t r u c k t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n x x i S y m b o l s ( c o n t ’ d ) : V C 5 : v e h i c l e c l a s s 5 p e r c e n t a g e V C 9 : v e h i c l e c l a s s 9 p e r c e n t a g e V C I O : v e h i c l e c l a s s 1 0 p e r c e n t a g e V C 1 3 : v e h i c l e c l a s s 1 3 p e r c e n t a g e w : d a y o f w e e k o r o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h d a t a ( O W P M ) x : n u m b e r o f d a y s c o l l e c t e d ) 2 : n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e r e c o r d s z : e b u n t e r v a r i a b l e x x i i L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S A A D T : A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r a f f i c A A D T T : A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f f i c A A S H T O : A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S t a t e a n d H i g h w a y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n O f f i c i a l s A G P V : A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e A N O V A : A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e A T R : A u t o m a t i c T r a f fi c R e c o r d e r A V C : A u t o m a t i c V e h i c l e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n C I : C o n fi d e n c e I n t e r v a l D O T : D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E S A L : E q u i v a l e n t S i n g l e A x l e L o a d F H W A : F e d e r a l H i g h w a y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n G V W : G r o s s V e h i c l e W e i g h t H D F : H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r I R I : I n t e r n a t i o n a l R o u g h n e s s I n d e x I T S : I n t e l l i g e n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S y s t e m s K - S : K o l m o g o r o v - S m i m o v L S : L o a d S p e c t r a L T P P : L o n g T e r m P e r f o r m a n c e P r o j e c t L E F : L o a d E q u i v a l e n c y F a c t o r s M A P E : M e a n A b s o l u t e P e r c e n t E r r o r s M D F : M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r M D O T : M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n x x i i i A b b r e v i a t i o n s ( c o n t ’ d ) : M - E : M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l M - E P D G : M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n G u i d e N C H R P : N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e O W P M : O n e W e e k P e r M o n t h P C C : P o r t l a n d C e m e n t C o n c r e t e Q C : Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l S S : S u m o f S q u a r e s T M G : T r a f f i c M o n i t o r i n g G u i d e T T C : T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T W R G : T r u c k W e i g h t R o a d G r o u p U . P . : U p p e r P e n i n s u l a V C : V e h i c l e C l a s s W I M : W e i g h - i n - M o t i o n x x i v C H A P T E R 1 - I N T R O D U C T I O N T h e c u r r e n t A A S H T O 1 9 9 3 p a v e m e n t d e s i g n u t i l i z e s 1 8 — k i p E q u i v a l e n t S i n g l e A x l e L o a d s ( E S A L S ) f o r d e t e r m i n i n g p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s e s . H o w e v e r , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e M e c h a n i s t i c E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n G u i d e ( M - E P D G ) u n d e r N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 - 3 7 A d o e s n o t u s e E S A L s b u t i n s t e a d r e q u i r e s t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t r u c k t r a f f i c d i r e c t l y . T h e p r i n c i p l e g o a l o f t h i s r e s e a r c h w a s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c f o u n d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n t o d e v e l o p t h e t r a f f i c - r e l a t e d M - E P D G i n p u t s a t v a r i o u s i n p u t l e v e l s f o r u s e i n t h e M E - P D G s o f t w a r e . T h e s e d e s i g n i n p u t l e v e l s h a v e b e e n s e p a r a t e d i n t o t h r e e d i s t i n c t g r o u p s b a s e d o n t h e a m o u n t o f k n o w l e d g e t h e d e s i g n e n g i n e e r h a s a b o u t t h e p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . T h e t h r e e l e v e l s a r e o u t l i n e d i n t h e M E P D G D e s i g n G u i d e a n d a r e a s f o l l o w s ( 1 ) : 0 L e v e l I — ( S i t e S p e c i f i c ) T h e r e i s a v e r y g o o d k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A t t h i s l e v e l , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e p a s t t r a f f i c v o l u m e a n d w e i g h t d a t a h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d a l o n g o r n e a r t h e r o a d w a y s e g m e n t t o b e d e s i g n e d . L e v e l I i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e b e c a u s e i t u s e s t h e a c t u a l a x l e w e i g h t s a n d t r u c k t r a f fi c v o l u m e d i s t r i b u t i o n s m e a s u r e d o v e r o r n e a r t h e p r o j e c t s i t e . 0 L e v e l I I — ( R e g i o n S p e c i f i c ) T h e r e i s a m o d e s t k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A t t h i s l e v e l , o n l y r e g i o n a l o r s t a t e w i d e t r u c k v o l u m e a n d w e i g h t d a t a m a y b e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e r o a d w a y i n q u e s t i o n . L e v e l 1 1 r e q u e s t s t h a t t h e d e s i g n e r c o l l e c t s a s u f f i c i e n t a m o u n t o f t r u c k i n f o r m a t i o n i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h b a s e l o a d i n g a n d t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s w i t h r e a s o n a b l e c e r t a i n t y . L e v e l I I I — ( D e f a u l t ) T h e r e i s a p o o r k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A t t h i s l e v e l , l i t t l e t r u c k v o l u m e i n f o r m a t i o n s u c h a s A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r a f f i c ( A A D T ) a n d a t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e e x i s t s . I n t h i s c a s e , r e g i o n a l , s t a t e w i d e o r d e f a u l t M - E P D G t r a f f i c i n p u t s m u s t b e u t i l i z e d . U p o n c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( M D O T ) m a i n t a i n e d 4 4 w e i g h - i n - m o t i o n ( W I M ) a n d s e v e n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o n l y s i t e s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . W i t h o v e r 9 , 7 1 6 m i l e s o f s t a t e - t r u n k l i n e , t h e a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n L e v e l I i n p u t s w h e r e t h e m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e i s p l a c e d n e a r t h e d e s i g n s i t e i s q u i t e r a r e . E n h a n c i n g t h e a b i l i t y t o d o s o b y a d d i n g a d d i t i o n a l m o n i t o r i n g l o c a t i o n s b e c o m e s fi n a n c i a l l y i n f e a s i b l e a n d i m p r a c t i c a l . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e r e i s a n e e d t o e s t a b l i s h L e v e l I I a n d L e v e l I I I i n p u t s , i n w h i c h t h e e n g i n e e r c a n r e a s o n a b l y e s t i m a t e t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y . T h i s r e s e a r c h s a t i s f i e s t h i s o b j e c t i v e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s t e p s : 1 . 2 . A s c e r t a i n t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t t h e e x i s t i n g W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s G r o u p s i t e s w i t h s i m i l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o g e t h e r D e v e l o p L e v e l I I i n p u t s f r o m g r o u p a v e r a g e s a n d L e v e l I I I i n p u t s f r o m a v e r a g e s o f - a l l s t a t i o n s C o m p a r e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n L e v e l I a n d L e v e l I I / L e v e l I I I t o a s s e s s t h e i m p a c t o n p a v e m e n t l o n g e v i t y w h e n u s i n g l e s s t h a n s i t e - s p e c i fi c d a t a . D e t e r m i n e s i t e s w h i c h w i l l n e e d , a t a m i n i m u m , L e v e l I I d a t a . D e v e l o p a n a l g o r i t h m ( d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s ) f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l I I t r a f f i c d a t a f o r a g i v e n f u t u r e d e s i g n s i t e . W h i l e t h e r e a r e 1 3 t r a f f i c r e l a t e d i n p u t s p r o v i d e d i n t h e M - E P D G , e m p h a s i s w a s p l a c e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g f i v e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c i n p u t s : 0 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ( A G P V ) 0 S i n g l e , T a n d e m T r i d e m , Q u a d 0 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( M D F ) 0 S e t o f 1 2 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h m o n t h 0 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( H D F ) 0 S e t o f 2 4 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h h o u r 0 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T T C ) 0 P e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k t r a f f i c f o r e a c h F H W A v e h i c l e c l a s s 4 - 1 3 , t e n t o t a l 0 A x l e l o a d d i s t / s p e c t r a 0 L o a d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d e a c h a x l e g r o u p , 4 0 t o t a l R a w t r a f f i c d a t a c o l l e c t e d b y t h e 5 1 W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t a t i o n s m a n a g e d b y t h e M D O T w e r e o b t a i n e d a n d a n a l y z e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e L e v e l I ( s i t e - s p e c i f i c ) t r a f fi c p a t t e r n s a t t h e e x i s t i n g W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t a t i o n s . T h e p r o g r a m T r a f L o a d , d e v e l o p e d u n d e r N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 - 3 9 f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c r e a t i n g t r a f f i c i n p u t v a l u e s f o r t h e M — E P D G , f a c i l i t a t e d t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e r a w t r a f f i c d a t a i n t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s n e e d e d i n t h e M - E P D G . A m o n g t h e 5 1 c a n d i d a t e s i t e s , o n l y t h o s e s i t e s i n w h i c h a t l e a s t 2 4 m o n t h s o f d a t a , f r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 , w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s . O r i g i n a l c r i t e r i a f o r t h e d a t a e x t r a c t i o n ' c a l l e d f o r o n l y o n e w e e k o f d a t a p e r m o n t h a s r e q u i r e d f o r T r a f L o a d L e v e l I ( s i t e - s p e c i f i c ) i n p u t . T h i s w a s e x p a n d e d t o u t i l i z i n g a l l d a t a w i t h i n a m o n t h a s i t w a s f u n c t i o n a l l y p o s s i b l e f o r t h e M D O T t o e x t r a c t a n d p r o c e s s t h i s d a t a w i t h i n a r e a s o n a b l e a m o u n t o f t i m e . A s a r e s u l t , i m p l i c a t i o n s o f u t i l i z i n g o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h o f d a t a v e r s u s c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w e r e e x p l o r e d f r o m a t r a f f i c i n p u t a n d a p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d p o i n t . U p o n t h e d a t a c o n v e r s i o n , t h e s i t e s w i t h s i m i l a r t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s w e r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r b a s e d o n a h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s u s i n g a m a t h e m a t i c a l d i s t a n c e a l g o r i t h m . D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e c l u s t e r s l e a d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f L e v e l I I t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s t h a t w e r e c r e a t e d b y a v e r a g i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r a l l s i t e s w i t h i n t h e g r o u p . T h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f r o m a l l s i t e s w e r e a l s o a v e r a g e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e L e v e l I I I s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s . I t w a s a l s o d e s i r a b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e s e h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e o n p a v e m e n t d i s t r e s s o u t p u t s i n t h e M E P D G . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s n e e d e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o v e r a l l r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e t h a t c a n b e e x p e c t e d w h e n l e s s s i t e s p e c i fi c d a t a i s u s e d . T o d e t e r m i n e t h i s i m p a c t , r i g i d a n d f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s w e r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e M — E P D G . T h e v a r i o u s h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c i n p u t s w e r e t h e n p l a c e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n s a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s b a s e d o n p a v e m e n t d i s t r e s s e s s u c h a s I R I , c r a c k i n g a n d r u t t i n g w e r e c o m p a r e d . A s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , s i t e s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c d a t a n e e d e d f o r t h e M - E P D G i s o f t e n u n a v a i l a b l e p r i o r t o d e s i g n . C o n s e q u e n t l y a s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s f o r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c n e e d s t o b e c r e a t e d . T h i s w a s d o n e b y f i r s t d e t e r m i n i n g w h i c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s r e q u i r e d , a t a m i n i m u m , L e v e l I I ( m o r e a c c u r a t e ) d a t a b a s e d o n t h e M - E P D G a n a l y s i s . S u b s e q u e n t l y , a n a l g o r i t h m , d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s , w a s c o n d u c t e d t o d e v e l o p a p r o c e d u r e f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l I I d a t a n e e d e d f o r d e s i g n . T o s a t i s f y t h i s o b j e c t i v e , s i m i l a r i t i e s i n p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a s w e l l a s t r u c k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e x t e r n a l t o t h e s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c p a t t e r n w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e L e v e l I I t r a f f i c g r o u p i n g s . S u c h p r o p e r t i e s a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 V e h i c l e f r e i g h t c o m m o d i t y 0 U r b a n / R u r a l s e t t i n g 0 L o n g H a u l o r L o c a l t r i p s 0 G e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n T h e r e s u l t o f t h i s a n a l y s i s h a s l e d t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f a d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s a l g o r i t h m i n w h i c h t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s i t e a r e i n p u t t e d i n t o a n a l g o r i t h m t o s e l e c t a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l I I t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r d e s i g n i n t h e M - E P D G . T h i s t h e s i s i s o r g a n i z e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s : 1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n 2 . L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w 3 . M e t h o d o l o g y 4 . D a t a A n a l y s e s a n d R e s u l t s 5 . C o n c l u s i o n a n d R e c o m n ' z e m ' l a t i o n s C h a p t e r 1 s u m m a r i z e s t h e m e t h o d o l o g y b e h i n d t h i s r e s e a r c h . I t c o n t a i n s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e r e s e a r c h a s w e l l a s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e s u n d e r t a k e n i n t h i s p r o j e c t . C h a p t e r 2 p r e s e n t s p a s t r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d t o ( i ) t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i n t h e M — E P D G ( i i ) t h e e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( i i i ) t h e r e q u i r e d e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n M i c h i g a n f o r c o l l e c t i n g t r a f f i c d a t a ( i v ) p r e v i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s t u d i e s , i n c l u d i n g c l u s t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d e f f e c t s o f t r a f f i c - r e l a t e d i n p u t s o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . C h a p t e r 3 r e v i e w s t h e m e t h o d o l o g i e s a p p l i e d f o r e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s p r o j e c t . T h i s c h a p t e r a d d r e s s e s t h e p r o c e d u r e s u s e d f o r c o l l e c t i n g a n d e x t r a c t i n g “ r a w ” t r a f f i c d a t a a s w e l l a s t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l d a t a d e v e l o p m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s c h a p t e r e x a m i n e s t h e e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e i . e . , c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h a n d c o n t i n u o u s t r a f f i c d a t a T h e M - E P D G p r o c e d u r e f o r e x a m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t e a c h h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c i n p u t h a s o n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e i s a l s o a d d r e s s e d . F i n a l l y , t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a l g o r i t h m p r o c e d u r e f o r s e l e c t i n g L e v e l I I d e s i g n i n p u t s i s r e v i e w e d . C h a p t e r 4 a d d r e s s e s t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e r e s e a r c h . F i r s t , t h e e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e i s e v a l u a t e d f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b a s e d o n t h e “ r a w ” t r a f fi c d a t a . T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s e t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n d e s i g n i s t h e n a s s e s s e d , w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f f i n a l L e v e l H a n d L e v e l I I I t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . F i n a l l y , t h e d e v e l o p e d a l g o r i t h m s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l 1 1 i n p u t i s p r e s e n t e d . C h a p t e r 5 s u m m a r i z e s t h e c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d t h a t s a t i s f y t h e p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i n t h e M - E P D G f o r t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n a n d f u t u r e r e s e a r c h a r e a l s o p r o v i d e d . C H A P T E R 2 - L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W T h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m ( i ) p u b l i s h e d j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s s u c h a s J o u r n a l o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h R e c o r d , t h e J o u r n a l o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g , e t c . , ( i i ) p r o c e e d i n g s o f v a r i o u s d o m e s t i c a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e s , a n d ( i i i ) p u b l i s h e d r e s e a r c h r e p o r t s . T h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w s u m m a r i z e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r f o c u s e s o n t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s : T r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i n t h e M - E P D G E f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s R e q u i r e d e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n M i c h i g a n f o r c o l l e c t i n g t r a f f i c d a t a 0 P r e v i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s t u d i e s T r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i s r e v i e w e d i n o r d e r t o i d e n t i f y t h e a v a i l a b l e t r a f f i c - r e l a t e d i n p u t s i n t h e M - E P D G . T h e e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w a s e x p l o r e d t o g a i n p a r t i c u l a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b e t w e e n u s i n g o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h d a t a a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . A r e v i e w o f t h e r e q u i r e d e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n M i c h i g a n a l l o w s f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e n s o r s u s e d t o c o l l e c t t r a f f i c d a t a , t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e r r o r s o u r c e s a n d t h e m e t h o d s t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e e r r o r s . P r e v i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s t u d i e s w e r e e x p l o r e d t o d e v e l o p i n s i g h t i n t o t h e o b s e r v e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n o t h e r s t a t e s a s w e l l a s t h e m e t h o d s t h a t l e d t o t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t . 2 . 1 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N I N T H E M - E P D G T h e M - E P D G a c c e p t s a n a r r a y o f t r a f f i c i n p u t s f o r u s e i n d e s i g n . T a b l e 2 - 1 s u m m a r i z e s e a c h o f t h e s e t r a f f i c i n p u t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a v a i l a b l e h i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s i n t h e M - E P D G ( l ) . T a b l e 2 - 1 . T r a f fi c d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t h r e e M - E P D G i n p u t l e v e l s . D a t a E l e m e n t s / V a r i a b l e s I n p u t L e v e l I I I I I I . . . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l F i r t e c r t l o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r a c O A V C A V C A V C . . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l 3 : 3 2 1 : l a n e d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l A x l e / t r u c k c l a s s W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C T k a A x l e a n d t i r e s p a c i n g T r a f f i c & T i r e F a c t o r s T i r e p r e s s u r e T r a f f i c g r o w t h V e h i c l e o p e r a t i o n a l s p e e d L a t e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e s e i n p u t s . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l l f \ ; l c o t r ( i ) : h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l H o u r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r W I I V I o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C A A D T o r A A D T T f o r H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r b a s e y e a r t h e s e i n p u t s . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l fi i k c c l l g t S / s p e c t r a b y W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r T r u c k A V C A V C A V C T r a f f i c . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n 2 : 2 : L fi z g s d g z t é s g f g a b : W I I V I o r W I M o r W I M o r a n d V o l u m e y p A V C A V C A V C T r u c k t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g r o u p f o r d e s i g n % o f t r u c k s H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e s e i n p u t s A s s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 - 1 , m o s t o f t h e d a t a e l e m e n t s c a n b e c a p t u r e d b y h i e r a r c h i c a l i n p u t d a t a i n t h e M E P D G . L e v e l I d a t a a r e c a p t u r e d b y s i t e - s p e c i f i c W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s . T h i s d a t a t y p e h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d b y t h e M D O T . W h e r e s i t e - s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n i s u n a v a i l a b l e f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s , t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l b e g r o u p e d t o f o r m r e g i o n a l a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f L e v e l I I a n d L e v e l I I I i n p u t s . 2 . 2 E F F E C T O F D A T A C O V E R A G E O N D E V E L O P M E N T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S A s t u d y w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t r u c k t r a f f i c i n C a l i f o r n i a c o n c l u d e d i n a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s t h a t W I M s t a t i o n s s h o w e d l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w e e k s i n t h e s a m e m o n t h . ( 2 ) T h e T r a f L o a d p r o g r a m m a n u a l s t a t e s t h a t t h e p r o g r a m a c c e p t s a s a m i n i m u m o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h o f d a t a f o r a l l 1 2 m o n t h s i n o r d e r f o r a s i t e t o b e L e v e l I A s i t e s p e c i f i c . ( 3 ) S t u d i e s p e r f o r m e d b y C a m b r i d g e S y s t e m a t i c s r e v i e w e d i n t h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l , N C H R P R e p o r t 5 3 8 , r e v e a l e d t h a t u t i l i z i n g c o n t i n u o u s 7 - d a y d a t a p r o d u c e d m e a n a b s o l u t e p e r c e n t e r r o r s o f 1 0 . 1 % a n d 9 . 9 % f o r f a c t o r e d a n d u n - f a c t o r e d E S A L c o u n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h e n c o m p a r e d t o “ a n n u a l ” ( 8 m o n t h s o f c o n t i n u o u s d a t a ) e s t i m a t e s . ( 3 ) C h a p t e r 4 o f t h e M - E P D G m a n u a l s p e c i f i e s c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s a n d a s s o c i a t e d e r r o r i n p r e d i c t i o n o f a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n , t r u c k t r a f fi c d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d A A D T T f o r a g i v e n a m o u n t o f t r a f f i c c o l l e c t i o n d a y s b a s e d o n L T P P d a t a . U t i l i z i n g 1 2 w e e k s a t 7 d a y s p e r w e e k y i e l d s a t o t a l o f 8 4 c o l l e c t i o n d a y s f o r a g i v e n y e a r . T h e m a n u a l s t a t e s t h a t a t a 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e l e v e l , 8 4 d a y s o f c o l l e c t i o n w i l l p r o d u c e a 1 - 2 % e r r o r i n a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n , 2 - 5 % e r r o r i n t r u c k t r a f f i c d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d a 5 - 1 0 % e r r o r i n A A D T T . ( 1 ) A d d i t i o n a l l y , a n o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t F H W A s t u d y a s s e s s e d t h e a c t u a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n p a v e m e n t l i f e p r e d i c t i o n . T h e s t u d y i n v o l v e d a n a l y z i n g W I M s t a t i o n s , a u t o m a t i c v e h i c l e c l a s s i fi c a t i o n ( A V C ) a n d a u t o m a t i c t r a f f i c r e c o r d e r ( A T R ) . T h e r e s u l t s m o s t s i m i l a r t o t h e o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h o v e r 1 2 m o n t h s W I M s t a t i o n c o l l e c t i o n s c h e m e w a s r e g i o n a l d a t a f r o m A V C s c o n s i s t i n g o f 1 m o n t h o f d a t a f o r e a c h o f t h e 4 s e a s o n s a n d 1 w e e k o f d a t a f o r e a c h o f t h e 4 s e a s o n s . F o r t h e g i v e n p a v e m e n t s u t i l i z e d , a t a 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l , t h e o v e r a l l r a n g e i n e r r o r f r o m v a r i a t i o n i n t r a f f i c d a t a p r e d i c t i o n a n d d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t i o n f r o m c o n t i n u o u s d a t a i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 8 % a n d 5 0 % r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t c o n t i n u o u s s i t e s p e c i f i c W I M d a t a w a s r e g a r d e d a s t h e “ t r u e ” m e a s u r e o f t r u c k t r a f f i c a n d p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t i o n ( 4 ) . T h e T r a f f i c M o n i t o r i n g G u i d e ( T M G ) r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f o r a n y t r u c k w e i g h t r o a d g r o u p ( T W R G ) f o r m e d , a t l e a s t o n e c o n t i n u o u s W I M s t a t i o n s h o u l d b e i n c o r p o r a t e d t o p r o v i d e t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e t r u c k t r a f f i c f a c t o r s ( 5 ) . M o s t e n c o u n t e r e d a n a l y s e s o n t h e s u b j e c t o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f t r a f f i c s a m p l i n g r e c o g n i z e s c o n t i n u o u s s i t e s p e c i f i c W I M d a t a a s t h e a c t u a l t r u c k t r a f f i c p a t t e r n o f t h e s i t e . 2 . 3 W I M A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O N S E N S O R O V E R V I E W A r e v i e w o f t h e r e c o m m e n d e d d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s w a s p e r f o r m e d i n o r d e r t o m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s t o c h a n g e s n e e d e d i n t h e M D O T i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o a c c u r a t e l y c a p t u r e t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o u n d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . T h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s c o n s i s t e d o f : 0 T h e W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n 0 M e t h o d o l o g i e s f o r q u a l i t y c o n t r o l t o e n s u r e d a t a a c c u r a c y . 0 T h e c o u n t p r o g r a m s n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h v o l u m e , v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d a x l e l o a d i n g 2 . 3 . 1 W I M a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n E q u i p m e n t U s e d i n t h e S t a t e o f M i c h i g a n A t t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h i s p r o j e c t , t h e M D O T m a i n t a i n e d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f p e r m a n e n t W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s e n s o r e q u i p m e n t f o r a c q u i r i n g t h e L e v e l I d a t a 1 0 p r o v i d e d f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h . T h e t y p e o f p e r m a n e n t s e n s o r s u s e d a l o n g w i t h a g e n e r a l o p e r a t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i o n i s o u t l i n e d b e l o w : B e n d i n g p l a t e P i e z o c e r a m i c c a b l e s P i e z o p o l y m e r c a b l e s ( B L s e n s o r s ) - P i e z o q u a r t z s e n s o r s B e n d i n g P l a t e s : B e n d i n g p l a t e s h a v e d i m e n s i o n s o f r o u g h l y 6 ’ l o n g b y 2 ’ w i d e i n w h i c h o n e p l a t e i s i n s t a l l e d i n e a c h w h e e l p a t h , e i t h e r a l i g n e d i n p a r a l l e l o r s t a g g e r e d f a s h i o n , fl u s h w i t h t h e p a v e m e n t . T h e b e n d i n g p l a t e i s p l a c e d i n i t s o w n s t e e l f r a m e a n d i s n o t a s i m p a c t e d b y p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g p a v e m e n t . T h i s e n s u r e s m o r e a c c u r a t e d a t a . T w o i n d u c t a n c e l o o p s u s u a l l y a c c o m p a n y t h e b e n d i n g p l a t e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n v e h i c l e s a n d m e a s u r e s p e e d . S t r a i n g a u g e s a r e m o u n t e d t o t h e u n d e r s i d e o f e a c h p l a t e . W h e n a v e h i c l e p a s s e s o v e r t h e p l a t e t h e s t r a i n m e a s u r e d b y t h e s e n s o r i s c o n v e r t e d t o t h e a m o u n t o f l o a d i n g n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e t h a t s t r a i n ( 6 ) . P i e z o C a b l e s : A l l p i e z o c a b l e s o p e r a t e i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r . A n a r r o w c u t , r o u g h l y 2 ” w i d e , i s p l a c e d i n t h e p a v e m e n t a n d t h e p i e z o c a b l e i s p l a c e d s o t h a t t h e t o p o f t h e s e n s o r i s f l u s h w i t h t h e p a v e m e n t . W h e n a t r u c k p a s s e s o v e r t h e s e n s o r , a v o l t a g e i s c r e a t e d w h i c h i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o a l o a d t h a t w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e t h e m e a s u r e d v o l t a g e . T y p i c a l p i e z o s i t e s c a n c o n s i s t o f t w o p i e z o s e n s o r s , t w o p i e z o s e n s o r s a n d a n i n d u c t a n c e l o o p , o r o n e p i e z o a n d t w o i n d u c t a n c e l o o p s . T h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a l l o w f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f v e h i c l e s p e e d a n d a x l e s p a c i n g . T h e l a t t e r i s n e c e s s a r y f o r v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a s p i e z o s a r e a x l e b a s e d c l a s s i f i e r s b a s e d o n t h e s t a n d a r d F H W A 1 3 v e h i c l e c l a s s e s , w h i c h t h e M D O T u t i l i z e s . B e s i d e s e n h a n c e d a c c u r a c y , p i e z o q u a r t z s e n s o r s h a v e 1 1 a n a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e o t h e r p i e z o s e n s o r s i n t h a t i t i s i n s e n s i t i v e t o t e m p e r a t u r e , a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r i n a c o n t i n e n t a l c l i m a t e s u c h a s M i c h i g a n ( 6 ) . A l i m i t e d r e v i e w o f t h e s t r e n g t h s a n d d r a w b a c k s o f u s i n g t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d s e n s o r s a s s u g g e s t e d b y H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 2 — 2 ( 6 ) . A m o r e e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f e a c h o f t h e e q u i p m e n t s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 2 - 2 a s w e l l a s o t h e r s e n s o r s a v a i l a b l e f o r p e r m a n e n t c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n c a n b e f o u n d i n C h a p t e r 2 a n d C h a p t e r 3 o f H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t . W h i l e n o t r e v i e w e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d , a s w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d i n s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s , t h a t s h o r t — d u r a t i o n d a t a c o l l e c t i o n b e p e r f o r m e d i n a d d i t i o n t o c o n t i n u o u s c o l l e c t i o n . T h e f o l l o w i n g e q u i p m e n t i s t y p i c a l l y u s e d f o r s h o r t - d u r a t i o n p o r t a b l e W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a u s i n g t h e F H W A 1 3 — c a t e g o r y s y s t e m ( 6 ) : 0 R o a d t u b e s ( C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o n l y ) 0 P i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s 0 C a p a c i t a n c e m a t s ( W I I V I ) R o a d t u b e s : R o a d t u b e s a r e t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s e n s o r . R o a d t u b e s a r e p r e s s u r e s e n s i t i v e s e n s o r s , m e a n i n g t h a t w h e n a v e h i c l e p a s s e s o v e r t h e s e n s o r , t h e a i r b u r s t d e l i v e r e d i n s i d e t h e t u b e i s c o n v e r t e d t o a n e l e c t r o n i c s i g n a l w h i c h m a r k s t h e p a s s i n g o f a v e h i c l e . T h e t y p i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s t w o r o a d t u b e s p l a c e d p a r a l l e l t o o n e a n o t h e r o n t h e r o a d s u r f a c e a n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t r a f f i c f l o w a t a k n o w n d i s t a n c e a p a r t . T h e d i s t a n c e s e t t i n g a l l o w s f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f v e h i c l e s p e e d a n d d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n a x l e s ( 6 ) . 1 2 T a b l e 2 - 2 . S t r e n g t h s a n d D r a w b a c k s o f P e r m . W I M a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n S e n s o r s i n M I T y p e o f S e n s o r I S t r e n g t h s D r a w b a c k s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n P i e z o C a b l e ( c e r a m i c , p o l y m e r [ f i l m ] , q u a r t z ) W i d e l y u s e d a n d s u p p o r t e d B e s t p r a c t i c e s i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e E a s e o f d e p l o y m e n t C a n w o r k w e l l i n a r e a s o f h i g h v o l u m e , i f s t a b l e s p e e d R e q u i r e s r e g u l a r m a i n t e n a n c e D i f f i c u l t t o m a i n t a i n i n a r e a s o f h i g h t r a f f i c v o l u m e W H V I P i e z o C a b l e ( c e r a m i c , p o l y m e r ) E a s i e r , f a s t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n t h a n m o s t o t h e r W I M s y s t e m s G e n e r a l l y l o w e r c o s t t h a n m o s t o t h e r W I M s y s t e m s W e l l s u p p o r t e d b y t h e i n d u s t r y S e n s i t i v e t o t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s A c c u r a c y a f f e c t e d b y s t r u c t u r a l r e s p o n s e o f t h e r o a d w a y L e s s a c c u r a t e t h a n p i e z o q u a r t z S u s c e p t i b l e t o l i g h t n i n g M e t i c u l o u s i n s t a l l a t i o n r e q u i r e d p a v e m e n t s t r u c t u r e E n t i r e t i r e f i t s o n t o s e n s o r M o d e r a t e s e n s o r c o s t S e n s o r i s n o t t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v e M o r e a c c u r a t e t h a n p i e z o c a b l e s E x t e n s i v e i n d u s t r y e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t e c h n o l o g y P i e z o q u a r t z E a s i e r , f a s t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n M o r e e x p e n s i v e t h a n o t h e r t h a n m o s t o t h e r W I M p i e z o t e c h n o l o g i e s s y s t e m s R e q u i r e s m u l t i p l e s e n s o r s p e r M a y b e m o r e c o s t — e f f e c t i v e l a n e ( l o n g t e r m ) i f s e n s o r s a r e A b o v e a v e r a g e m a i n t e n a n c e l o n g — l a s t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t V e r y a c c u r a t e s e n s o r S e n s o r l o n g e v i t y d a t a n o t S e n s o r i s n o t t e m p e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e s e n s i t i v e A c c u r a c y a f f e c t e d b y G r o w i n g s u p p o r t b y i n d u s t r y s t r u c t u r a l r e s p o n s e o f r o a d w a y B e n d i n g P l a t e F r a m e s e p a r a t e s s e n s o r f r o m L o n g e r i n s t a l l a t i o n t i m e r e q u i r e d t h a n p i e z o t e c h n o l o g i e s V a r i a b i l i t y i n s e n s o r l i f e P i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s : T h e p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s o p e r a t e i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s t h o s e r e v i e w e d f o r c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n . T h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t t h e p o r t a b l e l 3 s h o r t - d u r a t i o n s e n s o r i s m o u n t e d o n t o p o f t h e p a v e m e n t s u r f a c e r a t h e r t h a n w i t h i n t h e p a v e m e n t s u r f a c e . T h i s c a u s e s a d d i t i o n a l d y n a m i c f o r c e s w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e i m p r o p e r c a l c u l a t i o n o f v e h i c l e w e i g h t . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e d y n a m i c i m p a c t c o u l d a l l o w t h e s e n s o r t o i n a d v e r t e n t l y d e t e c t t h e p r e s e n c e o f t w o a x l e s i n s t e a d o f o n e , c r e a t i n g e r r o r s i n v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a s w e l l . T h e n e e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n t c a l i b r a t i o n a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r t h e i n a c c u r a c i e s o f r e c o r d e d w e i g h t s c a n m a k e D O T s d e c i d e a g a i n s t t h e u s e o f p o r t a b l e W I M . I n s t e a d , p l a c i n g m o r e c o n t i n u o u s , p e r m a n e n t W I M s t a t i o n s , f l u s h w i t h t h e p a v e m e n t , i s f a v o r e d t o c o l l e c t a d d i t i o n a l w e i g h t a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a u s i n g t h i s s e n s o r ( 6 ) . C a p a c i t a n c e m a t s : C a p a c i t a n c e m a t s , l i k e p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s a n d r o a d t u b e s a r e p l a c e d o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e r o a d w a y . T h e y c o n s i s t o f t w o m e t a l p l a t e s w i t h a d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l i n b e t w e e n . T h e y a r e p l a c e d i n o n l y o n e w h e e l p a t h o f t h e l a n e . W h e n a v e h i c l e p a s s e s o v e r t h e m a t , t h e p l a t e s a r e p u s h e d c l o s e r t o g e t h e r , i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r c a p a c i t a n c e . T h i s c a p a c i t a n c e i n c r e a s e i s c o n v e r t e d t o t h e w e i g h t r e q u i r e d t o i n d u c e t h e c a p a c i t a n c e . S i n c e t h e m a t i s p l a c e d a b o v e t h e r o a d w a y , a d d i t i o n a l d y n a m i c f o r c e s a r e c r e a t e d b y t h e “ b u m p ” w h i c h , s i m i l a r t o p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r s , c a u s e s i n a c c u r a c i e s i n c a l c u l a t e d v e h i c l e a x l e w e i g h t s ( 6 ) . T a b l e 2 3 p r o v i d e s a l i m i t e d r e v i e w o f t h e s t r e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f u s i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e p o r t a b l e s e n s o r t e c h n o l o g y t o c o l l e c t s h o r t - d u r a t i o n W I M a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . A m o r e e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f e a c h o f t h e e q u i p m e n t s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 2 - 3 a s w e l l a s o t h e r s e n s o r s a v a i l a b l e f o r p e r m a n e n t c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n c a n b e f o u n d i n C h a p t e r 2 a n d C h a p t e r 3 o f H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t ( 6 ) . l 4 T a b l e 2 - 3 . S t r e n g t h s a n d D r a w b a c k s o f P o r t a b l e C l a s s i fi c a t i o n a n d W I M T e c h n o l o g y T y p e o f S e n s o r S t r e n g t h s D r a w b a c k s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n / W I M R o a d T u b e s I n e x p e n s i v e I n a c c u r a t e u n d e r h i g h V e r y c o m m o n v o l u m e s E a s y t o u s e D i f f i c u l t t o i n s t a l l o n m u l t i p l e l a n e s P i e z o C a b l e ( c e r a m i c , p o l y m e r [ f i l m ] ) E a s e o f d e v e l o p m e n t I n e x p e n s i v e s e n s o r c o s t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a i s c o n s i d e r e d r e l i a b l e C a n b e d i f f i c u l t t o p l a c e i n h i g h - v o l u m e t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s S e n s i t i v e t o v a r i a t i o n s i n t e m p e r a t u r e M o r e a c c u r a t e i f u s e d a s a p e r m a n e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n S u s c e p t i b l e t o l i g h t n i n g W I I V I C a p a c i t a n c e M a t s E a s e o f d e p l o y m e n t M o d e s t s e n s o r c o s t O n l y m e a s u r e s o n e w h e e l p a t h C r e a t e s t h e l a r g e s t “ b u m p ” o f t h e p o r t a b l e t e c h n o l o g i e s I t i s a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f 3 D O T t o s e l e c t t h e p r o p e r e q u i p m e n t f o r i t s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s . W h e n s e l e c t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e q u i p m e n t f o r u s e H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t s u g g e s t r e v i e w i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g ( 6 ) : 0 D a t a c o l l e c t i o n n e e d s o f t h e u s e r s 0 D a t a h a n d l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e h i g h w a y a g e n c y 0 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a v a i l a b l e m a k e s o r m o d e l s o f e q u i p m e n t I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s i t e m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d . F o r m o s t e q u i p m e n t t h e s i t e m u s t m e e t t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a ( 6 ) : 0 F l a t p a v e m e n t ( N o h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l c u r v e s ) 0 S m o o t h p a v e m e n t ( N o b u m p s ) 0 S t r o n g p a v e m e n t 0 V e h i c l e s m a i n t a i n a c o n s t a n t s p e e d , u s u a l l y a b o v e 1 0 m p h 1 5 0 V e h i c l e s d o n o t f o l l o w c l o s e t o o n e a n o t h e r ( a s i n u r b a n a r e a s ) 0 V e h i c l e s m a i n t a i n l a n e s I f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t m e t , w e i g h t a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l t o b e h i g h l y e r r o n e o u s d e s p i t e t h e b e s t o f c a l i b r a t i o n e f f o r t s . P o o r p a v e m e n t c o n d i t i o n s w i l l r e s u l t i n i m p r o p e r w e i g h t d a t a w h i l e s p o r a d i c v e h i c l e b e h a v i o r w i l l r e s u l t i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n a c c u r a c i e s . A m o r e e x t e n s i v e l i s t o f q u e s t i o n s t h a t e a c h a g e n c y s h o u l d a d d r e s s f o r t h e s e i s s u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n C h a p t e r 4 o f H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t ( 6 ) . A s a m p l e s e l e c t i o n s h e e t i s a l s o p r o v i d e d f o r u s e i n c h o o s i n g t h e p r o p e r e q u i p m e n t n e e d e d f o r t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t . 2 . 3 . 2 E r r o r S o u r c e s A t t e n t i o n m u s t b e g i v e n t o t h e p o t e n t i a l e r r o r s t h a t c a n b e e n c o u n t e r e d w h e n r e c o r d i n g t r a f f i c d a t a a t W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t a t i o n s a s w e l l a s m e t h o d o l o g i e s t o d e t e c t t h o s e e r r o r s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s u m m a r i z e s t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o u n d o n t h i s s u b j e c t . T h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l s p e c i fi e s e i g h t s o u r c e s o f e r r o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t r a f f i c l o a d i n g s ( 3 ) : o T h e c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n e q u i p m e n t 0 D i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e - w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n s a m o n g d i f f e r e n t V C s 0 D i f f e r e n c e s i n v e h i c l e l o a d i n g r a t e s b e t w e e n o n e r o a d a n d a n o t h e r 0 D i f f e r e n c e s i n v e h i c l e l o a d b y d i r e c t i o n 0 V a r i a t i o n i n a x l e w e i g h t s c a u s e d b y c h a n g e s i n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s b y t i m e o f d a y 0 V a r i a t i o n i n a x l e w e i g h t s c a u s e d b y c h a n g e s i n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s b y d a y o f t h e w e e k 1 6 0 V a r i a t i o n i n a x l e w e i g h t s c a u s e d b y c h a n g e s i n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s b y t i m e o f y e a r 0 F u t u r e c h a n g e s i n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s W I M e q u i p m e n t i s e s p e c i a l l y s e n s i t i v e t o c a l i b r a t i o n e r r o r , w h i c h i s i n t u r n a f f e c t e d b y s e n s o r i n s t a l l a t i o n , s e n s o r c o n d i t i o n , p a v e m e n t r o u g h n e s s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d r o a d w a y g e o m e t r i e s ( 3 ) . A s t u d y b y P r o z z i a n d H o n g f o u n d t h a t a 1 % u n d e r c a l i b r a t i o n c a n c a u s e a 3 % o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t l i f e i n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n i n t h e M - E P D G . T h e a u t h o r s a l s o f o u n d t h a t a 1 % o v e r c a l i b r a t i o n l e a d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 % u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t l i f e ( 7 ) . T o r e d u c e s e n s o r e r r o r f r o m e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s , i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t s e n s o r s b e p l a c e d i n a s m o o t h , f l a t s t r u c t u r a l l y s o u n d p a v e m e n t i n g o o d c o n d i t i o n t o e n s u r e s e n s o r a c c u r a c y . P r o d u c i n g 3 0 0 ’ c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n s c o u l d p r o v i d e a m o r e s t r u c t u r a l l y a n d l o n g l a s t i n g b a s e f o r s e n s o r p l a c e m e n t . S e n s o r s a l s o m u s t b e p l a c e d a w a y f r o m a r e a s i n w h i c h t r u c k s w i l l b e e i t h e r a c c e l e r a t i n g o r d e c e l e r a t i n g a n d w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e i r l a n e w h e n p a s s i n g o v e r t h e s e n s o r ( 6 ) . C a l i b r a t i o n m u s t b e c o n d u c t e d p e r i o d i c a l l y t o e n s u r e a c c u r a t e w e i g h t s a r e b e i n g t a k e n . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a m o n g s t t h e d i f f e r e n t V C s a r e a c c o m m o d a t e d b y t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f e a c h a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h V C i n t h e M E P D G . T h e T r a f L o a d s o f t w a r e i s c a p a b l e o f g e n e r a t i n g a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h V C a n d e a c h a x l e c o n fi g u r a t i o n . D i f f e r e n c e s i n l o a d i n g r a t e s a c r o s s v a r i o u s r o a d t y p e s a n d b e t w e e n d i r e c t i o n s a r e d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o m m o d i t i e s c a r r i e d a n d a m o u n t o f l o a d e d t r u c k s ( 3 ) . V a r i a t i o n b y d a y , w e e k o r m o n t h i s a l s o h e a v i l y d e p e n d e n t o n c o m m o d i t y a n d e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y i n t h e a r e a . T h e s e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s m u s t b e t r a c k e d t o e n s u r e p r o p e r l o a d i n g s a r e t a k e n . 1 7 S e a s o n a l c h a n g e s a r e c a p t u r e d b y c r e a t i n g a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h m o n t h . T h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m a s s u m e s t h a t l o a d i n g r a t e s d o n o t c h a n g e o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f t h e d e s i g n l i f e . R e s e a r c h h a s s u p p o r t e d t h a t a x l e l o a d i n g s d o n o t v a r y f r o m y e a r t o y e a r ( 2 ) . H o w e v e r , i t i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e t h a t l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s c a n c h a n g e o v e r t i m e a n d c o u l d b e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g ( 3 ) : 0 T r u c k s i z e a n d w e i g h t l a w s 0 T h e c o m m o d i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s p e c i f i c r o u t e s 0 T h e f r a c t i o n o f l o a d e d a n d u n l o a d e d t r u c k s o n t h e r o a d w a y ( t r u c k i n g e f f i c i e n c y ) T o a c c o m m o d a t e f o r s u c h c h a n g e s , t r a f fi c l o a d i n g s o n r o a d w a y s m u s t b e p e r i o d i c a l l y c h e c k e d t o e n s u r e t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n h a s n o t o c c u r r e d . T h e T M G p r o v i d e s t h e f o l l o w i n g s o u r c e s o f e r r o r f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t r u c k c l a s s i fi c a t i o n d a t a f r o m a x l e - b a s e d s e n s o r s ( 5 ) : o I n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h e d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e t w o a x l e s e n s o r s 0 I n a c c u r a c i e s o f a x l e s e n s o r s 0 I m p r o p e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e n s o r c l a s s i fi c a t i o n a l g o r i t h m ( l a c k o f c a l i b r a t i o n ) 0 P r e s e n c e o f m o r e t h a n o n e v e h i c l e c l a s s w i t h s i m i l a r a x l e s p a c i n g 0 V a r i a b l e s p e e d o f v e h i c l e s a s t h e y p a s s o v e r t h e s e n s o r 0 L a c k o f l a n e d i s c i p l i n e w h e n p a s s i n g o v e r t h e s e n s o r s 0 C h a n g e i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d v o l u m e c o u n t s o v e r t i m e T h e f i r s t f o u r e r r o r s m e n t i o n e d a r e c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h t h e p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n , i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s e n s o r e q u i p m e n t . A s w i t h W I M s e n s o r s , c l a s s i fi c a t i o n s e n s o r s n e e d t o b e p u t i n s t r u c t u r a l l y s o u n d p a v e m e n t t h a t i s f r e e o f b u m p s w h i c h m a y i n t e r f e r e W i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n i f a t r u c k a x l e h a s p a s s e d . P r o p e r l y 1 8 c o n f i g u r i n g t h e s e n s o r a n d d e v e l o p i n g a r o b u s t a l g o r i t h m f o r t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f a x l e s p a c i n g t o v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i l l l i m i t t h e n u m b e r o f e r r o n e o u s l y c l a s s i f i e d v e h i c l e s . T h e n e x t t w o e r r o r s p e r t a i n i n g t o v e h i c l e m o v e m e n t o v e r t h e s e n s o r c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d t h r o u g h t h e p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s i t e . P l a c e m e n t o n a s t r a i g h t , l i m i t e d a c c e s s s t r e t c h o f r o a d w a y w i t h n o s t o p - a n d - g o t r a f f i c w i l l a l l o w t r u c k s t o p a s s o v e r t h e s e n s o r a s d e s i g n e d . T h i s w i l l a l l o w t h e s e n s o r t o p e r f o r m a s d e s i r e d . H o w e v e r , e v e n w i t h t h e s e s t e p s , t h e s e n s o r s h o u l d p r o v i d e a l o g o f t h e a m o u n t o f u n c l a s s i fi e d o r i m p r 0 p e r l y c l a s s i f i e d v e h i c l e s s o t h a t t h e a g e n c y c a n d e t e r m i n e i f t h e s i t e i s w o r k i n g p r o p e r l y . T h e f i n a l e r r o r p e r t a i n s t o t h e t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s o f t r u c k t r a f f i c d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d v o l u m e o v e r t i m e . T h e M - E P D G a s s u m e s t h a t v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d o e s n o t c h a n g e o v e r t h e d e s i g n l i f e . T r a f f i c v o l u m e s a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y a p p l y i n g a g r o w t h f a c t o r a l g o r i t h m w i t h i n t h e p r o g r a m . 2 . 3 . 3 Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l S i n c e W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s e n s o r s h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l t o y i e l d i n a c c u r a t e t r a f f i c d a t a , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o p e r f o r m q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e c h e c k s t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e a c q u i r e d d a t a i s e r r o n e o u s . T h e g e n e r a l m e t h o d o l o g y f o r t h e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l c h e c k i s t o r e v i e w t h e d a t a a n d f l a g a n y t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s t h a t a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f d e v i a t i o n s f r o m k n o w n t r e n d s . P a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s i s p l a c e d o n a n a l y z i n g V C 9 t r a f f i c ( s t a n d a r d 5 - a x l e t r a c t o r s e m i - t r a i l e r ) , w h i c h i s w e l l d o c u m e n t e d d u e t o i t s p r e v a l e n c e i n t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d e d r e v i e w i n g s o m e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a n o m a l i e s i n V C 9 g r o s s v e h i c l e w e i g h t ( G V W ) t h a t s u g g e s t p o s s i b l e s i t e o r c a l i b r a t i o n f a i l u r e ( 5 ) : o A s h i f t i n p e a k l o a d i n g v a l u e ( c a l i b r a t i o n d r i f t ) 0 H i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f v e h i c l e s h e a v i e r t h a n 8 0 k i p s l 9 o A f l a t w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s c a l e f a i l u r e ) T h e T M G s t a t e s t h a t u n l o a d e d V C 9 t r u c k s s h o u l d h a v e a G V W b e t w e e n 2 8 a n d 3 6 k i p w h i l e l o a d e d t r u c k s s h o u l d b e b e t w e e n 7 2 a n d 8 0 k i p s . I S i m u l t a n e o u s s h i f t s f r o m b o t h o f t h e s e p e a k s t o e i t h e r l o w e r o r h i g h e r w e i g h t v a l u e s u g g e s t t h a t t h e W I M s i t e h a s f a l l e n o u t o f c a l i b r a t i o n . A s h i f t i n o n l y o n e p e a k c a n a l s o b e a n i n d i c a t i o n o f s c a l e f a i l u r e ( 5 ) . T h e m a x i m u m a l l o w e d G V W f o r V C 9 t r u c k s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 0 k i p s . I f i t i s f o u n d t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f t r u c k s a r e o v e r t h i s l i m i t , t h e s e n s o r s h o u l d b e c h e c k e d f o r p o s s i b l e e r r o r s , u n l e s s t h i s t y p e o f o v e r l o a d i n g i s c o m m o n ( 5 ) . I n M i c h i g a n , t h e m a x i m u m a l l o w a b l e l o a d f o r V C 9 t r u c k s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 3 k i p s , a s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 - 5 o f t h i s r e p o r t . A s s u c h , a l a r g e f r e q u e n c y o f t r u c k s e x c e e d i n g t h i s l i m i t s h o u l d n o t b e e x p e c t e d . T h e T M G a l s o s t a t e s t h a t w h e n a W I I V I s e n s o r f a i l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c , a n a l m o s t f l a t G V W d i s t r i b u t i o n i s p r o d u c e d . I t i s a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e c o r d e d a x l e s p a c i n g o f t h e t r a c t o r t a n d e m a x l e o n V C 9 t r u c k s b e c h e c k e d a s i t i s a f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t p a r a m e t e r a c r o s s t h e t r u c k fl e e t . I f t h i s v a l u e i s i n c o r r e c t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t w e i g h t s m e a s u r e m e n t a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u l d b e i n v a l i d . I n a d d i t i o n t o r e v i e w i n g w e i g h t d a t a , H a l l e n b e c k a n d W e i n b l a t t ( 6 ) n o t e o t h e r c h e c k s t h a t c a n b e a d m i n i s t e r e d t o c o l l e c t e d t r a f f i c d a t a t o v e r i f y i f t h e s e n s o r m a y b e f a i l i n g : 0 A A D T T c o u n t s s i g n i fi c a n t l y o f f f r o m p r e v i o u s r e c o r d s 0 A c h a n g e i n V C 9 p e r c e n t a g e t r u c k s f r o m p r e v i o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n 0 U n u s u a l H D F p a t t e r n s 0 H o u r s m i s s i n g f r o m t h e d a t a s e t 0 S c a l e ’ s d i a g n o s t i c s r e p o r t i n g p r o b l e m s 2 0 S i m i l a r t o V C 9 a x l e l o a d i n g d a t a c h e c k s , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s i n v o l v e c o m p a r i n g c o l l e c t e d d a t a w i t h p r e v i o u s l y k n o w n t r e n d s o f t h e s i t e . M o n i t o r i n g t r u c k v o l u m e s a n d p e r c e n t a g e s f o r u n e x p e c t e d i n c r e a s e s i n v o l u m e a s w e l l a s s h i f t s i n v e h i c l e c l a s s d i s t r i b u t i o n p r o v i d e a n i n d i c a t i o n o f s e n s o r f a i l u r e . L T P P a l s o h a d a r a n g e o f s u g g e s t e d d a t a c h e c k s . W h i l e m o s t c h e c k s e c h o e d t h o s e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , t h e r e w e r e a f e w r e v i e w e d t h a t e s p e c i a l l y p e r t a i n e d t o c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . T a b l e 2 - 4 r e v e a l s t h e s e L T P P c h e c k s a l o n g w i t h t h e c a u s e s o f e r r o r ( 8 ) . T a b l e 2 - 4 . P o t e n t i a l C l a s s i fi c a t i o n E r r o r C h e c k s a n d S o u r c e s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n D a t a C h e c k E r r o r A b n o r r n a l l y l a r g e p r e s e n c e o f T i m e - o u t o r v e h i c l e t h r e s h o l d s a r e t o o l o w m o t o r c y c l e s L a r g e n u m b e r o f V C 8 v e h i c l e s C l o s e l y f o l l o w i n g p a i r s o f c a r s a r e r e c o r d e d a s t r u c k s P a s s e n g e r v e h i c l e s p u l l i n g t r a i l e r s a r e b e i n g c l a s s i fi e d a s t r a c t o r s p u l l i n g t r a i l e r s A x l e s e n s o r s a r e r o u t i n e l y m i s s i n g o n e o f t h e t a n d e m a x l e s o n c o n v e n t i o n a l 5 - a x l e t r a c t o r s e m i - t r a i l e r t r u c k s . U n u s u a l l y l a r g e n u m b e r s o f o t h e r V C s A l g o r i t h m n o t p r 0 p e r l y c o n f i g u r e d t o d e s c r i b e s t a t e ’ s v e h i c l e f l e e t . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h i s i s o n l y a l i m i t e d r e v i e w o f q u a l i t y c o n t r o l c h e c k s t h a t c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d . I t i s a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e D O T h o w t o a p p l y a p p r o p r i a t e d a t a c o n t r o l p r o c e s s e s n e e d e d t o v e r i f y t h e q u a l i t y o f c o l l e c t e d t r a f f i c d a t a . A m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e v i e w o f d a t a q u a l i t y c o n t r o l c h e c k s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 ) 2 1 2 . 3 . 4 C o u n t P r o g r a m s A s t a t e h i g h w a y p r o g r a m n e e d s t o c o l l e c t t h e f o l l o w i n g t r u c k d a t a a t a m i n i m u m ( 3 , 5 ) : 0 S h o r t - d u r a t i o n v o l u m e c o u n t s 0 C o n t i n u o u s v o l u m e c o u n t s 0 S h o r t - d u r a t i o n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s 0 C o n t i n u o u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s - W I M m e a s u r e m e n t s T o f a c i l i t a t e t h i s c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t a m o d e s t n u m b e r o f c o n t i n u o u s l y o p e r a t i n g s i t e s w i l l b e n e e d e d w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t o f s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o u n t s . T h e l a r g e a m o u n t o f s h o r t - d u r a t i o n a l l o w s f o r t h e e x p a n s i o n o f c o v e r a g e w i t h i n t h e s t a t e , w h i l e t h e c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t s a r e p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r s , s u c h a s t i m e - o f — d a y , d a y - o f - w e e k a n d s e a s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t s ( M D F s ) f o r t h e s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o u n t s ( 3 , 5 ) . W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s b e t w e e n s t a t e s a n d w i t h i n s t a t e s . C o u n t s a n d w e i g h t m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n b y n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e s a l o n g w i t h c o u n t y a n d c i t y o p e r a t i o n s s u c h a s i n t e l l i g e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s ( I T S ) , l o n g t e r m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e m o n i t o r i n g , w e i g h t e n f o r c e m e n t a n d t o l l f a c i l i t i e s c a n e n h a n c e t h e s t a t e ’ s c o l l e c t i o n p r o g r a m ( 5 ) . S u c h e n h a n c e m e n t s a r e b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s , m o r e e f f e c t i v e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , a n d r e d u c t i o n o f w a s t e d d u p l i c a t i v e e f f o r t . T h e f o l l o w i n g h i g h l i g h t s t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d C O U I I I S . 2 2 2 . 3 . 4 . a U s e s a n d O u t p u t o f C o u n t P r o g r a m s T h e p r i m a r y g o a l o f v o l u m e c o u n t s i s t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f A A D T T f o r t h e s i t e . V o l u m e c o u n t s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r ( 5 ) : 0 S a f e t y a n a l y s e s e n d e a v o r s 0 V e h i c l e l o a d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s 0 V e h i c l e u s e a s p a r t o f r e v e n u e f o r e c a s t s 0 S t a t i s t i c s u s e d b y p r i v a t e s e c t o r f o r p l a c e m e n t o f b u s i n e s s a n d s e r v i c e s T r a f fi c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s n e e d e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v o l u m e o f e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s p r e s e n t o n t h e r o a d w a y . T h i s d a t a h a s i m p l i c a t i o n s o n t h e f o l l o w i n g ( 5 ) : o P a v e m e n t d e s i g n - P a v e m e n t m a n a g e m e n t 0 P r e d i c t i o n a n d p l a n n i n g f o r c o m m o d i t y f l o w s a n d f r e i g h t m o v e m e n t s 0 D e v e l o p m e n t o f w e i g h t e n f o r c e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s 0 V e h i c l e c r a s h r e c o r d a n a l y s i s 0 E n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a n a l y s i s 0 A n a l y s i s o f a l t e r n a t i v e h i g h w a y r e g u l a t o r y a n d i n v e s t m e n t p o l i c i e s L o a d i n g d a t a f r o m W I M s t a t i o n s c o l l e c t a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a b y v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d a x l e t y p e . T h e y a r e n e e d e d f o r b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 P a v e m e n t d e s i g n 0 P a v e m e n t m a i n t e n a n c e 0 B r i d g e d e s i g n 0 P a v e m e n t a n d b r i d g e l o a d i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s 0 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n e e d a n d s u c c e s s o f w e i g h t l a w e n f o r c e m e n t a c t i o n s 2 3 0 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e n e e d f o r g e o m e t r i c i m p r o v e m e n t s 0 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n e e d o f s a f e t y i m p r o v e m e n t s A s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , i n o r d e r t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f s t a t e a g e n c i e s a n d o t h e r s t h e v o l u m e c o u n t p r o g r a m s h o u l d c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 S h o r t - d u r a t i o n v o l u m e c o u n t s 0 C o n t i n u o u s v o l u m e c o u n t s T h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s o u t l i n e t h e g o a l s a n d r e a s o n i n g b e h i n d e a c h t y p e o f c o u n t , a l o n g w i t h t h e r e c o m m e n d e d d u r a t i o n a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t s . 2 . 3 . 4 . b S h o r t - D u r a t i o n C o u n t P r o g r a m A s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o u n t p r o g r a m c o n s i s t s o f c o v e r a g e c o u n t s , w h i c h a l l o w f o r t h e e x p a n s i o n o f d a t a c o v e r a g e w i t h i n t h e s t a t e a n d “ s p e c i a l n e e d s ” c o u n t s , w h i c h a r e u s e d f o r i n d i v i d u a l p u r p o s e s s u c h a s p r o j e c t d e s i g n o r t r a f f i c s t u d y c o u n t s ( 5 ) . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t t h e s h o r t d u r a t i o n v o l u m e c o v e r a g e c o u n t p r o g r a m s h o u l d p r o v i d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o v e r a g e a c r o s s t h e r o a d w a y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o n a c y c l e o f 6 y e a r s . S h o r t d u r a t i o n c l a s s i fi c a t i o n c o u n t s s h o u l d a c c o u n t f o r a t l e a s t 2 5 - 3 0 % o f a l l v o l u m e c o u n t s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , a t l e a s t o n e v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s h o u l d b e m a d e o n e a c h r o u t e a n n u a l l y ( 5 ) . T a k i n g c o u n t s o v e r a c y c l e p e r i o d e n s u r e s t h a t a t l e a s t s o m e d a t a i s r e c o r d e d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r r o a d w a y s e g m e n t . H o w e v e r t h e s t a t e a g e n c y m i g h t n e e d t o c o l l e c t m o r e f r e q u e n t l y t h a n t h i s b a s e d o n a v a i l a b l e f u n d i n g , t h e u s e o f t h e d a t a a n d t h e l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y r e q u i r e d . P a r t i c u l a r a r e a s w h e r e t h i s w o u l d b e n e e d e d a r e h i g h - g r o w t h u r b a n o r r e c r e a t i o n a l s e t t i n g s i n w h i c h t r a f f i c c a n b e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e ( 5 ) . A r o a d w a y s e g m e n t i s t y p i c a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n r u r a l r o a d s a r e a s a 1 0 - m i l e s t r e t c h o f r o a d w i t h l i m i t e d a c c e s s a n d o n i n t e r s t a t e s w h e r e i n d i v i d u a l 2 4 t r a f f i c c o u n t s a r e w i t h i n 1 0 % t h a t d o n o t e n c o m p a s s i n t e r c h a n g e s . W h e n p e r f o r m i n g s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o v e r a g e v o l u m e c o u n t s , a m i n i m u m o f 4 8 - h r s s h o u l d b e c o l l e c t e d ( 5 ) . W h e n p e r f o r m i n g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s , h o u r l y v o l u m e s s h o u l d b e t a k e n , f o r a l l l a n e s a n d a l l d i r e c t i o n s . F o r d i s c o n t i n u o u s W I M s i t e s , t h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t o n e - w e e k ’ s w o r t h o f d a t a s h o u l d b e r e c o r d e d t o a c c o u n t f o r d a y - o f — w e e k d i f f e r e n c e s ( 5 ) . P e r m a n e n t l y m o u n t e d s e n s o r s s h o u l d b e u s e d t o c o l l e c t d i s c o n t i n u o u s d a t a a s s i g n i f i c a n t a c c u r a c y i s s u e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o r t a b l e s e n s o r s . I t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e c o u n t p r o g r a m s h o u l d c o l l e c t h o u r l y v o l u m e s b y d i r e c t i o n a n d l a n e . T h i s a i d s i n s i g n a l t i n t i n g , a i r q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s , n o i s e a n a l y s i s , p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s a n d p l a n n i n g a n d t i m i n g o f m a i n t e n a n c e a c t i v i t i e s ( 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o c o v e r a g e c o u n t s , “ s p e c i a l n e e d s ” c o u n t s a r e u s e d f o r c r e a t i n g s t a t i s t i c a l s a m p l e s f o r d e v e l o p i n g s y s t e m w i d e s u m m a r y m e a s u r e s a n d f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f p o i n t — s p e c i fi c e s t i m a t e s i n t e n d e d t o m e e t p r o j e c t r e q u i r e m e n t a n d o t h e r s t u d i e s . S t a t i s t i c a l s a m p l e s a r e c r e a t e d t h r o u g h r a n d o m s a m p l i n g o f t h e r o a d w a y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o c a l c u l a t e u n b i a s e d e s t i m a t e o f t r a f f i c p o p u l a t i o n m e a n s a n d t o t a l s . T h i s h o w e v e r , c a n b e a n i n e f fi c i e n t w a y o f g a i n i n g u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a s t a t e ’ s t r a f fi c d a t a . C o n v e r s e l y , p o i n t - s p e c i f i c e s t i m a t e s g a i n s i t e - s p e c i fi c k n o w l e d g e o f t h e t r a f f i c v o l u m e s t h a t t h e r o a d w a y w i l l e x p e r i e n c e a n d a r e i m p l e m e n t e d d i r e c t l y i n d e s i g n ( 5 ) . T h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f e f f o r t b e t w e e n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f c o v e r a g e c o u n t s a n d “ s p e c i a l n e e d s ” c o u n t s a l l o w s f o r e f f i c i e n t u s e o f a g e n c y r e s o u r c e s . I d e a l l y , t h e s t a t e a g e n c y s h o u l d h a v e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a l l c o u n t s t h a t n e e d t o b e p e r f o r m e d , a n d d e t e r m i n e i f c e r t a i n c o u n t s c a n b e m a d e f o r m o r e t h a n o n e p u r p o s e . T h i s “ l i s t ” s h o u l d t h e n b e c h e c k e d a g a i n s t k n o w n p e r m a n e n t c o u n t e r s t o e l i m i n a t e d u p l i c a t i v e s h o r t - d u r a t i o n 2 5 c o u n t i n g e f f o r t s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n n e e d s o f t h e s e l o c a t i o n s s h o u l d a l s o b e e x a m i n e d . F o r e x a m p l e , i f m o r e t h a n a v o l u m e c o u n t i s n e e d e d , a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o r W I M s e n s o r t h a t c o l l e c t s v o l u m e c o u n t d a t a w o u l d b e m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s o u r c e t h e n a c o u n t e r . A g a i n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n v e r t t h e s e c o u n t s i n t o u n b i a s e d e s t i m a t e s t h r o u g h a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r s . G u i d a n c e o n f a c t o r i n g c a n b e f o u n d i n C h a p t e r 3 o f S e c t i o n 3 a n d C h a p t e r 4 o f S e c t i o n 2 i n t h e T M G ( 5 ) . S h o r t d u r a t i o n c o u n t s n e e d t o b e d e s i g n e d s o a s t o c o v e r t h e s t a t e g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e . T h e i n t e n t i s t o c a p t u r e a l l t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s t h a t a r e f o u n d w i t h i n t h e s t a t e . T h e s e t r a v e l p a t t e r n s c a n b e d i f f e r e n t d u e t o p h y s i c a l a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e r o a d w a y a n d n a t u r e o f t r u c k i n g m o v e m e n t s . T r u c k t r a f fi c i n u r b a n a r e a s c a n e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t l o a d i n g s t h a n t h o s e i n r u r a l a r e a s . R o a d s t h a t s e r v e a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s c a n h a v e d i f f e r e n t l o a d i n g s a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a n t h o s e f o r i n d u s t r y ( 5 ) . T r u c k v o l u m e s c a n b e d e p e n d e n t o n f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s . D i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s c a n a l s o p r o d u c e v a r y i n g v o l u m e p a t t e r n s , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d l o a d i n g v a l u e s d u e t o f r e i g h t i n g m o v e m e n t s , a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r o a d ( t h r o u g h t r u c k s v s . l o c a l ) . T h e c o v e r a g e p r o g r a m n e e d s t o i d e n t i f y e a c h o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s a n d d i s c e r n p r e d i c t a b l e t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s f r o m t h e m . C o m m e r c i a l v e h i c l e v o l u m e , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d t o n n a g e m a p s c a n b e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n s e l e c t i n g h o m o g e n e o u s g r o u p s f o r e a c h t y p e o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ( 5 ) . 2 . 3 . 