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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

ENDEMIC ECOLOGY OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE

(Oulema 'melangms (L.))

 

presented by

Emmett Philip Lampert

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

Entomolog)r 

degreein

Ph.D.

QMaw

Major professop

DateW

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193

 

 

 

 

ENDEMIC ECOLOGY OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE

(OULEMA MELANOPUS (L.))

 

by

Emmett Philip Lampert

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to

Michigan State University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Entomology

1980

ABSTRACT

ENDEMIC ECOLOGY or THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE

(00mm MELANOPUS (L.))

BY

Emmett P. Lampert

This research is the culmination of a four year investigation into

the ecology of the cereal leaf beetle at the Kellogg Biological Station

located in Ross Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.

Further, it is

part of an ongoing program.to study the population dynamics of an exotic

pest as it acclimates to a new environment and adjusts to the release

of its exotic parasitoids.

Specific components of the CLB ecosystem

examined are:

the distribution and abundance of the CLB on the Kellogg

Biological Station and surrounding area, the within and between-gen-

eration population dynamics and survival, and the interactions between

CLB larval defoliation and the grain and straw yield of cats.

The density of CLB larvae was found to be higher in the Kellogg

Biological Station than in the surrounding area.

The ecological and

sampling implications of this are discussed using the data collected

from the yearly sweepnet survey.

Key-factor analyses are performed to identify the significant

mortality sources in within-generation survival.

Egg survival from

Anaphes flavipgs parasitism was found to be a key-factor and highly

correlated with the synchrony of CLB oviposition and a general parasit-

ism curve.

Larval survival from parasitism by Tetrastichus julis and

,
}
3
1
’

"
.
(
~
/
/

6

Emmett P . Lampert

Diapgrsis tempgralis were also identified as key-factors and were

found to be inversely density dependent.

High soil temperatures were

also significant pupal mortality factors.

NOne of the within-generation

key-factors were found to be significant in between-generation dynamics.

The spatial pattern of the CLB larvae and different sampling schemes

were investigated by computer interrogation of field collected larval

coordinates.

The larvae were found to be slightly more aggregated than

would be expected in a totally randomly dispersed population and a

discussion of the implications of aggregation on density estimation is

presented.

Density estimates based on distance measurements from a

source, either a random point or individual, were examined and recom-

mended for CLB larvae at densities below 1 per unit area.

Analyses of the insect-oats interactions revealed a nonélinear

relationship between total CLB larval production and percent defoli-

ation on both the flag leaf and the total plant.

The cat plants show

very elastic growth responses and were found to tolerate considerable

defoliation without significant yield loss.

The dynamics of defoliation

are discussed with reference to moisture stress, intensity of stress,

timing of stress and duration of stress.

The CLB larvae are thought

to stress the cat plant both through foliage removal and disruption of

water balance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Dean L. Haynes

who has served as my Major Professor throughout my program.

Dean has

been a constant source of encouragement, ideas and philosophies which I

will always appreciate and try to extend to others.

I would also like

to thank Dr. James E. Bath, Chairman, for providing an atmosphere condu-

sive to individualism and student expression.

To my other Committee Members, Drs. Stuart Gage, Gene Safir,

Lal Tummala and Stanley Wellso, I extend my thanks for guidance in their

areas of expertise and review of this thesis.

To my fellow associates

and graduate students, Messrs. Ray Carruthers, Ken Dimoff, Tom Ellis,

Duane Jokinen, Bill Ravlin, Howard Russell, and Drs. Winston Fulton,

Alan Sawyer and Kasumbogo Untung, I extend my thanks for sharing their

philosophies, research interests and friendship.

I would also like to

thank an excellent group of student employees, Margaret Gray, Claudia

Klepsteen, Jan Marlatt, John Marlatt, Kathy Wiest and Ken Wiest, for

their diligence in collection of the field data.

To Debra, my wife, I'd like to extend a special thank you for her

constant faith and moral support throughout my program.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

LIST OF TABLES. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

LIST OF FIGURES .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

INTRODUCTION. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

LITERATURE REVIEW .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE. .

POPULATION DYNAMICS .

.

.

.

.

.

.

INSECT INTERACTIONS WITH HOST .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

METHODS AND MATERIALS .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

STUDY ORmISM .

C

O

C

C

C

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

SWDY AREA 0

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

COLLECTION AND ANALYSES OF DATA .

KBS weather Information .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Regional Distribution ahd Abundance .

KBS between-field sweepnet survey

Sweepnet catch conversion to absolute

density

Population Dynamics .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

KBS within-field population sampling.

Calculating total seasonal incidence

and production. .

.

.

.

.

CLB interactions with parasitoids .

Calculating seasonal parasitism .

Low Density Population Analyses .

.

.

Low density population sampling .

Analyses of larval coordinates. .

Host-Herbivore Interactions .

.

.

CLB interactions with cats. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

iii

Page

ii

vi

xiii

»
m
m

l3

l3

l4

17

17

17

17

19

20

21

23

24

26

27

27

29

41

41

49

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE .

.

.

.

.

.

.

Regional and KBS CLB distribution and Abundance

LOW DENSITY POPULATION DYNAMICS .

Population Sample Results .

.

Within-Generation Survival. .

Between-Generation Survival .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

LOW DENSITY POPULATION ANALYSES .

.

.

.

.

.

.

Spatial Pattern Analyses of CLB Larvae. .

Quadrat counts. .

.

.

.

Distance measurements .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Comparison of quadrat counts and distance

measurements. .

.

.

.

Density Estimation of CLB Larvae. .

Quadrat counts. .

.

.

.

Distance measurements .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

o

.

.

.

o

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Comparison of quadrat counts and distance

measurements..........

Components of Variance. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

CLB LARVAL INTERACTIONS WITH OATS .

.

.

.

.

.

Defoliation and Total Larval Production .

Oat Grain Yie1d .

Oat Straw Yield .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

.

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.

.

CONCLUSIONS .

.

LITERATURE CITED. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

APPENDICES. .

.

Page

49

49

65

67

75

101

108

110

110

116

124

129

129

150

158

167

172

173

183

196

198

201

208

Appendix A.

Kellogg Biological Station field Maps

and Field Acreages. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

208

Appendix B.

Kellogg Biological Station Weather

Information J

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

211

Appendix C.

Listing of Computer programs Used for

Coordinate Analyses .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

219

Appendix D.

Kellogg Biological Station Sweepnet

Survey Data .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

227

Appendix E.

Kellogg Biological Station Population

Sampling Data .

.

.

.

.

.

Appendix F.

CLBEggparasitism Data .

Appendix G.

CLB larval coordinates. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

371

400

403

iv

Appendix H. Individual Observations on Adult and Larval

CLB Movement and Behavior .

.

.

.

.

.

.

Appendix I. 1976 and 1978 Parasitoid Cage Results .

Appendix J. 1978 Defoliation Plot Data. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

449

473

485

Page

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

1.

CLB adult and larval densities/ft2 (929 cm2)

for the 1976 and 1979 regional sweepnet survey .

.

.

2.

CLB adult and larval densities/ft2 (929 cm2)

from KBS oat fields on sample dates closest

to regional survey .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Regression equations for predicting leaf area

.

.

.

55

57

Mean number of live leaves and percent defoliation

per oat plant in fields surrounding the Kellogg

Biological Station.

Row 1 a mean and row 2 -

variance .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

S9

Mean number of live leaves and percent defoliation

per oat plant in fields on the Kellogg Biological

Station.

Row 1 - mean and row 2 - variance. .

.

. .

Total larval production for 1976 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

TOtal larval production for 1977 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Total larval production for 1978 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Total larval production for 1979 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

61

63

63

64

64

Total egg and larval production and adult total

incidence per 60 cm of row (1.167 sq. ft.) from

the Gull Lake population sampling fields .

.

.

.

.

.

68

11.

Summary of the contents of the soil samples taken at

Gull Lake from 1976 to 1979.

Sample unit I 18” by

36” by 4".

Row 1 - mean no. cells/(sample and row 2

. vuimce .

O

O

O

O

O

C

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

12.

CLB stage-specific survival from 1976 to 1979

population sample fields .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

13.

Egg, "small larvae“ and "large larvae" survival as

calculated by combining larval instars .

.

.

.

.

.

.

69

70

72

14.

Proportion of total incidence of CLB eggs and larvae

parasitized from 1976 to 1979 at the Kellogg

Biological Station .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

76

vi

 

 

Table

Page

15.

Summary of contents of CLB pupal cells recovered

from.soil samples taken randomly in parasitoid cages.

Sample unit equals 18" x 36" x 4".

Row 1 = mean and

row 2 - variance .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

93

16.

Kellogg Biological Station CLB larval production .

.

109

17.

Correlation coefficients of variance,/mean and

Morisita's Index with density for a variety of quadrat

dimensions and sample sizes. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

115

18.

Adult CLB behavior from different Gull Lake habitats

for 1976 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

118

19.

Mean interval between hops and mean hop distance for

CLB adults in different habitats in 1976 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

119

20.

Larval CLB behavior in winter wheat (6/22/76) and

oats (6/23/76 and 6/25/76) as observed at Gull Lake. .

123

21.

Correlation coefficients of B' and Clark and Evans R

with density for a variety of sample sizes (n=39). .

125

22.

Summary of spatial pattern analyses using quadrats

and distance measurements. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

126

23.

Summary of 20 linear row feet samples from oat field

9-13 taken on June 15, 1976. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

130

24.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determin-

ation for the relationships between row length esti-

mates of plot density (x) and true plot density (Y).

number of plots - 41 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

133

25.

Percent distribution of Optimum sample unit lengths

for a given sample size.

Relative net precision

used as optimization criteria. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

140

26.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determi-

nation for the relationships between quadrat esti-

mates of plot density (x) and true plot density (y).

Number of plots - 41 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

142

27.

Percent distribution for optimumnquadrat dimensions

for a given sample size.

Relative net precision used

as the optimization criteria .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

147

28.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determi-

nation for the relationship between distance measure-

ment estimates of density (x) and true plot density

(y).

Number of plots - 39 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

153

vii

Table

Page

29.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determi-

nation for the relationships between log

(den/’mu)

(y) and log 10 (NORP /’NN2)

(x).

Number of plots 2 44.

154

30.

Within (5:) and between (5:) field variance components

for a subset of the 1977 and 1978 larval coordinate

data (3 samples per field, 3 fields per date). .

.

.

.

.

171

31.

.Mean head dry weight from the oat fields on the Kellogg

Biological Station in 1978 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

174

32.

Yield information from the 1978 parasitoid cages .

175

33.

Summary of percent defoliation and total larval pro-

duction for the KBS oat fields planted in 1978 .

.

.

.

181

34.

Split-split plot anova results for weight per kernel .

.

185

35.

Split-split plot anova results for no. spiklets

per head .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

186

36.

Split-split plot anova results for dry weight per head .

187

37.

Summary of larval production and oats grain yield

components from the 1978 parasitoid cage study and

host field. 9-8.

Row 1 a mean, row 2 - standard

error of the mean and row 3 - sample size. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

194

38.

Significance levels for t-tests comparing means of

several components of oats yield from the 1978

parasite cage study. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

195

39.

Summary of cats plant height at harvest and t-test

values for 1978 parasitoid cage study.

n - 24 .

.

.

197

Acreage of fields within the Kellogg Biological

Station research area. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

209

81.

1976 Gull Lake Biostation temperature information.

211

82.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1976 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

212

B3.

1977 Gull Lake Biostation temperature information. .

.

.

213

84.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1977 O

O

O

O

I

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

214

BS.

1978 Gull Lake Biostation temperature information. .

.

.

215

viii

Table

86.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1978 O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

B7.

BB.

1979 Gull Lake Biostation weather information. .

.

.

.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1979 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

Page

216

217

218

227

234

01.

Total 1976 seasonal production-

Sweepnet survey .

02.

Summary of 1976 Gull Lake CLB sweep survey .

.

D3.

Parasitism of CLB larvae.

1976. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

267

D4.

05.

Total 1977 seasonal production.

Sweepnet survey .

.

.

272

Summary of 1977 Gull Lake CLB sweep survey .

.

.

.

.

.

278

D6.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1977 Gull Lake

sweepnet survey. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

301

D7.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1977 Gull Lake CLB sweepnet

survey.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

D8.

Total 1978 seasonal production.

Sweepnet survey .

.

.

.

.

308

321

09.

Summary of 1978 Gull Lake CLB sweep survey .

.

.

.

.

326

D10.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1978 Gull Lake CLB

sweepnet survey. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

349

011.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1978 Gull Lake CLB sweepnet

survey.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

352

012.

Total 1979 seasonal production from farm sweepnet

smey O

I

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

0

357

013.

Summary of 1979 Gull Lake CLB sweep survey .

.

.

.

.

.

358

014.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1979 Gull Lake CLB

sweepnet survey. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

363

015.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1979 Gull Lake CLB sweepnet

survey.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

366

ix

Table

Page

El.

Summary of 1976 Gull Lake population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error 8f the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row (DD>9 C).. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

371

E2.

Summary of 1976 stem height and density taken in

population sample fields.

Sample unit equals 60

cm of oats row.

(DD>S.5°C). .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

373

E3.

Summary of 1977 Gull Lake population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error of the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row (DD>9°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

376

E4.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1977 Gull Lake

population samples .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

379

E5.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1977 Gull Lake population

samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

380

E6.

Summary of 1977 stem height and density taken in

population sample fields.

Sample unit equals 60

cm of oats row.

(DD>S.5°C). .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

381

E7.

Summary of 1978 Gull Lake population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error of the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row

(DD>9°C). .

.

.

.

.

.

.

383

E8.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1978 Gull Lake

population samples .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

386

E9.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1978 Gull Lake population

samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

388

E10.

Summary of 1978 stem height and density taken in

population sample fields.

Sample unit equals 60

cm of cats row.

(DD>5.5°C). .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

391

E11.

Summary of 1979 Gull Lake population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error of the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row (DD>9°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

394

312.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1979 Gull Lake

population samples .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

396

813.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1979 Gull Lake population

samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I

no. larvae parasitized .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

397

Table

Page

E14.

Summary of 1979 stem height and density taken in

population sample fields.

Sample unit equals 60

cm of cats row.

(DD>5.5°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

399

F1.

Summary of CLB egg parasitism by A, flavipes at

the Kellogg Biological Station from 1976 to 1979 .

400

31.

Amount of time spent in various behaviors by CLB

adults in 1976 (time in minutes and seconds) .

.

.

.

449

H2.

Listing of 1976 adult CLB movement observations

at Gull me O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

0

458

H3.

Amount of time spent in various behaviors by CLB

larvae in 1976.

(min a sec) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

471

11.

Summary of 1976 Gull Lake cage population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error of the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row.

(DD>9°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

473

12.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1976 Gull Lake cage study.

474

I3.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered

from dissections of the 1976 Gull Lake CLB cage study.

Row 1 Imean, row 2 I variance, row 3 I no. larvae

parasitized. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

475

I4.

Summary of 1976 stem height and density taken from

cage population samples.

Sample unit equals 60 cm

of cats row.

(DD>5.S°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

476

IS.

Summary of contents of CLB pupal cells recovered from

soil samples taken under emergence traps in parasite

cages.

Sample unit equals 18" x 36" x 4".

Row 1 I

mean and row 2 I variance. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

477

16.

Summary of 1978 Gull Lake cage population samples.

Row 1 I mean, row 2 I standard error of the mean.

Sample unit equals 60 cm of row.

(DD>9°C) .

.

.

.

.

.

478

I7.

Parasitism of CLB larvae from 1978 Gull Lake

parasitism cages .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

479

I8.

Mean number of parasite eggs and larvae recovered.

from 1978 parasitism cage CLB larvae.

Row 1 I mean,

row 2 I var., row 3 I no. parasitized. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

480

I9.

Summary of 1978 stem height and density taken in cage

population samples.

sample unit equals 60 cm of cats

row.

Sample size equals 15, DD>5.S°C. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

481

xi

Table

Page

I10.

Summary of contents of CLB pupal cells recovered

from soil samples taken under emergence traps in

parasite cages.

Sample unit equals 18" x 36" x

4".

Row 1 I mean and row 2 I variance .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

482

I11.

Mean number of live leaves and percent defoliation

per oats plant in parasite cages on the Kellogg

Biological Station.

Row 1 I mean and row 2 I variance

483

J1.

Defoliation plot plant parameters.

Row 1 I mean,

row 2 I variance.

Sample I 30 cm of row.

nIlO. .

.

.

484

J2.

Defoliation plot stem densities.

Sample I 30 cm

of row.

n I 10. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

493

J3.

Defoliation plot stem and head densities.

Sample

unit equals 31 cm of row.

Sample size equals 10.

Samples collected July 17, 1978. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

496

J4.

Plant information from 1978 defoliation plots.

Area

in sq mm.

Ht prior to start of defoliation. .

.

.

.

.

497

J5.

Subset of 1978 defoliation data used in the analyses

of variance. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .,.

526

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Location of the Kellogg Biological Station in

Ross Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan .

.

.

.

.

.

15

Crop planting schedule in the 3 research areas of the

Kellogg Biological Station from 1976 to 1979. .

.

.

.

16

Artificial coordinates for a uniform spatial pattern

of organisms.

Organisms 1 unit apart in a square

lattice O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

O

0

34

Artificial coordinates for a random spatial pattern

of organisms.

Coordinates obtained from a random

number table. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

35

Artificial coordinates for the level 1 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms. (After Waters 1969) .

.

36

Artificial coordinates for the level 2 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms. (After Waters 1959) .

.

37

Artificial coordinates for the level 3 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms. (After waters 1959) .

.

38

Plot layout for the 1978 defoliation plots.

Numbers

in parentheses indicate plot code.

Irrometers were

located in plots ll, 14 and 17. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

42

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1976. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

50

10.

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1978. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

51

11.

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1979. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

52

12.

Log10 of the total larval production per 2 row feet

(60 cm) in cats and winter wheat from the section 9

population sampling area from 1967 to 1979. .

.

.

.

.

66

13.

Relationship between degree days>9°c and the proportion

of CLB eggs parasitized by Anaphes flavipes at the

section 9 research area oat fields from 1976 to 1979.

73

xiii

Figure

Page

14.

Graphical key-factor analyses of the individual

components of the 6 factor within-generation survival

model.

A I eggs, B I first instars, C I second

instars, D I third instars, E I fourth instars and

P I pupae .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

78

15.

Graphical key-factor analyses of the individual

components of the 4 factor within-generation survival

model.

A I egg-2, B I small instars, C I large

instars and D I pupae .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

79

16.

Relationship between the proportion of CLB eggs in

cats parasitized by Anaphes flavipes and egg survival

 

for the 6 factor (A) and the 4 factor (B) within-

generation survival models. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

83

17.

Relationship between degree days 9>C°and cumulative

CLB oviposition and proportion of eggs parasitized

by Anaphes flavipes .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

85

18.

Relationship between CLB density as measured by

total egg production / 60 cm and egg survival from

unknown mortality sources .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

87

19.

Relationship between CLB density as measured by

total egg production / 60 cm and larval survival

from unknown mortality sources. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

89

20.

Graphical key-factor analyses of parasitism by g.

julis (A) and Q, tempgralis (B) with total within-

generation survival .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

91

21.

Relationship between larval production / 60 cm and

parasitism by 3, julis (A) and Q, temporalis (B)

 

in the section 9 oat fields and parasitoid cages. .

.

.

94

22.

Relationship between total larval production and

parasitism by g, julis (A) and Q, tempgralis (B)

in the section 9 research area from 1970 to 1979. .

.

.

96

23.

Graphical key-factor analyses of pupal survival

from g. julis (A) and Q. tgmralis (B) with total

pupal survival. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

98

24.

Relationship between CLB density as measured by

total egg production / 60 cm and pupal survival

from unknown sources. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 100

25.

Key-factor analyses between number of organisms in

generation t times survival from all mortality sources

for eggs (A), larvae (B) and pupae (C) with the

number of organisms in generation t+l .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 102

xiv

Figure

Page

26.

Relationship between proportion of CLB eggs

parasitized by Anaphes flavipes in year t and the

proportion of CLB larvae parasitized by Tetrastichus

 

julis in year t+l .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

104

27.

Phase plot of log

of the total CLB larval pro-

duction in cats from the section 9 research area. .

.

106

28.

Phase plot of log

of the total CLB larval pro-

duction in winter wheat from the section 9 research

area. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

107

29.

Plots of the CLB larval coordinates collected from

field 5-58 plot 1 in 1977.

A I June 7, B I June 14

C I June 17 and D I June 21 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

111

30.

Plots of the CLB larval coordinates collected from

field 8-13 in 1977.

A I May 31, B I June 7, C I

June 10, D I June 14 and E I June 17. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

112

31.

Plots of the CLB larval coordinates collected from

field 9-15 in 1977.

A I June 7, B I June 10, C I

June 14, D I June 17 and E I June 21. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

113

32.

Relationship between standard error of the mean as a

proportion of the mean and the number of row feet

examined in a sample as the row length increases. .

.

132

33.

Relationship between density estimates obtained from

2 row feet (60 cm) samples and the true mean.

The

dashed line represents the correction factor for

2 row feet. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

135

34.

Effect of the number of row feet examined in a sample

and sample size on the coefficient of determination .

136

35.

Relationship between total length of row examined by a

sampling scheme and the coefficient of determination.

138

36.

Effect of quadrat dimensions and sample size on the

coefficient of determination. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

144

37.

Relationship between the total square feet examined

by a sampling scheme and the coefficient of determ-

mtion O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

O

O

O

0

O

O

O

O

O

O

0

145

38.

Probability regions in a field as a result of row

sampling (A) and quadrat sampling (B)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 149

Figure

Page

39.

Probability of obtaining an unbiased sample from

a field based on the ratio of sample induced border

area to unbiased sample area. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

150

40.

Relationship between mean NORP2 / mean NN2 (B') , an

index of dispersion, and estimated density/(true

density, an index of bias in density estimates due to

the spatial pattern of the organism .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 155

41.

Effect of sample size on the stability of mean NORP2

/ mean NN

(B )

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

o

e

e

e

e

e

e

0

2

.

42.

Relationship between logl

(mean NORle’mean NNZ) and

log

(estimated density,ptrue density) used to correct

density estimates based on the organism's spatial

pattern .

.

.

.

.

.

.

O

.

O

.

.

O

.

.

.

O

O

O

.

.

O

O

.

156

157

43.

Comparison of the coefficients of variation obtained

from quadrat and distance measurement sampling

schemes .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

162

44.

Hypothetical relative efficiencies of equal numbers

of quadrat samples and distance measurements used

to estimate organism density. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 163

45.

Comparison of hypothetical and actual relative

efficiencies for equal sample sizes of quadrat

and distance measurement sampling schemes .

.

.

.

.

.

.

165

46.

Limitation of use of distance measurements for

denSity estimtion .

O

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

O

.

.

.

.

.

.

O

O

0

168

47.

Relationship between leaf width and leaf vein spacing .

177

48.

Relationship between leaf vein spacing and vein

position (number) across the leaf .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

178

49.

Relationship between leaf vein spacing and vein

position (distance) from the leaf base. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

179

50.

Relationship between total larval production / 60

cm and percent flag leaf defoliation (A) and the

total plant (B)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

182

51.

Relative effects on plant yield caused by a single

application of water stress at different growth stages

in a hypothetical plant.

(After Hanson and Nelsen

1980) O

O

O

O

.

O

O

O

O

O

I

O

I

O

O

O

O

I

0

O

O

O

O

O

I

189

Figure

Page

52.

Growth rates of oat plants during a time interval

versus plant height at the end of the growth

interval.

Plot 1 I no irrigation, plot 5 I medium

irrigation and plot 9 I high irrigation .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 191

53.

Relationship between plant height and the mean

number of live leaves and tillers per plant. A I

no irrigation, B I medium irrigation and C I high

irrigation. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 192

Field maps for the 4 sections in the Kellogg

Biological Station. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 208

xvii

INTRODUCTION

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.),(hereafter referred

 

to as CLB)

is a small grain pest that was accidentally introduced

into the 0.5. from Europe.

Since its first discovery in southwestern

Michigan in 1962 (Michigan State University 1970), the CLB has spread

throughout Michigan and most of the northeastern U.S.

The potential

of the CLB to reduce cat and wheat yield (Gallun et a1. 1967, Merritt

and Apple 1969, Wilson et a1. 1969, Webster et a1. 1972) coupled with

the threat of CLB invasion into the midwestern U.S. grain belt spurred

research interests into many facets of the CLB agroecosystem.

Among the early research programs on the CLB was the establishment

in 1967 of a study into CLB population dynamics (Haynes 1973).

This

study was initiated on the Kellogg Biological Station located in Ross

Township of Kalamazoo County, Michigan.

Specifically, the northwestern

corner of section 9 within the station has been identified as the site

for long-term population dynamics research.

COOperation between CLB

researchers and KBS personnel has provided for tracts of land where

the cropping, harvesting and management procedures are under the super-

vision of the CLB researchers.

Since the CLB is an introduced pest that is quite host-specific

to Graminae (Shade and Wilson 1967, Wellso 1973), it provides a rela-

tively ”clean" ecosystem for a population dynamics study.

As the

biological control program grew and exotic egg and larval parasitoids

were established, the population dynamics programs continued and the

mortality caused by each parasitoid was monitored.

Population levels of the CLB and parasitism rates of the exotic

parasitoids have been monitored in this program by a number of

researchers (Helgesen 1969, Gage 1972, 1974, Sawyer 1976).

During

this period of time, 1967 to 1975, large changes in population density

were observed in both oats and winter wheat and by 1975 the population

densities in both crops were very low.

It is at this point in time

that my research into the population dynamics of the CLB at low

densities began.

To maintain continuity with the previously collected density

information, thirty 60 cm lengths of grain row were sampled from each

field on each sample date.

This data was then used to examine the

within-generation population dynamics of the CLB and assess mortality

to the various factors.

This represents a major thrust of the research

presented in this thesis.

Since the densities were so low, a second

thrust to my research, low density population techniques, developed.

Concurrent to the population sampling in the section 9 area for

historical purposes, other sampling schemes were being investigated

to provide greater reliability of low level population density estimates.

Towards this end, the x and Y coordinates of larvae were collected and

entered onto computer files.

These coordinates captured the spatial

and density features of the larvae at the time of their collection.

Through the use of computer simulations, these data sets will be

interrogated to provide insight into the relationships between an

organism's spatial pattern, density and the choice of the most efficient

sampling scheme.

Finally, the low density of the CLB allowed development of plant

level examination of the effects of insect defoliation on oat yield.

At low CLB densities relatively little natural defoliation occurs;

therefore, by placing CLB larvae on individual oat plants the amount

of plant defoliation can be controlled and allowed to develop at a

natural rate.

The final section of this thesis discusses effects of

defoliation on oat grain and straw yield and how nutrients, moisture

and planting date interact with defoliation to modify these effects.

In conclusion, this thesis can be divided into two research efforts.

The first deals with studying the within-generation population dynamics

of the CLB at low density levels via the historical sampling scheme,

identifying key factors of within-generation survival, and finally,

comparing them to the within—generation population dynamics observed at

much higher densities.

The second effort deals with studying low

density populations and developing accurate methods of estimating

organism density.

Also included in this low density section will be

the examination of the interactions between defoliation by CLB larvae,

moisture level, nitrogen level and planting data and their effects on

oat grain and straw yield.

LITERATURE REVIEW

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

When investigating the ecology of an organism, it is important

to study its distribution and abundance to gain insight into the

organism's biological interactions and mechanisms (Pielou 1977,

Southwood 1978).

The distribution and abundance of an organism has many levels of

resolution.

One can consider the distribution on the host, within and

between hosts in a field, within and between host fields in a region,

etc.

In reference to the CLB, Helgesen and Haynes (1972) referred to

these levels of resolution as aggregation.

Care must be taken, however,

with the term "aggregation," since in statistical terms it implies a

negative bionomial distribution of sample counts (Bliss and Fisher

1953, Waters; 1959, Pielou 1959, 1977, Patil and Stiteler 1974, Logan

1977, 1980, Myers 1978, Southwood 1978) which may not always be true.

As the density of the CLB decreases, the variance associated with

quadrat counts generally increases (Helgesen and Haynes 1972, Ruesink

and Haynes 1973, Logan 1977, 1980).

When the classification of an

organism's spatial pattern-~location of the organism within its habitat--

is based on the statistical distribution of quadrat counts (Bliss and

Fisher 1953, Robinson 1954, Thompson 1956, Morisita 1959, Waters 1959,

Taylor 1961, Green 1966, Lefkovitch 1966, Elliott 1977, Pielou 1977,

Logan 1977, 1980, Myers 1978, Carruthers 1979) large biases in classi-

fication can result since means and variances are generally functions

of the quadrats dimensions (Greg-Smith 1957, Pielou 1957, 1959, 1977,

Mountford 1961, Patil and Stiteler 1974, Elliott 1977).

An alternate approach to classification of an organism's spatial

pattern which eliminates the problem of dependence of the mean and

variance to quadrat dimensions

is to use distance measurements.

These

distance measurements fall into two categories:

1) distance measurements

from a random individual to its nearest neighbor (Clark and Evans 1954,

Thompson 1956, Blackith l958),and 2) distance measurements from a

random point to its nearest neigthr (Moore 1954, Pielou 1959, Batcheler

1971).

Since these distances reflect different levels of spatial pattern,

i.e., individual-to-individual distances generally measure within clump

distances whereas point-to-individual distances measure within plus

between clump distances (Pielou 1977), the most suitable method of

classifying an organism's spatial pattern is a combination of both

distance measurements (Moore 1954, Batcheler 1971, Pielou 1977).