4 . c C o n t i n u o u s C o u n t P r o g r a m V e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , v e h i c l e v o l u m e s , a n d a x l e l o a d i n g s c o u l d v a r y b y ( 5 ) : 0 T i m e o f d a y 0 D a y o f w e e k 0 T i m e o f y e a r 2 6 o D i r e c t i o n 0 G e o g r a p h y I n a d d i t i o n t o c o l l e c t i n g a c c u r a t e t r u c k t r a f f i c d a t a , c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t s s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r s t o a c c o u n t f o r s u c h v a r i a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o u n t s ( 3 , 5 ) . T h e s e c o u n t s a r e a l s o u s u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d t o o b s e r v e u n u s u a l t r e n d s i n t r a f f i c m o v e m e n t , c o n f i r m p r e v i o u s c o u n t s f r o m h i s t o r i c a l d a t a o r t o e x p a n d d a t a c o v e r a g e i n a r e a s w h i c h l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t r a f f i c v o l u m e i s k n o w n . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h e f o l l o w i n g g u i d e f o r s e l e c t i n g c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t l o c a t i o n s ( 5 ) : 0 D e t e r m i n e “ s t a t e w i d e ” o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t p r o g r a m . E s t a b l i s h t h e n u m b e r a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o u n t l o c a t i o n s t o d e v e l o p a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r s . 0 D e t e m i i n e w h a t c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n i s n e e d e d f o r s p e c i fi c p r o j e c t s a n d w h a t c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e x i s t s o r i s p l a n n e d f o r o p e r a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s s u c h a s t r a f f i c m a n a g e m e n t o r w e i g h t e n f o r c e m e n t 0 D e t e r m i n e a v a i l a b l e f u n d i n g 0 P r i o r i t i z e t h e “ s p e c i f i c ” p r o j e c t l o c a t i o n s 0 P l a c e c o u n t e r s a n d W I M d e v i c e s a t t h e “ s p e c i fi c ” p r o j e c t l o c a t i o n s f o r w h i c h f u n d i n g e x i s t s 0 D e t e r m i n e h o w t h e p r o j e c t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s h e l p “ s t a t e w i d e ” n e e d s s u c h a s f a c t o r g r o u p c r e a t i o n . 0 D e t e r m i n e t h e n u m b e r o f a d d i t i o n a l c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t a n d W I M l o c a t i o n s t o m e e t s t a t e w i d e n e e d s 0 P r i o r i t i z e t h e r e m a i n i n g “ s t a t e w i d e n e e d s ” l o c a t i o n s 2 7 o A l l o c a t e c o u n t e r s a n d W I M d e v i c e s t o t h e s e “ s t a t e w i d e n e e d s ” l o c a t i o n s b a s e d o n p r i o r i t y a n d a v a i l a b l e f u n d i n g 0 I f f u n d i n g r e m a i n s a f t e r s t a t e w i d e n e e d s a r e m e t , p l a c e a d d i t i o n a l c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t e r s a t t h e “ s p e c i f i c ” p r o j e c t s i t e s f o r w h i c h c o u n t e r s a r e n o t c u r r e n t l y a l l o c a t e d . T h e n u m b e r o f c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t e r s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e d i v e r s i t y i n t r a f f i c p a t t e r n c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d w h i l e s t a y i n g w i t h i n b u d g e t a n d r e s o u r c e l i m i t a t i o n s . A n i n v e n t o r y o f t h e c u r r e n t c o n t i n u o u s v o l u m e r e c o r d e r s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d , f o l l o w e d b y a r e v i e w o f h o w t h e d a t a a r e b e i n g u s e d , w h o i s u s i n g i t , a n d f u t u r e u s e s o f t h e d a t a i f n e w p r o c e d u r e s w e r e i m p l e m e n t e d . Q u a l i t y c o n t r o l s h o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d a n d p u t i n t o p l a c e t o e n s u r e t h e d a t a i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a c t u a l t r a f fi c . S y s t e m a t i c p r o c e d u r e s n e e d t o b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n o r d e r t o o b j e c t i v e l y i d e n t i f y i n v a l i d d a t a , a n d c o n t r o l h o w t h e i n v a l i d a t e d d a t a i s h a n d l e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e a l s o i d e n t i f i e s i f c o l l e c t e d d a t a i s n o t b e i n g u s e d c o r r e c t l y a n d l e a d s t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o c a t i o n s i n n e e d o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t ( 5 ) . 2 . 3 . 4 . d C o n t i n u o u s V o l u m e C o u n t P r o g r a m D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e v e h i c l e v o l u m e p a t t e r n s t h a t n e e d t o b e m o n i t o r e d h a s a d i r e c t i m p a c t o n t h e n u m b e r a n d p l a c e m e n t o f c o n t i n u o u s v o l u m e c o u n t e r s . T h e i d e n t i fi c a t i o n o f t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s c a n b e d o n e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d . F a c t o r s s u c h a s M D F s f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s i t e s c a n b e c r e a t e d a n d a c c o r d i n g l y c l u s t e r e d t o d i s c o v e r s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n s i n t r a f f i c v o l u m e s . T h e s e p a t t e r n s c a n b e c o m p a r e d a g a i n s t p r e v i o u s f a c t o r g r o u p s o r p a t t e r n s t o d e t e r m i n e i f s i t e s a r e b e i n g 2 8 g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e l y . T h i s c a n a l s o e x p o s e s p e c i a l c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e o b s e r v e d v a r i a t i o n n e e d s t o b e e x a m i n e d m o r e c l o s e l y , c a u s i n g a n e e d f o r a d d i t i o n a l c o n t i n u o u s r e c o r d i n g d e v i c e s . I n t h e c a s e w h e r e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s d o e s n o t c o m p a r e t o p r e v i o u s l y f o r m e d g r o u p s , r e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g g r o u p s t o f o r m h o m o g e n e o u s f a c t o r s i s n e c e s s a r y . I n s u c h c a s e s , g e o g r a p h i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s c o u l d s e p a r a t e t h e f o r m e d g r o u p s , o r r u r a l v s . u r b a n d e s i g n a t i o n . T h i s m o r e s u b j e c t i v e a p p r o a c h c a n b e b e n e fi c i a l w h e n t h e r e i s s i g n i fi c a n t p r o f e s s i o n a l k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e l o c a t i o n ’ s t r a v e l t e n d e n c i e s . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t 3 - 6 v o l u m e s e a s o n a l g r o u p s b e f o r m e d . A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s e a s o n a l g r o u p s w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f o r 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e a n d 1 0 % e r r o r i n t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e t r a f f i c f a c t o r s f o r m e d w i t h i n a s e a s o n a l g r o u p , f i v e t o e i g h t c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t e r s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d p e r g r o u p . O n c e t h e f a c t o r g r o u p s a r e f o r m e d , t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s A T R s s h o u l d b e c o m p a r e d a g a i n s t t h e g r o u p i n g s . I f l e s s t h a n fi v e c o n t i n u o u s A T R s e x i s t f o r a g r o u p , t h e n m o r e w i l l n e e d t o b e a d d e d . I f m o r e t h a n e i g h t e x i s t f o r a g r o u p , r e d u c t i o n o r r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s v o l u m e c o u n t s e n s o r c a n b e w a r r a n t e d ( 5 ) . 2 . 3 . 4 . e C o n t i n u o u s C l a s s i fi c a t i o n C o u n t P r o g r a m C o n t i n u o u s c o u n t e r s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d t o m e a s u r e t r a f f i c v o l u m e s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n s o n d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s e s a n d g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n s . T h e y a r e u t i l i z e d t o c r e a t e t i m e - o f - d a y , d a y - o f w e e k a n d M D F s a n d a l s o a s s i s t i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a x l e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s t o v o l u m e c o u n t s . T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e s e p a r a t e t h a n t h o s e c r e a t e d f o r v o l u m e c o u n t s a s v o l u m e c o u n t a d j u s t m e n t s d o n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e p i c t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n s ( 5 ) . R o a d w a y s w i t h p r i m a r i l y l o c a l t r a f f i c a n d p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t r a f f i c s h o u l d b e e s p e c i a l l y 2 9 m o n i t o r e d . H i g h w a y s s h o u l d m o n i t o r a l l h e a v y t r u c k m o v e m e n t s o v e r a v a r i e t y o f d i f f e r e n t r o a d s c o n s i s t i n g o f i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s , m a j o r a r t e r i a l s a n d r o u t e s w i t h p r i m a r i l y i n t r a s t a t e f r e i g h t m o v e m e n t s ( 3 ) . W h e n f o r m i n g f a c t o r g r o u p s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g v e h i c l e c l a s s e s b e c o m b i n e d t o r e d u c e c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f o r t s a n d e l i m i n a t e t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n f a c t o r s f r o m l o w v o l u m e c l a s s e s ( 5 ) : 0 S i n g l e - u n i t t r u c k s 0 S i n g l e u n i t c o m b i n a t i o n t r u c k s ( t r a c t o r - t r a i l e r s ) 0 M u l t i - t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n t r u c k s T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f f a c t o r s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d b y h a v i n g a c o n t i n u o u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r e c o r d e r o n e a c h r o a d w a y a n d h a v e s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c o u n t s b e a d j u s t e d b a s e d o n t h e n e a r e s t c o n t i n u o u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t e r . G u i d e l i n e s f o r a d j u s t i n g s h o r t - d u r a t i o n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s c a n b e f o u n d i n C h a p t e r 4 o f S e c t i o n 4 i n t h e T M G ( 5 ) . A s w i t h v o l u m e c o u n t s , v e h i c l e c l a s s c a n b e g r o u p e d b y c l u s t e r i n g a n a l y s i s t o i d e n t i f y t r a f f i c p a t t e r n t r e n d s i n t h e d a t a . T h e f o r m a t i o n o f t r u c k g r o u p s a r e l a r g e l y d i c t a t e d b y t h e a m o u n t o f t h r o u g h t r u c k s a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y . F u n c t i o n a l c l a s s i s o n l y a p p l i c a b l e i f i t r e a d i l y h e l p s d i s t i n g u i s h t h r o u g h t r u c k m o v e m e n t s v e r s u s l o c a l m o v e m e n t s w h e r e i n t e r s t a t e s a n d p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l s a r e k n o w n t o h a v e l a r g e r t h r o u g h m o v e m e n t s . A r e a s w i t h l o c a l t r u c k t r a f fi c c a n h a v e t r u c k g e n e r a t i o n t h a t i s h i g h l y s e a s o n a l , s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u r a l h a r v e s t i n g . T h u s t r u c k c o m m o d i t y m a p s c o u l d i n d i c a t e r o u t e s w i t h s i m i l a r t r u c k i n g m o v e m e n t s ( 5 ) . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t a t l e a s t s i x c o n t i n u o u s v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t e r s b e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h f a c t o r g r o u p . C o n t i n u o u s c o u n t s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s e s a n d d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c r e g i o n s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e ( 5 ) . E m p h a s i s s h o u l d 3 0 b e p l a c e d o n r o a d s t h a t a r e p r i m a r i l y l o c a l o r l o n g h a u l s . W h e n n e w s i t e s a r e a d d e d , t h e d a t a s h o u l d b e c o m p a r e d a n d p l a c e d i n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e x i s t i n g f a c t o r g r o u p s . 2 . 3 . 4 . f C o n t i n u o u s W e i g h t C o u n t P r o g r a m T r u c k W e i g h t R o a d G r o u p s ( T W R G s ) a r e g r o u p s o f r o a d s f o r m e d b y s t a t e a g e n c i e s t h a t h a v e s i m i l a r a x l e l o a d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e f o r m a t i o n o f s u c h g r o u p s a l l o w s f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t a b l e s w h i c h a r e n e e d e d w h e n s i t e s p e c i f i c l o a d d a t a i s u n a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t c a n b e u s e d t o d e f i n e t h e s e g r o u p s , w h i c h i n c l u d e , b u t a r e n o t l i m i t e d t o ( 3 , 5 ) : 0 R e g i o n o f t h e s t a t e 0 A r e a s o f p a r t i c u l a r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y ( a g r i c u l t u r a l v s . i n d u s t r i a l ) 0 N a t u r e o f c o m m o d i t i e s c a r r i e d 0 G r o s s V e h i c l e W e i g h t ( G V W ) p e r v e h i c l e 0 P r i n c i p l e t r u c k i n g r o u t e ( l o c a l o r l o n g - h a u l ) 0 F u n c t i o n a l c l a s s ( u r b a n / r u r a l ) 0 P e r c e n t a g e o f e m p t y , p a r t i a l a n d f u l l t r u c k s 0 S p e c i a l t y c a s e s ( h e a v y t r u c k p a t t e r n s ) T W R G s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e e a s i l y a p p l i e d b y t h e s t a t e a n d p r o v i d e a l o g i c a l m e a n s t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h r o a d s a r e l i k e l y t o h a v e v e r y h i g h l o a d f a c t o r s a n d w h i c h h a v e l o w e r r o a d l o a d f a c t o r s ( 5 ) . S i t e s w i t h i n a p a r t i c u l a r T W R G s h o u l d h a v e s i m i l a r w e i g h t l i m i t a t i o n s , w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r f r o s t r e s t r i c t i o n ( 3 ) . A r e v i e w o f h a u l d i s t a n c e s i s i m p o r t a n t a s c o m b i n a t i o n t r u c k s o n l o n g h a u l s a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e f u l l y l o a d e d , w h e r e a s s h o r t h a u l s a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e l o a d e d o n e w a y a n d u n l o a d e d t h e o t h e r ( 3 ) . H e n c e , u r b a n a r e a s a n d n o n - i n t e r s t a t e r u r a l r o u t e s a r e l i k e l y t o 3 1 h a v e l o w e r a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t h a n m a i n i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s . I t i s a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e T W R G s f o r m e d b e s i m i l a r t o t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g r o u p s f o r m e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . H o w e v e r , f o r r n i n g h o m o g e n e o u s g r o u p s a c r o s s v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m a y n o t b e e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e . S i t e s w i t h d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a s h o u l d b e a s s i g n e d t h e i r o w n T W R G . S u c h d i f f e r e n c e s c o u l d i n c l u d e g r a v e l h a u l e r s t a k i n g g r a v e l t o t h e s i t e i n o n e d i r e c t i o n a n d r e t u r n i n g e m p t y f o r a n o t h e r l o a d i n t h e o t h e r . T h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l o f f e r s g u i d a n c e o n t h e c a t e g o r i z i n g o f a s i t e i n t o a T W R G . T h e f o l l o w i n g h i g h l i g h t s t h i s g u i d e l i n e ( 3 ) : 1 . G r o u p e a c h r o a d w a y t o g e t h e r w h i c h c o n t a i n s i m i l a r s i z e a n d w e i g h t l i m i t a t i o n s 2 . A s s i g n e a c h r o a d w i t h i n a c e r t a i n w e i g h t l i m i t a t i o n t h e f o l l o w i n g : a . F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s / S y s t e m ( u r b a n , r u r a l , r u r a l i n t e r s t a t e , r u r a l o t h e r ) b . R e g i o n c . D i r e c t i o n 3 . D i v i d e u p t h e a b o v e T W R G s i n t o f u r t h e r g r o u p s i f d e n s i t y o f c o m m o d i t y o r a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a b y d i r e c t i o n v a r i e s . T h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l s u g g e s t s t h e r e s h o u l d b e b e t w e e n t h r e e a n d e i g h t s i t e s i n a T W R G ( 3 ) . T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f o r a l l s i t e s w i t h i n a T W R G , a m i n i m u m o f s i x s h o u l d b e m o n i t o r e d , w i t h a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e W I M s i t e s o p e r a t i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y a n d r e c o r d i n g t w o o r m o r e l a n e s o f t r a f f i c ( 5 ) . T h e a m o u n t o f p e r m a n e n t W I M s t a t i o n s a n d d i s c o n t i n u o u s p o r t a b l e s y s t e m s i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f T W R G s c r e a t e d , t h e a c c u r a c y a t w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e d w e i g h t s a r e t a k e n , a n d t h e b u d g e t o f t h e s t a t e a g e n c y ( 5 ) . A n y a d d i t i o n a l s i t e a d d e d t o t h e g r o u p s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t a c c u r a t e d a t a c a n b e t a k e n f r o m t h e s i t e . F o r r o a d w a y s w i t h u n k n o w n a x l e l o a d i n g s , a c c u r a c y o f 3 2 t h e W I M d a t a i s p a r a m o u n t t o p h y s i c a l p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s i t e i t s e l f ( 6 ) . M o r e m o n i t o r i n g i s i m p l o r e d b u t i s a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e D O T b a s e d o n m a n p o w e r a n d b u d g e t l i m i t a t i o n s . W I M c o l l e c t i o n s i t e s s h o u l d b e d i s t r i b u t e d i n s u c h a w a y s o a s t o m e a s u r e t r u c k p a t t e r n s t h a t d i f f e r b y r e g i o n o r t y p e o f r o a d . E a c h t i m e a s t a t i o n i s m o v e d , t h e W I M s i t e s h o u l d b e r e l o c a t e d t o a l o c a t i o n i n w h i c h a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a r e u n k n o w n s o t h a t c o v e r a g e o f t h e s t a t e p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s e s . I t i s r e c o m m e n d e d , w h e r e v e r f e a s i b l e , t h a t c o n t i n u o u s p e r m a n e n t W I M s t a t i o n s b e p l a c e d t o a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e t r u c k t r a f f i c d a t a ( 3 ) . T h e s e l e c t i o n o f n e w W I M s i t e s s h o u l d b e b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g ( 5 ) : 0 T h e n e e d t o o b t a i n m o r e v e h i c l e w e i g h t d a t a o n r o a d s w i t h i n a g i v e n t r u c k w e i g h t g r o u p 0 T h e n e e d t o c o l l e c t d a t a i n g e o g r a p h i c r e g i o n s t h a t a r e p o o r l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x i s t i n g W I M c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t 0 T h e n e e d t o c o l l e c t d a t a o n s p e c i f i c f a c i l i t i e s o f h i g h i m p o r t a n c e 0 T h e n e e d t o c o l l e c t d a t a f o r s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s o r o t h e r s p e c i a l n e e d s o f t h e s t a t e 0 T h e n e e d t o c o l l e c t w e i g h t i n f o r m a t i o n o n s p e c i f i c c o m m o d i t y m o v e m e n t s o f i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e s t a t e . C a u t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o w a r d s t h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e W I M s t a t i o n s . W I M s t a t i o n s p l a c e d b e f o r e l o a d e n f o r c e m e n t s t a t i o n s c o u l d p r o d u c e b i a s e d r e s u l t s o f t h e a x l e l o a d i n g s . T h e T M G s t a t e s t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f W I I V I s t a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n a s t a t e s h o u l d f a l l 3 3 b e t w e e n 1 2 a n d 9 0 , w h e r e m o r e s t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e a d d e d i f t h e r e i s a n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t r a f f i c d a t a f o r a c e r t a i n a r e a . 2 . 3 . 4 . g A d m i n i s t r a t i v e E f f o r t s I n o r d e r f o r t r a f fi c c o u n t p r o g r a m s t o b e s u c c e s s f u l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e e f f o r t s w i l l n e e d t o b e a p p l i e d t o e n s u r e d a t a i s b e i n g p r o p e r l y c o l l e c t e d , s u m m a r i z e d a n d u s e d . T o f a c i l i t a t e t h i s , t h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l r e c o m m e n d s t h e f o l l o w i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s ( 3 ) : T r a i n i n g f o r p a v e m e n t d e s i g n e r s o n 0 W h a t t r a f fi c d a t a a r e n e e d e d 0 W h y t h e d a t a i s i m p o r t a n t 0 W h a t e f f e c t t h e d a t a w i l l h a v e o n p a v e m e n t d e s i g n 0 W h e r e t o a c q u i r e t h e d a t a t h a t h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d 0 H o w t o r e q u e s t m o r e d a t a w h e n a v a i l a b l e d a t a i s i n s u f f i c i e n t 0 H o w t o r e v i e w t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e s b e i n g p r o v i d e d T r a i n i n g f o r d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s s t a f f o n 0 W h a t d a t a a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r p a v e m e n t d e s i g n a n d w h a t p r o d u c e s t h e m o s t s i g n i fi c a n t e f f e c t 0 H o w t h a t c o l l e c t e d d a t a w i l l b e u s e d i n t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s 0 W h a t t h e fl o w o f t r a f f i c l o a d d a t a i s i n t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n p r o c e s s I n c r e a s e d c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h a t 0 A l l o w s d a t a — c o l l e c t i o n s t a f f t o c o r r e c t l y a n t i c i p a t e a n d s c h e d u l e t h e d a t a n e e d s o f d e s i g n e r s o E n s u r e s t h e d a t a a n d s u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s p r o d u c e d b y t h e d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n p e r s o n n e l m e e t t h e n e e d s o f t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n e r s 3 4 0 E n s u r e s t h a t t h e d a t a r e q u i r e d a r e t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s t a f f i n a t i m e l y m a n n e r a n d i n a f o r m a t t h a t c a n b e e a s i l y l o a d e d i n t o t h e m e c h a n i s t i c d e s i g n s o f t w a r e . 0 I n v o l v e s b o t h t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n a n d d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s t a f f i n t h e r e v i e w a n d r e fi n e m e n t o f t h e d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n a n d s u m m a r i z a t i o n p r o c e s s u s e d t o f e e d t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s . A r e v i e w o f t h e 0 R e s o u r c e s s p e n t c o l l e c t i n g t r a f f i c d a t a 0 T h e r e l a t i v e v a l u e t o t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n e n g i n e e r s o f t h e v a r i o u s r e s o u r c e s 0 T h e p o t e n t i a l v a l u e o f a d d i t i o n a l d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e x p e n d i t u r e s t o t h e p r o g r a m H e a v y e m p h a s i s i s p l a c e d o n t h e n e e d f o r e f f e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n d a t a c o l l e c t i o n p e r s o n n e l a n d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n e n g i n e e r s . I t i s p a r a m o u n t t h a t e a c h s i d e u n d e r s t a n d s o n e a n o t h e r ’ s n e e d s . I n a d d i t i o n t o a c o l l a b o r a t i v e e f f o r t , s u m m a r y o f t h e d a t a i s c r u c i a l f o r c r e a t i n g a p o t e n t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a n d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s y s t e m . R e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e a n d r e l a t a b l e s u m m a r i z e d t r a f fi c i n f o r m a t i o n m a k e s e f f i c i e n t u s e o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s . W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n a c o m p u t e r - b a s e d p r o g r a m , p r e f e r a b l y w i t h G I S l i n k a g e t h a t a l l o w s f o r e a s i l y s u m m a r i z a t i o n a n d r e t r i e v a l ( 5 ) . I n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a n g e s m u s t b e m a d e t o e n s u r e t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s a r e m e t . 2 . 4 O V E R V I E W O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N P A T T E R N S A n o v e r v i e w o f o b s e r v e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p a t t e r n s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e p r e p a r e d t h e s t a f f w i t h a n i d e a o f w h a t c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d f r o m M i c h i g a n d a t a . A r e v i e w o f t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s w a s a l s o p e r f o r m e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n . E m p h a s i s w a s p l a c e d o n t h e 3 5 f o l l o w i n g t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a s t h e y a r e r e a d i l y g r o u p e d a n d c o m p a r e d f o r s i m i l a r i t i e s b y m a n y s t a t e a g e n c i e s . 0 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T T C ) 0 P e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k t r a f f i c f o r e a c h F H W A v e h i c l e c l a s s 4 - 1 3 , t e n t o t a l 0 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( M D F ) 0 S e t o f 1 2 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h m o n t h 0 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( H D F ) 0 S e t o f 2 4 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h h o u r 0 A x l e l o a d d i s t / s p e c t r a 0 L o a d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d e a c h a x l e g r o u p , 4 0 t o t a l E a c h t r a f f i c e l e m e n t i s f u r t h e r d i s c u s s e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 T r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 0 T h e e f f e c t e a c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h a s i n t h e M - E P D G d e s i g n 2 . 4 . 1 T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 2 . 4 . 1 . a T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i fi c a t i o n T h e F H W A s e p a r a t e s a l l t r a f f i c i n t o 1 3 v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . T h e t r u c k c l a s s e s c o n s t i t u t e C l a s s 4 - C l a s s 1 3 a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 - 5 . T h e r e a r e t w o d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e g a r d i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a n y t r u c k : n u m b e r o f a x l e s a n d t r a i l e r t y p e , w h e t h e r i t i s s i n g l e u n i t , s i n g l e t r a i l e r o r m u l t i — t r a i l e r . T h i s s e p a r a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y a s t h e G V W a s w e l l a s t h e t r i p t y p e , l o n g h a u l o r l o c a l c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e p a r t i c u l a r t r u c k t y p e . T h e G V W o f e a c h c l a s s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a . 3 6 l 1 1 l 2 3 s l e r M T S S u i r e l t i - T r a i l e x u v - c A k x s e n l o e r M M u o l r r T i r — u T t e A c k a l i e r x . { _ I f 1 ' 5 : . T a b l e 2 - 5 . F H W A V e h i c l e C l a s s e s F H W A V e h i c l e D e s c r i p t i o n E x a m p l e V e h i c l e C o n fi g u r a t i o n C l a s s 4 T w o - A x l e B u s e s T w o - A x l e , S i x - T i r e , 5 S i n g l e - U n i t T r u c k s $ 3 . 1 ? T h r e e - A x l e S i n g l e - 6 U n i t T r u c k s 5 9 : 5 0 7 F o u r o r M o r e A x l e . 9 S i n g l e - U n i t T r u c k s a r m ~ e m F o u r o r F e w e r A x l e 8 S i n g l e - T r a i l e r T r u c k s 5 % M F i v e - A x l e S i n g l e - I l 9 T r a i l e r T r u c k s fi g fl fl - a — fi ‘ . ' “ m ‘ ” W 1 0 S i x o r M o r e A x l e _ . ; _ § ¢ S i n g l e - T r a i l e r T r u c k s l F i v e o r f e w e r A x l e M u l t i - T r a i l e r T r u c k s N O T E : I n r e p o r t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n t r u c k s t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a s h o u l d b e u s e d : 0 T r u c k t r a c t o r u n i t s t r a v e l i n g w i t h o u t a t r a i l e r w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d s i n g l e - u n i t t r u c k s . 0 A t r u c k t r a c t o r u n i t p u l l i n g o t h e r s u c h u n i t s i n a " s a d d l e m o u n t " c o n fi g u r a t i o n w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d o n e s i n g l e - u n i t t r u c k a n d w i l l b e d e fi n e d o n l y b y t h e a x l e s o n t h e p u l l i n g u n i t . 0 V e h i c l e s a r e d e fi n e d b y t h e n u m b e r o f a x l e s i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e r o a d . T h e r e f o r e , " f l o a t i n g " a x l e s a r e c o u n t e d o n l y w h e n i n t h e d o w n p o s i t i o n . O T h e t e r m " t r a i l e r " i n c l u d e s b o t h s e m i - a n d f u l l t r a i l e r s . T h e M - E P D G m a n u a l ( 1 ) r e v e a l s t h a t V C 5 a n d V C 9 v e h i c l e s d o m i n a t e t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c d i s t r i b u t i o n , w i t h v a r y i n g p e r c e n t a g e s o f o t h e r t r u c k c l a s s e s . I n r e s e a r c h w i t h n a t i o n a l L T P P d a t a r e l a t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h r e e d i s c e r n i b l e p a t t e r n s e m e r g e d : 0 E q u a l f r e q u e n c i e s o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 t r u c k s 3 7 M - E P D G D e f a u l t T T C V a l u e s 3 E ) o / ° ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T 0 H i g h e r f r e q u e n c y o f V C 5 c o m p a r e d t o V C 9 0 H i g h e r f r e q u e n c y o f V C 9 c o m p a r e d t o V C 5 S i m i l a r r e s e a r c h ( 2 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 ) i n W a s h i n g t o n , A r k a n s a s a n d C a l i f o r n i a a l o n g w i t h o t h e r n a t i o n a l L T P P d a t a , s u p p o r t e d t h e s a m e fi n d i n g s . W h e n t r y i n g t o f o r m s i t e s w i t h s i r r r i l a r T T C , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s o r h i g h w a y d e s i g n a t i o n s w e r e n o t h o m o g e n e o u s w i t h i n t h e T T C g r o u p s f o r m e d ( 2 , 9 , 1 1 ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a s t u d y , n u m b e r o f l a n e s , d i r e c t i o n , t r u c k v o l u m e a n d p e r c e n t a g e d i d n o t h a v e a n y d o m i n a t i n g p a t t e r n s w i t h i n t h e T T C g r o u p s . I n s t e a d i t w a s f o u n d t h a t g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n a n d t r u c k i n g r o u t e b e h a v i o r , s u c h a s l o c a l o r l o n g h a u l s w e r e m o r e o f a d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r ( 2 ) . T r a f L o a d s t a t e s t h a t s i n g l e u n i t t r u c k s , C l a s s e s 4 — 7 a r e t y p i c a l o f m o r e l o c a l t r i p s w h e r e a s s i n g l e a n d m u l t i - t r a i l e r s h a v e m o r e l o n g - h a u l b e h a v i o r ( 3 ) . T h e M - E P D G o f f e r s 1 7 v a r y i n g T T C s d e f a u l t v a l u e s f o r u s e i n d e s i g n a n d a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 - 1 . + T T C 3 . . . I T C 4 + T I ' C S — o — - I T C 6 — t — ' l T C 7 — — T I ' C 8 4 ; “ ' I T C Q M a r — W C 1 0 ' I T C 1 1 — o — T l ' C 1 2 T T C 1 3 T T C 1 4 T I C 1 5 ~ ~ : ' T I ' C 1 6 V e h i c l e C l a s s + T T C 1 7 F i g u r e 2 - 1 . M - E P D G D e f a u l t T T C D i s t r i b u t i o n s 3 8 2 . 4 . 1 . b M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e M D F s c o n v e y t h e s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n A A D T T b y a s s i g n i n g a n o r m a l i z e d w e i g h t f a c t o r t o e a c h m o n t h o f t h e y e a r . A s e a s o n a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t v a l u e o f l f o r e a c h o f t h e 1 2 M D F s i n t h e M - E P D G i s a s s u m e d a s t h e d e f a u l t , L e v e l I I I , d a t a . C o n s e q u e n t l y , m o n t h s w i t h h i g h e r A A D T T t h a n o t h e r s w i l l r e c e i v e a w e i g h t f a c t o r g r e a t e r t h a n 1 w h i l e m o n t h s h a v i n g l o w e r A A D T T w i l l b e a s s i g n e d a w e i g h t f a c t o r l e s s t h a n 1 . O t h e r s t u d i e s ( 1 , 5 , 9 , 1 2 ) , w h i c h e v a l u a t e d M D F s , f o u n d v a r i e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s . R e s e a r c h p r e s e n t e d i n t h e T r a f f i c M o n i t o r i n g G u i d e T M G h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t w o t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s e x i s t , c o n s i s t i n g o f a “ f l a t u r b a n ” w h i c h i s s e a s o n a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t , a n d a “ r u r a l s u m m e r p e a k ” i n w h i c h t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s e x p e r i e n c e h i g h e r A A D T T t h a n t h e w i n t e r ( 5 ) . T h e T M G a l s o s t a t e s t h a t m o s t s t a t e s t r a c k f o u r o r m o r e s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n s , b a s e d o n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s a n d g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , M D F s c a n a l s o b e d e p e n d e n t o n l o c a l i z e d t r u c k m o v e m e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s ( 5 ) . S u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s e s o f M D F s i n C a l i f o r n i a f o u n d t h a t m o s t o f t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c e x h i b i t s a p e a k i n s u m m e r m o n t h s a n d a d e c l i n e i n t h e w i n t e r , ‘ w i t h a p e a k v a l u e o f 1 . 1 i n t h e A u g u s t a n d a l o w v a l u e o f 0 . 9 i n J a n u a r y ( 1 2 ) . I t w a s n o t e d i n t h i s s t u d y t h a t d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h i s b a s e p a t t e r n c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o l o c a l e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y , s u c h a s l o g g i n g o r a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . W o r k b y T r a n a n d H a l l s h o w e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e s i t e s i n A r k a n s a s s h o w e d p e a k s p r i o r t o t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s a n d C h r i s t m a s ( 9 ) . T a r n a n d Q u i n t u s , h o w e v e r , c o u l d n o t f i n d a d e fi n i t i v e m o n t h l y v o l u m e c h a n g e w i t h i n t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m a n d r e c o m m e n d e d t h e d e f a u l t v a l u e b e u s e d u n l e s s a v i s i b l e o r k n o w n p a t t e r n c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d ( 1 1 ) . T h e M - E P D G D e s i g n G u i d e s t a t e s t h a t p a v e m e n t s m a y b e s e n s i t i v e t o M D F s a n d a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y f a c t o r s s u c h a s a d j a c e n t l a n d u s e , l o c a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e a r e a , a n d 3 9 w h e t h e r t h e s i t e i s r u r a l o r u r b a n ( 1 ) . T h e f o l l o w i n g c a n b e s t a t e d i n r e g a r d s t o s e a s o n a l f a c t o r g r o u p s f r o m t h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l ( 3 ) : 0 S e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n i s l e s s i n u r b a n a r e a s t h a n r u r a l o T h e h i g h e s t v o l u m e s a r e s e e n M a y - O c t o b e r , w i t h t h e l o w e s t b e i n g i n J a n u a r y 0 L o c a l i n fl u e n c e s s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u r a l h a r v e s t i n g o r m i n i n g c a n c r e a t e s i g n i f i c a n t s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n o n r u r a l a n d n o n - i n t e r s t a t e r o a d w a y s 0 R o a d s w i t h m o r e d i v e r s e t r u c k c l a s s e s l i m i t s t h e e f f e c t o f l o c a l e f f e c t s o n s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n s 2 . 4 . 1 . c H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r H D F s e s t a b l i s h t h e p e r c e n t a g e A A D T ’ T t h a t t r a v e l o n t h e r o a d w a y f o r e a c h o f t h e 2 4 h o u r s w i t h i n a d a y . A s m o s t c a n r e l a t e t o t h e i n c r e a s e o f c a r s o n t h e r o a d w a y d u r i n g r u s h h o u r , o r p e a k h o u r , t i m e f r a m e s , t r u c k s a l s o e x h i b i t t i m e d e p e n d e n t b e h a v i o r . T h e r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o u n d t h a t m o s t H D F s e x h i b i t e d a t r e n d o f h a v i n g a p e a k p e r i o d b e t w e e n t h e h o u r s o f 1 0 : 0 0 a m a n d 5 : 0 0 p m ( 2 , 1 1 ) . T h e T M G c i t e s a 1 9 9 7 F H W A s t u d y b y H a l l e n b e c k ( 5 ) i n w h i c h t r u c k i n g p a t t e r n s w e r e f o u n d t o e x h i b i t t w o t y p e s o f p a t t e r n s . T h e fi r s t o n e b e i n g a n a l m o s t c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k s e a c h h o u r t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y a n d t h e o t h e r h a v i n g a s i n g l e h u m p e d p e a k , t y p i c a l l y d u r i n g t h e m o r n i n g . T h e c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t a g e t r u c k s t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y s i g n i f i e d a g r e a t e r p r e s e n c e o f l o n g - h a u l t h r o u g h t r u c k s w h e r e a s t h e p e a k e d d i s t r i b u t i o n w a s f o u n d t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h l o c a l t r u c k s ( 5 ) . G r o u p i n g o f I - I D F s b y L u a n d H a r v e y ( 2 ) r e v e a l e d t h r e e p a t t e r n s . T h e f i r s t p a t t e r n h a d t h e d i s t i n c t p e a k b e t w e e n 1 0 : 0 0 a m . a n d 5 : 0 0 p m . , w h i c h w a s t y p i c a l o f m o s t s i t e s . T h e s e s i t e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e u r b a n i n n a t u r e a n d w e r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y s h o r t h a u l s . T h e s e c o n d g r o u p i n g w a s m u c h fl a t t e r , h a v i n g c l o s e r t o a n e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n a c r o s s a l l 2 4 h o u r s o f t h e 4 0 d a y . A c h e c k o f t h e s e s i t e s r e v e a l e d t h e y w e r e m o r e r u r a l i n n a t u r e a n d w e r e o n r o u t e s k n o w n f o r l o n g h a u l s . T h e f i n a l g r o u p i n g w a s a m i x t u r e o f t h e f i r s t t w o , n o t a s p e a k e d a s t h e f i r s t y e t n o t a s fl a t a s t h e s e c o n d . T h e s e s i t e s w e r e l o c a t e d i n r u r a l a r e a s t y p i c a l o f h a v i n g m o r e m e d i u m d i s t a n c e h a u l s ( 2 ) . I n a s t u d y b y T a m a n d V o n Q u i n t u s t h a t u t i l i z e d n a t i o n a l L T P P d a t a f o u n d t h a t m o s t s i t e s h a d s i m i l a r p e a k e d d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n t h e h o u r s o f 1 0 : 0 0 a m . a n d 5 : 0 0 p m a n d l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r u r a l a n d u r b a n s i t e s ( 1 1 ) . T h e M - E P D G e s t a b l i s h e s a H D F b a s e d o n 5 d i s t i n c t t i m e - f r a m e s i n w h i c h t h e h o u r l y t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e s w i t h i n t h e s p e c i fi e d t i m e f r a m e a r e c o n s t a n t . T h e s e t i m e f r a m e s a r e ( a ) m i d n i g h t t o 6 : 0 0 a m ( b ) 6 : 0 0 a m - 1 0 : 0 0 a m . ( c ) 1 0 : 0 0 a m — 4 : 0 0 p m ( d ) 4 : 0 0 p m . — 8 : 0 0 p m a n d ( 6 ) 8 : 0 0 p m — m i d n i g h t ( l ) . T h e d e f a u l t I - I D F s i n t h e M E P D G a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 - 2 w h i l e t h e a c t u a l v a l u e s a n d t i m e f r a m e s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 - 6 . T a b l e 2 - 6 . A c t u a l H D F D e f a u l t V a l u e s i n t h e M - E P D G H o u r H D F H o u r H D F 0 . 2 . 3 1 2 5 . 9 l 2 . 3 1 3 5 . 9 2 2 . 3 1 4 5 . 9 3 2 . 3 1 5 5 . 9 4 2 . 3 1 6 4 . 6 5 2 . 3 1 7 4 . 6 6 2 . 3 1 8 4 . 6 7 5 1 9 4 . 6 8 5 2 0 3 . 1 9 5 2 1 3 . 1 1 0 5 2 2 3 . 1 1 1 5 . 9 2 3 3 . 1 4 1 M - E P D G D e f a u l t H D F V a l u e s N O D - k m m fl P e r c e n t a g e T r u c k s ( ° / e ) O 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 H o u r F i g u r e 2 - 2 . D e f a u l t H D F s i n t h e M - E P D G 2 . 4 . 1 . d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e M — E P D G e s t a b l i s h e s a n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h i n e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f a x l e s i s d i s t r i b u t e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g l o a d b i n s f o r e a c h a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n a n d v e h i c l e c l a s s : 0 S i n g l e : 3 0 0 0 - 4 1 0 0 0 , i n 1 0 0 0 l b i n c r e m e n t s ( 3 9 b i n s ) 0 T a n d e m : 6 0 0 0 - 8 2 0 0 0 i n 2 0 0 0 l b i n c r e m e n t s ( 3 9 b i n s ) 0 T r i d e m : 1 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 2 0 0 0 i n 3 0 0 0 l b i n c r e m e n t s ( 3 1 b i n s ) 0 Q u a d : 1 2 0 0 0 - 1 0 2 0 0 0 i n 3 0 0 0 l b i n c r e m e n t s ( 3 1 b i n s ) R e s e a r c h b y T r a n a n d H a l l ( 1 3 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r t h e t a n d e m a x l e s c o u l d b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e d i s t i n c t l o a d i n g p a t t e r n s b a s e d o n c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s : 0 E q u a l p r o p o r t i o n o f l o a d e d a n d u n l o a d e d t r u c k s ( l i g h t a n d h e a v y t a n d e m a x l e s ) 0 H i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f u n l o a d e d t r u c k s t h a n l o a d e d 0 H i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l o a d e d t r u c k s c o m p a r e d t o u n l o a d e d 4 2 R e s e a r c h b y o t h e r s s h o w s i m i l a r r e s u l t s ( 2 , 1 0 , 1 2 ) . I t w a s a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s i t e s p e c i f i c s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s e x h i b i t e d s i m i l a r p e a k s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e v e h i c l e c l a s s . A s s u c h , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s f o u n d i t r e a s o n a b l e t o c r e a t e o n e s e t o f s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s ( 1 3 ) . W o r k i n g w i t h W I M s i t e s i n C a l i f o r n i a , L u a n d H a r v e y m a d e t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s 0 O f a l l s t e e r i n g a x l e s i n t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m , m o s t a r e f r o m V C 5 a n d V C 9 v e h i c l e s 0 M o s t s i n g l e a x l e s c o m e f r o m V C 5 , V C 8 a n d V C 1 1 t r u c k s 0 M o s t t a n d e m a x l e s c o n s i s t o f V C 9 t r u c k s 0 M o s t t r i d e m a x l e s c o m e f r o m V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 t r u c k s T h e s t u d y a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t a x l e l o a d s w e r e s i m i l a r a m o n g s t r e g i o n a n d t r a v e l c o r r i d o r s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e ( 2 ) . T i m m e t a l . c i t e d a s t u d y p e r f o r m e d i n T e x a s , i n w h i c h i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t s i t e s p e c i fi c l o a d s p e c t r a a r e r e q u i r e d f o r h i g h v o l u m e d e s i g n w h e r e a s l o w e r v o l u m e s i t e s r e q u i r e d r e g i o n a l - s p e c i fi c d a t a ( 9 ) . T h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l c i t e d a C a l i f o r n i a s t u d y b y C a m b r i d g e S y s t e m a t i c s i n w h i c h t h e e f f e c t o f u s i n g r e g i o n a l a n d 4 8 h o u r a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a d a t a o v e r s i t e s p e c i fi c d a t a w a s s t u d i e d . T h e r e s e a r c h f o u n d t h a t t h e r e g i o n a l d a t a p r o d u c e d M e a n A b s o l u t e P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r s ( M A P E ) o f 1 7 - 2 0 % , w h i l e 4 8 h o u r a x l e l o a d d a t a h a d o n l y 7 % M A P E v s . s i t e s p e c i f i c d a t a ( 1 4 ) . T h e s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s w a s e x p l o r e d b y T u r o c h y e t . a l . a t 1 3 W I M s t a t i o n s i n A l a b a m a ( 1 5 ) . T h e s t u d y f o u n d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a b e t w e e n e a c h d a y o f t h e w e e k a n d t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e , b e t w e e n e a c h d i r e c t i o n a n d t h e s i t e a v e r a g e , a s w e l l 4 3 a s e a c h o f t h e s i t e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e . H o w e v e r , t h e a u t h o r s n o t e t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e t e s t i s h e a v i l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e n u m b e r o f s a m p l e o b s e r v a t i o n s , a n d a s t h e n u m b e r i n c r e a s e s , s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n b e c o m e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . R e s e a r c h b y W a n g e t . a l f o u n d t h a t , w h e n f o r m i n g V C 9 s i n g l e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n c l u s t e r s f r o m a s e t o f 5 0 7 M i d w e s t a n d s o u t h e r n L T P P W I M s i t e s , t h e l a r g e s t 1 0 g r o u p i n g s c o n t a i n e d 8 0 . 5 % o f a l l s i t e s . F o r V C t a n d e m a x l e s , t h e l a r g e s t 1 0 a n d l a r g e s t 2 0 c o n t a i n e d n e a r l y 5 5 . 8 % a n d 7 3 . 5 % o f a l l s i t e s . T h e fi n d i n g s s u g g e s t e d m o s t a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s c o u l d b e d e d u c e d t o a s e l e c t f e w s p e c t r a . T h e s a m e s t u d y a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n ( 1 6 ) . C l u s t e r m e m b e r s h i p s w e r e o b s e r v e d t o v a r y a c r o s s a n d w i t h i n s t a t e s . C e r t a i n c l u s t e r s c o u l d b e s e e n i n m u l t i p l e s t a t e s w h i l e o t h e r s e x i s t e d w i t h i n o n e s p e c i f i c g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a . T e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n w a s a l s o n o t e d . T h e s a m e r e s e a r c h p e r f o r m e d c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r o n e m o n t h i n 1 9 9 8 a n d t h e n r a n a p a r a l l e l c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s f o r t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a i n t h e s a m e m o n t h fi v e y e a r s p r i o r i n 1 9 9 3 . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f s i t e s s w i t c h e d c l u s t e r m e m b e r s h i p s a f t e r 5 y e a r s , r e v e a l i n g t h a t a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c o u l d v a r y y e a r t o y e a r ( 1 6 ) . H o w e v e r , m o n t h l y v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n a c u r r e n t y e a r , a n a l y z e d i n o t h e r r e s e a r c h , w a s f o u n d n o t t o v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y . ( 2 , 1 0 , l l , 1 7 ) A n a l y s i s c o n d u c t e d o n W I M s t a t i o n s i n t h e L T P P N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n f o u n d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r a l l a n a l y z e d W I M s t a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t . H o w e v e r , r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s i t e s i n t o t h r e e r e g i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a t w e r e n o t d i f f e r e n t s t a t i s t i c a l l y . T h e f i n d i n g s a g a i n s u p p o r t t h e r e d u c t i o n o f a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a i n t o a s e l e c t f e w d i s t r i b u t i o n s . T h e s t u d y a l s o r e v e a l e d t h e 4 4 t y p i c a l s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d p a t t e r n s o f t h e r e g i o n s . F o r s i n g l e a x l e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g w a s n o t e d : ( 1 7 ) o T h e m a x i m u m l o a d o b s e r v e d i s r o u g h l y 3 4 k i p s . o T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n h a d t w o d i s t i n c t p e a k s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 5 k i p s a n d 1 1 k i p s . T h e t w o p e a k s w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f u n l o a d e d a n d l o a d e d v e h i c l e s w i t h t a n d e m a x l e s . 0 F o r m o r e t h a n 9 5 % o f t h e s i t e s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e f i r s t p e a k w a s l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d . F o r t a n d e m a x l e s t h e s t u d y n o t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g ( 1 7 ) : 0 T h e m a x i m u m l o a d o b s e r v e d w a s n e a r 6 1 k i p s . 0 S i m i l a r t o s i n g l e a x l e s t h e t a n d e m a x l e p l o t s h a d t w o d i s t i n c t p e a k s a t 1 1 k i p s a n d 3 0 k i p s , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d e d t o m e a n a x l e l o a d s o f u n l o a d e d a n d l o a d e d v e h i c l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . 0 F o r m o r e t h a n 7 0 % o f t h e s i t e s , t h e f i r s t p e a k c o n t a i n e d a l o w e r f r e q u e n c y t h a n t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d . T h e r e s e a r c h a l s o f o u n d t h a t 5 0 % o f a l l a x l e s w e r e s i n g l e , 4 9 % o f a l l a x l e s w e r e t a n d e m , w h i l e o n l y 1 % w e r e t r i d e m . I n t e r m s o f E S A L s , s i n g l e , t a n d e m , a n d t r i d e m a x l e s m a d e u p 1 9 % , 8 0 % a n d 1 % o f a l l E S A L s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( 1 7 ) . T h e fi n d i n g s s u g g e s t f o c u s i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s o n t a n d e m a x l e s . 2 . 5 E F F E C T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S I N D E S I G N T i m m , B o w e r a n d T u r o c h y ( 1 4 ) c i t e d a s t u d y p e r f o r m e d i n T e x a s , i n w h i c h i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t s i t e s p e c i f i c l o a d s p e c t r a a r e r e q u i r e d f o r h i g h v o l u m e d e s i g n w h e r e a s 4 5 l o w e r v o l u m e s i t e s r e q u i r e d r e g i o n a l - s p e c i f i c d a t a . T h e a u t h o r s a l s o p e r f o r m e d t h e i r o w n s t u d y i n A l a b a m a o n t h e e f f e c t o f fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s w h e n u t i l i z i n g s t a t e w i d e l o a d s p e c t r a c o m p a r e d t o s i t e s p e c i f i c l o a d s p e c t r a . T h e r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t a t e d t h e a v e r a g i n g o f s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a e x c l u s i v e l y f o r o b t a i n i n g s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s a n d u t i l i z e d a n M - E d e s i g n p r o g r a m c a l l e d P e r R o a d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e d e s i g n p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s . T h e f i n d i n g s c o n c l u d e d t h a t o u t o f t h e 1 2 W I M s t a t i o n s i n v o l v e d , a n d 3 6 fl e x i b l e d e s i g n s u t i l i z e d , 3 1 d e s i g n s u s i n g t h e s i t e s p e c i f i c a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w i t h i n 0 . 5 i n o f t h e d e s i g n s w h i c h u t i l i z e d t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a . H o w e v e r , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s n o t e d t h a t s i t e s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r l y h e a v y a x l e l o a d s w a r r a n t e d m o r e s i t e s p e c i fi c a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a s t h e d i s p a r i t y i n p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s f o r s u c h s i t e s e x c e e d e d 2 i n f o r c e r t a i n d e s i g n s c e n a r i o s ( 1 4 ) . T h e r e s e a r c h a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g s o i l s t i f f n e s s r e d u c e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s b e t w e e n s i t e s p e c i fi c a n d s t a t e w i d e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a . T u r o c h y e t . a l ( 1 7 ) a s s e s s e d t h e p r a c t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a x l e d i s t r i b u t i o n a s w e l l a s d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s i t e - s p e c i f i c a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h i s w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y c r e a t i n g fl e x i b l e a n d r i g i d d e s i g n s a l t e r i n g o n l y t h e r e s p e c t i v e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n . A s a c c e s s t o t h e M E P D G s o f t w a r e w a s u n a v a i l a b l e a t t h e t i m e o f t h e s t u d y , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s u t i l i z e d t h e 1 9 9 3 A A S H T O D e s i g n G u i d e t o e s t a b l i s h p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s d e s i g n s . T h e s t u d y f o u n d t h a t d i r e c t i o n a l a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n w a s i n s i g n i fi c a n t w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e o v e r a l l s i t e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a v e r a g e , w i t h d i f f e r e n c e s i n p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s o f 0 . 5 i n a n d 0 . 3 i n f o r fl e x i b l e a n d r i g i d p a v e m e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . C o m p a r i s o n o f s i t e s t o t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e y i e l d e d r i g i d a n d 4 6 fl e x i b l e d e s i g n o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 7 i n f o r 1 2 o u t o f t h e 1 3 s i t e s , w h i c h w a s c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e . T r a n a n d H a l l p e r f o r m e d a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i n p u t s o n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n i n t h e M E P D G . B a s e d o n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d u e t o r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g f a i l u r e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s w e r e r e a c h e d ( 1 3 ) : 0 S t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s f o r M E P D G T T C g r o u p s p r o d u c e d s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s ( u p t o 2 0 % d i f f e r e n c e ) t h a n t h o s e p r o d u c e d i n b y u s i n g t h e c o m p a r a b l e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s 0 S t a t e w i d e M D F s p r o d u c e d s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e r e s u l t s a s t h o s e g e n e r a t e d f r o m t h e M E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s . 0 S t a t e w i d e H D F v a l u e s d i d n o t c r e a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e t h a n t h o s e c r e a t e d b y t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s 4 7 C H A P T E R 3 - M E T H O D O L O G Y A r e v i e w o f a l l p r o c e d u r e s u s e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e o b j e c t i v e o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t r a f f i c d a t a f o r t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e m e t h o d o l o g i e s a p p l i e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g e l e m e n t s a r e d i s c u s s e d : 0 D a t a c o l l e c t i o n a n d p r o c e s s i n g 0 I d e n t i fi c a t i o n o f t r a f fi c i n p u t s i n n e e d o f c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 0 M e t h o d o l o g y u s e d f o r c o m p a r i n g e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e 0 M e t h o d o l o g y u s e d f o r h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 0 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r s e l e c t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f o r d e s i g n 3 . 1 D A T A C O L L E C T I O N A N D P R O C E S S I N G T h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a n d p r o c e s s i n g e l e m e n t r e v i e w s t h e e x i s t i n g d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s i t e s t h a t t h e M D O T c u r r e n t l y m a i n t a i n s i n w h i c h t r a f f i c d a t a c a n b e e x t r a c t e d . A t t e n t i o n i s a l s o g i v e n t o t h e p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e c o l l e c t e d t r a f f i c d a t a i n t o t r a f f i c i n p u t s u s i n g t h e s o f t w a r e T r a f L o a d . F i n a l l y , a q u a l i t y c o n t r o l r e v i e w o f t h e d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e fi n a l s e l e c t i o n o f s i t e s t o b e u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s . 3 . 1 . 1 R e v i e w o f E x i s t i n g D a t a C o l l e c t i o n S i t e s C o n t i n u o u s M D O T m a i n t a i n e d W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s w e r e u t i l i z e d t o a c q u i r e L e v e l I t r a f f i c d a t a t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . A c o m p l e t e l i s t o f t h e M D O T p e r m a n e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d W I M s i t e s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e A 1 a n d A 2 i n A p p e n d i x A o f t h i s r e p o r t . U p o n t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e s t u d y , a r e v i e w o f t h e M D O T i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 F o r t y - f o u r W I M s t a t i o n s 4 8 0 F i f t y - o n e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g t h e 4 4 W I I V I s t a t i o n s a n d s e v e n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n - o n l y s i t e s . T h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a a t t h e s e s i t e s w e r e f i r s t e v a l u a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f u s a b l e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o u l d b e e x t r a c t e d . A s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e p r o g r a m , T r a f L o a d ( 3 ) , s e l e c t e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u i r e s t h a t f o r L e v e l I d a t a , a m i n i m u m o f o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h f o r a l l t w e l v e m o n t h s o f t h e y e a r b e a v a i l a b l e . T h e M D O T w a s r e q u e s t e d t o e x t r a c t t w o - y e a r s w o r t h o f d a t a , f r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 f r o m e v e r y s i t e w h e r e a p p l i c a b l e i n a n a t t e m p t t o e n s u r e t h a t a t l e a s t o n e - w e e k ’ s w o r t h o f d a t a w a s a v a i l a b l e f o r e v e r y m o n t h o f t h e y e a r . I n i t i a l l y , t h e f i r s t w e e k ’ s d a t a o f e a c h m o n t h w a s e x t r a c t e d o v e r t h e s e l e c t e d t i m e p e r i o d t o p r o v i d e L e v e l I i n p u t s . S u b s e q u e n t d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e M D O T l e a d t o a s a t e l l i t e a n a l y s i s i n w h i c h t h e e f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e b e t w e e n o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h ( O W P M ) a n d c o n t i n u o u s t i m e f r a m e s w a s a s s e s s e d . T o f a c i l i t a t e t h e c o n t i n u o u s t i m e f r a m e , a l l a v a i l a b l e d a t a o v e r t h e s a m e t i m e p e r i o d w a s a l s o e x t r a c t e d . T h e e x t e n t o f t h e a v a i l a b l e w e i g h t d a t a , t h e “ W r e c o r d s ” o r “ 7 c a r d s ” i s d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 3 - 1 . A t t h e t i m e d a t a e x t r a c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d , s i t e 7 1 7 9 w a s r e l o c a t e d a n d i t s d a t a w a s n o l o n g e r a v a i l a b l e . O u t o f t h e r e m a i n i n g 4 3 s i t e s a v a i l a b l e , o n l y 3 8 h a d d a t a c o v e r a g e l o n g e r t h a n t h e r e q u i r e d y e a r . T h e s e s i t e s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g i n T r a f L o a d a n d a r e s h o w n u n c r o s s e d i n T a b l e A - 1 . S i t e s 6 3 4 9 a n d 8 2 4 9 w e r e a l s o p r o c e s s e d , b u t w e r e l a t e r r e m o v e d b y a Q C p r o c e s s t o b e d e s c r i b e d s u b s e q u e n t l y . 4 9 T a b l e 3 - 1 . S u m m a r y o f W I M D a t a E x t e n t N u m b e r o f S i t e s T i m e f r a m e o f D a t a N u m b e r o f M o n t h s ( 4 4 ) C o v e r e d 3 5 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 2 4 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — M a r c h 2 0 0 7 1 7 2 O c t o b e r 2 0 0 6 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 1 3 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 l l 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — A p r i l 2 0 0 6 6 1 J u l y 2 0 0 7 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 2 2 O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 l 1 N o n e 0 T h e e x t e n t o f t h e a v a i l a b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a , t h e “ C r e c o r d s ” o r “ 4 c a r d s ” , i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 2 . T a b l e 3 - 2 . S u m m a r y o f C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a E x t e n t f o r T r a f L o a d - V a l i d a t e d S i t e s N u m b e r o f S i t e s . , N u m b e r o f M o n t h s T 1 m e f r a m e o f D a t a ( 5 1 ) C o v e r e d 3 7 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 2 4 1 ” N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 2 0 M l s s m g J u n e 2 0 0 6 — S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 1 M a y 2 0 0 6 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 1 8 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — M a r c h 2 0 0 7 1 7 1 J u n e 2 0 0 6 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 1 7 1 J u l y 2 0 0 6 - O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 1 6 2 O c t o b e r 2 0 0 6 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 1 3 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 l l 1 N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 5 — A p r i l 2 0 0 6 6 1 J u n e 2 0 0 7 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 5 1 J u l y 2 0 0 7 — O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 4 2 O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 l 1 N o n e 0 F r o m T a b l e 3 - 2 , a t o t a l o f 4 4 s i t e s h a v e a t l e a s t o n e y e a r ’ s w o r t h o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e 3 8 W I M s t a t i o n s f r o m T a b l e 8 a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l s i x c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s . T h e a d d i t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g a r e s h o w n w i t h o u t a n a s t e r i s k i n T a b l e A - 1 a n d A - 2 o f A p p e n d i x A . S i t e s 6 3 4 9 , 8 2 4 9 a n d 7 2 8 9 w e r e a l s o i n i t i a l l y p r o c e s s e d b u t r e m o v e d b y a Q C a l g o r i t h m t o b e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 4 . 5 0 3 . 1 . 2 P r o c e s s i n g o f R a w D a t a i n T r a f L o a d T h e m a t h e m a t i c a l a l g o r i t h m s p r e s e n t i n T r a f L o a d t h a t l e a d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e t o o i n t e n s i v e t o p r e s e n t w i t h i n t h i s r e p o r t . A f u l l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r o c e s s e s u n d e r t a k e n t o d e v e l o p t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f r o m t h e r a w W I M a n d c l a s s i fi c a t i o n d a t a c a n b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x A o f t h i s t h e s i s . 3 . 1 . 3 C o n v e r s i o n o f S i t e s I n t o T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s T h e c o n v e r s i o n o f c o n t i n u o u s t r a f f i c d a t a t o t h e M - E P D G f o r m a t f o r t h e 3 8 W I M s t a t i o n s a n d s i x c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s w a s p e r f o r m e d u s i n g T r a f L o a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a l g o r i t h m s p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x A . U t i l i z i n g t h e c o n t i n u o u s d a t a , a l l s i t e s w e r e s u c c e s s f u l l y p r o c e s s e d e x c l u d i n g s i t e 6 3 4 9 . T r a f L o a d d i d n o t p r o c e s s t h e n o r t h d i r e c t i o n f o r w e i g h t d e s p i t e d o i n g s o f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . T h e n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b l e m w a s u n k n o w n . T a b l e 3 - 3 c o n t a i n s t h e q u a n t i t y o f s u c c e s s f u l l y p r o c e s s e d w e i g h t a n d c l a s s i fi c a t i o n f i l e s . T a b l e 3 - 3 . Q u a n t i t y o f P r o c e s s e d C o n t i n u o u s W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a T y p e o f D a t a W I M C l a s s i fi c a t i o n T o t a l s W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 3 7 N / A 3 7 W e i g h t O n l y 0 N / A 0 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n O n l y 1 6 7 T o t a l 3 8 6 4 4 T h e p r o c e s s e d s i t e s w i l l b e u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t r a f f i c i n t o t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s t o i n p u t i n t o t h e M E P D G . F o r t h e s a m e 4 4 c a n d i d a t e s i t e s , T r a fl m a d w a s a l s o u s e d t o p r o d u c e t r a f f i c i n p u t s f o r O W P M d a t a . T h e r e w a s a n e r r o r i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f i l e s t h a t s t a t e d t h e p r o g r a m f a i l e d t o p r o c e s s t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a d u e t o a l a c k o f 2 4 h o u r s o f d a t a f o r s o m e m o n t h s , d a y s o f w e e k , d i r e c t i o n , l a n e a n d o r v e h i c l e c l a s s , f o r s i t e s 6 4 6 9 , 8 2 4 9 , 7 2 8 9 , 2 0 2 9 , 7 0 6 9 , a n d 5 1 7 3 2 9 . S i m i l a r l y , t h e w e i g h t d a t a f o r s i t e 6 0 1 9 h a d m i s s i n g w e i g h t i n f o r m a t i o n f o r c e r t a i n c l a s s e s w i t h i n a g i v e n m o n t h f o r O W P M d a t a . I t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e W I M o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t f o r t h e s e s i t e s c o u l d h a v e b e e n o f fl i n e o r f a i l e d d u r i n g s o m e d a y s o r h o u r s o f t h e w e e k s s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s e s i t e s w e r e e x c l u d e d f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . T a b l e 3 - 4 s h o w s t h e n u m b e r o f s i t e s t h a t s u c c e s s f u l l y O W P M p r o c e s s e d w e i g h t a n d / o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . T a b l e 3 - 4 . Q u a n t i t y o f P r o c e s s e d O W P M W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a T y p e o f D a t a W I M C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T o t a l W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n 3 5 N / A 3 5 W e i g h t O n l y 2 N / A 2 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n O n l y 1 2 3 T o t a l 3 8 2 4 0 3 . 1 . 4 D a t a Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l R e v i e w W h i l e i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t p r o p e r c a l i b r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d b y t h e M D O T t o e n s u r e a c c u r a t e s e n s o r r e a d i n g s , e q u i p m e n t c a n f a i l o r f a l l o u t o f c a l i b r a t i o n b e t w e e n s c h e d u l e d m a i n t e n a n c e . A s s u c h , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f q u a l i t y c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s s u c h a s t h o s e o u t l i n e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w i s c r u c i a l i n h i g h l i g h t i n g p o t e n t i a l e r r o n e o u s d a t a . T h e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l u t i l i z e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h c o n s i s t e d o f a p r o p e r f o r m a t t i n g c h e c k i n T r a fl m a d f o l l o w e d b y a s u b s e q u e n t r e v i e w o f t h e p r o c e s s e d d a t a . T r a f L o a d h a s a b u i l t - i n f o r m a t t i n g v a l i d a t i o n a l g o r i t h m t h a t c a n b e a p p l i e d w h e n u p l o a d i n g r a w w e i g h t a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f i l e s i n t o a d a t a b a s e . T h e v a l i d a t i o n p r o c e s s c h e c k s e a c h l i n e o f t r a f f i c d a t a w i t h i n a f i l e t o d e t e r m i n e i f i t i s i n p r o p e r c a r d - 4 o r c a r d - 7 f o r m a t a s o u t l i n e d b y t h e T M G . I f T r a f L o a d i s u n a b l e t o r e a d t h e f i l e , a n e r r o r m e s s a g e w i l l b e c r e a t e d i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r o b l e m . H o w e v e r , d a t a t h a t i s p r o p e r l y f o r m a t t e d a n d 5 2 p r o v e n t o b e s o t h r o u g h t h e v a l i d a t i o n p r o c e s s i n T r a f L o a d d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d a t a c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e s e s i t e s i s r e l i a b l e o r a c c u r a t e . T h e t r u e q u a l i t y o f t h e d a t a c o u l d o n l y b e v e r i f i e d w h e n a l l s i t e s h a v e b e e n p r o c e s s e d a n d r e s u l t s s u c h a s a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , T T C a n d A A D T T h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d f o r a n o m a l i e s . T h e q u a l i t y c h e c k s p e r f o r m e d d i r e c t l y o n t h e p r o c e s s e d t r a f fi c i n p u t s w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w . S i n c e t h i s w a s t h e f i r s t e x t e n s i v e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n e f f o r t p e r f o r m e d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n , t h e r e w a s l i t t l e a x l e l o a d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o c o m p a r e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c d a t a i n t h i s a n a l y s i s . T o o v e r c o m e t h i s , t h e g e n e r a l g u i d e l i n e s o u t l i n e d i n t h e T M G f o r d e t e c t i n g s e n s o r f a i l u r e u t i l i z i n g G V W w e r e a p p l i e d a n d a r e r e p e a t e d b e l o w ( 5 ) : o A s h i f t i n p e a k l o a d i n g v a l u e ( c a l i b r a t i o n d r i f t ) 0 H i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f v e h i c l e s h e a v i e r t h a n 8 0 k i p s 0 A fl a t w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s c a l e f a i l u r e ) S i n c e T r a f L o a d p r o d u c e s a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a n d n o t G V W , a r e v i e w o f i n d i v i d u a l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w a s p e r f o r m e d , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h o s e f o r V C 9 . T h e M i c h i g a n T r u c k G u i d e ( 1 8 ) d e s i g n a t e s t h e a x l e l o a d l i m i t s f o r t r u c k s o n M i c h i g a n r o a d w a y s a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 5 . I n r e v i e w i n g a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e o v e r l o a d s w e r e d e e m e d t o b e a n i n d i c a t i o n o f p o s s i b l e s e n s o r f a i l u r e . F r o m T a b l e 3 - 5 , i t c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e m a x i m u m a x l e l o a d l i m i t s a r e a s f o l l o w s : 0 S i n g l e - 1 8 k i p s 0 T a n d e m - 3 2 k i p s 0 T r i d e m - 3 9 k i p s 0 Q u a d - 5 2 k i p s 5 3 T a b l e 3 - 5 . T y p i c a l A x l e L o a d L i m i t a n d G r o s s V e h i c l e W e i g h t L i m i t M a x M a x M a x M a x G r o s s G r o s s V e h i c l e S i n g l e T a n d e m T r i d e m Q u a d N o r m a l F r o s t C l a s s A x l e A x l e A x l e A x l e A x l e A x l e W e i g h t W e i g h t W e i g h t W e i g h t W e i g h t W e i g h t ( k i n s ) ( k i p s ) ( k i p s ) ( k i p s ) ( k i r s ) ( k i P S ) V C 5 1 8 - - 3 3 . 4 2 1 . 7 V C 6 1 5 . 4 3 2 4 7 . 4 3 0 . 8 V C 7 - 1 1 5 . 4 - 3 9 - 5 4 . 4 3 5 . 4 V C 7 - 2 1 5 . 4 - — 5 2 6 7 . 4 4 3 . 8 V C 8 - 1 1 8 - - 5 1 . 4 3 3 . 4 V C 8 - 2 1 8 3 2 - - 6 5 . 4 4 2 . 5 V C 9 - 1 1 8 3 2 - - 8 2 N / A V C 9 - 2 1 8 3 2 - - 8 3 . 4 5 4 . 2 V C 1 0 — l 1 8 3 2 N / A N / A 1 0 1 . 4 6 5 . 9 V C 1 0 - 2 1 8 3 2 N / A N / A 9 1 . 4 5 9 . 4 V C 1 0 - 3 1 8 3 2 N / A N / A 1 1 9 . 4 7 7 . 6 V C 1 1 - — - - 8 7 . 4 5 6 . 8 V C 1 2 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A V C 1 3 - 1 1 8 3 2 - - 1 1 7 . 4 7 6 . 3 V C l 3 - 2 1 5 . 4 3 2 3 9 - 1 5 1 . 4 9 8 . 4 V C l 3 - 3 1 8 3 2 - 5 2 1 6 1 . 4 1 0 4 . 9 V C 1 3 - 4 1 8 3 2 5 2 — 1 1 7 . 4 7 6 . 3 V C 1 3 - 5 1 5 . 4 3 2 5 2 - 1 2 5 . 4 8 1 . 5 V C 1 3 - 6 1 5 . 4 2 6 3 9 5 2 1 3 2 . 4 8 6 . 1 V C l 3 - 7 1 5 . 4 3 2 3 9 - 1 4 3 . 4 9 3 . 2 V C 1 3 - 8 1 5 . 4 3 2 3 9 5 2 1 3 8 . 4 9 0 V C 1 3 - 9 1 5 . 4 3 2 - 5 2 1 5 1 . 4 9 8 . 4 * N o t e : “ - ” i n d i c a t e s a x l e t y p e n o t i n c o n fi g u r a t i o n . N / A m e a n s d a t a w a s n o t g i v e n f o r t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s . A s p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t r u c k t r a f f i c i n t h e o T h e m a x i m u m l o a d o b s e r v e d i s r o u g h l y 3 4 k i p s . o T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n h a d t w o d i s t i n c t p e a k s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 5 k i p s a n d 1 1 k i p s . s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e s . F o r s i n g l e a x l e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g w a s n o t e d : ( 1 7 ) L T P P N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g i o n , w h i c h M i c h i g a n i s p a r t o f , h a d s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r T h e t w o p e a k s r e p r e s e n t e d u n l o a d e d a n d l o a d e d v e h i c l e s w i t h s i n g l e a x l e s . 5 4 0 F o r m o r e t h a n 9 5 % o f t h e s i t e s , t h e f i r s t p e a k w a s l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d . F o r t a n d e m a x l e s t h e s t u d y n o t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : ( 1 7 ) 0 T h e m a x i m u m l o a d o b s e r v e d w a s n e a r 6 1 k i p s . 0 S i m i l a r t o s i n g l e a x l e s t h e t a n d e m a x l e p l o t s h a d t w o d i s t i n c t p e a k s a t 1 1 k i p s a n d 3 0 k i p s , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d e d t o m e a n a x l e l o a d s o f u n l o a d e d a n d l o a d e d v e h i c l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . 0 F o r m o r e t h a n 7 0 % o f t h e s i t e s , t h e f i r s t p e a k c o n t a i n e d a l o w e r f r e q u e n c y t h a n t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d . B a s e d o n t h e T M G g u i d e l i n e s , a x l e l o a d l i m i t s i n M i c h i g a n a n d a r e v i e w o f t h e L T P P t r a f f i c d a t a w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a w a s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g p o t e n t i a l l y e r r o n e o u s s i t e s f r o m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a : 0 S i n g l e a x l e l o a d s b e y o n d 3 4 k i p s 0 S i n g l e a x l e l o a d s t h a t h a d s i g n i f i c a n t d e v i a t i o n s o f p e a k l o a d i n g s f r o m 3 . 5 k i p s o r 1 1 k i p s 0 T a n d e m a x l e l o a d s b e y o n d 6 1 k i p s 0 T a n d e m a x l e l o a d s t h a t h a d s i g n i f i c a n t d e v i a t i o n s o f p e a k l o a d i n g s f r o m 1 1 k i p s a n d 3 0 k i p s 0 F l a t a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a I n a d d i t i o n t o a r e v i e w o f a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r e a c h s i t e w a s a l s o e v a l u a t e d f o r a b n o r m a l l y h i g h p e r c e n t a g e s ( g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 % ) i n v e h i c l e c l a s s e s o t h e r t h a n V C 5 o r V C 9 . T h i s c a n b e a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e s e n s o r i s m i s c l a s s i f y i n g t h e t r u c k s p e r L T P P s t i p u l a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e Q C r e v i e w a s w e l l a s t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e f i n a l s i t e s f o r a n a l y s e s i s c o n t a i n e d i n S e c t i o n 4 . 1 5 5 P r i o r t o c l u s t e r i n g o f t h e d a t a t o d e v e l o p L e v e l 1 1 i n p u t s , t h e r e v i e w o f a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a n d T T C f o r p o t e n t i a l e r r o r s a l s o p r o d u c e d v a l u a b l e o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e n a t u r e a n d b e h a v i o r o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s . A r e v i e w o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e i s w a r r a n t e d a s i t w i l l h a v e a n i m p a c t o n t h e s e l e c t i o n a n d c r e a t i o n o f t r a f fi c i n p u t s : T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e s e a s o n a l ( m o n t h t o m o n t h ) v a r i a t i o n i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r m o s t v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . T h e e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s a r e t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s e s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e a v e r y l o w p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t r a f fi c v o l u m e a n d a r e o n l o w A A D T T r o a d s . T h e s e s u s c e p t i b l e V C s : V C 4 , V C 7 , V C 8 , V C 1 1 , a n d V C 1 2 c a n p r o d u c e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e l o a d s p e c t r a d u e t o l o w s a m p l e s i z e . T h e r e i s l i t t l e d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r m o s t v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . O n l y V C 1 0 a n d V C l 3 e x h i b i t e d d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e . T h i s m o s t l i k e l y i s d u e t o t h e s e t r u c k t y p e s b e i n g l o c a l i n n a t u r e , p e r h a p s t r a v e l i n g t o a n d f r o m a l o g g i n g s i t e o r g r a v e l p i t . I t w a s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 w o u l d c o n t a i n o n l y a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e r e w a s o n l y a n e e d t o a n a l y z e a s i n g l e d i r e c t i o n a s w a s d o n e i n t h i s a n a l y s i s . T h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s w i t h i n a g i v e n v e h i c l e c l a s s f o r n e a r l y a l l s i t e s a r e s i m i l a r . T h i s c a n m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r t h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s w i t h s e e m i n g l y m i n i m a l e r r o r . T h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s e e m s t o d e p e n d o n t h e q u a n t i t y o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 v e h i c l e s . H i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f V C 5 y i e l d a s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a ( a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s ) t h a t i s d o m i n a n t a r o u n d 3 - 6 k i p s w h i l e h i g h e r V C 9 p r o p o r t i o n s l e a d t o d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a t h a v e h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s t h a t r a n g e f r o m l l - 1 3 k i p s . 5 6 o T h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s g r e a t l y d e p e n d o n t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a o f V C 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n s u s i n g a l l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f r o m e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f V C 9 w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r . T h i s s u g g e s t s V C 9 c o n t r o l s t a n d e m a x l e l o a d i n g . 0 T h e t r i d e m a n d q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y c o m p o s e d o f V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 d a t a . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t o t h e r t h a n V C 7 , w h i c h m a k e s u p v e r y l i t t l e o f t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m , V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 a r e t h e o n l y a x l e s w h i c h h a v e t r i d e m a n d q u a d . F o c u s o n t h e s e t w o v e h i c l e c l a s s e s f o r t h e s t a t e a r e a l l t h a t i s n e e d e d t o c a p t u r e t h e s e a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . 3 . 2 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O F N E C E S S A R Y E L E M E N T S F O R T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N T h e t r a f f i c e l e m e n t s i n t h e M E P D G w e r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w a n d a r e a g a i n s t a t e d i n T a b l e 3 - 6 . T a b l e 3 - 6 . T r a f fi c D a t a R e q u i r e d f o r t h e T h r e e M - E P D G I n p u t L e v e l s , I n p u t L e v e l D a t a E l e m e n t s / V a r i a b l e s I I I I I I . . . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l E z r g q t l o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l g l i t z ] : l a n e d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C T r u c k . . . . . T r a f fi c & S i t e s p e c r fi c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l T i r e A x l e / t r u c k c l a s s W I I V I o r W I I V I o r W I M o r F a c t o r s A V C A V C A V C A x l e a n d t i r e s p a c i n g T i r e p r e s s u r e T r a f f i c g r o w t h V e h i c l e o p e r a t i o n a l s p e e d L a t e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r t h e s e i n p u t s H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r 5 7 T a b l e 3 - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) . . . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l $ 2 1 1 3 2 : t h d i s t r i b u t i o n W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l H o u r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r A V C A V C A V C A A D T o r A A D T T f o r H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r b a s e y e a r t h e s e i n p u t s . S i t e s p e c i fi c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l T r u c k 3 1 2 1 8 ? d i s t / s p e c t r a b y t r u c k W I M o r W I M o r W I M o r T r a f f i c A V C A V C A V C D i s t r i b u t i o n . S i t e s p e c i f i c R e g i o n a l N a t i o n a l S i l i i i : § . d ; i i ’ § f f § i ’ b § w . . . w . . . W . . . V o l u m e y p A V C A V C A V C T r u c k t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g r o u p f o r d e s i g n H i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s n o t a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e s e i n p u t s % o f t r u c k s T r a f f i c e l e m e n t s c o n t a i n i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s w e r e t h e f o c u s o f t h i s r e s e a r c h . A m o r e d e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c e l e m e n t s a s s e s s e d i s c o n t a i n e d i n S e c t i o n 4 . 2 o f t h i s p a p e r 3 . 3 O N E W E E K P E R M O N T H V S C O N T I N U O U S D A T A A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s i n i t i a t e d t o e s t a b l i s h i f u s i n g O W P M d a t a c o v e r a g e i s r e l i a b l e e n o u g h f o r u s e i n t h e M E — P D G a s c o m p a r e d t o u s i n g c o n t i n u o u s d a t a f o r t h e e n t i r e y e a r . T h e s i x t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c l u d e d i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e : a v e r a g e a n n u a l d a i l y t r u c k t r a f f i c , ( A A D T T ) , a x l e g r o u p s p e r v e h i c l e ( A G P V ) , m o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s , ( M D F s ) , h o u r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s ( H D F s ) , t r u c k t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T T C ) , a n d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a ( A L S ) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o v e r a g e w e r e a s s e s s e d i n t w o w a y s ; ( a ) fi r s t , t h e c o m p a r i s o n w a s m a d e b e t w e e n t h e n u m e r i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t v a l u e s y i e l d e d b y O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a , ( b ) s e c o n d , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s 5 8 b e t w e e n o n e - w e e k a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a i n p u t s w a s a s s e s s e d t h r o u g h a n e v a l u a t i o n o f p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e o f r i g i d p a v e m e n t s i n t h e M - E P D G ( 1 ) . T h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t y i e l d e d a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v a l u e s r a t h e r t h a n a s i n g l e v a r i a b l e — A L S , M D F s a n d H D F s . I t w a s d e s i r a b l e t o a s c e r t a i n a s i n g l e v a l u e t h a t w o u l d c a p t u r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d p r o v i d e a p r a c t i c a l a n d r e l a t a b l e q u a n t i t y t o d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s . T h i s m e t h o d w a s p r e f e r r e d o v e r p e r f o r m i n g s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s f o r c o m p a r i n g d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h r o u g h t e s t s l i k e t h e K o l m o g o r o v - S m i m o v ( K - S ) . T h e u s e o f a s i n g l e v a l u e a l l o w s f o r e a s y a p p l i c a t i o n o f s t a t i s t i c s o n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . F o r t h e l a t t e r c a s e , a r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e b a s e d e s i g n s w e r u s e d w i t h t h i c k n e s s e s d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h A A S H T O d e s i g n m e t h o d s a n d E S A L c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h e M - E P D G r u n s w e r e e x e c u t e d f o r c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M d a t a f r o m e a c h s i t e . T h e p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b a s e d o n t h e l i m i t i n g d i s t r e s s , p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d , w a s r e c o r d e d f o r b o t h O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t a l l o t h e r i n p u t s ( e . g . , l a y e r t h i c k n e s s e s , m a t e r i a l s , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s ) w e r e h e l d c o n s t a n t s o a s t o a t t r i b u t e a n y d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e s o l e l y t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n p u t t e d t r a f f i c p a r a m e t e r s b a s e d o n t h e d a t a c o v e r a g e . T h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s e x p a n d s o n t h e p r o c e d u r e s f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a f r o m b o t h a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d p o i n t . 3 . 3 . 1 M a n i p u l a t i o n o f T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D a t a f o r C o m p a r i s o n A s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d , i t w a s h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e t o c r e a t e a s i n g l e v a l u e w h i c h c a p t u r e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o d a t a s e t s ( O W P M v s . c o n t i n u o u s ) f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e d a t a . D u e t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s v a r y i n g f r o m a 5 9 s i n g l e u n i t v a l u e ( A A D T T ) t o a f u l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s u c h a s a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , t h e c r e a t i o n o f a s i n g l e u n i t v a l u e ( s ) w a s d i f f e r e n t f o r e a c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . A s a r e s u l t , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e v i e w t h e p r o c e s s f o r c r e a t i o n o f a s i n g l e v a l u e f o r e a c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . 3 . 3 . 1 . a A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f f i c A s A A D T T i s a s i n g l e v a r i a b l e i t s e l f , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n A A D T T w a s m e a s u r e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T a n d O W P M A A D T T . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s e A A D T T v a l u e s a r e f o r a S I N G L E d e s i g n l a n e d i r e c t i o n a n d n o t t w o - w a y t o t a l s . F o r s t a t i s t i c a l p u r p o s e s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y ' t o n o r m a l i z e t h e s e “ r a w ” A A D T T v a l u e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t o p e r c e n t a g e s a s t h e p h y s i c a l m a g n i t u d e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e f o r a g i v e n s i t e w o u l d m i s c o n s t r u e t h e d a t a . E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 s h o w s t h e r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e i n A A D T T : A A D T T — A A D T T A A D T T % d = C D T I " W * 1 0 0 ( 3 . 1 ) 1 L ” C 3 . 3 . 1 . b T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i fi c a t i o n I n p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s e s o f t h e d a t a , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m w a s l a r g e l y d o m i n a t e d b y V e h i c l e C l a s s ( V C ) 5 a n d V C 9 a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t b y V C 1 3 t r u c k s . R a t h e r t h a n c o m p a r i n g a l l 1 0 v e h i c l e c l a s s e s , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o c o m p a r e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n s i n g l e u n i t t r a i l e r s ( V C 4 - 7 ) , t r a c t o r t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 8 - 1 0 ) a n d m u l t i t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 1 1 - 1 3 ) . G r o u p i n g i n t h i s w a y a l l o w e d m o r e d o m i n a n t t r u c k c l a s s e s t o b e s e p a r a t e d , a n d m i n i m i z e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t w o u l d b e s e e n i n V C t h a t a r e r a r e l y p r e s e n t i n t h e t r a f fi c s t r e a m a s s u g g e s t e d b y r e s e a r c h ( 5 ) . T h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e s i n g l e v a l u e f o r T T C f o r e a c h g r o u p i n g w a s d o n e b y s u m m i n g t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s p e r c e n t a g e s f r o m e a c h c a t e g o r y a n d s u b t r a c t i n g o n e w e e k f r o m c o n t i n u o u s v a l u e s a s 6 0 M D F d i = " 1 : 1 1 2 ( 3 . 3 ) s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 2 . U n l i k e A A D T T , i t w a s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e a r e l a t i v e p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e , a s T T C p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e a l r e a d y n o r m a l i z e d v a l u e s . T T C d i : Z T T C C i _ Z T T C w i ( 3 2 ) 3 . 3 . 1 . c M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e d e f a u l t M D F s c r e a t e d b y T r a f L o a d w e r e s e p a r a t e d i n t o t h e s a m e g r o u p i n g s a s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e c a s e o f T T C . F o r e a c h t r u c k g r o u p i n g o f s i n g l e u n i t t r a i l e r s ( V C 4 - 7 ) , t r a c t o r t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 8 - 1 0 ) a n d m u l t i t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 1 1 - 1 3 ) , t h e r e w e r e 1 2 f a c t o r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e a c h m o n t h o f t h e y e a r . A s a n a l t e r n a t i v e , r a t h e r t h a n h a v i n g 3 6 v a l u e s f o r e a c h s i t e , a n a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e i n M D F S b e t w e e n o n e w e e k a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a a c r o s s t h e 1 2 m o n t h s w a s t a k e n f o r e a c h t r u c k g r o u p i n g a s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y E q u a t i o n 3 . 3 . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e h a d t o b e t a k e n s i n c e t h e M D F s m u s t a l w a y s s u m t o 1 2 , a n d t h u s i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e ( o r s u m o f d i f f e r e n c e s ) w i l l a l w a y s b e z e r o . T h e r e s u l t o f t h i s c o m p u t a t i o n y i e l d s a s i n g l e a v e r a g e p o s i t i v e d i f f e r e n c e f o r e a c h t r u c k g r o u p i n g . S i n c e M D F s a r e n o r m a l i z e d v a l u e s , t h e r e w a s a g a i n n o n e e d t o e s t a b l i s h a p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e . 1 2 Z I M D F c i m — M D F W i m l 3 . 3 . 1 . d H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n H D F v a l u e s w a s a s s e s s e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r t o t h a t o f M D F s . S i n c e t h e H D F m u s t a d d t o 1 0 0 % , d i f f e r e n c e s f o u n d b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a f o r e a c h h o u r o f t h e d a y w o u l d s u m t o z e r o . A s s u c h , t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e w a s t a k e n f o r e a c h h o u r a n d a v e r a g e d t o c r e a t e a s i n g l e p o s i t i v e v a l u e f o r e a c h s i t e . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 4 6 1 2 3 Z I H D F C I Z _ H D l e z l H D F d = ” = 0 2 4 ( 3 . 4 ) 3 . 3 . 1 . c A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e T h e s i n g l e v a l u e f o r A G P V s w a s c r e a t e d t h r o u g h a s t r a i g h t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M d a t a f o r e a c h a x l e t y p e a n d v e h i c l e c l a s s . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n i s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 5 . F o r t r i d e m , a n d q u a d A G P V , o n l y d a t a f r o m V C 7 , V C 1 0 , a n d V C 1 3 w e r e u s e d a s t h e y a r e t h e o n l y V C s t h a t h a v e t h e s e a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . A G P V d e = A G P V C l - j — A G P V W l - j ( 3 . 5 ) 3 . 3 . 1 . f A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n s S i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e s w e r e c h o s e n t o b e c o m p a r e d a s t h e y a r e t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t a x l e t y p e s i n a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s ( 2 , 1 9 ) . T h e V C 5 , V C 9 a n d V C 1 3 w e r e a n a l y z e d o n l y a s t h e y w e r e s h o w n t o b e t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t i n t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m i n M i c h i g a n . T o d e t e r m i n e t h e v a r i a t i o n i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , a s i n g l e a v e r a g e a x l e l o a d v a l u e f o r O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w a s c r e a t e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e p r o p o r t i o n i n e a c h a x l e l o a d c a t e g o r y f o r a g i v e n a x l e t y p e a n d v e h i c l e c l a s s , A L S h - j , b y t h e l o a d i n g v a l u e o f t h a t c a t e g o r y , A L V I , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 6 . S i n c e T r a f L o a d p r o d u c e s m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h a x l e , a t o t a l o f 2 4 v a l u e s w e r e a v a i l a b l e f o r c o m p a r i s o n f o r e a c h V C . A s i t h a s b e e n s t a t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( 1 9 ) , l i t t l e m o n t h t o m o n t h v a r i a t i o n e x i s t s i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , a n n u a l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a v a l u e s w e r e u t i l i z e d b y a v e r a g i n g m o n t h l y s p e c t r a . T h e n u m e r i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g t h e O W P M a v e r a g e a x l e l o a d v a l u e f r o m t h e c o n t i n u o u s a v e r a g e a x l e l o a d v a l u e f o r e a c h s i t e , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 7 . T h e s e v a l u e s w e r e t h e n n o r m a l i z e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n i n g a s A A D T T . 6 2 3 9 A L , - j = Z A L V , * 4 1 . 5 , , j ( 3 . 6 ) k = l A L - - — A L - - A L % d , - j = ” C ” w * 1 0 0 ( 3 . 7 ) A i j c 3 . 3 . 2 T r a f fi c I n p u t a n d M - E P D G P e r f o r m a n c e C o m p a r i s o n 3 . 3 . 2 . a T r a f fi c I n p u t C o m p a r i s o n O n e s a m p l e t — t e s t a n d p a i r e d t — t e s t s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M d a t a w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t t h a n z e r o ( p - v a l u e l e s s t h a n 0 . 0 5 f o r 9 5 % t w o - t a i l e d t e s t ) . T h e t - t e s t c o u l d n o t b e p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e M D F a n d H D F v a l u e s a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a l l p o s i t i v e v a l u e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , s u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s s u c h a s m e a n , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n , s t a n d a r d e r r o r a n d a 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w e r e p r e p a r e d t o a s s e s s t h e d a t a . T h e r e s u l t o f t h e s e a n a l y s e s i s r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 4 . 3 . 1 o f t h i s p a p e r . 3 . 3 . 2 . b M - E P D G P e r f o r m a n c e C o m p a r i s o n I n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h t h e p r a c t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a , r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s w e r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e M E P D G , T h e b a s e r i g i d d e s i g n u s e d f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 3 - 7 . T h i s d e s i g n w a s a s s u m e d t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f c o n d i t i o n s a t a p o t e n t i a l s i t e w i t h i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n b a s e d o n a p r e v i o u s M - E P D G s e n s i t i v i t y s t u d y i n M i c h i g a n ( 2 0 ) . A l l o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s n o t s p e c i f i e d i n T a b l e 3 - 7 w e r e g i v e n d e f a u l t v a l u e s i n t h e M E P D G . 6 3 T a b l e 3 - 7 . R i g i d B a s e D e s i g n f o r M - E P D G A n a l y s e s L a y e r / D e t a i l E l a s t i c M o d u l u s ( p s i ) T h i c k n e s s ( i n ) J P C P 5 5 0 ( M O R ) 4 . 2 M ( E M ) V a r i a b l e C r u s h e d G r a v e l 2 5 0 0 0 6 S a n d S u b b a s e - A 3 1 5 0 0 0 1 3 C l a y R o a d b e d - A 6 1 0 0 0 0 S e m i - I n f i n i t e J o i n t S p a c i n g 1 5 f t D o w e l B a r D i a m e t e r 1 . 2 5 i n ( < 1 0 i n ) 1 . 5 i n ( = > 1 0 i n ) C l i m a t e L a n s i n g , M I T h e p r o p e r d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s t o b e u s e d i n t h e M E P D G w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y u s i n g E S A L s a n d A A S H T O D e s i g n t h r o u g h t h e D N P S 8 6 s o f t w a r e . T h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n l i f e w a s a s s u m e d f o r 2 0 y e a r s h a n d l i n g t r a f f i c a t a 2 % g r o w t h r a t e . T h e E S A L s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d t h r o u g h t h e s i t e b a s e y e a r a x l e r e p e t i t i o n s p r e v i o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h l o a d i n g c r i t e r i a a n d e a c h a x l e t y p e . T h e b a s e y e a r a x l e r e p e t i t i o n s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y r u n n i n g t h e M E P D G w i t h t h e d a t a f r o m t h e s i t e a n d e x t r a c t i n g t h e b a s e y e a r a x l e r e p e t i t i o n s f o r a l l a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s f r o m t h e o u t p u t . T h e L E F s w e r e b a s e d o n a 1 0 ” p a v e m e n t . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n t h i c k n e s s d e s i g n s f o r t h e 3 4 s t a t i o n s u t i l i z e d i n t h i s s t u d y h a v i n g b o t h O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s w e i g h t a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a . T h e s e a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e A 3 o f A p p e n d i x A . T h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m c a l c u l a t e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l r o u g h n e s s i n d e x ( I R I ) , p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d a n d f a u l t i n g a s p a r t o f i t s r i g i d a n a l y s i s . F H W A s p e c i f i e s m a x i m u m d e s i g n t h r e s h o l d s f o r t h e r i g i d p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t o r s f o r v a r i o u s d e s i g n l i v e s . I n a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s , 2 0 y e a r p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t o r s p r o v e d t o b e t o o s t r i n g e n t u s i n g 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e M E P D G ; F a i l u r e w a s o c c u r r i n g i n h a l f t h e d e s i g n l i f e . A s a r e s u l t a c o m b i n a t i o n o f M E P D G d e f a u l t a n d F H W A 3 0 y e a r t h r e s h o l d s w e r e u s e d a s f a i l u r e c r i t e r i a . T h e t h r e s h o l d s w e r e m a n d a t e d a s f o l l o w s : 0 I R I - l 7 2 i n / m i ( M - E P D G d e f a u l t ) 6 4 0 F a u l t i n g - 0 . 2 3 6 i n ( F H W A 3 0 y e a r s ) 0 P e r c e n t S l a b s C r a c k e d - 1 5 % ( F H W A 3 0 y e a r s , M - E P D G d e f a u l t ) I t w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e l i m i t i n g d i s t r e s s w a s p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d i n t h e M E P D G . T h e p r o g r a m w a s f i r s t r u n u s i n g A A S H T O p a v e m e n t d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s e s e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m t h e E S A L s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e c o n t i n u o u s d a t a s e t . T h e d e s i g n l i f e a t w h i c h t h e p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d r e a c h e d 1 5 % w a s t h e n r e c o r d e d . T h e p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s e s w e r e t h e n a d j u s t e d i n t h e M E P D G s o a s t o e n s u r e t h e p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d t h r e s h o l d w a s a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t o 2 0 y e a r s a s s h o w n i n T a b l e A 3 o f A p p e n d i x A . T h e p r o g r a m w a s t h e n r e r u n u s i n g O W P M d a t a . P a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e w a s r e c o r d e d a n d c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . T h e fl e x i b l e b a s e d e s i g n u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 3 - 8 . T h i s w a s a l s o a s s u m e d t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a p o t e n t i a l s i t e w i t h i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n b a s e d o n t h e s a m e M — E P D G s e n s i t i v i t y s t u d y ( 2 0 ) . T a b l e 3 - 8 . F l e x i b l e B a s e D e s i g n f o r M - E P D G A n a l y s e s L a y e r / D e t a i l E l a s t i c M o d u l u s ( p s i ) T h i c k n e s s ( i n ) C o n v e n t i o n a l P e n . . A s p h a l t G r a d e 6 0 - 7 0 V a r i a b l e C r u s h e d G r a v e l 3 0 0 0 0 8 S a n d S u b b a s e - A — l - b 2 6 0 0 0 1 8 S i l t R o a d b e d — A 4 1 5 0 0 0 S e m i - I n f i n i t e C l i m a t e L a m b e r t v i l l e , M I T h e c l i m a t e s e l e c t e d w a s L a m b e r t v i l l e , M I w e a t h e r s t a t i o n . T h e e l a s t i c m o d u l u s w a s m a d e h i g h e r f o r t h e a s p h a l t c a s e a s i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o c o m b a t t h e e f f e c t s o f r u t t i n g a s t h e s o i l s t r u c t u r e i s d e s i g n e d t o h e l p s u p p o r t t h e t r a f f i c l o a d i n g s . S i m i l a r t o r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e p r o p e r d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s t o b e u s e d i n t h e M E P D G w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y u s i n g E S A L s a n d A A S H T O D e s i g n t h r o u g h t h e D N P S S 6 s o f t w a r e . T h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n l i f e w a s 6 5 a g a i n a s s u m e d f o r 2 0 y e a r s h a n d l i n g t r a f f i c a t a 2 % g r o w t h r a t e . T h e E S A L s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d t h r o u g h t h e s i t e b a s e y e a r a x l e r e p e t i t i o n s p r e v i o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h l o a d i n g c r i t e r i a a n d e a c h a x l e t y p e . T h i s a g a i n r e s u l t e d i n t h i c k n e s s d e s i g n s f o r t h e 3 4 W I M s t a t i o n s u t i l i z e d i n t h i s s t u d y a s s h o w n i n T a b l e A 4 o f A p p e n d i x A . T h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m c a l c u l a t e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l r o u g h n e s s i n d e x ( I R I ) , f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g a n d r u t t i n g a s p a r t o f i t s fl e x i b l e a n a l y s i s . T h e p r o g r a m a l s o c a l c u l a t e s l o n g i t u d i n a l c r a c k i n g b u t t h i s t y p e o f d i s t r e s s w a s n o t u s e d f o r f a i l u r e c r i t e r i a i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w a n d a s s u c h w i l l n o t b e e v a l u a t e d h e r e . F o r a g i v e n d e s i g n l i f e , F H W A s p e c i fi e s m a x i m u m d e s i g n t h r e s h o l d s f o r t h e fl e x i b l e p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t o r s . I n a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s , 2 0 y e a r p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t o r s , l i k e t h e r i g i d a n a l y s i s , p r o v e d t o b e t o o s t r i n g e n t u s i n g 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G . A s a r e s u l t , a c o m b i n a t i o n o f M E P D G d e f a u l t a n d F H W A 3 0 y e a r t h r e s h o l d s w e r e u s e d a s f a i l u r e c r i t e r i a . T h e t h r e s h o l d s w e r e m a n d a t e d a s f o l l o w s : 0 I R I - 1 7 2 i n / m i ( M — E P D G d e f a u l t ) 0 F a t i g u e c r a c k i n g - 1 0 % s u r f a c e a r e a ( F H W A 2 0 y e a r s ) 0 T o t a l r u t t i n g - 0 . 7 0 i n ( A d j u s t e d M - E P D G d e f a u l t ) I t w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e l i m i t i n g d i s t r e s s e s w e r e f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g a n d t o t a l r u t t i n g i n t h e M E P D G . I n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n t o t h e r i g i d d e s i g n , t h e p r o g r a m w a s f i r s t r u n u s i n g A A S H T O p a v e m e n t d e s i g n t h i c k n e s s e s e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m t h e E S A L s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e c o n t i n u o u s d a t a s e t . T h e d e s i g n l i f e a t w h i c h f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g a n d t o t a l r u t t i n g r e a c h e d 1 0 % a n d 0 . 7 0 i n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w a s r e c o r d e d . I t w a s n o t e d t h a t i n s o m e i n s t a n c e s t o t a l r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g h a d i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . A s s u c h , t h e p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s e s w e r e t h e n a d j u s t e d i n t h e M E P D G s o a s t o e n s u r e , w h e r e p o s s i b l e , t h a t a t l e a s t o n e 6 6 f a i l u r e c r i t e r i a p r o v i d e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 y e a r s o r g r e a t e r t o f a c i l i t a t e c o m p a r i s o n . T h e p r o g r a m w a s t h e n r e r u n u s i n g O W P M d a t a . P a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e w a s r e c o r d e d a n d c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . 3 . 4 F O R M A T I O N O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N C L U S T E R S 3 . 4 . 1 H i e r a r c h i c a l C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s O v e r v i e w A l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w w a s u n d e r t a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e h o w s o m e o f t h e p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d s t u d i e s a t t e m p t e d t o g r o u p W I M o r c l a s s i fi c a t i o n r e c o r d i n g d e v i c e s t o g e t h e r a c c o r d i n g t o s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h i n t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A n u m b e r o f l i t e r a t u r e h i g h l i g h t e d g r o u p i n g b y u s i n g s t a t i s t i c a l c l u s t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m , t o g r o u p t h e r e s p e c t i v e s i t e s b y a p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n e l e m e n t ( 2 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 7 ) . I n t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l a p p r o a c h , s p e c i f i c a l l y a g g l o m e r a t i v e c l u s t e r i n g , t h e a l g o r i t h m b e g i n s w i t h a l l s i t e s a s i n d i v i d u a l c l u s t e r s . A g i v e n d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e i s s p e c i f i e d f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g h o w f a r a p a r t t h e t w o s i t e s a r e a s w e l l a s a m e t h o d o l o g y f o r g r o u p i n g s i t e s t o g e t h e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s t a n c e s . T h e a l g o r i t h m p r o c e e d s b y g r o u p i n g s i t e s t o g e t h e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e a n d m e t h o d o l o g y t o f o r m s u c c e s s i v e c l u s t e r s u n t i l a f i n a l s i n g l e c l u s t e r i s f o r m e d . W h e n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e i s a s s i g n e d t o a c l u s t e r i t r e m a i n s i n t h e c l u s t e r i n d e fi n i t e l y . W i t h t h i s t e c h n i q u e , t h e d e s i r e d n u m b e r o f c l u s t e r s d o e s n o t n e e d t o b e s p e c i fi e d b u t r a t h e r c a n b e s e l e c t e d a f t e r t h e a n a l y s i s a s t h e o u t p u t p r o d u c e s c l u s t e r s a t e a c h s t a g e ( 2 1 ) . T h i s t e c h n i q u e i s s u i t a b l e f o r s m a l l e r d a t a s i z e s t h a t a r e n u m e r i c a l i n n a t u r e a n d c o n t a i n m u l t i p l e v a l u e s f o r a g i v e n c a s e , w h i c h i s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s r e s e a r c h . 3 . 4 . 2 H i e r a r c h i c a l C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s P r o c e d u r e T h e h i e r a r c h i c a l a l g o r i t h m r e q u i r e s t w o i n p u t s i n o r d e r t o c o m m e n c e c l u s t e r i n g : 6 7 o A d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e t o d e t e r m i n e h o w s i m i l a r e a c h s i t e ( c a s e ) i s o A p r o c e d u r e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g h o w c l u s t e r s s h o u l d b e f o r m e d T h e d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e d i s t h e a c t u a l c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e , o r h o w f a r a p a r t t w o s i t e s ( c a s e s ) a r e f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . T h e m o s t p o p u l a r d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e s u s e d a r e ( 2 2 ) : I I 0 E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e : \ [ Z ( A Z — B z ) 2 ( 3 . 8 ) z = l l l 0 S q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e : 2 ( A Z — B z ) 2 ( 3 . 9 ) 2 : 1 ) 1 M a n h a t t a n d i s t a n c e : Z I A z — B Z o ( 3 . 1 0 ) z = l I I 0 C h e b y c h e v d i s t a n c e : Z M a x I A Z - l e ( 3 . 1 1 ) z = 1 I n t h e a b o v e f o r m u l a s , A a n d B a r e t h e g i v e n s i t e n a m e s , a n d z i s t h e z t h v a r i a b l e i n a s e t o f 7 2 v a r i a b l e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , f o r t h e T T C d a t a s e t , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f v a r i a b l e s ( n ) w o u l d b e 1 0 ( 1 0 v e h i c l e c l a s s e s ) a n d t h e f i r s t v a r i a b l e , z = 1 w o u l d b e t h e T T C p e r c e n t a g e f o r V C 4 . T h e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e i s t h e m o s t b a s i c a n d w i d e l y u s e d o f t h e f o u r d i s t a n c e s . M a n h a t t a n d i s t a n c e p r o d u c e s v e r y s i m i l a r r e s u l t s t o t h a t o f E u c l i d e a n . T h e s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e a l l o w s m o r e s e n s i t i v i t y t o o u t l i e r s , w h i c h i s m o r e i d e a l f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n a s i t e t h a t a r e d i s t i n c t l y s e p a r a t e f r o m e a c h o t h e r . C h e b y c h e v d i f f e r e n c e o n l y i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e h i g h e s t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n v a r i a b l e s a n d w i l l i g n o r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n o t h e r v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n a c a s e ( 2 2 ) . 6 8 O f t h e f o u r s t a t e d d i s t a n c e s , t h e s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e w a s s e l e c t e d a s i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e n s u r e t h a t d i s t i n c t c o n t r a s t s b e t w e e n p a r t i c u l a r v a r i a b l e s f o r a p a i r o f s i t e s b e c a p t u r e d i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e s i t e s f r o m b e i n g c l u s t e r e d t o g e t h e r . T h i s d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s p e r f o r m e d i n t h e T M G a n d t h o s e d o n e b y o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s i n t h e i r s t u d i e s o f f o r m i n g t r a f f i c c l a s s i fi c a t i o n c l u s t e r s ( 5 , 1 0 ) . T h e h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r i n g m e t h o d e s t a b l i s h e s t h e c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e i n w h i c h t o g r o u p s i t e s t o g e t h e r w i t h . T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e s o m e t y p i c a l l i n k a g e t e c h n i q u e s 0 S i n g l e l i n k a g e 0 C o m p l e t e l i n k a g e 0 U n - w e i g h t e d p a i r g r o u p a v e r a g e 0 W a r d ’ s m e t h o d . I n s i n g l e l i n k a g e , t h e c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o c l u s t e r s i s c o m p u t e d b y f i n d i n g t h e t w o s i t e s i n e a c h c l u s t e r t h a t h a v e t h e l o w e s t E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e m . S i n g l e l i n k a g e w o r k s w e l l f o r s i t e s t h a t a r e s t r i n g - c o n n e c t e d . I n c o n t r a s t , i n c o m p l e t e l i n k a g e t h e g i v e n c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e m e a s u r e b e t w e e n t w o c l u s t e r s i s d e fi n e d b y t h e t w o s i t e s f r o m e a c h c l u s t e r t h a t a r e t h e f u r t h e s t a p a r t i n t e r m s o f t h e i r E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e . T h i s m e t h o d i s e f f i c i e n t w h e n t h e c l u s t e r s f o r m d i s t i n c t b l o c k s . I n u n - w e i g h t e d p a i r g r o u p a v e r a g e , t h e c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e i s d e f i n e d a s t h e t w o c l u s t e r s w h i c h h a v e l o w e s t a v e r a g e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n a l l s i t e s w i t h i n t h e t w o c l u s t e r s . T h i s m e t h o d w o r k s w e l l w i t h s t r i n g a n d c l u m p e d s i t e s . F i n a l l y , i n W a r d ’ s m e t h o d , a n a l t e r n a t e a p p r o a c h i s u t i l i z e d i n w h i c h t h e n e x t c l u s t e r t o b e f o r m e d m i n i m i z e s t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s f o r a l l c a s e s w i t h i n t h e w h o l e c l u s t e r ( 2 2 ) . T h i s m e t h o d i s r e g a r d e d a s t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t a n d w a s u s e d b y t h e T M G 6 9 c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s a s w e l l a s r e s e a r c h i n s i m i l a r p r o j e c t s ( 5 , 1 0 , 2 2 ) . A s s u c h , W a r d ’ s m e t h o d w a s s e l e c t e d f o r u s e i n t h i s p r o j e c t . 3 . 4 . 3 C l u s t e r i n g E x a m p l e w i t h T T C T h e c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s u s i n g s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e w i t h W a r d ’ s m e t h o d i s b e s t e x p l a i n e d t h r o u g h a n e x a m p l e u t i l i z i n g t h e T T C t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . T h e g e n e r a l a p p r o a c h i s t o c r e a t e a n S P S S d a t a b a s e i n w h i c h e a c h s i t e i s a c a s e h a v i n g a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , t h e T T C d i s t r i b u t i o n , a s i t s s e t o f v a r i a b l e s ( 1 0 t o t a l ) . W h e n t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s i s r u n , t h e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e a c h s i t e i s c a l c u l a t e d a s g i v e n b y t h e s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e f o r m u l a p r e v i o u s l y . T a b l e 3 - 9 s h o w s t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e t w o s i t e s w i t h t h e l o w e s t E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e , 8 2 2 9 a n d 5 0 1 9 . T a b l e 3 - 9 . E u c l i d e a n D i s t a n c e C a l c u l a t i o n B e t w e e n S i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d S i t e 5 0 1 9 T T C S i t e 5 0 1 9 r r c S i t e 8 2 2 9 T T C S q u a r e d 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 6 3 ? D ‘ S ‘ a n c e V C 4 1 . 7 4 2 . 4 6 0 . 5 1 1 V C 5 2 3 . 6 0 2 3 . 4 6 0 . 0 1 8 V C 6 3 . 5 9 4 . 3 2 0 . 5 2 7 V C 7 0 . 3 6 1 . 4 0 1 . 0 7 7 V C 8 4 . 7 8 4 . 0 7 0 . 5 0 1 V C 9 4 9 . 2 7 5 0 . 0 8 0 . 6 6 0 V C 1 0 8 . 7 3 5 . 7 8 8 . 6 8 3 V C 1 1 1 . 3 9 1 . 6 5 0 . 0 6 8 V C 1 2 0 . 1 8 0 . 5 6 0 . 1 4 7 V C 1 3 6 . 3 6 6 . 2 2 0 . 0 2 1 S u m m a t i o n 1 2 . 2 1 O n c e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d b e t w e e n e a c h S i t e , W a r d ’ s m e t h o d i s a p p l i e d i n w h i c h t h e c l u s t e r b e i n g f o r m e d h a s t h e l o w e s t c h a n g e i n t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r . T h e s u m o f s q u a r e s i s c a l c u l a t e d b y f i r s t t a k i n g a n a v e r a g e o f e a c h v a r i a b l e ( T T C p e r c e n t a g e f o r a l l V C S ) f o r a l l s i t e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r . T h e s q u a r e d d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e v a r i a b l e m e a n v a l u e s f o r t h e c l u s t e r a n d t h e s p e c i f i c c a s e v a r i a b l e 7 0 v a l u e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r i s t h e n c o m p u t e d . T h e s u m m a t i o n o f t h e s e c o m p u t a t i o n s a c r o s s a l l c a s e s i s t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s f o r t h e c l u s t e r . A s a n e x a m p l e , t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s f o r t h e j o i n i n g o f s i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d s i t e 5 0 1 9 i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 1 0 . T a b l e 3 - 1 0 . C o m p u t a t i o n o f S u m o f S q u a r e s f o r F i r s t T T C C l u s t e r T T C S i t e 5 0 1 9 S i t e 8 2 2 9 M e a n T T C S i t e 5 0 1 9 ( S S ) S i t e 8 2 2 9 ( S S ) V C 4 1 . 7 4 2 . 4 6 2 . 1 0 0 . 1 2 8 0 . 1 2 8 V C 5 2 3 . 6 2 3 . 4 6 2 3 . 5 3 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 5 V C 6 3 . 5 9 4 . 3 2 3 . 9 5 0 . 1 3 2 0 . 1 3 2 V C 7 0 . 3 6 1 . 4 0 . 8 8 0 . 2 6 9 0 . 2 6 9 V C 8 4 . 7 8 4 . 0 7 4 . 4 3 0 . 1 2 5 0 . 1 2 5 V C 9 4 9 . 2 7 5 0 . 0 8 4 9 . 6 7 0 . 1 6 5 0 . 1 6 5 V C 1 0 8 . 7 3 5 . 7 8 7 . 2 6 2 . 1 7 2 . 1 7 V C 1 1 1 . 3 9 1 . 6 5 1 . 5 2 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 7 V C 1 2 0 . 1 8 0 . 5 6 0 . 3 7 0 . 0 3 7 0 . 0 3 7 V C 1 3 6 . 3 6 6 . 2 2 6 . 2 9 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 5 S u m m a t i o n 6 . 1 0 5 T a b l e 3 - 1 0 r e v e a l s t h a t t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s f o r t h e c l u s t e r i n g o f s i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d s i t e 5 0 1 9 i s h a l f t h e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o . T h i s i s i n d e e d m a t h e m a t i c a l l y t h e c a s e w h e n f o r m i n g a c l u s t e r h a v i n g o n l y t w o s i t e s . A s s i t e s o f m o r e t h a n t w o b e g i n t o f o r m h o w e v e r , t h i s w i l l n o t o c c u r . T h e a l g o r i t h m o f a d d i n g a n e w s i t e t o a c l u s t e r b a s e d o n t h e l o w e s t i n c r e a s e i n w i t h i n c l u s t e r s u m o f s q u a r e s c o n t i n u e s u n t i l a l l c a s e s a r e i n o n e g r o u p . A n i c i c l e p l o t d e p i c t i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c l u s t e r s c a n b e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 - 1 . F i g u r e 3 - 1 , s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e b o t t o m u p w a r d s , s h o w s t h a t t h e s i t e s t h a t f o r m t h e f i r s t c l u s t e r i n t h e a n a l y s i s a r e S i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d s i t e 5 0 1 9 . I t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e s e c o n d c o n n e c t i o n o f s i t e 7 1 5 9 a n d s i t e 7 0 2 9 c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e s e c o n d c l u s t e r , c o n t i n u i n g u n t i l a l l s i t e s h a v e b e e n m e r g e d a t t h e t o p o f F i g u r e 3 — 1 . A t e a c h c l u s t e r i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o k n o w w h a t t h e o v e r a l l c l u s t e r i n g E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e i s w h e n a s i t e i s f o r m e d a s i t a i d s i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e n i n c r e a s i n g l y d i s s i m i l a r s i t e s a r e b e i n g f o r m e d ; T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o h i g h e r c l u s t e r i n g E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e s . T h e a d d i t i o n a l 7 1 c l u s t e r i n g E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e w h e n a n e w c l u s t e r i s f o r m e d i s d e f i n e d a s h a l f t h e l a r g e s t s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e n e w s i t e i n t h e c l u s t e r a n d a n y e x i s t i n g s i t e w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r . I t f o l l o w s t h e n t h a t t h e c l u s t e r i n g E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e w h e n f o r m i n g s i t e 8 2 2 9 a n d s i t e 5 0 1 9 i s 6 . 1 0 5 . T h i s v a l u e s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s , a s w h e n m o r e t h a n t w o s i t e s a r e w i t h i n a c l u s t e r , t h e h i g h e s t E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e p a i r a n d t h e s u m o f s q u a r e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t . S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e f o r t h e s e c o n d c l u s t e r b e c o m e s t h e c l u s t e r i n g d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s c l u s t e r , 6 . 1 0 5 , a d d e d t o h a l f t h e l a r g e s t s q u a r e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e n e w S i t e a n d a n y e x i s t i n g s i t e w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r . T h i s c o m p u t a t i o n c o n t i n u e s f o r e v e r y n e w c l u s t e r f o r m e d . A n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e s e d i s t a n c e s i s d e p i c t e d t h r o u g h a d e n d o g r a m s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 - 2 . I n F i g u r e 3 - 2 , t h e l a r g e j u m p s i n s c a l e d E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t w o m a i n c l u s t e r s a n d u l t i m a t e l y o n e l a r g e c l u s t e r a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f v e r y d i s s i m i l a r g r o u p s b e i n g f o r m e d w h e n c o m p a r e d t o p r i o r c l u s t e r s . I n c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s , t h e a m o u n t o f c l u s t e r s f o r m e d c a n b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f u s e r i n p u t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e d e n d o g r a m . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e d e n d o g r a m s a r e r e s c a l e d s o t h a t t h e t o t a l c l u s t e r i n g E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e i s 2 5 . A s t h e r e w a s r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d a t a , t o m a i n t a i n o b j e c t i v i t y i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c l u s t e r s , a s c a l e d c l u s t e r d i s t a n c e v a l u e o f 7 w a s s e l e c t e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e n u m b e r o f c l u s t e r s f o r e a c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . U s i n g t h i s v a l u e , t h e c l u s t e r s f o r m e d a r e a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 - 2 . T h e n u m b e r i n g s c h e m e c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s t o f o l l o w . 7 2 u o n e z r a a w e a q u 9 1 1 1 8 . 1 1 , 3 . 1 . 1 . . 1 0 3 m e d i u m . 1 3 1 8 l e 9 6 . 1 1 , a p p ] ' 1 - 9 a m fi m E L N u m b e r o f c l u s t e r s _ 7 2 6 9 _ 7 0 6 9 _ 9 7 9 9 _ 7 1 5 9 _ 7 0 2 9 _ 2 0 2 9 6 4 6 9 _ 9 1 8 9 _ 8 7 2 9 _ 6 3 6 9 _ 8 2 1 9 _ 8 8 2 9 _ 8 0 4 9 _ 5 2 9 9 _ 7 1 0 9 _ 5 2 4 9 6 4 2 9 _ 5 2 8 9 _ 4 2 2 9 _ 8 2 0 9 6 4 7 9 _ 4 0 4 9 _ 7 3 2 9 _ 8 1 2 9 _ 8 0 2 9 _ 2 2 2 9 _ 9 2 0 9 _ 5 0 5 9 _ 8 2 2 9 _ 5 0 1 9 _ 6 1 2 9 _ 2 2 0 9 8 4 4 0 _ 6 0 1 9 _ 9 7 5 9 _ 6 3 0 9 _ 4 2 4 9 _ 4 1 4 9 _ 4 1 2 9 _ 1 5 2 9 _ 1 4 5 9 a s e g D e n d r o g r a m u s i n g W a r d M e t h o d C A S E L a b e l S _ 5 0 1 9 S _ 8 2 2 9 S _ 2 2 0 9 S _ 6 1 2 9 S _ 5 0 5 9 S _ 9 2 0 9 S _ 8 1 2 9 S _ 7 3 2 9 S _ 2 2 2 9 S _ 8 0 2 9 S _ 5 2 4 9 S _ 7 1 0 9 S _ 4 0 4 9 S _ 6 4 7 9 S _ 8 2 0 9 S _ 5 2 8 9 S _ 6 4 2 9 S _ 4 2 2 9 S _ 6 0 1 9 S _ 8 4 4 0 S _ l 4 5 9 S _ 1 5 2 9 S _ 4 1 2 9 S _ 4 l 4 9 S _ 4 2 4 9 S _ 6 3 0 9 S _ 9 7 5 9 S _ 7 0 2 9 S _ 7 1 5 9 S _ 9 7 9 9 S _ 7 0 6 9 S _ 7 2 6 9 S _ 6 4 6 9 S _ 2 0 2 9 S _ 8 7 2 9 S _ 9 1 8 9 S _ 6 3 6 9 8 * 8 0 4 9 S _ 8 8 2 9 S _ 8 2 1 9 S _ 5 2 9 9 R e s c a l e d D i s t a n c e C l u s t e r C o m b i n e ‘ C l u s t e r 2 — — — + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — — — + — — — — — — — — — + 4 — : — — C l u s t e r 3 - l l - — — — — — — ‘ 1 C l u s t e r 1 1 C l u s t e r I ‘ — D i s t a n c e | T h r e s h o l d I < 7 ) - — — + F i g u r e 3 - 2 . C l u s t e r i n g D e n d o g r a m f o r T T C T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 7 4 T h i s c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s w a s r e p e a t e d f o r a l l o t h e r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e e s t a b l i s h e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e a s f o l l o w s : T T C , H D F , M D F , A G P V a n d s i n g l e , t a n d e m t r i d e m a n d q u a d a n n u a l a x l e l o a d . 3 . 4 . 4 P r a c t i c a l S i g n i fi c a n c e o f D e v e l o p e d T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s T h e p r a c t i c a l a s s e s s m e n t o f u t i l i z i n g L e v e l I I , c l u s t e r e d i n p u t s ( c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s ) , a n d L e v e l I H , s t a t e w i d e ( a v e r a g e o f a l l S i t e s ) o v e r s i t e s p e c i f i c d a t a w a s d o n e t h r o u g h a r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e c o m p a r i s o n . T h e b a s e d e s i g n s a n d t h i c k n e s s e s w e r e t h o s e c r e a t e d f o r t h e d a t a c o v e r a g e c o m p a r i s o n . L e v e l 1 1 i n p u t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y t a k i n g t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f r o m a l l s i t e s w i t h i n t h a t c l u s t e r . L e v e l H I i n p u t s w e r e d e v e l o p e d b y t a k i n g a n a v e r a g e o f a l l s i t e s u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s w a s a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e a n a l y s i s t o p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t e L e v e l 1 1 1 d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n . T h e v a r i o u s s i t e - s p e c i f i c d a t a w e r e r e p l a c e d b y t h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n a n i n d i v i d u a l b a s i s h o l d i n g a l l o t h e r v a r i a b l e s c o n s t a n t . T h e r e s u l t i n g fl e x i b l e a n d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e d i s t r e s s e s r e v i e w e d p r e v i o u s l y w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h s i t e s p e c i f i c o u t p u t s t o o b t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e a s s o c i a t e d e r r o r i n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e w h e n u s i n g L e v e l I I a n d L e v e l I I I a s c o m p a r e d t o s i t e — s p e c i f i c d a t a . T h e v a r i o u s t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c h e m e s a s s e s s e d f o r t h e r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e a n a l y s i s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 1 1 . 7 5 T a b l e 3 - 1 1 . T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s C r e a t e d a n d C o m p a r e d i n t h e M - E P D G C l u s t e r A v e r a g e S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e M - E P D G D e f a u l t R i g i d F l e x i b l e R i g i d F l e x i b l e R i g i d F l e x i b l e H D F X X X X X M D F X X X X X ( C o m p t o T T C X X X X T T C A v g ) A G P V X X X X X S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a X X X X X T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a X X X X X T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a X X X X X Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a X X X X X T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t r a f f i c s c h e m e s b e t w e e n r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e a n a l y s i s w a s d u e t o t h e t r e n d s s e e n f i r s t i n t h e r i g i d a n a l y s i s . T h i s w i l l b e c o m e a p p a r e n t i n a r e v i e w o f t h e r e s u l t s i n C h a p t e r 4 . 3 . 5 D I S C R I M I N A N T A N A L Y S I S P R O C E D U R E D e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e , i t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o u t i l i z e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e ( L e v e l H ) i n p u t s o v e r s t a t e w i d e o r t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s ( L e v e l I I I ) . H o w e v e r , t h e i n h e r e n t d i f f i c u l t y t h a t l i e s w i t h i n t h i s p r o c e s s i s t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l H i n p u t f o r t h e g i v e n s i t e t o b e d e s i g n e d . T h u s i t b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p a n a l g o r i t h m t h a t w i l l a s s i s t i n s e l e c t i n g t h e p r 0 p e r L e v e l H t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r d e s i g n b y c o r r e l a t i n g i t t o k n o w n p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s i t e . T h e t e c h n i q u e t h a t w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t f o r s u c h a p u r p o s e w a s d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . D i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s d e v e l o p s a s e t o f l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s ( o n e l e s s t h a n t h e n u m b e r o f d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e c a t e g o r i e s ) t h a t t a k e a g r o u p o f k n o w n p a r a m e t e r s , k n o w n 7 6 a s p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s , a s i n p u t s i n t o t h e e q u a t i o n a n d u s e s t h e o u t p u t o f t h a t e q u a t i o n t o s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c l u s t e r g r o u p f o r t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . A n e x a m p l e o f s u c h a l i n e a r e q u a t i o n i s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 2 7 , w h e r e y = b 1 x 1 + b 2 x 2 + . . . . . 1 2 0 2 _ 1 ) + b ” + c ( 3 . 1 2 ) T h e b c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s t h a t a r e o u t p u t s d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . T h e r e a r e a s m a n y c o e f f i c i e n t s a s t h e r e a r e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , 1 2 , i n t h e a n a l y s i s . T h e x v a r i a b l e s i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 2 a r e t h e a c t u a l v a l u e s o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s a t a g i v e n s i t e a n d c i s a c o n s t a n t . I n t h e c a s e o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w o u l d b e a g i v e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ( i . e T T C , H D F , T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a ) a n d t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s w o u l d b e k n o w n p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s i t e t o b e d e s i g n e d . E x a m p l e s o f s u c h p r o p e r t i e s t h a t w o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e a n d k n o w n b y t h e M D O T p r i o r t o d e s i g n w o u l d b e : 0 V e h i c l e f r e i g h t c o m m o d i t y t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m o d i t i e s : 0 S e c o n d a r y T r a f f i c 0 C l a y , C e m e n t , G l a s s a n d S t o n e P r o d u c t s 0 F o o d P r o d u c t s 0 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t 0 P r i m a r y M e t a l P r o d u c t s 0 C h e m i c a l P r o d u c t s 0 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s 0 F a r m P r o d u c t s 0 P e t r o l e u m o r C o a l P r o d u c t s 7 7 O 0 M a c h i n e r y R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s W a s t e o r S c r a p M e t a l P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s N o n m e t a l l i c O r e s a n d M i n e r a l s F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s P r i n t e d M a t t e r E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t E m p t y 0 F u n c t i o n a l c l a s s ( u r b a n / r u r a l s e t t i n g ) 0 A v e r a g e t r i p d i s t a n c e ( l o n g h a u l o r l o c a l t r i p d i s t i n c t i o n ) 0 R o a d c l a s s ( I n t e r s t a t e , U S h i g h w a y , M i c h i g a n r o a d ) 0 A A D T T 0 V e h i c l e c l a s s p e r c e n t a g e ( a s s u m i n g t h e M D O T t a k e s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s ) 0 G e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n ( r e g i o n w i t h i n M i c h i g a n ) 0 Y e a r l y t r u c k t o n n a g e V e h i c l e f r e i g h t c o m m o d i t y p e r c e n t a g e , f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s , a v e r a g e t r i p d i s t a n c e a n d t o n n a g e a r e a l l i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t c a n b e a c q u i r e d f r o m t h e p l a n n i n g d e p a r t m e n t w i t h i n t h e M D O T p r i o r t o t h e d e s i g n o f t h e r o a d . A A D T ’ T a n d v e h i c l e c l a s s p e r c e n t a g e c o u l d a l s o b e d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h c o u n t i n g e f f o r t s . T h e g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n w a s s t r a t i f i e d i n t o t h e s e v e n r e g i o n s d e s i g n a t e d b y t h e M D O T a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 - 3 . 7 8 F i g u r e 3 - 3 . M D O T R e g i o n s W i t h i n M i c h i g a n U t i l i z e d f o r D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s e s . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t S P S S r e q u i r e s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t o b e i n n u m e r i c a l f o r m f o r d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e M D O T r e g i o n s w e r e e a c h g i v e n a n u m e r i c a l d e s i g n a t i o n . A l s o , t h e f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s w a s c h a n g e d n u m e r i c a l l y t o r e fl e c t e i t h e r r u r a l ( l ) o r u r b a n ( 2 ) s i t e c o n d i t i o n s . F i n a l l y r o a d c l a s s w a s c h a n g e d n u m e r i c a l l y t o b e i n t e r s t a t e ( 1 ) , U S h i g h w a y ( 2 ) , a n d M i c h i g a n r o a d ( 3 ) . F r o m t h e e s t a b l i s h e d l i s t o f a v a i l a b l e p h y s i c a l d a t a r e g a r d i n g t h e s i t e , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h s p e c i fi c v a r i a b l e s c o u l d b e u s e d t o e s t a b l i s h d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c l u s t e r e d ( L e v e l I I ) t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e e q u a t i o n i s l i n e a r i n n a t u r e , a P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n a l l p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s a n d t h e t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n c l u s t e r g r o u p s t o e v a l u a t e t h e l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g s t v a r i a b l e s . A s 7 9 w i l l b e s h o w n i n t h e M E P D G a n a l y s e s , i t w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h a t H D F , T T C , a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w o u l d n e e d a t a m i n i m u m L e v e l H d a t a . A s s u c h c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e c l u s t e r g r o u p d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s w a s p a r a m o u n t . O n l y p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s ( s i t e p r o p e r t i e s ) t h a t h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n a b o v e 0 . 4 w e r e c o n s i d e r e d f o r u s e i n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . T h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s s e l e c t e d f o r u s e i n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s a r e o u t l i n e d b e l o w . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e A - 5 a n d A - 6 o f A p p e n d i x A . 0 V e h i c l e f r e i g h t c o m m o d i t y t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m o d i t i e s : 0 F o o d P r o d u c t s 0 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t 0 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s 0 M a c h i n e r y 0 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s 0 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s 0 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s 0 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s 0 P r i n t e d M a t t e r 0 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t 0 R o a d a n d F u n c t i o n a l c l a s s ( r u r a l / u r b a n ) 0 G e o g r a p h i c r e g i o n 0 A A D T T 0 V C 5 % a n d V C 9 % 8 0 o R o a d w a y a n n u a l t o n n a g e A c o m p l e t e l i s t i n g o f t h e v a l u e s f o r e a c h o f t h e s e s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e A - 7 a n d A - 8 o f A p p e n d i x A . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a w i l l b e p r o v i d e d , e i t h e r f r o m c o u n t s o r s e l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s a l g o r i t h m f o r T T C . C o n s e q u e n t l y V C 5 % a n d V C 9 % w e r e i n c l u d e d a s p a r t o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , e x c l u d i n g T T C . A n e x a m p l e u s i n g H D F a s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i s p r e s e n t e d t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s , e x p l a i n i n g c r i t i c a l c o m p o n e n t s . S i n c e H D F h a s t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , t h e a n a l y s i s w i l l p r o d u c e s t w o f u n c t i o n s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e c l u s t e r s e l e c t i o n . T h e fi r s t e q u a t i o n d e v e l o p e d a t t e m p t s t o m a x i m i z e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e b y a l t e r i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s . T h e s e c o n d e q u a t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t e q u a t i o n s ( f o r t h o s e t r a f f i c i n p u t s w i t h m o r e t h a n t h r e e c l u s t e r s ) t r i e s t o m a x i m i z e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g v a r i a b i l i t y n o t c a p t u r e d i n t h e f i r s t e q u a t i o n . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e f i r s t f u n c t i o n i s t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l a n d c o n t r i b u t e s t h e m o s t t o w a r d d i s c r i m i n a t i n g a m o n g t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ( 2 3 ) . O n c e t h e s e t o f p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h s i t e , t h e y w e r e p l a c e d i n S P S S a l o n g w i t h t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ( c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g r o u p i n g f o r e a c h s i t e ) a n d t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s w a s r u n . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f o u t p u t s t h a t S P S S p r o d u c e s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g e q u a t i o n s t h a t e x p l a i n t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e v a r i a b l e s i n v o l v e d , v a l i d a t e a s s u m p t i o n s , a n d a s s e s s t h e v a l u e o f t h e m o d e l a s a w h o l e . E a c h w i l l b e C X p l a i n e d s u b s e q u e n t l y . 8 1 T h e f i r s t o u t p u t t h a t S P S S p r o d u c e s i s t h e W i l k s ’ L a m b d a t e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n c e o f v a r i a b l e s . T h e t e s t i s a u n i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ( A N O V A ) w h i c h d e t e r m i n e s i f t h e m e a n s o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e a r e d i f f e r e n t a m o n g s t t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t c l u s t e r s ( t h r e e i n t h e c a s e o f t h e H D F g r o u p s a s w i l l b e s h o w n i n C h a p t e r 4 ) ( 2 3 ) . A v a l u e o f o n e s u g g e s t s t h a t a l l m e a n s a r e e q u a l w h e r e a s a v a l u e c l o s e t o 0 i n d i c a t e s t h a t g r o u p m e a n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r . I t i s d e s i r a b l e t o h a v e a v a l u e a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t o z e r o , a s t h e m o d e l w o u l d b e m o r e e f f e c t i v e i n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . T a b l e 3 - 1 2 d i s p l a y s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s t e s t f o r t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s f o r t h e c a s e o f t h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s . T a b l e 3 — 1 2 r e v e a l s t h a t , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s , p a p e r a n d p u l p p r o d u c t s , a n d l o g s l u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , t h e m e a n s o f t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g v a r i a b l e a r e s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e H D F g r o u p s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h i s s i g n i f i c a n c e d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e w i l l e f f e c t i v e l y d i s c r i m i n a t e . T h i s m e a n s t h a t , e v e n t h o u g h t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e c o u l d b e d i f f e r e n t a c r o s s c l u s t e r s , t h e w e i g h t a s s i g n e d t o i t ( c o e f f i c i e n t ) i n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t e q u a t i o n c o u l d s t i l l b e i n s i g n i f i c a n t . A s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t h e r e i s o n l y i n d i c a t i v e t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e c a n p o t e n t i a l l y b e e f f e c t i v e a t d i s c r i m i n a t i n g t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . 8 2 T a b l e 3 - 1 2 . W i l k s ’ L a m b d a R e s u l t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s u s e d i n S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r T e s t s o f E q u a l i t y o f G r o u p M e a n s W i l k s ' . L a m b d a F d f l d f 2 S i g . R e g i o n . 8 5 4 2 . 8 1 7 2 3 3 . 0 7 4 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s . 8 9 7 1 . 9 0 4 2 3 3 . 1 6 5 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 7 3 9 5 . 8 1 8 2 3 3 . 0 0 7 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 7 8 6 4 . 4 8 9 2 3 3 . 0 1 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % . 6 3 8 9 . 3 6 1 2 3 3 . 0 0 1 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % . 7 4 1 5 . 7 5 4 2 3 3 . 0 0 7 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % . 7 9 3 4 . 3 0 1 2 3 3 . 0 2 2 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % . 7 6 8 4 . 9 8 3 2 3 3 . 0 1 3 T o t a l T o n s . 4 9 3 1 6 . 9 9 8 2 3 3 . 0 0 0 V C 5 % . 5 9 4 1 1 . 2 7 2 2 3 3 . 0 0 0 V C 9 % . 3 7 5 2 7 . 5 4 7 2 3 3 . 0 0 0 A A D T T . 4 3 9 2 1 . 0 8 0 2 3 3 . 0 0 0 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 6 8 1 7 . 7 2 5 2 3 3 . 0 0 2 R o a d C l a s s . 7 5 0 5 . 4 9 8 2 3 3 . 0 0 9 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % . 8 1 3 3 . 7 9 6 2 3 3 . 0 3 3 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 9 9 6 . 0 6 5 2 3 3 . 9 3 7 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s . 8 8 3 2 . 1 8 0 2 3 3 . 1 2 9 T r u c k % T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % . 7 7 2 4 . 8 7 8 2 3 3 . 0 1 4 T h e n e x t o u t p u t p r o d u c e d b y S P S S i s t h e B o x M t e s t . T h i s p r o c e d u r e t e s t s f o r h o m o g e n e i t y o f v a r i a n c e s a m o n g s t t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n e a c h c l u s t e r g r o u p , w h i c h i s a n a s s u m p t i o n i n d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . A r e s u l t o f s i g n i fi c a n c e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) f o r c e s a r e j e c t i o n o f t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s w h i c h s t a t e s t h a t t h e g r o u p v a r i a n c e s a r e e q u a l ( 2 3 ) . I n t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e s a m p l e s i z e i s s m a l l ( 4 1 v a l u e s ) a n d i n s o m e c a s e s t h e c l u s t e r s i z e s a r e u n e v e n . T h i s w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e B o x M t e s t b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t i n n e a r l y a l l c a s e s , v i o l a t i n g t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f e q u a l v a r i a n c e s . H o w e v e r i t h a s b e e n s t a t e d i n l i t e r a t u r e t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e c a n s t i l l b e u s e d d e s p i t e t h i s v i o l a t i o n ( 2 3 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e B o x M w i l l n o t b e d i s c u s s e d . 8 3 F o l l o w i n g t h e B o x M , S P S S o u t p u t s s e v e r a l e l e m e n t s t h a t d e t e r m i n e h o w w e l l t h e r e g r e s s i o n f u n c t i o n s o b t a i n e d c l a s s i f y t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e a n d a c c o u n t f o r t h e v a r i a n c e a m o n g g r o u p s . T h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e t h e e i g e n v a l u e , c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n a n d t h e W i l k ’ s l a m b d a . T h e e i g e n v a l u e r e fl e c t s h o w w e l l a d i s c r i m i n a t i n g f u n c t i o n e x p l a i n s t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a l u e . H i g h e i g e n v a l u e s i n d i c a t e t h a t v a r i a t i o n i s c a p t u r e d w e l l w i t h t h e g i v e n f u n c t i o n a n d t h u s d i s c r i m i n a t e a m o n g t h e g r o u p i n g s e f f e c t i v e l y . S i m i l a r l y c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n i s a m e a s u r e o f h o w w e l l t h e f u n c t i o n m a t c h e s t h e c l u s t e r g r o u p s f o r m e d i n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . A c o r r e l a t i o n o f 1 i s i n d i c a t i v e t h a t t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e c a n b e e n t i r e l y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g f u n c t i o n ( 2 3 ) . T h e e i g e n v a l u e s a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 3 - 1 3 . T a b l e 3 - 1 3 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r H D F D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s E i g e n v a l u e s . . % o f C u m u l a t i v e C a n o n i c a l F u n c t i o n E l U e n v a l u e . . O V a r i a n c e % C o r r e l a t i o n 1 6 . 7 3 9 8 2 . 8 8 2 . 8 . 9 3 3 2 1 . 3 9 7 1 7 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 . 7 6 3 F o r t h e H D F m o d e l , t h e f i r s t f u n c t i o n e x p l a i n s t h e v a r i a t i o n v e r y w e l l , a s i n d i c a t e d b y a h i g h e i g e n v a l u e , 6 . 7 , a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f 0 . 9 3 , w h i c h i s c l o s e t o 1 . B o t h v a l u e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s c r i m i n a t e s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a f o r t h e m o d e l t e s t s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s a r e e f f e c t i v e l y d i s c r i m i n a t i n g b e t w e e n t h e c l u s t e r s . T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a f o r t h e H D F m o d e l c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 3 - 1 4 . A f i n d i n g o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e f i r s t r o w , w h i c h t e s t s t h e e n t i r e m o d e l ( a l l d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s ) , r e j e c t s t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e c l u s t e r m e a n 8 4 d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e s b e t w e e n c l u s t e r g r o u p i n g s a r e e q u a l . ( T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e s a r e t h e o u t p u t v a l u e s w h e n t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s f r o m a g i v e n s i t e a r e p u t i n t o t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s ) ( 2 3 ) . T a b l e 3 - 1 4 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i fi c a n c e o f M o d e l T e s t o f W i l k s ' C h i - d f S i o F u n c t i o n s L a m b d a s q u a r e b ' 1 t h r o u g h 2 . 0 5 4 7 1 . 5 5 3 3 6 . 0 0 0 2 . 4 1 7 ' 2 1 . 4 2 0 1 7 . 2 0 8 O n c e t h e o v e r a l l m o d e l h a s b e e n e v a l u a t e d f o r h o w s u c c e s s f u l i t d i s c r i m i n a t e s , t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e m o d e l a r e r e v i e w e d . S P S S o u t p u t s a s e t o f s t a n d a r d i z e d d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f fi c i e n t s t h a t r e v e a l t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e ( d i s c r i m i n a t i n g p o w e r ) o f e a c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i n t h e e s t a b l i s h e d f u n c t i o n s . T h e l a r g e r t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t v a r i a b l e i s , t h e m o r e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g p o w e r i t h a s ( 2 3 ) . T a b l e 3 - 1 5 d i s p l a y s t h e s e s t a n d a r d i z e d c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e t w o f u n c t i o n s c r e a t e d f o r t h e H D F d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . T a b l e 3 - 1 5 r e v e a l s t h a t M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % , V C 9 % , T o t a l T o n s a n d M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % h o l d t h e m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t i n g p o w e r i n f u n c t i o n 1 , a n d t h u s t h e o v e r a l l m o d e l . I t i s t h e s e v a l u e s t h a t w i l l b e m o r e i n fl u e n t i a l i n c l a s s i f y i n g t h e H D F g r o u p s . H o w e v e r , i t s h o u l d n o t b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e r e s t o f t h e v a r i a b l e s c o u l d b e i g n o r e d . T h e y c o n t r i b u t e , a l t h o u g h o n a s m a l l e r s c a l e , t o t h e o v e r a l l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e m o d e l . A d d i t i o n a l l y , d e l e t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s w i l l c a u s e t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d c o e f fi c i e n t , a n d a c c o r d i n g l y t h e o v e r a l l m o d e l , t o c h a n g e . T h i s c o u l d r e d u c e t h e d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r o f t h e m o d e l . 8 5 T a b l e 3 - 1 5 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e 1 F u n c t i o n 2 R e g i o n . 1 0 2 - . 5 2 6 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - . 6 9 4 - . 0 1 9 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 2 4 8 - . 9 0 1 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 6 9 5 - . 2 6 6 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 1 . 3 0 2 - . 3 5 3 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - . 9 8 7 1 . 3 1 5 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - . 3 2 9 - . 1 5 9 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 . 1 2 4 - . 4 8 7 T o t a l T o n s 1 . 4 2 6 - . 9 5 5 V C 5 % . 9 8 2 . 5 7 7 V C 9 % 1 . 8 2 1 . 0 1 3 A A D T T - . 0 8 6 1 . 1 5 9 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 2 . 1 5 4 . 9 8 9 R o a d C l a s s . 9 0 4 . 1 7 5 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % . 4 5 4 - . 3 3 8 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 5 3 4 1 . 1 0 2 n g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 4 3 4 - l . 3 1 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 . 0 0 4 . 4 9 4 O n c e t h e i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b l e s a n d t h e m o d e l h a v e b e e n a s s e s s e d f o r i t s d i s c r i m i n a t o r y c a p a b i l i t y , t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s u s e d f o r t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s e e n i n E q u a t i o n 3 - 1 2 a r e d e t e r m i n e d . T h e r e g r e s s i o n c o m p o n e n t s f o r t h e t w o f u n c t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e H D F d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e a r e S h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 1 6 . 8 6 T a b l e 3 - 1 6 . R e g r e s s i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s C r e a t e d b y S P S S F u n c t i o n 1 2 R e g i o n . 0 6 2 - . 3 1 9 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - . 1 5 0 - . 0 0 4 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 0 9 1 - . 3 2 9 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 3 2 0 - . 1 2 2 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 1 . 3 7 9 - . 3 7 4 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - . 8 7 9 1 . 1 7 1 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - . 6 2 0 - . 3 0 0 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 , 1 7 0 - _ 5 0 7 T o t a l T o n s 1 . 3 9 5 E - 7 - 9 . 3 4 7 E - 8 V C 5 % . 0 8 3 . 0 4 9 V C 9 % . 1 6 6 . 0 0 1 A A D T T . 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n P r o d u c t s T r u c k % g ‘ 7 ' 4 3 5 3 4 1 3 R o a d C l a s s 1 . 5 7 2 . 3 0 3 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % 1 . 4 0 0 — 1 . 0 4 2 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % — . 1 4 8 . 3 0 5 I £ p l g § < L ' Z m e e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s . 0 9 8 - . 2 9 8 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % . 3 1 3 . 1 5 4 ( C o n s t a n t ) — l 3 . 8 1 2 - . 3 5 6 O n c e t h e e q u a t i o n s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d , S P S S t h e n t r i e s t o c l u s t e r e a c h s i t e i n t h e a n a l y s i s i n t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e c l u s t e r b a s e d o n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e f r o m t h e i n p u t t e d c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e v a l u e s i n t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s . T o a i d t h e u s e r i n c l a s s i f y i n g a g i v e n s i t e , S P S S o u t p u t s a t e r r i t o r i a l m a p a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 - 4 . 8 7 C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n 2 T e r r i t o r i a l M a p 8 . 0 + + l | I I I I l I I I 6 . 0 + + + I I I I I I I C l u s t e r 2 I I I + + + + + 4 . 0 I I I I I I I I I I 2 . 0 I I I I I I I I I I 0 + + + + I I I * I I I I I I I - 2 . 0 + + + + I I : C l u s t e r 1 : : C l u s t e r 3 : _ 4 0 + + + + + + + + I I I I I I I I I I - 6 0 0 + + + + + + + + I I I I I I I I I I - 8 . 0 + + + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + — — — — — — — — — + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + — — — — — — — — — + — — — — — — — — — + - 8 0 — 6 0 - 4 0 - 2 . 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 . 0 C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n 2 F i g u r e 3 - 4 T e r r i t o r i a l M a p f o r C l a s s i fi c a t i o n o f D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e 8 8 T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h f u n c t i o n a n d t h e n p l o t t e d o n t h e t e r r i t o r i a l c h a r t . T h e b o u n d a r y a r e a s f o r e a c h o f t h e c l u s t e r g r o u p i n g s a r e a s m a r k e d i n F i g u r e 3 - 4 . T h e “ + ” s y m b o l s a r e r e f e r e n c e p o i n t s f o r p l o t t i n g a n d t h e “ * ” i s t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e b a s e d o n u s i n g t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e c l u s t e r m e a n s . T h e r e g i o n t h a t t h e p l o t t e d p o i n t r e s i d e s i n i s t h e c l u s t e r g r o u p i n g t h e S i t e w i l l b e p l a c e d i n . T o i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p r o c e d u r e , d a t a f r o m s i t e 1 4 5 9 c a n b e u s e d a s a n e x a m p l e . T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t e q u a t i o n s , f u n c t i o n 1 a n d f u n c t i o n 2 , d e v e l o p e d f o r H D F a r e s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 - 1 3 a n d 3 - 1 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y . y = 0 . 0 6 2 * ( R ) — 0 . 1 5 0 * ( F C ) + 0 . 0 9 1 * ( F P ) — 0 . 3 2 0 * ( F M P ) + 1 . 3 7 9 * ( M ) - 0 . 8 7 9 * ( R P ) — 0 . 6 2 0 * ( F F ) + 1 . 1 7 0 * ( E E ) + 1 . 1 3 5 E - 7 * ( 7 T ) + 0 . 0 8 3 * ( V C 5 ) + 0 . 1 6 6 * ( V C 9 ) + 0 . 0 0 0 1 * ( A A D T T ) — ( 3 . 1 3 ) 7 . 4 3 5 * ( M M P ) + 1 . 5 7 2 * ( R C ) + 1 . 4 0 0 * ( P M ) — 0 . 1 4 8 * ( P P ) + 0 . 0 9 8 * ( L L W ) + 0 . 3 1 3 * ( T E T ) — 1 3 . 8 1 2 2 — 2 . 0 5 y = — - 0 . 3 1 9 * ( R ) — 0 . 0 0 4 * ( F C ) — 0 . 3 2 9 * ( F P ) — 0 . 1 2 2 * ( F M P ) — 0 . 3 7 4 * ( M ) + 1 . 1 7 1 * ( R P ) — 0 . 3 0 0 * ( F F ) — 0 . 5 0 7 * ( E E ) — 9 . 3 4 7 1 3 - 8 * ( 7 7 ) + 0 . 0 8 3 * ( V C 5 ) + 0 . 1 6 6 * ( V C 9 ) + 0 . 0 0 1 * ( A A D T T ) + ( 3 . 1 4 ) 3 . 4 1 3 * ( M M P ) + 0 . 3 0 3 * ( R C ) — 1 . 0 4 2 * ( P M ) — 0 . 3 0 5 * ( P P ) — 0 . 2 9 8 * ( L L W ) + 0 . 1 5 4 * ( T E T ) — 0 . 3 5 6 = 1 . 0 0 T h u s t h e p o i n t p l o t s ( - 2 . 0 5 , 1 . 0 0 ) a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 6 , c l a s s i f y i n g s i t e 1 4 5 9 i n c l u s t e r 3 T h i s i s , i n f a c t , w h e r e s i t e 1 4 5 9 w a s c l u s t e r e d f o r t h e H D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . A n a l t e r n a t i v e t o u t i l i z i n g t h e t w o f u n c t i o n r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n a n d t e r r i t o r i a l p l o t i s t o u s e F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s . T h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e i n t h e s a m e f o r m a s t h e r e g r e s s i o n f u n c t i o n s o f E q u a t i o n 3 - 1 2 a n d d e r i v e d f r o m t h e d e v e l o p e d t w o — f u n c t i o n d i s c r i m i n a n t m o d e l . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n F i s h e r ’ s f u n c t i o n i s t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e n o t t h e s a m e a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e a s m a n y f u n c t i o n s a s t h e r e a r e c l u s t e r g r o u p i n g s f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . R a t h e r t h a n p l o t t h e p o i n t o n a t e r r i t o r i a l m a p , t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t 8 9 s c o r e s , ( n o w c a l l e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c o r e s ) a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h F i s h e r f u n c t i o n . T h e s i t e i s t h e n a s s i g n e d t o t h e c l u s t e r w h o s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f u n c t i o n p r o d u c e s t h e h i g h e s t d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e ( 2 3 ) . T h e d e v e l o p e d F i s h e r l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e H D F d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 1 7 . T a b l e 3 - 1 7 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r H D F V a r i a b l e H D F 1 2 3 R e g i o n . 8 5 4 1 . 3 5 3 . 5 0 7 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - 1 . 4 5 1 - . 6 7 5 - . 2 9 1 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % - 4 . 8 3 8 - 4 . 4 5 7 - 5 . 4 0 0 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 2 . 9 2 7 - . 9 8 4 - . 4 0 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 2 1 . 0 8 0 1 4 . 9 9 9 1 0 . 5 9 2 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - 1 5 . 9 2 4 - 1 4 . 4 3 5 — 9 . 6 2 7 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - 7 . 9 9 8 — 4 . 0 7 0 - 3 . 0 9 1 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 4 . 7 8 2 1 0 . 1 0 9 5 . 9 6 3 T o t a l T o n s 2 . 8 8 0 E - 6 2 . 4 0 8 E - 6 1 . 8 4 3 E - 6 V C 5 % 4 . 0 9 8 3 . 5 5 2 3 . 4 4 0 V C 9 % 5 . 5 7 4 4 . 7 2 3 4 . 2 9 1 A A D T T - . 0 0 4 4 - . 0 0 7 4 - . 0 0 4 2 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n o P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 8 - 1 1 6 . 5 2 0 - 8 7 . 3 1 9 - 6 0 . 5 7 3 R o a d C l a s s 3 2 . 4 7 0 2 3 . 6 7 3 2 0 . 2 1 2 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % 5 7 . 6 4 9 5 3 . 1 7 0 4 7 . 2 7 7 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 1 . 5 0 4 — I . 5 2 9 - . 4 8 8 # p l g s é l é y i m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s 1 . 8 8 6 2 . 1 4 5 1 2 5 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 4 . 6 8 5 2 . 6 9 7 2 . 2 0 9 ( C o n s t a n t ) - 2 7 6 . 7 7 4 - 1 8 9 . 3 6 4 - 1 5 6 . 5 7 4 O n c e t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e d e r i v e d , t h e c l a s s i fi c a t i o n s c o r e s c o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d . T h e l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c o r e s f o r e a c h H D F c l u s t e r 1 3 i s c o n t a i n e d i n E q u a t i o n s 3 - 1 5 t o 3 - 1 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 9 0 y = 0 . 0 8 5 4 * ( R ) — 1 . 4 5 1 * ( F C ) — 4 . 8 3 8 * ( F P ) — 2 . 9 2 7 * ( F M P ) + 2 1 . 0 8 0 * ( M ) - 1 5 . 9 2 4 * ( R P ) — 7 . 9 9 8 * ( F F ) + 1 4 . 7 8 2 * ( E E ) + 2 . 8 8 0 E - 6 * ( T T ) + 4 . 0 9 8 * ( V C 5 ) + 5 . 5 7 4 * ( V C 9 ) — 0 . 0 0 4 4 * ( A A D T T ) — ( 3 . 1 5 ) 1 1 6 . 5 2 * ( M M P ) + 3 2 . 4 7 0 * ( R C ) + 5 7 . 6 4 9 * ( P M ) — 1 . 5 0 4 * ( P P ) + 1 . 8 8 6 * ( L L W ) + 4 . 6 8 5 * ( T E T ) — 2 7 7 . 7 4 = 1 2 5 . 4 1 4 y 2 1 . 3 5 3 * ( R ) — 0 . 6 7 5 * ( F C ) — 4 . 4 5 7 * ( F P ) — 0 . 9 8 4 * ( F M P ) + 1 4 . 9 9 9 * ( M ) - 1 4 . 4 3 5 * ( R P ) - 4 . 0 7 0 * ( F F ) + 1 0 . 1 0 9 * ( E E ) + 2 . 4 0 8 E - 6 * ( T T ) + 3 . 5 5 2 * ( V C 5 ) + 4 . 7 2 3 * ( V C 9 ) — 0 . 0 0 7 * ( A A D T T ) — ( 3 . 1 6 ) 8 7 . 3 1 9 * ( M M P ) + 2 3 . 6 7 3 * ( R C ) + 5 3 . 1 7 0 * ( P M ) — 1 . 5 2 9 * ( P P ) + 2 . 1 4 5 * ( L L W ) + 2 . 6 9 7 * ( T E T ) — 1 8 9 . 3 6 4 = 1 4 9 . 3 3 9 y = 0 . 5 0 7 * ( R ) - 0 . 2 9 1 * ( F C ) - 5 . 4 0 0 * ( F P ) - 0 . 4 0 9 * ( F M P ) + 1 0 . 5 9 2 * ( M ) — 9 . 6 2 7 * ( R P ) — 3 . 0 9 1 * ( F F ) + 5 . 9 6 3 * ( E E ) 1 . 8 4 3 E - 6 * ( 7 7 ) + 3 . 4 4 0 * ( V C 5 ) + 4 . 2 9 1 * ( V C 9 ) - 0 . 0 0 4 2 * ( A A D T T ) - ( 3 . 1 7 ) 6 0 . 5 7 3 * ( M M P ) + 2 0 . 2 1 2 * ( R C ) + 4 7 . 2 7 7 * ( P M ) — 0 . 4 8 8 * ( P P ) + 1 . 2 5 0 * ( L L W ) + 2 . 2 0 9 * ( T E T ) — 1 5 6 . 5 7 4 = 1 5 4 . 2 9 4 F r o m E q u a t i o n s 3 — 1 5 t o 3 - 1 7 , H D F c l u s t e r 3 i s a g a i n s e l e c t e d f o r s i t e 1 4 5 9 a s i t h a s t h e h i g h e s t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c o r e . A s t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s n u m e r i c a l l y d e fi n i t i v e i n c l a s s i f y i n g v a l u e s a s o p p o s e d t o j u d g i n g s p a t i a l l y o n t h e t e r r i t o r i a l m a p , F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s i s r e c o m m e n d e d f o r c l u s t e r i n g s i t e s f o r d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w h i c h r e q u i r e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I ) a s i n p u t s i n t o t h e M E P D G . S P S S a u t o m a t i c a l l y c l a s s i f i e s e a c h s i t e u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s a n d c o m p a r e s t h e p r e d i c t e d c l u s t e r m e m b e r s h i p u s i n g t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l c l u s t e r m e m b e r s h i p s a s s i g n e d t o t h e s i t e . T h i s o u t p u t i s d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 3 - 1 8 . 9 1 T a b l e 3 - 1 8 . C l a s s i fi e d S i t e s i n t o H D F C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s P r e d i c t e d G r o u p T T C M e m b e r s h i p T o t a l 1 2 1 5 0 0 1 1 C o u n t 2 0 l 6 1 l 6 . . 3 0 0 1 4 9 O r i g i n a l 1 1 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 . 0 9 4 . 1 5 . 9 1 0 0 . 0 3 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s c o r r e c t l y c l a s s i f i e d 9 7 . 2 % o f t h e s i t e s w i t h t h e d e v e l o p e d r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s . A s s u c h , i f c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a r e n e e d e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t , s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e H D F c a n b e d o n e w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t o f r e l i a b i l i t y t h e n r a n d o m l y g u e s s i n g . T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s w a s a p p l i e d t o a l l t r a f fi c i n p u t s w h i c h r e q u i r e d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a s a d e s i g n i n p u t . T h e s e s p e c i fi c i n p u t s w i l l b e i d e n t i f i e d a n d d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 4 . C H A P T E R 4 - R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N S T h i s c h a p t e r c o n t a i n s a s u m m a r y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f a l l a n a l y s e s c o n d u c t e d f o r t h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t a s r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 3 . T h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h i s d a t a s e r v e s a s a b a s i s t o q u a l i f y t h e c o n c l u s i o n s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d a t t h e e n d o f t h i s t h e s i s . T h e a n a l y s e s r e s u l t s a r e c a t e g o r i z e d a n d p r e s e n t e d i n f i v e m a i n p a r t s . S e l e c t i o n o f f i n a l s i t e s f o r a n a l y s e s I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e M E P D G t r a f f i c e l e m e n t s e l e c t e d f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s E f f e c t o f d a t a c o v e r a g e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a T r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ( d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c l u s t e r i n g ) I m p a c t o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o n M — E P D G o u t p u t s P r e s e n t a t i o n o f d i s c r i m i n a n t e q u a t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e a p p r o p r i a t e L e v e l 1 1 i n p u t s 4 . 1 S E L E C T I O N O F F I N A L S I T E S F O R A N A L Y S E S T h e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d T T C f o r a l l s i t e s w i t h a v a i l a b l e d a t a w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r p o t e n t i a l e r r o r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Q C p r o c e d u r e s o u t l i n e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 4 . T h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e m a d e w i t h r e g a r d t o p o t e n t i a l l y e r r o n e o u s d a t a : S i t e l 4 5 9 — B a r k R i v e r h a d h i g h s i n g l e a x l e l o a d i n g s ( 4 1 k i p s ) f o r V C 4 a n d V C 8 v e h i c l e s f o r t h e m o n t h s o f J u n e , A u g u s t a n d D e c e m b e r . S i t e 5 0 1 9 - S t . J o h n s h a d a h i g h s i n g l e a x l e l o a d i n g ( 3 9 k i p s ) f o r V C 4 i n A u g u s t . S i t e 5 2 4 9 - M o r l e y h a d h i g h s i n g l e a x l e l o a d i n g s p i k e s ( 4 1 k i p s ) a c r o s s a l l V C S . S i t e 7 2 8 9 - B a n g o r h a d a n a b n o r m a l l y h i g h p r e s e n c e o f V C 1 3 v e h i c l e s ( 3 8 % ) . S i t e 8 0 4 9 - F o w l e r v i l l e h a d a v e r y h i g h s i n g l e a x l e l o a d S p i k e ( 3 4 k i p s ) f o r V C 4 i n J u l y w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e d n e a r l y 5 0 % o f a l l a x l e s . T h i s w a s a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e s c a l e f a i l e d a t o n e p o i n t d u r i n g t h e m o n t h . 9 3 0 S i t e 6 3 4 9 - F l i n t ( O W P M d a t a ) h a d a fl a t a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a c r o s s a l l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a . 0 S i t e 8 2 4 9 - L u n a P i e r h a d a s h i f t i n p e a k l o a d i n g v a l u e s , a l m o s t 1 0 k i p s i n s o m e i n s t a n c e s , f r o m 1 1 k i p s a n d 3 0 k i p s . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d m o s t s i t e s c o n t a i n e d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w i t h s o m e v e r y s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e , l e s s t h a n 1 % , o f t h e t r u c k v o l u m e i n a n a b n o r m a l l y h i g h r a n g e . T h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d s i t e s h a d p e r c e n t a g e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h i s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l c h e c k h i g h l i g h t e d s o m e p o t e n t i a l e r r o n e o u s d a t a w i t h i n c e r t a i n m o n t h s o f a y e a r f o r a s p e c i fi c s i t e . T h e e x t e n s i v e f a i l u r e s f o u n d a t S i t e s 6 3 4 9 , 7 2 8 9 , a n d 8 2 4 9 w e r e r e a s o n f o r t h e i r r e m o v a l f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s . H o w e v e r , s i n c e a n n u a l a v e r a g e s w e r e u s e d f o r a n a l y s i s s i n c e l i t t l e m o n t h l y v a r i a t i o n w a s f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e h i g h o n e - m o n t h v a r i a t i o n s p i k e s w a s m i n i m i z e d d u e t o a v e r a g i n g . A s s u c h , d a t a f o r t h e s e s i t e s w e r e a c c e p t e d a s p a r t o f t h e a n a l y s e s . T h e f i n a l d a t a s u m m a r y f o r t h e c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 1 . T h e f i n a l s i t e s u t i l i z e d f o r O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s a n a l y s i s a r e c o m p i l e d i n T a b l e A 1 a n d T a b l e A 2 o f A p p e n d i x A . S h a d e d s i t e s i n d i c a t e O W P M d a t a t h a t w a s n o t u s e d w h i l e a n “ X ” r e p r e s e n t s c o n t i n u o u s d a t a t h a t w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s . T a b l e 4 - 1 . Q u a n t i t y o f W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n D a t a f o r O n e W e e k P e r M o n t h a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a T y p e o f D a t a O W P M C o n t i n u o u s W e i g h t a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 3 4 3 6 W e i g h t O n l y 1 0 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n O n l y 3 5 T o t a l 3 8 4 1 9 4 A b a s i c r e v i e w o f l o c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s f o r t h e s i t e s u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 — 2 . T a b l e 4 - 2 . S u m m a r y S t a t i s t i c s o f t h e M D O T W I M a n d C l a s s i fi c a t i o n S i t e s P a r a m e t e r N u m b e r o f S i t e s . R u r a l : 2 9 S e t t i n g U r b a n : 1 2 U r b a n I n t e r s t a t e : 8 U r b a n A r t e r i a l / F w y : 5 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s R u r a l I n t e r s t a t e : 1 0 R u r a l A r t e r i a l / F w y : 1 3 R u r a l M i n o r A r t e r i a l : 5 P i e z o : 1 8 S e n s o r T y p e B e n d i n g P l a t e : 3 Q u a r t z : 2 0 4 . 2 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N O F N E C E S S A R Y E L E M E N T S F O R T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N W h i l e t h e r e a r e 1 3 t r a f f i c r e l a t e d i n p u t s p r o v i d e d i n t h e M E P D G , e m p h a s i s w a s p l a c e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c i n p u t s : 0 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T T C ) 0 P e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k t r a f f i c f o r e a c h F H W A v e h i c l e c l a s s 4 - 1 3 , t e n t o t a l 0 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( M D F ) 0 S e t o f 1 2 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h m o n t h 0 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( I H D F ) 0 S e t o f 2 4 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h h o u r 0 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ( A G P V ) 0 S i n g l e , T a n d e m , T r i d e m , Q u a d 0 A x l e l o a d d i s t / s p e c t r a 9 5 0 L o a d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d e a c h a x l e g r o u p , 4 0 t o t a l T h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e s e l e c t e d b a s e d o n t h e a b i l i t y t o d e v e l o p a h i e r a r c h i c a l s t r u c t u r e f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . A A D T T , a n e s s e n t i a l t r a f f i c c o m p o n e n t , w a s e x c l u d e d f r o m a n a l y s e s a s i t w a s e x p e c t e d . t h a t A A D T T w o u l d b e k n o w n p r i o r t o d e s i g n . C o n s e q u e n t l y A A D T T h i e r a r c h i c a l i n p u t s a r e n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s r e s e a r c h . A A D T T w a s o n l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d f o r t h e p o s s i b l e p u r p o s e o f u s i n g i n d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s a s a p o s s i b l e d i s c r i m i n a t o r y v a r i a b l e f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f L e v e l H d a t a . T h e r e m a i n i n g d a t a e l e m e n t s w i l l b e u s e d t o a s s i s t i n f o r m i n g t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l i n p u t s i n t h e M E - P D G . 4 . 3 E F F E C T o r D A T A C O V E R A G E B E T W E E N O W P M A N D C O N T I N U O U S D A T A T h e i m p a c t o f u s i n g O W P M d a t a i n l i e u o f c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w a s a s s e s s e d i n t e r m s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n t r a f f i c i n p u t v a l u e s a n d d i f f e r e n c e s i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e a s p r e d i c t e d b y t h e M - E P D G . E s t a b l i s h i n g s i g n i fi c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n p u t v a l u e s a l l o w f o r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f o r b o t h r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t s . 4 . 3 . 1 T r a f fi c I n p u t D i f f e r e n c e s T h e n u m e r i c a l t r a f fi c i n p u t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a n d n o r m a l i z e d f o r a l l t r a f f i c i n p u t s a s o u t l i n e d i n C h a p t e r 3 w i t h t h e r e s u l t s d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e s B - l - B - 6 o f A p p e n d i x B . S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d t o s u m m a r i z e d a t a a n d d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e h e r e t h a t s i t e 6 4 6 9 - P o r t H u r o n a n d s i t e 6 0 1 9 - C a r s o n v i l l e w a s m i s s i n g O W P M c l a s s i fi c a t i o n a n d w e i g h t d a t a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A d d i t i o n a l l y a l l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t e s w i t h O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a , S i t e 2 2 0 9 - D e e r t o n a n d S i t e 9 7 9 9 — C i c o t t e d o n o t c o n t a i n w e i g h t d a t a . T o e n s u r e t h a t a l l d a t a c o u l d b e c o m p a r e d n u m e r i c a l l y b o t h f r o m a 9 6 t r a f f i c i n p u t s t a n d p o i n t a n d a M - E P D G p e r f o r m a n c e i n p u t t h e s e s i t e s w e r e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m a l l a n a l y s e s a s c o m p a r i s o n s c o u l d n o t b e m a d e i n t h e M - E P D G . T h e s e s i t e s a r e s h a d e d i n T a b l e A - 1 a n d A - 2 i n A p p e n d i x A . T h u s a t o t a l o f 3 4 s i t e s w i t h b o t h O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w e r e u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s a n d a r e s h o w n u n s h a d e d a n d w i t h o u t a n a s t e r i s k i n T a b l e A - 1 a n d T a b l e A — 2 i n A p p e n d i x A . T h e m e a n , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n , a n d 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s ( C I s ) f o r t h e n o r m a l i z e d d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m e a c h t r a f fi c i n p u t w e r e c a l c u l a t e d . I t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e W I M s t a t i o n s w e r e i n d e p e n d e n t s i t e s a n d t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c r e a t e d w e r e r a n d o m i n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s f r o m a n o r m a l p o p u l a t i o n . O n e s a m p l e t — t e s t a n d p a i r e d t — t e s t s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M d a t a w e r e p e r f o r m e d ( t e s t e d a g a i n s t 0 ) t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e d i f f e r e n c e w a s s i g n i fi c a n t ( p - v a l u e l e s s t h a n 0 . 0 5 f o r 9 5 % t w o - t a i l e d t e s t ) . T h e t - t e s t c o u l d n o t b e p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e M D F a n d H D F v a l u e s a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a l l p o s i t i v e v a l u e s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4 - 3 . T h e a v e r a g e A A D T T d i f f e r e n c e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 . 2 % w i t h a C I r o u g h l y b e t w e e n 2 . 3 % a n d 4 . 1 % . T h e A A D T T a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e a p p e a r s t o b e l o w e r t h a n t h e M E P D G r e s e a r c h fi n d i n g s o f 5 - 1 0 % . T h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l ( C I ) f o r V C 9 w a s b e t w e e n - 0 . 4 8 % a n - 0 . 0 5 % . A r e v i e w o f t h e d a t a f o u n d t h a t S i t e 1 4 5 9 - B a r k R i v e r h a d a p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e o f - 1 0 . 1 7 % . T h e n e x t l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e o u t o f t h e 3 5 s i t e s a n a l y z e d w a s l e s s t h a n h a l f t h a t v a l u e , - 4 . 5 9 % f r o m s i t e 8 0 4 9 . T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s i t e 1 4 5 9 i s a n o u t l i e r a n d i s c a u s i n g t h e b i a s t o w a r d s O W P M o v e r p r e d i c t i n g t h e a v e r a g e t a n d e m V C 9 a x l e l o a d . D e s p i t e t h i s b i a s , a 9 5 % C I b o u n d o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 5 % s e e m s a c c e p t a b l e f r o m a p r a c t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e . A c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n A G P V a p p r o a c h e d z e r o . C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s a t 9 5 % f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n a v e r a g e a x l e l o a d v a l u e s a n d T T C p e r c e n t a g e s f o r a l l a s s e s s e d v a l u e s 9 7 f e l l w i t h i n 1 % o f z e r o . B o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e w i t h i n t h e 1 - 2 % d i f f e r e n c e s p e c i f i e d b y t h e M - E P D G m a n u a l . B e s i d e s A A D T T , t h e M D F S s e e m i n g l y e x p e r i e n c e d t h e m o s t v a r i a t i o n . K n o w i n g t h a t t h e d e f a u l t v a l u e f o r M D F S i s 1 i n t h e M - E P D G , a v e r a g e m a g n i t u d e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n 0 . 0 8 ( V C 8 - 1 0 ) u p t o 0 . 1 6 ( V C 1 1 - 1 3 ) s u g g e s t i n g p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a l u e s o f 1 0 % t o 2 0 % . T h e V C 5 s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d h a d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s c l o s e t o 2 % w i t h a 9 5 % C I o f a l m o s t 1 % . T h i s v a r i a t i o n i s o n t h e s a m e s c a l e a s V C 9 a n d c o u l d h a v e s o m e i m p l i c a t i o n s i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e a s i t p o s s i b l y c a n h a v e t h e s a m e v o l u m e o f t r u c k s o n t h e r o a d w a y . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w a s e x p l o r e d t h r o u g h a c o m p a r i s o n i n t h e M - E P D G . T a b l e 4 - 3 . S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n T r a f fi c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s U s i n g O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a M e a n D i f f 3 : ] : 1 5 3 : ; C I M i n C I M a x I v a l u e d f i f ] ; A A D T T 3 . 2 2 % 2 . 4 6 % 0 . 4 2 % 2 . 3 6 % 4 . 0 8 % 7 . 6 3 3 3 0 . 0 0 0 T T C V C 4 - 7 0 . 3 0 % 1 . 2 1 % 0 . 2 1 % 0 . 1 2 % 0 . 7 3 % 1 . 4 6 3 3 0 1 5 3 * T T C V C 8 - 1 0 0 . 3 6 % 1 . 1 1 % 0 . 1 9 % 0 . 7 5 % 0 . 0 3 % - l . 8 8 3 3 0 0 6 8 * T T C V C l 1 - 1 3 0 . 0 6 % 0 . 6 2 % 0 . 1 1 % 0 . 1 6 % 0 . 2 7 % 0 . 5 2 3 3 0 6 0 6 * M D F V C 4 - 7 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9 0 . 1 5 N / A N / A N / A M D F V C 8 - 1 0 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 8 N / A N / A N / A M D F v 0 1 1 - 1 3 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 0 N / A N / A N / A H D F 0 . 0 7 % 0 . 0 4 % 0 . 0 1 % 0 . 0 5 % 0 . 0 8 % N / A N / A N / A S i n g l e A G P V 0 . 0 1 1 2 0 . 2 7 3 3 0 . 0 1 4 8 - 0 . 0 1 8 0 0 . 0 4 0 4 0 . 7 6 3 3 9 0 4 5 0 * E g g s / m 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 3 7 0 . 0 0 1 3 0 . 0 0 3 3 0 . 0 0 1 8 0 . 5 7 3 3 9 0 5 6 7 * T r i d e m A G P V 0 . 0 0 1 9 0 . 0 2 6 5 0 . 0 0 2 6 0 . 0 0 7 0 0 . 0 0 3 2 0 . 7 4 1 0 4 0 4 6 4 * Q u a d A G P V 0 . 0 0 4 7 0 . 0 2 9 6 0 . 0 0 2 9 0 . 0 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 4 1 . 6 2 1 0 4 0 1 0 9 * S A V C 5 0 . 2 1 % 1 . 8 2 % 0 . 3 1 % 0 . 8 4 % 0 . 4 3 % - 0 . 6 7 3 3 0 . 5 1 0 T A V C 5 0 . 0 3 % 1 . 4 3 % 0 . 2 5 % 0 . 4 7 % 0 . 5 3 % 0 . 1 2 3 3 0 . 9 0 5 S A V C 9 0 . 0 7 % 0 . 4 1 % 0 . 0 7 % 0 . 2 1 % 0 . 0 7 % - 1 0 2 3 3 0 . 3 1 4 T A V C 9 0 . 2 6 % 0 . 6 2 % 0 . 1 1 % 0 . 4 8 % 0 . 0 5 % - 2 5 0 3 3 0 . 0 1 8 S A v c 1 3 0 . 1 3 % 1 . 7 4 % 0 . 3 0 % 0 . 7 4 % 0 . 4 7 % 0 . 4 5 3 3 0 . 6 5 6 I A v c I 3 0 . 4 4 % 1 . 3 2 % 0 . 2 3 % 0 . 0 2 % 0 . 9 0 % 1 . 9 5 3 3 0 . 0 5 9 * I n d i c a t e s P a i r e d t - t e s t 9 8 4 . 3 . 2 S t a t i s t i c a l S i g n i fi c a n c e o f M E P D G R i g i d O u t p u t T h e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g O W P M p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f r o m c o n t i n u o u s p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e ( i n y e a r s ) . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n 3 4 v a l u e s f o r c o m p a r i s o n , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e . I n a l l c a s e s , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e c o n t i n u o u s d a t a , a n d r e s u l t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e r e p r e s e n t s t h e t r u e v a l u e s o f t h e s i t e . U s i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h i s m a n n e r a l l o w s p o s i t i v e v a l u e s t o r e p r e s e n t u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n i n p a v e m e n t l i f e . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t O W P M p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e h a s a s h o r t e r p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e t h a n w h a t a c t u a l l y o c c u r s , w h i c h i s c o n s e r v a t i v e . I n c o n t r a s t , a n e g a t i v e v a l u e i s i n d i c a t i v e o f a n o v e r p r e d i c t i o n o f p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e O W P M p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e h a s a l o n g e r p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e t h a n w h a t a c t u a l l y o c c u r s , w h i c h i s u n - c o n s e r v a t i v e . A s n o t e d p r e v i o u s l y , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t A A D T T , M D F s , V C 5 a n d V C 9 h a d s i g n i f i c a n t t r a f f i c i n p u t d i f f e r e n c e s , e i t h e r s t a t i s t i c a l l y o r p r a c t i c a l l y . w i t h V C 5 h a v i n g a n e q u a l a m o u n t o f v a r i a t i o n a s V C 9 . S i n c e A A D T T , V C 9 a n d V C 5 h a v e a d i r e c t i n fl u e n c e i n t h e v o l u m e a n d t r u c k t y p e i n t h e t r a f fi c s t r e a m w a s d e e m e d i m p o r t a n t t o s e e i f a n y o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e t r a f f i c i n p u t s . T o f a c i l i t a t e t h i s , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M r u n s , O W P M d a t a u s i n g c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T , O W P M d a t a u s i n g c o n t i n u o u s V C 9 s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m l o a d s a n d O W P M d a t a u s i n g V C 5 s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m l o a d s w e r e a l s o a n a l y z e d i n t h e M E P D G . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s f o r a l l O W P M v s . c o n t i n u o u s r i g i d p a v e m e n t r u n s i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e B - 7 o f A p p e n d i x A . D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d 9 5 % C I S f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a n d a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 . 9 9 T a b l e 4 - 4 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G R i g i d P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( i n y r s ) w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s 9 5 % B a s i c S t a t i s t i c s C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l C o n t i n u o u s v s . S t d . M m M a x N M e a n S t d ' E r r o r P e r f . P e r f . L o w e r U p p e r D e v . M e a n L l f e L i f e D i f f . D i f f . O W P M 3 4 - 1 . 4 5 1 . 0 6 0 . 1 8 - 3 . 2 5 1 . 1 7 - 1 . 8 1 - 1 . 0 8 O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s A A D T T 3 4 - 0 . 7 1 0 . 9 0 0 . 1 5 - 2 . 3 3 1 . 2 5 - 1 . 0 3 - 0 . 4 0 O W P M U s i n g C . ° “ “ “ ” ° ” S V C 5 3 4 - 1 4 2 1 . 0 4 0 . 1 8 — 3 . 3 3 0 . 9 2 - l . 7 9 — l . 0 6 S i n g l e a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d O W P M U s i n g C . ° “ “ “ u ° ” S V C 9 3 4 _ 1 . 5 7 0 . 8 9 0 . 1 5 — 3 . 0 8 1 . 0 8 - 1 . 8 8 - 1 . 2 6 S l n g l e a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d T h e f i r s t s t e p i n t h e a n a l y s i s w a s t o a s s e s s i f O W P M d a t a w a s c o m p a r a b l e t o c o n t i n u o u s . T h i s w a s p e r f o r m e d t h r o u g h a p a i r e d t — t e s t u s i n g t h e r e c o r d e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f o r e a c h o f t h e d a t a c o v e r a g e l e n g t h s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a i r e d t - t e s t a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 5 . R e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e 4 — 5 , i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t O W P M i s d i f f e r e n t t h a n c o n t i n u o u s d a t a ; O W P M d a t a o v e r — p r e d i c t s p a v e m e n t l i f e w i t h a 9 5 % r e l i a b i l i t y o f o n e t o t w o - y e a r s . T a b l e 4 - 5 . P a i r e d t - t e s t B e t w e e n C o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M D a t a f o r R i g i d P a v e m e n t P e r f o r m a n c e D i f f e r e n c e P a i r e d D i f f e r e n c e s ( i n y e a r s ) 9 5 % C I o f t h e S i g . D i f f e r e n c e d f ( 2 _ S t d . S t d ' t a i l e d ) M e a n . . E r r o r L o w e r U p p e r D e v r a t r o n M e a n C o n t . — O W P M - 1 . 4 4 5 1 . 0 5 8 0 . 1 8 1 - 1 . 8 1 4 - 1 . 0 7 6 - 7 . 9 6 7 3 3 0 . 0 0 0 ( R i g i d ) 1 0 0 S S 1 1 Q 2 u 5 U 5 . m a . 3 o e 3 f s 4 6 4 r 7 d f 3 3 1 2 S M 5 0 n B G W G e r r i t o o t w u u h e p p ‘ e s s “ e u q a a n r e . . 1 9 5 5 4 3 F 4 5 . 1 1 . g 0 . 2 S . l 0 T o t e s t w h e t h e r t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a i s d u e t o t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t r a f f i c i n p u t s , t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l p e r f o r m a n c e r u n s w e r e g e n e r a t e d a n d a r e a s f o l l o w s : 0 O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T d a t a 0 O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s V C 5 s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s 0 O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s V C 9 s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s A n o n e - w a y A N O V A w a s c o n d u c t e d o n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e e a c h r u n v a r i a t i o n h a d f r o m t h e c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . T h i s w a s d o n e t o a s s e s s i f a n y o n e o f t h e t h r e e v a r i a b l e s a l t e r e d c o n t r i b u t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . E a c h s i t e w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a r a n d o m i n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e f r o m a n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e A N O V A i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 6 . T a b l e 4 - 6 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s f o r R i g i d P a v e m e n t T o t a l 1 4 1 . 1 9 6 1 3 5 T a b l e 4 - 6 s h o w s t h a t t h e A N O V A t e s t w a s s i g n i f i c a n t ( p < < 0 . 0 5 ) ; a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e O W P M r u n s i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r . I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n r u n s , T u k e y ’ s c o n t r a s t w a s a p p l i e d t o d i s c o v e r w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p m e a n ( s ) i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r . T a b l e 4 . 5 s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s u l t o f T u k e y ’ s t e s t . A s u m m a r y o f A N O V A a n d T u k e y ’ s c o n t r a s t c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( 2 4 ) . I n T a b l e 4 - 7 , t h e n u m b e r s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1 0 1 1 . O W P M d a t a 2 . O W P M d a t a w i t h c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T 3 . O W P M d a t a w i t h c o n t i n u o u s V C 5 a x l e l o a d v a l u e s 4 . O W P M d a t a w i t h c o n t i n u o u s V C 9 a x l e l o a d v a l u e s T a b l e 4 - 7 r e v e a l s t h a t O W P M d a t a w i t h c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T h a s a S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n t m e a n v a l u e t h a n t h o s e f r o m t h e o t h e r d a t a s e t s ( p < 0 ) . S i n c e w e e k d a t a w i t h c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T p r o d u c e d t h e c l o s e s t m e a n v a l u e t o z e r o a s w e l l a s t h e l o w e s t c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l , t h e d a t a s u g g e s t s t h a t u s e o f c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o t h e r O W P M i s n e e d e d f o r i m p r o v e d a c c u r a c y i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t . T a b l e 4 - 7 . T u k e y ’ s C o n t r a s t T e s t f o r T e s t i n g D i f f e r e n c e s o f M e a n s W i t h i n G r o u p s M e a n 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e ( I ) ( J ) D i f f e r e n c e S t d . S i g . I n t e r v a l F A C T O R F A C T O R ( I - J ) E r r o r L o w e r U p p e r B o u n d B o u n d 2 0 . 7 3 4 ” 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 1 2 - 1 . 3 5 0 3 0 . 1 1 9 1 3 0 . 0 2 2 0 . 2 3 7 1 . 0 0 0 - 0 . 6 4 0 0 . 5 9 4 4 0 . 1 2 3 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 9 5 4 0 . 4 9 3 0 . 7 3 9 1 0 . 7 3 4 ’ 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 1 1 9 1 . 3 5 3 2 3 0 . 7 1 2 ’ 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 9 6 1 . 3 2 8 4 0 . 8 5 8 ” 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 2 4 2 1 . 4 7 4 1 0 . 0 2 2 0 . 2 3 7 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 5 9 4 0 . 6 3 8 0 3 2 0 . 7 1 2 “ 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 1 6 - 1 . 3 2 8 - 0 . 0 9 6 4 0 . 1 4 5 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 9 2 8 0 . 4 7 0 0 . 7 6 1 1 0 . 1 2 3 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 9 5 4 0 . 0 7 4 0 . 4 9 3 4 2 0 . 8 5 8 ‘ 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 0 0 2 - 1 4 7 4 0 . 2 4 2 3 0 . 1 4 5 0 . 2 3 7 0 . 9 2 8 - . 0 7 6 1 0 . 4 7 1 * I n d i c a t e s t h e m e a n d i f f e r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0 . 0 5 l e v e l . 4 . 3 . 3 S t a t i s t i c a l S i g n i fi c a n c e o f M - E P D G F l e x i b l e O u t p u t T h e p r o c e s s u s e d f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t w a s r e p e a t e d f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t . T h e f o l l o w i n g s u m m a r i z e s t h e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e s b a s e d b o t h o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g . P e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e B - 1 0 o f A p p e n d i x B . 1 0 2 4 . 3 . 3 . a P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n R u t t i n g D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g f o r e a c h a n a l y z e d d a t a c o v e r a g e s c e n a r i o c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 8 . T a b l e 4 - 8 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( R u t t i n g ) ( i n y r s ) w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l D a t a t y p e S t d M i n M a x S t d . ' P e r f . P e r f . N M e a n D e v . 1 1 3 4 2 : ; L i f e L i f e L o w e r U p p e r D i f f . D i f f . O W P M 2 9 - l . 0 3 1 0 . 9 7 4 0 . 1 8 1 — 3 . 2 5 1 . 1 7 — 1 . 4 0 1 - 0 . 6 6 1 O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s 2 9 — 0 . 7 8 2 0 . 9 3 1 0 . 1 7 3 — 3 . 0 8 1 . 2 5 - 1 . 1 3 6 - 0 . 4 2 8 A A D T T O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s V C 5 S i n g l e 2 9 - 1 . 1 0 3 0 . 8 8 5 0 . 1 6 4 — 3 . 2 5 1 . 1 7 - 1 . 4 4 0 - 0 . 7 6 7 a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s V C 9 S i n g l e 2 9 - 1 . 0 3 5 0 . 9 7 4 0 . 1 8 1 — 3 . 2 5 1 . 1 7 — l . 4 0 5 - 0 . 6 6 4 a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d T a b l e 4 - 8 s h o w s t h a t a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e o n t h e s a m e o r d e r a s t h o s e f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t , o v e r — p r e d i c t i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e a s m u c h a s o n e y e a r w i t h a 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . M a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e l e s s t h a n 3 . 5 y e a r s . O W P M u s i n g c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T , h o w e v e r , p r o d u c e s a t i g h t e r c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l a r o u n d z e r o . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p a i r e d t — t e s t c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 9 . 1 0 3 T a b l e 4 - 9 . P a i r e d t - t e s t R e s u l t f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s B a s e d o n R u t t i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t P a i r e d D i f f e r e n c e s ( i n y r s ) 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l o f t h e S i g . D a t a t y p e D i f f e r e n c e 1 d f ( 2 — ' S t d . t a i l e d ) S t d . M e a n . . E r r o r L o w e r U p p e r D e v r a t i o n M e a n C o n t i n u o u s P e r f o r m a n c e R u t t i n g L i f e — O W P M - l . 0 4 5 0 . 9 7 7 0 . 1 9 2 — 1 . 4 4 0 - 0 . 6 5 1 - 5 . 4 5 7 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 R u t t i n g P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e S i m i l a r t o t h e o t h e r d i s t r e s s p e r f o r m a n c e s , t h e O W P M d a t a h a d o v e r e s t i m a t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e b y a s m u c h a s 3 . 2 5 y e a r s , w i t h a c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l f r o m r o u g h l y 0 . 5 t o 1 . 5 y e a r s . T o d e t e r m i n e i f a n y o f t h e O W P M s i g n i f i c a n t t r a f fi c e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n c e s w a s a f a c t o r i n c h a n g i n g t h e O W P M p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e s i g n i fi c a n t l y , a n A N O V A w a s a g a i n c o n d u c t e d o n t h e v a r i o u s s c e n a r i o s a n d i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 1 0 . T a b l e 4 - 1 0 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s B a s e d o n R u t t i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t S u m O f M e a n S q u a r e s d f S q u a r e F S i g . B e t w e e n G r o u p s 1 . 7 3 7 3 0 . 5 7 9 0 . 6 5 3 0 . 5 8 3 W i t h i n G r o u p s 9 9 - 3 1 3 1 1 2 0 . 8 8 7 T o t a l 1 0 1 . 0 5 0 1 1 5 T h e i n s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e A N O V A t e s t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i d e n t i f i e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e t h r e e t r a f f i c i n p u t s a r e n o t c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s a n d O W P M p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . . 1 0 4 4 . 3 . 3 . b P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g T h e b a s i c d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n t i n u o u s a n d t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d O W P M d a t a s e t s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 1 1 . T a b l e 4 - 1 1 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e ( i n y r s ) B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a D a t a t y p e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l M e a n S t d . D e v . S t d . E r r o r M e a n M i n P e r f . L i f e D i f f . M a x P e r f . L i f e D i f f . L o w e r U p p e r O W P M - 0 . 6 3 0 1 . 2 3 3 0 . 2 2 9 - 2 . 6 7 2 . 5 0 - 1 . 0 9 9 - O . 1 6 1 O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s A A D T T — 0 . 2 7 3 1 . 0 6 1 0 . 1 9 7 - 2 . 2 5 — 0 . 6 7 7 0 . 1 3 0 0 O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s V C 5 S i n g l e a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d 2 9 — 0 . 6 9 0 1 . 0 1 5 0 . 1 8 7 — 2 . 5 8 2 . 0 8 — 1 . 0 7 6 - 0 . 3 0 4 O W P M U s i n g C o n t i n u o u s V C 9 S i n g l e a n d T a n d e m A x l e L o a d 2 9 — 0 . 6 2 7 1 . 1 5 5 0 . 2 1 5 - 2 . 6 7 2 . 4 2 — 1 . 0 6 6 - 0 . 1 8 8 T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s r e v e a l e d t h a t O W P M d a t a h a d c l o s e r p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e t o t h a t o f c o n t i n u o u s d a t a t h a n t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e r u t t i n g o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t a n a l y s i s . T h e m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e w a s l e s s t h a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 7 y e a r s , w i t h a m a x i m u m c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l b o u n d c l o s e t o 1 y e a r . T h e p a i r e d t - t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e i f O W P M d a t a i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f r o m c o n t i n u o u s d a t a 1 0 5 c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 - 1 2 . T h e t e s t d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s w e r e s i g n i fi c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . T a b l e 4 - 1 2 . S t a t i s t i c a l S u m m a r y o f D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e M - E P D G F l e x i b l e P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g w h e n U s i n g O W P M v s . C o n t i n u o u s D a t a T y p e 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l o f t h e t d f S i g . ( 2 - D i f f e r e n c e t a i l e d ) S t d . S t d ' M e a n E r r o r L o w e r U p p e r D e v . M e a n C o n t i n u o u s P e r f o r m a n c e R u t t i n g L i f e — O W P M - 0 . 6 3 0 1 . 2 3 3 0 . 2 2 9 - 1 . 0 9 9 - 0 . 1 6 1 - 2 . 7 5 1 2 8 0 . 0 1 0 R u t t i n g P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e T h e o n e - w a y A N O V A t e s t w a s c o n d u c t e d a n d s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 1 3 t o d e t e r m i n e i f a n y o f t h e t h r e e t r a f f i c i n p u t v a r i a b l e s ( A A D T T , s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m V C 5 a n d V C 9 l o a d s ) c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s s e e n b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . T a b l e 4 - 1 3 . O n e - W a y A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e i n M e a n s B a s e d o n F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t S u m o f M e a n . S q u a r e s d f S q u a r e F S l g ' B e t w e e n 3 . 1 3 8 3 1 . 0 4 6 . 8 3 5 . 4 7 7 G r o u p s W i t h i n 1 4 0 . 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 . 2 5 3 G r o u p s T o t a l 1 4 3 . 4 4 8 1 1 5 1 0 6 A s w i t h t h e r u t t i n g d i s t r e s s , v a r i a t i o n w i t h t h e o t h e r s e l e c t e d c o n t i n u o u s t r a f f i c c o l l e c t i o n s c h e m e s d i d n o t s e e m t o h a v e a n i m p a c t o n p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e b e t w e e n O W P M a n d c o n t i n u o u s d a t a . 4 . 3 . 3 . c S u m m a r y T h e O W P M p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s b o t h u n d e r a n d o v e r e s t i m a t e d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e p r e d i c t e d b y c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w i t h a 9 5 % C I b o u n d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 . 5 y e a r s b a s e d o n a l l d i s t r e s s e s a n a l y z e d . M a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e a r o u n d 3 . 3 3 y e a r s . A c h e c k t o s e e i f t h e t h r e e t r a f f i c i n p u t s t h a t e x h i b i t e d t h e m o s t v a r i a t i o n f r o m c o n t i n u o u s d a t a ( A A D T T , s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m V C 5 a n d V C 9 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t e x t e n s i v e l y c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s w a s t h e c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T v a l u e f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . A 9 5 % C I o f l e s s t h a n 1 . 5 y e a r s w a r r a n t s t h e u s e o f O W P M d a t a . H o w e v e r , i f t h e d a t a r e t r i e v a l t a k e s m i n i m a l e f f o r t , c o n t i n u o u s t r a f f i c i n p u t s s h o u l d b e u s e d a s t h e y a r e r e g a r d e d a s t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e . 4 . 4 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T T h e f o l l o w i n g r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e t r a f f i c c l u s t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 3 , u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e L e v e l 1 1 i n p u t s f o r d e s i g n . P l o t s o f t h e f o r m e d c l u s t e r s u s i n g t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e c a n b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x e s B - F . A d d i t i o n a l l y p l o t s o f s t a t e w i d e a x l e l o a d v s . M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s c a n b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x G f o r r e f e r e n c e . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t c l u s t e r s c o n t a i n i n g t w o o r l e s s s i t e s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s . H a v i n g s u c h a s m a l l s a m p l e s i z e i n a c l u s t e r i s m o r e i n d i c a t i v e o f a s p e c i a l c a s e c o n d i t i o n t h a n a r e g i o n a l L e v e l I I t r a f f i c p a t t e r n . 1 0 7 s i t e s t h a t w e r e l o c a t e d o n n o r t h - s o u t h r o u t e s , s u c h a s I - 7 5 , U S - 1 3 1 , U S - 1 2 7 , U S — 2 3 a n d 4 . 4 . 1 A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f fi c W h i l e a f o r m a l h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s w a s n o t p e r f o r m e d o n A A D T T , t h e f o r m a t i o n o f A A D T T g r o u p i n g i s r e v i e w e d h e r e f o r c o m p l e t e n e s s a s i t i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . O n e - w a y d e s i g n l a n e A A D T T w a s d i v i d e d i n t o 3 g r o u p s ; l o w , m e d i u m a n d h i g h t o g a i n a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y w i t h i n t h i s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . T h e d e t a i l s o f e a c h g r o u p a r e s u m m a r i z e d T a b l e 4 - 1 4 . T a b l e 4 - 1 4 . E s t a b l i s h e d A A D T T L e v e l s A A D T T L e v e l A A D T T V a l u e R a n g e A A D T T D e s i g n a t i o L o w 0 - 9 9 9 1 - M e d i u m 1 0 0 0 - 2 9 9 9 2 H i g h A b o v e 3 0 0 0 3 T h e s c a t t e r p l o t a n d A A D T T c l u s t e r s r e v e a l i n g t h e s p r e a d o f A A D T T v a l u e s w i t h i n e a c h r a n g e c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e B 1 a n d T a b l e s B l 4 — B 1 6 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f A p p e n d i x B . T h e l o w A A D T T s i t e s d o m i n a t e t h e d a t a , w h i l e h i g h A A D T T s i t e s a r e t h e s c a r c e s t . 4 . 4 . 2 T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i fi c a t i o n F i g u r e 4 - 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h r e e d i s t i n c t T T C p a t t e r n s , e a c h d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e p e r c e n t a g e V C 5 a n d V C 9 t r u c k s . T h e h i e r a r c h i c a l c l u s t e r i n g f o r T T C r e s u l t e d i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h r e e d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e d o m i n a n t t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s : 0 C l u s t e r 1 : D o m i n a n c e o f V C 9 t r u c k s , w i t h a s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n o f V C 5 o C l u s t e r 2 : R o u g h l y e q u a l d o m i n a n c e o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 . 0 C l u s t e r 3 : D o m i n a n c e o f V C 5 v e h i c l e s , w i t h a l e s s e r p r o p o r t i o n o f V C 9 t r u c k s . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e s i m i l a r t o w h a t w a s o b s e r v e d i n l i t e r a t u r e ( 2 , 1 0 ) . S i t e s i n c l u s t e r 1 w e r e f o u n d t o b e m o s t l y o n p r i n c i p a l i n t e r s t a t e s , s u c h a s I - 9 6 , I - 9 4 , a n d I - 6 9 , w i t h o n e - w a y A A D D T r a n g i n g f r o m o v e r 1 5 0 0 t o a l m o s t 5 5 0 0 . C l u s t e r 2 c o n t a i n e d a m a j o r i t y o f 1 0 8 h a d A A D D T l e s s t h a n 2 0 0 0 . T h e fi n a l c l u s t e r , c l u s t e r 3 , h a d s i t e s m o s t l y o n r u r a l a r t e r i a l s , s u c h a s U S - 2 , M — 4 6 , M - 5 7 a n d M - 6 , g e n e r a l l y w i t h A A D T T o f l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 0 . I t w a s s u g g e s t e d b y t h e M D O T t h a t c o m p a r a b l e M - E P D G d e f a u l t T T C g r o u p s b e f o u n d f o r t h e s e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s . T h e m o s t c o m p a r a b l e T T C v a l u e w a s f o u n d b y d e t e r m i n i n g t h e l e a s t s u m o f s q u a r e s b e t w e e n t h e c l u s t e r m e a n a n d t h e d e f a u l t T T C v a l u e . T h e c o m p a r a b l e T T C v a l u e s f o r c l u s t e r 1 , c l u s t e r 2 a n d c l u s t e r 3 w e r e T T C 3 , T T C 7 a n d T T C 1 5 . T h e g r a p h i c a l c o m p a r i s o n i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 — 1 . 1 0 0 I ? 9 0 — — — — ~ — — % g 8 0 + C l u s t e r 1 A v g . 3 6 0 - : . . - — C l u s t e r 2 A v g 8 5 0 _ . - _ T T C 7 L ( a : 4 0 — — L ~ — — C l u s t e r 3 A v g 3 : 3 0 _ 1 — T T C 1 5 g 2 0 — 0 — S t a t e w i d A 1 . _ i Y 9 I - 1 0 O 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 V e h i c l e C l a s s F i g u r e 4 - 1 . C o m p i l e d T T C V a l u e s 4 . 4 . 3 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s M D F s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r s i n g l e u n i t t r a i l e r s ( V C 4 - 7 ) , t r a c t o r t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 8 - 1 0 ) a n d m u l t i t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 1 1 — 1 3 ) a s t h e s e w e r e t h e d e f a u l t s e t t i n g s i n T r a f L o a d a n d w e r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r u s e o v e r i n d i v i d u a l c l a s s e s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( 7 , 1 3 ) . F i g u r e 4 — 2 r e p r e s e n t s t h e M D F c l u s t e r i n g f o r s i n g l e u n i t t r a i l e r s ( V C 4 — 7 ) . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t f o u r c l u s t e r s ( 6 s i t e s ) w e r e e x c l u d e d a f t e r t h e a n a l y s e s a s t h e y c o n t a i n e d t w o o r l e s s s i t e s i n e a c h c l u s t e r a n d t h e r e f o r e s i g n i f y m o r e s i t e - s p e c i fi c p a t t e r n s r a t h e r t h a n a n y 1 0 9 r e g i o n a l s i m i l a r i t y . T h e t h r e e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 2 h a v e d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n s . C l u s t e r 1 e x h i b i t s l i t t l e s e a s o n a l v a r i a b i l i t y , h a v i n g M D F S c l o s e t o 1 . M o s t o f t h e s e s i t e s w e r e l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n L o w e r P e n i n s u l a o n a v a r i e t y o f r o a d s w i t h v a r y i n g f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s a n d d i r e c t i o n . C l u s t e r 2 d e p i c t s a g e n e r a l r i s e i n M D F S d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r w i t h l o w e r v a l u e s i n w i n t e r . M a j o r n o r t h - s o u t h r o u t e s , s u c h a s [ - 7 5 , U S - 1 3 1 , a n d U S - 2 3 a r e p r e s e n t i n t h i s c l u s t e r a n d m o s t s i t e s a r e l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e m i d d l e r e g i o n o f t h e L o w e r P e n i n s u l a . C l u s t e r 3 i n F i g u r e 8 d i s p l a y s h i g h e r M D F S i n s u m m e r a n d f a l l , w i t h m u c h l o w e r M D F S i n w i n t e r a n d s p r i n g . S i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h e r n L o w e r P e n i n s u l a a n d U p p e r P e n i n s u l a w i t h l o w A A D T T . 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 0 — 1 . 2 5 — - o — C | u s t e r 1 u . 1 ' 0 0 q " ” ‘ « r 3 4 — C l u s t e r 2 g 0 7 5 ” — — A — — C l u s t e r 3 0 . 5 0 - » — — ~ - — — — — - — — W T - - _ _ - - - - - - - . , i f . * S t a t e w i d e 0 . 2 5 — - — fi _ . - — - - 2 - 4 2 - 2 - 2 - . _ _ A v g 0 . 0 0 I i I i I f I a I I I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 F i g u r e 4 - 2 . C o m p i l e d V C 4 - 7 M D F V a l u e s T h e V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S r e v e a l e d m u c h l e s s v a r i a b i l i t y t h a n t h a t o f V C 4 - 7 a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 3 . T h e f i r s t c l u s t e r p r o d u c e d h i g h e r l V H D F s d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r m o n t h s w i t h l o w e r v a l u e s i n t h e w i n t e r . T h e t h r e e s i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r h a d A A D T T l e s s t h a t 3 0 0 , w h i c h p r o b a b l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o i t s d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n o v e r t h e o t h e r t w o c l u s t e r s . T h e n e x t 1 1 0 t w o c l u s t e r s a p p e a r t o h a v e l i t t l e M D F v a r i a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r , h a v i n g v a l u e s c l o s e t o o n e . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f V C 9 t r a f f i c i s s e a s o n a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t . C l u s t e r i n g o f V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S r e s u l t e d i n t w e l v e c l u s t e r s . A t o t a l o f s e v e n c l u s t e r s , w h i c h i n c l u d e d e i g h t s i t e s , w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s a g a i n d u e t o h a v i n g t w o o r l e s s s i t e s i n t h e c l u s t e r . T h e r e m a i n i n g f i v e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 4 . C l u s t e r 1 a n d 2 , e x h i b i t h i g h s u m m e r a n d l o w w i n t e r V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S . T h e s e c l u s t e r s c o n t a i n e d s i t e s t h a t w e r e l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h c e n t r a l L o w e r P e n i n s u l a a n d M e t r o D e t r o i t a r e a a n d h a d v a r y i n g f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s a n d A A D T T v a l u e s . C l u s t e r 4 a l s o s h o w e d V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S h a v i n g h i g h s u m m e r a n d l o w w i n t e r v a l u e s . T h e r e w e r e n o d o m i n a n t p a t t e r n s f o u n d w i t h i n t h i s c l u s t e r . C l u s t e r 3 e x h i b i t e d l i t t l e s e a s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e a n d h a d S i t e s l o c a t e d m a i n l y i n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e L o w e r P e n i n s u l a o n m a j o r f r e e w a y s , s u c h a s I - 9 4 , I - 9 6 a n d U S — 1 3 1 . C l u s t e r 5 , h a d l o w e r s p r i n g V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S w i t h h i g h e r s u m m e r a n d f a l l v a l u e s . T h e t h r e e S i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r w e r e a l l o n U S - 2 i n t h e U p p e r P e n i n s u l a w h i c h i s a k n o w n l o g g i n g a n d m i n e r a l t r a n s p o r t r o u t e . 1 . 7 5 C I s t e r 1 1 . 5 0 _ . — - _ _ + U 1 ' 2 5 _ 4 - 1 — C l u s t e r 2 u . 1 . 0 0 — D 0 . 7 5 h - — A — — C l u s t e r 3 E 0 . 5 0 _ 2 _ _ . _ . - _ . _ 5 _ _ _ . _ _ 4 , _ _ _ _ _ — M — h M E I — ” 7 ’ * — C l u s t e r 4 0 . 2 5 + - — — * — — — — — _ _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 0 0 T I I 1 1 I T l 1 l I I * i t a I G W I d e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 V 9 M o n t h F i g u r e 4 - 3 . C o m p i l e d V C 8 - 1 0 N H ) F V a l u e s 1 1 1 1 . 7 5 I t 1 5 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V _ _ - - # , _ _ _ _ — 0 — C U S e r 1 1 . 2 5 _ _ _ — r : - - - - — C l u s t e r 2 1 . 0 0 - — c r — C l u s t e r 3 a 0 . 7 5 « — x — C | u s t e r 4 E 0 . 5 0 ~ — — . _ _ Y , , _ _ , , W _ - - g i m - - - - - _ _ _ . - : — — ~ C | u s t e r 5 0 . 2 5 — - - — v — — — v f r ~ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ — — — _ - — — _ _ - - O — S t a t e w i d e A v g 0 . 0 0 l T l l I T l l T T I T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e 4 - 4 . C o m p i l e d V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F V a l u e s 4 . 4 . 4 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s T h e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s r e s u l t e d i n t h r e e c l u s t e r s f r o m t h e s p e c t r u m o f H D F s . A v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r t h e s e c l u s t e r s a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 5 . C l u s t e r 1 c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y e v e n t o h e a v i e r e v e n i n g p r O p o r t i o n s o f t r u c k s a t t h e s i t e . T h e m a j o r i t y o f s i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r a r e i n t h e l o w e r s o u t h e r n p e n i n s u l a l o c a t e d o n m a j o r e a s t - w e s t i n t e r s t a t e s , s u c h a s I - 9 4 a n d I - 6 9 , w i t h o n e - w a y A A D T T s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 6 0 0 . C l u s t e r 2 h a s a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k s t h a n c l u s t e r 1 , o n a v e r a g e o f 1 - 2 % e a c h h o u r b e t w e e n 6 : 0 0 a m a n d 5 : 0 0 p m . A r e v i e w o f s i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r s h o w t h a t m a n y a r e o n m a j o r n o r t h - s o u t h r o u t e s , s u c h a s I - 7 5 , U S - 1 3 l , a n d U S - 1 2 7 , w i t h a n o t h e r d o m i n a n t e a s t - w e s t r o u t e , 1 - 9 6 , t h a t c o n n e c t s a l l t h r e e . C l u s t e r 3 a v e r a g e h a s a r o u g h l y a 1 - 3 % h i g h e r t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e b e t w e e n t h e h o u r s o f 6 : 0 0 a m a n d 5 : 0 0 p m t h a n e i t h e r c l u s t e r s 1 a n d 2 . S i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r a r e l o c a t e d o n p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l s w i t h l o w e r A A D T T . S u g g e s t i n g t h a t h a u l s o n t h i s r o a d m i g h t b e m o r e l o c a l i n n a t u r e . T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e , a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 5 , m i r r o r s c l u s t e r 1 t h e m o s t , h a v i n g a m o r e e q u a l t r u c k v o l u m e p e r c e n t a g e o v e r t h e h o u r s o f t h e d a y . 1 1 2 — < > — C l u s t e r 1 A é i C l u s t e r 2 A v g + C l u s t e r 3 A v g — O — S t a t e w i d e A \ g ‘ + M - E P D G D e f a u l t T r u c k P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) F i g u r e 4 - 5 . C o m p i l e d H D F V a l u e s 4 . 4 . 5 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ( A G P V ) C l u s t e r a n a l y s i s o f s i n g l e A G P V y i e l d e d fi v e c l u s t e r s , t w o o f w h i c h w e r e s i n g l e s i t e s . T h e s e c l u s t e r s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s . F i g u r e 4 - 6 s h o w s t h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s i n g l e A G P V f o r a l l V C s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e c l u s t e r s a s w e l l a s t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e . S i n c e s i t e s 6 0 1 9 a n d 6 3 0 9 d i d n o t h a v e s i n g l e A G P V v a l u e s f o r V C 1 1 , t h e y w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s . I n c l u d i n g t h e m w o u l d h a v e c r e a t e d a l a r g e r e l a t i v e d i s t a n c e a n d w o u l d h a v e r e s u l t e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f o n l y t w o c l u s t e r s b a s e d o n t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 t o 3 ' 3 ‘ 0 : 1 M E P D G D e f a u l t 0 9 . 2 I S t a t e w u d e A v g . 2 8 . 5 C l u s t e r 3 > 7 6 C l u s t e r 2 5 I E ! C l u s t e r 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 4 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 6 . 0 0 A G P V F i g u r e 4 - 6 . S i n g l e A x l e A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s F i g u r e 4 - 6 r e v e a l s t h a t t h e r e i s a s m a l l v a r i a t i o n i n s i n g l e A G P V a v e r a g e s b e t w e e n c l u s t e r s . L i t t l e d i s c e r n i b l e t r a f f i c o r p h y s i c a l a t t r i b u t e p a t t e r n s e x i s t e d f o r t h e c l u s t e r g r o u p s . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t s i n g l e A G P V i s s t a n d a r d i z e d f o r e a c h V C . T h e t a n d e m A G P V c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 4 - 7 . A s w i t h s i n g l e A G P V , f i v e c l u s t e r s w e r e f o r m e d u t i l i z i n g t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . H o w e v e r , t w o c l u s t e r s w e r e r e m o v e d , a s t h e y c o n t a i n e d t w o o r l e s s s i t e s w i t h i n t h e m , l e a v i n g t h r e e f i n a l c l u s t e r s . 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 c o 3 1 0 E l M - E P D G D e f a u l t ( 3 ' : 9 I S t a t e w i d e A v g . 2 8 . r : a C l u s t e r 3 g 7 6 t 3 C l u s t e r 2 5 E l C l u s t e r 1 4 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 A G P V F i g u r e 4 - 7 . T a n d e m A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s F i g u r e 4 - 7 d i s p l a y s l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n i n t a n d e m A G P V s a c r o s s s i t e s f o r a l l V C s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f V C 4 . C l u s t e r 1 s i t e s a r e l o c a t e d p r e d o m i n a n t l y i n t h e M e t r o r e g i o n w h i l e m o s t s i t e s i n c l u s t e r 2 w e r e i n t h e w e s t a n d s o u t h w e s t p o r t i o n s o f t h e s t a t e . C l u s t e r 3 s i t e s w e r e i n t h e n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n s o f t h e s t a t e a n d i n t h e U P . S i n c e V C 4 t a n d e m A G P V s e e m i n g l y i s t h e o n l y d i s c r i m i n a t i n g v a r i a b l e , t h e r e g i o n a l c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d b e t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f b u s e s u s e d w i t h i n t h a t r e g i o n . S c h o o l d i s t r i c t s o r c h a r t e r c o m p a n i e s c o u l d f e a s i b l y p u r c h a s e s i m i l a r m o d e l b u s e s . T h e f o u r t r i d e m A G P V c l u s t e r s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n F i g u r e 4 - 8 . U n l i k e s i n g l e a n d t a n d e m A G P V , t h e t r i d e m A G P V s e e m s t o e x h i b i t m o r e v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n c l u s t e r s . T r i d e m a x l e s a r e o n l y f o u n d o n V C 7 , V C 1 0 , a n d V C 1 3 t r u c k s . T h e V C 9 v a l u e s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 - 8 c o u l d b e a r e s u l t o f a s e m i - t r a c t o r t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n h a u l i n g a n o t h e r s m a l l e r t r a i l e r b e h i n d i t , i n w h i c h t h e t h i r d s e t o f a x l e s a f t e r t h e t r a i l e r t a n d e m c a u s e s t h e s e n s o r t o r e g i s t e r a t r i d e m c o n f i g u r a t i o n . A r e v i e w o f s i t e a t t r i b u t e s w i t h i n e a c h c l u s t e r 1 1 5 d i d n o t r e v e a l a n y p a t t e r n s t h a t c o u l d s e r v e t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n c l u s t e r s . H o w e v e r , s i n c e c l u s t e r 3 h a s o n l y t h r e e s i t e s , t h e h i g h t r i d e m A G P V o b s e r v e d c o u l d b e t h e r e s u l t o f h i g h l y s i t e — s p e c i f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 1 3 1 2 1 1 ” a ; E l M - E P D G D e f a u l t « 3 1 O . 5 9 l S t a t e w r d e A v g % 8 E ! C l u s t e r 4 " . Q E ’ E C l u s t e r 3 > 7 E l C l u s t e r 2 6 E ] C l u s t e r 1 5 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 2 0 0 . 4 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 8 0 1 . 0 0 A G P V F i g u r e 4 - 8 . T r i d e m A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s C l u s t e r i n g o f q u a d A G P V r e s u l t e d i n s i x c l u s t e r s . T h i s w a s r e d u c e d t o f i v e a s o n e c l u s t e r h a d j u s t t w o s i t e s . T h e fi v e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s f o r q u a d A G P V f o r a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s i s d i s p l a y e d i n F i g u r e 4 - 9 . 