For

those interested in a more detailed and theoretical review, see Pielou

1977.

The abundance of an organism is of primary concern in any ecological

and population dynamics study.

Generally speaking, this can be accomp-

lished with a fixed quadrat, sweepnet or any one of many absolute

density estimators (Ruesink and Haynes 1973, Southwood 1978).

However,

at low densities these methods result in extremely large variances and

little reliance can be placed on the information (Helgesen and Haynes

1972).

In fact at CLB densities below 5 eggs per ftz, Helgesen and

Haynes (1972) observed standard errors in excess of 100% of the mean.

An alternate method of density estimation can be found in distance

measurements from a source, either a random individual or a random

point, to its nearest neighbor (Moore 1954, Blackith 1958, Batcheler

1971).

This is possible since the distance to the nearest neighbor

can be envisioned as the radius of a circle which contains exactly one

organism.

At densities below one organism per sample unit, Moore (1954)

has shown that for an equal number of samples a lower standard error

results from density estimates made via distance measurements rather

than fixed quadrats.

An essential assumption in estimating density via

distance measurements is that the individuals exhibit a random spatial

pattern.

This severely limits its widespread applicability.

In measuring distances from random trees and random points to

their nearest neighbors, Batcheler (1971) observed a relationship

between spatial pattern and the bias in density estimates due to non-

randomness.

This relationship can be utilized as a correction factor

to the density estimates obtained from distance measurements in non-

randomly spaced populations, therefore, greatly increasing the

general application of density estimation via distance measurements.

POPULATION DYNAMICS

Since the first discovery of the CLB in Michigan in 1962 (Michigan

State university 1970) much research effort has gone into the under-

standing of the CLB ecosystem (Haynes 1973).

As a result, many journal

articles and theses have been written dealing with various aspects of

the CLB and its ecosystem.

Sawyer (1978) provides an excellent review

of many of these articles and theses.

The purpose of this thesis, however, was to examine the population

dynamics of the CLB at low densities and to compare and contrast them

with the dynamics at high densities.

Investigations on the population dynamics of the CLB have been

carried out by several authors (Shade et al. 1970, Helgesen and. Haynes

1972, Gutierrez et a1. 1974) but in these works the densities of the

CLB were high and the complement of introduced parasitoids were not well

established.

Since the work by Helgesen and Haynes (1972) was performed

in Michigan at the Kellogg Biological Station, it provided the most

logical source for comparison.

Parasitism of the CLB has been investigated by many authors (see

Gage 1974 for a complete review).

Only a few of the more pertinent

works will be discussed here.

The biology and ecology of the egg

parasitoid Anaphes flavipes have been investigated in the laboratory by

Anderson (1968) and Anderson and Paschke (1968).

Primary parasitoid

considerations in these works include: developmental rates, mating

frequency, host specificity, evaluation of biotypes, fecundity, longevity,

dispersal and the effects of ovicides of parasitoid survival.

In both

of these works, the impact of A, flavipes on the within-generation

survival of the CLB and the effects of synchrony between CLB oviposition

and A, flavipes emergence were omitted due to the laboratory nature of

the experiments.

Helgesen and Haynes (1972) speculated that A, flavipes

would have little effect on the within-generation survival of the CLB

based on the density-dependent survival exhibited by first and fourth

larval instars at high density.

Dysart et a1. (1973) briefly described the biology of the

larval parasitoids of the CLB and outlined the colonization efforts

in the united States, while Leibee and Horn (1979) described the

effects of tillage on survivorship of the CLB and its larval parasitoids.

The most comprehensive work on the biology and ecology of Tetrastichus

 

131i3, one of the primary CLB larval parasitoids, and its interactions

with the CLB was carried out by Gage (1974).

In this work the develop-

mental rates, emergence, survival, fecundity and diapause rates of T,

121i§_were investigated both in the laboratory and the field.

Gage

(1974) and Gage and Haynes (1975) also proposed management of T, luli§_

to optimize CLB larval parasitism on a regional level.

CLB INTERACTIONS WITH OATS

The leaves of oats are the primary source of photosynthetic

activity responsible for its growth and yield.

Leaf area index (L I

area of leaf laminae per unit of land surface, Watson 1956) provides

a convenient and universal index of photosynthetic area.

Heath and

Gregory (1938) note that "...leaf growth is the main determinant of

differences in dry weight yield...." Watson (1956) found a high degree

of correlation between variation in crop yields and L.

By integrating

L over time, Watson (1958) developed the leaf-area duration index which

he found closely related to dry matter yield in wheat, barley, potatoes

and sugar beets.

The growth rate of plants typically increases with increasing L

until an optimum rate is reached (Loomis and Williams 1963, Williams

et a1. 1965).

Then, depending on the shape and display of the foliage,

the growth rate will become asymptotic or start to decline.

Watson

(1956) points out when L values for cereal crops are plotted against

time they tend towards positive kurtosis with only a short period of

high L values.

He further noted that through alteration of planting

dates a better synchronization of peak photosynthetic capabilities

resulted which increased yield.

Loomis and Williams (1963) consider the major limiting factors

to total seasonal yields to be leaf area, the manner of leaf display

and the C02 supply.

Watson (1956) summarized what he considers to be

the four essential conditions, relative to leaf area, for high plant

yield.

They are:

a high leaf area index at the time of head emergence;

slow senescense of leaves once heads have emerged; a long interval

between head emergence and the crop maturation; and the interval

between head emergence and harvest must occur when photosynthetic

conditions are optimal.

Therefore, when considering the effects of

insect defoliation on oats yield, one must include not only the amount

of leaf tissue defoliated but also the timing and duration of defolia-

tion.

Defoliation has a two-fold impact on yield:

first, it affects

the amount of photosynthetic area and second, it ruptures the cell

membrane which leads to water loss and water stress.

Because plants

have extremely elastic growth responses, it is difficult to predict

the isolated effects of defoliation.

Foliage removal can be beneficial

when it has a "pruning effect."

Banks and Macaulay (1967) found small

infestations of Aphis fabae on field beans increased yield possibly due

10

to decreased apical growth.

Turnip roots have also been found to

increase when leaves were defoliated by larvae of the moth Plutella

xylostella (Taylor and Bardner 1968).

In this case the larvae feed

 

on the new growth which prevented the dropping of older and larger

leaves.

Kincade et al. (1971) found that simulated damage to soybean

pods reduced yield but increased seed weight.

More common in the literature, however, are examples where foliage

removal reduced yield (corn:

Usua 1968; cotton:

Adkisson et a1. 1964,

Kincade et a1. 1970, Gutierrez et a1. 1975, Hanny et al. 1977; lima

beans:

Eckinrode and Ditman 1963; oats:

WOmack and Thurman 1962,

Wilson et a1. 1969, Merritt and Apple 1969; rice:

Bowling 1963;

soybeans:

Begum and Eden 1965; wheat:

Ortman and Painter 1960, Gallun

et al. 1967, Webster et a1. 1972, Pickford and Mukerji 1974, Holmes

l977--to name but a few field crops).

The source of cats defoliation to be used in these experiments

will be the CLB.

The CLB was selected because much information is

available on its growth and development.

wellso (1973) has calculated

the foliage consumption by each instar on oats, barley and two varieties

of winter wheat, while Gage (1972) has developed a method for weighting

the consumption by each instar and has calculated the rate of consump-

tion throughout the season.

Gage (1972) and Jackman (1976) provide extensive reviews of the

interactions of the CLB with oats and wheat.

They present many important

relationships between time and plant biomass accumulations, leaf area,

and distributions of CLB larval feeding.

Those interested in greater

detail are referred to those works.

11

The effects of moisture stress are more subtle and difficult to

evaluate because of their close relationship to plant growth.

Moisture

stress reduces plant turgor which provides the driving force for cell

enlargement.

Hanson and Nelsen (1980) have summarized the works of

several authors on the relative effects on yield of moisture stress

applied at various stages of plant phenology.

They noted the existence

of "decision points" where the plants exhibited sensitivity to water

stress.

It has been shown that plants are more susceptible to moisture

stress when the plant is undergoing rapid cell division--i.e., germina-

tion, tillering and anthesis (Campbell 1974, Hanson and Nelsen 1980).

However, water stress may not always reduce yield.

Passioura (1976) has demonstrated that when wheat plants are

grown under limited water conditions, substantial increases in grain

yield could be obtained when the plants were forced to save water until

after anthesis.

Viewed in this light, CLB defoliation could increase

grain yield since the most severe CLB defoliation generally occurs

prior to anthesis.

Early CLB defoliation could cause the cat plant

to conserve water which would result in greater stored soil water

availability after anthesis.

Significant correlations have been demon-

strated between grain yield and available stored water after anthesis

(Passiora 1972).

Therefore, it appears as though the timing of stress,

either by lack of moisture or through defoliation, is a very important

factor when examining the dynamics of plant yield and defoliation.

Gutierrez et a1. (1975) investigated the effects of defoliation

of cotton at different plant stages.

They found early defoliation

reduced yield more than defoliation closer to harvest.

Pickford and

12

Murkerji (1974) found that under higher densities of migratory grass-

hoppers, early defoliation reduced wheat yield significantly more

than late season defoliation.

Begum and Eden (1965) found defoliation

of soybeans reduced yield more significantly when beans were less

mature .

13

METHODS AND MATERIALS

STUDY ORGANISM

The CLB was selected as the study organism for this research for

the following reasons:

1)

due to the research activity of other investigators,

the biology, ecology and behavior of the CLB at

high densities is well documented; therefore, this

work contributed to the understanding of low density

population dynamics in a long-term ecological study;

2)

currently the CLB is at relatively low densities

throughout most of its North American range;

3)

all life stages prior to prepupal occur on foliage

and are quite sedentary, which makes them observ-

able with a minimal amount of disruption to their

surroundings;

4)

since the CLB is an introduced pest, most of its

biological control pressure can be attributed to

its four introduced exotic parasitoids;

5)

larvae of the CLB are relatively host specific,

feeding on plants in the family Gramineae; and

6)

larval feeding behavior has been investigated and

the amount of foliage consumed by each instar

calculated.

The above mentioned reasons make the CLB an excellent organism for

studying low level population dynamics, the interactions between the

14

CLB and its parasitoids, and the effects of insect defoliation on the

growth and yield of cats.

STUDY AREA

This research was conducted on sections 4, 5, 8 and 9 of Ross

Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan (Fig. 1).

Of the 1620 acres of

cultivated land in this area, 980 are managed by Michigan State univer-

sity, which makes up the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station (hereafter

referred to as KBS).

This area was selected because:

it is university-

owned property, which allows access and flexibility in experimentation;

it is prepared and maintained under typical commercial conditions; CLB

population data and weather information are available since 1967; and

the area currently supports a low level CLB population.

Cooperation between personnel at KBS and the CLB researchers has

provided for tracts of land in sections 5, 8 and 9 in which the cropping

practices can be controlled by the CLB researchers.

These practices

include:

field planting schedule, planting dates, soil preparation and

pesticide use.

The field planting schedule for these three areas was,

smarizedfrom 1970 to 1973 by Gage (1974) , for 1974 and 1975 by Sawyer

(1976) and from.l969 to 1979 in this work (Fig. 2).

The field numbering system for this area as described by Casagrande

(1975) will be used throughout this report.

For the location and acreage

of specific fields, see Appendix A.

15

"
-
-
-
-
5
1
-
“

»
;
1
4

$mckosv

CORNERS

BARRY

COUNTY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

  

KALAMAZOO

COUNTY

Figure 1.

Location of the Kellogg Biological Station in Ross

Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.

16

1976

mm

hm

GTS

GT 5mm ”MIA

OATS

WINTER WEAT

“TS

an

«rmmu

wImER III-EAT

WINTER WT

”(ATM

 

 

 

 

UT 51m:

 

WINTER if”

 

«T m

 

NINTH HEAT

 

GT8

 
  

WINTER HEAT

 

 

comm

WINTER HEAT

OAT SW

0T5

 

w
m
n
q
—
c
a
m

m
m
n
«
—
c
a
m

 

Figure 2.

Crop planting schedule in the 3 research areas of the

Kellogg Biological Station from 1976 to 1979.

a
w
w
u
e
n
t
s
m
m
s
n
a
e
m

m
v
m
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S
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U

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’

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16

18

17

COLLECTION AND ANALYSES OF DATA

KBS Weather Information

 

Using the maximum and minimum temperature information from the

Kellogg Biological Station weather station, degree day accumulations

were calculated using the sinusoidal method (Baskerville and Emin 1969).

The daily maximum and minimum temperatures and degree day accumulations

from 1976 to 1979 are summarized in Appendix B.

Since the temperature

infermation was collected in degrees Fahrenheit, the degree day calcu-

lations were made on this data, then transformed to Centigrade.

Fahrenheit degree days are converted to Centigrade by simply multiplying

by 5/9 (.5556).

Regional Distribution and Abundance

 

KBS between-field sweepnet survey.

To determine the abundance of

 

CLBs in the Gull Lake area and to examine possible CLB reservoirs, a

survey of the grain fields west of the KBS was conducted on June 22,

1976; June 18 and 19, 1978; and June 28, 1979.

No survey was conducted

during 1977.

Fields to the west were selected since it is generally

hypothesized that CLBs move with the prevailing winds (Haynes personal

communication, Sawyer unpublished data) that are southwesterly.

The survey was conducted by driving down all public roads in the

area until a small grain field was located.

All small grain fields were

drawn on a map to approximate scale and the cat fields surveyed.

In

1976 and 1979 the cat fields were surveyed with a sweepnet using the

following procedure:

the sweeper entered the field approximately five

paces before initiating sweeping.

Once there, the sweeper would proceed

18

downfield until half of the predetermined number of sweeps were taken.

The sweeper would then move to another portion of the field and complete

the sweeps.

A single sweep consists of a 5 ft (1.5 m) pass through the

grain canopy with a 15 in (38 cm) diameter polyurethane bag-lined sweep-

net.

Upon completion of the sweeps, the contents were washed down the

bag and preserved with FAA (50 parts H20, 47 parts 95% ETOH, 2 parts

formaldehyde and 1 part glacial acetic acid).

A field identification

and date tag was then placed in the bag.

The bags were then fastened,

removed from the sweepnet and returned to the laboratory where the CLB

adults and larvae were removed and counted.

From each field survey, a

random sample of 50 larvae, all if less than 50 were collected, was

drawn for instar determination (Hoxie and Wellso 1974, Fulton 1975) and

dissection for parasitoids (Montgomery and DeWitt 1975).

Due to the advanced CLB development in 1978, a defoliation survey,

rather than a sweepnet survey, was conducted.

To estimate defoliation,

a random sample of 50 stems was collected from each field.

The stems

were obtained by tossing a 2 ft (60 cm) pointed stake and selecting

the stem closest to the stake point.

From each stem, the length and

width of each leaf was measured, a visual estimate of percent defoliation

was made, and the number of leaves was recorded.

Leaf measurements were

made with a metal ruler divided into 64th inches (0.397 mm).

To

estimate stem and head densities, the 2 ft (60 cm) stake was thrown,

placed along an oat row, and all stems and heads along the stake counted.

This process was repeated 10 times per oat field.

To obtain an estimate of the seasonal production of CLBs within

the four square mile study area, a weekly sweepnet survey of all field

19

types was conducted from 1976 to 1978 and in all small grain fields in

1979.

Field types included in the 1976 to 1978 survey were:

alfalfa,

idle (unused for two consecutive years), oats, pasture, rye, small

grain stubble and winter wheat.

Sweeps were occasionally taken along

fence rows and rOadsides to determine densities of beetles in non-

field habitats.

Fields within the KBS were swept using two methods.

Prior to

larval appearance in the field, the sweepnet survey was oriented towards

adults; whereas, after larvae appeared, the sweepnet survey was oriented

towards larvae.

When sweeping for adults, no polyurethane liners were

used in the sweepnets.

The sweeper would enter the field five paces

before initiating sweeping and then proceed downfield until one-fourth

of the predetermined number of sweeps had been taken.

When one-fourth

of the sweeps were completed, the sweeper would stop and examine the

sweepnet's contents for CLB adults.

After the contents had been examined

and the number of adults recorded, the contents were released and the

process repeated until all sweeps had been made.

When the first larvae

appeared in the field, polyurethane liners were placed in the sweepnets

and the sweeping procedure was changed to that previously described in

the regional sweepnet survey.

From this time on, only small grain

fields were swept.

This change took place on June 7, 1976; May 17, 1977;

May 31, 1978; and May 24, 1979.

Sweepnet catch conversion to absolute density.

Catch per sweep in

 

all sweepnet surveys was converted to absolute density using the models

developed by Ruesink and Haynes (1973).

Adult catch per sweep (CA) was

converted to number of adults per square foot (.093m2) (DA) using the

following equation:

20

DA - CA (0.20 + 10 )

k

[1]

where:

w

l
l

'.06 + .02H ' .017 (T + 105) + .66 10910 (W + l)

H I crop height in inches

T I temperature in °F

s I solar radiation intenSity in cal cm

min

, and

.

.

.

.

-2

. -

W

wind speed in MPH.

Larval densities (DL) per square foot (.093m2) were calculated from

larvae per sweep (CL) using the following equation:

DL - 1.02 CL

[2]

Population Dynamics

 

KBS within-field population sampling.

These samples were a continu-

ation of the long-term population dynamics study, which requires a within-

field estimate of density.

Therefore, to maintain continuity, the

historical sampling scheme was employed.

Depending on the life stage of the CLB, two methods were used to

estimate within-field densities:

l) for adults, eggs and larvae, 2 ft

(60 cm) of grain row were examined; 2) for pupae (which pupate in the

soil), 3 ft by 1.5 ft by 4 in (.9 m by .45 m by 10 cm) soil samples were

collected.

The 2 ft samples will be referred to as population samples

and the pupae samples will be referred to as soil samples.

A simple population sample was taken by counting all CLB life stages

on the foliage and ground in a randomly selected 2 ft (60 cm) portion of

grain row.

This random portion of grain row was located by tossing a

2 ft (60 cm) pointed wooden garden stake and moving it 2 lengths down

21

the row nearest the stake point (Helgesen 1964, Gage 1972, 1974, Sawyer

1976).

From each sample portion of row, the average plant height and

number of stems were also recorded.

In the section 9 research area, the area identified for long-term

CLB population research, oat and wheat fields were sampled from 1976 to

1979.

The fields sampled in this area (9-11 wheat and 9-13 oats, 1976;

9-11 oats and 9-12 wheat, 1977; 9-12 oats and 9-13 wheat, 1978; and

9-11 wheat and 9-13 oats, 1979) were divided into 10 subplots of 45 ft

by 100 ft (13.7 m by 30.5 m).

Twice per week three samples were

collected from each subplot.

Wheat fields were sampled from May 3 to

June 14, 1976; April 26 to June 30, 1977; April 27 to June 28, 1978;

and May 2 to July 6, 1979.

Samples in oats were taken from May 3 to

July 1, 1976; May 16 to June 30, 1977; May 11 to July 3, 1978; and from

May 13 to July 16, 1979.

Population samples were also taken from additional oat fields from

1977 to 1979.

In 1977 and 1978, these fields were divided into nine

subplots (3 rows of 3).

From three of these subplots (l per row) five

samples were taken twice per week (the other six plots were used for

collection of larval coordinates).

In 1979 the fields were divided into

ten subplots and twice per week two samples were examined per subplot.

These fields were sampled during the same time intervals as the section

9 fields.

These additional fields were:

5-58, 8-13 and 9-15 in 1977;

5-60, 8-10 and 9-10 in 1978; and 5-54 and 8-11 in 1979.

To determine CLB egg and larval parasitism rates, specimens were

collected for rearing and dissections.

On June 18, 1976; from June 9

to June 30, 1977; and on every sampling date in 1978 and 1979, the first

22

50 CLB eggs encountered while sampling oats and wheat in the section 9

area were clipped and returned to the laboratory and reared for A,

flavipes.

Eggs were transferred from the leaf segment to the lid of a

2 in (5 cm) petri dish with a curved probe.

A filter paper moistened

with .02% Captan solution was placed in the bottom of the petri dish to

maintain relative. humidity and inhibit fungal growth.

The eggs were

stored at room temperature and examined a minimum of once a week for

development of CLB larvae or A, flavipes adults.

From 1977 to 1979,

the first 50 larvae encountered while sampling oats and wheat were

collected on each sampling period.

The larvae were returned to the

laboratory and preserved in FAA for later instar determination (Hoxie

and Wellso 1974, Fulton 1975) and dissection for larval parasitoids

(Montgomery and DeWitt 1975).

Due to the extremely low larval densities

in 1976, no larvae were collected.

Soil samples were taken to estimate pupal density and survival.

A varying number, dependent upon available resources and CLB larval

densities, of soil samples were taken from 1976 to 1979 in both cat

and wheat fields.

A soil sample was taken using the screen-flotation

technique (Gage 1974).

The foliage was clipped to ground level and

discarded.

The grain roots were pulled and placed in a labelled poly-

urethane bag.

The soil was dug to a depth of 4 in (10 cm) and placed

in 1/8 in (.3 cm) screen containers.

A field and date tag was placed

in the container and the bag containing roots was placed atop the soil.

The screen containers were returned to the laboratory where the soil was

washed through the screen containers.

After the soil had been thoroughly

washed from the screen containers, the remains were washed through a

23

series of screens to remove roots and stones.

The roots were then

manually examined for attached pupal cases, while the bottom screen's

contents were placed in a water bath.

Since the pupal cells were

lighter than water, they floated to the surface and were collected.

All pupal cells were dissected for content analysis.

For a more detailed

description, see Gage (1974).

Calculating total seasonal incidence and production.

To compare

densities between fields and to estimate survival from one life stage

to another, it is necessary to determine the total seasonal productidn

of a life stage per unit area.

In organisms where there is no overlap

in life stages, this is quite straightforward, simply' census the popu-

lation when all individuals are in the life stage of concern.

Unfortun-

ately, with the CLB there is considerable overlap of the life stages.

This makes it necessary to frequently census the population to estimate

the number of individuals of a life stage produced per unit of habitat.

When life stages overlap, total seasonal production can be calculated

in the following manner (Southwood 1966, 1978, Helgesen and Haynes 1969,

Kiritani and Nakasuji 1967, Manly 1976).

Let Dij correspond to the

density of the ith life stage on the jth sample date and DDj to the

accumulated degree days on the jt

sample date, then for n samples

h

taken during a season the total seasonal incidence for life stage i

(T11) can be calculated by:

_

n-l

0

. + D

11

i,j+i

Hi

2

1:

3'1

 

2

1 [on j +1

_

0021]]

[31

Total incidence provides an estimate of the total time (stage degree

days) a life stage is present in a habitat.

By dividing total seasonal

 

24

incidence by the developmental time of the life stage (in degree days),

which corrects for redundant observations, the total production (TPi)

of life stage i per unit of habitat can be calculated.

Survival from life stage i to life stage i + l was then calculated

by (Kiritani and Nakasuji 1967, Helgesen 1969):

S- ‘ 7.3"

‘41

CLB interaction with parasitoids.

To examine the relationship

between low density CLBs and the larval parasitoids, four 6-milliacre

(2431 m2) screen cages were constructed.

Since the cages were in close

proximity within a given year, it was assumed that all larvae in the

cages were exposed to the same parasitoid density.

This allowed for

examination of the parasitoid's response to various host densities.

On May 27, 1976, and on May 22, 1978, adult CLBs collected from

Galien, Michigan, were released into the cages according to the following

densities:

 

Cage #

# CLBS

# CLBS per

 

1976

1978

Released

929 cm2

 

2

3

4

s

1

2

3

4

250

500

1000

2000

.958

1.913

3.826

7.652

 

CLB adults were collected from Galien due to the low density of adults

at Gull Lake and their earlier availability.

25

After two weeks of oviposition had been allowed, the screen cages

were removed and population samples were initiated on a weekly basis.

Four 60 cm linear row population counts were taken from each milliacre

section of a cage.

On June 17, 21 and 24, 1976, and on all sampling

dates in 1978, the first 50 larvae encountered in the populations samples

were collected for instar determination (Hoxie and Wellso 1974, Fulton

1975) and dissection for parasitoids (Montgomery and DeWitt 1975).

One square meter emergence traps (Gage 1974) were used in the cage

areas to recover adult parasitoids and CLBs.

On June 26, 1976, six

emergence traps were placed in the cage plots, one trap for each milli—

acre.

On July 3, 1978, three emergence traps were placed in the cage

plots, one trap for two milliacres.

These traps were monitored daily

for parasitoids and CLB emergence until July 20 in 1976 and July 26 in

1978 at which time the traps were removed.

After the traps were removed, random soil samples were collected

to determine pupal density (see previous section for description).

Nine

and six soil samples were taken per cage area in 1976 and 1978, respec-

tively.

Soil samples were also taken from under the emergence traps

for examination of emergence trap effects.

Pupae were extracted from

the samples using the screen-flotation technique described earlier.

Pupal cells were then dissected for parasitoids where their type and

number were recorded.

To determine the existing level of pupae in the

fields in which the cages were constructed (9-9 in 1976 and 9-8 in 1978),

soil samples were collected from these fields and processed in the

same manner .

26

Calculation of seasonal parasitism.

Due to the overlap in larval

stages of the CLB, the multivoltine life histories of some of the larval

parasitoids (Tetrastichus julis and Lemophagus curtus) and the dynamics

  

of parasitism throughout the season, total life stage parasitism could

only be calculated by integrating information collected over the entire

season.

The proportion of life stage i parasitized by parasitoid k

(PParik) was calculated by:

(0

ijPPijk) + (Dij+lPPij+lk) (DD

zijk

Pparik ’

2

T11

j+l

- DD.)

3

[51

where:

i I life stage,

j I sample date (1 to n),

k I parasitoid,

Dij I density of life stage on sample date j,

PPijk I proportion of life stage i parasitized by para-

sitoid k on sample date j,

DD. I accumulated degree days on sample date j, and

TIi I total incidence of life stage i as defined in

Equation 3.

This method of calculation of seasonal parasitism integrates all

the dynamic characteristics of parasitism and represents the proportion

of the total life stage produced per unit of habitat that were parasitized

by a particular parasitoid.

27

Low Density Population Analyses

 

Low density population sampling,

When densities of an organism

 

are relatively low (less than one organism per sample unit), problems

associated with sampling efficiency and sample reliability become very

important.

At the same time, low densities provide a unique opportunity

for experiments with individual organisms that are impossible at high

densities.

Advantage was taken of the low densities to examine changes

in movement by larvae and adults throughout the season in various

habitats; to trace larval feeding scars to determine larval movement;

to study spatio-temporal changes in the population via distance measure-

ments; and to compare different sampling schemes for estimating low

level densities.

To more fully understand changes in behavior of the CLB, individual

CLBs were observed.

These observations could only be made when popula-

tion levels were low, since individuals are too easily lost at high

densities.

Spring adults, summer adults and larvae were observed

throughout the 1976 season.

Spring and summer adults were timed with a

stopwatch and the amount of time spent in the following behaviors was

recorded:

feeding, mating, ovipositing, resting, moving about on the

plant, flying and preening.

This information was collected from idle

fields, small grain stubble, winter wheat and cats.

The sequence of

events and the time between events were also recorded to allow calcula-

tion of average Imu> distance and time interval between hops.

Larval

information collected included the amount of time spent resting, eating,

moving about on the plant and a visual approximation of instar.

Larval

observations were made only in winter wheat and oats.

Larvae were

28

observed for up to one hour and adults for up to 15 minutes.

Due to

the amount of adult activity, adults were frequently lost before the

observation interval had elapsed.

Since larval densities were very low in 1976 and larvae were

generally found as isolated individuals, it was possible to estimate

total larval movement by tracing larval feeding scars.

On June 28,

1976, observations on the feeding scars of 48 larvae were made in cat

fields in the section 8 and 9 area of KBS.

An observer would search a

field until larval feeding was observed.

Once feeding was found, a

small sketch of the area was drawn with visual estimates of defoliation

on all damaged leaves.

The distance between defoliated plants was

recorded.

Since later instars consume more foliage than early instars

(wellso 1973), it was possible to trace larval movement from leaf to

leaf and plant to plant based on the relative amounts and age of

defoliation.

To study the spatial patterns of the CLB and to compare various

sampling schemes, the field x and Y larval coordinates were obtained.

Due to the mobility exhibited by adults during the individual observa-

tion, analyses of their coordinates would be meaningless, therefore,

no adult coordinates were collected.

Larval coordinates were collected

using the following procedure:

the collector would go to a random

location in a field and mark off an It axis perpendicular to the grain

rows.

Each row, the Y axis, was examined for larvae and a stake was

placed near the base of the plant on which a larvae was observed.

After the row was examined, the distance down the row to a stake was

measured and recorded.

This provided the ordinate of the larvae and

29

the abscissa was obtained by multiplying the row spacing (7 in or

17.8 cm) times the row number from the plot origin.

This procedure

was repeated until all rows along the X axis had been examined.

In

1977, three 10 ft by 10 ft (3.1 m by 3.1 m) plots were examined for

larvae twice per week from oat fields 5-58, 8-13 and 9-15.

Due to

higher densities in 1978, the plot size was reduced to 6 ft by 6 ft

(1.8 m by 1.8 m).

These plots were located in cat fields 5-60, 8-10

and 9-10 and were also examined for larvae approximately twice per week.

Analyses of larval coordinates.

On each sampling date the larval

 

coordinates captured the spatial configuration and density of the

sampled field.

After the x and Y coordinates were collected they were

entered onto permanent files on the MSU mainframe computer.