1 1 6 s s a l C e l c i h e V m 3 0 e $ 0 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 D M - E P D G D e f a u l t I S t a t e w i d e C ] C l u s t e r 5 E l C l u s t e r 4 C l u s t e r 3 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 1 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 A G P V F i g u r e 4 - 9 . Q u a d A G P V C l u s t e r V a l u e s F r o m F i g u r e 4 - 9 , t h e r e s e e m s t o b e d i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n q u a d A G P V v a l u e s a c r o s s c l u s t e r s . C l u s t e r 1 . h a s l o w e r q u a d A G P V t h a n t h e o t h e r s i t e s w h i l e c l u s t e r 2 a n d c l u s t e r 4 s e e m t o h a v e t h e h i g h e s t . A g a i n , p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s s h o w e d l i t t l e d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e a t t r i b u t e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r s f o r m e d . 4 . 4 . 6 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e o v e r a l l s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a n d r e l a t e d c l u s t e r s a r e p r e s e n t e d F i g u r e 4 - 1 0 . T h r e e c l u s t e r s w e r e f o r m e d a n d a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e t w o p e a k s o b s e r v e d i n t h e d a t a . T h e f i r s t p e a k o c c u r s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 t o 7 k i p s w h i l e t h e s e c o n d p e a k r a n g e s f r o m 9 - 1 4 k i p s . A r e v i e w o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s i n g l e a x l e s f o r a l l V C s a t a l l s i t e s r e v e a l e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 V C 5 s i n g l e a x l e s a r e m a x i m u m a t t h e 4 - 7 k i p r a n g e , w h e r e a s s i n g l e s a x l e s f r o m o t h e r V C s t y p i c a l l y h a v e l o w p r o p o r t i o n s a t t h i s r a n g e . 1 1 7 o A l l r e m a i n i n g V C s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a p e a k a t t h e 9 - 1 4 k i p r a n g e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f V C 7 , w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e s l i t t l e t o t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m . 0 S i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a c r o s s a l l s i t e s d i s p l a y e d s i m i l a r s h a p e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s a m e V C . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a i s n o t i n f l u e n c e d s o m u c h b y t h e s h a p e o f t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a i t s e l f b u t i n s t e a d t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p r e s e n c e o f V C 5 . C l u s t e r 1 h a s a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f a x l e s i n t h e 9 - 1 4 k i p r a n g e t h a n t h e 4 - 7 k i p r a n g e . A r e v i e w o f s i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r s h o w a d o m i n a n c e o f V C 9 t r u c k t r a f f i c , h a v i n g r o u g h l y 3 0 % o r m o r e t r a f f i c t h a n t h a t o f V C 5 . C l u s t e r 2 , h a s a m o r e e v e n p r o p o r t i o n o f 9 - 1 4 k i p a x l e s a n d 4 - 7 k i p a x l e s . S i t e s i n t h i s c l u s t e r h a d a m o r e e v e n p r o p 0 1 t i o n o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 t r u c k s h a v i n g a d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f e r e n c e o f l e s s t h a n 3 0 % b e t w e e n t h e t w o . C l u s t e r 3 s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 r e v e a l s a m u c h h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f 4 - 7 k i p a x l e s t h a n t h a t o f 9 - 1 4 k i p s . T h i s c l u s t e r h a d s i t e s w i t h a h i g h e r V C 5 p e r c e n t a g e t h a n V C 9 f o r n e a r l y a l l c a s e s . B e c a u s e s i n g l e a x l e s s e e m t o b e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e V C d i s t r i b u t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e s h a p e o f t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , u s i n g a s t a t e w i d e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w i t h i n a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s f o r s i n g l e a x l e s c o u l d b e a c c e p t a b l e f r o m a p r a c t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t . 1 1 8 2 \ : d g : 8 h d fl n é ) ) . ’ = — — _ < A u — O > — — — — — S s s s t t t e e e e w r r r i 1 2 3 d e C t l l u l a C C “ u u t 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) E F i g u r e 4 - 1 0 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 4 . 4 . 7 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e o v e r a l l t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 4 - 1 1 . F o u r c l u s t e r s r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e d a t a . I t w a s d e t e r m i n e g r a p h i c a l l y t h a t C l u s t e r 4 h a d t w o s e e m i n g l y d i s t i n c t a x l e l o a d i n g p a t t e r n s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h i s c l u s t e r w a s d i v i d e d i n t o t w o t o f o r m a t o t a l o f f i v e c l u s t e r s . C l u s t e r s 1 - 3 w e r e s h o w n t o h a v e m o r e l i g h t a x l e s t h a n h e a v y , w h e r e a s C l u s t e r s 4 a n d C l u s t e r 5 a r e m o r e e v e n t o h e a v y i n n a t u r e . T h e t w o p e a k s s e e m t o c o r r e s p o n d t o u n l o a d e d ( 9 - 1 4 k i p s ) a n d l o a d e d ( 3 0 - 3 5 k i p s ) . C l u s t e r s 1 - 3 c o n s i s t o f m o s t l y s e c o n d a r y a r t e r i a l s a n d r u r a l f r e e w a y s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e . A l l s i t e s h a v e A A D T T l e s s t h a n 2 0 0 0 . N e a r l y a l l s i t e s i n c l u s t e r 4 a r e l o c a t e d o n m a j o r e a s t - w e s t r o u t e s , I - 9 4 , I — 9 6 a n d I - 6 9 i n t h e s o u t h e r n L o w e r P e n i n s u l a a n d h a v e A A D T T r a n g i n g f r o m a b o v e 1 6 0 0 t o a l m o s t 5 5 0 0 . C l u s t e r 5 h a d n o d o m i n a n t t r a f fi c p a t t e r n s . 1 1 9 2 0 A — < > - - C l u s t e r 1 A v g o \ ° f ; M ' — — n — - C l u s t e r 2 A v g m g _ u _ 1 — a . — C l u s t e r 3 A u g 0 a ; — a i e — C l u s t e r 4 A m ; a - H _ _ 2 — a - s « C l u s t e r 5 A v g x < . 1 » . — 0 — S t a t e w i d e A v g 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e 4 - 1 1 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 4 . 4 . 8 T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a A t o t a l o f f i v e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s w e r e c r e a t e d u s i n g t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . T w o c l u s t e r s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s a s t h e y c o n t a i n e d o n l y o n e s i t e . T h e t h r e e r e m a i n i n g c l u s t e r s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 4 - 1 2 . T h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e t r i d e m a x l e c l u s t e r s a p p e a r s t o b e a l a r g e p r 0 p o r t i o n o f l i g h t a x l e s a r o u n d 1 2 k i p s f o l l o w e d b y a s m a l l e r p e a k v a l u e a r o u n d 4 0 - 4 5 k i p s . S i t e s f o u n d i n t h e fi r s t c l u s t e r h a d h i g h e r A A D T T o n a v e r a g e a n d w e r e p r i m a r i l y l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n L o w e r P e n i n s u l a o n p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l s o r i n t e r s t a t e s . S i t e s c o n t a i n e d i n c l u s t e r 2 w e r e a l s o m a i n l y o n p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l s s c a t t e r e d a c r o s s t h e s t a t e t h a t h a d A A D T T r a n g i n g f r o m 2 2 0 0 t o 3 0 0 . F i n a l l y , c l u s t e r 3 s i t e s w e r e o n s e c o n d a r y a r t e r i a l s a n d f r e e w a y s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l o w A A D T T , m o s t l y u n d e r 1 0 0 0 . 1 2 0 0 4 0 6 9 0 0 O l l J B r — o — C l u s t e r 1 - — { ‘ 1 ~ C l u s t e r 2 - — a — C l u s t e r 3 _ _ _ _ - d — S t a t e w i d e A v g A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) _ . . . . N N O 0 1 O ( ) 1 O 0 1 “ . . fi fi fi l ‘ l fi fi - l i fi fi fi fl fi I D O I D O L O O L O O L O ( O N N W Q C D O D O O 1 — 1 - F i g u r e 4 - 1 2 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 4 . 4 . 9 Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e o v e r a l l q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 4 - 1 3 . A t o t a l o f s i x c l u s t e r s w e r e f o r m e d . H o w e v e r , t w o c l u s t e r s w e r e r e m o v e d f o r h a v i n g t w o o r l e s s s i t e s a n d t w o c l u s t e r s w e r e c o m b i n e d t o f o r m c l u s t e r t h r e e d u e t o a s i m i l a r l o a d i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n . P e a k v a l u e s f o r t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a o c c u r a t t h e 1 5 - 2 0 k i p , 5 0 - 6 0 k i p a n d t h e 1 0 4 k i p r a n g e . P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t f i n d i n g i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f o v e r a l l q u a d a x l e s i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e 1 0 4 k i p l o a d . H a v i n g s u c h a h i g h l o a d i n g o n o n e q u a d a x l e , d o u b l e t h e a l l o w e d w e i g h t o f 5 2 k i p s a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 - 5 , a t a l l s i t e s s u g g e s t s i s m o s t l i k e l y d u e t o t h e T r a f L o a d p r o c e s s i n g i t s e l f i s e r r o n e o u s . A t r u c k h a v i n g t w o s u c c e s s i v e q u a d s i n a r a w d a t a fi l e i s s e e m i n g l y b e i n g c o m b i n e d i n t o o n e a x l e i n T r a f L o a d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s r e p o r t w i l l b e i n h e r e n t l y e r r o n e o u s . H o w e v e r , r e l a t i v e s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d w i t h q u a d a x l e l o a d s c a n s t i l l y i e l d p r o d u c t i v e r e s u l t s . 1 2 1 - - . . . 1 ‘ , C l U S t e r 2 A W 3 5 - — a " f — < > — C l u s t e r 1 A 2 5 _ , , . _ _ . _ _ _ g , . , 7 , , _ M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , L _ 2 . - - » . 2 ; \ g - — a — — C l u s t e r 3 A v g l ” d — S t a t e w i d e A v g 5 2 _ , . " _ _ , A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) a l l l l O I I T Y I T I T I T I I I I I T ‘ I " [ I n n l m l l l ” I I " I I I ! " I T I ' I I I ‘ I I I I I I I I I ‘ I W I I I I I ] [ T I I I ‘ I I H [ I " I I I I u r n T i l l “ T C L O O L O O L D O L D O L D O L D O L O O L O O L D F t — N N C ’ J O O V V L O L O C O C O N N G J C D A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e 4 - 1 3 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a M o s t o f t h e s i t e s c o n t a i n e d i n c l u s t e r 1 a r e i n t h e B a y o r U n i v e r s i t y r e g i o n s o n r o a d s h a v i n g a n A A D T T o f l e s s t h a n 2 0 0 0 . D o m i n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o u l d n o t b e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r c l u s t e r 2 . C l u s t e r 3 c o n t a i n e d s i t e s i n t h e M e t r o , S o u t h w e s t a n d S u p e r i o r r e g i o n s . 4 . 5 I M P A C T O F T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N S I N T H E M - E P D G C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s i n t h e M — E P D G a l l o w s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h i c h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ( L e v e l I I o r L e v e l I I I ) f o r a p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c i n p u t i s a p p r o p r i a t e , a t a m i n i m u m , f o r d e s i g n w h e n L e v e l I i s u n a v a i l a b l e . L e v e l , I , w h e n a v a i l a b l e , s h o u l d b e u s e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e a s i t i s r e g a r d e d a s t h e a c t u a l t r a f f i c o f t h e s i t e . I f i t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e i s i n s e n s i t i v e t o a p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c i n p u t , s t a t e w i d e o r M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s c o u l d b e u s e d ( L e v e l 1 1 1 ) . S h o u l d t h i s b e t h e c a s e , h o w e v e r , i t w i l l b e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s b e u s e d a s t h e y a r e m o r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e s t a t e t h a n n a t i o n a l d a t a . I f a p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e w a s f o u n d t o b e s e n s i t i v e t o a p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c i n p u t , t h e n t h e r e m a y b e a n e e d t o d e v e l o p L e v e l I I i n p u t s a t a m i n i m u m . T h i s s e c t i o n a s s e s s e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r b o t h r i g i d a n d f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t s . T h e b a s i c p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e r i g i d a n a l y s i s w a s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e c o n t i n u o u s ( s i t e - s p e c i f i c ) p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f o r e a c h s i t e , w h i c h w a s a l r e a d y p e r f o r m e d i n t h e O W P M - c o n t i n u o u s c o m p a r i s o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y , f o r e a c h t r a f f i c p a r a m e t e r , t h e s i t e s p e c i f i c v a l u e w a s b e i n g r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g : 0 S t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e ( L e v e l I I I ) 0 C l u s t e r a v e r a g e ( L e v e l I I ) 0 M - E P D G d e f a u l t ( L e v e l I I I ) T h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m w a s r u n f o r e a c h a d j u s t e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d t h e p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b a s e d o n t h e t h r e s h o l d v a l u e s w a s r e c o r d e d . T h i s p r o c e s s w a s a d o p t e d f o r a l l t r a f f i c i n p u t s . T h e r e s u l t i n g p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n v a l u e f r o m t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c c o n t i n u o u s v a l u e . A s w i t h t h e O W P M - c o n t i n u o u s c o m p a r i s o n , p o s i t i v e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e p a v e m e n t l i f e w a s b e i n g u n d e r p r e d i c t e d w h i l e n e g a t i v e v a l u e s i n d i c a t e d a n o v e r p r e d i c t i o n i n p a v e m e n t l i f e . O n c e t h e p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e s w e r e c o m p i l e d , s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e d a t a w a s c o n d u c t e d . F o r e a c h t r a f f i c i n p u t , d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r s u m m a r y o f t h e d a t a . A n A N O V A ( p - v a l u e < 0 . 0 5 f o r 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e , 2 — t a i l e d t e s t ) w a s t h e n u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e w a s a n y e f f e c t o f u s i n g a s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o v e r a n o t h e r . I f t h e A N O V A w a s s i g n i fi c a n t , T u k e y ’ s c o n t r a s t w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s p e c i f i c i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e a n a l y s e s , l e d t o t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e m i n i m u m t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , L e v e l H o r L e v e l I I I , w h i c h i s n e e d e d w h e n L e v e l I d a t a i s u n a v a i l a b l e . W h i l e t h e r e w e r e m u l t i p l e s t a t i s t i c s p e r f o r m e d t o g a i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d a t a , t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l w e r e t h e 9 5 % C I a n d t h e m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m v a l u e s , a s t h e y g a v e a t r u e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e d a t a . T a b l e 4 - 1 5 r e v i e w s t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i m p a c t ( s e n s i t i v i t y ) o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y s e l e c t t h e p r o p e r l e v e l n e e d e d f o r d e s i g n . T a b l e 4 - 1 5 . I m p a c t D e s i g n a t i o n f o r t h e M - E P D G R e s u l t s M i n i m u m o r D e s i g n a t i o n o f I m p a c t 9 5 % C I B o u n d ( Y e a r s ) M a x i m u m B o u n d ( Y e a r s ) S i g n i f i c a n t C I B o u n d > 1 M M B o u n d > 5 M o d e r a t e 1 / 2 < C I B o u n d < 1 2 < M M B o u n d < 5 N e g l i g i b l e C I B o u n d < 1 / 2 M M B o u n d < 2 T h e d e s i g n a t i o n s w e r e n o t o n l y u s e d t o m e a s u r e e a c h t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s ' p e r f o r m a n c e a g a i n s t s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s , b u t a l s o t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i m p a c t b e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . I f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n l e d t o a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e d e s i g n a t i o n a s c o m p a r e d t o a n o t h e r , t h a t p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w a s r e c o m m e n d e d . I f t h e i m p a c t s o f a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n a l y z e d w e r e s i m i l a r , t h e n L e v e l I I I d a t a ( l o w e s t a n d e a s i e s t t o i n p u t ) w a s r e c o m m e n d e d . A l l r e c o r d e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e s B - 7 t o B - l 3 o f A p p e n d i x B . 4 . 5 . 1 R i g i d P a v e m e n t A n a l y s e s 4 5 . 1 . a T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T a b l e 4 - 1 6 s u m m a r i z e s t h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e v a l u e s b a s e d o n 1 0 % s l a b s c r a c k e d f o r e a c h T T C h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a s W E I l a s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e A N O V A . 1 2 4 T a b l e 4 - 1 6 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T T C H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n fi d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M m M a x T e s t S t d . S t d . P e r f . P e r f . D e v E r r o r L i f e L i f e L o w e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n M e a n D i f f . D i f f . r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e T T C 3 6 - 0 . 1 7 3 . 0 9 0 . 5 1 - 5 . 6 7 6 . 6 7 — 1 . 2 2 0 . 8 7 C l u s t e r A v e r a g e 3 6 0 . 0 4 1 . 9 9 0 . 3 3 - 4 . 6 7 4 . 7 5 — 0 . 6 3 0 . 7 2 N . o t S r g T T C ( p = 0 . 9 2 ) M - E P D G C o m p a r a b l e C l u s t e r T T C 3 6 - 0 . 1 6 2 . 6 4 0 . 4 4 — 6 . 8 3 5 . 3 3 - 1 . 0 6 0 . 7 3 V a l u e s T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e A N O V A a n a l y s i s s u g g e s t t h a t w h i l e T T C d o e s i m p a c t p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e t h r e e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . S i n c e t h e 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s o v e r l a p , t h e T T C c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s d o n o t p r o d u c e a n o t i c e a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n l i f e b e t w e e n o n e a n o t h e r . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s c o u l d b e u s e d . H o w e v e r , t h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e a m a x i m u m u n d e r a n d o v e r p r e d i c t i o n o f a t l e a s t o n e y e a r t h a n t h e o t h e r h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e C I f o r t h e c l u s t e r T T C i s a t l e a s t h a l f a y e a r c l o s e r t o L e v e l I d a t a t h a n t h e o t h e r h i e r a r c h i c a l l e v e l s . A c c o r d i n g l y c l u s t e r T T C v a l u e s s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r b e t t e r p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e r e s u l t s . 4 . 5 . 1 . h M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A a n a l y s i s f o r t h e M D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 — 1 7 . 1 2 5 T a b l e 4 - 1 7 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r M D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A S t d . M r n M a x T e s t E r r o r P e r f . P e r f . M e a S t d . M e a L i f e L i f e L o w e D a t a l e v e l N n D e v . 1 1 D i f f . D i f f . r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e 3 - M D F 6 0 . 1 6 0 . 4 4 0 . 0 7 0 . 8 3 1 . 0 8 0 . 0 1 0 . 3 1 C l u s t e r 3 _ A v e r a g e 6 0 . 0 3 0 . 2 7 0 . 0 5 l 7 5 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 0 6 0 . 1 2 S i g . I V H D F ' ( p = 0 . 0 0 ) M - E P D G 3 _ D e f a u l t 6 - 0 . 5 3 0 . 4 5 0 . 0 7 0 7 5 0 . 6 7 - 0 . 6 8 - 0 . 3 8 M D F ' F r o m T a b l e 4 - 1 3 , t h e 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r e a c h t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a r e l e s s t h a n o n e - y e a r . T h e m a x i m u m o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i fi c d a t a w a s o n l y a n o v e r — p r e d i c t i o n i n p e r f o r m a n c e o f o n l y 1 . 7 5 y e a r s . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t M D F S h a v e a n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t o n M - E P D G p e r f o r m a n c e . W h i l e t h e A N O V A t e s t p r o v e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t , i t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f l e s s t h a n a y e a r w e r e n e g l i g i b l e f r o m a p r a c t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , s t a t e w i d e M D F S c o u l d b e u s e d f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 4 . 5 . 1 . c H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T a b l e 4 - 1 8 d i s p l a y s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e v a r i o u s H D F t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . 1 2 6 T a b l e 4 - 1 8 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r H D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M i n M a x T e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w e r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e - H D F 3 6 - 0 . 6 8 4 . 1 5 0 . 6 9 1 0 . 0 8 6 . 8 3 - 2 . 0 8 0 . 7 3 C l u s t e r A v e r a g e S i g . H D F 3 6 - 0 . 2 2 . 1 1 0 . 3 5 - 5 . 4 2 3 - 0 . 9 2 0 . 5 1 ( p = 0 . 0 0 ) M — E P D G D e f a u l t H D F 3 6 3 . 7 9 3 . 3 9 0 . 5 7 - 3 . 5 8 1 1 2 . 6 4 4 . 9 4 U n l i k e M D F S , t h e H D F s s e e m t o h a v e a m u c h m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s f o r H D F e x h i b i t u n d e r a n d o v e r p r e d i c t i o n s o f u p t o 1 1 y e a r s . W h i l e t h i s i s s u g g e s t i v e o f a n o u t l i e r , t h e n e x t w o r s e c a s e s e e n i n t h e d a t a w a s a r o u n d 9 t o 1 0 y e a r s w i t h i n b o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e M - E P D G p r o d u c e d t h e w o r s t r e s u l t s , h a v i n g a C I r o u g h l y b e t w e e n 2 . 5 a n d 5 y e a r s u n d e r p r e d i c t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e . T h i s w a s c o n f i r m e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y b y T u k e y ’ s c o n t r a s t . T h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d t h e l e a s t p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i fi c v a l u e s . T h i s i n p u t h a d a c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w i t h i n o n e - y e a r o f s i t e - s p e c i fi c v a l u e s w i t h m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s j u s t u n d e r 5 . 5 y e a r s . S t a t e w i d e H D F v a l u e s p r o d u c e d C I s t h a t e x c e e d e d a t l e a s t t w o y e a r s e i t h e r o v e r o r u n d e r p r e d i c t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e . I t w a s n o t a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t H D F w o u l d h a v e t h i s m u c h o f a n e f f e c t o n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e d u e t o t h e e f f e c t o f s l a b c u r l i n g . I t m i g h t b e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s m o d e l n e e d s t o b e c a l i b r a t e d . H o w e v e r , s i n c e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d a 1 2 7 m i n i m u m C I b o u n d t h a t i s o n e y e a r l e s s t h a n s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s , t h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n d e s i g n . 4 . 5 . 1 . d A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e A G P V h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 - 1 9 . T a b l e 4 - 1 9 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r H D F H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n fi d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M i n M a x T e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w e r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 6 — 0 . 0 1 0 . 5 0 . 0 8 - l 1 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 8 0 . 1 6 A G P V C l u s t e r N o t S i g A v e r a g e 3 6 0 . 0 4 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 6 7 0 . 5 8 - 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 ( p = 0 9 1 5 A G P V ' M - E P D G D e f a u l t 3 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 9 1 0 . 1 5 - l . 6 7 2 . 0 8 - 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 6 A G P V T a b l e 4 - 1 9 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l A G P V i n p u t s h a v e a s l i g h t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . T h e A N O V A t e s t s h o w s t h a t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e A G P V h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . M - E P D G A G P V d e f a u l t v a l u e s p r o d u c e d t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e , h a v i n g m a x i m u m u n d e r a n d o v e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e s o f c l o s e t o t w o y e a r s . H o w e v e r , t h e 9 5 % C I f o r a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e w i t h i n h a l f a y e a r f r o m s i t e s p e c i f i c d a t a a n d b o t h t h e A G P V c l u s t e r a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s h a v e m a x i m u m 1 2 8 p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e y e a r o r l e s s . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t s t a t e w i d e A G P V a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r r i g i d d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . 4 . 5 . 1 . c S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A a n a l y s i s r e s u l t f o r t h e d e v e l o p e d s i n g l e a x l e l o a d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 2 0 . T a b l e 4 - 2 0 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r S i n g l e A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n fi d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M m M a x T e s t S t d . S t d . P e r f . P e r f . D e v E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w e r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e S i n g l e A x l e 3 6 0 . 1 4 1 . 2 5 0 . 2 1 - 3 . 9 2 3 . 1 7 - 0 . 2 9 0 . 5 6 L o a d s C l u s t e r A v e r a g e S i n g l e A x l e L o a d s M - E P D G D e f a u l t S i n g l e A x l e L o a d s 3 6 0 . 0 9 1 . 3 9 0 . 2 3 - 4 . 0 8 4 . 1 7 - 0 . 3 8 0 . 5 6 N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 2 4 ) 3 6 0 . 7 3 2 . 4 5 0 . 4 1 - 3 . 8 3 8 . 1 7 — 0 . 1 1 . 5 6 T a b l e 4 - 2 0 r e v e a l s t h a t s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a s a m o d e r a t e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . M a x i m u m u n d e r a n d o v e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e s w e r e a r o u n d f o u r y e a r s , w i t h M — E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s p r o d u c i n g a n u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n e x c e e d i n g e i g h t y e a r s f o r t w o s i t e s ( s i t e 9 7 5 9 a n d s i t e 8 4 4 0 ) . Y e t a g a i n M — E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s e x h i b i t t h e m o s t v a r i a t i o n h a v i n g a p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s a m p l e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n n e a r l y t w i c e t h a t o f c l u s t e r o r s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s . T h e 9 5 % C I a l s o s e e m s t o u n d e r p r e d i c t m o r e h e a v i l y t h a n t h e o t h e r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , h a v i n g a n i n t e r v a l f r o m n e a r l y z e r o t o 1 2 9 C A T A M D A T l u - v a x e a x s E e l n f n l t d d r e a e a u e P e L e L r g “ e m o D m o a a G d d s s 3 3 6 6 0 . 1 4 3 . 5 7 4 . 9 4 . 8 0 0 . . 6 8 1 1 3 1 - _ 5 8 . . 2 0 8 4 8 1 5 ' . 2 2 S ' — i 0 g . 0 . ( P 0 ) _ 1 . 0 7 3 . 2 7 1 . 6 - 3 5 5 2 a r o u n d 1 . 5 y e a r s . S t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s s e e m n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l i n t e r m s o f m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t i o n ( m a x i m u m f o u r y e a r ) a l o n g w i t h 9 5 % C I . V a l u e s f o r t h e s e w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 y e a r s , 1 . 2 5 y e a r s a n d b o u n d s o f 0 . 5 . y e a r s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t o n l y s e v e n s i t e s e x c e e d e d o n e y e a r o f s i t e s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . I t w a s u n c l e a r a s t o w h a t w a s t h e c a u s e o f t h e s e m o r e e x t r e m e c a s e s . T h e o n e - w a y A N O V A t e s t , h o w e v e r , d i d n o t f i n d a s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i fi c a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s , t h e s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s c o u l d b e u s e d . 4 . 5 . 1 . f T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A r e s u l t f o r t a n d e m a x l e l o a d t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 2 1 . T a b l e 4 - 2 1 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V M i n M a x A T e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w . U p p . S t a t e w i d e T a n d e m 3 6 0 . 6 8 4 . 7 5 0 . 7 9 - 1 3 9 . 3 3 - 0 . 9 3 2 . 2 8 A x l e L o a d s 1 3 0 O r i g i n a l l y , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d m a x i m u m u n d e r o r o v e r p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e s i n e x c e s s o f 1 0 y e a r s , w h i c h i s h a l f t h e d e s i g n l i f e . A s u b s e q u e n t o u t l i e r a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d o n t h e d a t a t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t r e m e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t w e r e s e e n i n t h e d a t a . F o u r s i t e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d , c o n s i s t i n g o f s i t e 9 1 8 9 ( I - 2 7 5 @ P e n n ) , s i t e 8 0 4 9 ( F o w l e r v i l l e ) , s i t e 7 1 5 9 ( B a t t l e C r e e k ) a n d s i t e 7 0 2 9 ( G r a s s L a k e ) . S i t e 7 0 2 9 i s a c t u a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l h i g h o v e r p r e d i c t i o n ( n e g a t i v e ) v a l u e s . A r e v i e w o f t h i s s i t e i n d i c a t e d t h a t s o m e s l i g h t c a l i b r a t i o n d r i f t e x i s t e d . T h i s i s m o s t l i k e l y i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e e x t r e m e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s a n d i s m o s t l i k e l y a n o u t l i e r d u e t o t h e n e x t o v e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e b e i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x y e a r s . I n a n a l y z i n g t h e u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n ( p o s i t i v e ) v a l u e s , a t l e a s t s e v e n s i t e s h a d v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n n i n e y e a r s . T h e s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r w i t h t h i s h i g h o f v a r i a t i o n s e e m s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e f f e c t i s f r o m t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s r a t h e r t h a n e x t r e m e a n d p o t e n t i a l l y e r r o n e o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s f r o m a f e w s p e c i f i c s i t e s . T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s p r o d u c e i n f e r i o r r e s u l t s h a v i n g a m e a n a n d s a m p l e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e o f a l m o s t fi v e y e a r s . T h e c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l f o r t h i s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n r a n g e s f r o m t h r e e t o a l m o s t s e v e n y e a r s . T h e s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e p r e d i c t i o n h a v e m e a n s a n d c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s m u c h c l o s e r t o z e r o . H o w e v e r , t h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s e e m s t o p r o d u c e t h e m o s t c o m p a r a b l e r e s u l t s t o t h a t o f s i t e s p e c i f i c , h a v i n g a c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w i t h i n 1 . 5 y e a r s o f z e r o . C l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a l s o h a v e a C I u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e o n e y e a r l e s s t h a n s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e y s h o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 1 3 1 4 . 5 . 1 . g T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T a b l e 4 - 2 2 r e v e a l s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s u m m a r y a n d A N O V A r e s u l t f o r t h e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T a b l e 4 - 2 2 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e B a s r c S t a t i s t i c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M i n M a x T e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w . U p p . S t a t e w i d e T r i d e m A x l e 3 6 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 3 9 0 . 0 0 7 - . 1 7 0 . 0 8 - . 0 0 9 . 0 1 7 L o a d s C l u s t e r A v e r a g e T r i d e m A x l e L o a d s M - E P D G D e f a u l t T r i d e m A x l e L o a d s 3 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 5 - . 0 8 0 . 0 8 — . 0 0 5 . 0 1 4 S i g . ( p = 0 . 0 4 ) 3 6 0 . 1 1 6 0 . 3 5 7 0 . 0 6 - . 2 5 1 . 8 3 - . 0 0 5 . 2 3 6 T a b l e 4 - 2 2 r e v e a l s t h a t t r i d e m a x l e l o a d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s h a v e a n i n s i g n i fi c a n t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e m e a n , c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e a r e a l l b e t w e e n o n e a n d t h r e e m o n t h s . T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s w a s t h e M — E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s , i n w h i c h t w o s i t e s h a d p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e v a l u e s i n e x c e s s o f o n e - y e a r . S u c h a l o w d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t r i d e m a x l e s c o n t r i b u t i n g a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f o v e r a l l l o a d i n g o n t h e p a v e m e n t . T h e A N O V A t e s t r e v e a l e d t h a t a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w a s s i g n i fi c a n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . T u k e y ’ s c o n t r a s t w a s c o n d u c t e d t o i d e n t i f y i f i n d e e d t h e M E P D G d e f a u l t w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t . T h e t e s t 1 3 2 c o n t r a d i c t e d t h e A N O V A r e s u l t , h o w e v e r , f i n d i n g t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o t a n y s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g s t t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l b a n d s b e i n g w i t h i n o n e t o t h r e e m o n t h s f o r a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , s u g g e s t t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t . 4 . 5 . 1 . h Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a S u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 2 3 . T a b l e 4 - 2 3 . D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d A N O V A R e s u l t s f o r Q u a d A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n H i e r a r c h i c a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n P e r f o r m a n c e L i f e D i f f e r e n c e s i n R i g i d P a v e m e n t 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e B a s r c S t a t r s t r c s . I n t e r v a l A N O V A M i n M a x T e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w e r U p p e r S t a t e w i d e Q u a d A x l e 3 6 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 0 2 0 0 . 0 8 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 7 L o a d s C l u s t e r A v e r a g e 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N o t S i g . Q u a d A x l e ( p = 0 8 6 ) L o a d s ' M — E P D G D e f a u " 3 6 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 8 — 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 1 2 Q u a d A x l e L o a d s S i m i l a r t o d e v e l o p e d t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s s e e m t o h a v e l i t t l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . A l l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s h a v e 9 5 % C I s a n d m a x i m u m u n d e r a n d o v e r p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e v a l u e s o f l e s s t h a n a m o n t h . T h i s i s m o s t l i k e l y d u e t o q u a d a x l e s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o s u c h a s m a l l a m o u n t o f t h e o v e r a l l l o a d i n g s e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e p a v e m e n t . 1 3 3 T h e A N O V A a n a l y s i s v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a . S i n c e a l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e t h e s a m e n e g l i g i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e a s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e c a n b e u s e d f o r t h i s i n p u t . 4 . 5 . 2 F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t A n a l y s i s F o l l o w i n g t h e r i g i d a n a l y s e s , t h e f l e x i b l e r u n s w e r e c o n d u c t e d . S i n c e t h e f l e x i b l e r u n s t a k e a s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o n g e r t i m e p e r i o d t h a n r i g i d p a v e m e n t t o p r o c e s s t h e r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g o u t p u t s , u p t o 1 5 t i m e s l o n g e r f o r s o m e c a s e s , c a r e w a s t a k e n t o e f f i c i e n t l y p e r f o r m r u n s . F r o m t h e r i g i d a n a l y s i s , i t w a s s e e n t h a t i n n e a r l y e v e r y c a s e , t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t t r a f f i c i n p u t p r o d u c e d e i t h e r t h e m o s t v a r y i n g p r e d i c t i o n l i f e o r h a d t h e m o s t s u b s t a n t i a l a v e r a g e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . T h e r e f o r e , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o e x c l u d e t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t v a l u e s i n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n r u n s . A s p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g w e r e s h o w n t o b e i m p a c t e d b y t h e v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d a r e a c c o r d i n g l y a s s e s s e d f o r t h e f l e x i b l e r u n s . T o m e a s u r e t h e i m p a c t t h a t t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s h a d o n t h e s e d i s t r e s s e s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e , t h e f o l l o w i n g w a s c o n d u c t e d : 0 D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s t o s u m m a r i z e t h e d a t a 0 P a i r e d I - t e s t b e t w e e n s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e U n l e s s t h e r e i s a s t r o n g r e a s o n n o t t o , t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e i n r i g i d d e s i g n w i l l b e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r f l e x i b l e t o m a i n t a i n c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e . 1 3 4 4 . 5 . 2 . a T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e T T C c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s ’ p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e p e r f o r m a n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 - 2 4 . T a b l e 4 - 2 4 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T T C C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l M i n M a x t - t e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . D a t a S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w . U p p . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 6 6 5 2 . 7 1 3 0 . 4 8 7 — 2 . 6 7 1 1 . 4 2 - 0 . 3 3 1 . 6 6 1 T T C N o t S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 5 0 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 5 3 5 2 . 6 0 . 4 6 7 - 3 . 0 8 1 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 4 1 9 1 . 4 8 8 T T C G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 4 3 4 1 . 9 3 4 0 . 3 4 7 - l . 8 3 6 . 3 3 - 0 . 2 7 6 1 . 1 4 3 T T C N o t S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 5 7 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 3 0 4 1 . 6 8 1 0 . 3 0 2 - 2 . 3 3 5 . 6 7 - 0 . 3 1 3 0 . 9 2 T T C W h e n c o m p a r e d t o r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e T T C c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w a s f o u n d t o b e s l i g h t l y l e s s v a r i a b l e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s i t e 9 7 5 9 ( C u t l e r v i l l e ) . T h i s s i g h t w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m i n i m u m a n d m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 . 5 a n d 1 0 . 2 5 y e a r s f o r s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s . T h e n e x t m a x i m u m v a l u e w a s r o u g h l y f i v e y e a r s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t S i t e 9 7 5 9 i s m o s t l i k e l y a n o u t l i e r . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e d a t a a p p r o a c h e d a l m o s t 1 3 5 t h r e e y e a r s f o r b o t h T T C t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , w i t h c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l b o u n d s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 . 5 y e a r s o r l e s s . T h e p a i r e d t - t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 — 2 4 . T h i s l a c k o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e p a i r e d t — t e s t s u p p o r t s t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n . W h i l e n o t a s p r o n o u n c e d a s r u t t i n g p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e , t h e p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e v a l u e s b a s e d o n f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g e x h i b i t e d a m a x i m u m u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t l i f e a r o u n d s i x y e a r s f o r b o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . T h e 9 5 % C I s w e r e s i m i l a r h a v i n g a n o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e o f l e s s t h a n h a l f a y e a r a n d a n u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - y e a r . T h e l a c k o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f r o m t h e p a i r e d t — t e s t a g a i n s u p p o r t s t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s . A c c o r d i n g l y , L e v e l I I I T T C d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d i n f l e x i b l e d e s i g n . D e s p i t e t h e l a c k o f i m p r o v e m e n t b e t w e e n s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e v a l u e s a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s , h o w e v e r , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s b e u s e d f o r c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h r i g i d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 4 . 5 . 2 . b M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g f o r t h e t w o a n a l y z e d M D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 4 - 2 5 . 1 3 6 T a b l e 4 - 2 5 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r M D F C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l M i n M a x t - t e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w . U p p . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 0 3 5 0 . 4 7 0 . 0 8 4 - 0 . 9 1 7 0 . 9 1 7 - 0 . 1 3 8 0 . 2 0 7 M D F N o t S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 9 2 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 0 2 7 0 . 2 2 7 0 . 0 4 1 - 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 6 7 - 0 . 0 5 6 0 . 1 1 M D F G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 1 4 8 0 . 4 4 4 0 . 0 8 - 0 . 5 8 3 1 . 9 1 7 - 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 3 1 1 M D F S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 0 5 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 0 5 1 0 . 3 3 6 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 4 1 7 1 . 6 6 7 - 0 . 0 7 2 0 . 1 7 4 M D F T a b l e 4 - 2 5 r e v e a l s t h a t s i m i l a r t o r i g i d p a v e m e n t , M D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s d o n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f o r e i t h e r d i s t r e s s . B o t h s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s h a v e a m a x i m u m o f t w o y e a r ’ s d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t l i f e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , b o t h h a v e 9 5 % C I s f o r p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e o f l e s s t h a n t h r e e m o n t h s i n d i c a t i n g v e r y l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n a c r o s s s i t e s . T h e t - t e s t f o r r u t t i n g w a s f o u n d t o n o t b e s i g n i f i c a n t w h i l e f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g r e v e a l e d a s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . H o w e v e r , t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s c a n b e m e a s u r e d i n m o n t h s a n d a s s u c h a r e p r a c t i c a l l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t . C o n s e q u e n t l y , s t a t e w i d e M D F S c a n b e u s e d f o r f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 1 3 7 4 . 5 . 2 . c H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e w a s c o m p l e t e l y u n a f f e c t e d b y t h e H D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p l a c e d i n t h e M E P D G , u n l i k e r i g i d p a v e m e n t . T h i s w a s t r u e f o r b o t h r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g . C o n s e q u e n t l y , d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d a t - t e s t a r e n o t a p p l i c a b l e h e r e . T h e l a c k o f v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e fl e x i b l e d e s i g n y e t s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e r i g i d d e s i g n f u r t h e r s u p p o r t s t h a t t h e H D F m o d e l m i g h t n e e d t o b e m o d i f i e d . S i n c e t h i s i s a n e x t r e m e c o n t r a s t t o r i g i d p a v e m e n t , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s f o r [ H D F b e u s e d f o r f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t a n a l y s e s . 1 4 . 5 . 2 . d A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s p r o d u c e d f o r t h e A G P V t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 2 6 . T a b l e 4 - 2 6 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r A G P V C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l S t d M i n M a x t - t e s t S t d . ' P e r f . P e r f . N M e a n D e v . I 1 5 . / [ n o r L i f e L i f e L o w . U p p . D a t a l e v e l e a “ D i f f . D i f f . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 - 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 5 5 4 0 . 1 - 1 1 . 0 8 3 - 0 . 2 3 5 0 . 1 7 2 A G P V N o t S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 9 3 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 - 0 . 0 4 1 0 . 4 0 4 0 . 0 7 3 - 0 . 8 3 3 0 . 9 1 7 — 0 . 1 8 9 0 . 1 0 8 A G P V G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 1 - 0 . 0 3 4 0 . 3 3 4 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 8 3 3 0 . 9 1 7 - 0 . 1 5 6 0 . 0 8 9 A G P V N o t S i g . C l u s t e r ( p = 0 . 4 7 ) A v e r a g e 3 1 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 1 8 5 0 . 0 3 3 - 0 . 5 8 3 0 . 3 3 3 - 0 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 7 3 A G P V 1 3 8 T a b l e 4 - 2 6 r e v e a l s t h a t A G P V h a s n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n l i f e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g o r f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g . T h e m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e a t t a i n e d a t a n y i n d i v i d u a l s i t e f o r e i t h e r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e y e a r . T h e 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f o r b o t h s e t s o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e w i t h i n t w o m o n t h s o f z e r o f o r b o t h d i s t r e s s e s . T h e s i m i l a r i t y i n r e s u l t s i s s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y a l a c k o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e t - t e s t s f o r b o t h d i s t r e s s e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . 4 . 5 . 2 . e S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g f o r t h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 - 2 7 . F r o m T a b l e 4 - 2 7 , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n i n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c l u s t e r a n d s t a t e w i d e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . B o t h h a v e m a x i m u m u n d e r a n d o v e r p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o n e a n d t w o y e a r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r r u t t i n g d i s t r e s s a n d t w o a n d t h r e e y e a r s f o r f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g . A d d i t i o n a l l y 9 5 % C I s a r e w i t h i n h a l f a y e a r o f z e r o f o r b o t h c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e p a i r e d t - t e s t p e r f o r m e d o n t h e s e t w o s e t s o f d a t a f o r b o t h d i s t r e s s e s a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e t w o t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s d o n o t p r o d u c e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e v a l u e s t h a t a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r . T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d i n g s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . 1 3 9 T a b l e 4 - 2 7 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r S i n g l e A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n fi d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i r g ) I n t e r v a l ' S d S t d ' 1 1 : 4 1 ? 3 4 a : m y I . e . e r . N M e a “ D e v . 5 : ; L i f e L i f e L O W “ U p p ‘ D a t a l e v e l D i f f . D i f f . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e S i n g l e 3 1 - 0 . 1 3 7 0 . 6 7 4 0 . 1 2 1 — 2 1 — 0 . 3 8 5 0 . 1 1 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 5 7 4 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e S i n g l e 3 1 - 0 . 1 2 1 0 . 6 8 2 0 . 1 2 2 - 2 . 0 8 3 1 . 1 6 7 - 0 . 3 7 1 0 . 1 2 9 A x l e L o a d s G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e S i n g l e 3 1 - 0 . 0 4 5 1 . 0 3 7 0 . 1 8 6 - 2 . 8 3 3 1 . 9 1 7 - 0 . 4 2 6 0 . 3 3 5 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 7 5 1 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e S i n c l e 3 1 — 0 . 0 6 4 1 . 0 2 1 0 . 1 8 3 — 2 . 8 3 3 1 . 8 3 3 - 0 . 4 3 9 0 . 3 1 D A x l e L o a d s 4 . 5 . 2 . f T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a S u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s a n d t h e t - t e s t r e s u l t s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g f o r t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 4 - 2 8 . 1 4 0 T a b l e 4 - 2 8 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l S t d S t d ‘ 1 1 3 3 ? 1 1 1 : ? H e “ N M e a n D e v . I E / [ r r o r L i f e L i f e L o w . U p p . D a t a l e v e l c a n D i f f . D i f f . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e T a n d e m 3 1 0 . 1 8 1 . 1 3 4 0 . 2 0 4 - 2 . 2 5 3 - 0 . 2 3 6 0 . 5 9 6 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 1 2 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e T a n d e m 3 1 — 0 . 0 4 3 0 . 8 1 9 0 . 1 4 7 - 2 . 2 5 1 . 9 1 7 — 0 . 3 4 4 0 . 2 5 7 A x l e L o a d s G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e T a n d e m 3 1 0 . 5 7 5 1 . 2 5 3 0 . 2 2 5 - 1 . 9 1 7 3 . 9 1 7 0 . 1 1 6 1 . 0 3 5 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 1 6 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e T a n d e m 3 1 0 . 2 1 5 1 . 0 3 2 0 . 1 8 5 - 2 3 . 4 1 7 - 0 . 1 6 3 0 . 5 9 4 A x l e L o a d s T h e e f f e c t o f t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n b a s e d o n r u t t i n g p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e i s m u c h l e s s p r o n o u n c e d t h a n t h a t f o r p e r c e n t s l a b s c r a c k e d i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t . U n l i k e m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o v e r 1 3 y e a r s i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t , m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t b a s e d a r e o n l y t h r e e a n d f o u r y e a r s b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e 1 4 1 c r a c k i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e t - t e s t t o c o m p a r e t h e t w o t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s ’ p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s b a s e d o n e i t h e r d i s t r e s s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . H o w e v e r , i t d o e s a p p e a r t h a t t h e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e f o r t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a y i e l d s p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e 9 5 % C I b o u n d s a l m o s t h a l f a y e a r l e s s t h a n t h e s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , s i m i l a r t o r i g i d d e s i g n , c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 4 . 5 . 2 . g T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g f o r t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 2 9 . 7 T a b l e 4 - 2 9 s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g i s r e l a t i v e l y u n a f f e c t e d b y t h e c h a n g e s i n t r i d e m a x l e l o a d i n g s p e c t r a f r o m t h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t l i f e p e r f o r m a n c e f o r e i t h e r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n u s i n g e i t h e r d i s t r e s s i s o n l y a t h i r d o f a y e a r . S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s a r e a m o n t h o r l e s s f o r b o t h a s w e l l . T h e 9 5 % C I f o r p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e i s a c t u a l l y a m a x i m u m o f t w o w e e k s w i t h i n s i t e s p e c i f i c v a l u e s f o r b o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e t w o t r i d e m a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s e x h i b i t s i m i l a r p e r f o r m a n c e . T h i s i s s u p p o r t e d b y a t - t e s t r e s u l t o f n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g w h i l e i t i s c o n t r a d i c t e d b y a s i g n i fi c a n t r e s u l t f o r r u t t i n g . D e s p i t e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s , f r o m a p r a c t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e , a d i f f e r e n c e o f w e e k s i n p e r f o r m a n c e i s n e g l i g i b l e . C o n s e q u e n t l y s t a t e w i d e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d v a l u e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 1 4 2 T a b l e 4 - 2 9 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l S t d M i n M a x t — t e s t S t d . ‘ P e r f . P e r f . N M e a n D e v . ‘ E / I r r o r L i f e L i f e L o w . U p p . D a t a l e v e l ” a “ D i f f . D i f f . S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 T r i d e m 1 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 . 1 6 7 0 . 1 6 7 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 4 6 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 0 0 9 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e 3 T r i d e m 0 0 . 0 2 2 0 . 0 8 4 0 . 0 1 5 - 0 . 0 8 3 0 . 3 3 3 - 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 5 4 A x l e L o a d s G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e 3 T r i d e m 1 0 . 0 3 6 0 . 1 1 1 0 . 0 ? - 0 . 1 6 7 0 . 5 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 7 7 A x l e L o a d s S i g . ( 0 : 0 . 3 9 3 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e 2 0 0 0 7 6 0 0 4 0 T r i d e m 9 0 . 1 1 . . 1 - . 1 6 7 0 . 1 6 7 - 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 4 A x l e L o a d s 4 . 5 . 2 . b Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e s u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s a n d r - t e s t r e s u l t s f o r t h e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e b a s e d o n r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e c r a c k i n g f o r t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 — 3 0 . 1 4 3 T a b l e 4 - 3 0 . P a v e m e n t L i f e D i f f e r e n c e D e s c r i p t i v e S t a t i s t i c s a n d t - t e s t B a s e d o n R u t t i n g a n d F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g f o r T r i d e m A x l e L o a d D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s 9 5 % C o n f i d e n c e G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( R u t t i n g ) I n t e r v a l M i n M a x t - t e s t S t d . P e r f . P e r f . S t d . E r r o r L i f e L i f e D a t a l e v e l N M e a n D e v . M e a n D i f f . D i f f . L o w . U p p S t a t e w i d e A 5 3 ? 3 1 0 . 1 1 8 1 . 8 2 4 0 . 3 2 8 _ 2 . 7 5 4 . 0 8 3 — 0 . 5 5 1 0 . 7 8 7 A x l e L o a d s N o t S i g . ( p = 0 . 8 6 ) C l u s t e r A 5 3 ? 2 9 — 0 . 1 1 4 1 . 3 4 7 0 . 2 5 - 2 3 3 3 3 . 2 5 — 0 . 6 2 7 0 . 3 9 8 A x l e L o a d s G r o u p S t a t i s t i c s ( F a t i g u e C r a c k i n g ) S t a t e w i d e A é i r j f e 3 1 0 . 1 2 1 0 . 6 9 2 0 . 1 2 4 — 1 . 0 8 3 2 — 0 . 1 3 3 0 . 3 7 5 A x l e L o a d s S i g . ( p = 0 . 2 6 ) C l u s t e r A v e r a g e Q u a d 2 8 - 0 . 0 5 4 0 . 5 0 4 0 . 0 9 5 - 0 . 8 3 3 0 . 9 1 7 - 0 . 2 4 9 0 . 1 4 2 A x l e L o a d s U n l i k e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a , t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s s e e m t o h a v e a m o d e r a t e i m p a c t o n t h e p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . T h e m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e p r e d i c t i o n w a s 4 y e a r s a n d 2 y e a r s u s i n g s t a t e w i d e q u a d a x l e l o a d i n g s f o r r u t t i n g a n d f a t i g u e d i s t r e s s e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r u t t i n g i s h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e t o o v e r a l l a p p l i e d l o a d . T h e h e a v y ( e r r o n e o u s ) l o a d i n g c o u l d b e 1 4 4 e x a c e r b a t i n g t h i s e f f e c t . F r o m T a b l e 4 - 3 0 , i t s e e m s t h a t c l u s t e r a v e r a g e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a v a l u e s h a v e l o w e r m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e v a l u e s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e y e a r , a l t h o u g h 9 5 % C I s a r e a l l w i t h i n a h a l f a y e a r o f z e r o f o r b o t h d i s t r e s s e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y t - t e s t s f o r b o t h d i s t r e s s e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t s t a t e w i d e q u a d a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s c a n b e u s e d f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . 4 . 5 . 2 . i S u m m a r y C o m p a r i s o n s i n t h e M - E P D G p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s i t e - s p e c i f i c d a t a a n d t h e d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s y i e l d e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i m p a c t o f t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t o n p e r f o r m a n c e . T h i s l e d t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f o r e a c h t r a f f i c i n p u t . T h e f o l l o w i n g s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s u l t s f o u n d i n t h i s s e c t i o n . A l l t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s n o t p r e s e n t e d h e r e c a n b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x H . o T T C s i g n i fi c a n t l y i m p a c t s p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e a n d m o d e r a t e l y a f f e c t s f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s h a d 9 5 % C I s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 y e a r a n d m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e x c e s s o f 5 y e a r s . S i n c e T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t p r o d u c e d a C I b o u n d h a l f a y e a r l e s s t h a n t h e o t h e r t w o c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d h a d m a x i m u m v a l u e s u n d e r 5 y e a r s , T T C c l u s t e r s w e r e s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e i n r i g i d d e s i g n . A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s n o o b s e r v a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n i m p a c t b e t w e e n c l u S t e r a v e r a g e s a n d s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s , T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a r e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d f o r fl e x i b l e d e s i g n f o r c o n s i s t e n c y . T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 3 1 . 1 4 5 T a b l e 4 - 3 1 . C l u s t e r T T C A v e r a g e s C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 4 1 . 6 6 1 . 6 8 2 . 0 8 5 1 3 . 0 1 2 7 . 3 5 4 9 . 7 8 6 3 . 2 7 5 . 5 7 6 . 6 2 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 9 5 1 . 0 9 8 3 . 8 6 4 . 9 3 4 . 2 7 9 6 4 . 3 5 4 2 . 3 9 2 2 . 0 8 1 0 6 . 4 2 7 . 9 0 6 . 4 3 1 1 1 . 5 9 1 . 1 1 0 . 4 1 1 2 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 7 0 . 0 4 1 3 5 . 1 1 7 . 9 5 7 . 2 0 0 M D F S h a d a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e d e v e l o p e d M D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c o l l e c t i v e l y p r o d u c e d a m a x i m u m o f 2 y e a r s d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t l i f e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . T h e 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s w e r e a l l w e l l w i t h i n h a l f a y e a r . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 3 2 f o r t h e s e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d . T a b l e 4 - 3 2 . S t a t e w i d e M D F A v e r a g e s M o n . V C 4 V C 5 V C 6 V C 7 V C 8 V C 9 V C l O V C 1 1 V C 1 2 V C 1 3 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 2 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 3 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 4 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 5 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 6 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 6 1 . 1 6 1 . 1 6 7 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 8 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 0 8 1 . 0 8 1 . 0 8 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 9 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 0 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 3 0 . 8 3 0 . 8 3 1 4 6 o H D F s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p a c t p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e b u t h a v e a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . U s e o f s t a t e w i d e a n d t h e M — E P D G t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s d e f a u l t s p r o d u c e d d e s i g n l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e x c e s s o f 1 0 y e a r s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . U s e o f H D F c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s , h o w e v e r , p r o d u c e d m a x i m u m p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o n l y 5 y e a r s , w i t h a 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w i t h i n a y e a r o f s i t e s p e c i fi c v a l u e s . C l u s t e r a v e r a g e H D F s s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . I n c o n t r a s t , H D F c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d a b s o l u t e l y n o d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . S i n c e t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s s u b s t a n t i a l b e t w e e n d e s i g n s , s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s c a n b e u s e d f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t . B o t h c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e v a l u e s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 3 3 . T a b l e 4 - 3 3 . H D F C l u s t e r a n d S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e s H o u r C l u s t C l u s t C l u s t S t a t e H o u r C l u s t C l u s t C l u s t S t a t e 1 2 3 A v g 1 2 3 A v g 0 2 . 5 2 1 . 7 8 1 . 0 5 1 . 6 2 1 2 5 . 6 0 6 . 3 1 7 . 2 4 6 . 5 5 1 2 . 2 2 1 . 6 4 0 . 8 9 1 . 4 5 1 3 5 . 5 8 6 . 1 6 7 . 1 2 6 . 4 4 2 2 . 1 1 1 . 6 6 0 . 9 7 1 . 4 6 1 4 5 . 4 8 5 . 8 9 6 . 9 7 6 . 2 4 3 2 . 3 3 2 . 0 0 1 . 2 2 1 . 7 5 1 5 5 . 3 6 5 . 5 4 6 . 6 2 5 . 9 3 4 2 . 6 7 2 . 5 9 1 . 7 4 2 . 2 7 1 6 5 . 3 3 5 . 0 1 5 . 4 9 5 . 2 5 5 3 . 1 1 3 . 6 8 2 . 6 0 3 . 1 6 1 7 4 . 9 8 4 . 4 4 4 . 5 4 4 . 5 7 6 3 . 7 1 4 . 4 9 4 . 3 2 4 . 2 9 1 8 4 . 7 0 3 . 9 4 3 . 4 6 3 . 8 8 7 4 . 1 6 5 . 2 4 6 . 0 8 5 . 3 8 1 9 4 . 4 8 3 . 3 9 2 . 8 2 3 . 3 5 8 4 . 9 1 6 . 0 6 7 . 4 2 6 . 3 9 2 0 4 . 1 3 2 . 9 5 2 . 3 0 2 . 9 0 9 5 . 3 2 6 . 5 1 7 . 4 3 6 . 6 7 2 1 3 . 7 5 2 . 6 4 2 . 0 0 2 . 5 8 1 0 5 . 5 8 6 . 6 0 7 . 3 3 6 . 7 1 2 2 3 . 3 7 2 . 4 2 1 . 6 3 2 . 2 7 1 1 5 . 6 8 6 . 5 0 7 . 4 1 6 . 7 1 2 3 2 . 9 2 2 . 1 7 1 . 3 4 1 . 9 7 o A G P V h a d a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s w a s o n l y t w o — y e a r s . A d d i t i o n a l l y 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r p r e d i c t e d 1 4 7 p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f e l l w e l l w i t h i n h a l f a y e a r o f z e r o . S t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c a n b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t a n d a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 3 4 . T a b l e 4 - 3 4 . A G P V S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e s V e h i c l e c l a s s S i n g l e T a n d e m T r i d e m Q u a d 1 . 6 5 0 . 3 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 ‘ 2 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 5 8 0 . 3 7 F 2 . 2 8 0 . 7 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 . 2 9 1 . 8 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 . 5 4 1 . 0 0 0 . 3 3 0 . 5 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 . 9 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 . 8 5 0 . 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 3 1 . 4 0 0 . 3 6 0 . 6 2 S i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a v e a m o d e r a t e e f f e c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . C l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s h a d C I s w i t h i n a y e a r , w i t h m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m a r e a r o u n d f o u r y e a r s d i f f e r e n c e f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t a n d l e s s t h a n t h r e e y e a r s f o r fl e x i b l e . T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s w e r e h i g h e r t h a n t h i s f o r b o t h p a v e m e n t t y p e s . C l u s t e r a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d c o m p a r a b l e r e s u l t s , h a v i n g m a x i m u m o v e r o r u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e s w i t h i n o n e y e a r o f e a c h o t h e r f o r b o t h p a v e m e n t t y p e s . T h e 9 5 % C I s w e r e w i t h i n m o n t h s o f e a c h o t h e r i n d i c a t i n g t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t . D u e t o t h e s i z e o f t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a t a b l e s , t h e y w e r e p l a c e d i n T a b l e s H - l l t h r o u g h H - 3 2 i n A p p e n d i x H f o r r e f e r e n c e . T a n d e m a x l e l o a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p a c t e d p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h a d a m o d e r a t e i n f l u e n c e o n f l e x i b l e . M a x i m u m p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s e x c e e d e d 1 0 y e a r s f o r a l l d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . C I s w e r e i n e x c e s s o f o n e y e a r f o r s t a t e w i d e 1 4 8 a n d c l u s t e r v a l u e w h e r e a s t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s h a d v a l u e s b e t w e e n 3 t o 6 y e a r s . H o w e v e r , t h e m a x i m u m u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n C I b o u n d f o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s w a s a l m o s t o n e y e a r b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s w e r e s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e i n p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . F l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t e x p e r i e n c e d m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f u n d e r f i v e y e a r s . C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s w e r e w i t h i n t w o y e a r s o f z e r o , C l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d 9 5 % C I s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a q u a r t e r o f a y e a r b e t t e r t h a n s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s , w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l l y d o e s n o t w a r r a n t t h e i r u s e . H o w e v e r , t o s t a y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r i g i d d e s i g n , c l u s t e r v a l u e s a r e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d f o r fl e x i b l e d e s i g n . T r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a v e a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s o n r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e r e m a i n i n g t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o n l y 0 . 5 y e a r s . T h e c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r a l l t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e w i t h i n m o n t h s o f z e r o . C o n s e q u e n t l y , s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c a n b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t . Q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a d o n o t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e b u t h a v e a m o d e r a t e e f f e c t o n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s s e e n a c r o s s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . M e a n s , 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , a n d m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e w e r e e i t h e r z e r o o r w i t h i n m o n t h s o f z e r o . T h i s s u g g e s t s s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t . T r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d a m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e 1 4 9 d i f f e r e n c e f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r y e a r s a n d w a s n o t i c e d p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e r u t t i n g d i s t r e s s . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w a s w i t h i n o n e f o r b o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . B e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , t h e r e w a s n e g l i g i b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n C 1 8 , a g a i n w a r r a n t i n g u s e o f s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s . 0 T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s w e r e i n f e r i o r i n p u t s t o s t a t e w i d e o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s . I n g e n e r a l , s t a t e w i d e o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s t h a t w e r e f a r c l o s e r t o t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s t h a n t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s a r e n o t r e c o m m e n d e d f o r u s e i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . 4 . 6 S E L E C T I O N O F A P P R O P R I A T E T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N O n c e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e y c o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n d e s i g n . F o r t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t s t h a t o n l y n e e d s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s , s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c i n p u t i s a u t o m a t i c . H o w e v e r , f o r t h e t r a f fi c i n p u t s t h a t r e q u i r e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s , t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 4 c o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d t o s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . T h e t r a f f i c i n p u t s i d e n t i f i e d a s n e e d i n g L e v e l I I d a t a a t a m i n i m u m a r e s t a t e d b e l o w . D i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d f o r t h e s e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s t o a i d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c l u s t e r t o u s e i n d e s i g n . 0 T T C 0 H D F ( R i g i d o n l y ) 0 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 5 0 W h i l e t h e r e a r e m a n y o u t p u t s i n S P S S a s d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 3 , t h e o u t p u t s t h a t w i l l b e s u m m a r i z e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n t h a t p e r t a i n t o t h e m o d e l o r f u n c t i o n s a s a w h o l e a r e : 0 E i g e n v a l u e a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n o W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t f o r m o d e l s i g n i f i c a n c e 0 S t a n d a r d i z e d c a n o n i c a l d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s 0 F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s T h e f o l l o w i n g h i g h l i g h t s t h e s e o u t p u t s f o r e a c h o f t h e n e e d e d t r a f f i c i n p u t s . 4 . 6 . 1 T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T h e e i g e n v a l u e a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e T T C d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 3 5 . T a b l e 4 - 3 5 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r T T C D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s F u n c t i o n _ % o f C u m u l a t i v e C a n o n i c a l E i g e n v a l u e V a r i a n c e % C o r r e l a t i o n 1 6 . 8 3 7 8 8 . 7 8 8 . 7 . 9 3 4 2 0 . 8 7 4 1 1 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 . 6 8 3 F r o m T a b l e 4 - 3 5 , i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t f i r s t f u n c t i o n d i s c r i m i n a t e s t h e T T C v a r i a b l e s u f f i c i e n t l y , a s i t h a s a h i g h e i g e n v a l u e o f 6 . 8 3 7 a n d a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n o f 0 . 9 3 . T h i s f u n c t i o n s a c c o u n t s f o r m o s t o f t h e v a r i a n c e a t o v e r 8 8 % . T h e s e c o n d f u n c t i o n i s l e s s d i s c r i m i n a t o r y , h a v i n g a s m a l l e r e i g e n v a l u e o f 0 . 8 7 4 a n d w e a k e r c o r r e l a t i o n o f o n l y 0 . 6 8 3 , a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e r e s t o f t h e v a r i a n c e . T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e m o d e l f u n c t i o n s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 — 3 6 . T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t w a s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t ( p < < 0 . 0 5 ) , a n d h a d a W i l k ’ s L a m b d a v a l u e o f 0 . 0 6 8 . B o t h m e a s u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m o d e l s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s c r i m i n a t e s t h e T T C d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . 1 5 1 - l L “ J - I _ ! " 1 T a b l e 4 - 3 6 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i f i c a n c e o f M o d e l T e s t o f W i l k s ' C h i - d f S i g F u n c t i o n L a m b d a s q u a r e ' 1 t h r o u g h 2 . 0 6 8 6 8 . 5 1 5 3 2 . 0 0 0 2 . 5 3 4 1 6 . 0 1 4 1 5 . 3 8 1 N o w t h a t t h e m o d e l i s s h o w n t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s c r i m i n a t o r y , t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n d e p e n d e n t v a l u e s c a n b e e x p l o r e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h v a r i a b l e s h a v e t h e m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r . T h e s t a n d a r d i z e d c a n o n i c a l d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 3 7 . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s p e r c e n t a g e s a r e r e m o v e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e i f a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t w a s a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e i s n o n e e d t o u s e t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . T a b l e 4 - 3 7 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s F u n c t i o n P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e 1 2 R e g i o n . 5 2 2 . 5 5 9 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s . 2 9 6 . 1 8 8 0 0 d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 0 8 1 - 1 . 7 5 5 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 8 7 0 1 . 0 6 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % - 1 . 0 8 2 . 0 3 8 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % 1 . 3 8 5 . 9 9 5 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - . 8 6 4 - . 7 0 0 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % - . 2 8 6 - . 9 1 5 T o t a l T o n s . 5 8 0 . 8 7 9 A A D T T - 1 . 0 2 5 - . 1 2 4 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 2 4 7 . 0 7 5 R o a d C l a s s . 1 3 5 - . 4 6 3 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % . 6 6 3 . 6 5 3 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 1 . 2 8 6 . 1 1 4 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 4 3 7 . 8 4 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % - . 0 6 1 - . 7 6 0 1 5 2 T a b l e 4 - 3 7 s h o w s t h a t R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s P r o d u c t s T r u c k % , P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % , A A D T T , a n d M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % p o s s e s s t h e m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r f o r f u n c t i o n 1 . T h e F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % , F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % a n d R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % a r e t h e m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y v a r i a b l e s i n F u n c t i o n 2 . . T h e F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r c l a s s i f y i n g t h e T T C d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 4 - 3 8 . T a b l e 4 - 3 8 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r T T C V a r i a b l e T T C 1 2 3 R e g i o n 3 . 6 5 9 5 . 8 4 1 5 . 1 5 1 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - . 0 0 4 . 3 5 3 . 2 9 2 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 1 8 4 - . 3 1 8 1 . 3 2 7 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 3 1 6 0 2 1 . 4 4 0 - . 2 0 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 3 . 0 1 7 - 4 . 3 4 0 - 5 . 0 2 1 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - 1 0 . 0 5 1 - 2 . 1 1 8 - 3 . 7 1 7 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % 7 . 9 0 0 - 2 . 8 4 4 — . 3 4 6 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 5 . 5 8 3 3 . 0 4 2 5 . 1 1 7 T o t a l T o n s 5 . 2 7 8 E - 7 8 . 6 0 1 E - 7 7 . 1 2 0 E - 7 A A D T T . 0 0 4 - . 0 0 3 - . 0 0 3 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 2 0 . 9 2 4 — 2 5 . 2 0 2 - 2 6 . 1 3 2 R o a d C l a s s 1 5 . 4 0 4 1 5 . 9 7 3 1 8 . 1 5 7 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % - 1 . 1 1 5 1 2 . 4 6 2 8 . 5 3 3 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 1 4 3 1 . 8 1 1 1 . 8 8 7 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 7 7 2 1 . 5 1 7 1 . 1 0 7 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r a c k % . 8 0 0 . 4 6 2 1 . 0 1 2 ( C o n s t a n t ) - 4 0 . 5 0 2 - 3 7 . 8 8 2 - 3 8 . 2 4 5 1 5 3 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a l g o r i t h m a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 3 9 . T a b l e 4 - 3 9 . C l a s s i f i e d S i t e s i n t o T T C C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s T T C P r e d i c t e d G r o u p M e m b e r s h i p T o t a l 1 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 C o u n t 2 0 1 5 1 1 6 3 0 3 O r i g i n a l 6 9 1 1 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 . 0 9 3 . 8 6 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 3 . 0 3 3 . 3 6 6 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 3 9 r e v e a l t h a t 8 8 . 9 % o f s i t e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d i n t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l g r o u p s . W h i l e n o t a s h i g h a s t h e H D F v a r i a b l e , t h i s s t i l l p r o v i d e s a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o c e d u r e f o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e T T C c l u s t e r a s i t e b e l o n g s t o . 4 . 6 . 2 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r W h i l e t h e r e s u l t s o f H D F h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 3 , i t i s s t a t e d a g a i n f o r c o m p l e t e n e s s . T h e e i g e n v a l u e a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n d e v e l o p e d f o r e a c h o f t h e f u n c t i o n s i s c o n t a i n e d i n T a b l e 4 - 4 0 . T a b l e 4 - 4 0 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r H D F D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s F n t ' n E ' e n v a l e % o f C u m u l a t i v e C a n o n i c a l u C 1 0 1 g u V a r i a n c e % C o r r e l a t i o n 1 6 . 7 3 9 8 2 . 8 8 2 . 8 . 9 3 3 2 1 . 3 9 7 1 7 . 2 1 0 0 . 0 . 7 6 3 T a b l e 4 - 4 0 r e v e a l s t h a t f u n c t i o n 1 d i s c r i m i n a t e s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w e l l , h a v i n g a h i g h e i g e n v a l u e a n d a c o r r e l a t i o n c l o s e t o 1 ( 0 . 9 3 ) , e x p l a i n i n g o v e r 8 3 % o f t h e v a r i a n c e . T h i s s e c o n d f u n c t i o n h a s l e s s a b i l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n c l u s t e r , h a v i n g a n e i g e n v a l u e o f 1 . 3 9 7 a n d a c o r r e l a t i o n o f o n l y 0 . 7 6 . 1 5 4 T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e f u n c t i o n s c r e a t e d i n t h e m o d e l p r o d u c e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 1 . T a b l e 4 - 4 1 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i f i c a n c e o f H D F M o d e l T e s t o f W i l k s ' C h i - d f S i c F u n c t i o n s L a m b d a s q u a r e D ' 1 t h r o u g h 2 . 0 5 4 7 1 . 5 5 3 3 6 . 0 0 0 . 1 2 . 4 1 7 2 1 . 4 2 0 1 7 . 2 0 8 T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 1 s t a t e s t h a t t h e o v e r a l l m o d e l p r o d u c e s k m e a n d i s c r i m i n a n t s c o r e s f o r t h e c l u s t e r s t h a t a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T h e i W i l k ’ s L a m b d a i s a l s o c l o s e t o z e r o . C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e m o d e l d i s c r i m i n a t e s w e l l . T h i s a l l o w s f o r t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d c a n o n i c a l d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s t o b e e v a l u a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e d i s c r i m i n a t e s H D F t h e m o s t . T h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 2 . T a b l e 4 — 4 2 r e v e a l s t h a t f o r f u n c t i o n 1 , M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s T r u c k % , V C 9 % , T o t a l T o n s a n d M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % p e r c e n t a g e t r u c k s a r e t h e m o s t i n fl u e n t i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i n g v a r i a b l e s w h i l e r u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c s t r u c k % , l o g s l u m b e r a n d w o o d t r u c k % , a n d A A D T T a r e t h e m o s t i n fl u e n t i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i n g v a r i a b l e s i n f u n c t i o n 2 . I n o r d e r t o c l a s s i f y a g i v e n s i t e b a s e d o n t h e m o d e l c r e a t e d , F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f fi c i e n t s h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d a n d a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 4 3 . T h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s , w h e n p l u g g e d i n t o t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r e a c h c l u s t e r , w i l l c r e a t e t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c o r e s t h a t w i l l t h e f u t u r e d e s i g n s i t e i n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e H D F c l u s t e r a s s h o w n i n S e c t i o n 3 . 5 o f t h i s r e p o r t . 1 5 5 T a b l e 4 - 4 2 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r H D F M o d e l F u n c t i o n 1 2 R e g i o n . 1 0 2 - . 5 2 6 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - . 6 9 4 - . 0 1 9 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % . 2 4 8 - . 9 0 1 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % “ 6 9 5 T 2 6 6 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 1 . 3 0 2 - . 3 5 3 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % — . 9 8 7 1 . 3 1 5 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - . 3 2 9 - . 1 5 9 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 . 1 2 4 - . 4 8 7 T o t a l T o n s 1 , 4 2 6 - . 9 5 5 V C 5 % . 9 8 2 . 5 7 7 V C 9 % 1 . 8 2 1 . 0 1 3 A A D T T - . 0 8 6 1 . 1 5 9 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s - 2 . 1 5 4 . 9 8 9 T r u c k % R o a d C l a s s . 9 0 4 . 1 7 5 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % . 4 5 4 - . 3 3 8 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - . 5 3 4 1 . 1 0 2 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s T r u c k % ' 4 3 4 . 1 3 1 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 0 0 4 ' 4 9 4 1 5 6 T a b l e 4 - 4 3 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r H D F V a r i a b l e H D F P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e 1 2 3 R e g i o n . 8 5 4 1 . 3 5 3 . 5 0 7 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s - 1 . 4 5 1 - . 6 7 5 - . 2 9 1 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % - 4 . 8 3 8 - 4 . 4 5 7 - 5 . 4 0 0 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 2 . 9 2 7 - . 9 8 4 - . 4 0 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % 2 1 . 0 8 0 1 4 . 9 9 9 1 0 . 5 9 2 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - 1 5 . 9 2 4 - 1 4 . 4 3 5 - 9 . 6 2 7 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - 7 . 9 9 8 — 4 . 0 7 0 - 3 . 0 9 1 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 4 . 7 8 2 1 0 . 1 0 9 5 . 9 6 3 T o t a l T o n s 2 . 8 8 0 E - 6 2 . 4 0 8 E — 6 1 . 8 4 3 E - 6 V C 5 % 4 . 0 9 8 3 . 5 5 2 3 . 4 4 0 V C 9 % 5 . 5 7 4 4 . 7 2 3 4 . 2 9 1 A A D T T - . 0 0 4 4 - . 0 0 7 4 - . 0 0 4 2 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n P r o d u c t s T r u c k % g - 1 1 6 . 5 2 0 - 8 7 . 3 1 9 - 6 0 . 5 7 3 R o a d C l a s s 3 2 . 4 7 0 2 3 . 6 7 3 2 0 . 2 1 2 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % 5 7 . 6 4 9 5 3 . 1 7 0 4 7 . 2 7 7 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % - 1 . 5 0 4 - 1 . 5 2 9 - . 4 8 8 ” fi i g m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s 1 . 8 8 6 2 . 1 4 5 1 2 5 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 4 . 6 8 5 2 . 6 9 7 2 . 2 0 9 ( C o n s t a n t ) 4 2 7 6 . 7 7 4 - 1 8 9 . 3 6 4 - 1 5 6 . 5 7 4 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a l g o r i t h m a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 4 . O v e r a l l , 9 7 . 2 % o f t h e s i t e s w e r e c l u s t e r e d c o r r e c t l y , m a k i n g t h e m o d e l v e r y e f f e c t i v e f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e a p p r O p r i a t e H D F v a l u e b a s e d o n t h e s e t o f a v a i l a b l e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e s . 1 5 7 T a b l e 4 - 4 4 . C l a s s i f i e d S i t e s i n t o H D F C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s P r e d i c t e d G r o u p T T C M e m b e r s h i p T o t a l 1 2 1 5 0 0 1 1 C o u n t 2 0 1 6 l 1 6 O r i g i n a l 3 O 0 l 4 9 1 1 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 . 0 9 4 . 1 5 . 9 1 0 0 . 0 3 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 4 . 6 . 3 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e e i g e n v a l u e a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 4 - 4 5 . T h e a d d i t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s a r e d u e t o t h e i r b e i n g f i v e c l u s t e r s f o r t h i s d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . T a b l e 4 - 4 5 . E i g e n v a l u e a n d C a n o n i c a l C o r r e l a t i o n f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n s F u n c t i o n i g e n v a l u e % o f C u m u l a t i v e C a n o n i c a l V a r i a n c e % C o r r e l a t i o n 1 4 . 5 9 0 5 1 . 3 5 1 . 3 . 9 0 6 2 2 . 3 8 7 2 6 . 7 7 8 . 0 . 8 4 0 3 1 . 4 8 8 1 6 . 6 9 4 . 7 . 7 7 3 4 0 . 4 7 7 5 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 . 5 6 8 T a b l e 4 - 4 5 s h o w s t h a t u n l i k e t h e p r e v i o u s t w o d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , t h e r e i s n o t a n e q u a t i o n w h i c h d i s c r i m i n a t e s t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s d e f i n i t i v e l y . F u n c t i o n 1 a n d f u n c t i o n 2 h a v e t h e m o s t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r , h a v i n g e i g e n v a l u e s a n d c a n o n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n s 2 . 3 8 7 a n d 4 . 5 9 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e W i l k ’ s L a m b d a t e s t s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 6 r e v e a l s t h a t t h e m o d e l u s i n g a l l f o u r f u n c t i o n s ( f i r s t r o w ) , h a s a n y s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a t a 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e l e v e l ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T h e r e m a i n i n g m o d e l s d o n o t d i s c r i m i n a t e a s e f f e c t i v e l y . 1 5 8 T a b l e 4 - 4 6 . W i l k ’ s L a m b d a T e s t f o r S i g n i fi c a n c e o f M o d e l T e s t o f W i l k s ' C h i - d f S i g . F u n c t r o n ( s ) L a m b d a s q u a r e 1 . 0 1 4 9 9 . 6 9 7 7 2 . 0 1 7 2 . 0 8 0 5 9 . 2 5 2 5 1 . 2 0 0 3 . 2 7 2 3 0 . 5 8 0 3 2 . 5 3 8 4 . 6 7 7 9 . 1 6 2 1 5 . 8 6 9 T h e s t a n d a r d i z e d c a n o n i c a l d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e a c h f u n c t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 7 . T h e T o t a l T o n s , A A D T T , F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s , M i s c e l l a n e o u s T a b l e 4 - 4 7 . S t a n d a r d i z e d C a n o n i c a l D i s c r i m i n a n t F u n c t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s F u n c t i o n 1 2 3 4 R e g i o n . 1 7 8 . 3 7 2 . 2 3 9 . 1 2 2 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s 1 . 6 0 9 . 9 1 0 - . 1 4 9 . 2 8 1 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % - . 5 4 0 - . 6 9 3 1 . 8 4 1 - 2 . 2 1 7 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 1 . 2 0 1 - . 5 7 6 - . 1 6 4 1 . 2 6 1 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % - . 3 2 3 1 . 8 0 5 — . 8 6 7 . 9 2 6 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - . 3 9 5 - . 2 4 8 - 1 . 5 1 8 - . 8 8 9 F u r n i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % - . 0 6 9 - . 1 5 0 . 2 9 9 . 3 8 5 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 1 . 1 8 4 1 . 4 0 4 1 . 2 8 4 1 . 1 1 0 T o t a l T o n s _ 4 . 2 6 4 2 . 8 9 5 . 0 2 3 1 . 2 0 3 V C 5 % . 9 1 1 - . 0 4 8 . 0 7 7 - . 4 2 4 V C 9 % 1 . 4 9 6 . 5 2 6 1 . 2 0 8 - 1 . 2 8 3 A A D T T - 3 . 7 8 2 - 2 . 4 6 2 . 0 4 5 . 3 1 9 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n e P r o d u c t s T r u c k % O - 1 . 9 8 6 - 2 . 3 4 5 - . 5 0 0 - 1 . 3 0 2 R o a d C l a s s - . 1 2 2 - . 3 0 8 . 9 3 1 . 3 3 5 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % - . 5 5 7 - . 0 3 3 - . 7 9 9 . 6 0 9 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % . 0 0 0 . 5 4 4 . 7 8 6 - . 5 2 5 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s _ 2 9 4 - . 7 6 2 . 4 7 1 . 4 3 8 T r u c k % T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % - . 6 5 7 - . 1 0 0 - . 0 1 4 . 0 0 4 M a n u f a c t u r i n g T r u c k % a n d V C 9 % a l l s e e m t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p o w e r o f f u n c t i o n 1 a n d f u n c t i o n 2 a s w e l l . T o t a l T o n s A A D T T a n d V C 9 1 5 9 % a r e s e e m i n g l y d i r e c t l y r e l a t a b l e a s t h e y a r e i n fl u e n c e s o r b y p r o d u c t s o f t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s o n t h e r o a d w a y s . F o o d C l a s s T r u c k % , E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % a n d V C 9 % i n fl u e n c e f u n c t i o n s 3 a n d 4 . F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r c l a s s i f y i n g a p o t e n t i a l d e s i g n s i t e a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 8 . T a b l e 4 - 4 8 . F i s h e r ’ s L i n e a r D i s c r i m i n a n t C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a V a r i a b l e A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 2 3 4 5 R e g i o n 1 . 2 8 2 2 . 2 3 9 1 . 1 8 9 1 . 6 1 1 2 . 0 4 1 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s 2 . 4 6 1 4 . 3 2 2 2 . 4 0 7 2 . 2 8 1 2 . 4 3 9 F o o d P r o d u c t T r u c k % - 5 . 4 1 7 - 4 . 3 3 7 - 2 . 3 6 0 - 3 . 0 4 5 - 1 . 9 0 5 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 4 . 6 8 3 5 . 8 2 2 4 . 6 2 6 2 . 2 9 8 3 . 6 0 9 M a c h i n e r y T r u c k % ' - 3 . 4 1 3 - 5 . 4 0 4 - 1 2 . 0 9 2 - 2 . 4 3 8 - 7 . 0 2 1 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s T r u c k % - 8 . 2 4 1 - 1 1 . 2 1 9 - 9 . 4 0 1 - 8 . 2 9 1 - 1 3 . 4 8 1 F u m i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % 4 . 9 6 9 3 . 7 5 0 5 . 0 0 6 3 . 6 8 1 6 . 6 3 4 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % 5 . 4 7 2 1 1 3 . 5 7 3 5 . 0 7 0 6 . 1 1 9 1 1 . 3 7 9 T o t a l T o n s 1 . 9 5 2 E - 6 3 . 6 9 2 E - 6 1 . 8 3 7 E - 6 1 . 8 2 6 E - 6 2 . 0 7 9 E - 6 V C 5 % 2 . 6 1 5 2 . 9 6 5 2 . 7 7 1 2 . 6 0 8 2 . 6 5 8 V C 9 % 2 . 9 7 4 3 . 7 1 0 3 . 3 3 4 3 . 2 0 0 3 . 4 0 0 A A D T T - . 0 1 8 — . 0 3 8 - . 0 1 9 - . 0 1 9 4 . 0 2 0 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n e P r o d u c t s T r u c k % ‘ 9 - 3 l . 0 6 2 - 7 0 . 1 0 4 - 2 1 . 7 8 1 - 3 1 . 7 0 7 - 4 1 . 8 3 8 R o a d C l a s s 8 . 3 6 7 8 . 4 4 1 1 0 . 9 2 5 8 . 3 6 3 1 4 . 2 8 0 P r i n t e d M a t t e r T r u c k % 2 2 . 0 0 3 6 . 7 3 2 1 1 . 6 5 5 1 6 . 5 6 1 9 . 5 0 6 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s T r u c k % 1 . 2 4 0 2 . 1 8 7 1 . 7 4 0 2 . 2 4 4 2 . 6 4 7 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s . 6 5 7 . 1 0 4 . 8 8 4 . 3 1 6 . 8 8 4 T r u c k % T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E q u i p m e n t T r u c k % - 1 . 5 9 8 - 2 . 5 1 6 - 1 . 8 0 2 - 1 . 4 5 6 - 1 . 6 3 4 ( C o n s t a n t ) - 1 0 8 . 3 5 6 ~ 1 5 1 . 8 9 6 - 1 2 6 . 9 0 0 - 1 1 7 . 7 6 2 - 1 4 3 . 9 8 0 T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n a l y s i s c a n b e s e e n i n T a b l e 4 - 4 9 . 1 6 0 T a b l e 4 - 4 9 . C l a s s i fi e d S i t e s i n t o T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r s T h r o u g h D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d P r e d i c t e d G r o u p M e m b e r s h i p T o t a l S p e c t r a 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 8 C o u n t 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 0 0 6 1 8 . . 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 O r i g i n a l . 5 1 5 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 E 2 . 0 1 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 ' % 3 . 0 9 . 1 9 0 . 9 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 4 1 2 . 5 . 0 . 0 7 5 . 0 1 2 . 5 1 0 0 . 0 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a l g o r i t h m c o r r e c t l y c l u s t e r e d 8 6 . 1 % o f t h e s i t e s . S i n c e t h e n u m b e r o f s i t e s i s s m a l l , h a v i n g 5 g r o u p s d o e s n o t l e a v e a l a r g e s a m p l e s i z e i n e a c h c l u s t e r . T h i s c o u l d a l s o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i n a c c u r a c i e s o f t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t s c h e m e . E v e n w i t h t h i s d e t r i m e n t , t h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r c a n s t i l l b e s e l e c t e d w i t h r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y . 4 . 6 . 4 S u m m a r y a n d U s e o f D i s c r i m i n a n t A n a l y s i s T h e F i s h e r l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s d e v e l o p e d a n d p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n c a n b e u s e d t o c l a s s i f y a g i v e n f u t u r e d e s i g n s i t e b a s e d o n t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e M D O T o r a n y c o n s u l t i n g f i r m p r i o r t o d e s i g n o f t h e r o a d w a y . F o r t h e v a r i a b l e s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s s e c t i o n t h a t r e q u i r e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s t o i m p r o v e d e s i g n q u a l i t y , t h e p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c l u s t e r i s c r u c i a l . T h e p r o c e d u r e r e v i e w e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 5 c a n b e a p p l i e d f o r a n y o f t h e f o u r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s r e v i e w e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n f o r t h e p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n e e d e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . 1 6 1 C H A P T E R 5 - C O N C L U S I O N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S T h e c u r r e n t A A S H T O 1 9 9 3 p a v e m e n t d e s i g n u t i l i z e s 1 8 - k i p E q u i v a l e n t S i n g l e A x l e L o a d s ( E S A L S ) f o r d e t e r m i n i n g p a v e m e n t t h i c k n e s s e s . H o w e v e r , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e M e c h a n i s t i c E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n G u i d e ( M - E P D G ) u n d e r N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 - 3 7 d o e s n o t u s e E S A L s b u t i n s t e a d r e q u i r e s t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t r u c k t r a f f i c d i r e c t l y . T h e p r i n c i p l e g o a l o f t h i s r e s e a r c h w a s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c f o u n d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n t o d e v e l o p t h e t r a f f i c - r e l a t e d M - E P D G i n p u t s a t v a r i o u s i n p u t l e v e l s f o r u s e i n t h e M E - P D G s o f t w a r e . T h e s e d e s i g n i n p u t l e v e l s h a v e b e e n s e p a r a t e d i n t o t h r e e d i s t i n c t g r o u p s b a s e d o n t h e a m o u n t o f k n o w l e d g e t h e d e s i g n e n g i n e e r h a s a b o u t t h e p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . T h e t h r e e l e v e l s a r e o u t l i n e d i n t h e M - E P D G D e s i g n G u i d e a n d a r e a s f o l l o w s ( 1 ) : 0 L e v e l I — T h e r e i s a v e r y g o o d k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 0 L e v e l I I - T h e r e i s a m o d e s t k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 0 L e v e l I I I — T h e r e i s a p o o r k n o w l e d g e o f p a s t a n d f u t u r e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 5 . 1 E F F E C T O F D A T A C O V E R A G E O N T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T I n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e , r a w w e i g h - i n - m o t i o n ( W I M ) a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a f r o m 4 1 W I M s t a t i o n s m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n w e r e q u a l i t y c h e c k e d a n d p r o c e s s e d u s i n g T r a f L o a d . D u r i n g t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e q u e s t i o n o f h o w m u c h d a t a t o c o l l e c t , i . e . l e n g t h o f t i m e ) w a s r a i s e d . T h u s t h e e f f e c t o f l e n g t h o f d a t a c o v e r a g e , o n e w e e k p e r m o n t h ( O W P M ) v s . c o n t i n u o u s s i t e - s p e c i f i c , w a s e x p l o r e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e O W P M p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s b o t h u n d e r a n d o v e r e s t i m a t e d , b u t h a d a m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e o f 3 . 3 3 y e a r s w i t h a 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 5 t o 1 . 5 y e a r s o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a v e m e n t d e s i g n l i f e . C e r t a i n t r a f f i c e l e m e n t s k n o w n t o b e t h e m o s t v a r i a b l e f r o m t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t p e r s p e c t i v e s e e m e d t o h a v e l i t t l e e f f e c t o n t h e O W P M p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e . T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s w a s t h e c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T v a l u e f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . U s e o f O W P M d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h c o n t i n u o u s A A D T T r e s u l t e d i n v a l u e s t h a t w e r e c l o s e r t o s i t e s p e c i f i c . H o w e v e r , i f t h e d a t a r e t r i e v a l t a k e s m i n i m a l e f f o r t f r o m W I M o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t a t i o n s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t c o n t i n u o u s t r a f f i c d a t a b e u s e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . 5 . 2 T R A F F I C E L E M E T S I N T H E M - E P D G U T I L I Z E D F O R H I E R A R C H I C A L C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N T h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t r a f fi c i s o n e o f t h e s i g n i fi c a n t e l e m e n t s i n t h e a n a l y s i s a n d d e s i g n o f p a v e m e n t s ( fl e x i b l e , r i g i d , a n d c o m p o s i t e ) . T h e M - E P D G r e q u i r e s a n a r r a y o f t r a f f i c i n p u t s t o f a c i l i t a t e a n a l y s e s . O f t h e a v a i l a b l e i n p u t s t h e f o l l o w i n g w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r M i c h i g a n p r a c t i c e : 0 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T T C ) 0 P e r c e n t a g e o f t r u c k t r a f f i c f o r e a c h F H W A v e h i c l e c l a s s 4 - 1 3 , t e n t o t a l 0 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( M D F ) 0 S e t o f 1 2 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h m o n t h 0 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r ( H D F ) 0 S e t o f 2 4 f a c t o r s , o n e f o r e a c h h o u r 0 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ( A G P V ) 0 S i n g l e 0 T a n d e m o T r i d e m 1 6 3 0 Q u a d A x l e l o a d d i s t / s p e c t r a 0 L o a d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d e a c h a x l e g r o u p , 4 0 t o t a l T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f L e v e l ‘ I I i n p u t s f o r t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n a l l o w s f o r t h e u s e o f r e g i o n o r s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s t o e n s u r e a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e o f t r a f f i c r e l i a b i l i t y w h e n L e v e l I d a t a i s u n a v a i l a b l e . 5 . 3 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T T o d e v e l o p t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f f i c i n p u t s t h e f o l l o w i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d : L e v e l I - D i r e c t c o n v e r s i o n o f W I M a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a t o t h e M - E P D G f o r m a t u s i n g T r a f L o a d L e v e l I I — U t i l i z e d c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s t o f o r m g r o u p s w i t h s i m i l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e v a l u e s o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e t h e n a v e r a g e d t o c r e a t e a L e v e l I I t r a f f i c i n p u t f o r t h e M - E P D G p r o g r a m . L e v e l I I I — A d i r e c t a v e r a g e f r o m a l l s i t e s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w a s p e r f o r m e d t o c r e a t e L e v e l 1 1 1 d a t a . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f L e v e l I I e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : A A D T T w a s n o t g r o u p e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . I n s t e a d , t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t w a s g r o u p e d i n t o l o w m e d i u m a n d h i g h t r a f f i c v o l u m e . L o w w a s u n d e r 1 0 0 0 A A D T T , m e d i u m w a s f r o m 1 0 0 0 t o u n d e r 3 0 0 0 A A D T T , a n d h i g h w a s g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 0 0 A A D T T f o r t h e d e s i g n l a n e i n o n e d i r e c t i o n . T w e n t y — t h r e e s i t e s h a d l o w A A D T T , 1 2 h a d m e d i u m A A D T T a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s i x h a d h i g h A A D T T . I t w a s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e 1 \ / I D O T w i l l k n o w t h e A A D T T s i t e b e f o r e — 1 6 4 h a n d , t h e r e f o r e , f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d . T r u c k t r a f f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c l u s t e r i n g i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s t h a t c e n t e r e d o n V C 5 a n d V C 9 , w h i c h d o m i n a t e t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m . T h e fi r s t t r a f f i c c l u s t e r i n g w a s d o m i n a t e d b y V C 9 t r u c k s a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t V C 5 . T h e s e c o n d c l u s t e r h a d a r o u g h l y e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 t r u c k s . T h e t h i r d c l u s t e r h a d d o m i n a n c e o f V C 5 t r u c k s a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t V C 9 . M o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o g r o u p i n g s o f V C 4 - 7 , V C 8 - 1 0 a n d V C 1 1 - 1 3 o r s i n g l e - u n i t , t r a c t o r - t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n a n d m u l t i - t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n . W h i l e t h r e e t r a f f i c c l u s t e r s w e r e f o r m e d f o r V C 4 - 7 , f o u r f o r V C 8 - 1 0 a n d f i v e f o r V C 1 . 1 - 1 3 , a l l e x h i b i t e d a s i m i l a r t r e n d o f h i g h p e a k s u m m e r m o n t h s a n d l o w M D F S i n t h e w i n t e r . V C 8 - 1 0 g r o u p s h a d m o r e o f a u n i f o r m M D F d i s t r i b u t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r w h i c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t l i t t l e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n e x i s t e d i n t h i s g r o u p i n g . H o u r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s e x h i b i t e d t h r e e p a t t e r n s . T h e f i r s t c l u s t e r h a d a m o r e u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y w h i c h s e e m e d t o i n d i c a t e a l a r g e n u m b e r o f t h r o u g h - t r u c k s u s e d t h e r o a d w a y . T h e t h i r d c l u s t e r h a d a m o r e r u s h — h o u r p e a k i n w h i c h a m a j o r i t y o f t h e t r u c k v o l u m e w a s m o b i l e b e t w e e n t h e h o u r s o f 9 a m . t o 5 p m . T h e f i n a l c l u s t e r w a s a n a v e r a g e o f t h e o t h e r t w o . T h e s i n g l e , t a n d e m , t r i d e m , a n d q u a d A G P V h a d t h r e e , t h r e e , f o u r a n d f i v e c l u s t e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . H o w e v e r , l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d b e s e e n a m o n g s t t h e g r o u p s f o r m e d . 1 6 5 T h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a d t h r e e c l u s t e r s , w h i c h p e a k e d i n t h e 4 - 7 k i p a n d 9 - 1 4 k i p r a n g e . I n d i v i d u a l V C 8 w e r e f o u n d t o d i s p l a y s i m i l a r a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a c r o s s s i t e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o n e p e a k o v e r a n o t h e r w a s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 i n t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m . A l a r g e n u m b e r o f V C 5 e x h i b i t e d a d o m i n a n t p e a k i n t h e 4 — 7 k i p r a n g e w h e r e a s a d o m i n a n c e o f V C 9 h a d a h i g h e r p e a k i n t h e 9 - 1 4 k i p r a n g e . T h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a d f i v e c l u s t e r s . C l u s t e r s 1 — 3 w e r e s h o w n t o h a v e m o r e l i g h t a x l e s t h a n h e a v y , w h e r e a s c l u s t e r s 4 a n d c l u s t e r 5 a r e m o r e e v e n t o h e a v y i n n a t u r e . T h e r e w e r e t w o p e a k s o b s e r v e d i n t h e s p e c t r a w h i c h s e e m e d t o c o r r e s p o n d t o u n l o a d e d ( 9 — 1 4 k i p s ) a n d l o a d e d ( 3 0 - 3 5 k i p s ) t r u c k s . A t o t a l o f t h r e e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s w e r e c r e a t e d u s i n g t h e c l u s t e r i n g a l g o r i t h m . T h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e t r i d e m a x l e c l u s t e r s a p p e a r s t o b e a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f l i g h t a x l e s a r o u n d 1 2 k i p s f o l l o w e d b y a s m a l l e r p e a k v a l u e a r o u n d 4 0 — 4 5 k i p s . A t o t a l o f f o u r q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a c l u s t e r s w e r e f o r m e d . P e a k v a l u e s f o r t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a o c c u r a t t h e 1 5 - 2 0 k i p , 5 0 - 6 0 k i p a n d t h e 1 0 4 k i p r a n g e . P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t f i n d i n g i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f o v e r a l l q u a d a x l e s i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e 1 0 4 k i p l o a d , w h i c h c a n b e o v e r 1 5 % f o r t h e c l u s t e r 3 c a s e . H a v i n g s u c h a h i g h l o a d i n g o n o n e q u a d a x l e , d o u b l e t h e a l l o w e d w e i g h t , a t a l l s i t e s s u g g e s t s i s m o s t l i k e l y d u e t o t h e T r a f L o a d p r o c e s s i n g i t s e l f i s e r r o n e o u s . A t r u c k h a v i n g t w o s u c c e s s i v e q u a d s i n a r a w d a t a f i l e i s s e e m i n g l y b e i n g c o m b i n e d i n t o o n e a x l e i n T r a f L o a d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e q u a d a x l e l o a d s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s r e p o r t w i l l b e i n h e r e n t l y e r r o n e o u s a n d n o t s u i t a b l e f o r d e s i g n . 1 6 6 A d d i t i o n a l l y , g e n e r a l a n a l y s e s o f a l l d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c i n p u t s r e s u l t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s : 0 T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e s e a s o n a l ( m o n t h t o m o n t h ) v a r i a t i o n i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r m o s t v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . T h e e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s a r e t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s e s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e a v e r y l o w p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t r a f f i c v o l u m e a n d a r e o n l o w A A D T T r o a d s . T h e s e s u s c e p t i b l e V C 8 : V C 4 , V C 7 , V C 8 , V C 1 1 , a n d V C 1 2 c a n p r o d u c e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e l o a d s p e c t r a d u e t o l o w s a m p l e s i z e . 0 T h e r e i s l i t t l e d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r m o s t v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . O n l y V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 e x h i b i t e d d i r e c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e . T h i s m o s t l i k e l y i s d u e t o t h e s e t r u c k t y p e s b e i n g l o c a l i n n a t u r e , p e r h a p s t r a v e l i n g t o a n d f r o m a l o g g i n g s i t e o r g r a v e l p i t . T h i s i s a n i m p o r t a n t o b s e r v a t i o n a s i t s u b s t a n t i a t e s t h e n e e d t o o n l y a n a l y z e a s i n g l e d i r e c t i o n . ' o T h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s w i t h i n a g i v e n v e h i c l e c l a s s f o r n e a r l y a l l s i t e s a r e s i m i l a r . T h i s c a n m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a v e r a g e v a l u e s f o r t h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s w i t h s e e m i n g l y m i n i m a l e r r o r . 0 T h e s i n g l e a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s e e m s t o d e p e n d o n t h e q u a n t i t y o f V C 5 a n d V C 9 v e h i c l e s . H i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f V C 5 y i e l d a s i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a ( a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s ) t h a t i s d o m i n a n t a r o u n d 3 - 6 k i p s w h i l e h i g h e r V C 9 p r o p o r t i o n s l e a d t o d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a t h a v e h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s t h a t r a n g e f r o m 1 1 - 1 3 k i p s . o T h e t a n d e m a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s g r e a t l y d e p e n d o n t h e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a o f V C 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n s u s i n g a l l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f r o m e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s c o m p a r e d 1 6 7 t o t h a t o f V C 9 w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r . T h i s s u g g e s t s V C 9 c o n t r o l s t a n d e m a x l e l o a d i n g . 0 T h e t r i d e m a n d q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y c o m p o s e d o f V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 d a t a . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t o t h e r t h a n V C 7 , w h i c h m a k e s u p v e r y l i t t l e o f t h e t r a f f i c s t r e a m , V C 1 0 a n d V C 1 3 a r e t h e o n l y a x l e s w h i c h h a v e t r i d e m a n d q u a d . F o c u s o n t h e s e t w o v e h i c l e c l a s s e s f o r t h e s t a t e a r e a l l t h a t i s n e e d e d t o c a p t u r e t h e s e a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n . E 5 . 4 T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N F O R D E S I G N I n d e s i g n , i t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t s i t e - s p e c i fi c d a t a b e u s e d w h e r e v e r a v a i l a b l e . F o r ’ s i t e s i n w h i c h s i t e - s p e c i f i c d a t a i s u n a v a i l a b l e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o k n o w w h e t h e r L e v e l I I d a t a o r L e v e l 1 1 1 d a t a i s a c c e p t a b l e a t a m i n i m u m f o r d e s i g n . T o d e t e r m i n e t h i s , c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e m a d e i n t h e M E P D G r e g a r d i n g p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c d a t a a m o n g s t t h e v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . B o t h r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t s w e r e a n a l y z e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e i m p a c t o f t h e t r a f fi c i n p u t s o n p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e . T h i s l e d t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n f o r e a c h t r a f f i c i n p u t . T h e f o l l o w i n g i s t h e s u m m a r y o f r e s u l t s . T h e s e n s i t i v i t y d e f i n i t i o n s c a n b e f o u n d i n T a b l e 5 - 1 T a b l e 5 - 1 . I m p a c t D e s i g n a t i o n f o r t h e M - E P D G R e s u l t s M i n i m u m o r D e s i g n a t i o n o f I m p a c t 9 5 % C I B o u n d ( Y e a r s ) M a x i m u m B o u n d ( Y e a r s ) S i g n i f i c a n t C I B o u n d > 1 M M B o u n d > 5 M o d e r a t e 1 / 2 < C I B o u n d < 1 2 < M M B o u n d < 5 N e g l i g i b l e C I B o u n d < 1 / 2 M M B o u n d < 2 1 6 8 T T C s i g n i fi c a n t l y i m p a c t s p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e a n d m o d e r a t e l y a f f e c t s fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s h a d 9 5 % C I s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 y e a r a n d m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e x c e s s o f 5 y e a r s . T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t p r o d u c e d a C I b o u n d h a l f a y e a r l e s s t h a n t h e o t h e r t w o c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d h a d m a x i m u m v a l u e s u n d e r 5 y e a r s . T h u s , T T C c l u s t e r s ( L e v e l I I ) w e r e s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e i n r i g i d d e s i g n . A l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s n o o b s e r v a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n i m p a c t b e t w e e n c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s a n d s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s , T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I ) a r e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d f o r fl e x i b l e d e s i g n f o r c o n s i s t e n c y . M D F S h a v e a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e d e v e l o p e d M D F t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s c o l l e c t i v e l y p r o d u c e d a m a x i m u m o f 2 y e a r s d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t l i f e f r o m s i t e s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I I ) b e i m p l e m e n t e d . H D F s i g n i fi c a n t l y i m p a c t s r i g i d p a v e m e n t b u t h a s a n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t o n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t . U s e o f s t a t e w i d e a n d t h e M - E P D G t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s d e f a u l t s p r o d u c e d d e s i g n l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e x c e s s o f 1 0 y e a r s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . U s e o f H D F c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s , h o w e v e r , p r o d u c e d m a x i m u m p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o n l y 5 y e a r s , w i t h a 9 5 % c o n fi d e n c e i n t e r v a l w i t h i n a y e a r o f s i t e s p e c i f i c v a l u e s . C 0 n s e q u e n t l y , C l u s t e r a v e r a g e ( L e v e l I I ) H D F s s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d f o r t h i s t r a f fi c i n p u t f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . I n c o n t r a s t , H D F c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d a b s o l u t e l y n o d i f f e r e n c e i n 1 6 9 p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e , w a r r a n t i n g u s e o f s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I I ) f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t . A G P V h a d a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s w a s o n l y t w o - y e a r s . A d d i t i o n a l l y 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e f e l l w e l l w i t h i n h a l f a y e a r o f z e r o . F r o m t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I I ) b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f fi c i n p u t . S i n g l e a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a v e a m o d e r a t e e f f e c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . W h i l e t h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l a c r o s s t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s r e m a i n s w i t h i n a y e a r , t h e m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m a r e a r o u n d f o u r y e a r s d i f f e r e n c e f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t a n d l e s s t h a n t h r e e y e a r s f o r fl e x i b l e . T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s w e r e h i g h e r t h a n t h i s f o r b o t h p a v e m e n t t y p e s . C l u s t e r a n d s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d c o m p a r a b l e r e s u l t s , h a v i n g m a x i m u m o v e r o r u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n v a l u e s w i t h i n o n e y e a r o f e a c h o t h e r f o r b o t h p a v e m e n t t y p e s . T h e 9 5 % C I s f o r b o t h o f t h e s e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e a l s o w i t h i n m o n t h s o f e a c h o t h e r . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I l l ) b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f fi c i n p u t . T a n d e m a x l e l o a d s i g n i fi c a n t l y i m p a c t e d p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h a d a m o d e r a t e i n fl u e n c e o n fl e x i b l e . M a x i m u m p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s e x c e e d e d 1 0 y e a r s f o r a l l d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . C I s w e r e i n e x c e s s o f o n e y e a r f o r s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r v a l u e w h e r e a s t h e M E P D G d e f a u l t s h a d v a l u e s b e t w e e n 3 t o 6 y e a r s . 1 7 0 H o w e v e r , t h e m a x i m u m u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n C I b o u n d f o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s w a s a l m o s t o n e y e a r b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y T T C c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s ( L e v e l I I ) a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r u s e i n p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . F l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t e x p e r i e n c e d m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f u n d e r f i v e y e a r s . C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r s t a t e w i d e a n d c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s w e r e w i t h i n t w o y e a r s o f z e r o . C l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d 9 5 % C I s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a q u a r t e r o f a y e a r b e t t e r t h a n s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s , w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l l y d o e s n o t w a r r a n t t h e i r u s e . H o w e v e r , t o s t a y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r i g i d d e s i g n , c l u s t e r v a l u e s ( L e v e l I I ) a r e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d f o r fl e x i b l e d e s i g n , T r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a d o n o t h a v e a s i g n i fi c a n t i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e M E P D G d e f a u l t s o n r i g i d p a v e m e n t , t h e r e m a i n i n g t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t l i f e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o n l y 0 . 5 y e a r s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e t r i d e m a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a ( L e v e l 1 1 1 ) c a n b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f fi c i n p u t . Q u a d a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a h a v e a n e g l i g i b l e i m p a c t o n p r e d i c t e d r i g i d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e b u t h a v e a m o d e r a t e e f f e c t o n fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e d i c t e d p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e w a s s e e n a c r o s s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s f o r r i g i d p a v e m e n t . M e a n s , 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , a n d m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e w e r e e i t h e r z e r o o r w i t h i n m o n t h s o f z e r o . T h i s s u g g e s t s s t a t e w i d e a v e r a g e s c o u l d b e u s e d f o r t h i s t r a f f i c i n p u t . T r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s p r o d u c e d a m a x i m u m p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e l i f e d i f f e r e n c e f o r fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r y e a r s a n d w a s n o t i c e d p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r 1 7 1 t h e r u t t i n g d i s t r e s s . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l w a s w i t h i n o n e f o r b o t h t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s . B e t w e e n t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s , t h e r e w a s n e g l i g i b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n C 1 8 . T h e r e f o r e , f o r r i g i d a n d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s ( L e v e l I l l ) b e u s e d . 0 T h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s w e r e i n f e r i o r i n p u t s t o s t a t e w i d e o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s . I n g e n e r a l , s t a t e w i d e o r c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s p r o d u c e d p r e d i c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e l i v e s t h a t w e r e f a r c l o s e r t o t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s t h a n t h e M E P D G d e f a u l t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e M - E P D G d e f a u l t s a r e n o t r e c o m m e n d e d f o r u s e i n t h e s t a t e o f M i c h i g a n , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f q u a d a x l e l o a d s . T a b l e 5 — 2 i s c r e a t e d h e r e t o s u m m a r i z e t h e a b o v e c o n c l u s i o n s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s : T a b l e 5 - 2 . I m p a c t o f C h a r a c t e r i z e d T r a f fi c o n M - E P D G P a v e m e n t P e r f o r m a n c e . S e n s i t i v i t y I m p a c t i n M i n i m u m R e c o m m e n d e d t h e M - E P D G I n p u t L e v e l ( W h e n L e v e l I T r a f f i c I s u n a v a i l a b l e ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c R i g i d F l e x i b l e R i g i d F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t P a v e m e n t P a v e m e n t P a v e m e n t D e s i g n D e s i g n D e s i g n D e s i g n T T C S i g n i f i c a n t M o d e r a t e L e v e l I I H D F S i g n i f i c a n t N e g l i g i b l e L e v e l 1 1 L e v e l I I I M D F N e g l i g i b l e L e v e l 1 1 1 A G P V N e g l i g i b l e L e v e l I I I S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a M o d e r a t e L e v e l I I I T a n d e m A x l e . . L o a d S p e c t r a S i g n i fi c a n t M o d e r a t e L e v e l 1 1 T r i d e m A x l e . . . . L o a d S p e c t r a N e g l l g l b l e N e g l i g i b l e L e v e l 1 1 1 Q u a d A x l e . 0 . L o a d S p e c t r a N e g l l e l b l e M o d e r a t e L e v e l I I I 1 7 2 5 . 5 S E L E C T I O N O F A P P R O P R I A T E L E V E L I I T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N F O R D E S I G N O n c e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e y c o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n d e s i g n . F o r t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t s w h e r e s i t e s p e c i f i c ( L e v e l I ) d a t a o r o n l y s t a t e w i d e v a l u e s ( L e v e l I I I ) n e e d t o b e u s e d , s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c i n p u t i s a u t o m a t i c . H o w e v e r , f o r t h e t r a f f i c i n p u t s t h a t r e q u i r e c l u s t e r a v e r a g e s , t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s r e v i e w e d i n C h a p t e r 4 c o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d t o s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c l u s t e r f o r d e s i g n . T h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s a l g o r i t h m c a n b e u s e d f o r f o l l o w i n g t r a f f i c i n p u t s r e q u i r i n g a t a m i n i m u m L e v e l I I d a t a : 0 T T C 0 H D F ( R i g i d o n l y ) 0 T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a F i s h e r ’ s l i n e a r d i s c r i m i n a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s d e v e l o p e d f o r e a c h o f t h e s e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l a s s i s t i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g w i l l n e e d t o b e p r o v i d e d p r i o r t o d e s i g n b e f o r e b e i n g a b l e t o s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : 0 V e h i c l e f r e i g h t c o m m o d i t y t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m o d i t i e s 0 F o o d P r o d u c t s 0 F a b r i c a t e d M e t a l P r o d u c t s 0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P r o d u c t s 0 L o g s , L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s 0 M a c h i n e r y 0 R u b b e r a n d P l a s t i c s 1 7 3 0 P a p e r a n d P u l p P r o d u c t s 0 F u m i t u r e a n d F i x t u r e s 0 M i s c e l l a n e o u s M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o d u c t s 0 P r i n t e d M a t t e r 0 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t 0 R o a d c l a s s 0 G e o g r a p h i c r e g i o n 0 A A D T T 0 V C 5 % 0 V C 9 % 0 F u n c t i o n a l c l a s s ( r u r a l / u r b a n ) 0 R o a d w a y a n n u a l t o n n a g e I n p u t t i n g t h e v a l u e s i n t o t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h w i l l l e a d t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a f f i c i n p u t c l u s t e r t o u s e i n t h e M - E P D G . 5 . 6 E X P A N S I O N O F D A T A C O V E R A G E T O F A C I L I T A T E I M P R O V E D T R A F F I C C H A R A C T E R Z A T I O N W I T H I N T H E S T A T E I t i s r e c o m m e n d e d , w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , t o e x p a n d t h e g e o g r a p h i c c o v e r a g e o f t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n M i c h i g a n . W h e n a n e w W I M o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n n e e d s t o b e p l a c e d , s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n a r e a s w h e r e l i t t l e t r a f f i c d a t a i s k n o w n . S h o r t d u r a t i o n a n d c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t s s h o u l d b e c o o r d i n a t e d b e t w e e n p r o j e c t s a n d o t h e r a g e n c i e s t o e n s u r e d a t a i s b e i n g s h a r e d a n d a d d i t i o n a l d u p l i c a t i v e e f f o r t s a r e n o t b e i n g m a d e . H e a v y e m p h a s i s i s p l a c e d o n t h e n e e d f o r e f f e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n d a t a c o l l e c t i o n p e r s o n n e l a n d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n e n g i n e e r s . I t i s p a r a m o u n t t h a t e a c h s i d e u n d e r s t a n d s o n e 1 7 4 a n o t h e r - ’ 8 n e e d s . I n a d d i t i o n t o a c o l l a b o r a t i v e e f f o r t , s u m m a r y o f t h e d a t a i s c r u c i a l f o r c r e a t i n g a p o t e n t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a n d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s y s t e m . R e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e a n d r e l a t a b l e s u m m a r i z e d t r a f f i c i n f o r m a t i o n m a k e s e f f i c i e n t u s e o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s . W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n a c o m p u t e r - b a s e d p r o g r a m , p r e f e r a b l y w i t h G I S l i n k a g e t h a t a l l o w s f o r e a s i l y s u m m a r i z a t i o n a n d r e t r i e v a l ( 5 ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c t r a f fi c c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e m a d e : 0 T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t t h e s h o r t d u r a t i o n v o l u m e c o v e r a g e c o u n t p r o g r a m s h o u l d p r o v i d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o v e r a g e a c r o s s t h e r o a d w a y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o n a c y c l e o f 6 y e a r s . S h o r t d u r a t i o n c l a s s i fi c a t i o n c o u n t s s h o u l d a c c o u n t f o r a t l e a s t 2 5 - 3 0 % o f a l l v o l u m e c o u n t s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , a t l e a s t o n e v e h i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o u n t s h o u l d b e m a d e o n e a c h r o u t e a n n u a l l y . 0 T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f o r 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e a n d 1 0 % e r r o r i n t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e t r a f f i c f a c t o r s f o r m e d w i t h i n a s e a s o n a l g r o u p , fi v e t o e i g h t c o n t i n u o u s c o u n t e r s s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d p e r g r o u p . N e w s e a s o n a l f a c t o r s s h o u l d b e c o m p a r e d t o t h e o n e s f o r m e d a n d p l a c e d i n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e g r o u p . 0 T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t a t l e a s t s i x c o n t i n u o u s v e h i c l e c l a s s i fi c a t i o n c o u n t e r s b e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h f a c t o r g r o u p . C o n t i n u o u s c o u n t s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n a l c l a s s e s a n d d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c r e g i o n s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e ( 5 ) . E m p h a s i s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n r o a d s t h a t a r e p r i m a r i l y l o c a l o r l o n g h a u l s . W h e n n e w s i t e s a r e a d d e d , t h e d a t a s h o u l d b e c o m p a r e d a n d p l a c e d i n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e x i s t i n g f a c t o r g r o u p s . 0 T h e T M G r e c o m m e n d s t h a t f o r a l l s i t e s w i t h i n a T W R G , a m i n i m u m o f s i x s h o u l d b e m o n i t o r e d , w i t h a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e W I M s i t e s o p e r a t i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y 1 7 5 a n d r e c o r d i n g t w o o r m o r e l a n e s o f t r a f f i c ( 5 ) . T h e a m o u n t o f p e r m a n e n t W I M s t a t i o n s a n d d i s c o n t i n u o u s p o r t a b l e s y s t e m s i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f T W R G S c r e a t e d , t h e a c c u r a c y a t w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e d w e i g h t s a r e t a k e n , a n d t h e b u d g e t o f t h e s t a t e a g e n c y ( 5 ) . W i t h p r o p e r c o v e r a g e o f e x i s t i n g g r o u p s a n d a g r a d u a l e x p a n s i o n i n t o u n m o n i t o r e d a r e a s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e t h r o u g h m o v e m e n t o f p e r m a n e n t d e v i c e s , t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n p r o g r a m w i l l b e m o r e r o b u s t . M a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s i s t e n t c y c l e o f c o l l e c t i o n a n d s t o r i n g e f f o r t s w i l l a l l o w f o r r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e s o f t r a f f i c i n p u t s i n t o t h e M - E P D G w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f s u c h d e v i c e s a s d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s . 5 . 6 R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R F U R T H E R R E S E A R C H T h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s p r o j e c t , t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e r o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d , a s w e l l a s q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d t h a t c o u l d l e a d t o f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s s u b j e c t . T h e f o l l o w i n g o u t l i n e s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a n d s u g g e s t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a : 0 I m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e T r a f L o a d p r o g r a m . W h i l e t h e T r a f L o a d w a s u s e f u l i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s i n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m a t f o r u s e i n t h e M E P D G , t h e r e n u m e r o u s p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d . T h e s e c o n s i s t e d o f a n i n a b i l i t y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s p e c i f i c c a u s e o f a f o r m a t t i n g e r r o r i n t h e f i l e d u e t o t h e f a i l u r e o f T r a f L o a d t o i d e n t i f y t h e s o u r c e o f t h e p r o b l e m w h e n p e r f o r m i n g a v a l i d a t i o n c h e c k o f t h e d a t a . A d d i t i o n a l l y , s e e m i n g l y r a n d o m “ b u g ” e r r o r s w o u l d i n i t i a t e a f t e r l o a d i n g o r p r o c e s s i n g f i l e s f o r a n e x t e n d e d p e r i o d o f t i m e . T h i s w o u l d r e s u l t i n t h e p r o g r a m c l o s i n g e n t i r e l y a n d i n v o l v e a r e b o o t o f t h e c o m p u t e r t o r e c t i f y . F i n a l l y , d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s r e s e a r c h i t w a s s e e n t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f 1 7 6 q u a d a x l e l o a d s i s e r r o n e o u s w i t h i n t h e p r o g r a m . T h i s a n d t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d i s s u e s n e e d t o b e r e c t i f i e d f o r e a s i e r f a c i l i t a t i o n o f d e s i g n i n t h e M E P D G E x p a n d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s c e n a r i o s f r o m t h o s e d e v e l o p e d . T h i s r e s e a r c h o n l y f a c i l i t a t e d a n a l y s i s w i t h t w o d e s i g n s i n t h e M - E P D G d e e m e d t y p i c a l o f s i t e s f o u n d w i t h i n t h e s t a t e . T h e s e d e s i g n s s h o u l d b e f u r t h e r e x p a n d e d t o c a p t u r e a w i d e r v a r i e t y o f d e s i g n s c e n a r i o s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e f i n d i n g s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h w e r e n o t e x c l u s i v e t o t h e d e s i g n s u t i l i z e d . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e i n t e r a c t i v e e f f e c t s w i t h o t h e r v a r i a b l e s s h o u l d b e i n v e s t i g a t e d . C o m p a r e “ r e a l - l i f e ” d i s t r e s s e s w i t h M - E P D G d i s t r e s s o u t p u t s b a s e d o n h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s a n d a c t u a l p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s . R e l a t i n g t h e d i s t r e s s o u t p u t s t o t h o s e i n “ r e a l - l i f e ” r a t h e r t h a n c o m p a r i n g a g a i n s t a b a s e d e s i g n i n M E P D G w i l l g i v e m o r e v a l i d i t y a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g t o t h e fi n d i n g s . C o m p a r e t h e e f f e c t o f u t i l i z i n g h i e r a r c h i c a l t r a f fi c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w i t h t h a t o f E S A L s . 1 7 7 1 2 9 3 3 \ . . J t ( a x . . l . . : . . , . : \ . . ! : 3 . 3 i . ! H " . 3 u . 2 r 9 ] 1 - t : 1 u $ : . . 3 ) . . 3 . . . } b . ) 9 ! : i . . . . 1 . ” 3 i \ 4 " n i . 3 } i . 0 V : ‘ . “ l i : i i i l ‘ . . t 0 i . . n 5 V I : . . J . i . u . s . w fi ‘ l é H L i I i i i fi v I t l - 1 t I h n 3 & - 3 1 . : . . « 3 H u m u . m u . r l ‘ 9 . Q - l x 9 . } . C l “ 0 W l l c M u 4 . t 1 5 . i 1 { 3 . n . . I 3 ; 3 y . . 9 z 3 v . } ? i 3 . . z . ~ . ‘ t . i i i s 4 ! 3 x . L i 2 u 3 . i } h . . r l . I n m l l t l fl l l r - 0 H . ! g s . - : i . . . fi z . m i n . . ' I l I A ‘ . a f x fi q w fi m s m . a . w fi q m u fi fl k , % 8 a . . . t a . f i t 9 i . 1 3 . 2 . 5 . 5 “ ! 4 3 5 1 . 5 , » 1 0 . . . } 5 1 ' . ) 9 . \ I . . ! . : I . . I . I . S I i t . . . . t 1 . 9 ‘ l : . 1 i ! 3 \ h : 5 ? ! - i t “ . . . 1 ! M i U c U h B n i i R g v A n r a e R s S i t Y t a y t e E [ \ 3 $ 0 . . 1 - » Q . # 2 ( ” M a i P L A C E I N R E T U R N B O X t o r e m o v e t h i s c h e c k o u t f r o m y o u r r e c o r d . T o A V O I D F I N E S r e t u r n o n o r b e f o r e d a t e d u e . M A Y B E R E C A L L E D w i t h e a r l i e r d u e d a t e i f r e q u e s t e d . D A T E D U E D A T E D U E D A T E D U E 5 / 0 8 K . I P r o j / A o c & P r e s / C l R C / D a t e o u o . i n d d C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N O F T R U C K T R A F F I C I N M I C H I G A N F O R T H E N E W M E C H A N I S T I C E M P I R I C A L P A V E M E N T D E S I G N G U I D E V O L U M E 1 1 B y J o e l T h o m a s B r o w n A T H E S I S S u b m i t t e d t o M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l fi l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f M A S T E R O F S C I E N C E C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g 2 0 0 9 A p p e n d i x A I n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d M e t h o d o l o g y 1 7 8 A . P r o c e s s i n g o f R a w D a t a i n T r a f L o a d T h e f o l l o w i n g p r e s e n t s t h e a l g o r i t h m s p r e s e n t w i t h i n t h e T r a f L o a d s o f t w a r e f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r u s e i n t h e M — E P D G . T h e s e a l g o r i t h m s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n p r e s e n t e d i n P a r t 4 o f t h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l b u t a r e r e v i e w e d h e r e f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c o m p l e t e n e s s ( 3 ) . T h e T r a f L o a d a c c e p t s “ W - r e c o r d s ” ( 7 — c a r d s ) a s w e l l a s “ C - r e c o r d s ” ( 4 — c a r d s ) . T h e M D O T m a i n t a i n s t h i s f o r m a t t i n g a s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 6 o f t h e T M G ( 5 ) . F o r t h i s a n a l y s i s o n l y t h e o u t e r l a n e w a s u s e d d e s p i t e T r a f L o a d ’ s c a p a b i l i t i e s o f p r o c e s s i n g m u l t i p l e l a n e s . M u l t i p l e l a n e s w e r e n o t u t i l i z e d a s p a v e m e n t d e s i g n f o c u s e s o n t h e o u t e r l a n e s i n c e i t c a r r i e s t h e m a j o r i t y o f t r u c k t r a f f i c . A . l A v e r a g e A n n u a l D a i l y T r u c k T r a f f i c T h e A A D T T w a s c o m p u t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r : 1 . F o r e a c h d a y o f w e e k , w , v e h i c l e c l a s s , 1 ' , m o n t h , 1 7 1 , a n d e a c h h o u r o f t h e d a y , 1 1 , o b t a i n a n h o u r l y c o u n t , H V O L i w m 2 . F o r e a c h d a y o f w e e k , w , v e h i c l e c l a s s , 1 ' , m o n t h , m , s u m u p t h e h o u r l y c o u n t s a n d a v e r a g e t h o s e s u m m a t i o n s f o r t h e s a m e d a y o f w e e k ( M a x n = 5 ) w i t h i n a g i v e n m o n t h . T h i s p r o v i d e s a n a v e r a g e A A D T T v a l u e f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d e a c h d a y o f w e e k f o r e v e r y m o n t h , M A D W i u m , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 . 1 n 2 4 M A D W i w m : _ Z Z H V O L i w m p / z ( A ° l ) p = l h = l 3 . A v e r a g e e a c h M A D W i w m f o r e a c h m o n t h a n d t h e n a v e r a g e t h e s e s e v e n d a y o f w e e k v a l u e s t o g e t h e r t o c r e a t e a n A A D T T f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , A A D T T i , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 2 . 1 7 9 7 1 2 ' 1 1 A A D T T , - = — Z — Z M A D W W ( A . 2 ) w = l m = l 4 . S u m e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s t o o b t a i n a n o v e r a l l A A D T T f o r a s i t e , A A D T T , , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 3 . 1 3 A A D T T , = Z A A D T T , - ( A . 3 ) i = 4 A . 2 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l t r u c k c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s a n e x t e n s i o n o f A A D T T . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f e a c h t r u c k c l a s s i s f o u n d b y d i v i d i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e c l a s s A A D T T i , b y t h e t o t a l A A D T T , A A D T T , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 4 . A A D T T , - T I C , — = — — ( A . 4 ) A A D T T , A . 3 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e m o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r i s c o m p u t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r : 1 . F o r e a c h M A D W l - w m c a l c u l a t e d i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 2 , a v e r a g e t h e s e v e n d a y o f w e e k A A D T T v a l u e s f o r e a c h m o n t h , 1 1 2 , a n d e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 5 . T h i s y i e l d s a n A A D T T v a l u e f o r e a c h m o n t h a n d e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , M A D T T i m . 7 1 M A D T T i m = 7 Z M A D W M , " ( A . 5 ) w = l 2 . F o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a n d e a c h m o n t h , m , o b t a i n a m o n t h l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d m o n t h , M D F i m , b y d i v i d i n g t h e M A D Y T i m b y t h e 1 8 0 o v e r a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s A A D T T i f o u n d i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 5 . E q u a t i o n 3 . 6 d i s p l a y s t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n . M A D T T l - m M D F i m : - — — D — — — ( A . 6 ) ‘ 1 A 2 1 i F o r t h i s a n a l y s i s , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o g r o u p s i n g l e — u n i t t r u c k s ( V C 4 — 7 ) , t r a c t o r - s i n g l e t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C - S - I O ) a n d m u l t i — t r a i l e r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( V C 1 1 - 1 3 ) f o r M D F c r e a t i o n f o r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f c a l c u l a t i o n s a s s u g g e s t e d b y r e s e a r c h . T o c r e a t e t h e M D F s f o r t h e s e g r o u p s , a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e , b a s e d o n A A D T T o f t h e n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e c l a s s e s w i t h i n e a c h g r o u p , k , w a s p e r f o r m e d f o r e a c h g r o u p , g , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 7 . k * A A D T T , - M D F , - , , . , g = 2 1 1 4 1 ) t h — — ( A . 7 ) A A D I T g A . 4 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r T h e H D F s a r e c r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e f o l l o w i n g s t e p s : 1 . S u m h o u r l y v o l u m e c o u n t s H V O L ; 2 f o r e a c h h o u r f o r a l l d a y s i n w h i c h d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d . A v e r a g e t h i s h o u r l y s u m m a t i o n b y t h e n u m b e r o f d a y s c o l l e c t e d , x , f o r a l l 2 4 h o u r s t o y i e l d a n a v e r a g e v o l u m e c o u n t f o r e a c h h o u r o f t h e d a y , H V O L T O T I I , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 8 . 1 x H V O L T O T h = — Z H V 0 L , , ( A . 8 ) i = 1 S u m t h e a v e r a g e d h o u r l y v o l u m e c o u n t s , H V O L T O T h , t o h a v e a t o t a l v o l u m e c o u n t , T O T V O L , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 9 . 1 8 1 2 3 T O T V O L = Z H V O L T O T h ( A . 9 ) [ 1 : 0 3 . C a l c u l a t e t h e h o u r l y H D F s , H D F 1 , , b y d i v i d i n g t h e a v e r a g e h o u r l y v o l u m e c o u n t s , H V O L T O T h , b y t h e t o t a l a v e r a g e v o l u m e c o u n t , T O T V O L a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 0 . H V O L T O T H D F / l Z W ( A . 1 0 ) A . 5 A x l e G r o u p s P e r V e h i c l e T h e a x l e g r o u p s p e r v e h i c l e f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a n d e a c h a x l e g r o u p , j , ( s i n g l e , t a n d e m , t r i d e m , q u a d ) , A G P V i j , a r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y s u m m i n g a l l a x l e g r o u p s f o r a l l t r u c k r e c o r d s i n e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d a x l e t y p e , A I } a n d d i v i d i n g b y t h e n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e s i n t h e r e c o r d f o r t h a t v e h i c l e c l a s s , V i . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 1 . 2 A U A G P V U - = J V — — ( A l l ) 1 8 2 A . 6 A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a T h e f o l l o w i n g o u t l i n e s t h e b a s i c p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f a x l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s . 1 . F o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a x l e t y p e , j , d a y o f w e e k , w , m o n t h , m , a n d l o a d b i n , 1 , a n d p a r t i c u l a r d a y w i t h i n m o n t h , p , ( m a x 5 f o r a n y d a y o f w e e k ) c a l c u l a t e t h e n u m b e r o f a x l e l o a d r e p e t i t i o n s , A R i j w m l p - S u m t h e s e r e p e t i t i o n s a c r o s s a l l l o a d b i n s a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 2 t o f o r m a t o t a l a m o u n t o f a x l e s f o r a g i v e n v e h i c l e c l a s s , a x l e t y p e , d a y o f w e e k , m o n t h a n d p a r t i c u l a r d a y o f m o n t h , A R T , - j w m p . 