Sampling

programs were then written to interroqate the data and calculate various

statistics of dispersion to obtain density estimates.

Four different

sampling schemes were evaluated:

counting organisms in randomly

selected quadrats (QUAD sampling), counting the number of organisms in

a predetermined linear section of grain row (ROW sampling), calculating

the distance to the nearest neighbor of a randomly selected individual

NN sampling), and calculating the distance to the nearest organism of

a randomly selected point (NORP sampling).

Indices of dispersion calcu-

lated include:

variance/mean ratio (I I sz/i), Morisita's index (I5)

(Morisita 1959), the ratio of the mean squared nearest neighbor to a

random point to the mean squared nearest neighbor to a random individual

(3’ - fiEfiEz/fifi2, after Batcheler 1971), and Clark and Evans R (Clark

and Evans 1954).

An essential assumption when sampling from the coordinates is

that the plot is representative of the entire field and that the

field

30

is composed of a large number of the plots.

Then with each subsequent

sample, the plot is repeated and the sample taken.

Since the coordinate

plots were relatively large and the CLB larval presence relatively

homogeneous throughout the field, this assumption could be made.

In the QUAD sampling routine (Appendix C), the dimensions of the

quadrat and the sample number are initialized.

The length and width of

the quadrats were limited to half the length and width of the plots,

since anything larger would have altered the probability of being

sampled from random to certainty for the central portion of the plots.

The center of the quadrat was determined by two random numbers generated

from the RANF computer routine.

Since these coordinates placed the

center of the quadrat, constraints were placed on the range of the

random numbers.

Ranges for the random numbers were calculated by:

x range I 0 + .5 (quadrat width) to plot width - .5

(quadrat width)

Y range I 0 + .5 (quadrat length) to plot length - .5

(quadrat length).

For example, if the plot was 10 ft by 10 ft and the quadrat was 2 ft by

2 ft, then the random number could range from 1 to 9 for both coordinates.

If the quadrat was 1 ft by 3 ft, then the range of the x coordinate was

.5 to 9.5 and the Y coordinate 1.5 to 8.5.

Counts of all organisms

within the quadrat were then made and the sum of X and the sum of x2

calculated.

These two values were then used to calculate mean, vari-

ance and I6.

In the ROW sampling routine (Appendix C), advantage was taken of

the spatial uniformity of the planting of small grains and the orientation

31

of CLB larvae to the cat plants within rows.

As in the previous

sampling routines, the sample number and the length of row to be

examined were initialized.

Since the distance between rows is fixed

by the grain drill at planting (7 in or 17.8 cm), an area for each

sample can be obtained to allow calculation of density per unit area.

The section of row to be examined was determined by randomly

selecting a row and a random distance (Y coordinate) down the row.

Any row within the plot could be selected as the random row, whereas

the Y coordinate was limited to the range described in the QUAD sampling

routine.

Once again count sums and count sums of squares were calculated

to estimate sample means and variances.

In the NN sampling routine (Appendix C) the sample size (measure-

ments) was the only initialized variable.

This number was limited to

the number of organisms in the plot.

Since no quadrat dimensions are

required, there were no restrictions on the area of the plot that could

be sampled.

When using the NN sampling routine, a random individual

must be selected from which to measure its nearest neighbor's distance.

This individual was selected from the total number of individuals using

the RANF computer routine.

The x and Y coordinates for this individual

were then retrieved.

From this pair of coordinates (xran

, Y

),

d

rand

the euclidean distance (ri) to all other individualkscoordinates (xi’

Yi) was calculated by:

 

=

-

2

_

2

ri

{(xr

and

xi)

+ (Yrand

Yi)

[6]

The minimumri value (rmin) provided the nearest neighbor distance for

that random individual.

-

The sum of l/rmin and l/(rmin)

2

was then

32

calculated from each sample.

Density estimates and indices of

dispersion were calculated for the plot.

There are only two differences in the NN and NORP sampling

routines.

In NORP sampling the nearest neighbor distance was measured

from a random point rather than a random individual and no constraints

were placed on the number of samples per plot.

A random point (xrand'

Yrand) within the length and width of the plot was selected with two

calls of the RANF computer routine.

Aside from these differences, the

algorithm and the calculated values were identical.

Aside from the larval coordinates collected in the field, coordi-

nates of known distributions and various levels of aggregation were

generated.

The following coordinate sets were generated:

1.

Uniform:

A uniform set of 100 coordinate pairs

between (0,0) and 10,10) with all coordinate

pairs (individuals) one unit apart (Fig. 3).

2.

Random:

A random set of 50 coordinate pairs

between (0,0) and (10,10) was obtained through

selection from a random number table (Snedecor

and Cochran 1967).

The first 100 numbers in

the table less than 1000 (10.00) were used to

represent the x and Y coordinates, respectively

(Fig. 4).

3.

Aggregation:

Three levels of aggregation of

100 coordinate pairs between (0,0) and (10,10)

were created after those of Waters (1959).

Level I corresponds to a hypothetical aggregated

33

distribution of ten groups with ten individuals

in each group (Fig. 5).

Level 2 corresponds

to a hypothetical aggregated distribution

where five groups of 20 individuals make up

the entire population (Fig. 6).

In Level 3,

all individuals are aggregated into one tightly

packed group (Fig. 7).

These levels represent

weak, moderate and strong contagion, respec-

tively.

When using distance measurements to the nearest neighbor, one is

actually finding the minimum radius of the circular area of an individual.

This provides a measure of area per individual.

The inverse of this

converts the area to a standard unit and produce a density estimate

for that unit.

This estimate of density (d) can be mathematically

expressed by:

 d =

[7]

where:

n I the number of distances measured, and

5min I the minimum distance from either a random

individual or a random point to its nearest

neighbor.

Depending upon which value was used for rmin' NN or NORP, an estimate

of population density could be obtained from the distance measurements.

34

53-.

.1

ad

“a-

I

‘r-

1

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

)
T
E
E
F
(

E
T
H
N
I
D
R
O
O
C

Y

N..

I

  

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

'

I

‘

I

I

l

'

l

r

l

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

°o

2

4

‘

6

a

10

X COORDINHTE (FEET)

Figure 3.

Artificial coordinates for a uniform spatial pattern

of organisms.

Organisms 1 unit apart in a square

lattice.

35

c:_.

q-e

.‘1

.-

O

.

.1

I

I

I

..

.

"

. I

I

A

a

(D

d

I

.

I

I

I

C

1r-‘

I

«1

.

.

...

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

.

I

d

  

' wk1

II.

T

'1

I

'

I

T

1

I

I

I

I

.

c“

c,

I

I

I

I

0

2

4

6

8

10

X COORDINRTE (FEET)

Figure 4.

Artificial coordinates for a random spatial pattern

of organisms.

Coordinates obtained from a random

number table.

1

)
T
E
E
F
(

E
T
R
N
I
D
R
O
O
C

Y

36

m m

m

m m

m

m

m

m m

In

m 0

m m

a:

m

m m

m m

m

m

mm tn

I!

(3

El

E1

E)

(D

E)

E1

Inga

m

m

13

m m

m

I!)

m

m

E)

m

m

m

0

m

m

m

I!)

mm

m on

(Um

m

I!

m

(I)

B

m

m

m

m

m

In

m

In

)
T
E
E
F
(

E
T
R
N
I
D
R
O
O
C

Y

O

.1

m

v

.4

"

Nd

 

.

 

0

'

l

'

n

'

0

2

4

'

I

6

'

l

8

r

1

10

X CDORDINHTE (FEET)

Figure 5.

Artificial coordinates for the level 1 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms.

(After waters 1959)

37

m mm

mm m

m

use

mm

)
T
E
E
F
(

E
T
R
N
I
D
R
O
O
C

Y

8

l

6

1

4

.

2

0

m

m

m

3

I

4

I

6

I

8

X COORDINHTE (FEET)

1 

a
l
a
G

E)

El

3
l

3
3
3
1
5
'—l
1 O

Figure 6.

Artificial coordinates for the level 2 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms.

(After Waters 1959)

38

o

m

e

p
r
w
m
u

u
p
m
z
u
o
m
o
o
u

>

d

q

d

d

1

  a

X COORDINHTE (FEET)

Figure 7.

Artificial coordinates for the level 3 aggregated

spatial pattern of organisms.

(After Waters 1959)

39

The indices of dispersion calculated in this study were selected

not only because they are commonly used and accepted by biologists

(i.e., Elliott 1977, Myers 1978, Taylor 1961) but also because they

represent indices calculated by two different methods, i.e., quadrat

counts and distance measurements.

Since the number of organisms counted in a quadrat is a function

of the quadrat's dimensions and the number of quadrats taken, the

effects of changing the dimensions and number of samples on I

(variance/mean ratio) and I6 (Morisita's index 1959) were examined.

I was calculated as the quotient of the mean and variance by:

n

—

2 (x.-x)2

2

i=1

5

 

I .

i(n-l)

' T?’

[8]

and was judged significantly deviant from random (toward contagion)

when:

2

g

-

X a,n-l

I(n l)

[9]

exceeded the critical value of x2 (Elliott 1977).

I6 (Morisita 1959) was calculated by:

n

n

2 -

I6 I n

n

2

n

'

[10]

(2x.)

-

Z x

i=1l

i=1 i

and was judged significantly deviant from random (towards contagion)

when:

2

n

n

x d,n-1 ‘ Id (.2 xi ' 1’ + n ' .2 xi

[111

iIl

iIl

exceeds the critical value of x2 (Elliott 1977).

40

Since no quadrats are used in the indices based on distance

measurements, the effects of changing sample size (n) on Clark and

Evans R statistic (Clark and Evans 1954) and a modification of B

(Batcheler 1971) were examined.

Clark and Evans R was calculated by:

R . Elm/:2

[12]

where:

rA = the mean distance of the nearest neighbor to

a randomly selected individual, and

E5 3 the expected distance of the nearest neighbor

to a randomly selected individual in a random

population and is equal to l/(2¢7?3, and p =

population density.

R is judged significantly deviant from random at the .05 and .01 level

when:

F-r

exceeds 1.96 and 2.58, respectively (Clark and Evans 1954), where:

o

E; = the standard error of.;' in a random popula-

E

tion (calculated by .26136/VNp), and

N = number of distances measured.

The second index based on distance measurements was a modification

of Batcheler's B index (Batcheler 1971):

, _ NORP

m

a

[14]

41

where:

NORP = the mean squared nearest neighbor distance

to a random point, and

NN 8 the mean squared nearest neighbor distance

to a random individual.

since these variables are distributed as X2 variates, this ratio

is F testable and was judged significantly deviant from random (toward

contagion) when 8’ exceeds the critical value of F with 2nN

and

ORP

ZnNN degrees of freedom (Moore 1954).

Host-Herbivore Interactions

 

CLB interactions with oats.

Since leaves are generally regarded

 

as the primary source of photosynthetic activity responsible for growth

and yield in plants (Heath and Gregory 1938, Watson 1956, 1958), the

effects of CLB larval defoliation on the growth and yield of oats were

examined.

Two methods (one on a plant level and one on a field level)

were used in 1978 to examine this relationship.

To examine this relationship at the plant level, the effects of

moisture, nutrients, planting date, and their interactions with defoli-

ation were considered.

Nine ranges 18 ft by 10 ft (5.5 m'by 3.1 m) were constructed in

field 8-12 on April 25, 1978 (Fig. 8).

The field had just been sown

with ”Mariner” oats at a rate of 3 bu/A (2.6 hl/ha) and fertilized

with 200 1b/A (224 kg/ha) of 8-32-16 Agri-Blend® fertilizer.

Ranges

were constructed with a 16 ft (4.9 m) intra-row and a 35 ft (10.7 m)

inter-row spacing to prevent contamination of treatments.

Each range

was subdivided into three 5 ft by 10 ft (1.5 m by 3.1 m) plots to be

42

FIELD 8-l2

I

f

O UREA

MED. IRRIGATION

 

II2 UREA

NO

IRRIGATION

56 UREA

HIGH IRRIGATION

  

 

A2

A)

A3

A3

A2

()0)

(9)

(27)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I26)

 

 

 

It?)

 

 

 

AI

Is)

 

AI

IT)

 

 

 

A3

(25)

A2

(IS)

 

 

 

 

 

56 UREA

NO IRRIGATION

35'(J03hn)

O

HIGH

 

UREA

IRRIG.

II2 UREA

MED. IRRIGATION

  

 

 

A3

A2

A|‘$—-|6°—9'Al

I6'—->LA2

AI

A3

I24)

(I5)

III)

(43)“)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(5)

 

(4-9'")

()3)

I4)

I22)

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

A2

IN)

 

35'(|O.7m)

II2 UREA

56

UREA

O UREA

HIGH IRRIGATION

MED.

IRRIG.

NO IRRIGATION

   

 

 

AI

A3

A2

A2

AI

A3

IO'I3.Im)

A3

A2

AI

.

T

I3)

 
 
     

I20)

(l9)

I2I)

IIO)

II2)

III)

I2)

 

 

II)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

elk—

K—fl

I5“

5'

(.5m)

(LSm)

Figure 8.

Plot layout for the 1978 defoliation plots.

Numbers in

parentheses indicate plot code.

Irrometers were located

in plots ll, 14 and 17.

43

planted on different planting dates.

A 1.5 ft (.5 m) walkway was left

between each plot.

A consecutive planting was sown only after the

previous one had emerged.

Prior to planting, each plot was tilled

and all plant life removed.

The second and third plantings took

place on May 5 and 10, 1978.

A nutrient difference was established by broadcasting the 9 ranges

with varying amounts of Gro-Green® urea 45 after the oat plants had

emerged.

Application rates were 0, 50, and 100 lb/A (0, 56.03 and

112.05 kg/ha).

Three levels of moisture (natural precipitation,

low and high irrigation) were maintained in the 9 ranges.

The natural

moisture level plots received only natural precipitation whereas the

two irrigated moisture levels received additional moisture through

irrigation once and twice per week.

A range was irrigated with a lawn

sprinkler host at a known flow rate for 30 minutes. :In this fashion,

the 3 plots within a given range, which represented different planting

dates, all received equal moisture treatments.

Once the oat plants had emerged in each plot, measurements were

made on the height of the plants, the number of live and dead leaves,

the number of tillers per plant and the number of plants per 1 linear

row ft (30 cm).

The row counts were replicated 10 times in each plot.

Once the plants reached the desired range of heights, 30 random

plants were selected from each plot.

The plant heights, the number of

live and dead leaves, and the number of tillers were counted and

recorded.

The plant was then labeled witha metal-rimmed tag to allow

monitoring throughout the season.

44

The amount and rate of defoliation was controlled by placing CLB

larvae on the individual plants at the appropriate time.

Wellso (1973)

has calculated the amount of foliage consumed by each of the four larval

CLB instars, while Gage (1972) developed a technique of weighting the

consumption by each instar (first instar feeding equivalents (FIFE)).

By regressing the cumulative % FIFE against physioloqical time (degree

days), an equation was obtained which predicted the percent foliage

removed under normal larval feeding conditions at any given number of

degree days.

The selected plants were monitored and larvae were placed on the

plants to maintain the desired levels of defoliation (0, 10, 25, 50, 75

and 125 FIFE or approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50%).

Larvae

were transferred to the plants by clipping the section of leaf bearing

a CLB larvae and placing this leaf segment in the leaf whorl of the

plot plant.

As this leaf segment dessicated, the larvae moved to the

plot plant leaf to feed.

Due to the variability in individual larval feeding it became

necessary to obtain more precise estimates of larval feeding.

On

July 3, 1978, 75 leaves were collected from all types of oat plants

and from all parts of the plant to insure as wide a range of leaves as

possible.

On July 5, 1978, the length and width (at widest portion of

the leaf) of each leaf was measured and the area calculated with a

Lambdaca leaf area meter.

Least squares linear regression was then

used to obtain an equation to predict leaf area based on the leaf‘s

dimensions.

45

Shade and Wilson (1967) and Wellso (1973) have shown that leaf

vein spacing was an important factor in determining the width of

larval feeding scars.

To determine trends in leaf vein spacing, several

leaves were selected and the vein spacing measured with an ocular micro-

meter in a Wildg§ dissecting microscope.

Vein spacings were measured

both across the width of a leaf and at approximately 1 cm intervals

down the length of the leaf.

To estimate the amount of CLB larval feeding, the width and

length of each feeding scar were measured.

Scar lengths were measured

with a small metal ruler divided into 64th inch (.397 mm) intervals.

Scar measurements were made on all plants in the plots from June 24 to

July 7, 1978.

After the oats had matured and were field dry, they were harvested

and returned to the laboratory in individual paper bags.

These bags

were then oven dried at 100°C for 24 hours.

The heads were weighed at

room temperature and the number of spiklets counted.

A subsample from

each plot was then hand thrashed so that the kernels could be counted

and reweighed.

Least squares linear regression was then used to

quantify the relationship between kernel weight, head weight and number

of spiklets per head.

To examine the relationship between CLB larval feeding and yield

at a field level, yield and plant density information was collected

from all the oat fields on the KBS in 1978.

Information on the density

of CLB larvae had been collected from the KBS sweepnet survey described

earlier.

46

On July 17 and 18, 1978, 50 random plants were selected for

estimation of defoliation.

As previously described in the KBS regional

damage survey, a 2 ft (60 cm) pointed wooden garden stake was thrown.

The plant closest to the stake point was thus selected and the length

and width of each leaf was measured and a visual estimate of defolia-

tion made.

Estimates of stem and head density on all the KBS oat fields

were made on July 17 and 18, 1978.

From each field, 10 random samples

of 2 row ft (60 cm) were examined and all heads and stems within the 2

row feet were counted and recorded.

Estimates of head weight were

obtained by clipping 10 random heads at the base of the inflorescence

from each field and placing them in paper bags.

The bags were then oven

dried at 100°C for 24 hours and the individual heads weighed.

Fields

5-60, 8-10 and 9-10 were harvested on July 27, 1978.

Fields 5-53,

5—55, 5-63, 8-12, 8-14, 9-6, 9-8, 9-15 and 9-18 were harvested on

July 31, 1978.

After each field was harvested, the grain from the

field yield was estimated by measuring the volume of the harvested

grain.

A subsample was also collected to measure grain weight.

In

this way, estimates of density of CLB larvae, oat plant defoliation,

oat plant stem and head densities, and head weight were Obtained over

a range of field conditions.

Since the leaves of an oat plant are of unequal sizes, an unbiased

estimate of total percent defoliation could only be made once the total

area and defoliated area for each leaf were calculated.

Using the

methods described earlier for measuring leaf area and defoliated area,

the percent defoliation for a single oat plant (PDEF) was calculated

by:

47

f n

W

z

DAREA.

i=1

1

PDEF --

 

n

100

[151

): Tm:

 

Ii=

 

J

where:

i = number of leaves on the plant,

DAREAi - defoliated area on leaf i, and

TAREAi 8 total area of leaf 1.

On leaves where CLB larval feeding scars were too numerous to

measure, a visual estimate of percent defoliation was made (VEDEF) .

For those leaves, DAREA

was calculated by:

i

DAREAi = TAREA VEDEFi

1

[16]

Using these two techniques, the percent defoliation of all plants

within the defoliation plots was calculated and the average percent

defoliation in the oat fields on and around KBS was determined.

To examine the significance of various factors (moisture, planting

date and percent defoliation) on oat yield, an analysis of variance was

performed.

A standard analysis of variance for a split-split plot

design with factors arranged in a randomized block was used on a subset

of the collected data (Steel and Torrie 1960).

For this analysis the

plots were blocked by fertilizer.

A split-split plot design was used

for the following reasons:

1.

a randomized block would have required a much larger

sample size for the same power and resources were a

limiting factor; and

48

2.

whole plot (moisture) and subplot (planting

date) effects were well known (i.e., Hsiao

and Acevedo 1974, Wiggans 1956, Wiggans and

Frey 1957) and sub-subplot (defoliation)

effects and interactions between factors were

the objective of the experiment.

Since percent defoliation per plant (sub-subplots) could not be

predicted prior to the season's end, a subset of the entire data set

was used for this analysis to insure balanced data.

From each subplot

7 plants were selected to represent 7 levels of percent defoliation

(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50).

Plants were selected by only looking

at the level of defoliation, no attention was paid to head weight when

selecting the plants.

49

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The CLB data collected during this research plus that of Helgesen

(1969), Gage (1972, 1974) and Sawyer (1967) provide a l3-year data

base for population analyses.

This data base has been considered

the data source from which subsets were selected for hypothesis testing.

Specifically, within and between-field population dynamics were examined,

methods for analyzing and sampling low density populations were developed

and the interaction between the CLB and oats were studied.

The results obtained in this research contribute to the under-

standing of the ecology of the CLB at low densities and add continuity

to the long term ecological study of the CLB at the KBS.

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

Region and KBS CLB Distribution and Abundance

 

The distribution of small grain fields surrounding the KBS and the

oat fields surveyed in 1976, 1978 and 1979 for CLBs are presented in

Figures 9, 10 and 11, respectively.

No survey was conducted in 1977.

Examination of these figures indicates a rather uniform distribution of

small grain fields to the west of the KBS.

During these three surveys

a decrease in the number of small grain fields was observed (75, 44

and 41, respectively).

This reduction was primarily due to the increase

in corn acreage in the area.

To compare the abundance of CLBs on the KBS fields and the regional

fields, a measure of density would have to be obtained.

Using Equations

1 and 2, CLB adult and larval densities were calculated for the 1976

SO

1976

an":

anutn

Du:

.Ium

,

1 I".

 

E}

  

HICKORY

CORNERS

 

 

 

 

  

 

.4,

  

mm:

I

IIILIEICM.

l

r

 

 

SIHIOI

  

o

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 £25m

IIcIIuIII

 

Figure 9.

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1976.

 

 

51

 

E on:

E2! )IIIEII

I91)

[3"!

sum

I)

”m

,,

4)

 

INCH" COIIEIS

 

I43

 

 

  

IEIIoc:

 

manual“

l
sum!

     
 
Q

 

 

 

w

3%
3!-

$2 I

‘

3

 

%

:

I

%

 

 

II.

 

 

 

III: In)

 

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1978.

  

 

 

Figure 10.

 

52

 

gens £3)»qu

1979

"”

[I

[Jars

7

In".

 

 

In

IICIIIY COIIEIS

4

 

E

,

'48

£35?

I?

   

 

a» I-

RE

6 )6

0

E21

I”

 

    

 

  

IELIocc

IIIIocIcII

Jfluqu2!______l

 

 

  

 

    

IICHLAID

Figure 11.

Distribution of small grain fields surrounding the

Kellogg Biological Station in 1979.

 

 

 

53

and 1979 regional sweepnet survey (Table l) and for all the KBS

fields (Appendix D).

From the 1976 and 1979 KBS sweepnet survey

data, density estimates for the oat fields on the sample date closest

to the regional sweepnet survey were selected (Table 2).

Due to the

small number of oat fields (6) planted on the KBS in 1979, density

estimates from all oat fields (sweepnet survey as well as population

sample fields) were included in the abundance comparisons.

Since the

population sample fields were not sampled on the same date as the 1979

regional sweepnet survey (June 28, 1979), density estimates for that

date were obtained by interpolating between the adjacent sample dates.

Due to the low density of adults found in both years, abundance compari-

sons were only made on larvae.

In 1976 no significant difference was observed between the larval

densities in the oat fields on the KBS and those in the surrounding

area (t10’13 = .936, p > .05).

In 1979, however, the CLB larval

density was significantly higher in the KBS oat fields (t5,5 = 3.775,

p < .025).

This observation supports Sawyer's (1978) hypothesis that

as the ratio of habitable crops varies in a region, the relative

densities in the crops will also change.

In 1976 and 1979, 17.33%

and 17.07%, respectively, of all small grain fields in the region were

oats.

During this same period of time the acreage of oats (which

essentially represent the only habitable crop) on the KBS declined

from 46 acres i1) 1976 to 12.9 acres in 1979.

If one assumes the

regional density of CLBs is rising at the same rate as on the KBS (a

full discussion will be presented later) then proportionally higher

54

Table l.

CLB adult and larval densities/ft2

(929 cm2) for

the 1976 and 1979 regional sweepnet survey.

 

 

Date

DD>9 C

'Field

Adult

Larval

Mean

0

Weighted

 

Density

Density

Instar

6/22/76

597

6/28/79

583

l

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

.010

.031

3.83

0.000

.061

3.50

inaccessible

.005

.046

3.67

.002

.087

3.53

.021

.107

3.81

inaccessible

.029

.479

3.94

,.013

.178

3.71

10

inaccessible

11

12

13

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

.038

.071

3.64

.015

.041

4.00

.016

.219

3.84

0.000

.010

4.00

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

--

--

0.000

.051

3.80

.007

.031

3.88

.030

3.182

3.80

.018

2.193

3.76

 

55

Table 2.

CLB adult and larval densities/ft2 (929 cm2)

from KBS oat fields on sample dates closest

to regional sweepnet survey.

 

 

Date

DD>9°C

Field

0a

0L

WMI

 

6/21/76

588

5-08

.006

.439

3.90

5-09

0.000

.005

4.00

5-51

0.000

0.000

--

5-54

.009

.005

4.00

5-59

.007

.031

3.83

5-61

.004

.061

3.91

8-07

.027

.204

3.83

8-09

.056

.607

3.74

8-11

.014

.077

3.93

8-53

.104

.814

3.49

8-57

.013

.459

3.64

9-09

.050

.015

3.33

9-15

.012

.061

3.75

6/28/79

583

5-51

.017

3.937

3.92

8-09

.080

6.202

3.84.

9-091

.017

8.027

3.64

9-092

.003

.224

2.95

6/21/79

519

5-543

0.000

8.150

3.21

7/03/79

633

0.000

.150

2.00

3.660“

6/21/79

519

8-113

.050

6.900

3.21

7/03/79

633

0.000

.800

3.38

3.480“

6/25/79

550

9-133

.070

3.230

3.37

7/02/79

623

0.000

.200

3.50

 

1.860“

1Untreated portion of field 9-09.

ZSeVinR treated portion of field 9-09.

3Population count fields.

“Interpolated estimate of density for 583 DD>9%L

56

densities should be observed in the KBS oat fields than in the

regional oat field, which is what was observed.

An alternate hypothesis would be that different ages of the

population had been sampled in the two areas.

To test this hypothesis,

Fulton's (1975) index of population maturity (weighed mean instar--WMI)

was calculated for all surveyed fields as follows:

WMI s

n

2:

n

iNi/ ):

Ni

i=1

i=1

where:

n 8 number of larval instars, and

N 8 number of instar i in sample.

[17]

No significant differences (t10,12 8 .396, p > .05 and t3'5 8 .577,

p > .05) were observed between the mean WMIs from the oat fields in the

regional survey (2 . 3.779 r .0427 ($2), n - 12 and 3.848 r .0091 (52),

n 8 5) and the KBS survey (x 8 3.747 1 .0275 (52), n 8 10 and E 8

3.800 t .0208 (52), n = 3) in either 1976 or 1979, respectively.

Therefore, this hypothesis would appear to be false and the differences

in density between the two areas in 1979 were actual differences.

Before the damage indices for 1978 could be compared, a method

for estimating leaf area had to be deVeloped.

To obtain the best

estimate of leaf area based on the leaf's dimensions (width at widest

portion and length), a series of least square linear regression were

performed on the leaf area data.

The relationships examined and the

regression results are summarized in Table 3.

All coefficients of

determination were highly significant (p < .001) so any relationship

may be used depending upon the amount of resolution required and the

Table 3.

Regre531on equations for predicting leaf area.

.

.

.

.

A

57

 

 

Regression Equation

R2

Source

 

2 - 307.403 + 0.0272 (12)

.854***

Gage (1972)

y s —263.967 + 8.298 (1)

.882***

Lampert

Y - -827.4l6 + 6.356 (1) + 95.914 (w)

.971***

Lampert

Y - 0.484 + 0.710 (1*w)

.982***

Lampert

 

A

.

All measurements in mm, n 8 75.

58

resources available for measurements.

Since a high degree of resolu-

tion was desired for these measurements, the following regression

equation was selected:

Y 8 .484 + .710 (l*w)

[18]

where:

Y 8 leaf area (mmz):

l 8 leaf length (mm), and

w 8 leaf width (mm) at widest portion.

Once this method for estimating leaf area was obtained, percent

defoliation per plant was calculated using Equations 15 and 16.

The mean

percent flag leaf defoliation and total plant defoliation for each

field are presented in Table 4 for the regional survey oat fields and

in Table 5 for the KBS fields.

Significant differences (t8,18 8 3.460,

p < .05 and t8,18 8 2.479, p < .05) were observed between both the mean

percent flag leaf defoliation (x 8 13.024 2 591.839 (82), n 8 19 and

E . 51.762 2 1157.113 (32), n = 9) and total plant defoliation I; =

11.583 2 502.624 (32), n a 19 and i - 35.723 r 750.865 (32), n - 9)

from the regional survey oat fields and those on the KBS.

These survey results indicated the highest CLB densities (either

in number per ft2 or in percent defoliation) are located in the KBS

area with the highest fields fields outside KBS being to the immediate

north and northwest.

No explanation can be Offered for this apparent

trend since no additional indepth data were collected on the local

uniqueness of the fields in the regional survey that may affect CLB

distribution and abundance (Sawyer 1978).

59

Table 4.

Mean number of live leaves and percent defoliation per oat

plant in fields surrounding the Kellogg Biological Station.

Row 1 8 mean and Row 2 8 variance.

 

 

Field

Date

N

Leaves

Leaves

Defoliation

Defoliation

 

Total

Live

Total

Flag Leaf

1

7-18-78

50

3.50

3.46

7.34

7.70

.46

.42

4.829

234.91

2

7—19-78

50

3.50

3.50

5.68

13.80

.30

.30

2.169

765.88

3

7-18-78

50

3.12‘

3.08

.64

.69

.08

.004

.10

.50

4

7-18-78

50

3.64

3.58

3.98

8.10

.40

.33

1.277

437.64

5

7-19-78

50

4.00

4.00

81.42

92.00

.33

.33

22.931

225.51

6

7-19-78

49

3.86

3.86

63.81

65.31

.33

.33

44.950

796.26

7

7-19-78

51

3.45

3.45

16.47

16.41

.65

.65

7.434

462.85

8

7-19-78

49

3.27

3.24

11.97

9.00

.32

.31

4.879

277.96

9

7-19-78

50

3.58

3.58

18.94

21.00

.37

.37

11.155

745.92

10

7-19-78

50

3.44

3.42

1.14

3.40

.54

.58

.251

51.47

11

7-19-78

50

3.20

3.20

2.11

4.54

.78

.78

1.211

113.23

12

7-19-78

51

3.39

3.39

.36

.36

.61

.130

1.27

35.84

13

7-19-78

50

1.14

1.12

3.44

2.04

.20

.19

3.228

101.96

14

7-19-78

50

3.32

3.32

.26

.26

.53

.043

.06

.10

Table 4.

Continued

6O

 

Field

Date

N

Leaves

Leaves

Defoliation

Defoliation

 

Total

Live

Total

Flag Leaf

15

7-19—78

49

2.14

2.12

.25

.23

16

7-14-78

48

1.90

1.90

.14

.14

.87

.222

.73

.189

.65

4.86

.31

4.69

1?.

7-24-78

50

2.48

2.48

.69

1.18

.30

.30

.163

23.74

18

7-24-78

49

2.80

2.80

.21

.21

19

7-24-78

50

2.16

2.16

.26

.26

.08

.001

.18

.008

.37

1.24

.22

.71

 

61

Table 5.

Mean number of live leaves and percent defoliation per oat

plant in fields on the KellOgg Biological Station.

Row 1 8

mean and Row 2 8 variance.

 

 

Field

Date

N

Leaves

Leaves

Defoliation

Defoliation

 

Total

Live

Total

Flag Leaf

553

7-18-78

50

4.44

4.20

73.21

93.20

.29

.24

12.351

199.76

555

7-18-78

50

4.08

3.70

38.14

66.84

.97

.74

216.235

1157.65

563

7-18-78

50

4.54

4.16

77.71

98.40

.87

.50

29.082

42.29

812

7-17-78

50

4.70

3.82

48.51

65.38

.38

.35

3.159

1080.73

814

7-18-78

50

4.66

3.70

43.13

68.20

.27

.30

14.947

1128.33

906

7-17-78

50

4.92

4.02

12.32

26.80

.20

.43

.9.930

1116.08

908

7-17-78

50

3.98

3.14

10.25

24.04

.14

.90

6.569

1110.37

915

7-18-78

50

4.70

3.56

8.00

6.60

.42

.46

1.553

160.65

918

7-18-78

50

4.52

3.64

10.24

16.40

.30

.28

5.362

736.78

 

62

Within the KBS an increase in corn acreage has been responsible for

a strong decline in the planting of small grains.

This has been

especially evident in sections 4 and 9.

In these two sections (4 and

9) small grain acreage has decreased from 209.8 A in 1976 to none in

1979 and from 76.0 A in 1976 to 9.2 A in 1979, respectively.

Since

small grains are the major habitat for the CLB this reduction should

affect its distribution and abundance.

To estimate larval distribution and abundance within KBS, the

total number of CLB larvae produced in the area was calculated.

For

the small grain fields included in the 1976 to 1979 sweepnet surveys,

Equations 2 and 3 were used to calculate total larval seasonal production

per ft2 (929 cmz).

Tetal seasonal production (TSP) for each of the four

sections surveyed was calculated by:

TSP 8 43560 2 (TP.A )

[l9]

n

.

.
181

1 l

where:

TPi 8 total larval production per ft2 for field i,

Ai 8 acreage of field i, and

n 8 number of small grain fields in the section.

The seasonal larval production from the small grain fields included

in the 1976 to 1979 sweepnet surveys is presented in Table 6 to 9,

respectively.

In all instances, highest densities per acre were

observed in oats followed by wheat and rye.

CLB production was

generally highest in section 5 followed by sections 8 and 9.

An

exception to this rule was noted in 1977 when section 9 produced the

greatest number of larvae followed by sections 5 and 8.

Table 6.

Seasonal larval production for 1976.

63

 

 

Crop

4

5

8

9

 

Section

 

Oats

Sectional

Per Acre

_

0.00

2,196,755.31

304,177.35

35,340.04

0.00

72,981.90

33,797.48

5,121.74

Acres

0.00

30.10

9.00

6.90

Wheat

Sectional

685,907.40

177,703.15

182,773.09

58,210.79

Per Acre

8,146.17

2,332.06

4,163.40

1,769.32

Acres

84.20

76.20

43.90

32.90

Rye

Sectional

36,358.67

1,620.24

43.24

238.37

Per Acre

Acres

289.48

125.60

71.06

22.80

1.81

23.90

6.58

36.20

 

.Table 7.

Seasonal larval production for 1977.

 

 

Crop

4

5

8

9

 

Section

 

Oats

Sectional

Per Acre

0.00

10,418,113.03

743,251.98

1,615,038.60

0.00

196,197.99

48,578.56

351,095.35

Acres

0.00

53.10

15.30

4.60

Wheat

Sectional

770,821.04

1,686,495.35

695,736.76

730,513.03

Per Acre

10,980.36

32,185.03

26,453.87

35,985.86

Acres

70.20

52.40

26.30

20.30

Rye

Sectional

38,643.63

112,526.80

16,251.15

6,176.49

Per Acre

381.10

2,163.98

574.25

179.03

Acres

101.40

52.00

28.30

34.50

 

Table 8.

Seasonal larval production for 1978.

64

 

 

Cro

P

 

4

5

8

9

Section

 

Cats

Sectional

0.00

12,578,249.67

2,335,277.39

3,290,372.10

Per Acre

0.00

1,677,099.96

707,659.81

357,649.14

Acres

0.00

7.50

3.30

9.20

Wheat

Sectional

3,420,102.75

1,679,471.60

766,263.74

60,105.49

Per Acre

66,409.76

22,452.83

30,528.44

10,363.02

Acres

51.50

74.80

25.10

5.80

Rye

Sectional

0.00

49,692.80

Per Acre

Acres

0.00

0.00

3,269.26

15.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Table 9.

Seasonal larval production for 1979.

 

 

Cro

P

 

4

s

8

9

Section

 

Oats

Sectional

0.00

1,645,414.61

547,919.94

692,480.44

Per Acre

0.00

329,082.92

166,036.34

150,539.23

Acres

0.00

5.00

3.30

4.60

Wheat

Sectional

0.00

1,068,186.49

30,552.03

16,546.38

Per Acre

0.00

28,484.97

5,360.01

3,597.04

Acres

0.00

37.50

5.70

4.60

Rye

Sectional

Per Acre

Acres

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.60

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

65

Using density information from the section nine population

sampling fields from 1967 to 1975 (Helgesen 1969, Gage 1972, 1974,

Sawyer 1976), and from this work (Appendix E), the total larval

production per 2 linear row ft (60 cm) can be calculated (Sawyer 1978)

(Figure 12).

During these 13 years of samples, there have been drastic

changes in density.

The total larval production in wheat has ranged

from a high of 142.00 in 1969 to a low of .02 larvae per ft2 (60 cm

row) in 1974 (a 7100-fold change) and in oats from a high of 170.66

in 1969 to a low of .18 in 1975 (a 9SO-fo1d change).

From 1967 to 1969 the within-generation population dynamics of the

CLB was investigated at the KBS (Helgesen 1969).

This work investigated

the population dynamics of the CLB at epidemic densities and prior to the

establishment of the 4 exotic parasitoids.

The dynamics of a population

in this epidemic phase and absence of parasitoids is quite different

from those in a non—epidemic phase and after the establishment of para-

sitoids.

Therefore, investigating the population dynamics of the CLB

at low densities will contribute significantly to the understanding of

the ecology of the CLB, also it represents the continued monitoring

of the evolution of a pest and its parasitoids in a new environment.

LOW DENSITY POPULATION DYNAMICS

Before discussing the population dynamics of the CLB, it is

necessary to present the data and discuss the summaries which will be

used throughout this section to calculate stage-specific survivals.

66

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67

Population Sample Results

 

From the mean density estimates for the various CLB life stages

obtained in the 2 linear row feet (60 cm) population samples (Appendix

E), the total seasonal incidence was calculated using the trapezoidal

method (Equation 3).

Total seasonal production was then calculated

for eggs, the four larval instars and for total larvae by dividing

total incidence of a stage by its developmental time.

Total seasonal

production from the population sampling fields from 1976 to 1979 are

presented in Table 10.

These values represent an estimate of the total

number of individuals in the various life stages of the CLB that were

produced on 2 linear row feet (60 cm) of host crop.

In order to calculate larval survival (Equation 4), it is necessary

to have pupal density estimates.

These were obtained by counting the

number of pupal cells within the 3 x 1.5 x .3 ft (.9 m x .45 m x 10 cm)

soil samples collected from the population sampling fields.

The mean

number of CLB pupal cells per sample unit (4.5 sq ft--.42 sq m) and

the results of their dissections are presented in Table 11.

The pupal

cell dissections in Table 11 will be discussed in greater detail later.

Since the soil sample described above represented a 4.5 ft2 pupal

densities were converted to 1.167 ft2 (equal area as population samples)

befOre calculating larval survival.

Using the density information presented in Tables 10 and 11, the

stage-specific survival (Helgesen and Haynes 1972) was calculated for

the population sampling fields (Table 12) .

Due to the errors associated

with visual estimation of the larval instar (Fulton 1975) and estimating

population densities (Helgesen 1969), several instances of stage-specific

68

Table 10.

Tetal egg and larval production and adult total incidence

Per 60 cm of row (1.167 ftz) from the Gull Lake population

sampling fields.

 

 

 

Total Production

Incidence

.

A

Total

Year Field Crop

Eggs

L1

L2

L3

L4

LT

Adults

 

1976

9-11 wheat

0.45

0.72

0.08

0.10

0.00

0.23

3.85

9-13 oats

7.04

2.07

0.34

0.65

0.04

0.76

16.26

1977

5-58 oats

15.79

1.18

2.09

0.79

0.56

1.11

42.23

8-13 oats

20.08

1.12

2.18

1.15

0.41

1.16

36.98

9-11 oats

43.20

2.12

1.85

1.19

0.64

1.42

62.22

9-12 wheat

9.98

4.18

2.85

2.66

1.14

2.65

18.71

9-15 oats

13.68

1.39

0.40

0.32

0.28

0.58

13.90

1978

5-60 oats

99.21 109.28

60.91

34.28

10.83

52.22.

259.70

8-10 oats

54.12

52.15

30.45

21.05

7.95

27.19

93.17

9-10 oats

18.04

10.58

8.61

4.90

1.05

6.05

22.18

9-12 oats

22.32

19.70

11.19

5.92

2.03

9.42

42.24

9-13 wheat

4.55

4.78

3.04

1.45

0.88

2.47

5.61

1979

5-54 oats

83.82

27.37

26.87

18.74

14.96

21.61

123.65

8-11 oats

115.65

10.48

8.43

10.38

10.94

10.13

142.18

9-11 wheat

20.53

5.44

2.23

1.80

1.11

2.61

5.10

9-13 oats

104.02

6.55

6.40

7.10

6.33

6.61

122.29

 ——

ADevelopmental times used for the calculation of total production

were:

eggs 8 87, L1 8 34, L2 8 30, L3 8 35, L4 8 38 and LT 8 137

DD 9 C (Guppy and Harcourt 1978).

 

69

 

 

 

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70

Table 1J2.

CLB stage-specific survival from 1976 to 1979 population

sampling fields.

 

 

Stage Survival

Year

Field

Crop

Eggs

L1

L2

L3

L4

LT

Pupae

 

1976

9-11

wheat

1.61

.11

1.15

0.00

-

-

-

9-13

Oats

.29

.17

1.88

.06

6.75

.038

.20

1977

5-58

Oats

.07

1.76

.38

.70

.41

.015

.21

8-13

Oats

.06

1.94

.53

.35

.40

.008

.22

9-11

Oats

.05

.87

.64

.54

.38

.006

.22

9-12

Wheat

.42

.68

.93

.43

.68

.078

.23

9-15

Oats

.10

.29

.79

.87

.55

.011

.19

1978

5-60

Oats

1.10

.56

.56

.32

2.04

.223

.37

8-10

Oats

.96

.58

.69

.38

.70

.103

.47

9-10

Oats

.59

.81

.57

.21

3.51

.204

.31

9-12

Oats

.88

.57

.53

~34

2.69

.245

.33

9-13

Wheat

1.05

.64

.48

.61

1.90

.368

.46

1979

5-54

Oats

.33

.98

.70

.80

-

‘

8-11

Oats

.09

.80

1.23

1.06

-

-

-

-

-

9-11

Wheat

.26

.41

.81

.62

.67

.036

.18

9-13

Cats

.06

.98

1.11

.89

.36

.022

.24

 

71

survival greater than one resulted (Table 12).

An attempt was made

to reduce the effect of errors in instar determination by combining

first and second instar into a "small larvae" category and third and

fourth instars into a "large larvae" category.

These categories were

then used as estimates of stage density for estimation of stage-

specific survival (Table 13).

Classification of larvae into these

categories totally eliminated egg survivals greater than one and

reduced larval survivals greater than one from 12 to 6.

The magnitude

of the survivals greater than one was also reduced from an average of

2.25 to 1.22, thus providing considerable improvement.

When calculating the proportion of a life stage of the CLB para-

sitized (PPar in Equation 5) ,- it is essential to know the percent

parasitism for the life stage at each sample period (PP).

The results

of the CLB egg rearing for determination of percent parasitism by g.

flavipes from 1976 to 1979 are summarized in Appendix F..

In both 1976

and 1977, collections were initiated too late and high levels of

parasitism already existed.

In 1978 and again in 1979, collections

were initiated early enough to collect the entire pattern of egg

parasitism.

Plotting the proportion of eggs parasitized against the accumulated

degree days > 9°C at the KBS weather station, revealed a symmetric

sigmoid relationship (Figure 13).

To quantify this relationship, the

proportion of eggs parasitized was linearly transformed using probits

(Finney 1971), and least squares linear regression performed between

the probit-transformed proportions (Y) and accumulated DD > 9°C (X).

This resulted in the following significant relationship:

72

Table 13.

Egg, "small larvae” and "large larvae" survival

as calculated by combining larval instars.

 

 

Year

Field

Crop

 

Eggs

Small Larvae

Large Larvae

Stage-Survival

 

1976

9-11

Wheat

.93

.24

9—13

Oats

.18

.52

1977

5-58

Oats

.10

.49

8-13

Oats

.08

.71

9-11

Oats

. os

. 60 ’

9-12

Wheat

.36

.75

9-15

Oats

.07

.35

--

.81

.34

.22

. 27

.42

.51

1978

5-60

Oats

.87

.40

1.01

9-10

Oats

.54

.51

1.27

9-12

Oats

.70

.38

1.42

9-13

Wheat

.87

.37

1.45

1979

5-54

Oats

.32

.69

8-11

Oats

.08

1.09

--

--

9-13

Oats

.06

1.10

.34

 

73

6
7
8
1

7
7
9
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7
9
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9
7
8
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G
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74

y = .1779 (X) - 2.445

r2 = .823

[20]

Ho‘ (8 = 0) T29 = 11.2, p < .001

It has been shown (Finney 1971) that the mean value of the X vari-

able from a regression of probit Y on X, can be calculated by setting

probit Y equal to 5.0 and solving for X.

Further, the standard devia-

tion of the variable is equal to the inverse of the slope of the

regression line.

Applying this information to Equation 20, we find

that 50% of the CLB eggs are expected to be parasitized by A, flavipes

at 418.5 DD > 9°C with a standard deviation of 56.21 DD.

Substituting these values for u and a, respectively, in the proba-

bility density function for the normal distribution, Equation 21

(Snedecor and Cochran 1967, Sokal and Rohlf 1969), the additiOnal

proportion of egg parasitized by A, flavipes for a given accumulated

DD total (X) can be calculated by:

P(X) 3

1

e-(x-uVZcz

072fl

[21]

Since the cumulative probability generating function for the

normal distribution does not exist, Equation 21 must be solved through

numerical integration to obtain the cumulative proportion of CLB eggs

parasitized by A, flavipes on a specific degree day total (Fig. 13).

The proportion of CLB eggs in oats parasitized by 5, flavipes for

1976 and 1977 will be calculated as described above, since incomplete

egg parasitism information was collected during these years.

Also in

fields 5-60, 8-10 and 9-10 in 1978, the above mentioned methods will be

employed.

75

The proportion of the CLB larvae parasitized by the larval

parasitoids, T, iglig, Q, temporalis and g, curtus, were obtained

directly via dissection of the larvae collected while taking the 2

row feet population samples (Appendix E).

Due to the wide variation

in larval parasitism within and between years, no generalized equation

for estimating the proportion of larvae parasitized was developed.

Using either the general egg parasitism curve or egg and larval

dissection information, the percent of the total seasonal incidence of

CLB eggs and larvae was calculated and summarized in Table 14.

These

values integrate the effects of parasitism throughout the season and

represent the total seasonal impact of a particular mortality factor

(parasitoid).

Within-Generation Survival

 

Within-generation survival, 8

, was defined as survival from ovi-

WG

position through summer adult emergence.

Two models for within-

generation survival were analyzed.

The first model was that implemented

by Helgesen and Haynes (1972):

s

*

*

*

t

*-

ch

SE

SL1

S1:.2

SL3-

SL4

Sp

[22]

where:

S

- egg survival - no. instar 1/no. eggs,

S

a lst instar survival 8 no. instar 2/no. instar l,

- 2nd instar survival 8 no. instar 3/no. instar 2,

- 3rd instar survival = no. instar 4/no. instar 3,

a 4th instar survival = no. pupae/no. instar 4, and

a pupal survival - no. emerged adults/no. pupae.

9
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77

The second model was developed to eliminate errors caused by

visual estimation of instars and was described by:

=

*

t

*

ch

532

SSL

sLL

Sp

[23]

where:

S

= egg survival = no. small larvae/no. eggs,

E2

SSL 8 small larval survival 8 no. instar 3/no. small larvae,

SLL 8 large larval survival = no. pupae/no. large larvae, and

Sp = pupal survival as described above.

To aid in the examination and analysis of these models, both were

transformed from multiplicative models to additive models by taking the

natural logarithms of both sides:

ln(SWG) = ln(sE) + ln(SLl) + 1n(sL2) + ln(SL3) +

ln(SL4) + ln(Sp)

[24]

and:

ln(sWG ) = 1n(SE2) + 1n(SSL) + ln(SLL) + ln(sp)

[25]

As pointed out by Sawyer (1978), a partial solution to analyzing

these models is recognizing them as analogues of varley and Gradwell's

(1970) key-factor relationship.

Once this relationship is recognized,

graphs of total within-generation survival and each survival component

against total production can be made.

Although this analysis is sub-

jective and lacks statistical rigor, its intuitive appeal justifies its

application.

In Figures 14 and 15, this graphical key-factor analysis is repre-

sented for the within~generation survival models described by Equations

24 and 25, respectively.

Examination of the six component within-generation

78

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Figure 14.

Graphical key-factor analyses of the individual components

Of the 6 factor within-generation survival model.

A - eggs, 8 = first instars, C - second instars, D a third

instars, E - fourth instars and F a pupa .

 

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Figure 15.

Graphical key-factor analyses of the individual components

Of the 4 factor within-generation survival model.

A = egg-2, B a small instars, C = large instars and

D 8 pupae.

80

survival model (Fig. 14) reveals a high degree of curve similarity

between total within-generation survivial and egg survival, 4th instar

survival and pupal survival.

Of these three survival components,

egg survival appears to be the single most important key-factor

(Fig. 14A).

First and 3rd instar survivial (Fig. l4B,D) appear to

have an inverse relationship with total survival.

While analyzing

the within-generation dynamics of the CLB at high densities, Helgesen

and Haynes (1972) observed 4th instar mortality to be density dependent.

Since 4th instar survival appeared to be an important factor in within-

generation survival (Fig. 14E) and lst and 3rd instar survival would

lessen 4th instar survival, this relationship is understandable.

Looking at the four component within-generation survival model

(Fig. 15), again egg survival appears to be the key-factor followed by

large larval and pupal survival.

Once again, an inverse relationship

exists between small larval survival and total within-generation

survival (Fig. 158).

As previously noted, this analysis is subjective and no statistical

significance can be placed on the relationships.

Correlation analyses

provided this statistical significance.

Pearson's bivariate correla-

tion (SPSS--Nie et al. 1975) was performed between total within-generation

survival and the model components from Equation 24 and 25.

For the six

component within-generation survival model (Equation 24), simple correla-

tion coefficients of .956, -.238, -.116, -.363, .661 and .849 were

obtained between within-generation survival and egg, lst instar, 2nd

instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar and pupal survival, respectively (signifi-

cance levels of .001, .507, .750, .303, .037 and .002).

Correlation

81

analyses of the four component within-generation survival model (Equation

25), resulted in simple correlation coefficients of .969, -.382, .800

and .849 for egg, small larvae, large larvae and pupal survival,

respectively (significance levels of .001, .276, .005, and .002).

Therefore, at low densities, it appears as though egg survival

operates as the key-factor affecting total within-generation survival

followed by pupal and 4th instar (or large larvae, depending upon the

model) survival.

This is in agreement with Sawyer (1978) who identified

egg and pupal survival as probable key-factors in the within-generation

survival of the CLB.

However, these findings are contradictory to those reported by

Helgesen and Haynes (1972).

Examining the within-generation dynamics

of the CLB at epidemic levels, they reported egg, 2nd and 3rd instar and

pupal survival as constants.

The primary contributions to within-

generation survival being made through the density dependent mortality

factors operating within lst and 4th instars.

At the time of their

analysis, however, the egg parasitoids, A, flavipes, had not yet been

released or established in the study area.

This additional complexity

calls for re-examination of mortality factors.

Since egg survival was shown to be the key factor in within-

generation survival, egg mortality factors must be examined.

Survivorship in eggs is a function of many factors, i.e., parasitoids,

predators, fertility, temperature and other biotic and abiotic factors.

Since only parasitism by A, flavipes was monitored, the survival model

for eggs (SB) can be described by:

82

S

= S

* S

[26]

where:

SAF = survival from A, flavipes, which is equal to

1.0-proportion of eggs parasitized by A,

flavipes, and

Sus 8 survival from unknown sources.

To examine the relationship between egg survival and the proportion

of eggs parasitized by A, flavipes (Fig. 16), least squares linear

regression was performed.

The egg survival component from both the

6 (Fig. 16A) and 4 (Fig. 168) component within-generation survival

models were analyzed.

The following highly significant relationships

were obtained:

Y a .9965 - 1.233(X)

:2 = .871

1

[27]

HO: (8 = 0) tlo = -8.21, p < .0001

and:

Y = .8402 - 1.031(X)

r2 . .890

[28]

80: (B . 0) :10 = -8.99, p < .0001

for the 6 and 4 component models, respectively.

Of particular interest

are the intercepts of these relationships, since they represent the

propagation of eggs surviving in the absence of A, flavipes parasitism.

These intercepts (.9965 and .8402) agree fairly closely with the egg

survival of .90 reported by Helgesen and Haynes (1972).

The 4-component

model (Fig. 168), which partially eliminated the errors of visual

83

(A)

   

Y:09965-10233(X)0

R2=.871

SEGG

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PROPORTION OF EGGS PRRRSITIZED

Figure 16.

Relationship between the proportion of CLB eggs in

oats parasitized by Anaphes flavipes and egg survival

for the 6 factor (A) and the 4 factor (8) within-

generation survival models.

 

 

84

estimation of instar, provided the most realistic relationship since

the 6-component model (Fig. 16A) probably overestimates egg survival

(several instances of survival > 1.0).

Therefore, egg survival as

calculated from the 4-component within-generation survival model

(S

) will be discussed.

egg-2

From the least squares linear regression analysis of Segg-Z and

proportion of eggs parasitized by A, flavipes (Fig. 168), approximately

89% of the variation in egg survival can be explained by variation in

A, flavipes parasitism.

As discussed in an earlier section, the

proportion of the total eggs parasitized by A, flavipes for a given

degree day accumulation was very constant for all years collected (Fig.

13).

Thus, it would appear as though synchrony of CLB oviposition with

this standard egg parasitism curve (Fig. 13) would be an important

factor in determining the proportion of total eggs parasitized by A,

flavipes (Equation 5).

Plotting the cumulative oviposition in the section 9 oat fields over

degree days > 9°C along with the standard egg parasitism curve for A,

flavipes (Fig. 17), indicates fairly good synchrony between CLB ovi-

position and egg parasitism for 1976, 1977 and 1979.

However, in 1978

the CLB oviposition was far ahead of A, flavipes parasitism.

In fact,

over 60% of the CLB eggs had been oviposited before 10% were parasitized,

in contrast to only 10 to 35% for 1976, 1977 and 1979.

Clearly,

synchrony between CLB oviposition and A, flavipes parasitism is a very

important factor affecting the total proportion of CLB eggs parasitized,

which singly accounts for 89% of the variation in egg survival.

It was

also noted in the correlation analyses that egg survival was uncorrelated

85

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86

with egg density (r12 = .089, p = .78 for the 6-component survival

model; r12 8 .099, p = .76 for the 4-component survival model), adding

further evidence to the importance of synchrony.

In order to examine the-survival from unknown sources (sus),

Equation 26 was rewritten and solved for Sus

8us 3 SE/SAF

where:

29

[

]

SE = egg survival as calculated in the 4-component

within-generation survival model.

Sus was then calculated for all the cat fields in Table 13.

To deter-

mine if survival from these unknown sources was density dependent, least

squares linear regression was performed between Sus and total egg

production (Fig. 18).

Neither the relationship (r - -.082, p > .05)

nor its slope (HO: (8 a 0) t 8 -.26, p - .80) were statistically signifi-

cant, thus implying that survival from the unknown sources was density

independent.

In summary, the mortality factors, or survival, operating within

the egg stage of the CLB were shown to be density independent.

The

unknown mortality factors, i.e., predation, infertility, catastrophic

weather, etc., appear density independent while parasitism by A, flavipes

is dependent upon synchrony between CLB oviposition and the standard

parasitism curve.

Since CLB larval parasitoids have been released and established at

the KBS, total larval survival (8LT) can be expressed by:

5LT ' STJ

SDT

SLC

3us

*

*

*

[30]

87

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88

where:

)
U

)
U

)
‘
0

)
U

I- larval survival from I, julis (1.0-PParTJ),

1

1 larval survival from 2. temporalis (1.0-PParDs),

 

l

l larval survival from L, curtus (1.0-PParLC), and

1
1

larval survival from unknown sources.

During this analysis, total larval survival (SLT from Table 12)

was calculated as the absolute density of pupae/total production of

eggs (Helgesen and Haynes 1972).

Examination of Table 14 reveals a, curtus had a relatively insigni-

ficant role in parasitism of CLB larvae throughout this study.

There-

fore, S

was incorporated into Sus along with predation, diseases

LC

and other biotic and abiotic mortality factors.

Further, the impact of

T, julis and D, temporalis is not mainifested until after the CLB larvae

 

have pupated and thus may not affect larval survival prior to pupation.

However, this larval survival model does allow analysis of sus for

density dependence.

Rewriting Equation 30, after incorporating sLC into sus' and

solving for S

:

us

a

I

*

SUS

SLT/‘STJ

SDT)

_

[31]

the relationship between density and Sus can be examined (Fig. 19).

Least squares linear regression was performed to quantify this relation-

ship and test for significance.

Neither the relationship (r I .131,

p > .05) nor the slope (HO: (8 - 0) t I .349, p - .74) were statistically

significant, indicating larval survival from unknown sources--i.e.,

predators, E, curtus, catastrophic weather, etc.--was density independent

and about equal to .10.

89

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90

As mentioned earlier, the mortality caused by T, julis and D,

temporalis is not mainifested until pupation, therefore, it is necessary

to examine the relationship between parasitism by these parasitoids and

total within-generation survival (Sw ).

G

Graphing SWG and the ln of total parasitism by these parasitoids

over total egg production provides a graphical key-factor analysis of

these mortality factors.

Total parasitism by T, luli§_(Fig. 20A) appears

to have an inverse correlation with SWG; whereas no such relationship

appears with Q, temporalis (Fig. 208).

Correlation analysis between

ln SWG and 1n STJ (total 2, 121i§_parasitism) indicated a significant

negative relationship (r a -.67, p = .05), thus implicating g, lglig

as a significant factor affecting within-generation survival.

To investigate the relationship between parasitism and CLB larval

density, estimates of total seasonal larval production and percent

parasitism by the parasitoids are required.

Total seasonal larval

production is necessary since it represents the total number of larvae

that were available for parasitoid attack.

It is also necessary to have

a range of larval densities in close proximity.

This allows making the

assumption that all CLB larvae were exposed to the same density of

parasitoids, thus leaving only CLB larval density to affect parasitism

rates.

The data necessary for this analysis was available from the

1978 section 9 population sample oat fields (9—10 and 9-12) and the

parasitoid cage study (field 9-8 and the 4 density cages).