3 9 A R s z w m p : Z A R r j w m l p ( 1 3 1 . 1 2 ) j = 1 F o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a x l e t y p e , j , d a y o f w e e k , w , m o n t h , m , a n d l o a d b i n , 1 , a n d p a r t i c u l a r d a y w i t h i n m o n t h c a l c u l a t e t h e f r e q u e n c y o f a x l e s , A L S l - j w m l p , b y d i v i d i n g t h e l o a d b i n r e p e t i t i o n , A R l ' j w m l p , b y t h e o v e r a l l r e p e t i t i o n s , A R T l - j w m p . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 3 . _ A R r ' j w m l p A L S z j w m l p " A R T - 1 r w m p ( A . l 3 ) F o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , i , a x l e t y p e , j , m o n t h , m , a n d l o a d b i n , 1 , f o r m a m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d f r e q u e n c y f o r e a c h d a y o f w e e k , M A L S W , - j w m 1 , b y a v e r a g i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r s a m e d a y s o f w e e k w i t h i n a m o n t h a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 4 . l n : 1 - 2 A L S O - W , ” [ p ( A . 1 4 ) { 9 : 1 M A L S W U - w m l : 1 8 3 T h e c o n v e r s i o n o f a n o v e r a l l m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f r o m t h e d a y o f w e e k v a l u e s i n v o l v e s a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f a d j u s t m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s . R e f e r t o C h a p t e r 3 . 3 o f P a r t 4 i n t h e T r a f L o a d m a n u a l f o r g u i d a n c e o n t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s . I t w a s d e e m e d a d v a n t a g e o u s t o c l u s t e r a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r s i n g l e , t a n d e m , t r i d e m a n d q u a d a x l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a s a w h o l e , w i t h a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s c o m b i n e d . M - E P D G a c t u a l l y m u l t i p l i e s i t s d a m a g e f a c t o r s b a s e d o n t h e c o m b i n e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l s i n g l e , t a n d e m , t r i d e m a n d q u a d a x l e s a n d n o t b y i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , a r e v i e w o f t h e d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t l i t t l e m o n t h - t o - m o n t h v a r i a t i o n i n a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a e x i s t e d . A s s u c h , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e v i e w s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r c o m b i n i n g a n d a v e r a g i n g a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a a c r o s s d i f f e r e n t v e h i c l e c l a s s e s : 1 . F o r e a c h m o n t h , m , a x l e t y p e , j , a n d l o a d b i n , I , c a l c u l a t e t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f r e p e t i t i o n s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e c l a s s , T O T R E P l j m l . T h i s i s d o n e b y m u l t i p l y i n g t o g e t h e r t h e A A D T T o f t h e s i t e , M D F f o r t h e g i v e n m o n t h , M D F m , A G P V f o r t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s a n d a x l e t y p e , A G P V i , t h e T T C f o r t h e v e h i c l e c l a s s , T T C ) , a n d t h e a x l e l o a d f r e q u e n c y f o r t h a t m o n t h , v e h i c l e c l a s s , a x l e t y p e a n d l o a d b i n . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n c a n b e s e e n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 5 . T O T R E i j m l = A A D T T * M D F m * A G P V U - * T T C i * A L S i J - I ( A . 1 5 ) F o r e a c h m o n t h , m , a x l e t y p e , j , a n d l o a d b i n 1 , s u m t h e t o t a l r e p e t i t i o n s a c r o s s a l l v e h i c l e c l a s s e s , A R m J - l , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 6 . 1 3 A R , , , j , = Z T O T R E P U - l ( A . l 6 ) k : 4 1 8 4 3 . F o r e a c h m o n t h , 1 7 1 , a n d a x l e t y p e , j , s u m t h e t o t a l r e p e t i t i o n s f o u n d i n s t e p 2 a c r o s s a l l l o a d b i n s , A R i j , a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 7 . 3 9 A R i j = Z A R , j ( A . 1 7 ) 1 : 1 4 . F o r e a c h a x l e t y p e , j , m o n t h , m , a n d l o a d b i n , l , f o r m a m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d f r e q u e n c y , A L S , - j w , , , [ , b y d i v i d i n g t h e t o t a l r e p e t i t i o n s f o u n d i n S t e p 2 , A i j [ , b y t h e c u m u l a t i v e r e p e t i t i o n s f r o m S t e p 3 , A R i j . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 8 . A i j l A L s m j , = — — ( A . 1 8 ) A R i j 5 . A n n u a l a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a w e r e c r e a t e d b y t a k i n g s i m p l e a v e r a g e s o f e a c h o f t h e c u m u l a t i v e m o n t h l y a x l e l o a d s p e c t r a f o r e a c h a x l e t y p e , A A L S j ] , a s d i s p l a y e d i n E q u a t i o n 3 . 1 9 . 1 1 2 A A L S j , = — - Z A L S m fl ( A . 1 9 ) m = l 1 8 5 ) e e l 7 ) t t a 6 a a 2 t t r e d 1 s s - r r e S t t e e 9 1 - 1 F n n U ( ( I I ) ) L L B B M M o I I o z z W e i P ( W e i P ( e p y T t n e m u g r n t i s n I d r o c e R ) ) s I s c V a fi H l 7 7 7 f a W C ( ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 r 2 2 2 7 y T d n a 7 0 0 0 0 2 2 . . l n o 7 . . . t t t c c c O O O - - — t c 0 c O h O 2 t t 0 5 5 5 0 0 0 g i e W r o f s e t i S M I W T - — t 0 0 0 5 c 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 2 v v v v v v O . . . 2 o o o o o o N N N N N N . . t v c o O N ) 6 ) 7 0 8 0 7 2 8 0 0 - 0 9 9 - 0 0 t 9 0 n 0 9 O c 1 1 a 2 2 2 O J D ( ( M e v i s n e h e 3 1 4 r 2 1 1 p m o C . 1 - A e l b a 0 0 0 1 9 2 2 6 7 e k a e T l L n o l i e l l i v v n n t o e h d u r P g u o H s d u H * 9 6 0 3 9 9 9 9 9 4 2 4 4 1 0 1 1 2 0 4 4 4 4 5 1 8 6 S i t e S i t e N a m e C o n t r o l S e c t i o n Y e a r I n i t i a t e d ( L a t e s t D a t e C a l i b r a t e d ) D u r a t i o n o f D a t a 1 4 5 9 B a r k R i v e r W I M ( Q u a r t z ) 1 5 2 9 N o r w a y 2 2 0 2 3 . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 2 2 2 9 R a p i d R i v e r 2 1 0 2 5 2 0 0 6 ( O c t - 0 6 ) N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) F e d e r a l ( U S — 2 ) K a l k a s k a 4 0 0 1 2 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) ~ I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 1 9 6 ) V a n d e r b i l t 2 0 0 0 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 7 5 ) N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) 7 2 0 6 1 4 2 2 9 A u g r e s 6 0 7 3 1 9 9 7 . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W H V I ( P i e z o B L C ) O m e r 6 0 7 2 2 0 0 2 N o v W I M ( B e n d i n g ) S t . J o h n s 1 9 0 3 4 . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) d i s — 1 2 7 ) 5 0 5 9 7 0 0 2 4 . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W H V I ( Q u a r t z ) 5 2 4 9 M o r l e y 5 9 0 1 2 N o v . 2 0 0 5 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( P i e z o B L C ) F e d e r a l ( U S - 1 3 1 ) e t ) ) l t t e e a ) a a ) ) t 6 t t 5 5 e 6 7 e a t t r ) 0 1 s 9 4 s 7 5 s 7 r - r - r — t t — — e I e I e I a a t ( t ( t ( S M S M n n n ( ( I I I e — d S e U F ( ) ) ) ) z z z z ) ) t t t ) t r r r r L C C a a a a L L I B u u u M M u B B Q Q Q Q V o ( ( ( H z ( o o I I M M M M i i P I I I ( I P P ( ( W W W W z z W W W e e e i a t a D 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 y 2 2 2 2 . t . . . n . t t t o t l f c c c c c o 7 O O O O O n o i t a r — 0 - - — - 5 5 0 2 5 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 2 t c 2 2 2 0 u O . . . . . D v v v t v o o o o c N N N N O d e t ) e a t d i t i a e D t T a r r t I s b e i r t l a a a L e C ( Y n o i t c e S l o r t n o C ) 6 5 O 0 - 0 r 2 p A ( 4 4 1 4 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 7 7 7 7 e M C m a N e t i S n u R n u R h c r t n i l F y t i C y h a c i r B i B B 9 9 2 7 4 4 6 6 1 8 7 T a b l e A - 1 . ( c o r _ r _ t ’ d ) S i t e N o . I n s t r u m e n t T y p e R o a d C l a s s 5 2 8 9 M u s k e g o n 6 1 0 7 2 2 0 0 1 ( J a n — 0 7 ) N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) F e d e r a l ( U S - 3 1 ) 5 2 9 9 I o n i a 1 9 9 3 ( D e c — 0 6 ) 6 0 1 9 C a r s o n v i l l e 7 4 0 6 2 1 9 9 9 ( J a n - 0 7 ) W I M ( B e n d i n g ) 6 1 1 9 * 2 5 0 3 2 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 7 5 ) 6 1 2 9 7 3 1 7 1 N o v . 2 0 0 5 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 6 3 0 9 C l i o 2 5 1 0 2 1 9 9 3 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 6 3 4 9 * 2 5 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 F e d e r a l ( I - 7 5 ) 6 3 6 9 C a p a c 1 9 9 3 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 - 6 9 ) K a w k a w l i n 9 0 3 5 1 9 9 9 ( J a n - 0 7 ) 6 4 6 9 P o r t H u r o n 2 0 0 0 ( J a n - 0 7 ) W I M ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 9 4 ) 9 1 0 1 1 9 9 3 W I M ( P i e z o B L C ) ) l l 7 ) 2 a a 2 r r 1 1 e e — - d d S e e S F F U ( U ( e p y T t n e m u r t ) ) ) ) z z C C r r t t L L a a M u u B M B I o ( ( I o Q Q z z W W e e i i M M P P I I s ( ( n I W W 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . t t t t t c c c c c O O O O O - - - — - 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . v v v v v o o o o o N N N N N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 b 2 2 2 2 2 e F ( ) 7 3 6 2 2 1 5 8 0 3 1 3 6 6 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 3 7 3 4 3 6 4 a l e l m o l i v r e o l C w o F 9 1 2 8 1 8 8 T a b l e A - 1 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e N o . S i t e N a m e C o n t r o l S e c t i o n Y e a r I n i t i a t e d ( L a t e s t D a t e C a l i b r a t e d ) D u r a t i o n o f D a t a R o a d C l a s s 7 0 2 9 G r a s s L a k e 3 8 1 0 3 1 9 9 8 ( M a y — 0 6 ) W I M ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I - 9 4 ) 7 1 0 9 S c h o o l c r a f t 3 9 0 1 1 W I M F e d e r a l ( U S — 1 3 1 ) 7 1 5 9 B a t t l e C r e e k 1 3 0 8 2 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 9 4 ) 7 1 6 9 * M a r s h a l l 2 0 0 7 J u l . 2 0 0 7 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( I - 9 4 ) 7 1 7 9 * 1 1 0 1 7 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( P i e z o B L C ) I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 — 9 4 ) 7 2 6 9 C o l d w a t e r 1 2 0 3 3 2 0 0 1 ( M a y - 0 6 ) N o v . 2 0 0 5 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 - 6 9 ) 8 0 2 9 M a s o n 2 0 0 7 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 8 0 4 9 1 9 9 9 W I M ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 9 6 ) 8 1 2 9 J o n e s v i l l e W I M ( Q u a r t z ) 8 2 0 9 S o u t h H i l l N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 9 6 ) H o w e l l 1 9 9 8 ( F e b — 0 7 ) W H V I ( Q u a r t z ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I - 9 6 ) ) e t l ) a 5 3 a r 2 e - d S e U F ( t s r e 7 2 - t I n ( I M B u M u M ) ) z z ) t t r r C a a L ) g n i d n e I W Q Q ( o ( I I B z W W I e V H i P M I ( M ( I W W W 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . t r t r t t t c p c c c c O a M O O O O A — - - - - - - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . v v v v v v o o o o o N o N N N N N 1 0 0 2 ) 7 4 0 9 - 9 b 1 e F ( n o i t c e S l o r t n o C 4 2 4 3 9 6 0 2 0 8 2 1 5 8 4 n l o i e r e l l l i H y t v e h d t g i r B n r u D e b m a L r e h C @ 5 7 2 0 9 9 9 4 2 8 0 4 7 1 2 8 8 9 9 T a b l e A - 1 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e N o . S i t e N a m e Y e a r I n i t i a t e d ( L a t e s t D a t e C a l i b r a t e d ) D u r a t i o n o f D a t a I n s t r u m e n t T y p e R o a d C l a s s 4 7 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 F e d e r a l ( U S - 2 3 ) 8 2 4 9 * L u n a P i e r 5 8 1 5 1 W I M ( P i e z o B L ) I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 - 7 5 ) P u r i t a n 8 2 0 5 3 2 0 0 3 ( F e b - 0 7 ) W I M ( Q u a r t z ) F e d e r a l ( U S - 2 4 ) 8 6 8 9 * 2 0 0 0 W I M ( P i e z o ) 1 8 9 5 8 0 3 4 F e d e r a l ( U S - 2 3 ) 8 8 2 9 Y p s i l a n t i 8 1 0 6 2 2 0 0 0 N o v . 2 0 0 5 - O c t . 2 0 0 7 I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 — 9 4 ) 2 7 5 @ P e n n 8 2 2 9 1 1 9 9 3 W I M ( P i e z o B L ) 1 9 9 8 ( F e b - O 7 ) I n t e r s t a t e ( 1 — 2 7 5 ) 9 3 6 9 * K a l a m a z o o . 2 0 0 5 — S e p t . 2 0 0 6 I n t e r s t a t e ( I — 9 4 ) 9 7 5 9 C u t l e r v i l l e 2 0 0 4 ( J a n - O 7 ) N o v . 2 0 0 5 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 S t a t e ( M - 6 ) * N o t e s i t e s w i t h a n “ X ” i n d i c a t e s d a t a w a s n o t u s e d i n c o n t i n u o u s a n a l y s e s . S h a d e d s i t e s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e O W P M a n a l y s e s . l l ) ) 0 2 ) ) a a e e 2 1 3 1 r r t t M - 4 e e — - a a d d S S S — t t P e e U U U S S M F F ( ( ( ( W O e h t m n n n n n n o o o o o ) o ) o i i i i i ) ) ) ) i C C r t t L L t L t L t t f a a a a L L a B B B B a c c c c c c B d B i i i i i o o o o fi e f f f f o o f z z z z i d i i i i i z z e e e e s s s s s e e i i i i s u s s s s s i i P P P P s l a a c a a a a ( ( ( ( P P l l l l l l ( ( C C C C C C 7 0 x e e r e w d e d a h g n i d r o c e R c i f f 7 7 7 s a r T a 0 0 r 0 0 t r 2 2 2 2 a 0 0 0 0 2 e 7 0 r a e o b D t t t t c f o c c c f c . . . h . s o O O t O O e - — c t n - O - i h w i o 5 5 6 s S i 7 — ' 0 0 e 0 0 t t n o i a r u 0 0 0 6 0 i 2 2 2 2 S 0 . . . . 0 t y D 2 v n v s a c fi i s s a l C T O D M e v i s n e h e r p m o C . o u . o e a N N l M J s u y J l a n a s u o u n i t n o c n i 4 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 2 2 2 e s u t o n s a w a t 2 n l - o o 3 1 2 2 4 a A r i 2 4 2 2 9 t t 0 0 0 0 1 d s e n c l o e b C S 9 4 a T e m a N e t 3 0 8 2 e 1 t 8 8 7 a c i d n i ” X “ n r o g n a a B i h S r e e 9 9 * i . 9 s s t i w s e t t b 2 6 e i S m u N 0 0 2 7 8 2 7 e s t o y l a N n * a 1 9 0 Y e a r I n i t i a t e d ( L a t e s t D a t e C a l i b r a t e d ) I n s t r u m e n t T y p e R o a d C l a s s B r e v o r t 2 0 0 6 J u n . 2 0 0 6 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 2 2 0 9 D e e r t o n 2 0 4 1 S t a t e ( M — 2 8 ) 3 2 6 9 * B r a n c h 5 3 0 2 2 2 0 0 6 H o m e r S t a t e ( M - 6 0 ) 2 0 0 0 7 3 2 9 W h i t e P i g e o n 1 9 9 8 O c t . 2 0 0 6 — O c t . 2 0 0 7 9 7 9 9 C i c o t t e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( P i e z o B L ) I n t e r s t a t e ( I - 7 5 ) T a b l e A - 3 . R i g i d P a v e m e n t E S A L a n d P a v e m e n t T h i c k n e s s V a l u e s M - E S U M 2 0 S i t e S i n g l e T a n d e m T r i d e m Q u a d Y e a r s @ 3 1 : 1 : D P D . G N o . A x l e A x l e A x l e A x l e 2 % . p e s r g n G r o w t h ( 1 n ) D e p t h ( I n ) 1 4 5 9 2 1 7 2 2 1 6 2 4 1 9 0 7 8 3 0 5 0 7 7 2 3 0 0 8 6 0 7 1 9 7 2 3 0 9 . 6 9 9 . 5 0 1 5 2 9 1 1 8 9 9 1 9 2 3 7 4 5 4 9 1 0 2 7 2 1 1 8 3 5 4 8 5 5 5 0 2 6 7 4 9 . 2 7 9 . 5 0 2 2 2 9 1 5 8 4 7 9 0 3 3 2 4 0 0 2 8 5 3 5 0 1 0 6 2 7 4 9 6 0 5 6 8 9 1 9 . 4 2 1 0 . 0 0 4 0 4 9 2 0 4 3 9 9 9 3 9 0 8 4 7 9 2 5 9 8 2 3 2 0 1 9 6 6 4 8 2 3 1 9 6 6 9 . 9 1 1 0 . 0 0 4 1 2 9 1 2 2 5 2 7 3 1 7 3 7 1 0 3 1 4 7 0 0 2 1 8 0 4 1 1 4 4 9 1 3 4 9 3 9 . 1 0 9 . 5 0 4 1 4 9 1 9 7 4 0 2 3 3 1 3 7 9 8 4 2 4 3 6 8 6 4 8 8 9 0 6 8 1 0 2 4 4 7 6 1 1 0 . 2 7 1 0 . 0 0 4 2 2 9 6 0 7 2 3 8 1 0 5 7 8 2 8 4 3 9 9 0 5 1 1 4 7 1 2 2 2 0 5 2 7 7 . 9 2 8 . 5 0 4 2 4 9 7 7 4 1 2 3 1 1 6 5 4 1 5 6 5 8 1 7 7 2 6 2 9 4 2 7 3 1 6 4 9 8 . 2 2 8 . 5 0 5 0 1 9 2 5 4 0 3 0 9 4 6 1 1 9 7 2 1 9 5 7 2 9 1 9 8 7 5 3 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 0 1 0 . 1 1 1 0 . 5 0 5 0 5 9 4 2 7 4 1 4 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 8 3 0 0 9 0 7 2 3 3 2 6 9 8 1 5 3 1 1 7 5 6 1 0 . 9 5 1 0 . 5 0 5 2 4 9 8 7 8 1 0 4 9 8 7 0 3 6 2 0 5 3 4 2 2 7 6 6 2 9 0 1 7 2 4 6 4 7 9 1 4 1 1 . 8 1 1 1 . 0 0 5 2 8 9 2 1 9 9 8 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 3 3 6 2 4 0 0 2 4 7 3 1 1 8 9 4 7 9 8 5 5 1 0 . 1 4 1 0 . 0 0 5 2 9 9 5 6 7 1 6 4 7 1 1 8 5 3 7 7 4 2 3 1 3 7 9 1 1 6 9 0 4 4 2 2 9 4 4 7 2 4 2 1 2 . 1 4 1 1 . 5 0 6 0 1 9 2 7 2 4 0 0 3 2 0 8 3 4 5 0 8 0 0 3 4 6 6 6 1 4 9 9 0 6 9 5 6 . 8 0 8 . 0 0 6 1 2 9 5 5 8 5 8 7 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 9 0 5 0 5 4 1 1 4 4 0 4 9 7 4 2 0 5 0 8 6 4 6 1 1 . 4 7 1 1 . 0 0 6 3 0 9 4 0 7 1 6 1 4 6 0 7 5 4 9 8 4 1 9 2 6 0 3 5 6 3 8 1 5 5 5 6 7 2 7 . 4 2 8 . 0 0 6 3 6 9 4 6 9 8 8 6 7 1 8 2 9 6 3 1 2 1 0 0 7 0 3 2 2 9 2 6 9 9 3 2 6 9 2 9 2 0 5 1 1 . 9 7 1 1 . 5 0 6 4 2 9 3 4 9 1 8 0 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 0 9 5 1 3 7 8 1 4 7 1 1 0 . 7 7 1 0 . 5 0 6 4 6 9 4 4 4 9 3 4 7 9 6 2 1 0 7 3 7 9 7 7 6 8 2 3 0 3 2 2 6 1 7 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 1 . 1 5 1 1 . 0 0 6 4 7 9 2 9 7 2 3 9 3 6 8 5 9 7 6 2 6 0 6 7 1 4 5 3 1 6 5 9 9 1 5 7 5 5 4 6 8 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 0 7 0 2 9 1 6 5 2 2 2 7 0 5 6 5 5 3 2 7 9 8 2 3 1 9 6 7 7 5 0 8 7 2 8 1 6 4 9 6 1 7 1 4 . 2 1 1 3 . 5 0 7 1 0 9 3 1 1 8 4 3 4 7 5 1 6 7 6 2 2 6 6 5 4 3 9 5 8 7 0 9 5 1 1 8 6 0 4 4 8 1 0 . 5 1 1 0 . 5 0 7 1 5 9 1 8 9 2 0 8 6 7 9 2 3 4 3 1 9 2 1 4 3 9 0 4 6 6 8 9 9 9 5 7 1 1 9 6 0 3 0 6 3 1 5 . 0 6 1 4 . 0 0 7 2 6 9 8 9 7 5 9 8 1 2 8 3 6 9 3 4 9 2 5 0 1 1 7 6 2 3 7 7 . 5 2 3 7 6 5 7 8 2 4 1 2 . 6 1 1 2 . 5 0 8 0 2 9 2 5 6 7 1 6 4 5 2 4 0 5 2 2 2 3 4 9 0 9 6 0 4 5 9 0 4 1 4 0 8 8 4 9 9 1 0 . 8 1 1 0 . 0 0 8 0 4 9 5 9 3 2 7 2 7 1 4 2 8 3 9 8 3 3 6 9 1 9 2 3 4 3 3 3 1 7 2 4 0 1 9 2 1 9 1 1 . 7 6 1 1 . 5 0 8 1 2 9 1 3 6 9 8 1 5 2 4 8 4 2 1 4 2 2 0 5 7 4 8 7 6 6 4 0 8 4 9 5 1 2 4 3 9 . 1 1 9 . 5 0 8 2 0 9 1 0 7 9 2 2 2 3 2 1 5 0 2 5 5 4 2 3 4 7 1 7 6 3 4 7 3 8 1 3 9 6 9 3 8 0 0 9 3 1 3 . 8 6 1 2 . 0 0 8 2 1 9 4 6 6 8 0 5 0 8 6 0 4 7 8 0 3 2 6 6 3 9 2 9 3 2 7 6 5 1 6 5 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 . 0 8 1 1 . 0 0 8 2 2 9 7 0 1 2 3 2 7 1 5 2 1 5 0 7 0 8 8 9 9 1 9 6 5 2 7 6 7 1 2 9 6 4 4 9 8 7 1 2 . 1 5 1 1 . 5 0 8 4 4 0 6 4 4 6 2 8 3 8 7 4 0 5 7 2 4 3 5 9 1 4 3 6 5 6 7 1 2 0 0 0 4 9 7 . 0 6 8 . 0 0 8 7 2 9 1 1 6 4 9 7 0 5 2 7 8 9 4 1 0 1 7 0 9 5 2 7 6 1 6 3 8 9 1 4 6 4 1 7 2 2 3 1 3 . 0 3 1 2 . 5 0 8 8 2 9 9 2 2 5 8 2 8 3 0 4 2 5 9 2 0 8 8 4 9 8 3 1 3 9 9 1 9 8 1 5 4 5 2 8 7 1 3 1 3 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 0 9 1 8 9 1 0 0 1 3 5 7 7 3 2 7 7 4 5 3 3 1 2 7 4 3 3 9 2 1 6 5 5 8 5 2 6 5 7 1 8 3 0 0 1 3 . 7 4 1 2 . 5 0 9 2 0 9 1 0 0 1 5 6 0 9 1 8 4 2 5 2 3 1 8 8 3 0 0 6 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 4 6 0 6 9 1 2 . 8 5 1 1 . 5 0 9 7 5 9 6 9 1 0 7 3 8 5 4 2 7 0 3 5 3 1 9 8 3 5 2 0 3 4 1 1 9 5 0 5 7 5 7 . 7 4 8 . 5 0 1 9 1 T a b l e A - 4 . F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t E S A L a n d P a v e m e n t T h i c k n e s s V a l u e s M - E S U M 2 0 S i t e S i n g l e T a n d e m T r i d e m Q u a d Y e a r s @ 1 3 : 1 1 : : I f D G N o . A x l e A x l e A x l e A x l e 2 % . p e s ‘ g “ G r o w t h ( 1 “ ) D i m “ ( m ) 1 4 5 9 2 1 7 2 2 1 6 2 4 1 9 0 7 8 3 0 5 0 7 7 2 3 0 0 8 6 0 7 1 9 7 2 3 0 9 . 6 9 9 . 5 0 1 5 2 9 1 1 8 9 9 1 9 2 3 7 4 5 4 9 1 0 2 7 2 1 1 8 3 5 4 8 5 5 5 0 2 6 7 4 9 . 2 7 9 . 5 0 2 2 2 9 1 5 8 4 7 9 0 3 3 2 4 0 0 2 8 5 3 5 0 1 0 6 2 7 4 9 6 0 5 6 8 9 1 9 . 4 2 1 0 . 0 0 4 0 4 9 2 0 4 3 9 9 9 3 9 0 8 4 7 9 2 5 9 8 2 3 2 0 1 9 6 6 4 8 2 3 1 9 6 6 9 . 9 1 1 0 . 0 0 4 1 2 9 1 2 2 5 2 7 3 1 7 3 7 1 0 3 1 4 7 0 0 2 1 8 0 4 1 1 4 4 9 1 3 4 9 3 9 . 1 0 9 . 5 0 4 1 4 9 1 9 7 4 0 2 3 3 1 3 7 9 8 4 2 4 3 6 8 6 4 8 8 9 0 6 8 1 0 2 4 4 7 6 1 1 0 . 2 7 1 0 . 0 0 4 2 2 9 6 0 7 2 3 8 1 0 5 7 8 2 8 4 3 9 9 0 5 1 1 4 7 1 2 2 2 0 5 2 7 7 . 9 2 8 . 5 0 4 2 4 9 7 7 4 1 2 3 1 1 6 5 4 1 5 6 5 8 1 7 7 2 6 2 9 4 2 7 3 1 6 4 9 8 . 2 2 8 . 5 0 5 0 1 9 2 5 4 0 3 0 9 4 6 1 1 9 7 2 1 9 5 7 2 9 1 9 8 7 5 3 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 0 1 0 . 1 1 1 0 . 5 0 5 0 5 9 4 2 7 4 1 4 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 8 3 0 0 9 0 7 2 3 3 2 6 9 8 1 5 3 1 1 7 5 6 1 0 . 9 5 1 0 . 5 0 5 2 4 9 8 7 8 1 0 4 9 8 7 0 3 6 2 0 5 3 4 2 2 7 6 6 2 9 0 1 7 2 4 6 4 7 9 1 4 1 1 . 8 1 1 1 . 0 0 5 2 8 9 2 1 9 9 8 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 0 3 3 6 2 4 0 0 2 4 7 3 1 1 8 9 4 7 9 8 5 5 1 0 . 1 4 1 0 . 0 0 5 2 9 9 5 6 7 1 6 4 7 1 1 8 5 3 7 7 4 2 3 1 3 7 9 1 1 6 9 0 4 4 2 2 9 4 4 7 2 4 2 1 2 . 1 4 1 1 . 5 0 6 0 1 9 2 7 2 4 0 0 3 2 0 8 3 4 5 0 8 0 0 3 4 6 6 6 1 9 9 0 6 9 5 6 . 8 0 8 . 0 0 6 1 2 9 5 5 8 5 8 7 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 9 0 5 0 5 4 1 1 4 4 0 4 9 7 4 2 0 5 0 8 6 4 6 1 1 . 4 7 1 1 . 0 0 6 3 0 9 4 0 7 1 6 1 4 6 0 7 5 5 8 4 1 9 2 6 0 3 5 6 4 1 5 5 5 6 7 2 7 . 4 2 8 . 0 0 6 3 6 9 4 6 9 8 8 6 7 1 8 2 9 6 3 1 2 1 0 0 7 0 3 2 2 9 2 6 9 9 3 2 6 9 2 9 2 0 5 1 1 . 9 7 1 1 . 5 0 6 4 2 9 3 4 9 1 8 0 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 0 9 5 1 3 7 8 1 4 7 1 1 0 . 7 7 1 0 . 5 0 6 4 6 9 4 4 4 9 3 4 7 9 6 2 1 0 7 3 7 9 7 7 6 8 2 3 0 3 2 2 6 1 7 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 1 . 1 5 1 1 . 0 0 6 4 7 9 2 9 7 2 3 9 3 6 8 5 9 7 6 2 6 0 6 7 1 4 5 3 1 6 5 9 9 1 5 7 5 5 4 6 8 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 0 7 0 2 9 1 6 5 2 2 2 7 0 5 6 5 5 3 2 7 9 8 2 3 1 9 6 7 7 5 0 8 7 2 8 1 6 4 9 6 1 7 1 4 . 2 1 1 3 . 5 0 7 1 0 9 3 1 1 8 4 3 4 7 5 1 6 7 6 2 2 6 6 5 4 3 9 5 8 7 0 9 1 1 8 6 0 4 4 8 1 0 . 5 1 1 0 . 5 0 7 1 5 9 1 8 9 2 0 8 6 7 9 2 3 4 3 1 9 2 1 4 3 9 0 4 6 6 8 9 9 9 5 7 1 . 2 E + 0 8 1 5 . 0 6 1 4 . 0 0 7 2 6 9 8 9 7 5 9 8 1 2 8 3 6 9 3 4 9 2 5 0 1 1 7 6 2 3 7 8 3 7 6 5 7 8 2 4 1 2 . 6 1 1 2 . 5 0 8 0 2 9 2 5 6 7 1 6 4 5 2 4 0 5 2 2 2 3 4 9 0 9 6 0 4 5 9 0 4 1 4 0 8 8 4 9 9 1 0 . 8 1 1 0 . 0 0 8 0 4 9 5 9 3 2 7 2 7 1 4 2 8 3 9 8 3 3 6 9 1 9 2 3 4 3 3 3 1 7 2 4 0 1 9 2 1 9 1 1 . 7 6 1 1 . 5 0 8 1 2 9 1 3 6 9 8 1 5 2 4 8 4 2 1 4 2 2 0 5 7 4 8 7 6 6 4 1 4 9 5 1 2 4 3 9 . 1 1 9 . 5 0 8 2 0 9 1 0 7 9 2 2 2 3 2 1 5 0 2 5 5 4 2 3 4 7 1 7 6 3 4 7 3 8 1 3 9 6 9 3 8 0 0 9 3 1 3 . 8 6 1 2 . 0 0 8 2 1 9 4 6 6 8 0 5 0 8 6 0 4 7 8 0 3 2 6 6 3 9 2 9 3 2 7 6 5 1 6 5 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 . 0 8 1 1 . 0 0 8 2 2 9 7 0 1 2 3 2 7 1 5 2 1 5 0 7 0 8 8 9 9 1 9 6 5 2 7 6 7 1 2 9 6 4 4 9 8 7 1 2 . 1 5 1 1 . 5 0 8 4 4 0 6 4 4 6 2 8 3 8 7 4 0 6 2 4 3 5 9 1 4 3 6 5 7 1 2 0 0 0 4 9 7 . 0 6 8 . 0 0 8 7 2 9 1 1 6 4 9 7 0 5 2 7 8 9 4 1 0 1 7 0 9 5 2 7 6 1 6 3 8 9 1 4 6 4 1 7 2 2 3 1 3 . 0 3 1 2 . 5 0 8 8 2 9 9 2 2 5 8 2 8 3 0 4 2 5 9 2 0 8 8 4 9 8 3 1 3 9 9 1 9 8 1 5 4 5 2 8 7 1 3 1 3 . 3 6 1 2 . 5 0 9 1 8 9 1 0 0 1 3 5 7 7 3 2 7 7 4 5 3 3 1 2 7 4 3 3 9 2 1 6 5 5 8 5 2 6 5 7 1 8 3 0 0 1 3 . 7 4 1 2 . 5 0 9 2 0 9 1 0 0 1 5 6 0 9 1 8 4 2 5 2 3 1 8 8 3 0 0 6 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 4 6 0 6 9 1 2 . 8 5 1 1 . 5 0 9 7 5 9 6 9 1 0 7 3 8 5 4 2 7 0 5 3 1 9 8 3 5 2 0 3 4 1 9 5 0 5 7 5 7 . 7 4 8 . 5 0 1 9 2 T a b l e A - 5 . P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s ( 1 o f 2 ) P r e d i c t . P e a r s o n T T C S i n g l e T a n d e m T r i d e m Q u a d H D F V a r i a b l e C r l t e r l a A G P V A G P V A G P V A G P V P e a r s o n C o r r . . 5 0 7 “ . 0 7 4 . 1 8 7 . 2 7 2 . 2 7 6 3 6 6 * 2 8 : : S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 1 . 6 8 6 . 2 9 8 . 1 0 9 . 1 1 4 . 0 1 9 N 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 4 1 P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 4 5 8 W - 3 8 4 “ 4 7 0 4 “ - 4 3 9 " - 3 7 8 " - . 3 0 8 " R e g i o n S i g . ( 2 - t a i 1 e d ) . 0 0 3 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 7 . 0 2 7 . 0 5 0 N 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 4 1 P e a r s o n C o r r . 4 6 3 7 “ - . 1 1 6 - 4 6 6 “ - . 3 8 6 " - . 1 6 3 - 6 2 1 " A A D T T S i g . ( 2 - t a i 1 e d ) . 0 0 0 . 5 2 6 . 0 0 6 . 0 2 0 . 3 5 8 . 0 0 0 N 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 4 1 P e a r s o n C o r r . . 8 8 4 " - . 0 8 1 . 2 2 0 . 2 5 5 . 0 9 8 . 6 6 0 1 ? v c 5 % S i g . ( 2 - t a i 1 e d ) . 0 0 0 . 6 6 1 . 2 1 9 . 1 3 3 . 5 8 1 . 0 0 0 N 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 4 1 P e a r s o n C o r r . - 9 1 2 “ . 1 0 1 - 3 0 4 - . 2 5 5 - . 1 6 5 — . 7 8 1 * * V C 9 % S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 5 8 3 . 0 8 6 . 1 3 3 . 3 5 2 . 0 0 0 N 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 4 1 , P e a r s o n C o r r . . 0 3 2 — . 3 4 0 - 4 7 6 “ — . 2 3 9 - 0 5 4 . 2 6 6 F u n c t l o n C l a s s S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 8 5 3 . 0 5 7 . 0 0 5 . 1 6 1 . 7 6 1 . 1 1 7 N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 F o o d P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 6 0 0 * * - . 1 1 4 — . 5 8 4 * * - 4 9 3 " - . 0 5 8 - . 5 1 0 * * P r o d u c t s S i g . ( 2 — t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 5 3 3 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 . 7 4 6 . 0 0 1 T k a % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 F a b r . P e a r s o n C o r r . - . 7 0 3 * * - . 0 0 7 - 6 0 0 " - . 3 9 9 * - . 2 0 0 - 4 5 8 " M e t a l S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 9 6 8 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 6 . 2 5 6 . 0 0 5 P r o d u c t s T m c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 T r a n s , P e a r s o n C o r r . - . 4 9 9 * * - . 0 5 8 - . 1 5 9 . 0 5 3 - 3 8 1 “ - . 3 7 2 * E q u i p . S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 2 . 7 5 2 . 3 7 7 . 7 5 7 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 5 T k a % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 L o g s P e a r s o n C o r r . . 3 1 2 . 0 6 7 . 5 0 8 " . 3 4 6 " . 0 4 7 . 0 6 7 w g z e r S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 6 4 . 7 1 6 . 0 0 3 . 0 3 8 . 7 9 1 . 6 9 8 5 . 2 3 : 2 : N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 1 9 3 T a b l e A - 5 . ( c o n t ’ d ) M n P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 6 5 0 ' - 1 0 2 — . 4 0 3 — . 1 9 2 — . 1 5 6 — . 5 7 7 " a c " ‘ 6 S i g . ( 2 — t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 5 7 7 . 0 2 0 . 2 6 1 . 3 7 8 . 0 0 0 T r u c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 R u b b e r P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 5 9 2 " — . 0 1 0 — . 4 8 9 " - . 4 8 F ' — . 0 7 9 — . 4 8 3 " a n d . S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 9 5 5 . 0 0 4 . 0 0 3 . 6 5 9 . 0 0 3 P l a s t l c s T r u c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 F u r n . P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 4 9 9 " * . 2 2 0 - . 0 3 6 — . 0 2 4 . 0 1 3 — . 4 5 4 * * “ i d S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 2 . 2 2 5 . 8 4 3 . 8 9 0 . 9 4 4 . 0 0 5 l e t u r e s T r u c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 M i s c , P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 4 9 6 " — . 0 2 5 — . 2 7 2 - . l 7 9 — . 0 7 6 — . 4 6 7 " M a n u f a c , , P r o d u c t s S l g . ( 2 — t a l l e d ) . 0 0 2 . 8 9 3 . 1 2 5 . 2 9 5 . 6 6 7 . 0 0 4 T r u c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 I a n - m e d P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 5 1 9 " " - . 0 3 8 - 5 2 0 ” — . 4 1 4 ‘ — . 1 5 9 — . 4 0 4 ' M a t t e r S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 1 . 8 3 8 . 0 0 2 . 0 1 2 . 3 7 0 . 0 1 5 T m c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 E l e c t P e a r s o n C o r r . - . 5 0 4 " . 0 0 5 - . 3 9 9 " - . 2 6 0 — . 1 8 1 — . 4 5 0 " E q u i p - S i g . ( 2 - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 2 . 9 7 7 . 0 2 1 . 1 2 6 . 3 0 7 . 0 0 6 T m ° k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 P a p e r P e a r s o n C o r r . . 2 1 3 . 2 5 5 . 5 5 0 " . 5 1 5 ” . 1 3 0 . 0 5 4 a n d P u l p . . S l g . ( 2 — t a l l e d ) . 2 1 1 . 1 5 9 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 4 6 5 . 7 5 6 P r o d u c t s T r u c k % N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 T a 1 P e a r s o n C o r r . — . 5 8 0 " . 0 3 9 - . 2 0 6 — . 3 2 1 . 0 2 1 — . 6 7 5 * * T 3 ; S i g . ( l l - t a i l e d ) . 0 0 0 . 8 3 4 . 2 5 0 . 0 5 7 . 9 0 5 . 0 0 0 N 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 4 3 6 * I n d i c a t e s s i g n i fi c a n c e a t t h e 0 . 0 5 l e v e l * * I n d i c a t e s s i g n i fi c a n c e a t t h e 0 . 0 1 l e v e l 1 9 4 P V r a o l e r d i i a c b t l . e a a s d s e A C C n a o u l r o m g D 5 0 t s u 9 c s o d d c “ T 7 T % ” i o n c k s t % R C R A V v F C F T P P C 2 8 t N P C 3 t N P C 3 N t P C t N 3 P C 3 t N 2 8 t N P C t S N 2 I e r e e o e e o o a i r 5 r a r a a a r r r 1 1 ' r r r ‘ 2 1 e o r g i a r ' a o 1 a a a a ' a i a e 3 “ . . . . 3 " . r r r r r 3 r e e e e e e e t r r 3 r 3 r : . l ' l l l l : 5 l r . l i ' ‘ . ( s d s d s 0 d s 9 d s d . d s d ( r 0 9 0 o 2 o 2 o o o 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) o 2 ) a n ' n n n n - ‘ n “ ‘ “ - M 4 . . - . 5 . _ . . . 5 . . . . . _ - - — - — 0 7 1 0 2 1 0 8 D 0 3 5 9 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 F 7 6 7 0 1 3 4 9 9 0 2 8 3 4 5 2 6 5 0 5 1 3 5 5 2 5 0 1 9 1 * 6 8 7 9 * “ M 8 - - _ - — - — . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 0 3 . . _ . . . D - 3 5 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 8 8 7 0 F 0 0 7 4 0 0 9 6 9 8 g 3 6 4 2 8 6 4 3 5 0 1 9 9 0 9 7 9 4 0 9 4 9 4 5 7 5 - M 1 1 . . 4 . . . . . . . . . - - - — 4 D 1 5 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 3 0 0 0 3 ” 4 1 9 1 9 4 3 5 8 2 2 " F 1 1 — 8 2 3 8 0 8 6 7 8 4 0 8 8 1 4 8 4 7 8 4 8 7 7 ” * ' m A . 6 s . . 4 . 6 . . 8 . 8 — . . . . - A - . - A g L 0 6 4 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 8 0 3 3 3 3 4 3 ” S l 8 e “ 0 7 0 0 0 0 " ” " " 9 ‘ " 2 1 8 8 8 3 4 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 2 6 1 6 A n . . T a A - - . . . . - . . . . . . . 3 - “ d L 0 1 8 2 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 e 1 9 6 3 1 9 4 0 2 3 8 4 4 ” 8 9 S 1 2 3 6 5 6 1 1 6 0 6 6 2 2 6 6 9 8 6 m T l d L A 4 n A . . . 4 - - . . . . . . 5 . - - - 0 3 0 3 5 3 3 3 0 1 2 0 7 3 3 0 . . 0 3 3 0 2 " " 8 9 “ m " l e S 5 0 3 2 5 6 0 7 1 1 6 3 6 6 1 4 1 4 1 0 4 8 9 4 4 0 4 5 0 4 A u Q A . . - - . . . . . . 3 3 . . . . 2 6 0 4 5 1 “ a d S 4 8 1 7 9 5 6 5 6 8 4 3 2 6 1 3 3 9 3 1 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 0 4 1 3 L 0 9 1 1 5 0 8 0 9 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 T a b l e A - 6 . P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f fi c i e n t s f o r P r e d i c t o r V a r i a b l e s ( 2 o f 2 ) 1 9 5 T a b l e A - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) P e a r s o n F a b r . - . 2 1 4 - . 3 3 9 * - 4 1 0 “ - 5 5 9 " - 0 7 2 — . 3 8 7 * - . 1 9 6 C o r r . M e t a l S i ( 2 _ P r o d u c t s . g ' . 2 4 8 . 0 4 6 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 6 7 7 . 0 2 4 . 2 7 5 T r u c k ( 7 t a l l e d ) 0 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 P e a r s o n . 0 6 4 - 2 9 0 . 0 8 5 — . 4 2 6 * * . 0 0 1 - 3 0 7 - . 0 3 4 T r a n s . C o r r . E q u i p . S i g . ( 2 - . T r u c k % t a i l e d ) . 7 3 3 . 0 9 1 . 6 6 8 . 0 1 0 . 9 9 5 . 0 7 8 . 8 5 3 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 L o g s P e a r s o n * * 4 : a n : * L u m b e r C o r r . . 5 3 8 . 4 0 3 . 5 9 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 8 8 . 4 2 8 . 4 1 6 * a n d - _ w o o d 3 1 3 ' ( 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 1 6 . 0 0 1 . 0 5 7 . 0 8 9 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 6 t a r l e d ) P r o d u c t s T r u c k % N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 P e a r s o n - . 0 6 0 — . 2 0 4 - . 1 2 2 - 4 6 3 “ . 3 0 6 - . 4 6 0 * * . 1 7 3 C o r r . M a c h i n e S i g ( 2 _ T r u c k % t a i l e d ) . 7 4 9 . 2 3 9 . 5 3 6 . 0 0 4 . 0 6 9 . 0 0 6 . 3 3 6 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 R u b b e r 2 : ? “ - . 3 1 2 - . 3 3 3 - 3 4 5 - 5 0 9 “ — . 0 2 7 — . 4 0 8 * - . 1 5 9 a n d S i g ( 2 — P l a s t i c s . ' . 0 8 8 . 0 5 1 . 0 7 2 . 0 0 2 . 8 7 8 . 0 1 7 . 3 7 8 T r u c k ( 7 t a r l e d ) 0 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 F u m . 2 2 : 8 0 “ . 1 8 9 . 0 7 0 - . 0 6 3 - 4 7 0 ” . 2 6 3 - . 3 0 6 . 2 1 2 a n d S i g ( 2 — F i x t u r e s . ' . 3 0 9 . 6 8 9 . 7 4 8 . 0 0 4 . 1 2 1 . 0 7 9 . 2 3 6 T c k ( 7 t a r l e d ) r ” 0 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 M i s c . 2 2 : 3 0 “ - . 0 7 1 - . 3 7 2 * . 0 1 6 - . 3 1 0 . 2 0 4 - 3 4 1 “ . 0 6 2 M a n u f a c S ' ' 2 P r o d u c t s 1 “ ' . 7 0 5 . 0 2 8 . 9 3 5 . 0 6 6 . 2 3 3 . 0 4 9 . 7 3 0 t a r l e d ) T r u c k % N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 E a m o n - 2 2 3 - . 2 5 1 — . 4 3 3 * - 3 4 3 " . 0 0 8 - 4 6 5 " . 1 0 0 P r i n t e d o r r . M a t t e r S i g . ( 2 - T m c k % t a i l e d ) . 2 2 8 . 1 4 5 . 0 2 1 . 0 4 1 . 9 6 3 . 0 0 6 . 5 8 0 N 3 1 3 5 2 8 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 3 1 9 6 T a b l e A - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) P e a r s o n - . 1 9 9 - . 3 8 8 * - 1 9 5 — . 3 7 3 “ . 0 7 1 - . 2 8 2 - . 1 3 4 E l e c t . 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T r u c k % F u r n . a n d F i x t u r e s T r u c k % M i s c . M a n u f . P r o d . T r u c k % E l e c t . E q u i p . T r u c k % 6 4 6 9 2 . 5 3 2 . 2 0 . 9 0 . 9 2 . 2 7 0 . 0 4 1 . 2 1 0 . 8 2 0 . 1 8 6 2 1 6 0 4 8 2 . 8 1 . 4 3 7 0 6 9 5 . 6 4 0 . 7 7 0 . 2 8 0 . 7 3 8 . 4 2 2 . 6 7 1 . 2 1 . 2 6 7 2 6 9 1 . 0 8 2 0 . 2 9 1 6 3 6 6 5 4 6 7 3 2 9 8 0 2 9 0 . 9 2 0 . 3 5 8 0 4 9 2 . 6 4 1 . 6 7 1 . 3 8 0 . 0 7 8 1 2 9 1 . 2 3 3 . 6 7 1 . 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 8 8 4 . 9 1 . 0 6 0 . 7 2 0 . 0 2 2 . 6 9 1 . 6 1 . 9 8 1 . 7 1 . 4 1 0 . 7 5 0 . 9 6 7 . 3 4 0 . 4 6 0 . 4 3 1 . 4 3 1 . 8 8 0 . 0 3 0 . 2 7 0 . 6 1 . 8 6 3 . 5 4 2 . 2 1 . 4 8 0 . 7 7 1 . 4 2 3 . 6 4 . 0 3 2 . 2 2 1 . 8 4 2 . 6 3 9 1 8 9 1 . 4 4 1 . 4 0 . 6 1 1 . 5 8 9 2 0 9 1 . 1 4 . 5 6 1 . 9 5 0 . 2 1 . 1 5 1 . 5 2 1 1 6 0 2 8 3 9 7 5 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 8 0 . 6 8 2 . 1 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 1 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 3 A p p e n d i x B A n a l y s e s R e s u l t s 2 0 2 T a b l e B - 1 . D i f f e r e n c e i n A A D T T b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a S i t e A A D T T A A D T T D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t a g e ( O W P M ) ( F u l l ) D i f f e r e n c e 1 4 5 9 3 5 6 . 3 3 5 7 . 9 1 . 6 0 . 4 5 1 5 2 9 2 7 1 . 4 2 9 4 . 7 2 3 . 3 7 . 9 1 2 2 0 9 * 8 4 . 3 8 8 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 6 4 2 2 2 9 4 3 3 . 1 4 3 6 . 4 3 . 3 0 . 7 6 4 0 4 9 5 0 4 . 6 5 2 2 . 9 1 8 . 3 3 . 5 0 4 1 2 9 3 6 2 3 8 6 . 3 2 4 . 3 6 . 2 9 4 1 4 9 5 9 5 . 1 6 6 9 . 2 7 4 . 1 1 1 . 0 7 4 2 2 9 1 4 8 . 1 1 5 0 . 5 2 . 4 1 . 5 9 4 2 4 9 3 1 8 3 2 5 . 7 7 . 7 2 . 3 6 5 0 1 9 8 1 4 . 4 8 3 2 . 8 1 8 . 4 2 . 2 1 5 0 5 9 1 3 8 5 . 7 1 4 2 5 . 1 3 9 . 4 2 . 7 6 5 2 4 9 1 2 0 5 1 2 2 1 . 6 1 6 . 6 1 . 3 6 5 2 8 9 9 4 6 . 5 9 7 4 . 6 2 8 . 1 2 . 8 8 5 2 9 9 2 0 7 5 . 4 2 1 8 8 . 1 1 1 2 . 7 5 . 1 5 6 0 1 9 * 1 0 2 . 8 1 1 1 . 5 8 . 7 7 . 8 0 6 1 2 9 1 4 6 9 . 4 1 5 4 7 . 9 7 8 . 5 5 . 0 7 6 3 0 9 1 1 9 . 7 1 2 2 . 9 3 . 2 2 . 6 0 6 3 6 9 1 7 0 7 . 6 1 6 9 5 - 1 2 . 6 - 0 . 7 4 6 4 2 9 8 2 1 . 2 8 4 6 . 4 2 5 . 2 2 . 9 8 6 4 7 9 8 6 9 . 1 8 9 9 2 9 . 9 3 . 3 3 7 0 2 9 3 5 3 4 . 9 3 5 6 9 . 2 3 4 . 3 0 . 9 6 7 1 0 9 8 9 0 9 7 6 . 1 8 6 . 1 8 . 8 2 7 1 5 9 5 3 3 1 . 9 5 4 3 5 . 4 1 0 3 . 5 1 . 9 0 7 2 6 9 3 0 3 5 . 4 3 1 0 0 . 6 6 5 . 2 2 . 1 0 8 0 2 9 7 8 4 . 2 8 0 9 . 2 2 5 3 . 0 9 8 0 4 9 1 7 4 4 . 7 1 8 0 9 6 4 . 3 3 . 5 5 8 1 2 9 3 8 7 . 6 4 1 2 . 1 2 4 . 5 5 . 9 5 8 2 0 9 2 7 4 2 2 8 0 2 . 1 6 0 . 1 2 . 1 4 8 2 1 9 1 8 3 0 . 3 1 8 9 4 . 6 6 4 . 3 3 . 3 9 8 2 2 9 1 8 5 0 1 8 8 1 . 4 3 1 . 4 1 . 6 7 8 4 4 0 2 7 4 . 7 2 7 7 . 1 2 . 4 0 . 8 7 8 7 2 9 3 0 5 2 . 9 3 1 7 1 1 1 8 . 1 3 . 7 2 8 8 2 9 2 1 8 5 . 2 2 2 3 5 . 9 5 0 . 7 2 . 2 7 9 1 8 9 2 7 0 5 . 2 2 7 8 0 . 7 7 5 . 5 2 . 7 2 9 2 0 9 2 9 9 2 . 2 3 1 0 6 1 1 3 . 8 3 . 6 6 9 7 5 9 3 1 7 . 2 3 2 1 . 2 4 1 . 2 5 9 7 9 9 * 3 0 2 4 . 8 3 0 4 9 . 8 2 5 0 . 8 2 * I n d i c a t e s d a t a w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s 2 0 3 T a b l e B - 2 . D i f f e r e n c e i n T T C b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a S i t e V C T T C T T C D i f f e r e n c e C a t e g o r y ( O W P M ) ( F u l l ) 1 4 5 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 3 . 6 1 1 3 . 5 5 - 0 . 0 6 1 5 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 1 . 2 7 1 0 . 7 6 - 0 . 5 2 2 2 0 9 * V C 1 1 - 1 3 3 0 . 6 0 2 9 . 9 8 . - 0 . 6 3 2 2 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 9 . 4 4 9 . 4 0 - 0 . 0 5 4 0 4 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 5 . 1 8 1 4 . 9 0 - 0 . 2 8 4 1 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 8 . 1 5 8 . 1 0 - 0 . 0 5 4 1 4 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 9 . 9 1 9 . 0 7 - 0 . 8 4 4 2 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 3 . 5 0 1 3 . 3 6 - 0 . 1 5 4 2 4 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 2 . 2 0 1 1 . 9 7 - 0 . 2 3 5 0 1 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 7 . 9 6 7 . 9 4 - 0 . 0 2 5 0 5 9 V G 1 1 - 1 3 5 . 4 6 5 . 5 3 0 . 0 7 5 2 4 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 7 . 1 6 7 . 2 6 0 . 1 0 5 2 8 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 5 . 0 8 5 . 3 6 0 . 2 7 5 2 9 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 0 . 0 4 1 3 . 1 9 3 . 1 5 6 0 1 9 * V C 1 1 - 1 3 7 5 . 1 0 7 6 . 0 5 0 . 9 6 6 1 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 1 . 9 2 1 2 . 0 3 0 . 1 1 6 3 0 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 7 . 0 2 7 . 6 5 0 . 6 3 6 3 6 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 5 . 5 8 5 . 5 3 - 0 . 0 5 6 4 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 0 . 1 7 9 . 8 1 - 0 . 3 6 6 4 7 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 3 . 0 2 1 3 . 1 4 0 . 1 1 7 0 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 5 . 1 5 5 . 1 5 0 . 0 0 7 1 0 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 4 . 4 9 4 . 3 4 - 0 . 1 5 7 1 5 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 4 . 3 1 4 . 3 5 0 . 0 5 7 2 6 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 3 . 1 5 3 . 1 4 - 0 . 0 1 8 0 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 6 . 8 9 7 . 0 6 0 . 1 7 8 0 4 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 6 . 0 2 6 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 8 1 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 0 . 6 0 1 0 . 6 0 0 . 0 0 8 2 0 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 6 . 2 2 1 5 . 3 2 - 0 . 9 0 8 2 1 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 5 . 8 9 5 . 9 2 0 . 0 3 8 2 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 8 . 1 9 8 . 4 4 0 . 2 5 8 4 4 0 V C 1 1 - 1 3 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 - 0 . 0 1 8 7 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 9 . 1 3 8 . 9 3 - 0 . 1 9 8 8 2 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 7 . 9 1 8 . 1 0 0 . 2 0 9 1 8 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 8 . 7 5 8 . 9 9 0 . 2 4 9 2 0 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 4 . 2 9 4 . 2 7 - 0 . 0 2 9 7 5 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 . 8 6 2 . 2 1 0 . 3 5 9 7 9 9 * V C 1 1 - 1 3 1 2 . 9 5 1 2 . 9 0 - 0 . 0 5 1 4 5 9 V C 4 - 7 5 1 . 0 8 5 1 . 4 7 0 . 3 9 1 5 2 9 V C 4 — 7 4 9 . 9 6 5 2 . 0 9 2 . 1 2 2 2 0 9 * V C 4 - 7 5 8 . 4 8 5 9 . 1 6 0 . 6 8 2 2 2 9 V C 4 - 7 3 4 . 3 8 3 3 . 6 6 - 0 . 7 2 2 0 4 T a b l e B - 2 . ( c o n t ’ d ) V C T T C ' I T C S l t e C a t e g o r y ( O W P M ) ( F u l l ) D i f f e r e n c e 4 0 4 9 V C 4 - 7 3 4 . 5 6 3 4 . 9 4 0 . 3 8 4 1 2 9 V C 4 - 7 5 1 . 9 3 5 2 . 1 1 0 . 1 8 4 1 4 9 V C 4 - 7 4 0 . 9 5 4 6 . 0 0 5 . 0 4 4 2 2 9 V C 4 - 7 4 4 . 6 3 4 3 . 7 9 - 0 . 8 4 4 2 4 9 V C 4 - 7 5 2 . 8 0 5 3 . 0 5 0 . 2 6 5 0 1 9 V C 4 - 7 2 8 . 9 3 2 9 . 2 9 0 . 3 6 5 0 5 9 V G 4 - 7 3 2 . 8 9 3 2 . 8 1 - 0 . 0 8 5 2 4 9 V C 4 - 7 4 1 . 2 2 4 0 . 8 8 - 0 . 3 4 5 2 8 9 V C 4 - 7 4 5 . 2 0 4 5 . 3 2 0 . 1 2 5 2 9 9 V C 4 - 7 2 2 . 1 1 2 1 . 3 4 - 0 . 7 6 6 0 1 9 * V G 4 - 7 2 0 . 2 3 1 9 . 1 9 - 1 . 0 4 6 1 2 9 V G 4 - 7 2 6 . 0 1 2 6 . 2 5 0 . 2 4 6 3 0 9 V C 4 - 7 6 2 . 1 6 6 1 . 3 5 — 0 . 8 0 6 3 6 9 V C 4 - 7 2 2 . 0 8 2 0 . 5 0 - 1 . 5 8 6 4 2 9 V C 4 - 7 3 5 . 6 7 3 6 . 8 0 1 . 1 4 6 4 7 9 V C 4 - 7 3 4 . 0 1 3 4 . 3 2 0 . 3 0 7 0 2 9 V C 4 - 7 1 6 . 5 1 1 6 . 3 7 - 0 . 1 4 7 1 0 9 V C 4 - 7 4 6 . 8 2 5 0 . 2 2 3 . 4 0 7 1 5 9 V C 4 - 7 1 7 . 7 3 1 7 . 2 8 - 0 . 4 5 7 2 6 9 V C 4 - 7 1 2 . 2 6 1 2 . 1 8 - 0 . 0 7 8 0 2 9 V C 4 - 7 3 2 . 5 6 3 3 . 0 7 0 . 5 1 8 0 4 9 V C 4 - 7 2 2 . 3 4 2 2 . 5 0 0 . 1 7 8 1 2 9 V C 4 - 7 3 3 . 9 5 3 5 . 0 2 1 . 0 6 8 2 0 9 V C 4 - 7 2 8 . 7 0 2 9 . 0 4 0 . 3 4 8 2 1 9 V C 4 - 7 2 4 . 5 1 2 5 . 1 9 0 . 6 8 8 2 2 9 V C 4 - 7 3 2 . 0 4 3 1 . 6 3 - 0 . 4 1 8 4 4 0 V C 4 - 7 8 0 . 4 1 8 0 . 1 9 - 0 . 2 3 8 7 2 9 V C 4 - 7 1 6 . 7 7 1 6 . 8 8 0 . 1 1 8 8 2 9 V C 4 - 7 2 3 . 1 0 2 2 . 7 8 0 3 1 9 1 8 9 V G 4 - 7 1 9 . 0 5 1 8 . 9 3 - O . 1 2 9 2 0 9 V C 4 - 7 3 5 . 1 1 3 5 . 5 1 0 . 3 9 9 7 5 9 V C 4 - 7 6 3 . 7 5 6 3 . 7 3 - 0 . 0 2 9 7 9 9 * V G 4 - 7 8 0 . 7 1 8 0 . 7 2 0 . 0 1 1 4 5 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 5 . 3 1 3 4 . 9 8 - 0 . 3 3 1 5 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 8 . 7 6 3 7 . 1 6 - 1 . 6 1 2 2 0 9 * V C 8 - 1 0 1 0 . 9 1 1 0 . 8 6 - 0 . 0 5 2 2 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 6 . 1 8 5 6 . 9 4 0 . 7 7 4 0 4 9 V G 8 - 1 0 5 0 . 2 6 5 0 . 1 6 - 0 . 1 0 4 1 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 9 . 9 2 3 9 . 7 9 - 0 . 1 3 4 1 4 9 V C 8 - 1 0 4 9 . 1 3 4 4 . 9 3 - 4 . 2 0 4 2 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 4 1 . 8 6 4 2 . 8 6 0 . 9 9 4 2 4 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 5 . 0 0 3 4 . 9 7 - 0 . 0 3 2 0 5 T a b l e B - 2 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e V C T T C T T C D i f f e r e n c e C a t e g o r y ( O W P M ) ( F u l l ) 5 0 1 9 V C 8 1 0 6 3 . 1 1 6 2 . 7 8 - 0 . 3 4 5 0 5 9 V C 8 1 0 6 1 . 6 5 6 1 . 6 6 0 . 0 1 5 2 4 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 1 . 6 2 5 1 . 8 6 0 . 2 4 5 2 8 9 V C 8 - 1 0 4 9 . 7 2 4 9 . 3 2 - 0 . 4 0 5 2 9 9 V C 8 - 1 0 6 7 . 8 6 6 5 . 4 7 - 2 . 3 9 6 0 1 9 * V G 8 - 1 0 4 . 6 7 4 . 7 5 0 . 0 8 6 1 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 6 2 . 0 7 6 1 . 7 2 - 0 . 3 5 6 3 0 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 0 . 8 3 3 1 . 0 0 0 . 1 7 6 3 6 9 V C 8 — 1 0 7 2 . 3 4 7 3 . 9 7 1 . 6 4 6 4 2 9 V C 8 — 1 0 5 4 . 1 6 5 3 . 3 9 - 0 . 7 7 6 4 7 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 2 . 9 6 5 2 . 5 5 — 0 . 4 2 7 0 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 7 8 . 3 5 7 8 . 4 8 0 . 1 4 7 1 0 9 V C 8 1 0 4 8 . 6 9 4 5 . 4 4 - 3 . 2 5 7 1 5 9 V C 8 - 1 0 7 7 . 9 6 7 8 . 3 6 0 . 4 0 7 2 6 9 V C 8 - 1 0 8 4 . 5 9 8 4 . 6 8 0 . 0 9 8 0 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 6 0 . 5 6 5 9 . 8 7 - 0 . 6 8 8 0 4 9 V C 8 - 1 0 7 1 . 6 4 7 1 . 4 5 - 0 . 1 9 8 1 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 5 . 4 4 5 4 . 3 8 — 1 . 0 6 8 2 0 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 5 . 0 8 5 5 . 6 4 0 . 5 6 8 2 1 9 V C 8 1 0 6 9 . 6 0 6 8 . 8 9 - 0 . 7 1 8 2 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 5 9 . 7 7 5 9 . 9 3 0 . 1 7 8 4 4 0 V C 8 - 1 0 1 8 . 7 1 1 8 . 9 5 0 . 2 3 8 7 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 7 4 . 1 1 7 4 . 1 8 0 . 0 8 8 8 2 9 V C 8 - 1 0 6 9 . 0 0 6 9 . 1 1 0 . 1 2 9 1 8 9 V C 8 - 1 0 7 2 . 2 0 7 2 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 2 9 2 0 9 V C 8 - 1 0 6 0 . 6 0 6 0 . 2 2 - 0 . 3 8 9 7 5 9 V C 8 - 1 0 3 4 . 3 9 3 4 . 0 6 - 0 . 3 3 9 7 9 9 * V C 8 - 1 0 6 . 3 3 6 . 3 8 0 . 0 5 * I n d i c a t e s d a t a w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s 2 0 6 T a b l e B - 3 . D i f f e r e n c e i n M D F b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a V C 4 - 7 V C 8 - 1 0 V C 1 1 - 1 3 S i t e M D F M D F M D F D i f f e r e n c e D i f f e r e n c e D i f f e r e n c e 1 4 5 9 0 . 0 6 9 7 0 . 0 6 8 2 0 . 1 1 3 4 1 5 2 9 0 . 1 3 4 1 0 . 0 6 2 3 0 . 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 9 * 0 . 1 0 0 9 0 . 0 7 9 7 0 . 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 9 0 . 0 8 0 5 0 . 0 6 5 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 4 0 4 9 0 . 1 3 8 5 0 . 0 6 0 2 0 . 0 8 8 5 4 1 2 9 0 . 1 3 3 0 0 . 0 8 2 0 0 . 1 2 3 6 4 1 4 9 0 . 4 1 6 4 0 . 0 6 9 9 0 . 1 0 5 3 4 2 2 9 0 . 1 4 8 1 0 . 0 8 7 4 0 . 0 8 0 6 4 2 4 9 0 . 0 6 9 4 0 . 0 6 7 3 0 . 1 2 7 1 5 0 1 9 0 . 0 6 1 4 0 . 0 4 8 2 0 . 1 5 7 5 5 0 5 9 0 . 0 6 6 4 0 . 0 6 9 3 0 . 0 8 8 6 5 2 4 9 0 . 1 3 3 5 0 . 0 5 5 7 0 . 2 2 6 9 5 2 8 9 0 . 0 7 9 2 0 . 0 6 3 7 0 . 1 6 4 6 5 2 9 9 0 . 0 8 3 5 0 . 0 7 1 9 0 . 2 2 5 6 6 0 1 9 * 0 . 1 0 8 8 0 . 1 2 5 3 0 . 2 0 7 8 6 1 2 9 0 . 0 5 8 7 0 . 0 6 1 7 0 . 1 0 4 3 6 3 0 9 0 . 0 9 8 6 0 . 1 1 5 0 0 . 2 8 6 0 6 3 6 9 0 . 0 8 3 2 0 . 0 8 1 0 0 . 0 8 4 4 6 4 2 9 0 . 0 8 7 7 0 . 0 8 6 8 0 . 1 2 2 4 6 4 7 9 0 . 2 1 7 7 0 . 0 6 7 7 0 . 1 4 2 4 7 0 2 9 0 . 0 9 1 5 0 . 0 6 7 3 0 . 0 9 0 3 7 1 0 9 0 . 2 2 3 9 0 . 0 7 4 9 0 . 1 1 0 1 7 1 5 9 0 . 2 5 8 6 0 . 0 8 3 2 0 . 0 9 9 8 7 2 6 9 0 . 0 6 5 1 0 . 0 6 8 2 0 . 0 8 2 0 8 0 2 9 0 . 0 8 5 6 0 . 0 7 3 7 0 . 1 3 2 2 8 0 4 9 0 . 1 0 5 3 0 . 1 2 8 4 0 . 1 5 4 9 8 1 2 9 0 . 1 2 5 4 0 . 1 1 8 4 0 . 2 0 5 6 8 2 0 9 0 . 0 8 8 2 0 . 0 7 0 4 0 . 1 4 1 5 8 2 1 9 0 . 0 8 3 0 0 . 0 8 9 2 0 . 1 2 4 7 8 2 2 9 0 . 1 3 0 4 0 . 0 7 4 9 0 . 1 0 0 8 8 4 4 0 0 . 0 7 8 8 0 . 0 8 4 3 0 . 7 3 8 6 8 7 2 9 0 . 0 5 6 6 0 . 0 7 3 4 0 . 1 0 4 7 8 8 2 9 0 . 2 1 8 0 0 . 0 7 4 3 0 . 1 2 0 9 9 1 8 9 0 . 1 3 1 0 0 . 0 7 0 8 0 . 3 7 9 6 9 2 0 9 0 . 0 7 9 8 0 . 0 9 4 0 0 . 1 5 1 9 9 7 5 9 0 . 0 8 4 1 0 . 0 7 7 6 0 . 1 0 9 0 9 7 9 9 * 0 . 0 8 3 3 0 . 0 9 0 3 0 . 1 2 6 7 2 0 7 * I n d i c a t e s d a t a w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s T a b l e B - 4 . 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H D F l e f e r e n c e 1 4 5 9 0 . 0 8 3 1 1 5 2 9 0 . 1 1 9 0 2 2 0 9 * 0 . 1 0 9 1 2 2 2 9 0 . 0 6 0 0 4 0 4 9 0 . 0 7 9 7 4 1 2 9 0 . 0 6 7 1 4 1 4 9 0 . 1 5 1 3 4 2 2 9 0 . 0 8 7 7 4 2 4 9 0 . 0 4 7 2 5 0 1 9 0 . 0 6 2 2 5 0 5 9 0 . 0 2 8 9 5 2 4 9 0 . 0 5 4 8 5 2 8 9 0 . 0 3 6 5 5 2 9 9 0 . 0 5 9 4 6 0 1 9 * 0 . 1 5 4 3 6 1 2 9 0 . 2 0 1 2 6 3 0 9 0 . 1 0 5 1 6 3 6 9 0 . 0 6 3 9 6 4 2 9 0 . 1 4 2 9 6 4 7 9 0 . 0 3 9 1 7 0 2 9 0 . 0 2 3 2 7 1 0 9 0 . 1 1 2 7 7 1 5 9 0 . 0 2 5 9 7 2 6 9 0 . 0 2 3 2 8 0 2 9 0 . 0 3 7 6 8 0 4 9 0 . 0 4 1 5 8 1 2 9 0 . 0 5 6 2 8 2 0 9 0 . 1 3 1 8 8 2 1 9 0 . 0 5 5 4 8 2 2 9 0 . 0 3 9 6 8 4 4 0 0 . 0 7 7 6 8 7 2 9 0 . 0 3 3 7 8 8 2 9 0 . 0 3 2 1 9 1 8 9 0 . 0 2 5 7 9 2 0 9 0 . 0 2 6 3 9 7 5 9 0 . 0 8 1 3 9 7 9 9 * 0 . 0 4 7 8 * I n d i c a t e s d a t a w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e c n e r e f f 1 . 2 2 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 0 5 8 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 i d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . 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B e l b 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 7 1 1 3 4 3 0 1 0 3 a L T 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L 8 5 2 4 7 7 3 3 6 8 9 6 4 2 1 6 6 8 6 8 5 4 5 5 2 6 8 6 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 3 0 2 7 4 6 3 3 6 8 7 1 5 4 2 4 1 4 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 4 0 3 8 6 0 2 3 3 5 1 0 5 6 5 3 4 8 5 3 5 1 4 9 L L 1 ( L L L L L L L L L 4 8 3 6 4 7 9 1 8 2 5 5 4 7 9 5 0 1 2 5 3 0 1 5 8 8 6 6 6 7 4 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 L 2 2 L L L L L L 1 L 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 2 4 1 4 8 2 0 2 0 6 2 2 4 2 2 0 2 2 1 3 0 1 2 1 2 4 2 4 5 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 2 2 0 1 5 2 9 1 3 2 2 0 2 L 6 1 ( 1 5 2 ( 1 3 0 L 6 3 1 3 2 2 0 7 ( 1 5 1 ( 1 3 6 2 2 0 8 ( 1 3 8 4 0 4 9 1 3 2 1 0 7 L 4 2 ( 1 4 1 ( 1 4 2 2 2 7 8 ( 1 4 7 ( 1 0 0 ( 1 0 1 4 1 2 9 1 3 L 6 2 ( 1 5 3 L 8 8 4 1 4 9 1 4 4 ( 1 6 2 2 2 0 9 L 4 2 4 2 2 9 L 6 1 4 1 0 1 1 3 L 6 2 ( 1 3 1 ( 1 6 5 L 8 5 ( 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 2 1 1 L 6 0 ( 1 5 3 L 5 8 5 0 5 9 1 3 L 9 9 L 5 2 ( 1 3 1 ( 1 0 0 ( 1 2 7 L 5 9 ( 1 8 3 L 4 8 ( 1 3 7 L 6 7 5 2 9 9 ( 1 8 9 ( 1 5 9 ( 1 5 7 ( 1 3 8 ( 1 0 9 ( 1 3 9 ( 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 1 3 L 4 2 ( 1 6 1 L 6 1 4 1 0 5 6 3 6 9 2 2 5 2 L 3 8 ( 1 5 5 ( 1 0 0 ( 1 0 0 6 4 2 9 L 9 8 L 5 7 ( 1 3 7 1 1 9 7 L 5 7 ( 1 3 7 ( 1 0 0 6 4 6 9 * 2 4 3 L 2 1 ( 1 5 9 6 4 7 9 1 3 L 5 5 ( 1 3 3 ( 1 6 7 2 2 9 7 ( 1 2 3 ( 1 6 1 2 2 8 8 2 2 0 2 ( 1 4 5 2 2 0 3 L 8 1 ( 1 4 1 ( 1 0 0 7 1 5 9 1 3 2 2 9 2 ( 1 3 0 2 2 9 0 ( 1 0 0 L 5 5 ( 1 5 5 L 5 7 8 0 2 9 1 3 ( 1 3 0 L 3 8 ( 1 7 0 ( 1 0 3 8 0 4 9 2 2 1 4 ( 1 3 0 ( 1 5 9 2 2 1 6 ( 1 3 0 1 3 2 2 0 2 L 5 7 8 2 0 9 1 3 L 5 0 8 2 1 9 1 3 ( 1 3 1 L 5 5 ( 1 3 7 ( 1 5 9 2 2 2 0 L 5 5 ( 1 0 0 1 3 L 3 1 L 4 1 4 1 2 9 1 0 . 0 - 0 3 0 0 . . 0 0 1 0 . 0 - 1 0 . 0 - 1 0 6 2 0 0 . . 1 0 0 4 — - 7 6 9 0 8 6 7 7 6 7 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 1 2 2 3 . . . 0 0 0 4 4 7 2 2 2 . . . 1 1 1 ) d ’ t n o c ( . 5 - B e 6 7 l 1 9 b . a 2 T . 1 7 7 7 5 . . 0 0 6 7 s e s y l a n a l a 2 2 c . . 0 0 9 9 1 5 7 1 5 3 2 2 . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 . 2 i t s i t a t s e h t n i d e s u t o n s a w 3 3 3 1 1 l a t a d s e t a 9 9 2 8 7 1 c 8 9 i d I n I * 2 2 1 1 . 9 8 0 . 6 8 1 . 9 7 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 8 8 2 9 1 3 0 . 2 2 0 . 7 6 1 . 3 0 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 0 1 . 7 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 7 9 1 . 7 1 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 9 2 0 9 1 3 1 . 7 0 1 . 6 8 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 9 7 5 9 2 . 0 0 0 . 3 6 1 . 5 6 0 . 3 5 - 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 3 T a b l e B - 6 . D i f f e r e n c e i n A v e r a g e A x l e L o a d b e t w e e n O W P M a n d C o n t i n u o u s D a t a S i t e V e h i c l e A x l e O W P M C o n t i n u o u s D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t C l a s s T y p e L o a d L o a d D i f f e r e n c e 1 4 5 9 5 S i n g l e 6 9 3 9 . 6 4 6 9 8 0 . 1 3 4 0 . 4 9 0 . 5 8 0 1 5 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 6 8 2 . 8 5 7 7 1 6 . 4 3 3 3 . 5 8 0 . 4 3 5 2 2 2 9 5 S i n g l e 6 9 9 0 . 0 2 6 9 8 2 . 9 3 - 7 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 0 1 4 0 4 9 5 S i n g l e 7 6 9 6 . 8 0 7 6 1 3 . 5 4 ~ 8 3 . 2 6 - l . 0 9 4 4 1 2 9 5 S i n g l e 6 2 8 4 . 2 0 6 2 5 1 . 6 9 - 3 2 . 5 1 — 0 . 5 2 0 4 1 4 9 5 S i n g l e 7 3 9 5 . 4 3 7 3 6 1 . 7 9 - 3 3 . 6 4 - 0 . 4 5 7 4 2 2 9 5 S i n g l e 8 5 8 7 . 0 1 8 8 8 4 . 0 2 2 9 7 . 0 1 3 . 3 4 3 4 2 4 9 5 S i n g l e 6 5 7 8 . 4 1 6 5 6 5 . 5 8 - l 2 . 8 3 - 0 . 1 9 5 5 0 1 9 5 S i n g l e 7 2 2 9 . 6 1 7 2 2 3 . 5 7 - 6 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 8 4 5 0 5 9 5 S i n g l e 7 9 4 5 . 2 3 7 9 7 4 . 8 0 2 9 . 5 7 0 . 3 7 1 5 2 4 9 5 S i n g l e 8 1 3 2 . 6 8 8 4 0 7 . 2 4 2 7 4 . 5 7 3 . 2 6 6 5 2 8 9 5 S i n g l e 7 2 2 2 . 6 3 7 2 2 8 . 4 3 5 . 7 9 0 . 0 8 0 5 2 9 9 5 S i n g l e 7 6 8 0 . 7 0 7 7 2 8 . 2 1 4 7 . 5 1 0 . 6 1 5 6 1 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 8 9 8 . 5 8 7 8 3 2 . 6 4 - 6 5 . 9 4 - 0 . 8 4 2 6 3 0 9 5 S i n g l e 8 4 7 8 . 0 8 8 4 5 2 . 2 5 - 2 5 . 8 2 - 0 . 3 0 6 6 3 6 9 5 S i n g l e 6 7 0 0 . 4 9 6 6 7 0 . 5 6 - 2 9 . 9 3 - 0 . 4 4 9 6 4 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 2 5 1 . 9 2 7 2 3 3 . 4 1 - l 8 . 5 1 - 0 . 2 5 6 6 4 6 9 * 5 S i n g l e 7 6 5 5 . 8 5 7 6 3 0 . 9 3 - 2 4 . 9 2 — 0 . 3 2 7 6 4 7 9 5 S i n g l e 8 2 3 4 . 6 5 8 1 8 2 . 5 3 - 5 2 . 1 2 - 0 . 6 3 7 7 0 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 5 2 9 . 2 2 7 4 8 9 . 0 5 - 4 0 . 1 7 - 0 . 5 3 6 7 1 0 9 5 S i n g l e 7 1 4 2 . 6 3 7 0 3 6 . 9 3 - 1 0 5 . 6 9 - 1 . 5 0 2 7 1 5 9 5 S i n g l e 8 4 1 6 . 2 3 8 3 9 1 . 6 8 - 2 4 . 5 5 - 0 . 2 9 3 7 2 6 9 5 S i n g l e 8 2 4 8 . 1 9 8 2 2 7 . 6 7 - 2 0 . 5 2 - 0 . 2 4 9 8 0 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 9 2 8 . 5 1 7 8 3 2 . 8 4 - 9 5 . 6 7 - 1 . 2 2 1 8 0 4 9 5 S i n g l e 9 4 0 5 . 2 6 8 6 4 2 . 4 1 - 7 6 2 . 8 5 - 8 . 8 2 7 8 1 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 5 6 2 . 6 0 7 5 3 6 . 6 6 - 2 5 . 9 4 - 0 . 3 4 4 8 2 0 9 5 S i n g l e 8 3 4 4 . 4 3 8 3 6 2 . 0 3 1 7 . 6 0 0 . 2 1 0 8 2 1 9 5 S i n g l e 8 0 9 5 . 1 9 8 1 1 9 . 1 3 2 3 . 9 4 0 . 2 9 5 8 2 2 9 5 S i n g l e 8 0 1 4 . 2 7 7 9 9 2 . 9 2 - 2 1 . 3 5 - 0 . 2 6 7 8 4 4 0 5 S i n g l e 7 4 6 5 . 9 8 7 4 7 7 . 8 3 1 1 . 8 5 0 . 1 5 8 8 7 2 9 5 S i n g l e 7 5 9 0 . 4 7 7 6 3 3 . 8 3 4 3 . 3 6 0 . 5 6 8 8 8 2 9 5 S i n g l e 8 3 0 3 . 7 3 8 3 6 7 . 0 5 6 3 . 3 3 0 . 7 5 7 9 1 8 9 5 S i n g l e 8 2 1 2 . 1 5 8 2 2 3 . 4 4 1 1 . 2 9 0 . 1 3 7 9 2 0 9 5 S i n g l e 8 3 7 1 . 6 1 8 3 1 6 . 2 7 - 5 5 . 3 4 - 0 . 6 6 5 9 7 5 9 5 S i n g l e 7 5 5 1 . 4 0 7 6 2 4 . 5 3 7 3 . 1 3 0 . 9 5 9 1 4 5 9 5 T a n d e m 8 4 4 1 . 8 7 8 4 7 9 . 8 5 3 7 . 9 8 0 . 4 4 8 1 5 2 9 5 T a n d e m 7 3 6 3 . 9 3 7 4 9 3 . 5 2 1 2 9 . 5 8 1 . 7 2 9 2 2 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 0 3 9 . 7 0 8 0 5 8 . 6 7 1 8 . 9 7 0 . 2 3 5 4 0 4 9 5 T a n d e m 8 2 3 9 . 5 3 8 3 2 4 . 1 5 8 4 . 6 2 1 . 0 1 7 4 1 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 4 1 5 . 0 0 8 3 5 6 . 8 0 - 5 8 . 2 0 - 0 . 6 9 6 2 2 2 T a b l e B - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e V e h i c l e A x l e O W P M C o n t i n u o u s D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t C l a s s T y p e L o a d L o a d D i f f e r e n c e 4 1 4 9 5 T a n d e m 7 5 4 7 . 9 5 7 5 1 9 . 3 2 - 2 8 . 6 3 - 0 . 3 8 1 4 2 2 9 5 T a n d e m 7 5 0 6 . 7 5 7 6 5 3 . 1 3 1 4 6 . 3 8 1 . 9 1 3 4 2 4 9 5 T a n d e m 8 2 8 9 . 0 3 8 4 3 5 . 5 3 1 4 6 . 5 0 1 . 7 3 7 5 0 1 9 5 T a n d e m 8 5 1 4 . 8 0 8 4 5 6 . 5 3 - 5 8 . 2 7 - 0 . 6 8 9 5 0 5 9 5 T a n d e m 8 8 4 6 . 0 8 8 9 4 9 . 6 2 1 0 3 . 5 3 1 . 1 5 7 5 2 4 9 5 T a n d e m 9 3 4 5 . 8 0 9 6 8 9 . 5 7 3 4 3 . 7 7 3 . 5 4 8 5 2 8 9 5 T a n d e m 8 8 7 1 . 6 7 8 8 8 8 . 6 3 1 6 . 9 7 0 . 1 9 1 5 2 9 9 5 T a n d e m 8 4 6 3 . 5 3 8 5 1 1 . 5 5 4 8 . 0 2 0 . 5 6 4 6 1 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 8 2 4 . 6 0 8 8 1 3 . 9 0 - 1 0 . 7 0 - 0 . 1 2 1 6 3 0 9 5 T a n d e m 8 5 6 2 . 3 5 8 2 4 1 . 5 7 - 3 2 0 . 7 8 - 3 . 8 9 2 6 3 6 9 5 T a n d e m 6 8 5 3 . 9 5 6 9 1 6 . 1 0 6 2 . 1 5 0 . 8 9 9 6 4 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 8 4 2 . 4 0 8 7 8 7 . 1 3 ~ 5 5 . 2 7 - 0 . 6 2 9 6 4 6 9 * 5 T a n d e m 8 4 4 3 . 7 5 8 4 5 6 . 3 2 1 2 . 5 7 0 . 1 4 9 6 4 7 9 5 T a n d e m 8 0 1 0 . 3 0 7 9 7 0 . 0 8 - 4 0 . 2 2 - 0 . 5 0 5 7 0 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 5 7 8 . 6 3 8 6 7 0 . 7 2 9 2 . 0 8 1 . 0 6 2 7 1 0 9 5 T a n d e m 6 8 6 2 . 2 5 6 8 5 1 . 2 2 - 1 1 . 0 3 - 0 . 1 6 1 7 1 5 9 5 T a n d e m 7 3 4 9 . 9 5 7 4 1 3 . 2 8 6 3 . 3 3 0 . 8 5 4 7 2 6 9 5 T a n d e m 7 7 7 5 . 5 8 7 7 3 7 . 7 3 - 3 7 . 8 5 - 0 . 4 8 9 8 0 2 9 5 T a n d e m 7 8 3 8 . 6 3 7 8 2 3 . 2 3 - 1 5 . 4 0 - 0 . 1 9 7 8 0 4 9 5 T a n d e m 7 8 1 6 . 7 5 7 7 4 2 . 3 3 — 7 4 . 4 2 - 0 . 9 6 1 8 1 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 6 1 3 . 8 3 8 7 6 8 . 6 7 1 5 4 . 8 3 1 . 7 6 6 8 2 0 9 5 T a n d e m 7 2 5 2 . 5 0 7 2 9 7 . 8 8 4 5 . 3 8 0 . 6 2 2 8 2 1 9 5 T a n d e m 8 6 9 0 . 7 2 8 6 5 7 . 1 7 - 3 3 . 5 5 - 0 . 3 8 8 8 2 2 9 5 T a n d e m 7 7 3 2 . 9 3 7 7 4 2 . 5 7 9 . 6 3 0 . 1 2 4 8 4 4 0 5 T a n d e m 8 0 7 6 . 4 8 7 8 5 0 . 2 0 - 2 2 6 . 2 8 - 2 . 8 8 3 8 7 2 9 5 T a n d e m 8 0 6 0 . 5 8 8 0 3 7 . 9 7 - 2 2 . 6 2 - 0 . 2 8 1 8 8 2 9 5 T a n d e m 6 9 1 6 . 3 3 6 8 9 9 . 0 8 - 1 7 . 2 5 - 0 . 2 5 0 9 1 8 9 5 T a n d e m 7 7 0 4 . 3 2 7 6 3 3 . 2 8 - 7 l . 0 3 - 0 . 9 3 1 9 2 0 9 5 T a n d e m 8 2 9 9 . 0 7 8 2 5 5 . 3 5 - 4 3 . 7 2 0 5 3 0 9 7 5 9 5 T a n d e m 8 6 8 2 . 6 3 8 6 9 2 . 4 8 9 . 8 5 0 . 1 1 3 1 4 5 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 8 6 1 . 2 8 1 1 8 2 4 . 3 3 - 3 6 . 9 4 - 0 . 3 1 2 1 5 2 9 . 9 S i n g l e 1 1 5 2 8 . 7 3 1 1 4 6 3 . 4 8 - 6 5 . 2 6 - 0 . 5 6 9 2 2 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 5 4 3 . 1 7 1 1 4 9 2 . 3 4 - 5 0 . 8 3 - 0 . 4 4 2 4 0 4 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 8 5 8 . 3 5 1 0 8 1 8 . 6 3 - 3 9 . 7 2 - 0 . 3 6 7 4 1 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 7 5 2 . 4 4 1 0 7 3 7 . 1 3 - 1 5 . 3 2 - 0 . 1 4 3 4 1 4 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 3 3 7 . 5 2 1 0 3 0 9 . 4 0 - 2 8 . 1 2 - 0 . 2 7 3 4 2 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 4 8 1 . 2 2 1 0 5 6 4 . 5 9 8 3 . 3 8 0 . 7 8 9 4 2 4 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 2 7 0 . 6 9 1 0 3 0 5 . 6 1 3 4 . 9 2 0 . 3 3 9 5 0 1 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 7 9 0 . 1 6 1 0 8 0 9 . 6 2 1 9 . 4 6 0 . 1 8 0 5 0 5 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 1 7 5 . 6 9 1 1 1 4 5 . 8 0 - 2 9 . 8 9 - 0 . 2 6 8 5 2 4 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 5 6 2 . 9 6 1 0 4 7 4 . 4 3 - 8 8 . 5 3 - 0 . 8 4 5 2 2 3 T a b l e B - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e V e h i c l e A x l e O W P M C o n t i n u o u s D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t C l a s s T y p e L o a d L o a d D i f f e r e n c e 5 2 8 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 4 5 0 . 6 8 1 0 4 7 8 . 4 3 2 7 . 7 5 0 . 2 6 5 5 2 9 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 0 2 4 . 6 8 1 1 0 9 9 . 1 7 7 4 . 4 8 0 . 6 7 1 6 1 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 0 4 4 . 7 1 1 1 0 8 3 . 6 1 3 8 . 9 0 0 . 3 5 1 6 3 0 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 6 0 6 . 3 7 1 0 5 1 4 . 8 6 - 9 1 . 5 1 - 0 . 8 7 0 6 3 6 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 3 0 8 . 2 5 1 1 2 3 5 . 0 0 - 7 3 . 2 5 - 0 . 6 5 2 6 4 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 4 3 8 . 8 4 1 1 4 7 4 . 2 7 3 5 . 4 2 0 . 3 0 9 6 4 6 9 * 9 S i n g l e 1 1 2 0 0 . 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 . 2 8 3 0 . 9 6 0 . 2 7 6 6 4 7 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 5 7 1 . 0 2 1 0 6 5 6 . 6 9 8 5 . 6 8 0 . 8 0 4 7 0 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 7 0 1 . 9 7 1 1 6 3 8 . 5 8 - 6 3 . 3 8 - 0 . 5 4 5 7 1 0 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 8 2 1 . 3 0 1 0 8 9 9 . 7 2 7 8 . 4 2 0 . 7 1 9 7 1 5 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 2 2 3 . 4 1 1 1 2 0 4 . 7 9 - 1 8 . 6 2 - 0 . 1 6 6 7 2 6 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 9 4 7 . 6 8 1 1 9 4 2 . 2 5 - 5 . 4 3 - 0 . 0 4 5 8 0 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 4 0 0 . 2 3 1 0 3 9 6 . 6 8 - 3 . 5 5 - 0 . 0 3 4 8 0 4 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 6 3 1 . 5 9 1 0 5 8 6 . 6 6 - 4 4 . 9 3 — 0 . 4 2 4 8 1 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 1 7 8 . 8 2 1 0 1 6 5 . 8 0 - l 3 . 0 2 - 0 . 1 2 8 8 2 0 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 5 4 7 . 6 3 1 0 5 4 5 . 0 2 - 2 . 6 1 - 0 . 0 2 5 8 2 1 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 4 8 4 . 5 0 1 0 4 6 8 . 8 4 - 1 5 . 6 6 - 0 . 1 5 0 8 2 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 7 9 9 . 7 8 1 0 7 9 2 . 1 5 - 7 . 6 2 - 0 . 0 7 1 8 4 4 0 9 S i n g l e 9 5 3 3 . 1 7 9 5 1 1 . 0 7 - 2 2 . 1 0 - 0 . 2 3 2 8 7 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 8 4 1 . 9 1 1 1 8 2 1 . 5 3 - 2 0 . 3 7 - 0 . 1 7 2 8 8 2 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 1 3 8 . 1 7 1 1 1 4 5 . 5 1 7 . 3 4 0 . 0 6 6 9 1 8 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 0 2 1 . 4 4 1 0 9 8 3 . 8 9 - 3 7 . 5 5 - 0 . 3 4 2 9 2 0 9 9 S i n g l e 1 1 2 3 5 . 1 2 1 1 2 0 7 . 5 7 — 2 7 . 5 5 - 0 . 2 4 6 9 7 5 9 9 S i n g l e 1 0 2 6 6 . 2 4 1 0 2 4 8 . 8 8 - 1 7 . 3 6 - 0 . 1 6 9 1 4 5 9 9 T a n d e m 2 4 1 1 7 . 8 0 2 1 8 9 2 . 3 8 - 2 2 2 5 . 4 2 - 1 0 . 1 6 5 1 5 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 6 7 2 5 . 9 0 2 6 5 6 9 . 3 7 - 1 5 6 . 5 3 - 0 . 5 8 9 2 2 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 3 9 6 0 . 2 7 2 3 8 1 8 . 7 7 - 1 4 1 . 5 0 - 0 . 5 9 4 4 0 4 9 9 T a n d e m 2 4 5 9 8 . 3 7 2 4 3 1 2 . 6 5 - 2 8 5 . 7 2 - 1 . 1 7 5 4 1 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 8 4 8 . 2 3 2 1 7 4 7 . 7 3 - 1 0 0 . 5 0 - 0 . 4 6 2 4 1 4 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 1 8 5 . 7 3 2 0 9 3 3 . 8 3 - 2 5 1 . 9 0 - 1 . 2 0 3 4 2 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 2 6 2 8 . 8 7 2 2 5 9 4 . 6 3 - 3 4 . 2 3 - 0 . 1 5 2 4 2 4 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 3 9 6 . 9 2 2 1 3 9 7 . 7 0 0 . 7 8 0 . 0 0 4 5 0 1 9 9 T a n d e m 1 9 5 9 7 . 9 7 1 9 6 5 2 . 7 5 5 4 . 7 8 0 . 2 7 9 5 0 5 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 2 9 2 . 1 3 2 0 2 0 6 . 9 5 - 8 5 . 1 8 - 0 . 4 2 2 5 2 4 9 9 T a n d e m 1 9 8 6 1 . 9 8 1 9 4 9 2 . 6 8 - 3 6 9 . 3 0 - 1 . 8 9 5 5 2 8 9 9 T a n d e m 1 8 7 1 1 . 4 2 1 8 7 4 6 . 5 0 3 5 . 0 8 0 . 1 8 7 5 2 9 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 1 6 0 . 8 0 2 0 2 8 4 . 3 8 1 2 3 . 5 8 0 . 6 0 9 6 1 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 5 7 4 . 2 0 2 0 4 9 2 . 3 0 - 8 1 . 9 0 - 0 . 4 0 0 6 3 0 9 9 T a n d e m 1 9 0 4 8 . 1 3 1 9 0 0 5 . 3 7 - 4 2 . 7 7 - 0 . 2 2 5 6 3 6 9 9 T a n d e m 2 5 0 5 7 . 7 3 2 4 8 0 7 . 1 7 - 2 5 0 . 5 7 - 1 . 0 1 0 6 4 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 1 9 0 . 6 5 2 1 1 3 3 . 6 7 - 5 6 . 9 8 - 0 . 2 7 0 2 2 4 T a b l e B - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e V e h i c l e A x l e O W P M C o n t i n u o u s D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t C l a s s T y p e L o a d L o a d D i f f e r e n c e 6 4 6 9 * 9 T a n d e m 2 0 8 2 8 . 8 5 2 0 8 6 6 . 2 2 3 7 . 3 7 0 . 1 7 9 6 4 7 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 6 9 2 . 1 3 2 1 8 5 4 . 8 0 1 6 2 . 6 7 0 . 7 4 4 7 0 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 4 6 4 8 . 5 2 2 4 6 9 0 . 7 3 4 2 . 2 2 0 . 1 7 1 7 1 0 9 9 T a n d e m 2 1 3 6 6 . 8 8 2 1 6 4 4 . 9 3 2 7 8 . 0 5 1 . 2 8 5 7 1 5 9 9 T a n d e m 2 6 7 6 1 . 0 8 2 6 6 7 4 . 2 8 - 8 6 . 8 0 - 0 . 3 2 5 7 2 6 9 9 T a n d e m 2 2 2 1 6 . 9 7 2 2 1 8 9 . 6 2 - 2 7 . 3 5 - 0 . 1 2 3 8 0 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 4 2 5 . 4 5 2 0 4 3 1 . 1 5 5 . 7 0 0 . 0 2 8 8 0 4 9 9 T a n d e m 2 2 6 9 6 . 7 8 2 2 3 6 2 . 8 3 - 3 3 3 . 9 5 - 1 . 4 9 3 8 1 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 5 9 2 . 4 8 2 0 6 4 2 . 9 3 5 0 . 4 5 0 . 2 4 4 8 2 0 9 9 T a n d e m 2 2 4 2 9 . 0 5 2 2 3 8 4 . 2 2 - 4 4 . 8 3 - 0 . 2 0 0 8 2 1 9 9 T a n d e m 1 8 8 9 7 . 9 0 1 8 8 2 9 . 0 8 - 6 8 . 8 2 - 0 . 3 6 5 8 2 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 5 4 1 . 3 7 2 0 5 9 5 . 2 5 5 3 . 8 8 0 . 2 6 2 8 4 4 0 9 T a n d e m 1 8 2 7 6 . 8 2 1 8 2 7 6 . 2 3 - 0 . 5 8 - 0 . 0 0 3 8 7 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 2 5 8 6 . 4 5 2 2 5 1 6 . 7 5 — 6 9 . 7 0 - 0 . 3 1 0 8 8 2 9 9 T a n d e m 2 4 6 9 3 . 0 0 2 4 6 5 1 . 0 8 - 4 1 . 9 2 — 0 . 1 7 0 9 1 8 9 9 T a n d e m 2 4 1 9 9 . 1 0 2 4 0 5 7 . 5 3 - 1 4 1 . 5 7 - 0 . 5 8 8 9 2 0 9 9 T a n d e m 2 0 3 1 0 . 6 3 2 0 2 5 4 . 1 8 - 5 6 . 4 5 - 0 . 2 7 9 9 7 5 9 9 T a n d e m 1 8 8 9 0 . 0 0 1 8 8 1 5 . 7 2 — 7 4 . 2 8 - 0 . 3 9 5 1 4 5 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 4 8 9 0 . 4 9 1 4 9 4 5 . 8 6 5 5 . 3 7 0 . 3 7 0 1 5 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 1 4 9 . 6 8 1 3 0 7 4 . 7 8 - 7 4 . 9 0 — 0 . 5 7 3 2 2 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 9 2 3 . 5 0 1 3 9 2 6 . 8 9 3 . 3 9 0 . 0 2 4 4 0 4 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 6 6 5 . 0 6 1 1 5 6 3 . 9 3 - 1 0 1 . 1 3 - 0 . 8 7 4 4 1 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 4 5 0 . 1 2 1 3 7 5 9 . 8 8 3 0 9 . 7 6 2 . 2 5 1 4 1 4 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 3 3 0 . 6 5 1 3 3 8 9 . 7 3 5 9 . 0 8 0 . 4 4 1 4 2 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 0 8 8 6 . 4 3 1 0 6 3 4 . 5 3 - 2 5 1 . 8 9 - 2 . 3 6 9 4 2 4 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 0 2 0 . 7 6 1 1 1 2 8 . 4 2 1 0 7 . 6 6 0 . 9 6 7 5 0 1 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 6 9 2 . 9 2 1 1 6 5 6 . 5 1 - 3 6 . 4 1 - 0 . 3 1 2 5 0 5 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 3 2 5 . 4 3 1 3 4 0 5 . 3 4 7 9 . 9 1 0 . 5 9 6 5 2 4 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 4 1 5 . 5 6 1 3 9 9 7 . 2 9 5 8 1 . 7 3 4 . 1 5 6 5 2 8 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 6 6 8 . 4 6 1 1 7 1 4 . 3 0 4 5 . 8 4 0 . 3 9 1 5 2 9 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 0 4 7 . 4 5 1 0 9 3 1 . 1 7 - 1 1 6 . 2 8 - 1 . 0 6 4 6 1 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 5 0 5 . 0 8 1 2 1 8 0 . 5 3 - 3 2 4 . 5 6 - 2 . 6 6 5 6 3 0 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 5 6 6 . 3 2 1 2 4 5 1 . 8 6 - 1 1 4 . 4 6 - 0 . 9 1 9 6 3 6 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 1 2 5 . 5 7 1 3 2 3 9 . 4 9 1 1 3 . 9 2 0 . 8 6 0 6 4 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 0 3 4 . 4 0 1 3 1 1 6 . 6 2 8 2 . 2 2 0 . 6 2 7 6 4 6 9 * 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 9 4 3 . 3 2 1 3 9 7 7 . 1 4 3 3 . 8 3 0 . 2 4 2 6 4 7 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 9 5 5 . 1 0 1 3 1 3 8 . 8 7 1 8 3 . 7 7 1 . 3 9 9 7 0 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 5 5 8 0 . 9 7 1 5 2 7 1 . 9 5 - 3 0 9 . 0 2 - 2 . 0 2 3 7 1 0 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 0 5 1 0 . 4 3 1 0 5 3 9 . 0 1 2 8 . 5 8 0 . 2 7 1 7 1 5 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 4 9 3 5 . 7 7 1 4 8 2 8 . 5 7 - 1 0 7 . 2 0 - 0 . 7 2 3 7 2 6 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 1 5 3 . 3 3 1 3 1 7 3 . 8 1 2 0 . 4 8 0 . 1 5 5 2 2 5 T a b l e B - 6 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e V e h i c l e A x l e O W P M C o n t i n u o u s D i f f e r e n c e P e r c e n t C l a s s T y p e L o a d L o a d D i f f e r e n c e 8 0 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 6 0 9 . 4 8 1 3 5 5 1 . 4 3 - 5 8 . 0 6 - 0 . 4 2 8 8 0 4 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 2 1 5 . 7 6 1 2 6 4 4 . 3 6 - 5 7 1 . 4 0 - 4 . 5 1 9 8 1 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 0 9 9 . 9 1 1 3 3 1 3 . 2 4 2 1 3 . 3 3 1 . 6 0 2 8 2 0 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 4 4 7 . 4 6 1 3 5 2 8 . 0 2 8 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 9 5 8 2 1 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 4 6 2 . 2 3 1 2 5 5 4 . 4 3 9 2 . 1 9 0 . 7 3 4 8 2 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 9 7 2 . 7 0 1 1 9 1 1 . 0 4 - 6 1 . 6 6 — 0 . 5 1 8 8 4 4 0 1 3 S i n g l e 1 1 3 7 5 . 6 4 1 0 8 8 8 . 8 3 - 4 8 6 . 8 1 - 4 . 4 7 1 8 7 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 9 3 5 . 1 4 1 3 1 5 2 . 2 1 2 1 7 . 0 7 1 . 6 5 0 8 8 2 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 4 7 4 6 . 1 3 1 4 5 3 2 . 9 5 - 2 1 3 . 1 7 - 1 . 4 6 7 9 1 8 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 8 6 3 . 4 4 1 2 8 0 4 . 1 1 - 5 9 . 3 3 - 0 . 4 6 3 9 2 0 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 3 0 3 3 . 3 5 1 3 0 2 4 . 6 5 - 8 . 7 0 - 0 . 0 6 7 9 7 5 9 1 3 S i n g l e 1 2 3 3 9 . 1 2 1 2 5 6 5 . 3 1 2 2 6 . 1 9 1 . 8 0 0 1 4 5 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 4 1 8 7 . 6 0 2 4 2 1 3 . 8 0 2 6 . 2 0 0 . 1 0 8 1 5 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 3 1 5 7 . 3 0 2 2 8 8 4 . 6 7 - 2 7 2 . 6 3 - 1 . 1 9 1 2 2 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 0 5 9 4 . 2 2 2 0 7 6 7 . 9 7 1 7 3 . 7 5 0 . 8 3 7 4 0 4 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 1 5 3 3 . 5 3 2 1 4 7 2 . 3 8 - 6 1 . 1 5 - 0 . 2 8 5 4 1 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 9 7 2 0 . 2 3 2 0 0 9 2 . 3 5 3 7 2 . 1 2 1 . 8 5 2 4 1 4 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 2 1 2 7 . 7 5 2 2 3 9 4 . 4 2 2 6 6 . 6 7 1 . 1 9 1 4 2 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 9 4 3 4 . 4 5 1 9 4 2 3 . 7 7 - 1 0 . 6 8 - 0 . 0 5 5 4 2 4 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 8 5 6 9 . 1 8 1 8 5 8 9 . 5 2 2 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 0 9 5 0 1 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 8 3 8 3 . 8 2 1 8 4 3 3 . 9 3 5 0 . 1 2 0 . 2 7 2 5 0 5 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 0 9 5 0 . 2 5 2 1 2 3 3 . 6 8 2 8 3 . 4 3 1 . 3 3 5 5 2 4 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 1 5 7 8 . 3 3 2 2 1 4 4 . 9 0 5 6 6 . 5 7 2 . 5 5 8 5 2 8 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 7 0 2 0 . 3 7 1 7 4 5 9 . 3 5 4 3 8 . 9 8 2 . 5 1 4 5 2 9 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 8 8 0 8 . 2 2 1 8 8 9 6 . 5 7 8 8 . 3 5 0 . 4 6 8 6 1 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 0 8 4 4 . 9 2 2 0 6 3 9 . 4 2 — 2 0 5 . 5 0 - 0 . 9 9 6 6 3 0 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 1 8 1 5 . 4 5 2 1 4 0 0 . 6 7 - 4 l 4 . 7 8 - 1 . 9 3 8 6 3 6 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 4 9 0 4 . 3 2 2 4 8 6 1 . 2 5 — 4 3 . 0 7 - 0 . 1 7 3 6 4 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 0 5 9 6 . 2 3 2 0 5 7 2 . 4 5 - 2 3 . 7 8 - 0 . 1 1 6 6 4 6 9 * 1 3 T a n d e m 2 5 3 0 0 . 5 3 2 5 1 0 8 . 1 8 - 1 9 2 . 3 5 - 0 . 7 6 6 6 4 7 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 1 0 8 3 . 5 3 2 1 2 6 5 . 5 7 1 8 2 . 0 3 0 . 8 5 6 7 0 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 7 7 2 1 . 6 2 2 7 2 6 1 . 0 3 - 4 6 0 . 5 8 — 1 . 6 9 0 7 1 0 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 7 9 2 9 . 4 3 1 7 9 7 0 . 8 3 4 1 . 4 0 0 . 2 3 0 7 1 5 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 9 6 4 9 . 7 5 2 9 5 8 4 . 0 5 - 6 5 . 7 0 - 0 . 2 2 2 7 2 6 9 1 3 T a n d e m 1 9 4 7 9 . 7 0 1 9 2 7 7 . 4 3 — 2 0 2 . 2 7 - 1 . 0 4 9 8 0 3 0 1 3 T a n d e m 2 5 5 0 7 . 3 8 2 5 4 6 0 . 8 0 - 4 6 . 5 8 - 0 . 1 8 3 8 0 4 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 1 5 8 9 . 9 0 2 2 6 2 7 . 0 5 1 0 3 7 . 1 5 4 . 5 8 4 8 1 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 3 3 9 8 . 8 2 2 3 5 0 4 . 6 8 1 0 5 . 8 7 0 . 4 5 0 8 2 0 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 7 3 2 0 . 3 7 2 7 4 8 0 . 8 7 1 6 0 . 5 0 0 . 5 8 4 8 2 1 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 0 6 3 7 . 3 0 2 0 8 9 6 . 3 3 2 5 9 . 0 3 1 . 2 4 0 8 2 2 9 1 3 T a n d e m 2 2 5 4 2 . 3 0 2 2 5 6 4 . 6 5 2 2 . 3 5 0 . 0 9 9 2 2 6 T a b l e B - 6 . 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G 2 3 2 f 6 9 6 5 9 6 9 e 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 . 4 2 e A D ( m e v a P r V 0 e 7 7 3 8 5 5 3 7 8 0 5 0 d 5 t 8 5 1 6 7 8 6 5 7 5 7 5 P i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . g G 2 1 1 5 7 u 8 8 5 9 9 2 3 1 i 2 2 2 2 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 A C R . 8 - B ) e V g e l P a 3 5 7 7 5 8 5 5 4 7 5 b r . . . . . . . . . . . a 3 4 G e 2 2 3 6 5 9 9 8 5 v 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 3 0 8 3 2 0 0 5 8 T A A ( . 3 8 7 3 0 5 7 0 8 0 t 8 5 6 7 6 8 0 5 5 5 n . . . . . . . . . . o 2 1 5 8 7 9 9 3 0 4 C 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 e . 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 t 2 2 4 2 1 4 2 4 4 1 2 6 7 i o S N 5 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 2 0 1 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 S i n g l e S i n g l e S i n g l e ( A v e r a g e ) C l u s t e r ( D e f a u l t ) 2 3 0 1 4 5 9 1 4 . 7 5 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 9 2 1 9 . 7 5 1 9 . 6 7 2 1 . 9 2 2 2 . 6 7 2 1 . 7 5 1 7 . 5 0 2 2 . 9 2 2 2 . 2 5 2 2 . 5 0 2 2 . 5 0 2 2 . 3 3 1 7 . 9 2 1 8 . 8 3 1 9 . 5 0 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 8 3 2 2 . 5 8 1 6 . 9 2 2 1 . 7 5 2 1 . 7 5 2 1 . 4 2 1 8 . 9 2 1 8 . 0 8 1 7 . 6 7 1 8 . 7 5 1 5 . 7 5 1 6 . 4 2 1 7 . 9 2 2 2 . 9 2 2 3 . 5 8 5 0 5 9 1 5 . 5 8 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 5 8 1 5 . 5 0 1 6 . 0 0 1 6 . 9 2 1 4 . 9 2 1 4 . 9 2 1 4 . 5 8 1 3 . 6 7 2 0 . 4 2 5 2 8 9 2 0 . 0 0 1 8 . 6 7 1 8 . 5 0 1 8 . 0 0 1 9 . 7 5 1 9 . 6 7 5 2 9 9 1 9 . 8 3 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 9 . 6 7 1 9 . 6 7 2 2 . 4 2 1 7 . 4 2 1 9 . 5 0 1 7 . 7 5 1 6 . 5 0 1 6 . 6 7 1 6 . 5 8 1 7 . 6 7 1 6 . 5 0 1 6 . 5 0 6 3 0 9 2 0 . 5 0 1 5 . 7 5 1 5 . 4 2 1 5 . 5 0 1 7 . 9 2 1 4 . 5 0 6 4 2 9 1 7 . 6 7 1 8 . 5 8 1 8 . 5 0 1 8 . 5 0 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 6 7 6 4 6 9 2 1 . 4 2 2 0 . 9 2 2 0 . 7 5 2 1 . 3 3 2 1 . 3 3 2 4 . 5 8 2 4 . 0 0 ) e t l l 5 8 0 0 2 2 u 0 5 7 0 9 4 7 g n i a . . . . . . 6 f 6 1 0 4 6 6 . e 1 2 2 2 1 1 9 S D ( r e l g n i S e l g n i S e 8 7 0 2 5 5 8 8 t 5 6 5 7 0 7 5 9 s . . . . . . . . u 9 8 8 6 3 0 0 0 l 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 C ) e g 0 5 8 7 8 3 0 3 8 5 7 8 2 a 7 5 6 0 8 5 8 0 0 7 6 5 9 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . e 3 1 0 0 0 6 9 6 9 8 6 9 6 v 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A ( 6 ) o t s 3 2 r 7 2 7 8 2 8 3 8 2 s e 9 0 e 6 9 1 5 9 0 8 5 4 3 2 1 s 5 7 u 8 4 9 6 2 4 t . . . . . . . . . . l u 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 $ a l ( V C r e 7 2 7 2 0 0 5 2 C T t 6 5 5 9 1 4 4 7 s . . . . . . . . ) 3 2 1 2 u 6 8 9 6 d 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 T l 1 ’ t n o c ( C e g . C a 5 9 7 6 0 9 7 9 8 9 8 2 5 7 5 2 2 0 3 2 8 - T r . . . . . . . . . . B T 1 v 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 e 2 0 7 6 6 2 2 4 7 7 1 1 e A l b a T ) t V 7 2 l 5 3 0 2 0 5 0 0 P u 2 6 4 9 0 8 0 7 0 5 a . . . . . . . . . . G 0 1 f 6 9 6 9 9 6 3 4 e 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 A D ( r V 0 0 0 e 5 0 0 2 0 7 7 0 2 5 8 P t 7 5 0 5 0 9 5 6 5 6 9 5 7 0 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G 3 1 0 1 u 6 6 9 7 8 9 6 6 4 4 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 A C ) e V g 5 8 8 0 0 2 3 2 P a 7 5 0 0 5 9 8 4 r . . . . . . . . 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( c o n t ’ d ) A v g T r i d e m ( A v e r a g e ) T r i d e m ( D e f a u l t ) Q u a d 7 2 6 9 1 6 . 9 2 1 2 . 9 2 2 1 . 3 3 2 1 . 0 8 1 6 . 9 2 1 0 . 6 7 1 6 . 9 2 1 1 . 9 2 1 1 . 8 3 2 0 . 5 0 2 0 . 5 0 2 0 . 5 0 2 0 . 5 0 8 1 2 9 1 5 . 4 2 1 1 . 9 2 2 1 . 0 0 1 8 . 9 2 1 9 . 0 0 1 9 . 0 0 1 9 . 0 0 1 9 . 0 0 2 0 . 1 7 2 0 . 1 7 1 9 . 5 8 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 8 4 4 0 1 7 . 5 8 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 6 7 1 9 . 9 2 1 9 . 5 8 1 9 . 6 7 1 9 . 5 8 2 6 . 9 2 2 5 . 7 5 2 4 . 5 0 2 4 . 5 0 2 4 . 5 0 9 1 8 9 1 6 . 9 2 1 6 . 9 2 1 6 . 9 2 9 2 0 9 1 6 . 8 3 9 . 7 5 1 6 . 8 3 1 6 . 8 3 1 6 . 8 3 1 6 . 8 3 2 4 . 5 8 2 1 . 7 5 1 6 . 9 2 2 4 . 5 8 2 4 . 5 8 2 4 . 2 5 2 4 . 5 8 * N o t e N / A e x c l u d e s s i t e s i n c l u s t e r s w h i c h h a v e t w o o r l e s s m e m b e r s o r t h e u t i l i z e d fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n c o u l d n o t p r o d u c e r V e 8 3 7 8 7 3 0 0 2 t 3 5 8 6 5 6 5 0 9 3 2 8 P 8 9 0 D s . . . . . . . . . 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V C S N E D F H D F C l u s t e r H D F A v g 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 7 5 1 0 . 7 5 1 0 . 8 3 9 . 6 7 1 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 5 8 9 . 8 3 9 . 6 7 2 2 2 9 1 1 . 8 3 1 1 . 9 2 1 1 . 8 3 1 1 . 9 2 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 9 2 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 6 7 1 1 . 0 0 1 1 . 0 8 1 1 . 1 7 1 0 . 2 5 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 8 1 3 . 5 8 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 5 8 1 2 . 5 8 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 6 . 9 2 1 6 . 6 7 1 6 . 3 3 1 6 . 0 8 1 6 . 0 8 5 0 5 9 1 6 . 9 2 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 6 7 1 8 . 8 3 1 8 . 6 7 1 9 . 6 7 1 9 . 4 2 1 9 . 8 3 1 6 . 9 2 1 7 . 0 0 5 2 8 9 1 1 . 6 7 1 1 . 5 0 2 4 . 1 7 2 1 . 5 8 2 1 . 5 8 2 1 . 5 8 2 0 . 6 7 2 1 . 6 7 1 7 . 5 8 M M M M 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 0 1 9 . 9 2 1 9 . 9 2 2 0 . 4 2 9 . 2 5 9 . 7 5 9 . 6 7 9 . 5 0 9 . 2 5 9 . 2 5 9 . 2 5 2 4 . 0 8 2 3 . 6 7 2 3 . 0 0 2 3 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 8 1 5 . 8 3 1 6 . 