Using either weekly sweepnet catches (field 9-8) or 2 row feet

(60 cm) counts (field 9-10, 9-12 and cages 250, 500, 1000 and 2000),

total seasonal larval incidence and total seasonal larval production

91

4 1

 

 

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G
O
L

L
R
R
U
T
R
N

H
H
T
I
R
R
G
O
L

L
H
R
U
T
R
N

   

   ‘T

I

I

I

I

I

0

20

40

80

80

100

TOTRL EGG PRODUCTION / 60 CM

Figure 20.

Graphical key-factor analyses of parasitism by '_I‘_.

julis (A) and 2. temporalis (B) with total within-

generation survival.

‘l

120

92

were calculated.

This provided total seasonal larval production

estimates of 13.41, 18.04, 22.32, 12.72, 27.01, 54.08 and 100.32,

respectively.

Estimates of the number of CLB larvae parasitized were obtained

from soil samples taken in these fields.

The results of the soil

samples taken in fields 9-10 and 9-12 were previously presented in

Table 11, while those taken in the parasite cages and their host field

9-8 are summarized in Table 15.

The percent parasitism by g, iglig.

(no. emerged plus diapausing T, lulig/total seasonal production) and

by 2, temporalis were calculated and graphed over total seasonal larval

production (Figs. 21A,B respectively).

Least squares regression was

performed and the following relationship obtained:

Y - 29.05 - 4.821 (In X)

r2 . .414

.

[32]

H0: (8 = 0) t7 = -l.88, p = .119

and:

ln(Y) = 3.789 - .5309 (1n X)

r2 = .881

[33]

“0’ (8 = 0) t7 . -6.071, p = .0017

for T, igli§_and D, temporalis, respectively.

Although the T, 22112.

relationship was not statistically significant, the analysis did provide

strong evidence that the percent parasitism by both of these parasitoids

was inversely density dependent.

Examination of the historical CLB oats data from the section 9

research plots provides further support for this relationship.

From

these long-term research plots, data was available on the total seasonal

d
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94

m

m

(A)

o—

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C:

m
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0.

p—

I:

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Y=29-08-4.821(LN X).

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(I)

    

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100

H
S
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R
R
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T
N
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C
R
E
P

TOTRL LRRVRL PRODUCTION / SOCN

Figure 21.

Relationship between total larval production / 60 cm

and parasitism by g. julis (A) and 2. tempgralis (B)

in the section 9 cat fields and parasitoid cages.

 

 

95

larval production and corresponding percent parasitism from 1967 to

1979.1

Least squares linear regression was again performed and the

following relationship obtained:

ln(Y) = 3.988 - .0193 (X)

r2 = .734

[341

a -

(8 = 0) 511 = -4.982, p = .0008

ln(Y) = 2.405 - .0486 (X)

r2 = .909

[351

HO: (8 = 0) = -8.931, p < .0001

for T, julis (Fig. 22A) and D, temporalis (Fig. 228), respectively.

 

Although it is impossible to assume parasitoid density was constant

throughout this period, some insight into the mechanisms of parasitism

can be obtained.

From these analyses, evidence was obtained which indicates that

parasitism by both T, igli§_and D, temporalis was inversely density

dependent.

This relationship was observed within a season through

controlled field conditions and between seasons through monitoring

natural conditions.

 

1Sawyer (1978) in Table l summarized the 1967 to 1977 section 9

research plot information.

The 1978 and 1979 information was

available through this study.

(A)

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50

75

100

125

150

175

(I)

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.

I

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I

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I

HI

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CLB LRRVRL TOTRL PRODUCTION

Figure 22.

Relationship between total larval production / 60 cm

and parasitism by g. julis (A) and 2, temperalis (B)

in the section 9 research area from 1970 to 1979.

 

97

CLB pupal survival can be expressed by:

sp - sTJ * sDT * sus

[36]

where:

Sp = pupal survival = no. emerged CLB adults/no. CLB pupae,

STJ 8 pupal survival from T, 12112!

S

- pupal survival from 2, temporalis, and

 

S

8 pupal survival from unknown mortality sources.

Estimates of total pupal cells, emerged adults, and parasitized

cells for this analysis were obtained via soil samples (Table 11).

Transforming each of the survival components of the pupal survival

model (Equation 36) by taking their natural logarithm, transforms that

multiplicative model to an additive model.

Graphing 1n Sp and the ln

of STJ and SDT over total egg production provides a graphical'key-factor

analysis of these two mortality factors (Fig. 23).

Pupal parasitism by 2, igli§_(Fig. 23)

was shown to be positively

correlated with pupal survival (r10 = .906, p < .01), while pupal para-

sitism.by 2, temporalis (Fig. 238) was shown to be inversely correlated

with pupal survival (r10 = -.651, p < .05).

The relationship between

survival from T, 12115 and pupal survival was expected, whereas the

inverse relationship between survival from 2, temporalis and pupal

survival was unexpected and unexplainable.

Apparently, conditions which

favor CLB pupal survival also favor larval parasitism by D, temporalis.

 

Of these two parasitoids, parasitism by T, julis explained more of the

variation of pupal survival than did parasitism by 2, temporalis (.82

 

and .42, respectively).

It therefore appears as though 3, julis para-

sitism is a key-factor in pupal survival.

98

   TOTRL PUPRL SURVIVRL

  

   TOTRL PUPRL SURVIVRL

  

r

T

T

Y

Y

‘

H
H
T
I
R
R
G
O
L

L
H
R
U
T
R
N

H
H
T
I
R
R
G
O
L

L
R
R
U
T
R
N

20

40

SD

80

(DD

120

TOTRL 500 PRODUCTION / 60 cm

Figure 23.

Graphical key-factor analyses of pupal survival from

11;. julis (A) and 2. temporalis (B) with total pupal

survival.

99

Rewriting Equation 36 and solving for sus’ it was possible to test

sus for density dependence.

Plotting Sus in pupae against total egg

production (Fig. 24) revealed no statistical significance in their

relationship (HO: (8 - 0) tlo - 1.56, p = .16), thus indicating the

mortality factors represented by Sus were density independent.

A partial list of the mortality factors incorporated into sus

includes:

parasitism by E, curtus, predation and soil temperature.

As noted in Tables 11 and 14, E, curtus accounts for relatively little

mortality.

Further, at these low densities, little predation would be

expected.

Therefore, soil temperature remains as a likely candidate

contributing to sus'

To test this hypothesis, the accumulated DD > 9°C during July

(433, 468, 391 and 401) and Sus (.585, .515, .729 and .710) were

calculated for the section 9 population sampling fields from 1976 to

1979.

Least squares linear regression was used to obtain the following

significant relationship:

Y 8 1.8675 - .0029 (X)

r2 . .978

.01 < p < .05

where:

[371

Y = pupal survival from unknown sources, and

X - DD > 9°C accumulated during July.

These results confirm the hypothesis that high daily temperatures during

CLB pupation (as indicated by accumulated DD > 9°C during July) have

significant adverse affects on CLB pupal survival.

Gage (1974) has

also noted that high temperatures during pupation (in this case

100

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(3338009 NMDNMND) WUAIAHDS WHdnd

 

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101

indicated by accumulated DD > 29°C (85°F) in June) increased both CLB

and T, jglig mortality.

In summary, parasitism by T, jgli§_and DD accumulations during

July account for a significant portion of CLB pupal survival.

But as

mentioned earlier, parasitism by T, jglig in the pupal stage is

simply the manifestation of what occurred during the larval stage.

Therefore, DD accumulations, which represent high soil temperatures,

appear to be the major factor contributing to pupal survival within the

pupal stage.

Between-Generation Survival

The previous analyses implicated egg parasitism by A, flavipes,

larval parasitism by T, julis and Q. temporalis and DD accumulation.in

 

July as key factors in within-generation survival.

These factors will

now be examined to determine their effects on between-year population

dynamics.

Using the approach of Morris (1959). these mortality factors were

examined.

In his analysis, the number of individuals surviving a

specific mortality factor in generation t was plotted against the number

of individuals of the same life stage in generation t+1.

Following

this reasoning, the number of eggs surviving in generation t (n(t) *

(l-mortality by A, flavipes)) was plotted against the number of eggs

in generation t+1 (Fig. 25A), the number of larvae surviving in

generation t (n(t) * (1 - mortality by T, jglis) and n(t) *

(l -

mortality by D, temporalis)) was plotted against the number of larvae

produced in generation t+1 (Fig. 258); and the number of pupae

surviving in generation t (n(t) * (l - pupal mortality from unknown

Figure 25.

Key—factor analyses between number of

organisms in generation t times survival

from all mortality sources for eggs (A),

larvae (B) and pupae (C) with the number

of organisms in generation t+1.

102

'9

8

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103

sources)) was plotted against the number of pupae in generation t+1

(Fig. 25C).

From this analysis it is apparent that none of these

within-generation key factors are affecting density in the following

year.

This is unexpected, but it is not without precedent.

While examining various parameters upon the generation index

(n(t+l)/n(t)), Sawyer (1978) found the ASF factor to be the key factor

in between-generation population dynamics.

The ASF factor included

adult survival and fecundity and represented the survival of adults

from summer emergence to spring emergence. This implies that at low

densities, the CLB dynamics that takes place within a field in one year

has little relationship with CLB density in that field the next year.

There are, however, important interactions taking place between

years among A, flavipgs and T, 13Ai_,

A, flavipes has many generations

per year and a high reproductive rate whereas 2, 12Ai§_has only two

generations per year and a moderate reproductive rate.

It is, therefore,

reasonable to assume that parasitism in one year by A, flavipes will

interfere with T, juiig parasitism the following year, since the current

year's T, jgiig density was produced the previous year.

Using the A,

flavipes egg parasitism and T, jgli§_larval parasitism from Table 14,

plus the 1971 to 1973 parasite information (Gage 1974), it is possible

to test this hypothesis.

Plotting the proportion of eggs parasitized by A, flavipes in year

t against the proportion of larvae parasitized by I, jg$i§_in year t+1

(Fig. 26), resulted in the following significant relationship:

104

9
7
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1+1 8831 NI SIWnP

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105

Y = .4024 - .4086 (x)

r2 = .679

[38]

HO: (8 = O) tq = -3.852, p = .006

therefore confirming the hypothesis that egg parasitism by A, flavipes

has a significant impact on the efficiency of T, ju£i§_as a larval

parasitoid (Haynes, personal communication).

In summary, these analyses show, in agreement with Sawyer (1978),

that the major factors affecting the population trends of the CLB must

occur after emergence of summer adult CLBs and prior to oviposition the

following year.

It is important to pursue this area of research to

fully understand and accurately predict the density trends of the CLB.

The importance of this research becomes especially evident when

viewing the pOpulation trends of the CLB in the section 9 research area.

Construction of phase plots (loglo density in generation t versus loglo

density in generation t+1) for the CLB larval trends in oats (Fig. 27)

and in wheat (Fig. 28) from the section 9 research plots provide insight

into these trends (see Gage (1974) for a similar analysis).

In both

oats and wheat, the population rapidly increased only to be followed

by several years of decrease.

After a low in 1974 (wheat) and 1975

(cats), the population began to rise toward damaging levels in oats.

In wheat, however, the population density has remained stable in the

section 9 population sampling fields since 1977 (Fig. 28).

Total seasonal larval production for the section 9 population

sampling fields was calculated using Equation 19 and the fields density

estimates.

These total larval production estimates were incorporated

with those from the KBS sweepnet survey (Tables 6 to 9) to calculate

106

1887 TO 1878 BULL LHKE ORTS PHRSE PLOT (LOGIOJ

J

L;

1887-1888

 

.
I

l

1

l

l

  

J'F7

F

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T

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4
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0
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“004

000

004

0.8

102

106

200

204

DENSITY IN GENERHTION (T)

Figure 27.

Phase plot of log

of the total CLB larval production

in oats from the section 9 research area.

107

)
l
+
T
(

N
O
I
T
R
R
E
N
E
G

.
N
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1887 TO 1878 GULL LRKE HHERT PHRSE PLOT (L08101

0
.
2

d

:3-

 

 

I i

 

  

2.0

-I.0

010

1:0

210

3.0

DENSITY IN GENERHTION (T)

Figure 28.

Phase plot log 0 of the total CLB larval production

in winter wheat from the section 9 research area.

108

the total KBS larval production from 1976 to 1979 (Tablelfn.

Examination

of this table reveals that even though the total larval production in

the section 9 population sampling wheat fields has remained about the

same from 1977 to 1979, dramatic changes have taken place in the total

KBS larval production in wheat.

This table is intended to show the

importance of expending some portion of research resources into monitoring

the region where a pest is found beyond a few specific fields.

In this

example, had only the section 9 population sampling fields been monitored,

an incomplete and inaccurate picture of the total regional CLB larval

production would have been obtained.

To properly manage the trajectory of these populations, it is

necessary to determine which factors, biotic or abiotic, control the

direction of the phase plot.

Further, additional research effort must

be expended at this research site to monitor the populations to deter-

mine if the CLB populations are cyclic, the duration of the cycles if

they exist, and the existence of a possible density equilibria.

LOW DENSITY POPULATION ANALYSES

It is important in an ecological or quantitative study of an

organism to study its spatial pattern since it is this pattern which

affects the distribution of quadrat counts in a sampling scheme and the

reliability of the resulting density estimates.

However; before

proceeding it is important to make clear the distinction between

pattern and distribution and the convention suggested by Pielou (1977)

has been adopted.

Throughout this text, pattern will refer to the

placement of organisms within their environment; whereas, distribution

109

Table 16.

Kellogg Biological Station CLB larvae production.

 

Crop

Sweepnet

Population

Total

Survey

Samples

 

1976

Oats

Wheat

Rye

2,536,273

359,903

2,896,176

1,104,594

22,780

1,127,374

38,261

38,261

 

Total

3,679,128

382,683

4,061,811

1911

Oats

Wheat

Rye

12,776,404

385,846

13,162,250

3,883,566

256,551

4,140,117

173,598

173,598

 

Total

16,833,568

642,397

17,475,965

1978

Oats

Wheat

Rye

18,203,899

9,432,736

27,636,635

5,925,944

247,654

6,173,598

49,693

49,693

 

Total

24,179,536

9,680,390

33,859,926

1979

Oats

2,885,815

3,869,326

6,755,141

Wheats

1,115,285

268,183

1,383,468

Rye

-

-

-

Total

4,001,100

4,137,509

8,138,609

 

110

will refer to a statistical or mathematical function describing

the probability of a given event, i.e., probability of obtaining

a certain count from a quadrat sample.

Whenever larval coordinates were collected, they preserved the

spatial pattern of the CLB larvae within the area examined on the

sample date.

This information was then interrogated in a variety of

ways to:

l) examine the spatial pattern of the larvae, 2) compare

various sampling schemes for estimating larval density, and 3) estimate

the components of variance associated with different levels of sampling

in a nested design.

Spatial Pattern Analyses of CLB Larvae

 

Quadrat counts.

Dimensions of the quadrats used in these analyses

 

were limited to a range that could be implemented in the field.

Quadrat dimensions of .5 x 2, l x l, 2 x .5, 2 x 2, 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 ft

(.15 x .61, .30 x .30, .61 x .15, .61 x .61, .91 x .91 and 1.22 x 1.22 m)

were considered reasonable candidates.

It may be noted that the first

3 quadrats all produced the same area (1 ft2 or .09 m2).

This allowed

examination of effects due to quadrat orientation with the oat rows.

Quadrat analyses were performed on all plots within all fields (Appendix

G); however, due to the length of the results a single randomly selected

plot from each field will be presented as an example.

These example

plots are plot 1 in field 5-58 (Fig. 29), plot 1 in field 8-13 (Fig. 30)

and plot 2 in field 9-15 (Fig. 31).

For each quadrat dimension and sample size, Pearson's bivariate

correlation analyses were performed between the quadrat's true density

and the calculated value of I and I

from the samples.

Plots from

6

111

(D

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10

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4

8

8

10

X LRRVRL COORDINRTES (FEET)

X LRRVRL COORDINRTES (FEET)

Figure 29.

Plots of the CLB larval

coordinates collected from field

5-58 plot 1 in 1977.

A 8 June 7, B - June 14, C = June

17 and D - June 21.

 

Figure 30.

Plots of CLB larval coordinates collected

from field 8-13 plot 1 in 1977.

A = May 31,

B = June 7, C = June 10, D = June 14 and E =

mmell

112

I

I

I

I

.v 

 

 

 

X LRRVRL COORDINRTES (FEET)

I
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(i)

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X LRRVRL COORDINRTES (FEET)

 

Figure 31.

Plots of the CLB larval coordinates collected

from field 9-15 plot 2 in 1977.

A = June 7,

B = June 10, C = June 14, D = June 17 and

E = June 21.

I

I

(

0 

0

2

0

113

(I)

 

 

(C)

(II)

 

 

X LRRVRL COORDTNRTES (FEET)

(E)

l

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114

which these indices could not be calculated (estimated mean equal to

zero for I and (2x)2 equal to Xx for 15) were eliminated from the

calculations.

The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 17.

Looking

at the correlation coefficients in Table 17, one can see that for a

given quadrat dimension and sample size I was generally more highly

correlated to density than 16'

It can also be noted that as the sample

size increases I generally becomes more highly correlated with density

than I

6'

The increasing correlation between I and density was expected

because I --§§ and i was an estimate of density.

Therefore, as the

precision of § increases, either through increasing the quadrat dimen-

sions or sample size, the correlation must also increase.

Considering

the relationship across all quadrat dimensions, we see from Table 17

that I was highly significantly correlated with density (p < .001)

whereas, Id was not (p > .674).

This is in partial agreement with

Hyers (1978) who found both I and IS to be significantly correlated

with density.

However, her analyses were performed only on computer

generated data, only one quadrat dimension and sample size were used,

and her study involved a range in density much higher than those

observed here (25 to 300 versus .01 to < 1.50).

To some extent, these

factors may account for the difference in 16's correlation with density.

However, these findings do agree with those of Elliott (1977), who

found I6 to be independent of density but a function of sample size.

In every instance analyzed (all plots, all sample sizes and all

quadrat dimensions), I

and I arrived at the same judgement concerning

6

115

Table 17.

Correlation coefficients of variance/mean and Morisita's

Index with density for a variety of quadrat dimensions and

sample sizes.

 

Quadrat

variance/Mean

Morisita's Index

 

 

Dimensions

10

20

30

50

10

20

30

50

 

.5 x 2

l x 1

2 x .5

2 x 2

3 x 3

4 x 4

All

Quadrats

Combined

r

n

a

r

n

a

r

n

a

r

n

a

r

n

a

r

n

a

r

n

a

.191

.562

.604

.537

.123

.632

.562

.601

14

17

18

19

11

16

17

17

.512

.019

.008

.018

.719

.009

.019

.011

.318

.568

.583

.619

.132

.516

-.048

.456

13

15

18

17

13

15

18

16

.287

.027

.011

.008

.667

.054

.851

.076

.588

.544

.558

.561

.310

-.012

.404

.429

17

18

18

18

13

17

17

17

.013

.020

.016

.015

’

.302

.964

.108

.085

.688

.717

.684

.695

.492

.482

.626

.620

18

18

18

18

18

19

18

18

.002

.001

.002

.001

.038

.037

.004

.006

.792

.800

.799

.793

.502

.580

.560

.609

18

18

18

18

l8

l9

19

19

.001

.001

.001

.001

.034

.009

.013

.006

.885

.890

.894

.890

.446

.530

.622

.465

18

18

18

18

l9

l9

19

19

.001

.001

.001

.001

.056

.020

.004

.045

 

.576

.485

.573

.431

-.025

-.016

-.038

-.003

113

120

126

125

107

119

125

124

.001

.001

.001

.001

.801

.864

.674

.975

116

significant departure from a random spatial pattern of organisms.

Even

though I was significantly correlated with density the fact that both

indices made the same judgement on spatial pattern, the overall ease of

calculation of I, and the availability of the statistics necessary for

the calculation in most biological studies; I was thought to be more

applicable and will be discussed throughout the rest of this text.

The main problems encountered when using quadrat samples to

examine spatial pattern of organisms are twofold.

First, the indices

are to some extent always affected by the dimensions of the quadrat and,

second, we are In: longer examining the spatial pattern of the organism

but the distribution of quadrat counts.

This second problem results

from being one step removed from the orgamisms, i.e., quadrat counts

are examined while organism distribution within a quadrat are neglected.

These problems can be overcome through the use of indices based on

distance measurements from an origin (random point or random individual)

to its nearest neighbor.

Distance measurements.

When using distance measurements, either

 

from a random point to its nearest organism or from a random organism

to its nearest neighbor, for analyzing an organism's spatial pattern

or estimating its density, it is important that the organism be

relatively sedentary (Blackith 1958, Elliott 1977, Pielou 1977).

If

the organism is highly mobile, little reliance can be placed on conclu-

sions of spatial pattern or estimates of density.

Behavior and movement

of the CLB adults and larvae were examined for conformity to this

assumption.

117

Examination of the behavioral pattern of the CLB adult in the

sequentially available habitats (Table 18; Appendix H) indicates

some spatial and temporal trends; however, due to the small number

of beetles observed and lack of information on some behavioral aspects

a qualitative rather than a quantitative discussion will follow.

As

the season progressed and more habitats became available to the adults,

a general decrease in the percent of time moving about the plants and

flying from plant to plant was observed in each consecutive habitat.

As these behaviors decreased an increase was observed in resting (no

observable behavior), feeding and mating.

Closer examination of adult

movement (Table 19; Appendix H) indicates the time interval between

plant to plant hops generally increases through the sequence of habitats

while at the same time the average distance per hop decreases,

Incor-

porating this infOrmation with the CLB adult biology, a general pattern

unfolds.

As the adults emerge from their overwintering sites and

inhabit early emerging native grasses, the beetles were quite restless.

They spend about 80% of their time moving about p1ants,moving between

plants and preening.

The interval between plant to plant hope was quite

small (1.92 minutes) and the average rmm> was 11.13 in (28.26 cm).

Thus

the beetles were quickly diffusing through the overwintering habitat.

Beetles found in small grain stubble were also quite restless, with

about 70 to 75% of their time being spent in active behaviors.

The

greatest difference in overwintering habitats and small grain stubble

was the time interval between plant to plant hops (5.08 versus 1.92

minutes).

The average distance per hop was quite high (10.22 in (25.96 cm)

which indicates beetles were still quickly diffusing through the small

118

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120

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121

grain stubble.

As beetles were found in winter wheat, changes in

behaviors were observed.

Beetles were frequently found feeding and

a sharp reduction in the average hop distance was observed (from 10.22

in (25.96 cm) to 5.19 in (13.19 cm)).

Therefore, beetles were diffusing

through wheat slower than in either native grasses or small grain stubble,

which means beetles were spending more time in wheat then either of the

other habitats.

With their appearance in oats, beetles were observed

mating and ovipositing.

These behaviors were undoubtedly occurring in

other habitats but were not observed in the 1976 observations.

A

reduction in the percent of time spent moving about the plants and the

average time interval between hops (5.02 versus 5.92 minutes) was

observed in oats when compared to wheat, while the average hop distance

increased, 6.28 in (15.95 cm) versus 5.31 in (13.49 cm).

In oats,

beetles were more actively moving from plant to plant than in wheat.

For females this is probably a result of the increase in ovipositional

activity.

Eggs were generally oviposited singly after which the female

left to feed and oviposit elsewhere.

Summer adults (adults produced by the current generation) were

observed to spend a large percentage of their time resting on their

host (generally oats) or feeding (Table 18).

This behavior would seem

appropriate for preoverwintering adults since they would be saving or

building up their fat reserves for overwintering metabolism.

Summer

adult beetles exhibited the longest time interval between hops (11.73

minutes) and also the longest hop distance, 13.50 in (34.29 cm)

(Table 19).

Therefore, summer adults diffused through their habitat

quite fast even though they were moving a small percent of the time.

122

Due to the brevity of the between hop time interval, 1.92 to 11.73

minutes, and the length of the average tum»

5.31 in (13.49 cm) to 13.5

in (34.29 cm), adult CLBs were considered too mobile for spatial

analyses and density estimation using distance measurements.

Examination of the percent of time larvae spent in various

behaviors in oats and winter wheat (Table 20; Appendix H) indicated most

larval behavior was relatively sedentary, i.e., feeding or resting (no

observable behavior).

Through tracing larval feeding scars in oats,

it was found that larvae fed on an average of 3.083 t 1.397 (32),

n = 48, plants during their lifetime.

Due to the close proximity of

leaves in the grain canopy, larvae were able to transfer from plant to

plant by crawling from the leaves of one plant to the touching leaves

of a second plant.

Further examination of the feeding scars revealed

total larval movement averaged only 7.479 in (19.00 cm) 4.- 24.372 (52) ,

n - 48.

Since larval movement was so small, their spatial pattern or

density in an area would change very little during the time required

to collect their coordinatesand they were considered prime candidates

for analyses using distance measurements.

Using the programs described earlier, the 1977 larval coordinate

data was interrogated and indices of dispersion calculated based on

distance measurements (Clark and Evans R (1954) and B’).

Pearson's

bio variate correlation (SPss--Nie et a1. 1975) was used to calculate

correlation coefficients between population density and the value of

the index of dispersion from that population.

Instances where R and 8’

could not be calculated (total number of organisms in the plot equals 1)

123

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124

were omitted from the analysis.

Three different sample sizes (30, 50,

and 75) were selected to allow comparison of their effect.

The results of this analysis (Table 21) indicated no significant

correlations between population density and either index (all a's > .05).

It also appears as though sample size had little effect upon this

correlation.

Since both indices showed independence from population

density and sample number, which are desireable traits for an index of

dispersion (Green 1966, Lefkovitch 1966, Elliott 1977), both will be

included in the following discussion.

Comparison of quadrat counts and distance measurements.

A summary

of the spatial pattern analyses using quadrats, I, and distance measure-

ments, 8’ and R (Clark and Evans 1954), is presented in Table 22.

Among

these three indices, little agreement exists in determination of spatial

pattern.

This is not entirely unexpected in light of what these indices

are measuring.

1

As pointed out earlier, the primary difference between indices based

on quadrat counts and distance measurements is the level of resolution.

Pielou (1977) defines two terms which describe this difference in

resolution:

intensity and grain.

Intensity describes the degree to

which the density of a population varies from place to place within a

habitat (inter-clump) while grain describes the area in which the centers

of population are distributed (intra-clump).

A fine—grained population

has the population in closely spaced clumps whereas in a coarse-grained

population the centers of population encompass a large area.

When examining a population's distribution through indices based

on either quadrat samples or distance measurements between individuals,

125

Table 21.

Correlation coefficients of B' and Clark and

Evans R with density for a variety of sample

sizes

(n = 39).

 

 

3'

R

   

30

50

75

30

50

75

 

Density

r

.168

—.052

.046

-.272

-.097

-.120

a

.306

.751

.782

.094

.555

.466

 

1J26

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127

we are measuring the intensity of the population, i.e., Morisita's

Index (15), variance/mean (I) or Clark and Evans R.

Whereas, when

indices are based on the measurement of distance from random points

and from random individuals to their nearest individuals (neighbors), a

measure of both intensity and grain is obtained, i.e., 8’.

Once again referring to Table 22, the differences in the spatial

analysis can now be examined.

Clark and Evans R tends to classify a

pattern as uniform in cases where neither I nor 8’ did so._ This is

exemplified in Table 22 with the randomly generated X,Y coordinates.

In this case both I and B’ classified the pattern as random (except one

instance in quadrat 2 x .5) while R classified it as uniform.

Also,

in the weakly contagious generated x,r coordinates, R classified it

as random, whereas both I and B’ classified it as contagious.

Since no general trends in these indices appear in these analyses,

they must be discussed in reference to intensity, grain and resolution.

Pielou (1977) points out that intensity and grain are independent and

that grain can only be examined through quadrats by sampling with many

sizes of quadrats.

In respect to intensity, significant departure from randomness,

as declared by I, would indicate that for the quadrat dimensions

selected the density of the population has a large range.

At the same

time a significant R, rowards contagion, would indicate the individuals

within the quadrat size are aggregated.

Significance toward uniformity

would indicate more uniformity of individuals within the quadrat than

through randomness.

128

Since no method for separation of intensity and grain exists, a

significant departure from randomness with 8’ implies significance of

intensity or grain or both.

Sample size has less effect on B’ or I (for any quadrat) than on

R.

In the coordinates tested, R classified the spatial pattern differ-

ently 7 times whereas 8’ only 3 times, and I from 3 to 5 times.

In conclusion the spatial pattern of the CLB larvae is slightly

more aggregated then total randomness.

Looking at I in Table 22, note

that the size of the primary-level of aggregation increases towards the

middle of the season, then decreases to randomness as the season

progresses.

When selecting an index of dispersion, its ease of understanding

and calculation are very important to its acceptance.

R requires

knowledge of the true mean population density, p.

This severely limits

its applicability so as to make it useless in the field.)

I's main

advantages are its ease of understanding and calculation, the parameters

for its calculation are readily available in most biological studies

and its high correlation with level of clumping (Myers 1978).

Its main

disadvantages include its highly significant correlation with population

density and the level of resolution, counts versus individuals.

The

main disadvantage of 8’ lies in its measuring of both intensity and

grain.

Its advantages include independence of population density and

sample number and its sensitivity to aggregation.

More importantly (as

will be shown in the following section), it provides a correction

factor for estimating density of low level aggregated populations.

129

Density Estimation of CLB Larvae

Quadrat counts.

In an effort to find an optimum quadrat size

 

for estimating CLB densities, Helgesen and Haynes (1972) compared ft2

(929 cm2) with yd2 (.84 m2).

They found that in order to maintain a

relatively low standard error of the mean (Si within 10% of the mean),

17.5 ft2 would have to be examined using the ft2 quadrat compared to

49.5 ft2 with the yd2 quadrat.

They considered this an excessive

difference in effort and recommended the use of the ft2 quadrat.2

Further, they noted that large standard errors resulted at low densities

(below 10 insects/ftz) and suggested cautious use of the information.

Referring to Figure 12, one can see that larval production has

generally been quite low (less than 10, loglo - 1) on the KBS.

Since

this was true some alternative sampling methods were considered.

One alternative method was to increase the length of row in a

quadrat.

On June 15, 1976, 28 randomly selected row sections 20 ft long

were examined for eggs and larvae in field 9-13 (oats).

The number of

eggs and larvae in each ft length of the sample were recorded separately.

This allowed calculation of the mean and variance for samples of

different row lengths (Table 23).

Estimates of larval density/2 row ft

(60 cm) for these samples ranges from .206 to .357 with a mean of .253.

This is definitely a low density population and Helgesen and Haynes

(1972) concern for precision should be examined.

 

2Since small grains are planted with a grain drill in rows of equal

spacing, a ft2 quadrat was obtained by examining a 2 ft (60 cm)

linear section of row.

Dependin upon row spacing (6 or 7 in--

15.2 or 17.8 cm) a 1.0 or 1.17 ft

quadrat was examined, respectively.

130

Table 23.

Summary of 20 linear row feet samples from oat

field 9-13 taken on June 15, 1976.

n=28.

 

 

Egg Parameters

Larval Parameters

   

No.
Feet

No.

Sampled

Eggs

Found

_

x

2

s

No.

Larvae

Found

_

x

2

3

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

24

.857

.942

47

1.679

2.745

3

8

.107

.099

.286

.508

66

2.357

5.720

13

.464

.851

86

3.071

10.291

20

.714

.952

110

3.929

15.921

21

.750

1.083

120

4.286

17.397

24

.857

1.386

135

4.821

24.078

28

1.000

1.481

158

5.643

27.794

32

1.143

1.821

170

6.071

31.476

34

1.214

2.026

10

182

6.500

37.074

36

1.286

~2.360

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

197

7.036

45.295

36

1.286

2.360

210

7.500

51.889

39

1.393

2.470

228

8.143

62.942

40

1.429

2.772

242

8.643

69.868

42

1.500

3.148

259

9.250

84.194

44

1.571

3.069

286

10.214

96.767

47

1.679

3.337

308

11.000

120.370

49

1.750

3.602

316

11.286

127.989

55

1.964

3.591

330

11.786

134.767

62

2.214

4.249

352

12.571

157.661

65

2.321

4.597

 

131

Calculating the ratio of Si/i for the different lengths of row

(Fig. 32), one can see that Si/i starts out very high for short row

lengths.

As the length of row examined increases to 4 ft, the ratio

quickly drops to about .25 (standard error within 25% of the mean).

However, increasing the length of row examined from 4 to 20 ft, changed

Si/x by only 8.3% (.258 to .175).

This represents a significant

increase in effort for an insignificant increase in precision.

There-

fore, at these densities and for this number of samples (28), a sample

of 4 row ft would have been optimal.

However, due to the magnitude of

Si/x, the information must still be treated cautiously.

Using the varying row ft sampling simulation described earlier

the 1977 coordinate data was interrogated to examine relationships

between the estimated means and the true means and to examine the

sampling efficiencies of various lengths of row and sample sizes.

The

lengths of row selected for this analyses were 1, 2, 3,34 and 5 row ft

(.31, .61, .92, 1.33 and 1.53 m) and the sample sizes were 10, 30 and

50.

Since the number of individuals within the sampling area of each

plot was known, least squares linear regression (SPSS--Nie et a1. 1975)

could be used to examine the relationships between the density estimate

from the row ft samples and the known sample area density.

The sample

area density was calculated as the number of individuals per ft2 (.09 m2).

The results of the regression analysis are presented in Table 24.

From these simulations, highly significant relationships were

observed between estimated density and true density.

In all cases

simulated, the slopes of the regression (b) and the coefficients of

132

FIELD 9-13 (OHTS)

JUNE 15. 1976

N = 28

 

 

r

U

I

r

l

1—

T

I

I

I

r

I

Y

r

l

T

V

r

T j

°o

s

10

15

20

NUMBER OF RON FT EXHHINED

Figure 32.

Relationship between standard error of the mean as a

proportion of the mean and the number of row feet

examined in a sample as the row length increases.

O

“3c3-.

.

2

CI: to.
“J st
z (5*

\e

05

4

.

O o

0= ‘'2
E 0“

C3

.

E .

o 2:
é o”

k-

03

.

 

c: .

c.’

133

Table 24.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determination

for the relationships between row length estimates of plot

density (x) and true plot density (y).

Number of plots 3 41.

 

 

Row Length

Of Samples

Y-Intercept

lepeA

r B

Number

2

Sampled

Per Plot

(a)

(b)

 

1

l

1

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

5

5

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

.0704

1.273

.494

.0610

1.511

.858

.0460

1.441

.882

.0717

.637

.735

.0291

.819

.838

.0231

.860

.948

.0193

.546

.737

.0272

‘ .548

.896

.0154

.586

.947

.0565

.330

.883

.0220

.407

.936

.0276

.389

.935

.0463

.318

.802

.0038

.361

.873

.0194

.345

.936

 

A All slopes significantly different from zero at p - .01.

B All coefficients of determination significant at p = .01.

134

determination (r2) were significantly different from zero (p < .01).

For each length of row, a conversion factor (CF) was required to

convert sample means to ftz.

The appropriate conversion factor for

a given length of row was calculated by:

144
 CF 8
L*S

where:

(39]

L = length of row sampled in inches, and

S = row spacing in inches.

It was observed that the slope of the regression for a given length

of row was generally less than CF.

Using the 2 ft length of row as an

example (Fig. 33) which has a conversion factor of .8517, we find the

slope to be significantly different from the conversion factor for a

sample number of 10 (tul = 3.599, p < .05), but not for sample number

of 30 or 50 (tul a .655, p > .05 and tul = .098, p > .05; respectively).

Historically, the CLB has been sampled using 30 two row ft

counts (Helgesen 1969, Gage 1972, 1974, Sawyer 1976).

Since from the

simulations no significant deviation was observed between the slope of

the regression and the conversion factor (Fig. 338), two row ft samples

when converted to ft2 provided an unbiased method of estimating density.

In almost all cases, an increase in either length of row sampled,

sample number or both was accompanied by an increase in r2 (Figure 34).

Of particular interest was the small increase in r2 as sample size

was increased from 30 to 50, especially when viewed in light of the

large increase in length of row sampled.

If we calculate the total

length of row sampled in a particular sampling scheme (row length per

sample times sample number) and plot this against the corresponding

135

9-

”

1

2 ROW FEET

N:10

m

a

o4

O

J

s

904

      

R3:.735   
 

Y: .0729 .837(X ) .

 

s

_1

J

2 ROW FEET

°

0

:54

N330

°

0

94

O

J

      

Y: .0299.8(9(X I .

I

R1: .838

Y
T
I
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D

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U
R
T

 

 

r

’T*

*’

”’T’

*

r’

V

1

0 oo

o 25

0 50

0.75

1 oo

1.25

1.50

9

“

1

2 ROW FEET

N : 50

94

O

(

s

,0

"

O

J

O

'4

I.
o

    
  
O  

v=.0zao.060(x).

T

v

T

V

a':.940

 

’r

‘T

r

1

0.00

0125

OTSO

0:75

(:00

(.25

(.50

asrxnnreo DENSITY-ROW FEET-

Figure 33.

Relationship between density estimates obtained

from 2 row feet (60 cm) samples and the true

mean.

The dashed line represents correction

factor for 2 row feet.

 

 

 

136

0
.
1

-

L

 

i 

9
.

 0

q

8
-
0

-

L

N

30

 

6
.
0

  0

4
.

T

T

T

I

N
O
I
T
R
N
I
M
R
E
T
E
D

F
0

T
N
E
I
C
I
F
F
E
O
C

l

2

3

4

5

RON FEET PER SRHPLE

Figure 34.

Effect of the number of row feet examined in

a sample and sample size on the coefficient

of determination.

137

coefficient of determination (Figure 35), we see that beyond a total

of about 50 row ft sampled relatively small gains are made in r2.

Therefore, any sampling scheme which produces a total row length sampled

greater than 50 row ft produces estimates of density which explain

over 80% of the variation in true density.

To quantify the sampling efficiencies of the various row lengths

and sample numbers, the relative net precision, RNP (Cochran 1963),

was calculated for all sampling schemes.

The relative net precision

for a given row length was calculated by:

M2

RNP ‘5 E2-

[40]

where:

M = the relative size of the sample unit or the number

of row feet per sample,

C = the relative cost of taking a single sample, and

$2 8 the variance of the population for the sample unit

size.

For a given length of row examined, M2/C can be considered a constant,

F, and Equation 40 can be rewritten as:

RNP - F/52

[41]

where:

1
1
'

I

60L2/ (Ts + Tm) .

L - the length of row in a sample unit,

Ts - the time required to examine a sample, and

Tm s the time required to move from sample site to

sample site.

138

m

m

m

m

 

——m

 

(B

2:

CD
::

c:

I:

0-4

I:

w

@191
“J o
p.

DJ

CD

u_

CD

1

'— co
z:-~
“J C3

H

L)

H

   

r

r

T

r

T

'

'

l

.

'

L T
u.

“J
o
L) at

,5

O

60

100

150

200

260

TOTRL ROW FEET SHHPLED

Figure 35.

Relationship between the total length of row examined by

a sampling scheme and the coefficient of determination.

139

While collecting the 1979 population sampling data, the time required

to count a sample, Ts, and the intersample time, Tm, were recorded.

In oats a significant positive relationship (p < .01) was found

between the time required to search a sample and the density of stems

in the sample (Den).

Since the density of stems changes throughout

the season, the maximum oats stem density was used in the following

r

e1

atl

'on

ship to es imat

t

'

e

TsMAX

:

T5 = -.7041 + .1525(Den)

[42]

In 1979 the maximum oats stem density observed as 52.53 which resulted

ina maximum search time of 7.31 minutes per sample (2 row ft).

It was

assumed that the density of stems was linearly related to the length of

row and further that 3.7 minutes were required to search a single row

ft.

Using this as a standard time, the amount of time required to search

different lengths of row was calculated.

The amount of time required

to move to a new sample, Tm, was found to be approximately .5 minutes.

For each plot of the 1977 coordinates, in which 52 > 0.0, relative

net precision criteria were used to determine the optimum length of row

per sample for each sample number.

The percent of plots in which a given

row length was determined optimum for each of the sample numbers was then

calculated and summarized in Table 25.

As the sample number increased,

the optimum sample length decreased.

This is a function of variance.

In all the plots used in this analysis, the true density was quite low

(< 1.0 per ftz).

At these low densities, when sample number is low,

rather large row lengths must be sampled to produce a relatively low

variance.

As the sample number increases, even short row lengths will

produce relatively low variances.

140

Table 25.

Percent distribution of optimum sample unit lengths for

a given sample size.

Relative net precision used as the

Optimization criteria.

 

 

SamPle

Number

Row Feet Per Sample

Size

of Plots

1

2

3

4

5

 

 

10

19

10.53

26.32

26.32

15.79

21.05

30

30

26.67

16.67

30.00

16.67

10.00

50

37

29.73

27.03

16.22

.

8.11

18.92

 

141

To summarize the row length sampling for estimating density,

the historical sampling scheme for the CLB appears to have been an

excellent choice.

First, the conversion factor for converting row

length counts to ft2 counts was not significantly different from the

slope of the regression between these two parameters--therefore, no

bias was introduced into the density estimates.

Secondly 30 two row

ft samples produce a total row samples > 50.0 row ft.

This was a

stable range of coefficients of determination (see Fig. 35).

And

lastly, relative net precision analyses (Table 25) indicated row

lengths of l to 3 ft were optimal for most of the plots analyzed.

An alternate sampling unit to row lengths was fixed quadrats.

Using the previously described program for quadrat sampling, the 1977

larval coordinate data was interrogated using various quadrat dimension

and sample sizes.

The quadrat dimension selected for these analyses

were .5 x 2, l x l, 2 x .5, 2 x 2, 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 ft (.15 x .61,

.30 x .30, .61 x .15, .61 x .61, .91 x .91 and 1.22 x 1.22 m).

These

dimensions were selected since they were of appropriate size to be

applicable to field conditions.

Sample numbers of 10, 30 and 50

were selected for the same reasons.

To examine the relationships between the quadrat's density

estimates and the true plot densities, least squares linear regression

(SPSS--Nie et a1. 1975) was performed.

The results of this analysis

are summarized in Table 26.

Once again, in all cases the slopes of

the regressions and the coefficients of determination were significantly

different from zero (p < .05 and p < .01, respectively.

142

Table 26.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of determination

for the relationships between quadrat estimates of plot

density (x) and true plot density (y).

Number of plots =

41.

 

 

Quadrat

Sample

Y-Intercept

SlopeA

rzB

 

Width

Length

Size

(a)

(b)

 

.5

2

l

1

2

.5

2

2

3

3

4

4

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

10

30

50

.1135

.5190

.386

.0363

.7964

.7753

.0062

.9476

.9122

.0661

.5866

.7598

.0276

.8719

.8282

.0011

1.0321

.9193

.0947

.7035

.6376

.0170

.7828

.7778

.0370

.8091

.8911

-.0020

.2615

.8488

-.0236

.2857

.9498

-.0294

.2779

.9609

-.0227

.1190

.9617

-.O341

.1240

.9444

-.0321

.1235

.9779

-.0199

.0620

.9093

-.0169

.0600

.9277

-.0201

.0609

.9404

 

AAll slopes significantly different than zero at p = .05.

BAll coefficients of dertermination significant at p = .01.

143

An examination of the one ft2 quadrats (.5 x 2, l x 1 and 2 x .5

ft), reveals the slopes, which convert estimated density to ft2

density, were generally significantly different from 1.0 (.5 x 2 and

l x 1 with n 8 50 were the exceptions).

This, in conjunction with

the Y-intercepts, implies a bias in the sample estimates and extrapola-

tion of the estimates to larger areas must be done with care.

This

bias tended to decrease as the quadrat dimension and/or sample size

increased.

The coefficients of determination generally increased with both

increased quadrat dimension and sample size (Fig. 36).

As sample size

increases, a general trend in stability of r2 results.

In sample sizes

other than 10, the orientation of the quadrat (.5 x 2, l x 1 or

I

2 x .5) had little effect on its relationship with the true mean.

Once again, plotting the total number of ft2 sampled by a various sample

scheme and the corresponding coefficient of determination, a minimum

total number of ft2 must be sampled to stabilize r2 (Fig. 37) .

In

this instance the minimum area sampled should be about 75 ftz, which

is more than the requirement for row ft (50 row ft or 58.33 ftz).

Relative net precision was also used to examine the optimum sample

quadrat dimension for the 1977 coordinate data.

The time required to

examine a quadrat, Ts, was calculated as a function of the row ft

included in a quadrat.

Since the row spacing was 7 in (17.8 cm), the

average length of row per quadrat, RQ, calculated by:

W * L

a0 = ——35P

[431

where:

144

N
O
I
T
H
N
I
H
R
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T
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F
O

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C
I
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F
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O
C

 
  0

3
-

T

1

I

T

l

.5X2

1X1

2X.5

2X2

3X3

4X4

DURDRRT DIMENSIONS

Figure 36.

Effect of quadrat dimensions and sample size on the

coefficient of determination.

145

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146

W

quadrat width (in),

L

q

quadrat length (in), and

SP 8 row spacing (7 in or 17.8 cm).

Ts was then calculated as a product of R9 and the time required to

search one ft of row (3.65 min).

Using Equations 40 and 41, RNP was calculated for all plots and an

optimum quadrat size for each sample number determined, only cases where

S2 > 0.0 were included.

A summary of the optimum quadrat sizes for

the 3 sample numbers is presented in Table 27.

From these simulations,

a one ft2 quadrat was always the optimum quadrat.

As sample size

increased, a slight tendency for the optimum quadrat orientation to

change from parallel to a row (.5 x 2) to across or perpendicular to a

row (1 x 1 or 2 x .5) took place.

A sampling dilemma arises from the quadrat sampling simulations.

Reviewing Table 26 and Figure 37, note that greater predictability and

stronger relationships between estimated density and true density

accompany an increase in sample size and quadrat dimension; however,

based on RNP, the smaller quadrats are desirable (Table 27).

In fact,

the total number of ft2 sampled by the RNP optimal sampling schemes was

less than 50 which was less than that required for a stable coefficient

of determination (Fig. 37).

In summary, no agreement was found in

the optimum sampling determinations that were present in the row ft

sampling schemes.

Therefore, row ft appear to provide a better sampling

unit for the CLB larvae at these densities than do fixed quadrats.

Aside from the relative advantages or disadvantages of either

of these two sampling schemes, an intrinsic bias occurs with both.

147

Table 27.

Percent distribution of optimum quadrat dimensions for

a given sample size.

Relative net precision used as the

optimization criteria.

 

 

Sample

Number

Quadrat Dimensions

Size

of Plots

 

.5 x 2

1 x 1

2 x .5

2 x 2

3 x 3

4 x 4

 

10

17

41.18

20.59

26.47

11.76

0.00

0.00

30

50

35

38

31.43

44.29

7.14

17.14

0.00

0.00

23.68

42.11

28.95

5.26

0.00

0.00

 

148

If we consider the probability of obtaining an unbiased sample,

different probability regions exist dependent upon either row lengths

or quadrat dimension (Figs. 38A and 388, respectively).

Since the

row length sampling bias is most straightforward, it will be discussed

first.

Note that Figure 38A is comprised of two probability regions,

region Al and A2.

Within region Al, the probability of an individual

being included in a sample is equal for all individuals.

Therefore,

the probability of an individual in region A1 being included in an

unbiased sample, P(Al), is 1.0.

If, however, an individual is located

in region A2, the probability of being included in an unbiased sample

is a function of the individual's distance between the field border and

one-half the length of the row sampled, L/2.

Since the location of a

sample in a random sampling scheme is a uniformly distributed random

variable, this probability is linear from P - 0.0 at the field border

to P I 1.0 at a distance L/2 from the field border.

Therefore, for

an individual located in region A2 the probability of being included in

an unbiased sample P(AZ), is .5.

The probability of a totally unbiased

(P(UBS)) sample can be expressed as:

P(UBS) - P(Al)(Al/TA) + P(A2)(2A2/TA)

[44]

where:

TA 8 total field area and is equal to Al + 2A2.

The probability of an unbiased sample is a function of the length

of the row sampled in relation to the entire field length and can be

expressed as a ratio of 2A2/Al.

This probability has been calculated

for ratios of 2A2 to Al from 0.02 to 1.50 (Fig. 39).

149

 

 

J—

AZ

J:

(A)

AT

  
  

 

T

AZL

V2 ‘3

 

(8)

A2,,

A1

(aw/2+

  
 
  

 

Figure 38.

Probability regions in a field as a result

of row sampling (A) and quadrat sampling (3).

150

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151

The bias is essentially the same in a quadrat sampling scheme

(Fig. 388), except a border area of quadrat width, AZW, must be

included.

The addition of this border area creates a new probability

region, A3.

Within region A2w the probability of an individual being

included in an unbiased sample is equal to that of region AZL, P(Azw) =

.5.

Therefore, for an individual in region A3 the probability of

being included in an unbiased sample is the product of the probability

for region A2L and A2w, P(A3) - .25.

For samples taken using quadrat

samples, the probability of a totally unbiased sample can be calculated

by:

where:

P(UBS) = P(Al)(Al/TA) + P(A2)2(A2

+ A2w/TA) +

L

[45]

P(A3) (4A3/TA)

TA = total field area and is calculated by A1 + 2A2L +

2A2

+ 4A3.

w

Once again, P(UBS) is a function of the ratio of’ the border area

(BA = 2A2

+ 2A2w + 4A3) to the sample area (SA = A1).

P(UBS) for

l

quadrat samples had been calculated for a range of BA/SA (Fig. 39).

From these calculations, note that the border area can add a

significant bias to a sampling scheme and care should be taken to

consider it.

In application to the actual field level, this bias

will essentially be non-existent.

For example, a typical field sampled

at Gull Lake is approximately 1200 ft long and 90 ft wide.

Using

Equation 44, we find P(UBS) for a field of these dimensions to be

.99917, which is very close to unbiased.

This phenomenon is true to

all random sampling with replacement, and care must be taken to

152

consider this bias especially if a large portion of the field is

sampled.

Distance measurement.

Using Equation 7 and the sum of the squared

nearest organism distances to a random point, density estimates were

calculated for all plots of the 1977 data which contained more than

one organism.

Plots with only one individual were omitted from the

analysis because the distance between individuals could not be calculated.

A least squares linear regression (SPSS--Nie et a1. 1975) was performed

to examine the relationship between the estimates of density using

distance measurements and the true plot densities, and are summarized

in Table 28.

For all sample sizes simulated, both the slopes of the regression

and the coefficients of determination were significant at p < .01.

As

the sample size increased from 10 to 30, a very large increase in the

coefficient of determination resulted; however, beyond 30 little change

occurred.

Considering Equation 7, we see the only measured variable in

estimating density was the mean distance to the closest individual.

A primary assumption in estimating density from distance measurements,

is that the individuals have a random spatial pattern; since biases

result from both uniform or aggregated spatial pattern (Batcheler 1971).

As previously mentioned, the CLB larval spatial pattern was slightly

more aggregated than random which would result in a slight bias.

When measuring the distance to the nearest neighbor of a randomly

selected individual (NORP) in an aggregated population, this distance

is biased because the nearest neighbor is probably in the same aggregate

153

Table 28.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of

determination for the relationship between

distance measurement estimates of density (x)

and true plot density (y).

Number of plots

a 39.

 

 

Sample

Number

Y-Intercept

(a)

A

Slope

(b)

r28

 

10

30

50

75

.0987

.650

.579

-.0032

1.301

.908

.0221

1.118

.963

.0177

1.123

.911

 

AAll slopes significantly different from zero‘at

p < .01.

BAll coefficients of determination significant at

p < .01.

154

as the selected individual (Pielou 1959).

This results in underesti-

mating the true distance between individuals.

Conversely, measuring

the distance from a randomly selected point to its nearest individual

(NN) overestimates the average distance between individuals.

If, however,

we collect both measurements, a correction factor non-randomness can be

obtained (Batcheler 1971).

Using the 1977 larval coordinate data plus the five generated

coordinate data sets, this correction factor was examined.

From all

coordinate sets, the mean of the squared nearest neighbor distances to

both random individuals (NR?) and random points (REEF?) were calculated.

The ratio of NORFE to NNz-(B’) provides a measure of the biases in the

measurements whereas the ratio of the estimated plot density to the true

plot

density provide a measure of the bias in the density estimate.

Using a sample number of 50 as an example, these two measurements of

bias were plotted (Fig. 40).

As 8’ increases, the level of aggregation

increases and a corresponding underestimation of density results.

As

8’ approaches 0, a uniform spatial pattern, a corresponding over-

estimate of density results.

Using a simulation to sample the spatial

pattern in which all organisms were one unit apart (in the corners of a

square lattice) it was found that as the sample number increased, 8’ had

a lower limit of approximately .168 (Fig. 41).

Therefore, theoretically

8’ had a range of .168 in a uniformly spaced population to infinity in a

population where all individuals were located at a single point.

After

transforming these measurements to the common logarithm, least squares

linear regression was used to quantify this relationship (Fig. 42).

The

results of this analysis for the four sample numbers simulated are

155

NO. SAMPLES = 50

0
.
2

J

6
.

 1

0
.
1

5
.
0

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is

 

V

r

r

I

r

0

50

100

100

200

2&0

MEHN(NORP2) / MERNINN’)

Figure 40.

Relationship between mean NORPZI’NN

2 (B'). an index of

dispersion, and estimated density/’true density, an index

of bias in density estimates due to spatial pattern of

organism.

156

 

0
0
0
5

0
0
0
1

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2

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6

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157

    

FIELD DRTR

UNIFORH

RHNDOH

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0.5

100

105

200

205

LOG10 (HERN(NORP2)/(HERN(NN2))

Fume4z

Relationship between logl

(mean NORP21’mean NNZ) and

log1

(estimated density,Ptrue density) used to correct

densgty estimates based on the organism's spatial pattern.

158

presented in Table 29.

Comparison of the slopes of these regression

equations for the four sample numbers (Sokal and Rohlf 1969), indicated

no significant differences between the slopes (F3'163 = .044, p > .75).

Since no significant differences existed between the slopes for the

four sample sizes, a single pooled regression was calculated as:

loglo(d/mu) 3 -.1280 - .5394 10910 (B’)

[46]

where:

d = the density estimate obtained from Equation 7 using

the mean squared nearest neighbor distances from

random points (NORPZ):

mu 8 true population density, and

B’ - mean (NORP2)/mean (NNZ).

Since d and B’ in Equation 46 are known, it is possible to solve

Equation 46 for mu.

Rewriting Equation 46 and solving for mu we have:

mu =

d

_7447 * 3’-.5394

[47]

Therefore, using mean (NORP2)/mean (NNZ) as a correction factor,

B’, an estimate of density from nearest neighbor measurements, d, can

be corrected for a continuous range of organism spatial patterns.

A

necessary condition for use of Equation 47 is that for each random point

selected a nearest neighbor was found.

If this condition was not met,

then this relationship must be re-established for the percentage of

empty samples observed (see Batcheler 1971).

Comparison of quadrat counts and distance measurements.

In the

previous two sections the major advantages and disadvantages of estimating

density using fixed quadrats and nearest neighbor distances were

159

Table 29.

Regression coefficients and coefficients of

determination for the relationship between

log10 (den/mu) (Y) and 10910 (NORPz/NNZ)

(X).

Number of plots 8 44.

 

 

Number of

Y-Intercept

SlopeB

r28

Measurements

(a)

(b)

 

10

30

-.1266

-.5246

.848

-.l342

-.5486

.909

50

.

-.1248

-.5490

.913

75

-.1262

-.5415

.918

Overall

—.1280

-.5394

 

AAll slopes significantly different from zero at

p = .01.

BAll coefficients of determination significant at

p = .01.

160

discussed.

These two techniques will now be compared and their appli-

cations discussed.

When using nearest neighbor measurements to estimate density,

it may be considered a dynamic circular quadrat, that is, its size,

radius, varies until exactly one organism is contained within the

quadrat.

Unless a predetermined maximum search radius is used, this

procedure never results in non-zero sample counts.

As a result, less

information about the population variance results.

In fact, Moore

(1954) has shown the standard error of a density estimate from distance

measurements (SE(N)) to be the following function of organism density

and sample size:

SE(N) =

din - l)

n

n - 2

where:

[48]

d = density estimate from Equation 7, and

n - sample size (number of distances measured).

Using both the 1977 (low density) and 1978 (high density) larval

coordinates, and the computer sampling programs previously described,

density estimates were made and variance calculated for 1 ft2 quadrat

samples and distance measurements both with a sample size of 30.

A

1 ft2 quadrat was used since it was shown to be the most optimal quadrat

size for most plots (Table 26).

Quadrats were used here rather than

row length samples because the following discussion is designed to

have application beyond the CLB larval coordinates and the unique

features of a host crop sown in rows.

For each coordinate set, the coefficient of variation was calculated

for the two sampling schemes and plotted against the estimated plot

161

density (Fig. 43).

From Figure 43 note that the coefficient of

variations for the distance measurement sampling scheme was essentially

a constant, this was fully expected based on the previous discussion

and Equation 48.

Further, as the density increased, the coefficient

of variation for the quadrat sampling scheme decreased drastically.

Of particular interest was the intersection of these two lines for it

identifies a threshold density for the decision of which sampling scheme

to employ.

Below this threshold density (approximately 1.2 organisms/unit

area) the coefficients of variation for the quadrat sampling scheme was

quite high and information should be treated cautiously.

This was not

the case with distance measurements and therefore distance sampling

should be used below densities of 1.2 organisms/unit area.

If one assumes quadrat counts follow a Poisson distribution

(random spatial pattern of organisms) it is possible to look at the

theoretical relationships between the two sampling schemes.

In a Poisson

distribution the variance is, by definition, equal to the mean, 82 I i.

Further, if m quadrats are counted, then the standard error of the mean

for quadrat counts (SE(Q))-can be calculated by:

33(0) = /%—

= /% .

[49]

By combining Equations 48 and 49, the relative efficiency of distance to

quadrat sampling, RE, can be expressed:

8 saw) _

in

  

RE

33(0)

/n - 2

[50]

Equation 50 was simulated over a range of densities from 0 to 15 with

m = n = 50 (Fig. 44).

Once again we see that beyond a density of about

162

0
3

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163

    D

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(DIS/[N13 AQNBIUBJJB BAIiUWBH

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164

one organism per unit area, RE increases beyond one.

This implies

that SE(N) is greater than SE(Q) and that more precise information

can be obtained from the quadrat sampling scheme.

To test this theoretical relationship, the 1977 data was sampled

with the previously described sampling programs and the relative

efficiencies calculated for distance measurements and a quadrat dimen-

sion of 1 ftz.

In this simulation n s m and was set at 25.

In Fig. 45

these calculated RE's are compared with the theoretical expectations.

At these low densities (< 1.0), we see the field data follows the

theoretical expectation.