5 0 1 6 . 5 8 6 4 6 9 M M M M 4 . 5 8 4 . 4 2 4 . 5 8 1 6 . 9 2 1 9 . 2 5 1 9 . 8 3 1 9 . 9 2 1 9 . 8 3 7 1 0 9 1 4 . 8 3 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 7 5 7 1 5 9 N D N D N D N D N D N D 2 8 3 2 4 4 5 8 . . . . 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A 9 1 5 g 1 1 2 2 8 1 9 6 2 . . . i 9 9 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 i r t T a F n o 2 9 7 6 7 6 7 9 7 7 7 3 4 7 7 6 7 8 2 5 7 7 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 3 5 7 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . 6 5 0 1 3 1 2 0 5 9 1 8 7 0 1 6 6 . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 9 8 d e s a B e f g i v 3 5 5 3 8 2 7 L 9 8 6 7 7 8 0 A n n . . . . . . . 0 0 3 1 2 3 7 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 5 0 5 6 7 0 7 3 . . . . 8 4 0 6 4 . 2 2 1 1 3 a T i s e D t n e 3 7 7 8 5 5 8 5 3 7 2 0 8 1 6 5 7 7 0 7 8 4 6 0 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . . 2 0 2 0 1 2 9 7 9 7 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 4 2 2 2 0 e v a P e 7 0 5 4 8 7 6 0 g 5 5 3 7 6 0 2 2 8 8 3 5 7 0 0 8 2 3 5 5 0 7 l v . . . . . . . . . . A 9 S 2 0 2 2 0 9 0 1 0 9 . A 9 4 . 9 . . . . 2 0 6 3 b i x e l F . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 r e 5 5 3 8 2 0 8 7 7 2 0 2 2 8 7 3 3 t 8 7 7 5 5 9 5 5 6 6 9 9 8 5 1 4 8 2 8 1 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 u 0 2 0 4 3 2 7 5 0 3 7 8 7 0 1 0 2 . . l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 4 C - B e l b a T 5 7 7 7 8 0 0 3 8 8 2 0 7 2 3 7 6 6 6 5 0 8 5 5 9 5 5 6 9 8 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 2 0 2 2 8 1 7 9 6 1 3 5 . 4 . . 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 e t . i o S N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 4 2 4 2 4 1 5 4 8 1 0 6 2 6 2 5 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 3 3 4 4 0 1 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 2 3 6 C o n t . T T C S A C l u s t e r T a n C l u s t e r T r i 1 4 5 9 1 3 . 0 8 1 0 . 7 5 1 5 2 9 9 . 8 3 9 . 7 5 9 . 7 5 1 1 . 9 2 1 2 . 4 2 1 1 . 9 2 1 1 . 6 7 N / A 1 4 . 5 8 1 2 . 6 7 1 3 . 5 8 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 1 7 9 . 6 7 9 . 6 7 1 1 . 8 3 1 2 . 5 8 1 3 . 7 5 1 2 . 1 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 8 N / A 1 0 . 5 8 1 1 . 6 7 1 6 . 0 8 1 6 . 6 7 1 5 . 6 7 1 5 . 6 7 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 0 0 1 8 . 8 3 1 7 . 1 7 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 3 3 1 7 . 3 3 1 7 . 8 3 1 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 2 5 1 1 . 4 2 1 0 . 5 8 N / A 5 2 9 9 2 1 . 4 2 1 9 . 6 7 2 1 . 5 0 2 0 . 8 3 1 7 . 0 8 1 8 . 4 2 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 6 7 6 1 2 9 1 8 . 5 8 9 . 2 5 8 . 6 7 9 . 3 3 9 . 5 0 2 3 . 6 7 2 3 . 5 8 1 7 . 6 7 1 6 . 5 8 1 6 . 5 8 1 6 . 6 7 1 6 . 7 5 4 . 5 0 N / A 4 . 4 2 6 4 7 9 1 6 . 9 2 1 6 . 6 7 1 7 . 0 0 1 6 . 5 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 8 . 9 2 1 9 . 5 8 1 9 . 6 7 7 1 0 9 1 3 . 5 0 1 4 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 6 7 N / A N D N D N D N D N D N D 3 2 8 2 8 9 5 4 . . . . e 2 h D 9 t . 3 0 8 3 n 1 1 1 1 N 8 i g v A d 3 3 3 8 8 3 . . . 7 7 3 D D 8 s 3 i N N 8 d . e g d e s u n g a 1 1 1 u Q t n n i s s e i m m e v s a a 8 7 7 3 3 5 1 6 3 8 3 p w . . . . . D D D 8 4 8 8 9 3 N N N 1 1 1 1 1 g v A 3 3 3 8 0 2 8 8 3 5 5 4 . . . . . . 9 4 1 8 9 3 . e a 8 t l b i x e fl a d s u o e u h n t i 3 8 . t t n i 8 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 r T r e 5 7 7 8 5 n t 2 6 6 5 7 D h o t c s r e o t a k c i e e a d s . . . . . T u 8 8 2 0 0 n w N l 1 1 1 2 2 i C g v 8 2 7 s e D t N . a c i d A n a T 9 6 5 7 s n . . . 6 D i r 6 4 . 9 1 N e 1 1 b 2 M m e . m n s s o s 5 3 2 i 7 8 9 0 e l r . a . . D 0 0 p N 8 9 2 m 1 1 8 o . r 3 3 7 7 g 8 8 6 6 o w o c t r 2 e o f A D 4 v v . . . . a S 8 0 A 2 t 2 N . a 8 h 2 2 1 1 r e 5 2 7 2 a d h c s i s e h r w t t 7 9 6 9 s s . . . . D s i u 8 0 9 0 N l 1 1 1 2 C r d e t e s l u b l a c s n i u 3 7 2 7 g 8 1 9 6 7 e 1 c s v e . . . . 9 5 9 2 t . u A 7 1 1 1 2 . 3 8 8 3 0 t n o C 8 5 5 8 5 . . . . . 9 4 8 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 i d s o s e r p d t u o l n c x d e l u A o / c N s e . 9 9 9 9 9 i t 0 2 2 8 5 e s i o S N 2 7 8 1 7 t 8 8 8 9 9 o N y l a n * a 2 3 7 T a b l e B - 1 1 . ( c o n t ’ d ) T T C S A C l u s t e r T r i C l u s t e r Q u a d C l u s t e r 7 2 6 9 1 9 . 5 8 1 9 . 8 3 1 9 . 8 3 1 9 . 8 3 8 0 2 9 1 4 . 6 7 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 5 0 1 3 . 5 0 1 5 . 5 0 8 0 4 9 1 8 . 2 5 1 7 . 9 2 1 7 . 6 7 1 4 . 8 3 1 8 . 2 5 1 8 . 5 8 8 1 2 9 1 1 . 3 3 1 1 . 3 3 1 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 5 8 1 1 . 1 7 1 1 . 3 3 1 0 . 5 8 N D N D N D N D 8 2 1 9 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 6 7 1 6 . 7 5 1 6 . 7 5 8 2 2 9 2 0 . 5 0 2 0 . 1 7 2 0 . 3 3 2 0 . 5 8 8 4 4 0 7 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 1 . 5 0 2 1 . 1 7 2 2 . 6 7 2 1 . 1 7 2 1 . 0 8 2 0 . 8 3 2 0 . 9 2 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 9 2 0 9 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 8 . 8 3 5 . 6 7 6 . 5 8 7 . 0 8 8 . 5 0 r V 7 e 3 5 7 8 7 5 2 7 t 6 8 7 6 5 6 7 4 6 P D s . . . . . . . . . G N u 7 7 3 9 4 0 5 0 7 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A C V P g v G A A ) 2 f o 1 ( g n 5 5 3 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 6 6 7 5 . . . . . . . 6 7 7 3 8 7 6 4 4 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 5 7 5 2 0 7 3 7 7 6 7 9 6 5 8 6 . . . . . . . . 5 7 7 5 4 7 3 4 5 5 7 7 . . 9 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 7 2 2 7 3 7 8 6 9 9 6 8 5 . . . . . . . 7 7 8 5 1 5 4 3 . i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 t t u R n o F d D r e 5 3 7 2 7 t 7 8 6 9 6 s . . . . . u 5 8 1 5 4 5 7 . 6 e H l 1 1 1 1 1 C r e 2 8 7 7 3 t 5 6 9 s . . . u 8 1 4 6 8 7 5 . . 6 7 4 7 . . 9 6 l 1 1 1 1 1 C 7 5 7 7 0 3 5 3 6 7 6 8 6 0 7 8 . . . . . . . . 6 7 9 5 4 3 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s a B e f i L n g i s e D t n e m P t l n C O . 2 1 - B T M e D P 5 7 . 6 3 8 . 6 8 . 6 . 0 2 3 7 8 . . e . M v P a t 9 n C 7 0 5 3 3 7 2 5 6 0 7 8 8 6 7 9 . . . . . . . . P 1 1 1 C 2 1 1 1 1 W V o 0 8 9 3 3 7 5 4 e l b i O M x 3 7 7 3 0 0 5 3 7 . 5 0 0 e 8 6 0 6 8 0 7 6 8 S 7 5 0 3 F 4 4 3 6 8 9 3 o 0 0 5 5 W V C 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 0 0 2 5 5 0 0 5 8 6 0 0 9 7 7 5 5 l . . . . . . . . . D b 0 6 7 6 3 4 5 5 7 9 W a 2 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 T O C 3 7 0 5 3 0 5 5 7 3 0 7 5 5 0 8 6 0 7 8 0 7 7 6 8 6 7 7 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 9 3 4 3 4 3 0 0 7 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 . 0 2 . t 5 5 2 7 8 0 0 5 3 5 7 7 9 6 5 5 0 7 8 7 5 7 n . . . . . . . . . . o 4 3 7 5 8 3 5 1 0 7 . C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 2 4 5 1 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 1 5 4 9 1 2 6 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 4 0 1 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 7 2 3 8 S i t e N o . O W P M M D F A v g M D F H D F A v g H D F D e f a u l t 1 6 . 8 3 1 6 . 5 0 1 5 . 7 5 1 5 . 8 3 1 6 . 5 0 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 5 8 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 0 0 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 1 9 . 9 2 1 9 . 5 8 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 8 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 8 . 6 7 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 6 7 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 3 . 0 0 1 3 . 0 0 1 3 . 0 0 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 1 8 . 8 3 2 0 . 0 0 1 8 . 8 3 1 4 . 7 5 1 5 . 8 3 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 7 5 1 5 . 8 3 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 8 3 1 1 . 5 0 1 1 . 6 7 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 3 3 5 2 8 9 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 7 5 1 3 . 6 7 1 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 8 3 1 7 . 4 2 1 7 . 5 0 1 7 . 5 0 1 7 . 5 0 1 7 . 0 0 1 3 . 8 3 1 4 . 9 2 1 4 . 9 2 1 5 . 0 8 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 7 5 6 3 0 9 1 5 . 9 2 1 7 . 6 7 1 5 . 8 3 1 5 . 9 2 6 3 6 9 1 5 . 7 5 1 5 . 8 3 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 7 5 1 3 . 6 7 1 4 . 8 3 6 4 2 9 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 5 8 9 . 6 7 9 . 7 5 6 4 7 9 1 4 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 6 . 7 5 6 . 8 3 6 . 7 5 6 . 7 5 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 1 7 . 6 7 7 1 5 9 r V e 3 3 t 8 8 7 P D D 6 s . . G N N u 6 4 l 1 1 A C . 9 V 2 g 9 5 7 2 P D D 9 v . . . G 6 4 N N A 9 1 1 A t l 8 3 F 2 u 5 8 D 9 D D a . . f N N 7 3 H e 1 1 . 8 D 8 5 F g 5 7 3 D v . . H 1 1 A 9 7 4 N N . D D 3 r e 5 8 F 3 t 7 5 D s . . D D 3 u 7 4 N N H l 1 1 . 9 C r e 8 5 F 7 t 5 7 D D 6 D s . . u 7 4 N N M l 1 1 C . 9 7 3 F 3 g 6 8 D v . . . D D 8 A 8 6 3 N N M 1 1 4 3 . 0 0 8 5 5 2 5 9 D D . . . 2 C V 8 6 0 N N 3 1 1 1 0 “ ? . 5 : C 3 V 0 3 0 3 8 5 3 . . . D D 7 6 0 N N 1 1 1 M T 5 5 D 3 7 7 P D D D . . 5 W 7 N N A 1 1 8 . 9 O C M 3 0 3 P D D . . . 8 5 3 W N N 7 6 0 1 1 1 O ' 8 5 m 5 7 3 . . D D 3 o 7 4 N N C 1 1 . 9 e . 9 9 9 9 9 t 6 2 0 1 2 i o S N 2 1 2 2 8 7 8 8 8 8 2 3 9 T a b l e B - 1 2 . ( c o n t ’ d ) 8 0 2 9 1 2 . 8 3 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 0 0 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 6 7 1 3 . 3 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 3 . 8 3 1 3 . 0 0 8 0 4 9 1 2 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 5 8 1 3 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 5 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 1 3 . 3 3 8 2 2 9 1 0 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 9 2 1 0 . 8 3 8 4 4 0 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 8 7 2 9 1 0 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 5 8 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 5 1 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 7 5 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 9 1 8 9 7 . 9 2 8 . 6 7 8 . 6 7 8 . 6 7 8 . 6 7 8 . 5 8 7 . 8 3 7 . 9 2 7 . 9 2 8 . 5 8 8 . 6 7 8 . 5 0 9 2 0 9 8 . 9 2 9 . 7 5 9 . 6 7 9 . 8 3 9 . 8 3 8 . 7 5 8 . 7 5 8 . 9 2 8 . 9 2 8 . 7 5 9 . 6 7 8 . 8 3 9 7 5 9 2 6 . 8 3 2 9 . 6 7 2 9 . 5 8 2 9 . 7 5 2 9 . 7 5 2 6 . 7 5 2 6 . 8 3 2 6 . 8 3 2 6 . 8 3 2 6 . 7 5 2 6 . 6 7 2 6 . 8 3 * N o t e N / A e x c l u d e s s i t e s i n c l u s t e r s w h i c h h a v e t w o o r l e s s m e m b e r s . N D i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e fl e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s c o u l d n o t p r o d u c e u s a b l e d i s t r e s s d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n . M i n d i c a t e s w e e k o r c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w a s m i s s i n g . 0 2 5 5 7 7 3 2 7 0 7 6 9 7 A 6 8 4 A 6 2 8 . . . . . . . . . D 9 5 0 6 1 N 7 4 7 4 5 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N 9 7 N / . . / 0 2 5 5 2 8 5 0 9 7 7 9 5 7 7 2 . . . . . . . 6 9 0 5 4 7 1 6 4 . . 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 6 5 5 2 0 5 7 8 5 7 5 7 7 7 0 7 6 5 4 7 6 7 6 . . . . . . . . . . . D 8 7 8 1 6 0 7 4 4 7 7 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 7 2 5 8 5 7 3 ) 2 f o 2 ( g n i t t g v n o d e s a a P e l b i x e l F . 3 1 - B e l u A D . . . . . 8 6 9 7 5 R 5 8 2 8 0 N 1 1 1 1 1 i r T r 7 6 8 7 5 . . . 6 7 4 4 3 . . 1 1 1 9 6 e 8 8 5 2 7 B s . . . . . D D D t 5 7 5 9 1 7 6 . e l 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 7 7 2 N N N 3 4 5 f C i L n g g i v 2 3 7 7 3 5 5 8 5 9 . 3 6 6 8 7 7 5 7 . . . . . . . . D 5 9 7 7 4 1 3 5 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 s A e D n a t T n e m r e 2 e 3 5 5 7 0 v t 8 7 4 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 6 8 s . . . . . . . . . . . u 7 7 7 9 3 7 5 4 4 3 7 . . l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 6 C r 5 8 5 5 0 5 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 0 6 6 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 7 2 7 9 6 3 3 0 6 3 5 4 4 3 7 7 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 e 3 5 7 0 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 0 5 3 7 7 3 C T t 8 7 6 0 8 7 6 5 2 8 6 6 7 8 5 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 7 5 7 . 6 6 8 . . . b . a T l 1 1 1 9 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 7 8 9 5 8 3 1 3 3 4 7 4 5 0 N 5 3 3 T C 5 5 0 2 5 0 3 3 3 8 0 7 7 7 0 2 9 5 8 8 8 5 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . 6 . 6 4 6 4 0 0 3 1 4 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 . 5 7 5 5 3 7 7 8 2 3 5 7 5 t 7 6 7 7 8 9 6 6 5 8 7 6 7 5 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 o 5 7 8 7 8 5 1 4 0 3 4 4 7 . C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 e . 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 t 2 5 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 1 2 0 6 2 6 0 5 6 i o 4 5 S N 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 2 4 0 T T C A v g S A A v g S A T a n T r i C l u s t e r Q u a d A v g Q u a d C l u s t e r 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 8 3 1 7 . 6 7 1 4 . 4 2 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 5 0 1 7 . 5 0 N D N D N D N D N D 1 9 . 3 3 1 7 . 7 5 1 8 . 0 0 1 7 . 6 7 1 8 . 9 2 1 9 . 9 2 1 3 . 0 0 1 2 . 6 7 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 8 3 1 5 . 5 8 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 5 0 1 9 1 9 . 7 5 1 8 . 8 3 1 5 . 5 8 5 0 5 9 1 3 . 8 3 1 6 . 0 0 1 6 . 7 5 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 5 0 1 1 . 7 5 1 1 . 6 7 1 3 . 7 5 1 1 . 7 5 5 2 8 9 1 3 . 8 3 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 5 0 1 4 . 3 3 1 1 . 5 8 5 2 9 9 1 0 . 6 7 9 . 7 5 1 0 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 0 1 2 . 4 2 1 7 . 8 3 1 7 . 6 7 1 7 . 5 0 1 8 . 8 3 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 0 8 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 8 3 1 5 . 9 2 1 5 . 5 0 1 5 . 8 3 1 5 . 8 3 1 5 . 0 0 1 4 . 9 2 1 6 . 8 3 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 5 8 1 4 . 8 3 9 . 6 7 8 . 8 3 9 . 6 7 N / A 7 . 8 3 8 . 5 0 6 4 7 9 1 3 . 8 3 1 6 . 5 0 1 3 . 7 5 1 3 . 8 3 1 2 . 8 3 7 0 2 9 6 . 7 5 5 . 8 3 8 . 7 5 8 . 5 8 6 . 7 5 1 3 . 7 5 1 7 . 7 5 2 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 . 7 5 1 5 . 5 8 1 7 . 5 8 1 5 . 7 5 1 7 . 6 7 1 5 . 8 3 2 9 . 0 1 D 8 3 N . 8 d g 7 7 7 6 7 5 5 5 7 a D D 6 v . . . . u Q 4 1 2 0 N N . A 9 1 1 1 1 5 3 7 8 . . 2 2 1 1 D D 4 9 2 2 N N . . 9 7 3 8 . 6 2 3 5 8 7 . . 2 4 1 1 0 2 2 5 9 9 . . . 9 7 8 3 8 . 6 2 g v A i r T r e 5 5 0 0 t 7 7 5 0 7 2 ) s . . . . D 6 4 d N u 1 1 1 0 l 1 1 1 1 . . 8 9 ’ t C g v 3 2 2 2 9 9 9 8 2 . . . . D 9 3 8 . 1 2 0 0 N 3 . 1 1 1 1 9 2 n o c ( . 3 A 1 - n B a T e l b a r T e 5 3 7 2 t 7 4 8 1 2 7 A D 9 6 s . . . . S 3 u 2 0 1 N l 1 1 1 1 . . 7 9 7 6 . 5 2 C 8 3 7 3 0 2 g 5 8 6 8 5 A v . . . . . 8 0 . S 2 3 4 0 1 A 8 1 1 1 1 1 9 . 5 2 5 5 7 5 8 7 7 6 7 5 5 7 . . . . . 7 6 2 1 3 0 6 . . 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 5 5 5 2 C g T v T A 7 7 7 4 . . . . D D 3 0 0 5 N N 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 8 7 8 . . . D 3 8 . 2 4 0 N 6 1 1 1 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 2 1 2 2 8 0 0 1 2 2 8 1 2 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 2 4 1 S i t e N o C o n t . T T C C l u s t e r T a n T r i C l u s t e r Q u a d C l u s t e r 8 0 2 9 1 2 . 8 3 1 1 . 7 5 1 2 . 7 5 1 1 . 6 7 1 3 . 7 5 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 8 2 0 9 N D N D N D N D 1 2 . 9 2 1 4 . 6 7 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 7 5 1 4 . 7 5 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 1 . 6 7 1 1 . 8 3 8 4 4 0 N D N D N D N D N D N D N D 8 7 2 9 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 1 0 . 8 3 9 . 8 3 9 . 3 3 9 . 7 5 9 . 6 7 9 . 6 7 9 . 5 8 1 1 . 0 0 9 . 0 8 7 . 9 2 8 . 6 7 8 . 8 3 8 . 9 2 7 . 6 7 6 . 8 3 9 . 6 7 8 . 8 3 8 . 9 2 1 0 . 8 3 8 . 8 3 9 7 5 9 2 6 . 0 8 2 6 . 7 5 2 8 . 0 0 a n a l y s i s c o u l d n o t p r o d u c e u s a b l e d i s t r e s s d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n . M i n d i c a t e s w e e k o r c o n t i n u o u s d a t a w a s m i s s i n g . * N o t e N / A e x c l u d e s s i t e s i n c l u s t e r s w h i c h h a v e t w o o r l e s s m e m b e r s . N D i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n u s e d i n t h e T a b l e 3 . 1 4 , L o w A A D T T G r o u p T a b l e B - 1 5 . M e d i u m A A D T T G r o u p A A D T T C l u s t e r i n g 2 4 2 L o w T r a f f i c ( 1 ) M e d i u m T r a f f i c S i t e A A D T T ( 2 ) 2 2 0 9 8 8 S i t e A A D T T 6 0 1 9 1 1 2 5 2 4 9 1 2 2 2 6 3 0 9 1 2 3 5 0 5 9 1 4 2 5 4 2 2 9 1 5 1 6 4 6 9 1 4 5 2 2 0 2 9 2 0 1 6 1 2 9 1 5 4 8 7 3 2 9 2 3 7 6 3 6 9 1 6 9 5 8 4 4 0 2 7 7 8 0 4 9 1 8 0 9 1 5 2 9 2 9 5 8 2 2 9 1 8 8 1 9 7 5 9 3 2 1 8 2 1 9 1 8 9 5 4 2 4 9 3 2 6 5 2 9 9 2 1 8 8 1 4 5 9 3 5 8 8 8 2 9 2 2 3 6 4 1 2 9 3 8 6 9 1 8 9 2 7 8 1 8 1 2 9 4 1 2 8 2 0 9 2 8 0 2 £ 3 3 : 3 ; T a b l e B - 1 6 . H i g h A A D T T G r o u p 4 0 4 9 5 2 3 H i g h T r a f fi c ( 3 ) 4 1 4 9 6 6 9 S i t e A A D T T 8 0 2 9 8 0 9 9 7 9 9 3 0 5 0 5 0 1 9 8 3 3 7 2 6 9 3 1 0 1 6 4 2 9 8 4 6 9 2 0 9 3 1 0 6 6 4 7 9 8 9 9 8 7 2 9 3 1 7 1 5 2 8 9 9 7 5 7 0 2 9 3 5 6 9 7 1 0 9 9 7 6 7 1 5 9 5 4 3 5 T D T A A A A D T T V a l u e s f o r L o w M e d i u m a n d H i g h 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 T r a f f i c 0 L o w T r a f fi c g . 5 l M e m m n T m fi k 3 A H i g h T r a f fi c 1 2 3 4 T r a f fi c C a t e g o r y F i g u r e B - l . A A D T T C l u s t e r G r o u p i n g s 2 4 3 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T ' I T C C l u s t e r i n g 1 0 0 T T C A l l S i t e s 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 O 1 1 1 2 V e h i c l e C l a s s F i g u r e B - 2 . T T C s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s 1 0 0 T T C C l u s t e r 1 8 0 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 V e h i c l e C l a s s — < > — 5 2 9 9 - — D — 6 3 6 9 7 0 2 9 + 7 1 5 9 — o — — 7 2 6 9 — l ~ — 8 0 4 9 — - — 8 2 1 9 — ~ & — 8 2 4 9 — < > — 8 7 2 9 — - l — 8 8 2 9 ~ — 9 1 8 9 9 7 9 9 7 0 6 9 v 2 0 2 9 — e — M E A N F i g u r e B - 3 . T T C s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( C l a s s 9 D o m i n a n t ) 2 4 4 ) % ( e g a t n e k c r u c e r P T ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 T T C C l u s t e r 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 V e h i c l e C l a s s 1 1 — < > — 2 2 0 9 — - C - - 2 2 2 9 “ - 1 4 0 4 9 4 2 2 9 — — ) K — 5 0 1 9 — O — 5 0 5 9 — l — — 5 2 4 9 — - — 5 2 8 9 _ _ _ _ 6 1 2 9 — < > — 6 4 2 9 — I — 6 4 7 9 7 1 0 9 8 0 2 9 8 1 2 9 8 2 0 9 8 2 2 9 — — - — — 9 2 0 9 - - - ~ 7 3 2 9 * M E A N F i g u r e B - 4 . T T C s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( E v e n D o m i n a n c e ) _ L O O 6 0 4 0 2 0 T T C C l u s t e r 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 V e h i c l e C l a s s 1 1 1 2 a , “ 1 3 1 4 — < > — 1 4 5 9 — D — - — - 1 5 2 9 — — 7 * . — » - - 4 1 2 9 4 1 4 9 + 4 2 4 9 — o — 6 0 1 9 — — l - — 6 3 0 9 — - — 6 3 4 9 — — - — 8 4 4 0 — < > — 9 7 5 9 d — M E A N F i g u r e B - 5 . T T C s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( C l a s s 5 D o m i n a n t ) 2 4 5 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 _ \ 0 1 F D 1 M 1 1 1 V C 4 - 7 M D F s C l u s t e r i n g C l a s s 4 - 7 M D F s A l l S i t e s O 0 ' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 F i g u r e B - 6 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s V C 4 - 7 M D F s C l u s t e r 1 M D F — < > — 7 1 5 9 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 7 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( M o n t h 6 D o m i n a n t ) 2 4 6 l 1 1 . l . | 1 | J l 1 1 l 1 1 1 M M D F V C 4 - 7 M D F s T r u c k s C l u s t e r 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 M o n t h 1 0 1 1 1 3 F i g u r e B - 8 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o n t h 1 1 D o m i n a n t ) D F 2 . 7 5 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 4 - 7 M D F s T r u c k s C l u s t e r 3 — < > — 4 1 4 9 + 9 2 0 9 - O — N E A N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 M o n t h 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 F i g u r e B - 9 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M o n t h 4 D o m i n a n t ) 2 4 7 V C 4 - 7 M D F s T r u c k s C l u s t e r 4 T 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 ~ 2 1 1 . 7 5 7 — < > — 6 0 1 9 L L 1 . 5 7 ~ C 1 — 1 5 2 9 D 1 . 2 5 7 2 1 - . — M E A N 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 7 7 7 7 - 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 l l T 7 1 * l l l l 1 l l 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 O 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 1 0 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( M o n t h 2 D o m i n a n t ) V C 4 - 7 M D F s C l u s t e r 5 + 4 1 2 9 — D — — — 5 0 5 9 — r ' r ' — 6 3 0 9 2 6 3 6 9 1 . 7 5 , 7 7 7 2 C + 8 1 2 9 1 . 5 7 7 2 1 7 . 1 , — + — 8 2 0 9 u _ 1 . 2 5 # 2 2 2 1 1 : g 1 ‘ ’ — < > — 9 7 5 9 0 . 7 5 ~ + 9 7 9 9 0 . 5 , 7 0 6 9 0 . 2 5 7 2 8 9 0 — ~ 8 0 2 9 0 7 7 8 8 2 9 1 M o n t h 1 3 . 3 9 1 F i g u r e B - l l . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) 2 4 8 v c 4 - 7 M D F s C l u s t e r 6 : 0 — 4 1 2 9 — - 1 : — — 5 0 5 9 7 7 7 6 3 0 9 2 . 2 5 6 3 6 9 2 7 — 7 7 , 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 — — — — — — + 8 1 2 9 1 . 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 4 7 7 7 # 7 7 — + — 8 2 0 9 1 . 5 — - — 9 2 1 9 ‘ 5 1 . 2 5 7 7 7 8 4 4 0 E 1 2 2 — < > — 9 7 5 9 0 . 7 5 + 9 7 9 9 0 . 5 7 7 7 0 6 9 0 2 5 - - , _ - _ _ v , _ _ _ - _ - 7 2 8 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 V 8 0 2 9 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 o 1 1 1 2 1 3 " 2 1 1 3 : : M o n t h _ . _ u t - A r \ F i g u r e B - 1 2 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 6 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n t ) V C 4 - 7 M D F s C l u s t e r 7 2 + 1 4 5 9 + 2 2 0 9 — . - . 7 7 7 2 2 2 9 L 5 4 0 4 9 E + 5 2 9 9 . — 1 — _ 2 o 2 9 0 ' 2 5 d — > 7 _ — — 7 fi — — _ # fi — — 7 g - . _ _ ‘ _ l e r k 0 I I f ‘ 1 7 l l l l l l l l o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 F i g u r e B - 1 3 . V C 4 - 7 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 7 ( S u m m e r / F a l l D o m i n a n t ) 2 4 9 V C 8 — 1 0 M D F S C l u s t e r i n g C l a s s 8 - 1 0 M D F s A l l S i t e s M D F F i g u r e B - 1 4 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s V C 8 - 1 0 T r u c k M D F s C l u s t e r 1 1 . 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 . 5 7 1 . 2 5 7 — < > — 2 2 0 9 — C } — 6 3 0 9 7 1 : . - - 8 4 4 0 7 2 8 9 M D F 0 . 7 5 7 7 7 7 _ A — I u - A A I v l m l 0 . 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 . 2 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 1 5 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n t ) 2 5 0 V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s C l u s t e r 2 2 1 . 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 . 7 7 7 7 - 7 _ _ - 7 — < > — 6 4 6 9 1 ' 5 T T — " v 9 ‘ 5 _ _ 7 1 3 7 6 4 7 9 I f : - 1 2 ? 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 2 9 2 7 3 2 9 0 . 7 5 — 1 7 - . — M E A N 0 . 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 _ _ _ 2 0 . 2 5 ~ — — 7 — 7 — 7 7 — 7 7 7 7 7 7 - 7 7 7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 1 6 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 2 V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s C l u s t e r 3 — < > — 5 2 4 9 7 7 1 3 — 6 1 2 9 — — 7 6 3 6 9 1 7 : g 1 1 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ f fi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 + 6 4 2 9 ' + 7 1 0 9 1 . 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 _ - 7 + 7 1 5 9 L I . — - — 7 2 6 9 g _ - — - - " - — 8 1 2 9 . — < > — 8 7 2 9 0 ' 5 J ‘ ‘ 5 * * a ” ‘ " ‘ ‘ “ ‘ “ ‘ — — + 8 8 2 9 0 . 2 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 2 0 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 r 1 9 7 9 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 - — 8 0 4 9 M o n t h - o — M E A N F i g u r e B - 1 7 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 3 2 5 1 V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s C l u s t e r 4 2 1 . 7 5 4 7 7 - 7 — 7 7 7 7 7 , 7 _ _ 1 . 5 4 — — — i f 7 — 7 7 7 7 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 u . 1 . 2 5 7 D 1 _ — < > — 8 2 1 9 E 0 . 7 5 — — 0 . 2 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 - , _ 0 l l l l l l l l l l I l O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 1 8 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( F a l l D o m i n a n t ) V C 8 - 1 0 M D F s C l u s t e r 5 — — < > — 2 2 2 9 7 7 0 — 4 1 4 9 - — r _ ‘ t - — 4 2 2 9 7 7 7 : 7 7 5 0 1 9 2 + 5 0 5 9 1 7 5 7 - 7 7 7 7 — 7 7 7 7 - 7 7 - _ 7 . 1 2 , 7 _ _ _ _ + 5 2 9 9 ' — 1 — — 8 2 0 9 1 - 5 “ ” " " — “ — - — 7 ‘ - — - ~ ~ — - — 8 2 2 9 — - ~ — - 9 1 8 9 u . 1 ' 2 5 — < > — 9 7 5 9 g 1 7 + 1 5 2 9 4 0 4 9 0 ' 7 5 _ 2 T 4 1 2 9 0 . 5 ~ ~ — — — — — — - - ~ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 4 2 4 9 5 2 8 9 0 . 2 5 7 — — — - — 7 — — — 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 - 7 7 _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ 6 0 1 9 O 1 1 T 1 1 1 r 1 1 T m 1 * 8 0 2 9 7 — - - 7 0 6 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 . 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 7 — 2 0 2 9 M o n t h " f r " 5 1 5 % F i g u r e B - 1 9 . V C 8 - 1 0 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( E v e n D o m i n a n c e ) 2 5 2 V C 1 1 — 1 3 M D F S C l u s t e r i n g M D F V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S A l l S i t e s M o n t h F i g u r e B - 2 0 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 1 5 4 . 5 7 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 7 - 7 7 - 7 7 7 7 , 7 7 _ _ 7 7 , 7 , 7 _ _ _ _ 7 3 . 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 _ _ 1 . _ _ _ 3 _ 2 2 7 7 - 2 _ 7 - _ _ _ \ — < > — 8 4 4 0 F i g u r e B - 2 1 . V C 1 1 7 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( M o n t h 1 D o m i n a n t ) 2 5 3 F D M M V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 M o n t h 1 1 1 2 1 3 — < > — 8 2 0 9 F i g u r e B - 2 2 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o n t h 8 D o m i n a n t ) D F V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 3 - < > — 9 1 8 9 F i g u r e B - 2 3 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M o n t h s 5 / 8 D o m i n a n t ) 2 5 4 D F M M 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 M o n t h 1 1 1 2 1 3 F i g u r e B - 2 4 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 4 ( S p r i n g D o m i n a n t ) D F 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 5 2 . 2 5 ~ 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 - 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 5 — - - . « W 0 . 2 5 — < > — 6 0 1 9 F i g u r e B - 2 5 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 5 ( M o n t h 8 / 1 1 D o m i n a n t ) 2 5 5 M F D M D F 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 M o n t h — < > — — 6 4 7 9 — D — - 8 2 1 9 - - ~ * ; 8 0 4 9 8 1 2 9 — — ) l £ - — 8 7 2 9 + 9 7 9 9 — - l — 6 3 6 9 — - — 5 2 8 9 . _ . . . . . _ 8 8 2 9 — < > — 7 0 6 9 . 0 — N E A N F i g u r e B - 2 6 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 6 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) 2 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S C l u s t e r 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 M o n t h 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 — < > — 5 0 1 9 — — C l — — — 5 0 5 9 - — - : ‘ ~ . - — - - 8 0 2 9 8 2 2 9 — ) K — 9 2 0 9 - ‘ — M E A N F i g u r e B - 2 7 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 7 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n c e ) 2 5 6 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S C l u s t e r 8 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 _ _ m m 9 ; — — — — — 9 _ _ _ — _ _ — 2 . _ - _ 2 _ 2 , . _ ‘ fl 2 2 _ _ _ H fi “ — < > — 6 4 2 9 1 . 7 5 — — _ — — u k “ 2 2 * — — — — — 9 9 * — — — 1 5 _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ « _ _ ~ a — 7 1 0 9 " ' 1 2 5 g . 1 fi — “ ‘ 4 ‘ ; ‘ 7 1 5 9 0 - 7 5 * " — “ 7 2 6 9 0 . 5 2 - _ . - “ 2 “ 2 2 4 “ W W 0 . 2 5 — < - — — — — — . — M E A N 0 i l T l T i l l l T l T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 2 8 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 8 ( N o D o m i n a n c e ) V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 9 — < > — 2 0 2 9 + 7 3 2 9 2 . 5 — — . : ; - - 2 2 0 9 2 2 5 4 0 4 9 2 1 . 7 5 + 4 1 2 9 u _ 1 . 5 + 4 1 4 9 E 1 2 5 1 5 — + — — 4 2 2 9 0 . 7 5 — - — 6 1 2 9 0 - 5 — - « - — — 6 4 6 9 0 2 ; — < > - — 7 0 2 9 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 o 1 1 1 2 1 3 + 9 7 5 9 M o n t h * M E A N F i g u r e B - 2 9 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 9 ( S u m m e r D o m i n a n c e ) 2 5 7 F D M M 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 2 5 9 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 1 0 - — < > — 5 2 4 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 3 0 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 1 0 ( P e a k M o n t h s 2 / 1 0 ) D F 2 5 2 . 2 5 r 1 . 7 5 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S C l u s t e r 1 1 — < > — 4 2 4 9 _ 1 _ - _ _ _ , V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 M o n t h F i g u r e B - 3 1 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 1 1 ( P e a k M o n t h 2 ) 2 5 8 D F M 2 . 5 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 0 . 2 5 V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F s C l u s t e r 1 2 1 5 ' — < > — 1 4 5 9 — - — D — - — 1 5 2 9 - - ~ - z . ‘ : — - 2 2 2 9 - O — M E A N F i g u r e B - 3 2 . V C 1 1 - 1 3 M D F S f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 ( I n d i s t i n c t ) 2 5 9 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r C l u s t e r i n g T r u c k P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) H D F s A l l S i t e s F i g u r e B - 3 3 . H D F s f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s H D F C l u s t e r 1 — < > — — 6 3 6 9 — D ~ — 7 0 2 9 ~ 1 5 - 9 7 1 5 9 - — 7 2 6 9 + 8 2 4 9 — o — 8 7 2 9 — + — - 9 7 9 9 - — — - — 2 0 2 9 - 0 — M E A N F i g u r e B - 3 4 . H D F s f o r C l u s t e r 1 ( E v e n D i s t r i b u t i o n ) 2 6 0 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P k c u r T T r u c k P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) H D F C l u s t e r 2 F i g u r e B - 3 5 . H D F s f o r C l u s t e r 2 ( M o r n i n g D o m i n a n t ) 1 2 1 0 O N A C D H D F C l u s t e r 3 O F N m e C O N m m O V — N C ’ J V L O C O N Q D Q O v — N m 1 — 1 — w — V — v - v - w - w — v — N N N N H o u r — o — 1 4 5 9 — D — — 1 5 2 9 - - 2 2 0 9 4 1 4 9 + 4 2 4 9 — o — 5 0 5 9 — + - — — 6 0 1 9 — - — 6 4 6 9 - — - - ~ A 6 4 7 9 — < > — — 8 0 2 9 — I — 9 7 5 9 — 7 3 2 9 4 2 2 9 5 2 8 9 6 3 0 9 8 4 4 0 — - — 7 2 8 9 — o — M E A N F i g u r e B - 3 6 . H D F s f o r C l u s t e r 3 ( M i d d a y P e a k D i s t r i b u t i o n ) 2 6 1 A p p e n d i x C C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s - S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 6 2 J 0 ) - % ( O 1 N 0 e O [ 0 g a t a c r e n e e l P A x A 1 1 S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a ( L S ) C l u s t e r i n g A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a f o r A l l S i t e s A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e C - l . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s — L O 0 0 ' ! A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 1 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) 4 5 — < > — 5 0 1 9 — D — — 5 0 5 9 — - ‘ . ~ — ~ 5 2 9 9 ~ 6 1 2 9 — ) K — 6 3 6 9 — o — 6 4 6 9 — 1 — — 7 0 2 9 — — 7 1 5 9 — — ) l ( — 7 2 6 9 — - 8 0 4 9 — - ' . : ~ 8 2 1 9 + 8 7 2 9 ~ ' 9 1 8 9 — > i é - — 9 2 0 9 - 0 — M E A N F i g u r e C - 2 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 6 3 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 2 _ 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 o 4 5 I 8 8 2 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) ‘ 9 7 5 9 F i g u r e C - 3 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 A l l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 3 ( . 1 0 O m — a _ 4 1 2 9 0 4 2 4 9 6 0 1 9 + 8 4 4 0 — — M E A N _ A — L N N O U ’ l O U ‘ I O U ‘ I ‘ l 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e C - 4 . A l l S i n g l e A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 2 6 4 A p p e n d i x D C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s - T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 6 5 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A A 1 1 T a n d e m A x l e L S C l u s t e r i n g A l l A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a f o r A l l S i t e s 2 5 _ 2 0 g O 5 v i l l i l r i w w u / w 1 0 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 O 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 O 6 5 7 O 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e D - l . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 1 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e D - 2 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 6 6 A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 2 F i g u r e D - 4 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 + 5 0 1 9 2 5 — D — 5 0 5 9 0 3 ° , 2 0 — £ ; - ~ - 5 2 8 9 U ) _ - - S 1 5 $ 7 , ; , 6 1 2 9 C o + 8 1 2 9 3 1 0 + 4 g 5 , . + 8 2 1 9 4 : f T L " : . 1 " , x " ” T N “ ? — - l - — 8 4 4 0 é 0 4 4 W 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 o 3 5 4 o 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 o 7 5 8 0 8 5 * 9 7 5 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) - ‘ — M E A N F i g u r e D - 3 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 3 g — < > — 4 1 2 9 — C } — — — 4 1 4 9 A ; 2 5 “ “ 1 3 “ “ 4 2 2 9 2 5 2 0 _ _ . 5 2 4 9 d ) O ) E 1 5 + 6 0 1 9 c + 6 3 0 9 d ) g 1 0 — + — 6 4 2 9 O 3 + 7 1 0 9 0 — 2 e » - - - 8 0 2 9 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 . 8 2 2 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) * M E A N 2 6 7 A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 4 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) — < > — 6 3 6 9 2 5 + 7 0 2 9 2 \ : 2 0 « a ; « — 8 0 4 9 8 8 2 0 9 1 5 g + 9 1 8 9 4 1 5 ‘ 3 + 1 5 2 9 0 l T l l T l W T T Y ‘ V I ‘ H T T I " l i l l l l l l l l ' l l l l r t T ‘ Y fi T V M - l 1 0 5 1 o 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 o 3 5 4 o 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 “ “ 7 1 5 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) - — M E A N F i g u r e D - 5 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 A l l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 5 A 2 5 + 1 4 5 9 o \ ° I ; 2 0 — — — - — - — * — ~ — - — — — — — + 2 2 2 9 5 ’ — — — . 3 4 0 4 9 5 7 2 6 9 5 o . + 8 7 2 9 3 — o — M E A N F i g u r e D - 6 . A l l T a n d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 2 6 8 A p p e n d i x E . C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s - T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 6 9 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A O ) J % I ( O ’ e O g N O a t N n 1 0 e A c r ‘ O e P e l x A 1 0 O A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S C l u s t e r i n g A l l A n n u a l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a f o r A l l S i t e s l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 8 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 i 1 0 ' 1 1 r l ’ l u l l l l i l l l i l ‘ i 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 l l N O 1 O 5 _ 1 0 ~ 1 5 — 2 0 — 2 5 § 1 3 0 — 3 5 — 4 0 — F i g u r e E - l . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 1 A 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r v o m ‘ o m o m o m o m o m o m o m o m o m 1 — w — N N C ‘ O C O V V L O L D Q O O N N C O G J O ‘ J O ) A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) — 0 — 6 4 6 9 F i g u r e E - 2 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 7 0 A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 2 + 4 1 4 9 + 6 0 1 9 — - r . ~ — 6 3 6 9 A 3 0 7 0 2 9 ° \ o + 7 1 5 9 2 2 2 5 " — — ‘ ‘ “ ‘ 7 7 7 7 ‘ ” — + 7 2 6 9 a : 5 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 - # 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 — — I — — - 8 0 2 9 g — — - — - 8 0 4 9 o 1 5 7 ' + 8 2 0 9 g 1 0 2 ~ 6 4 « 8 4 4 0 1 ; 4 4 4 8 7 2 9 2 o — 9 1 8 9 + 9 2 0 9 9 ~ ~ 9 7 5 9 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) * M E A E F i g u r e E - 3 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 3 2 ; 3 0 o \ a , 2 5 9 2 0 c 1 5 - 3 — < > — 4 2 4 9 1 T : 1 0 n . 2 5 E 0 - — , O L O O L O O l D O l D O L D O L O O L O O l D O L D O l D O L O v — v — N N O ’ D C O V V L O L O L O C D N N C D C D O D O O O A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) 1 ‘ F i g u r e E - 4 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 2 7 1 A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 4 2 . 2 3 0 9 . \ ° 2 2 5 ~ 2 ’ 1 8 , E . 9 2 0 5 1 5 9 2 0 1 0 - a . 2 5 é o . 1 ‘ O L O O C L O O l D O L O O l D O L D O L O O L D O L O O L O * - N N m m fl ' m e w O N w a m m O O A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e E - S . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 A l l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 5 A 4 5 , \ ° 4 0 8 3 3 € 2 5 2 2 0 a , 1 5 n . 1 0 2 5 2 0 , A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e E - 6 . A l l T r i d e m A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 2 7 2 A p p e n d i x F C l u s t e r A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s - Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 7 3 A ) % ( e 0 N g L a t — n A e c _ r e P e l x A A 1 1 Q u a d A x l e L S C l u s t e r i n g x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) A l l A n n u a l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a f o r A l l S i t e s A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e F - l . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r a l l A n a l y z e d S i t e s N U 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 1 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) — < > — 4 2 2 9 — D — 4 2 4 9 — r . ~ — 5 0 5 9 2 2 6 1 2 9 + 6 4 7 9 + 7 2 6 9 — l — 8 0 4 9 ~ — — 8 1 2 9 + 8 2 1 9 - — M E A N F i g u r e F - 2 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 1 2 7 4 ) % ( e g a t e P r c n l e e A x ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A l 1 ” 1 1 1 W 1 1 ” 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A A : 1 m r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A ” 1 1 1 1 m m A J A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 2 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) — < > — 5 2 9 9 — — C J ~ — 6 0 1 9 — / ‘ i - - — 6 3 0 9 — - 6 3 6 9 — ) l ( — 6 4 6 9 + 7 0 2 9 — l — 8 2 2 9 ~ — ~ — 8 4 4 0 — ) l ( — 8 7 2 9 - — : ~ . - - 9 7 5 9 — ‘ v ; ~ - - - 4 0 4 9 + 4 1 2 9 5 0 1 9 — > l e — 6 4 2 9 — 7 1 5 9 - . — M E A N F i g u r e F - 3 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 2 A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 3 v 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘ fl 1 1 1 n r 1 1 1 1 r r 1 1 L O O l - D O l D O l O O I - O O [ \ N C D ( I ) O ) O ) S g A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) — 0 — 5 2 8 9 F i g u r e F - 4 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 3 2 7 5 1 A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 4 N 0 A m o A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) O 0 1 3 0 1 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e F - S . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 4 A l l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a C l u s t e r 5 ’ m ‘ — D — — 8 2 0 9 - — , x ~ - 9 1 8 9 1 4 5 9 + 4 1 4 9 + 5 2 4 9 — — — 1 — 8 0 2 9 — — + — 8 8 2 9 A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) + 9 2 0 9 * N E A N A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e F - 6 . A l l Q u a d A x l e L S f o r C l u s t e r 5 2 7 6 A p p e n d i x G S t a t e w i d e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t s 2 7 7 C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n S t a t e w i d e S i n g l e A x l e L S a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t V a l u e s f o r A l l V C s S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 4 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 7 g 2 I ; _ g + S t a t e w i d e 1 1 : ) A v e r a g e ‘ 2 — n — M - E P D G g D e f a u l t 2 2 O 5 1 O 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - l . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 4 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 5 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a E m L — . 2 2 _ 2 2 g — O — S t a t e w i d e 1 E A v e r a g e ‘ g 7 — 3 — M E P D G 1 a ) D e f a u l t 1 2 E A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 2 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 5 L S 2 7 8 ) % ( e g a t n e c x e r e P l A ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 6 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e - — a — — M - E P D G _ D e f a u l t 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 3 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 6 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 7 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 2 2 1 0 ~ — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 « ; ~ — ~ — — — . — 2 — g m — — — « — . + S t a t e w 1 d e 5 _ _ 7 ' _ _ A v e r a g e 7 3 , } — l | ~ — M - E P D G 4 ’ m ’ “ D e f a u l t 2 ” ' 1 1 : : O l 1 1 ‘ 1 1 % 1 & W . e a - 3 m a e + 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) 1 r fi f j i F i g u r e G - 4 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 7 L S 2 7 9 S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 8 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a g ; 2 _ _ - _ a ) 2 a ) . 9 - — ~ 2 2 2 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ , + S t a t e w 1 d e g m , 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A v e r a g e § _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ + M — E P D G a . D e f a u l t 2 2 . . . 2 _ _ 2 _ I . l ‘ I 1 1 7 3 ' 3 ‘ W e s e s w s a u a e e s m — w — 1 5 2 O 2 5 3 O 3 5 4 O 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - S . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 8 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V 0 9 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 5 . : 3 l _ 2 2 _ L 2 _ _ a ) g , _ 2 _ - m ” h _ u 2 _ + S t a t e w i d e g A v e r a g e 2 2 _ . + M — E P D G 3 . ’ D e f a u l t . 2 ! 2 1 : 3 1 . 9 2 , 0 1 5 . 1 . . . “ . m m m r r f ’ fi ' fi t e e s m m m w e w h O 5 1 O 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 O 3 5 4 O 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 6 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 9 L S 2 8 0 S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 O A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 2 0 _ 2 3 : 8 , 1 5 : 2 ” — — ~ + 9 — 2 : 3 I — o — — S t a t e w i d e g 1 0 j , _ _ _ h # _ _ _ _ _ A v e r a g e § : + M - E P D G o . : D e f a u l t 2 5 j A " 5 7 “ 5 * _ 2 j ' I 0 — . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 5 a e m e e w m e v e s e w r — m — O 5 1 O 1 5 2 O 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 7 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 0 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 1 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 4 - g 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 g 1 0 f 2 , - 2 2 " 2 ‘ 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 4 2 2 _ £ 3 8 E - — 9 — - S m m w v w e g g _ _ _ m 7 “ ” 7 7 A A v e r a g e g 6 ‘ - — 2 . 2 m e m e “ - 4 2 2 D e f a u l t 2 : 2 2 2 — - 0 2 r - W - m e e w a ~ s e m w — 1 — 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 8 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 1 L S 2 8 1 S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 2 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 4 g : 4 ? 1 2 g , 1 0 f _ g 8 E + S t a t e w i d e 5 3 A v e r a g e g 6 g - . a — M - E P D G C L 4 3 D e f a u l t 1 » E O : l I I I l I Y T l l l l l l l l l l 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 O 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 9 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 2 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 3 A n n u a l S i n g l e A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 4 , : 4 ? 1 2 a 1 0 f g 8 E + S t a t e w i d e c c ) 3 A v e r a g e 2 6 3 — a — M - E P D G a 4 3 D e f a u l t 1 » E 0 I 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 O 4 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 0 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r S i n g l e V C 1 3 L S 2 8 2 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n S t a t e w i d e T a n d e m A x l e L S a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t V a l u e s f o r A l l V C s S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 4 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — u - — - M - E P D G D e f a u l t l l ' l V l l l l l H i l l l l l l ‘ l l ' l ' l l l I ' l l l l l l l l i l ' l l " O 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - l l . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 4 L S A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 5 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — i : — — — M - E P D G D e f a u l t 0 5 1 O 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 2 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 5 L S 2 8 3 S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 6 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) 1 6 j : K : 1 4 5 I ; 1 2 U , . v . 9 1 0 7 T 7 7 — O — S t a t e v 1 , i d e 5 8 E 7 A v e r a g e g 6 : 2 2 — : — M - E P D G n _ ; D e f a u l t 0 4 : 7 2 2 ; ~ ~ 0 : ‘ l l l i l l l l l l ‘ l 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 , m 7 — 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 3 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 6 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 7 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a Z \ ° ‘ E E + S t a t e w i d e g A v e r a g e g 2 . — M - E P D G “ ' D e f a u l t 2 F i g u r e G - 1 4 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 7 L S 2 8 4 A A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 8 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a — O — — S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — - l — — - M - E P D G D e f a u l t A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) O 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 F i g u r e G - 1 5 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 8 L S x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 9 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a — - O - — — S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — I — M - E P D G D e f a u l t 1 1 1 7 1 v 1 1 1 | I H 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 O 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 6 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 9 L S 2 8 5 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 0 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 9 , 8 , 1 — 7 2 7 1 2 2 6 T T 5 + § i f e w i d e 5 ’ T " A v e r a g e 4 : 5 * 5 " ' 1 — u w - M - E P D G 3 5 » ~ ~ , , D e f a u l t 2 3 7 7 . 2 2 — * 1 ; ~ . . 2 2 , 0 5 5 , 3 5 5 3 ‘ 3 5 3 ’ 3 5 4 5 ’ 3 1 : » : — 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 7 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C I O L S A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 2 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t g v i d e A v e r a g e ‘ — n — — M E P D G 1 D e f a u l t 1 O 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 8 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 1 2 L S 2 8 6 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 3 A n n u a l T a n d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a 1 2 q 1 0 3 . 2 2 . “ - ~ — 8 — — — + — + 2 2 2 2 2 ” . . . : + S t a t e w 1 d e 6 E 2 . 2 2 “ ” _ _ _ _ 4 _ A v e r a g e _ — — - u — — M - E P D G 4 : , a — - ~ _ 2 _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ D e f a u l t 2 ‘ - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . _ 0 T T T [ T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T I T m g ’ 9 3 ’ 3 3 m t v w 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 A x l e L o a d ( k i p s ) F i g u r e G - 1 9 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T a n d e m V C 1 3 L S 2 8 7 ) % ( e g a t n e c r e P e l x A 0 5 0 0 1 1 C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n S t a t e w i d e T r i d e m A x l e L S a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t V a l u e s f o r A l l V C s S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 7 A n n u a l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a E d ) . c » + S t a t e w I d e C U E A v e r a g e 8 — — l - — — M — E P D G 5 3 D e f a u l t o . 2 2 E F i g u r e G - 2 0 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C 7 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 0 A n n u a l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a O l D O I - D 1 — 1 - O l O O I D O N N C O C O V A x l O L O O L O l O C O L o a d ( k i p s ) + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — — I — M - E P D G D e f a u l t F i g u r e G - 2 1 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C l O L S 2 8 8 A x l e P e r c e n t a g e ( % ) S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 3 A n n u a l T r i d e m A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — I — M — E P D G D e f a u l t F i g u r e G - 2 2 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r T r i d e m V C 1 3 L S 2 8 9 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - : 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 { N O C o m p a r i s o n B e t w e e n S t a t e w i d e Q u a d A x l e L S a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t V a l u e s f o r A l l V C s S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 7 A n n u a l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a . 1 4 4 § 1 2 i g 1 0 + S t a t e w i d e g 8 A v e r a g e 8 - — - I — — - M - E P D G 3 3 D e f a u l t 0 . 2 F i g u r e G - 2 3 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C 7 L S S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 0 A n n u a l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a I x ? d ) . m + S t a t e w l d e g A v e r a g e 8 + M — E P D G a “ : D e f a u l t 0 . 2 F i g u r e G - 2 4 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C l O L S 2 9 0 ) % ( e g a t n e x c r e P e l A S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r V C 1 3 A n n u a l Q u a d A x l e L o a d S p e c t r a + S t a t e w i d e A v e r a g e — I — — M - E P D G D e f a u l t F i g u r e G - 2 5 . S t a t e A v g . v s . M - E P D G D e f a u l t f o r Q u a d V C 1 3 L S 2 9 1 A p p e n d i x H T r a f f i c C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D e s i g n V a l u e s 2 9 2 T r u c k T r a f f i c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n D e s i g n V a l u e s T a b l e H - l . S t a t e w i d e a n d C l u s t e r A v e r a g e s f o r T r u c k T r a f fi c C l a s s i f i c a t i o n C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 8 : 3 3 ; ? 4 1 . 6 6 1 . 6 8 2 . 0 8 1 . 7 6 5 1 3 . 0 1 2 7 . 3 5 4 9 . 7 8 2 7 . 3 7 6 3 . 2 7 5 . 5 7 6 . 6 2 5 . 0 1 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 9 5 1 . 0 9 0 . 7 7 8 3 . 8 6 4 . 9 3 4 . 2 7 4 . 4 2 9 6 4 . 3 5 4 2 . 3 9 2 2 . 0 8 4 5 . 4 3 1 0 6 . 4 2 7 . 9 0 6 . 4 3 7 . 0 7 1 1 1 . 5 9 1 . 1 1 0 . 4 1 1 . 1 2 1 2 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 7 0 . 0 4 0 . 2 2 1 3 5 . 1 1 7 . 9 5 7 . 2 0 6 . 8 2 2 9 3 M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r D e s i g n V a l u e s T a b l e H - 2 . S t a t e w i d e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s ( A l l C l a s s e s ) M o n t h V C 4 V C 5 V C 6 V C 7 V C 8 V C 9 V C 1 0 V C 1 1 V C 1 2 V C 1 3 l 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 2 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 0 . 8 9 3 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 8 4 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 9 3 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 5 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 6 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 4 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 . 1 6 1 . 1 6 1 . 1 6 7 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 8 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 1 9 1 . 0 8 1 . 0 8 1 . 0 8 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 9 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 0 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 3 0 . 8 3 0 . 8 3 * N o t e M - E P D G D e f a u l t i s 1 T a b l e H - 3 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 4 - 7 M o n t h C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 1 0 . 9 3 0 . 7 5 0 . 7 0 2 0 . 9 6 0 . 8 7 0 . 7 5 3 0 . 9 4 0 . 8 8 0 . 7 1 4 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 9 0 . 7 3 5 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 5 0 . 9 6 6 1 . 0 4 1 . 2 2 1 . 2 2 7 0 . 9 6 1 . 3 1 1 . 4 0 8 1 . 0 5 1 . 2 3 1 . 4 6 9 1 . 0 5 1 . 1 0 1 . 3 5 1 0 1 . 0 7 0 . 9 9 1 . 1 5 1 1 1 . 0 9 0 . 8 8 0 . 8 3 1 2 0 . 9 5 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 4 2 9 4 T a b l e H - 4 . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 8 - 1 0 M o n t h C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 C l u s t e r 4 1 0 . 7 7 0 0 . 9 0 3 0 . 9 4 8 0 . 8 8 9 2 0 . 8 2 0 1 . 0 4 4 0 . 9 8 9 0 . 9 2 5 3 0 . 8 6 7 1 . 0 5 0 1 . 0 2 2 0 . 9 6 3 4 0 . 9 9 0 1 . 0 5 7 1 . 0 2 4 1 . 0 0 0 5 1 . 2 4 9 1 . 0 8 5 1 . 0 4 7 1 . 0 5 3 6 1 . 3 2 7 1 . 1 1 0 1 . 0 8 3 1 . 1 2 1 7 1 . 1 0 9 0 . 9 8 8 0 . 9 0 7 1 . 0 1 3 8 1 . 1 5 9 1 . 0 9 4 1 . 0 0 6 1 . 1 0 4 9 1 . 0 6 2 0 . 9 9 0 1 . 0 0 0 1 . 0 4 9 1 0 1 . 0 3 8 0 . 8 5 8 1 . 0 7 0 1 . 0 6 9 1 1 0 . 8 6 0 0 . 9 7 1 1 . 0 0 5 0 . 9 4 3 1 2 0 . 7 4 8 0 . 8 5 1 0 . 9 0 0 0 . 8 7 0 T a b l e H - S . C l u s t e r A v e r a g e M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s f o r V C 1 1 - 1 3 M o n t h C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 C l u s t e r 4 C l u s t e r 5 1 0 . 8 5 0 . 7 0 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 0 1 . 0 8 2 0 . 8 1 0 . 7 2 1 . 0 0 0 . 8 9 1 . 0 6 3 0 . 8 3 0 . 7 9 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 4 0 . 9 0 4 0 . 9 4 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 7 0 . 9 8 0 . 7 1 5 1 . 0 0 1 . 1 3 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 9 0 . 9 8 6 1 . 1 0 1 . 3 0 1 . 0 3 1 . 2 3 1 . 0 7 7 1 . 0 4 1 . 1 8 0 . 9 3 1 . 1 1 0 . 9 8 8 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 8 1 . 0 0 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 9 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 4 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 3 0 . 9 8 1 0 1 . 2 4 1 . 1 2 1 . 0 7 0 . 9 9 1 . 2 2 1 1 1 . 0 9 1 . 0 2 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 5 0 . 8 8 1 2 0 . 8 7 0 . 7 1 0 . 8 7 0 . 7 9 1 . 0 4 2 9 5 H o u r l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r D e s i g n V a l u e s T a b l e H - 6 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t M o n t h l y D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c t o r s C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 S t a t e w i d e A v g . M - E P D G D e f a u l t 0 2 . 5 2 1 . 7 8 1 . 0 5 1 . 6 2 2 . 3 0 l 2 . 2 2 1 . 6 4 0 . 8 9 1 . 4 5 2 . 3 0 2 2 . 1 1 1 . 6 6 0 . 9 7 1 . 4 6 2 . 3 0 3 2 . 3 3 2 . 0 0 1 . 2 2 1 . 7 5 2 . 3 0 4 2 . 6 7 2 . 5 9 1 . 7 4 2 . 2 7 2 . 3 0 5 3 . 1 1 3 . 6 8 2 . 6 0 3 . 1 6 2 . 3 0 6 3 . 7 1 4 . 4 9 4 . 3 2 4 . 2 9 5 . 0 0 7 4 . 1 6 5 . 2 4 6 . 0 8 5 . 3 8 5 . 0 0 8 4 . 9 1 6 . 0 6 7 . 4 2 6 . 3 9 5 . 0 0 9 5 . 3 2 6 . 5 1 7 . 4 3 6 . 6 7 5 . 0 0 1 0 5 . 5 8 6 . 6 0 7 . 3 3 6 . 7 1 5 . 9 0 1 1 5 . 6 8 6 . 5 0 7 . 4 1 6 . 7 1 5 . 9 0 1 2 5 . 6 0 6 . 3 1 7 . 2 4 6 . 5 5 5 . 9 0 1 3 5 . 5 8 6 . 1 6 7 . 1 2 6 . 4 4 5 . 9 0 1 4 5 . 4 8 5 . 8 9 6 . 9 7 6 . 2 4 5 . 9 0 1 5 5 . 3 6 5 . 5 4 6 . 6 2 5 . 9 3 5 . 9 0 1 6 5 . 3 3 5 . 0 1 5 . 4 9 5 . 2 5 4 . 6 0 1 7 4 . 9 8 4 . 4 4 4 . 5 4 4 . 5 7 4 . 6 0 1 8 4 . 7 0 3 . 9 4 3 . 4 6 3 . 8 8 4 . 6 0 1 9 4 . 4 8 3 . 3 9 2 . 8 2 3 . 3 5 4 . 6 0 2 0 4 . 1 3 2 . 9 5 2 . 3 0 2 . 9 0 3 . 1 0 2 1 3 . 7 5 2 . 6 4 2 . 0 0 2 . 5 8 3 . 1 0 2 2 3 . 3 7 2 . 4 2 1 . 6 3 2 . 2 7 3 . 1 0 2 9 6 A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e D e s i g n V a l u e s T a b l e H - 7 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t S i n g l e A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e V C C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 S t a g e / 2 1 % L g f f g g f } 4 1 . 7 6 1 . 6 4 1 . 6 1 1 . 6 5 1 . 6 2 5 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 1 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 2 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 8 1 . 0 5 1 . 0 6 1 8 2 . 2 8 2 . 3 0 2 . 2 6 2 . 2 8 2 . 3 8 9 1 . 2 0 1 . 2 6 1 . 3 2 1 . 2 9 1 . 1 3 1 0 1 . 4 3 1 . 4 9 1 . 6 1 1 . 5 4 1 . 1 9 1 1 5 . 0 0 4 . 9 9 4 . 9 9 4 . 9 9 4 . 2 9 ‘ 1 2 4 . 0 5 3 . 9 8 3 . 9 9 3 . 8 5 3 . 5 2 1 3 1 . 6 1 2 . 7 0 2 . 0 9 2 . 0 3 2 . 1 5 T a b l e H - 8 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t T a n d e m A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e V C C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 S t a t e w i d e M - E P D G A v g . D e f a u l t 4 0 . 2 1 0 . 3 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 9 5 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 5 0 6 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 . 9 9 7 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 2 6 8 0 . 7 7 0 . 7 8 0 . 6 9 0 . 7 4 0 . 6 7 9 1 . 8 9 1 . 8 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 8 5 1 . 9 3 1 0 0 . 9 6 1 . 0 2 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 9 1 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 2 6 1 2 0 . 9 9 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 8 0 . 9 6 1 . 1 4 1 3 1 . 1 6 1 . 5 4 1 . 4 9 1 . 4 0 2 . 1 3 2 9 7 T a b l e H - 9 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t T r i d e m A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e ‘ V C C l u s t e r 1 C l u s t e r 2 C l u s t e r 3 C l u s t e r 4 S t a g e / \ g l d e M 1 5 3 5 3 ? 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 O 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 7 0 . 5 8 0 . 7 2 0 . 6 3 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 9 0 . 8 3 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 3 0 0 . 2 9 0 . 6 4 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 8 9 1 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 6 1 3 0 . 2 8 0 . 4 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 4 8 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 5 T a b l e H - 1 0 . S t a t e w i d e , C l u s t e r a n d M - E P D G D e f a u l t Q u a d A x l e G r o u p s p e r V e h i c l e V C C l u s t e r C l u s t e r C l u s t e r C l u s t e r C l u s t e r S t a t e w i d e M - E P D G 1 2 3 4 5 A v g . D e f a u l t 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 7 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 0 0 . 1 7 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 3 5 0 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 1 9 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 9 0 . 6 8 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 6 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 3 0 . 4 3 0 . 8 5 0 . 5 9 0 . 6 9 0 . 5 8 0 . 6 1 0 2 9 8 1 1 3 0 0 1 8 9 3 8 4 6 1 1 3 8 4 7 2 0 2 2 5 7 9 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 2 2 9 7 5 5 3 1 1 1 1 4 9 5 1 5 6 1 1 1 6 0 0 9 9 7 2 1 7 2 4 5 1 0 7 4 . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 2 0 0 3 6 6 9 5 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 4 2 5 8 5 0 8 0 3 8 6 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 0 2 0 6 2 1 4 3 0 1 3 0 8 3 1 . . . . . . 1 1 6 5 7 8 . . 2 0 1 1 . . . . . . . . . 9 6 4 4 2 2 1 0 0 2 9 a r t 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 5 5 9 3 2 . . . . . . 4 7 . 3 5 9 7 0 4 1 5 6 8 6 . . . . . c 1 0 0 0 0 4 7 7 4 4 0 1 e p S d a o 6 9 0 4 2 7 7 . . 6 0 1 2 8 3 . . 2 1 0 2 . 0 6 5 . 1 8 1 8 6 4 3 8 5 5 6 1 6 1 1 4 2 4 5 0 0 9 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 6 9 8 6 3 3 4 0 1 1 1 L 7 . 2 e l x A e l g n i S e d i w e t a t S s 9 4 7 4 3 1 5 2 5 0 1 3 4 6 0 1 3 . 4 e . 1 . . . . . . . 1 2 9 6 3 7 1 7 7 0 2 0 9 6 0 u 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . 0 4 5 7 8 6 6 3 3 1 1 l H a e V l b n a g T i 8 5 8 4 8 0 2 8 7 4 2 4 1 4 0 s . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 e 1 1 2 5 7 6 3 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 6 4 7 9 8 4 . . 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( c o n t ’ d ) L o a d ( k i p s ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 0 2 7 4 4 0 0 4 4 9 2 7 3 8 5 4 6 7 5 9 5 3 2 6 2 2 7 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 5 5 1 1 4 4 4 7 4 3 2 . 0 3 9 3 8 7 4 2 7 3 8 3 2 1 8 2 2 8 7 3 7 1 9 3 0 5 2 4 5 . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 8 5 8 9 6 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 3 8 5 8 9 4 9 1 3 1 8 3 2 4 8 2 1 1 8 4 4 1 2 0 2 9 7 6 4 8 6 3 2 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 8 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 9 2 0 9 6 4 4 2 9 4 4 a r t c e p S d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 5 6 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 2 2 1 4 6 9 9 4 6 2 5 9 2 7 2 3 5 7 . . 1 0 o L e l x A m 8 2 2 3 7 5 8 3 3 8 6 6 7 5 9 8 1 0 2 5 1 2 4 1 1 9 9 9 5 3 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 3 0 0 0 d n a T t l u a 7 7 3 1 8 5 . . . 3 3 5 4 4 0 4 2 0 1 3 3 1 8 2 0 9 6 2 4 f . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 1 1 1 5 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 e D G D P 6 2 0 3 7 8 5 6 3 8 9 4 7 3 3 9 E 7 - . 3 M 1 7 5 8 9 5 2 8 0 9 8 5 5 5 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 3 4 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 . 2 2 - H e l b a T ) s p i k 8 3 2 2 2 4 7 . . . 5 . 1 3 0 8 . . 5 8 1 7 4 0 6 4 4 3 9 8 3 9 8 6 9 1 8 3 0 5 8 9 3 3 2 3 1 7 3 1 . 7 . 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 2 4 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 0 5 3 3 3 6 0 7 2 6 0 5 2 1 7 7 6 9 3 4 1 7 3 . . . . 8 1 . . . . . 1 4 3 0 . 1 . . . 2 3 4 7 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ( 2 4 6 0 6 8 2 4 6 8 0 4 6 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 d a o L 3 2 1 V e h i c l e C l a s s 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 6 5 . 8 8 1 8 . 9 3 2 . 4 5 7 . 9 3 8 1 . 4 4 8 . 0 7 1 . 7 5 3 . 8 5 1 0 1 . 9 4 1 3 . 2 4 1 0 . 8 3 3 . 3 5 5 . 5 9 6 . 3 2 8 . 9 9 3 . 4 6 7 . 6 2 7 . 0 7 7 . 7 5 5 . 0 8 7 . 5 0 8 . 2 6 7 . 0 1 1 8 7 . 9 5 5 . 0 5 6 . 7 6 6 . 7 8 6 . 0 6 5 . 6 0 2 2 5 . 7 1 1 0 . 7 8 6 . 4 5 2 4 5 . 1 7 3 . 1 2 5 . 9 5 7 . 2 4 4 . 7 7 3 . 4 4 6 . 1 6 3 . 9 0 4 . 3 7 5 . 6 3 3 0 5 . 0 8 3 . 2 1 3 . 6 8 1 . 5 8 6 . 5 8 3 . 9 3 3 . 9 1 3 . 0 9 1 . 8 7 1 . 7 4 2 . 1 2 5 . 6 7 4 . 9 9 2 . 7 4 4 . 5 1 1 . 7 4 3 . 6 3 2 . 9 1 1 . 7 3 3 . 9 3 1 . 6 7 1 . 4 4 2 . 6 6 0 . 5 6 4 . 2 0 0 . 5 3 1 . 2 6 2 . 5 0 2 . 1 3 4 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 8 1 . 4 1 1 . 6 9 0 . 1 9 0 . 2 8 1 . 2 6 0 . 2 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 3 4 9 0 8 3 4 7 4 2 4 2 8 0 1 3 6 3 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 7 4 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 5 9 6 8 5 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s s a l C ) d ’ t n e o c ( l c i . h 2 e 2 V - H e l b a T 7 7 8 5 6 3 4 6 6 2 1 . 1 4 3 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 2 7 3 4 4 2 0 4 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 4 0 8 2 5 6 6 7 7 8 3 2 2 L o a d ( k i p s ) 8 9 1 0 5 0 5 2 0 . 0 6 0 . 2 0 1 . 0 7 0 . 4 0 0 . 0 7 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 6 0 . 8 7 5 6 0 . 0 8 0 . 2 6 0 . 8 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 6 5 8 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 9 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 1 6 6 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 0 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 9 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 8 6 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8 6 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 7 2 0 . 0 1 7 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 7 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 8 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 4 9 2 6 2 4 0 8 0 4 8 7 6 4 1 5 8 6 5 3 1 3 3 4 7 7 6 8 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 0 5 7 0 0 4 2 9 3 0 8 7 3 1 4 0 4 8 2 8 8 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 6 4 4 8 3 8 2 0 0 0 9 8 . 0 2 0 8 . 8 2 1 6 0 8 9 7 4 1 2 3 . . . . . . 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 a r t c e p S 3 2 0 4 2 2 8 5 8 7 1 d 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 8 9 9 0 9 3 7 7 4 5 1 5 6 5 7 4 3 2 3 3 3 a o L e l x A d a u Q 2 r e t s u l C . 0 3 - H e l b a T 9 8 . 0 2 0 5 . 9 2 1 9 1 8 5 . . 7 6 2 0 . 1 9 4 6 3 2 2 0 5 2 9 5 8 4 2 3 1 1 2 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 6 9 3 8 6 0 0 9 3 2 2 8 5 9 9 1 4 5 . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 3 3 4 0 2 0 6 2 6 1 4 2 4 0 9 9 5 3 . . . 3 5 6 . 0 1 . . . . . 9 5 1 0 0 0 0 3 7 8 9 0 9 0 9 2 6 7 2 1 7 7 1 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 6 4 4 0 2 1 1 1 7 2 0 7 5 3 0 8 3 7 4 0 0 3 0 . . 8 1 4 1 7 7 7 1 7 4 9 4 0 2 0 . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 4 0 6 0 6 7 6 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 . . 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 . . . . . . 6 2 ) s p i k ( 5 1 7 0 6 5 8 4 6 9 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 d a o L 3 3 7 V e h i c l e C l a s s 8 9 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 . 7 2 5 9 . 1 9 2 3 . 3 1 1 3 . 2 8 1 . 2 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 8 5 2 . 3 3 1 3 . 0 3 2 . 9 6 2 . 6 2 1 8 0 . 4 3 0 . 6 6 1 5 . 8 8 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 3 6 1 . 3 0 7 . 5 0 1 2 . 0 0 2 4 0 . 0 0 2 . 6 1 3 . 7 1 2 . 7 8 3 . 5 5 2 . 3 1 4 . 3 2 1 . 8 7 2 . 6 1 0 . 0 0 3 . 8 3 2 . 5 1 2 . 0 8 3 . 2 1 3 3 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 6 5 . 6 1 1 5 . 6 1 2 . 1 1 3 . 9 1 0 . 6 6 2 . 9 4 6 . 2 5 3 9 0 . 0 0 2 . 2 2 7 . 9 7 5 . 0 0 0 . 5 5 2 . 8 9 1 . 1 0 4 2 9 . 5 5 3 . 9 9 2 . 2 8 6 . 7 0 1 1 . 8 7 2 . 2 8 1 . 9 5 6 . 0 8 3 . 3 3 1 3 . 0 2 0 . 3 6 2 . 3 6 1 . 8 7 5 1 3 . 1 2 2 . 4 1 5 . 8 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 9 6 5 . 9 8 0 . 2 7 1 . 2 7 5 7 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 3 . 3 0 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 2 . 9 9 0 . 4 0 0 . 8 9 6 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 5 1 4 . 1 4 0 . 9 6 4 . 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 9 6 1 . 0 1 0 . 9 9 1 . 3 9 0 . 0 0 1 . 4 7 0 . 8 1 3 . 3 5 7 2 0 . 0 0 2 . 9 4 1 . 1 6 2 . 7 3 0 . 1 1 2 . 6 9 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 9 9 2 . 1 4 0 . 0 0 2 . 3 2 9 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 7 9 5 3 1 2 2 2 0 0 3 4 2 1 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 . . 0 0 7 2 2 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s t l u a f e 6 6 D 1 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 G D P E - M 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 e 0 r . . . . a 0 0 0 0 7 5 4 0 0 4 . 1 4 0 0 0 . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . . . 3 0 0 0 0 t s e r e h T . d e g n a h c e r a 3 1 d n a ) s p i k 0 0 0 1 . 0 , 7 C V y l n ( 8 4 7 0 O 7 8 8 9 d a o : e t o L N * 3 2 6 T a b l e H - 2 4 . ( c o n t ’ d ) V e h i c l e C l a s s 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 3 8 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 4 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 0 9 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 9 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 9 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 1 0 1 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 A p p e n d i x I C l u s t e r M a t r i x 3 4 3 X E m e p l S u l d A n a T L o A r G e p l S u l g l o n L A i A r S G . P p u x i r t a M g n i p u o r n G a G V o T A r r G e t s e u l P l g C n G V i A S . 1 - [ e l b a T ) F 7 - D 4 ( M X E X X E E 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 2 2 0 2 4 2 4 2 4 5 4 9 2 4 5 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 3 4 4 S i t e < < Q E — * [ — - l [ - t E - ‘ U I O U - n M D F ( 8 - 1 0 ) N I D F ( 1 1 - 1 3 ) T r i d . A G P V G r o u p Q u a d A G P V G r o u p A l l T r i d e m A L S G r o u p A l l Q u a d A L S G r o u p fl - > < 1 . 1 1 X m X [ . 1 1 c o m m e n t — 4 M N O T E X V ' V N C ‘ I N N M O T m m v - z r m v v - d - d - H m > < L L T 5 0 1 9 N m m m m m — l m m N ( \ T E X N N V H H N v — t fi » 5 2 8 9 N m m m m m m — l — l M M M M N N M N — ‘ N N 0 0 0 ! > < L L ] N N N H N N M > < L L ] > < L L ] W M M V ‘ W W W N V ‘ C ‘ T 6 0 1 9 E X E X N m X 1 1 . 1 N m N c o m m — 1 m 6 3 0 9 v — l v — i I — i w - l v — l F - l F - l — ( r — l r — ( fi N N v — l N F - ‘ N H M M M N N N M M N M N N N N M M N M M M H M N N N M M M N M N M N M N M v v v ~ ¢ v v v v v - < r < r m v v v m ~ > < L u X m # fi v v — ‘ v — i H v — ( v F — q fi - w i n d - N M — l fi N N v — t m v — ‘ N M M N M m N N r — t C ‘ l d p l S u a l L o A u Q A r G m e p l S u d l o L A i r A r G T m e p l S u d l L o A n A r a G T e p l S u l g l L o n A i A r S G d V a P p u o u G r Q A G . d P u p i o G V ) r r d ’ t n o T A G p c u . P ( n a G v o . l - I T A r G e 6 l b a T 1 , 1 n 5 V i A S ) 3 F 1 D - 1 M 1 ( ) F 0 1 D - 8 M ( ) F 7 D - 4 M ( X E 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 6 7 6 0 6 2 4 2 1 4 4 0 1 2 1 2 4 7 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 S h e E I C D T L F l F * L ) ‘ < < 3 1 1 C 3 1 - - * E - t 6 3 6 9 6 4 2 9 ( ‘ 1 " - 1 0 1 N N N — * ( \ l > < 1 . 1 . 1 < 1 - c m . — 4 m < 1 " m N o n v — 4 — - 4 N M — t N N N M N v - 1 N v — 1 ( ‘ 0 < 1 - F - t V l ' H m v — t ‘ d ‘ m 7 0 2 9 — l 3 4 5 E D ( v — ‘ N N N N — ‘ N N v — 4 v - F - i I n v - 1 N m m 7 1 5 9 > < u } . - — 4 v — ( m - - t . — 4 m N m m N 7 3 2 9 > < D J E D ( 8 0 2 9 8 0 4 9 m M N 1 n N N N m M M N N N V M M M N V M M V 8 2 0 9 — - « . — t m — 4 c \ 1 8 2 2 9 r - « N m m — l — l e — d — l M M N N N N N m — l N H N t — I N v — l — l e — l v — l N N F fi N N H N M v - ( H N — « N v - l m — l — « m m — t — l m v — « N N N — l m m m — - 4 - - l m . — t N N N m M V N < 1 ' ( ‘ 1 M N I n fi ' N v — 4 N N . — t N m . — t N ‘ 3 ' 1 n ‘ 1 ' N I n m N l fi V — 4 — 4 v - 4 F - i . — 4 ( \ l v — 4 — 4 . — 4 m N N v — t N N — - 4 - — 1 v — 1 ( ’ 3 m m - - * m m - t m ( ' 0 — - t > < 1 . 1 . 1 . — 1 N — - l H — - - t ( \ l w — r N — - 4 m t — l v — l v — r v — 1 ‘ d ‘ v — t m m 8 8 2 9 d p l S u a l o L A u Q A r G m e p l S u d l L o . i A r A r G T m e p l S u . s e t i s d s l L o s A n A r e a l T G e p r o o w l t l u S l g o L A . m r d A e S G n i a t V n p d a P u o o c u G r Q A G p o d e m r . d u i V o r T . n a T r G p u f p u o r g e h o t r G 9 8 1 9 s a s p u o r g r e t s u l c e h t m o r f d e d u l c x e s a w e t i s e h t s e t a c i d n i X B e t o N * 3 4 6 T a b l e 1 1 - 1 . ( c o n t ’ d ) S i t e < < Q H H P H D l ’ I l ‘ Q l - L t M D F ( 8 — 1 0 ) A G P A G P V 9 2 0 9 9 7 5 9 N M H H N M N N M V M V 9 7 9 9 3 1 1 1 3 R e f e r e n c e s 3 4 7 1 0 . 1 1 . R E F E R E N C E S . G u i d e f o r M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l D e s i g n o f N e w a n d R e h a b i l i t a t e d P a v e m e n t S t r u c t u r e s . F i n a l R e p o r t , N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 - 3 7 A . T R B , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , W a s h i n g t o n D C , M a r c h 2 0 0 4 . < h t t p : / / w w w . t r b . o r g / m e p d g / g u i d e . h t m > L u , Q . , a n d I T . H a r v e y . “ C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f T r u c k T r a f f i c i n C a l i f o r n i a f o r M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l D e s i g n . ” T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h R e c o r d : J o u r n a l o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , N o . 1 9 4 5 , T R B , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , W a s h i n g t o n , D C . 2 0 0 6 . p p . 6 1 - 7 2 . N C H R P , N C H R P R e p o r t 5 3 8 : T r a f fi c D a t a C o l l e c t i o n , A n a l y s i s a n d F o r e c a s t i n g f o r M e c h a n i s t i c P a v e m e n t D e s i g n . N C H R P 1 - 3 9 . T R B , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , W a s h i n g t o n , D C . 2 0 0 5 . P a p a g i a n n a k i s , A . , B r a c h e r , M . , L i , 1 . , a n d J a c k s o n , N . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . " S e n s i t i v i t y o f N C H R P 1 - 3 7 A P a v e m e n t D e s i g n t o T r a f f i c I n p u t . " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h R e c o r d : J o u r n a l o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , 1 9 4 5 ( - 1 ) , 4 9 - 5 5 . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( U S D O T ) . T r a f f i c M o n i t o r i n g G u i d e . ” 2 0 0 1 . F H W A , W a s h i n g t o n , D C . H a l l e n b e c k , M a n d H . W e i n b l a t t . N C H R P R e p o r t 5 0 9 : E q u i p m e n t f o r C o l l e c t i n g T r a f fi c L o a d D a t a . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D C , 2 0 0 4 . P r o z z i , J . A . , H o n g , F e n g a n d A r t h u r L e u n g “ E f f e c t o f T r a f f i c L o a d M e a s u r e m e n t B i a s o n P a v e m e n t L i f e P r e d i c t i o n . ” T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h R e c o r d : J o u r n a l o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , N o . 2 0 8 7 . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D C . 2 0 0 8 . p p . 9 1 - 9 8 . G u i d e t o L T P P T r a fl i c D a t a C o l l e c t i o n a n d P r o c e s s i n g . F H W A , U S . D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D C , 2 0 0 1 T r a n N . , H a l ] , K . , “ D e v e l o p m e n t a n d S i g n i fi c a n c e o f S t a t e w i d e ' V o l u m e A d j u s t m e n t F a c t o r s i n M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n G u i d e . ” T R B N o . 2 0 3 7 . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s , W a s h i n g t o n D C . 2 0 0 7 . p p . 9 7 - 1 0 5 . P a p p a g i a n n a k i s , A . T . , B r a c h e r , M . , a n d J a c k s o n N . ( 2 0 0 6 ) “ U t i l i z i n g C l u s t e r i n g T e c h n i q u e s i n E s t i m a t i n g T r a f f i c D a t a I n p u t f o r P a v e m e n t D e s i g n . ” J . T r a n s p E n g , 1 3 2 ( 1 1 ) , 8 7 2 — 8 7 9 T a m , W . a n d H a r o l d V o n Q u i n t o s . “ U s e o f L o n g — T e r m P a v e m e n t P e r f o r m a n c e D a t a t o D e v e l o p T r a f f i c D e f a u l t s i n S u p p o r t o f M e c h a n i s t i c - E m p i r i c a l P a v e m e n t D e s i g n P r o c e d u r e s . ” T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h R e c o r d : J o u r n a l o f t h e 3 4 8 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , N o . 1 8 5 5 . 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