The information provided in Figures 43 and 45 suggest the use of

distance measurements for estimating densities of organisms when the

true density was less than approximately one per unit area.

Since no

information was collected concerning the amount of time required to

sample an area using distance measurements, no relative net precision

analysis was performed which could alter this decision threshold.

However, in situations where conditions permit sampling using distance

measurements, considerable gains in the precision of estimates of density

can be realized at low densities (< l organism per unit area).

These

conditions include:

relatively sedentary individuals in the population.

measurable distance between individuals and between random points and

their nearest neighbors (the last two conditions possibly limit the

applicability of distance sampling for soil organisms, stored grain

pests, stalk and wood borers and possibly in aquatic systems).

Before concluding this section, it is necessary to point out a

significant limitation in using distance measurements to estimate density.

165

GULL LHKE. 1977

N = M = 25

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0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0-8

1-0

DENSITY

Figure 45.

Comparison of hypothetical and actual relative efficiencies

for equal sample sizes of quadrat and distance measurement

sampling schemes.

166

This limitation occurs in obtaining the mean. NORP2 distance from a

population where the individuals are at high densities and are located

in rows.

In this situation the distance to the nearest neighbor

to a random point will be essentially reduced to the perpendicular

distance from the random point to the row.

Since there will be a

neighbor in either direction, the maximum distance a random point could

occur from an individual would be one-half the row spacing, SP/2.

The

expected mean of a uniformly distributed squared variable (n(i2)) is

(Lindgren 1962):

E(§2)

3 _

3

§___A__

(B - A)

where:

A = the minimum value of the variable, and

B - the maximum value of the variable.

Applying Equation 51 to distance sampling from rows we have:

— 2
2.213..

E(NORP )

12

[51]

[52]

where:

 

NORP2 = mean squared distance to the nearest neighbor

of a random point, and

SP - row spacing (in).

Therefore, from the CLB larval coordinates taken from 7 in (17.8 cm)

rows, an average maximum density estimate is 11.22 CLB larvae per ft2

(.09 m2).

Using the 1977 and 1978 CLB larval coordinates, 30 samples per

plot were taken to estimate true plot density with distance measurements

and 1 ft2 quadrats.

The estimated density from these two sampling schemes

167

were then plotted against the true plot density (Fig. 46)., A linear

relationship exists between quadrat density estimates throughout the

entire density range, whereas with distance measurements high true

plot densities were not estimated properly as predicted by Equation

52.

In conclusion, density estimates based on distance measurements

from random points to their nearest neighbor provide a very precise

sampling scheme for organisms with a density of less than one organism

per unit area.

However, as described earlier, distance sampling cannot

be applied to all organisms: stored grain pests, stalk and wood borers,

to names few examples.

Also, possible limitations may exist in esti-

mating high densities under certain conditions, but as pointed out

earlier, at densities beyond about one organism per unit area quadrat

sampling provides more precise sample estimates and should generally be

used.

Components of variance

 

When estimating the regional density of an organism, two components

of variance must be considered.

These two components of variance are

between field variance, abz, and within field variance, owz.

Using

a one-way analysis of variance these two components can be estimated by:

c 2 a s 2 = M5

W

W

W

[53]

and:

where:

2

2

b -

w

168

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169

MSw = mean squares within treatments (fields) from the

oneway ANOVA table,

Msb - mean squares between treatments (fields) from the

ANOVA table, and

n = the number of samples per treatment (number of

random quadrats per field).

From the 1977 and 1978 larval coordinate data, subsets were selected

from which all fields and all plots had been sampled on a given date.

For 1977 this subset included:

fields 5-58, 8-13 and 9-15; plots 1, 2

and 3; and sample dates June 6, l4 and 17.

Due to the higher densities

in 1978 only one sample period was represented by all 3 plots within all

fields (May 30 and 31, from fields 5-60, 8-10 and 9-10).

Using these

data as input,.a computer program was developed to count the number of

organisms within quarter plots and within quarter—quarter plots.

Since

the coordinate plots were the only true level of randomisation, a single

quarter plot count and quarter-quarter plot count were randomly selected

as input into the one-way analysis of variance.3

Total plot counts,

random quarter plot counts and random quarter-quarter plot counts were

then used as input for the one-way analysis of variance (SPSS--Nie et al.

1975) to allow estimation of sz and sw2 using different quadrat sizes

(total plots - 10 x 10 ft in 1977 and 6 x 6 ft in 1978; quarter plots =

5 x 5 ft in 1977 and 3 x 3 ft in 1978: quarter-quarter plots - 2.5 x 2.5

ft in 1977 and 1.5 x 1.5 ft in 1978).

 

3The random quarter plot and quarter-quarter plot counts were selected

from the random number table in Snedecor and Cochran (1967).

170

From the results of the one-way analyses of variance, sz and

SW2 were calculated fer the data sets previously described (Table 30).

In the 1977 data, sb2

was less than Sw2 for almost all cases and

even negative for 6 of the 9 cases (Table 30).

Negative variance

cannot exist and therefore are artifacts of using Equation 54 to

calculate sz. By way of explanation, negative variance components

arise through analysis of variance estimation techniques when counts

between treatments (fields) are more highly correlated than counts within

treatments (samples) (Jessen 1978).

When this results, the negative

component of variance can be taken as evidence of zero variance for the

component in question (Searle 1971).

In the 1978 data the inverse situation 5 2 > Sw2 existed.

This is

b

the most common situation and it allows the design of sampling schemes

which optimize allocation of sampling resources (Ruesink and Haynes 1973,

Carruthers 1979).

Ruesink and Haynes (1973) note that below densities of one organism

per sample (ftz) their analysis predicts S 2 to be less than Sw2 and

b

that as the density becomes much less than 1, s 2 approaches zero.

In

b

Table 30 the mean plot density per ft2 for the 1977 data is much less

than one organism per ftz, whereas in 1978 the mean plot density was 4.44

(well above 1.0).

These data substantiate their hypothesis.

Ruesink and Haynes (1973) further recommend that when densities are

high it is optimal to take only one sample per field and to sample as

many fields within a region as possible to obtain the least estimate of

regional density.

This was also true for the 1978 data (Table 30).

Highly significant E's resulted from the one-way analysis of variance

 

 

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172

indicating significant differences between treatments (fields).

With

the 1977 data, only one significant F resulted (this F may be elimin-

ated from consideration since all 2.5 ft2 counts from field 9-15

resulted in zeroes), thus indicating no significant differences between

treatments (fields).

In conclusion, this analysis has shown that at densities of CLB

larvae below one per ftz, most of the variance associated with

regional estimation of densities lies within fields rather than between

fields.

It suggests that for a given point in time, more reliable

regional estimates of low density populations (< l per sample unit)

will result from intensively sampling a few fields; whereas at high

densities (> 10 per sample unit), field differences are signficant

and single samples should be taken from as many fields as possible

within the region (Ruesink and Haynes 1973).

CLB LARVAL INTERACTIONS WITH OATS

In the following section, the interactions between CLB larval

feeding and oats growth and yield will be examined.

Since oat straw

is often as valuable as the grain (Webster 1977), yield in oats can

be broken down into two categories, namely, grain and straw.

Grain yield will be defined as the weight of kernels per unit of

ground (Jackman 1976).

Grain yield (Gy) can be further broken down

into its components as follows:

Gy - Wk * Kh * Hst * Stp * Pua

[55]

where:

173

Wk

weight per kernel,

Kh

kernels per head,

Hst - heads per stem,

Stp - stems per plant, and

Pua - plants per unit area of ground.

Pua is determined by the grower at the time of sowing when the

seeding rate is determined.

All the remaining components of the grain

yield model can potentially be affected by CLB larval feeding and,

therefore, will be examined.

Oat straw yield was not measured directly,

but the terminal heights of the plants were recorded.

It is reasonable

to assume that straw weight is highly correlated with stem height:

therefore, height information will be used as an indicator of the

effects of CLB larval feeding on the yield of oat straw.

Data sources for analyses in this section were obtained from a

variety of sources.

Total larval production estimates came from the

oat fields included in the 1978 sweepnet survey (Appendix D) and from

the 2 row-ft (60 cm) counts taken in fields S-60,8-10, 9-10 and 9-12

(Appendix E) and the 4 parasite cages (Appendix I).

Defoliation infor-

mation came from the KBS damage survey (Table 5), from the parasitoid

cages (Appendix I), and from the defoliation plots (Appendix J).

Yield

component information came from the KBS oats yield survey (Table 31),

the parasitoid cages (Table 32) and from the defoliation plots

(Appendix J).

Defoliation and Total Larval Production

To calculate the amount of leaf area consumed without damaging the

oat plant, it was necessary to examine CLB feeding habits.

Examination

174

Table 31.

Mean head dry weights from the cat fields

on the Kellogg Biological Station in 1978.

 

 

Field

n

Mean

Variance

 

5~53

5-55

5-60

5-63

8-10

8-12

8-14

9- 6

9- 8

9-10

9-12

9-15

9‘18

10

10

30

10

89

10

10

10

10

30

101

10

10

1.465

1.389

1.239

1.028

1.199

1.219

1.535

1.665

1.625

1.429

1.436

1.656

2.015

.132

.103

.072

.298

.169

.144

.153

.132

.180

.135

.163

.073

.132

 

175

 

Table 32.

Yield information from the 1978 parasitoid cages.

 

 

Harvest

Head

Kernel

Number

Number

Cage

Date

Dry wt

Dry wt

Spiklets

Kernels

(g)

(g)

 

250

7/26/78

1.522

2.122

1.117

1.571

1.190

1.319

1.884

1.566

1.325

.976

1.416

1.237

1.954

1.471

1.835

1.293

500

7/26/78

2.360

1.888

1.590

NA

NA

NA

1.898

1.712

.817

.726

1.912

2.034

1.352

1.897

1.518

1.723

1.835

1.160

1.693

1.338

33

37

22

35

34

30

32

28

42

40

28

33

17

29

32

31

33

30

1000

7/26/78

1.523

1.324

‘33

2000

7/26/78

2.092

2.349

1.671

1.713

1.164

1.744

1.859

1.009

1.880

2.129

1.505

1.536

1.038

1.599

1.652

.870

1.333

1.154

1.029

1.113

.878

1.024

1.207

1.400

1.303

.856

.920

.798

.904

.997

1.241

1.135

1.572

1.399

1.313

1.146

.738

.630

37

39

30

31

22

33

34

21

28

26

31

20

22

31

31

30

32

30

17

66

85

54

85

63

53

81

48

79

72

55

65

29

63

70

58

67

53

60

71

84

56

54

37

62

69

36

47

39

52

40

43

52

50

46

57

54

28

 

176

of the vein spacing and scar width information collected on June 20,

1978, revealed a highly significant relationship between vein spacing,

x, scar width, Y:

Y = .0166 + .8234 (X)

r2 = .762

[56]

no: (8 a 0) t57 = 13.26, p << .001

This agrees with Shade and Wilson (1967) and Wellso (1973) who found

CLB larval feeding highly oriented to between vein areas.

Therefore,

by knowing the vein spacing, the scar width could be estimated.

Examining the relationship between leaf width, x, and vein spacing,

Y, (Fig. 47) resulted in the following relationship:

Y = .1699 + .0138 (X)

t2 = .268

-

[57]

no: (8 = 0) t53 a 4.323, p < .0001

Although this relationship was statistically significant, the coefficient

of determination was so low, .268, that little advantage in predicting

vein spacing was obtained over a sample average vein spacing.

Examination of vein spacing across a leaf (Fig. 48) or down the

length of a leaf (Fig. 49) reveals no significant trends in either

case.

Since no significant increases in predictability of vein spacing

were obtained by knowing the leaf's width or the vein's position on a

leaf, a vein spacing of .281 mm 1 .0084 (SE), n - 57, was considered

to be the average for "Mariner" oats grown at Gull Lake during 1978.

Since vein spacing affects CLB larval feeding scar widths and

vein spacing was considered to be a varietal constant, an average CLB

177

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Figure 47.

Relationship between leaf width and leaf vein spacing.

178

 

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179

  

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180

larval feeding scar width of .25 mm resulted.

Total larval defoliated

area could now be calculated by simply measuring the length of the

feeding scars and multiplying this by .25 mm.

To examine the relationship between percent defoliation and total

larval production, the information collected from the 1978 oats sweep-

net survey and the parasitoid cage study was used (Table 33).

Plotting the percent defoliation on the flag leaf (Fig. 50A) and on

the total plant (Fig. 508) with total larval production/60 cm of oat row

revealed significant non-linear relationships.

These findings are in

contrast to those of Wilson et al. (1969) who observed a linear relation-

ship between larvae per stem and percent of total leaf area consumed.

It is impossible to directly compare these results, since they calculated

average density rather than total production and reduced their population

via malathion sprays rather than monitoring or augmenting natural popula-

tions.

The significance of these findings lies in the fact that beyond a

certain larval density, the foliage consumed remains relatively constant.

Thus implying density dependence in consumption and at higher densities

where feeding competition exists, each individual consumes less foliage

than at lower densities.

Further, since feeding is non-linear, the

relationships between defoliation and the components of oat yield are more

meaningful than are relationships between density and the components of

yield.

The reasoning behind this is that the cat plant responds to the

amount of defoliation rather than the number of individuals on its

surface.

181

Table 33.

Summary of percent defoliation and total larval

production for the KBS oat fields planted in 1978.

 

 

Field

Total Larval

Percent Defoliation

 

Production / 60 cm

Flag Leaf

Total Plant

 

5-53

5-55

5-63

8-12

8-14

9- 6

9- 8

9-15

9-18

CAGE

250

500

29.06

57.93

47.76

23.10

14.55

5.06

15.64

8.40

9.22

12.72

27.01

1000

54.08

93.20

73.21

66.84

38.14

98.40

77.71

65.38

48.51

68.20

43.13

26.80

12.32

24.04

10.25

6.60

8.00

16.40

10.24

68.83

' 55.51

69.00

80.33

58.07

74.44

2000

100.32

88.33

87.05

 

N
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182

(A)

Y=86.90-436.9(1/X).

R':.580

  

(a)

 

  

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R‘=.571

r

r

r

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I

20

40

60

80

100

TDTRL LRRVRL PRODUCTION / SUCH

50.

Relationship between total larval production / 60 cm

and percent flag leaf defoliatiOn (A) and total plant

defoliation (B).

 
 

183

The author realizes that these results represent a single degree

of oat-CLB synchrony and that only generalizations based on this

particular synchrony are valid.

I feel, however, that the concept is

valid and will simply shift with other synchronies.

Oat Grain Yield

 

In order to facilitate collection of information on the number of

kernels per head and kernel dry weight, two relationships were developed.

After the defoliation plots had been harvested and the heads oven dried

for 24 hours at 100°C, the heads dry weights were measured and the

number of spiklets per head counted.

From this information, five

random heads plus the heads with the maximum and minimum dry weight

were then selected from each of the 27 defoliation plots.

This resulted

in the selection of 168 heads.

These heads were then hand thrashed

between two boards, the number of kernels were counted, redried and

weighed.

Least squares linear regression was performed on this data

to obtain the following significant relationship:

Y 8 -3.693 + 2.082 (X)

r2 a .881

[58]

HO: (8 a 0) t168 = 35.00, p <<< .001

where:

and:

Y = number of kernels per head, and

x - number of spiklets per head:

4

I

I -.0034 + .9119 (x)

r2 a .994

[59]

HO: (8 s 0) t108 a 164.7, p <<<< .001

184

where:

Y = kernel dry weight (g), and

x I head dry weight (g).

These relationships were used to calculate the number of kernels per

head and kernel dry weight for all the plants in the defoliation plots.

Using the subset of defoliation data from the defoliation plots

(see Methods and Materials), a split-split plot analysis of variance

was performed to examine the effects of moisture, planting data and

defoliationcnxweight per kernel, spiklets per head and weight per head.

The results of these analyses of variance are presented in Tables 34 to

36.

Looking at weight per kernel (Table 34), significant differences

were caused by the interactions of moisture level and planting date, by

the interactions of planting date and defoliation level and finally, by

the interactions of moisture level, planting.date and defoliation

level.

Of particular interest from this analysis are the significant

interactions between planting date and defoliation level and the inter-

action between moisture level, planting date and defoliation level.

This suggests that the timing of defoliation was more significant in

, reducing weight per kernel than was the amount of defoliation.

Examination of the results of the analysis of variance for the number

of spiklets per plant (Table 35), reveals significance due to planting

date; the interaction of planting date and moisture level; and finally

the interaction of moisture level, planting date and defoliation

level.

These results imply that planting date was a more significant

factor in determining the number of spiklets per head than was defoliation.

185

Table.34.

Split-split plot anova results for weight per kernel.

 

 

Source

DF

SS

MS

F

 

Block

A (fertilizer)

Error (A)

B (planting date)

AB

2

2

4

2

4

.1706E-03

.8529E-04

.4152E-04

.2076E-04

.1463E+00 NS

.5677E-03

.l419E-03

.3444E-04

.1722E-04

.2616E+01 NS

.14llE-03

.3528E-04

.5359E+01 *

Error (8)

12

.7899E-04

.6583E-05

C (defoliation)

6

.2240E-04

.3733E-05

.1917E+00 NS

AC

BC

12

.2112E-03

.l760E-04

.9038E+00 NS

12

.4543E-03

.3786E-04

.1944E+01 *

ABC

24

.134SE-02

.5606E-04‘

.2878E+01 ***

Error (C)

108

.2103E-02

.l948E-04

 

*

Significant at .01 significance level

*

*

Significant at .05 significance level

**

*

Significant at .001 significance level

186

Table 35.

Split-Split plot anova results for no spiklets per head.

 

 

Source

DF

SS

MS

F

 

Block

A (fertilizer)

2

2

.2191E+03

.1096E+03

.1115E+04

.5577E+03

.2617E+01 NS

Error (A)

4

.8524E+03

.2131E+03

B(planting date)

2

.8134E+03

.4067E+03

.6123E+02 ***

AB

4

.1374E+03

.3434E+02

.5170E+01 *

Error (B)

12

.7970E+02

.6642E+01

C (defoliation)

6

.3359E+03

.5598E+02

.1965E+01 NS

AC

BC

12

.4727E+03

.3939E+02

.1383E+01 NS

12

.1869E+03

.1557E+02

.5467E+00 NS

ABC

24

.1193E+04

.4971E+02-

.1745E+01 *

Error (C)

108

.3076E+04

.2849E+02

 

*

Significant at .01 significance level

**

Significant at .05 significance level

***

Significant at .001 significance level

187

Table 36.

Split-split plot anova results for dry weight per head.

 

 

Source

DF

SS

MS

F

 

Block

A (moisture)

Error (A)

B (planting date)

AB

2

2

4

2

4

.8326E+00

.4163E+00

.3473E+01

.1737E+01

.1323E+01 NS

.5253E+01

.1313E+01

.3216E+01

.1608E+01

.5076E+02 ***

.2903E+00

.7258E-01

.2291E+01 NS

Error (8)

12

.3802E+00

.3168E-01

C (defoliation)

6

.1477E+01

.2462E+00

.2178E+01 *

AC

BC

12

.1370E+01

.ll4lE+00

.1010E+01 NS

12

.1227E+01

.1022E+00

.9042E+00 NS

ABC

24

.5132E+01

.2138E+00,

.1891E+01 *

Error (C)

108

.1221E+02

.1131E+00

 

*

Significant at .01 significance level

**

Significant at .05 significance level

***

Significant at .001 significance level

The number of spiklets per head appears to be a varietal characteristic

188

and, as such, was affected more by abiotic factors--i.e., moisture

and planting date--than by biotic factors--i.e., insect defoliation.

The analysis of variance of weight per head (Table 36) revealed

significant differences due to planting date, defoliation level and

the interactions of moisture level, planting date and defoliation level.

In this instance, the amount of defoliation as well as the timing of

defoliation and the water regime affect yield.

This agrees with Hanson

and Nelsen (1980) who graphically depicted the relative effects on a

hypothetical plant's yield due to water stress at various points in its

development (Fig. 51).

They showed that critical times exist in a plant's

development such that stress during these times caused significant

irreversible yield reductions.

Although their figure represents a

single application of water stress, it is reasonable to assume that

initiation of other stresses at these time would have similar effects.

In all the defoliation plots, initiation of CLB larval feeding occurred

during late stages of emergence and early stages of tillering, but always

prior to flowering.

A partial explanation of this sensitivity to water stress can be

given by realizing that water pressure provides the force for a plant's

growth and elongation.

Clearly, water stress during times when the

plant is diverting energies to these important growth processes would

reduce the energy available for them.

Since CLB larval feeding ruptures

cell membranes,which providesa direct flow of water to the atmosphere,

it is reasonable to assume that CLB larval feeding causes water stress

as well as reduces phtosynthetic area.

189

 

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190

To determine the location of these sensitive points in an

oat plant, the growth rate during an interval of time was plotted

against the height at the end of the growth period.

An example of

3 of the plots, which represent 3 moisture levels, are shown in Figure

52.

We see from this figure that several periods of reduced growth

occur.

This indicates a reduction in growth either due to stress or

allocation of energies to other plant processes.

No information on

stress was collected but adequate moisture was available and no signifi-

cant insect defoliation was taking place during these time intervals.

Plotting the mean number of live leaves and tillers per plant during

this period (Fig. 53), note then an addition of either a leaf or a tiller

corresponding to each drop in growth rate.

It is interesting that both

plot 5 (medium irrigation) and plot 9 (high irrigation) showed greater

reductions in growth rate at tillering than did plot 1 (no irrigation).

Thus possibly indicating that an unstressed plant may divert more energy

into biomass production via tillering than a stressed plant--i.e., one

with no additional moisture--is willing to invest.

In summary, the synchrony between defoliation and plant growth

appears to be as important as the level of defoliation.

Further, defolia-

tion occurring when the plant is producing either new leaves or tillers

is probably more significant than defoliation at other times, since the

water balance would be disrupted, which provides the force for rapid

cell growth and elongation.

Using the grain yield information from the 1978 parasitoid cages,

further insight into the interactions between CLB larval feeding and

grain yield can be obtained.

The total seasonal larval production in

the four cages and for field 9-8 as well as head weight, kernel weight

191

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Figure 52.

Growth rates of oat plants during a time interval versus

plant height at the end of the growth interval.

Plot 1

= no irrigation, plot 5 = medium irrigation and plot 9 =

high irrigation.

192

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Figure 53.

Relationship between plant height and the mean

number of live leaves and tillers per plant.

A a no irrigation, B 8 medium irrigation and

C a high irrigation.

193

per head, number of spiklets per head, and number of kernels per head

is presented in Table 37.

Since no true replicates existed for the

cages, a multiple range test could not legitimately be performed.

Therefore, all means were compared via t-tests (SPSS--Nie et a1. 1975).

The results of these t-tests are summarized in Table 38.

Only

the yield components from the cat plants grown in cage 2000 exhibited

any significant differences.

Since no significant differences in

spiklets per head occurred in any comparisons, which provides additional

evidence in support of the hypothesis that the number of spiklets per

head is a varietal characteristic.

Also note in Table 37 that a slight increase in head and kernel

weights were associated with moderate increases in total larval produc-

tion (parasitoid cages 250 to 1000).

A partial explanation to these

results lies in water balance.

Passioura (1972, 1976) has shown that

when wheat plants are grown with limited moisture, significant increases

in yield results when the plants were forced to conserve water until

after anthesis.

Accepting the hypothesis that CLB larval defoliation

causes moisture stress, which would cause a plant to conserve water, it

is possible to see how moderate increases in defoliation could increase

grain yield.

However, if the stress is too severe, as in cage 2000,

then only negative effects would result.

The previous analyses have shown that CLB larval feeding reduces

oat grain yield by reducing the weight per kernel and the number of

kernels per head.

Since no reduction in spiklets per head resulted,

a reduction due to larval feeding must also occur in kernels per spiklet.

It has also shown that cats can sustain quite a heavy degree of defoliation

194

Table 37.

Summary of larval production and oats grain yield

components from the 1978 parasitoid cage study and host

field, 9-8.

Row 1 = mean, row 2 = standard error of the

mean and row 3 = sample size.

 

 

Site

Larval

Weight

Weight

of

of

Tbtal

Head

Kernel

Number

Number

Production.

(9)

(g)

Spiklets

Kernels

 

CAGE

250

12.72

1.546

1.429

31.375

66.875

.122

.110

1.668

5.323

8

8

8

8

500

27.01

1.727

1.455

31.500

61.100

.135

.152

2.156

4.365

10

7

10

10

1000

54.08

1.646

1.469

30.800

_ 57.600

.129

.121

1.849

4.773

10

10

10

10

2000

100.32

1.158

.998

27.000

46.100

.080

.074

1.719

2.771

10

10

10

10

FIELD

9-8

15.64

1.625

-

--

--

.134

10

 

195

Table 38.

Significance levels for t-tests comparing means of several

components of oats yield from the 1978 parasite cage study.

 

 

Cage

Yield

Component

 

Cage

Field

500

1000

2000

9-8

 

250

head wt.

.346

.588

.014

.674

kernel wt.

.891

.818

.004

no. spiklets

.965

.825

.091

no. kernels

.409

.213

.002

-

-

-

500

head wt.

.670

.002

.600

kernel wt.

.945

.010

no. spiklets

.808

.120

no. kernels

.595

.010

-

-

-

1000

head wt.

.005

.913

kernel wt.

no. spiklets

no. kernels

2000

head wt.

kernel wt.

no. spiklets

no. kernels

.004

.150

.052

-

-

-

.008

-

 

196

before resulting in significant reduction in grain yield.

This

was exemplified in Table 38 where only the cats in cage 2000 showed

significant reductions due to defoliation, i.e., 88.33% on the flag

leaf and 87.03% on the plants overall.

Oat Straw Yield

 

To examine the effect of CLB larval feeding on oat straw yield as

indicated by plant height at harvest, the cat height information from

the parasitoid cages was compared.

Comparisons of mean oat plant

height at harvest from the 4 cages were made Infixuy t-tests (SPSS--

Nie et a1. 1975).

The results of these tests and the mean height are

summarized in Table 39.

The height of the oat plants grown in cage

2000 was significant less than that in all other cages.

Also the

mean height of the cat plants in cage 250 was significantly less than

in either cage 500 or 1000 which indicates a stimulation of growth.

This was quite unexpected.

However, other authors (Banks and Macauley

1967, Taylor and Bardner 1968, Kincade et a1. 1971, Passioura 1972,

1976) have shown that small to moderate levels of insect defoliation

have increased crop yield.

In conclusion, this analysis has shown that intense CLB larval

feeding definitely reduces oat height and therefore reduces straw yield.

It has further shown that a moderate amount of CLB larval feeding may

stimulate growth and result in greater yields of straw.

This analysis

was based, however, on only one variety of cats, "Mariner," and only

one degree of CLB-oat synchrony.

Further research into this area is

necessary before conclusive evidence will be available on the impact of

CLB larval feeding on oat straw yield.

197

Table 39.

Summary of cats plant height at harvest and t-test values

for 1978 parasitoid cage study.

n = 24.

 

 

Cage

 

500

1000

2000

Cage

 

250

'§

87.738

-4.50***

-3.24**

2.88**

SE

1.243

500

'2

93.983

-

.41

5.43***

38

1.348

1000

Ԥ

93.042

-

4.75***

58

1.878

2000

'2

76.721

-

58

2.878

 

**

Significant at a a .01

** *

Significant at a = .001

198

CONCLUSIONS

This research has investigated three basic areas of the ecology

of the cereal leaf beetle at low densities.

These three areas include

the distribution and abundance of the CLB, within and between-generation

population dynamics and the effects of CLB larval feeding on oat grain

and straw yield.

It was found that the highest CLB densities in the region existed

either in the section 5 area, northwest corner, or the Kellogg Biological

Station or in the privately owned area immediately to its north.

Further total production of larvae in the section 9 research area, the

site of the long-term population studies, was significantly related to

the total CLB production for the Gull Lake research area.

Therefore,

by monitoring the population trends in this area, the regional trends

can also be monitored.

I

Examining the larval trends at these research plots since 1976

revealed that the population density has been increasing in both oats

and wheat.

In fact, the densities in wheat are greater than in 1967

while those in cats are only slightly less.

This indicates that the

Gull Lake population of CLB has gone through an entire cycle in the

last 13 years.

Continued monitoring is necessary to see if densities

will reach the same epidemic levels as in 1969 or if the cycle is

dampening through time.

The key factors in within-generation survival or the CLB were

found to be egg survival from A, flavipes, larval survival from T, 22225.

and 2, temporalis, and pupal survival from extreme temperature during

 

pupation-~i.e., degree day accumulation during July > 9°C.

199

Egg survival from A, flavipes was found to be density independent

but highly dependent upon synchrony between oviposition and a standard

egg parasitism curve.

Larval survival from T, julis and 2, temporalis

 

was found to be inversely density-dependent.

This relationship was

observed both within and between seasons.

As was expected, pupal

survival from extreme weather was found to be density-independent.

None of these within-generation key factors were found significant

in between—generation survival.

As mentioned by Sawyer (1978), the key

to predicting the densities of CLBs in an area lies in a thorough under-

standing of the factors which affect survival and distribution of CLB

adults after summer emergence and before spring oviposition.

Currently

this seems to be the only area of research lacking in understanding the

dynamics of CLB populations.

I strongly suggest this as a future research

priority, since it appears to be so instrumental in determination of field

densities.

An understanding of these between-generation factors would

truly allow managing the trajectory of the population in a pest manage-

ment mode.

From field populations of CLB larvae, the X and Y coordinates were

collected and analyzed to examine larval spatial patterns and compare

efficiencies of various sampling schemes.

CLB adults were found to be

too mobile for meaningful interpretation of their x and Y coordinates,

so their locations were not collected.

Using both quadrat counts and distance measurements between the

nearest neighbors of random individuals and random points, the spatial

pattern of larvae was found to be slightly more aggregated than random.

However, significant differences from random were rarely declared.

200

Analyses of these coordinates indicated that at densities below one

organism per sample unit, greater accuracy, lower standard errors of

the mean, resulted from density estimates based on distance measure-

ments rather than on quadrant counts.

However, as the density

approached one per sample unit, the advantage rapidly decreased such

that beyond one individual per unit area, the quadrat sampling scheme

provided greater precision.

Two row feet counts were found to be more satisfactory than quadrat

counts.

At lower densities, between 1 and 5 individuals per unit area,

a dilemma arose with fixed quadrats.

That is, as the density decreases,

a larger quadrat is required to get good reliability between estimated

density and true density.

At the same time, relative net precision is

favoring smaller quadrat sizes.

This dilemma did not arise with row

samples and lengths from 1 to 3 feet proved optima1.- Two row feet have

historically been counted in the section 9 research area.

Finally, a non-linear relationship was found between total seasonal

larval production and defoliation which indicates care must be taken

when considering the effects of an insect defoliator on its host plant.

Heavy feeding by the CLB larvae was found to significantly reduce head

weight, kernel weight, the number of kernels per head and height of the

plant at harvest.

No significant reduction was observed, however, in

spiklets per plant.

This indicates that only certain components of

yield--i.e., weight per kernel and number of kernels per spiklet--are

affected by defoliation; whereas others--i.e., number of tillers per

plant and the number of spiklets per plant--are varietal characteristics

and are more affected by the environment.

LITERATURE CITED

201

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OVERDUE FINES:

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RETURNING LIBRARY mgams:

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

KELLOGG BIOLOGICAL STATION FIELD

MAPS AND FIELD ACREAGES

208

SECTION 5

SECTION 4

 

sacnou 9 _

 
    
       
      
  
 

   

  

    

 

  

1

$

1’

  

 

W

 

SECTION B

 

 

Figure Al .

Field maps for the 4 sections in the Kellogg Biological

Station.

\
W
n

fi
x

w
e

209

TABLE.A1.

ACREHGE OF FIELDS WITHIN THE KELLOGG BIOLOGIC

STATION RESEARCH AREA.

 

SECTION

4

SECTION

5

SECTION

9

SECTION

9

 

FIELD

ACREAGE

FIELD

ACREAGE

FIELD

ACREAGE

FIELD

ACREAGE

 

1
.
7
.
1
.
4
.
R
.
fi
.
7
.
n
.
0
.
n
u

1
.
3

4
:
.
R
.
7
.
R
.
Q
.

1
.

1
.
1
1
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.

20

21

22

23

.
3

24
.
7
.
6a

]
.

27

9
.
0
.
0
.

9
.
1
.
4
.
R
.
G
.
7
.
8

7
.
9
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
1
.
3B
N
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O

210

TABLE.A1.

CONTINUED.

 

SECTION

4

SECTION

5

SECTION

3

SECTION

9

   

FIELD

ACREAGE

FIELD

ACR

GE

FIELD

ACREAGE

FIELD

ACREACE

 

42

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
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6
4
2
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2
2
2
1
6
1
6
1
1
1
1
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1
0
0
9
2
6

4
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4
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5
5
5
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5
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3
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2
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62
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4
4
4
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5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
6
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6
6
6
6
5
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7
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7
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7
7
7
7
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2
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1
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2
3
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5
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7
8
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1
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3

82

Q
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4
4
4
4
4
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4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
1
26
:
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4
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6
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

2
3
4
5
6
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9
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1
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3
4
5
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3
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7
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5
4
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1
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0
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7
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5
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1
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7
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3
7
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1
9
7
5

O

O

APPENDIX B

KELLOGG BIOLOGICAL STATION

WEATHER INFORMATION

211

8
5

2
4

4
5

4
6

7
4

4
4

5
5

7
5

7
5

5
4

4
5

1
5

5
5

9
5

7
5

6
5

8
5

3
5

9
4

6
5

3
4

5
3

9
4

3
3

2
4

8
4

5
4

5
4

3
4

5
8

4
7

3
8

9
7

9
7

0
8

7
8

0
9

7
8

8
6

0
8

1
8

2
8

3
8

0
8

9
6

8
7

7
7

1
8

8
7

5
6

9
5

1
6

5
6

7
6

5
6

5
6

6
6

5
7

0
5

7
4

9
4

3
5

4
6

5
6

8
4

8
4

8
5

4
5

6
6

9
6

6
6

2
6

1
5

6
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7
4

0
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6
5

8
5

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1
6

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6

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6

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6

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6

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4

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8

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7

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7

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2
8

4
8

4
8

5
8

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8

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6
7

8
7

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9

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8

8
8

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8

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6

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6

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6
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6

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6

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7

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6

7
6

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6

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6

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6

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7

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7

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8

6
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6

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6

7
6

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7

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7

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6

9
4

8
5

7
5

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5

6
5

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6

5
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1
6

2
6

7
5

3
6

8
6

1
6

8
5

5
7

5
7

7
7

1
8

2
8

3
8

6
8

6
8

8
8

7
8

5
8

0
9

O
9

9
8

5
8

2
8

8
7

3
8

9
7

0
8

0
8

1
8

1
8

9
7

7
7

4
8

4
8

5
8

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8

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7

6
4

8
3

3
3

4
3

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3

8
3

8
2

9
2

6
4

6
4

5
4

2
3

9
3

6
5

O
6

8
5

0
5

5
3

2
3

7
4

6
4

7
3

8
3

8
3

1
4

2
4

7
4

3
5

7
5

8
5

9
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3
6

0
6

4
5

0
6

4
7

1
7

4
5

8
5

9
6

0
7

0
7

4
6

5
7

5
7

8
6

4
7

3
7

0
6

5
6

3
7

5
3

2
3

0
3

2
3

8
2

5
3

2
3

5
2

4
2

1
3

2
3

0
2

7
2

5
4

6
5

6
5

8
5

6
5

8
5

0
5

4
7

a

6
4

8
6

7
6

5
6

5
6

1
7

6
7

5
7

O
7

7
7

5
7

6
4

7
3

4
4

2
3

3
2

7
2

9
2

0
3

5
3

6
4

8
5

9
6

7
6

7
5

1
6

9
5

7
5

6
5

0
6

O
6

2
5

3
6

3
7

4
7

8
7

9
7

7
7

6
7

3
6

0
7

5
6

5
6

0
6

0
5

0
4

6
4

8
5

0
6

3
6

8
2

0
3

3
3

1
3

8
2

0
2

3
2

6
1

3
2

8
3

9
1

8
2

4
2

1
2

4
2

4
2

2
1

4
2

2
4

9
4

4
2

6
1

5
2

7
3

9
3

1
4

2
3

7
2

7
3

3
4

4
3

8
4

4
3

4
4

2
4

4
6

6
3

7
3

7
3

5
4

6
4

4
4

6
5

0
5

0
4

O
4

6
3

1
3

7
5

6
6

3
6

6
5

2
4

4
5

5
6

5
6

0
4

1
7

8
5

5
5

8
6

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5

thhm:¢¢wlfifl

OGWMO‘HNOOMWNOO‘O\I\I\Q

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4
2

7
3

7
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7
4

6
4

5
4

2
4

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6

4
5

5
4

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5

8
3

0
5

5
4

4
3

5
3

6
5

0
6

7
4

3
6

3
5

3
5

6
2

7
2

2
1

3
1

0

2
1

9
1

0

3

4

6
1

1
2

6
2

8
1

1
1

1
2

4
3

8
3

6
3

3
2

0
2

1
3

4
3

1
2

5
1

0
2

3
3

9
2

3
3

3
3

6
2

4
3

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1
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2
2

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1
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2

9

3
2

1
1

5
1

5

3
1

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2

4
2

6
1

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2
2

9
1

4

2
3

4
3

9
2

5
2

2
2

7
2

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3

2
3

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3

0
3

4
3

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2

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1

1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

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1

0
2

1
2

2
2

3
2

4
2

5
2

6
2

7
2

8
2

9
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0
3

1
3

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a
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1
9
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x
a
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n
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z
l
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u
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7
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212

Table 32.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1976.

 

 

Anril

May

June

July

    

Day

>42°r

>48°r

>420F

>48°F

>420F

>480?

>42°F

>48°F

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

181

187

197

207

212

220

226

231

235

242

249

251

258

275

298

323

349

373

398

412

428

442

452

462

464

464

465

470

476

485

84

87

94

100

102

106

109

111

113

116

120

121

125

136

153

172

192

210

229

237

247

255

261

266

266

266

266

269

272

277

497

505

509

516

530

543

547

552

568

584

600

608

623

647

669

693

713

720

729

747

765

776

787

797

808

822

842

864

886

912

937

284

288

289

293

303

312

313

316

326

336

346

351

362

380

396

414

428

432

438

450

462

469

476

482

489

499

513

529

545

565

584

961

979

999

1023

1050

1076

1103

1133

1165

1196

1230

1264

1300

1338

1374

1404

1426

1454

1480

1503

1529

1559

1585

1613

1641

1669

1701

1735

1763

1785

602

.614

628

646

667

687

708

732

758

783

811

839

869

901

931

955

971

_

993

1013

1030

1050

1074

1094

1116

1138

1160

1186

1214

1236

1252

1809

1833

1857

1885

1914

1944

1976

2006

2036

2075

2118

2149

2170

2204

2241

1270

1288

1306

1328

1351

1375

1401

1425

1449

1482

1519

1544

1559

1587

1618

2275 ' 1646

2301

2329

2361

2397

2430

2460

2496

2530

2560

2594

2628

2658

2690

2720

1666

1688

1714

1744

1771

1795

1825

1853

1877

1905

1933

1957

1983

2007

2750

2031

 

9
6

5
8

6
6

0
8

7
6

7
7

5
5

1
8

2
4

2
7

6
2

5
5

1
1

1
3

3
1

7
2

0
1

2
2

5
6

9
7

5
5

1
8

4
5

0
8

7
4

5
6

2
4

0
7

9
3

6
6

1
1

O
4

1
1

3
2

2
1

2
2

7
5

6
7

1
6

5
8

7
5

1
9

0
4

2
7

4
4

0
7

2
3

6
6

8
2

O
4

7
1

0
3

1
1

3
2

7
5

2
8

5
6

9
8

2
7

O
9

8
4

9
8

7
4

O
7

6
3

2
5

2
3

4
4

1
2

8
2

9
1

1
3

8
6

3
8

5
6

7
8

1
7

0
9

1
6

5
8

7
5

7
7

9
2

9
4

0
3

7
3

0

4
2

3
-

8
2

4
5

1
8

9
6

6
7

3
7

1
9

4
5

0
7

6
5

8
7

1
2

7
3

9
2

5
3

8
-

9
1

6

4
2

7
5

9
7

8
6

0
8

2
7

1
9

9
3

5
6

4
4

5
7

4
2

5
5

8
2

3
4

4
-

3
2

9
-

2
2

9
5

8
7

7
6

7
7

5
6

7
8

5
4

4
6

6
3

8
6

0
2

2
5

7
2

6
5

2

1
2

5

8
1

2
6

8
7

2
6

8
7

2
6

5
8

9
3

8
6

1
3

0
6

2
2

4
5

0
4

9
5

3
1

0
4

1
-

2
1

213

6
5

9
7

4
6

2
8

7
5

5
8

1
4

2
7

1
3

6
6

9
3

5
7

8
3

3
6

9
1

3
4

9
4

3
7

1
6

0
8

1
6

2
8

3
5

8
6

4
3

2
7

4
3

6
7

5
4

0
7

2
3

4
4

2
5

3
7

4
5

6
7

8
6

7
8

7
5

5
6

5
4

5
7

0
5

7
7

2
5

5
6

7
2

2
4

4

5

8

4
1

5
1

4
1

4
5

7
6

5
5

0
8

O
6

8
8

8
4

0
7

6
5

2
8

2
5

5
7

7
3

0
6

8
2

7
3

8
-

1
1

5
4

O
7

1
6

0
8

7
5

9
8

0
5

9
7

3
5

O
8

5
4

7
6

9
3

5
4

5
2

1
3

0
1

8
2

0
5

1
7

1
5

9
7

5
7

5
9

1
5

9
7

0
5

4
8

7
4

4
7

1
4

7
6

0
1

6
2

6

0
2

2
5

4
7

0
6

0
8

9
6

3
9

7
5

7
8

4
5

7
8

5
4

9
7

8
2

0
6

8
-

0
2

9
-

0
1

9
5

5
7

6
5

5
7

8
6

0
9

6
6

7
8

O
6

6
8

3
5

0
8

3
2

8
4

1
-

8
2

6
-

0
1

5
6

6
7

8
4

4
7

9
6

4
8

6
6

6
8

O
6

4
8

6
5

3
8

9
2

1
4

2
2

6
3

1
-

5
1

4
6

6
7

6
4

3
7

5
7

3
9

9
5

8
7

O
6

0
9

6
5

0
8

5
2

3
4

0
1

4
3

3
5

4
6

9
4

3
7

5
7

3
9

9
5

5
7

0
6

O
9

8
5

8
7

7
2

0
4

6
1

8
2

3

O

8
2

4
2

1
5

3
6

5
5

9
6

1
7

3
9

8
4

8
7

3
6

1
9

‘

8
5

5
7

8
2

3
4

0

6
2

1
1

O
3

5
5

O
7

4
5

5
7

7
5

5
8

0
5

1
8

2
6

0
9

0
5

3
6

5
2

2
4

0
2

8
4

4
5

9
6

O
6

5
7

8
5

7
8

5
5

3
8

3
6

6
8

5
4

8
5

7
2

0
4

3
3

3
5

7

4

5
2

3
2

O
6

4
7

4
8

2
7

0
6

2
8

3
6

5
8

8
6

7
8

7
3

0
6

7
1

9
3

2
3

1
5

1
2

9
2

7
5

5
7

6
4

5
7

9
6

0
8

5
6

4
8

0
6

1
9

4
3

7
4

1
2

9
4

1
2

6
3

4
2

0
3

8
5

0
7

4
5

3
8

0
5

9
7

3
5

5
8

6
5

1
9

2
3

0
6

8
2

8
5

5
1

2
3

1
1

6
2

1
5

9
6

9
6

6
8

7
4

1
8

9
5

7
8

0
5

6
8

8
3

3
7

8
3

2
6

4
2

0
3

3
-

1
2

4
5

8
6

0
7

7
8

7
5

3
8

9
5

5
8

3
6

1
9

8
3

2
7

2
5

2
6

9
1

1
3

2
-

6
1

4
4

7
6

4
6

9
7

3
6

3
8

0
6

5
8

5
5

9
8

1
3

3
6

0
4

6
6

4
5

5
6

5
5

0
8

1
6

4
8

9
S

6
7

5
5

3
8

6
3

8
6

3
4

6
6

4
6

6
8

0
7

6
8

5
5

7
8

6
3

9
5

8
-

3

1
-

2
1

3

0
2

HNMQ’U‘ONwO‘O
1

1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

9
1

0
2

1
2

2
2

3
2

4
2

5
2

6
2

7
2

8
2

9
2

0
3

1
3

 

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

y
a
D

y
l
u
J

e
n
u
J

x
a
M

t
s
u
g
u
A

r
e
b
m
e
t
g
e
S

  J

l
i
r
g
é

h
c
r
a
M

z
r
a
u
r
b
e
F

z
r
a
u
n
a

.
n
o
i
t
a
m
r
o
f
n
i

e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
t
a
o
i
B

e
k
a
L

l
l
u
G

7
7
9
1

.
3
B

e
l
b
a
T

214

Table B4.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1977.

 

 

April,

May

June

July

       

Day

>42°F

>48°P

>42°F

>48°F

>420F

>48°F

>42°F

>48°F

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

154

165

174

178

180

180

184

186

189

204

219

241

263

277

295

315

339

367

393

419

443

457

467

475

476

483

497

511

519

530

84

91

97

98

98

98

99

100

101

112

123

139

155

163

176

190

208

230

250

270

288

296

300

304

304

308

318

327

332

339

545

559

574

590

615

640

658

669

676

685

698

'716

743

767

792

820

851

881

914

947.

982

1016

1048

1084

1118

1150

1176

1206

1236

1263

349

358

368

379

398

417

429

436

439

445

454

466

487

505

524

546

571

595

622

649

678

706

732

762

790

816

836

860

884

905

1318

1332

1346

1372

1403

1423

1433

1445

1457

1472

1490

1509

1526

1548

1571

1601

1635

1669

1695

1720

1741

1765

1792

1824

y 1856

1883

1914

1944

1974

2000

948

956

966

986

1011

1025

1031

1038

1046

1056

1068

1081

1092

1108

1125

1149

1177 -

1205

1225

1244

1259

1277

1298

1324

1350

1371

1396

1420

1444

1464

2030

2055

2082

2121

2159

2199

2239

2273

2305

2334

2364

2400

2432

2463

1488

1507

1528

1561

1593

1627

1661

1689

1715

1738

1762

1792

1818

1843

2506 . 1880

2545

2582

2616

2658

2700

2740

2769

2799

2828

2860

2882

2904

2932

2963

2993

1913

1944

1972

2008

2044

2078

2101

2125

2148

2174

2190

2206

2228

2253

2277

1292

928

3029

2307

215

6
6

3
9

0
6

7
7

6
5

3
8

4
4

4
7

5
4

6
6

0
3

6
4

8
-

9
3

3

8
2

3
6

1
9

8
5

4
8

5
5

4
7

2
5

0
8

5
4

5
6

6
3

6
6

9

6
4

0
1
-

2
3

8
6

9
8

9
5

9
7

7
4

2
7

7
5

3
8

0
5

5
6

6
3

2
6

0
3

2
4

2
-

3
3

9
5

3
8

0
6

4
8

9
4

8
7

7
6

9
7

4
5

2
7

8
2

2
6

2
3

5
4

3
5

2
6

0
6

0
9

4
6

9
7

9
3

4
7

3
5

4
7

7
3

8
5

3
2

4
4

9

3

6
3

0
3

7

7

8

1

5
2

0
2

0
2

2
2

6
1

5
2

4
6

3
9

0
6

6
8

3
6

4
8

8
4

8
7

0
5

6
6

5
3

4
5

1
1

0
3

4
1
-

7
2

4
2

9
3

0
6

6
7

2
6

0
9

6
5

2
8

9
3

5
6

0
5

2
6

1
3

0
5

3
3

0
4

5
-

9
2

4
1

5
2

4
5

6
7

0
7

1
9

2
6

5
8

5
5

6
7
’

1
5

5
5

6
2

0
5

6
2

5
3

2
1

7
2

8
-

4
2

6
5

8
7

6
6

0
9

0
5

4
8

2
5

6
7

1
5

6
6

5
2

4
5

5
2

6
3

3
1

5
2

4

2
2

3
6

7
7

0
6

5
8

2
5

4
8

9
6

1
8

4
4

2
7

7
2

8
5

9
1

5
3

2

1
2

7
-

9
1

9
5

8
7

7
6

6
8

1
6

5
8

4
6

0
8

9
4

8
7

0
4

5
5

9

4
3

4
-

9
2

1

7
2

2
6

5
8

7
6

6
8

2
7

6
8

4
5

9
7

2
5

4
8

0
4

5
5

8
2

4
4

6
1
-

4
2

2
1

6
2

0
7

5
8

0
5

0
8

9
6

2
9

5
5

3
8

9
5

8
7

6
3

5
5

5
1

5
4

1

8
2

7
1

3
2

4
5

4
8

1
5

0
8

9
6

0
9

8
5

3
8

0
4

4
6

.

3
3

5
5

3
3

2
4

6
-

9
2

4
4

7
6

6
5

5
8

1
7

8
8

9
4

5
7

1
4

3
7

6
2

0
6

1
3

4
4

1
1
-

8
2

2
4

0
7

2
6

9
8

0
6

8
8

9
4

9
7

3
5

3
7

8
3

8
5

5
2

7
4

4
-

7
2

8
4

4
7

6
6

8
8

7
5

0
8

7
5

3
8

1
5

9
7

0
4

4
6

1
1

6
4

0
2

1
3

9

8

1

1

7
2

2
2

8
2

1
3

5
4

6
6

5
6

7
8

4
6

0
8

5
6

3
8

1
5

3
8

5
3

3
6

1
2

1
3

3
2

0
4

5
2

0
3

2
4

0
7

3
6

1
8

0
7

8
8

4
6

8
7

6
5

8
8

2
3

7
6

2
3

4
3

0
1

4
3

0
2

8
2

2
5

1
7

5
6

2
8

7
6

1
8

.

8
6

2
8

8
5

9
8

0
3

5
6

0
3

8
3

0
1

8
2

7
1

3
2

6
3

3
6

9
6

9
7

8
4

9
7

1
6

5
8

9
5

1
9

4
3

9
6

1
3

8
4

7
1

1
3

5
1

8
2

5
4

9
6

3
6

9
7

4
6

9
7

1
6

3
8

5
6

7
8

8
3

0
7

8
2

5
4

2
4

8
6

8
5

9
7

4
5

3
7

0
6

5
8

9
6

5
8

3
3

7
6

1
2

0
4

5
5

9
7

4
5

6
7

7
5

3
8

2
3

0
7

2
1

8
2

0
1

6
1

3

5
2

7
4

0
8

1
5

8
7

4
5

0
8

4
4

6
7

9
3

2
6

8
3

4
6

3
-

5
2

1
1
-

3
2

2
5

2
8

2
6

0
8

9
5

3
8

0
6

5
8

5
2

5
5

8
2

2
6

5

2
3

9
5

4
8

8
5

4
8

1
6

8
6

7
5

4
8

8
2

0
6

6
2

2
6

7
-

8
2

9

8

1
2

7
2

3
2

9
2

1
-

7
2

9
6

1
8

4
6

9
7

9
5

5
7

4
4

4
7

0
3

3
6

0
3

3
6

4
1

9
2

7
-

3
2

3
1

4
2

6
5

8
8

5
4

9
7

8
5

0
8

8
4

6
7

9
3

4
5

8
2

6
5

9
5

7
8

5
5

8
7

3
6

5
8

3
5

2
8

7
3

2
6

0
4

6
5

1
6

9
8

2
6

1
8

7
6

6
8

4
6

3
8

8
3

2
6

3
3

2
6

4

7

1

4
2

3
3

2
3

5
-

9
1

8
1

5
3

0
1
-

9
1

2
3

9
3

0
1

6
2

0

1

5
3

8
3

HNMQIDSONQO‘CHNMQWONQO‘CHNMQV‘ONQO‘OH

HHHHHHHHHHNNNNNNNNNNMM

y
l
u
J

e
n
u
J

y
a
M

r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S

t
s
u
g
u
A

  J

y
r
a
u
n
a

y
r
a
u
r
b
e
F

l
i
r
p
A

h
c
r
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

n
a
M

y
a
D

 

.
n
o
i
t
a
m
r
o
f
n
i

e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
t
s
o
i
B

e
k
a
L

l
l
u
G

8
7
9
1

.
S
B

e
l
b
a
T

216

Table 36.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1978.

 

 

April

May

June

July

      

Day

>42°2

>48°F

>42°F

>48°r

>42°F

>48°F

>42°F

>48°F

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

42

31

39

49

53

59

67

71

72

82

91

98

104

107

109

112

117

123

129

134

138

164

151

161

170

180

188

200

212

222

'

12

15

20

26

28

30

35

36

36

42

47

51

54

54

55

56

58

60

63

65

66

69

73

79

84

90

95

103

111

118

226

232

240

249

254

262

271

287

301

314

329

350

372

386

397

413

429

451

477

503

513

528

549

572

597

627

659

692

726

761

789

119

122

127

132

134

138

143

153

161

169

178

193

209

217

222

232

243

258

278

299

305

315

330

347

366

390

416

443

471

500

522

819

848

865

883

903

928_

960

981

998

1022

1050

1081

1096

1106

1130

1152

1185

1215

1239

1266

1295

1315

1337

1365

1397

1426

1459

1490

1520

1550

546

569

580

593

607

626

652

667

679

697

719

744

754

760

778

794

821 ~

845

863

884

907

921

937

959

985

1008

1035

1060

1084

1108

1579

1602

1627

1652

1679

1711

1745

1777

1804

1827

1844

1866

1895

1922

1131

1148

1167

1186

1207

1233

1261

1287

1308

1325

1337

1352

1376

1397

1954 _ 1422

1979

2005

2036

2073

2111

2149

2186

2218

2245

2275

2312

2344

2365

2395

2416

2439

1441

1461

1486

1517

1550

1581

1618

1639

1859

1683

1714

1740

1756

1779

1795-

1812

217

6
6

9
6

1
6

1
6

7
5

4
6

2
5

9
3

4
4

9
5

7
5

6
5

7
6

1
5

7
4

7
4

0
5

6
5

6
3

0
4

6
5

3
4

8
3

3
4

9
4

6
4

1
5

7
4

5
5

5
5

4
8

1
8

3
8

3
8

4
8

5
8

0
8

6
6

0
7

9
7

9
7

3
8

3
8

5
7

7
6

6
7

8
7

8
7

4
7

4
7

4
7

8
6

0
7

4
7

6
7

0
8

0
8

0
8

3
8

1
8

3
6

7
6

1
6

4
6

5
6

2
6

6
6

7
6

0
6

9
6

5
4

7
4

8
5

3
5

5
4

2
4

6
5

6
5

6
5

4
6

7
5

8
5

7
6

5
6

5
5

5
5

9
5

7
6

4
6

1
6

1
6

0
8

9
7

2
8

5
8

9
7

2
8

9
8

8
8

2
8

3
8

0
8

4
7

0
7

9
6

1
7

3
7

3
7

3
7

8
7

4
7

0
8

0
8

0
8

0
8

5
7

5
7

4
7

4
7

3
7

5
8

4
8

6
5

7
5

2
5

3
5

4
4

8
4

0
5

6
5

9
6

9
5

5
6

5
6

7
6

9
6

8
6

o
6

8
5

0
5

0
5

2
5

6
5

6
5

3
6

5
6

2
7

9
5

9
5

8
6

0
6

3
6

1
7

8
6

8
7

0
8

0
8

6
7

7
7

0
8

2
8

1
8

3
8

4
8

8
8

9
8

4
8

8
8

6
8

4
8

9
7

2
8

3
8

5
8

9
8

9
8

7
8

1
8

9
7

8
8

8
8

9
8

6
8

6
8

9
5

5
4

0
5

0
5

7
5

9
5

6
6

6
6

9
6

8
5

0
5

7
4

9
4

6
5

2
6

4
6

2
6

5
5

1
5

4
6

2
6

9
5

4
4

6
4

3
4

8
4

O
6

6
5

3
6

3
5

0
7

6
7

1
8

3
8

2
8

1
8

2
8

4
8

2
8

1
8

2
7

1
7

7
7

2
8

5
8

5
8

4
8

2
7

1
8

1
8

2
8

2
8

3
7

1
7

4
7

9
7

3
8

0
8

2
8

5
7

8
2

3
4

0
5

6
3

4
2

9
4

4
5

0
6

9
5

4
6

9
5

3
4

5
3

7
4

5
4

6
3

5
4

7
5

8
5

3
4

9
3

8
3

0
5

4
4

3
4

4
4

0
4

7
4

9
3

7
4

0
5

6
5

0
7

0
7

6
5

7
5

9
6

8
7

2
8

3
8

3
8

0
8

1
6

3
6

5
6

4
6

7
6

0
7

0
8

8
7

5
7

7
3

5
3

7
2

2
3

2
3

3
1

6
1

8
2

7
2

2
2

2
3

7
3

6
4

5
3

9
3

8
3

1
3

3
3

2
3

4
3

5
7

.

0
5

3
6

9
6

1
6

5
6

2
6

5
6

2
6

8
7

6
7

2
7

2
4

8
3

2
5

1
5

4
4

3
3

6
3

8
2

8
3

9
3

2
4

9
4

0
5

8
4

4
4

9
3

7
3

4
4

9
4

8
4

5
7

4
7

4
5

0
5

4
5

8
5

1
6

5
6

0
7

0
7

9
6

3
7

2
7

4
6

5
6

6
5

4
5

2
5

6
4

2
3

0
3

1
3

5
3

0
3

8
2

0
3

2
3

8
2

4
1

8

6

5
2

0
1

6
1

4
1

7
2

2
4

2
4

8
3

2
3

1
3

8
4

9
3

2
2

9
1

2
1

4
2

1
4

7
4

5
3

2
4

6
3

9
4

0
5

7
3

9
3

3
4

6
4

4
4

5
3

9
1

8
3

0
5

0
5

4
4

4
4

5
5

8
6

0
6

4
5

3
5

2
7

1
7

6
5

0
4

8
2

8
3

5
4

3
5

0
6

8
5

5

8

o
1

0
1

4

5
-

6
1

3
-

3
-

2
-

0
1

5
1
-

1
3

5
2

4
2

3
2

6
1

3
2

6
2

1
2

4
1

7
1

5
1

8
1

0
1
-

2
2

7

0
1

3
-

6
-

5
1
-

1
2

0
2

9
1

8
1

5
1

1
1
-

0
2

.

5

3
2

5
2

0
3

0
2

5
1

4
3

1
1

5
1

3
3

6
3

9
3

2
4

7
3

0
3

5
3

5
4

4
4

2

7

3

5

8
2

5
-

5
-

8

2

2
-

3

7
1

1
1

6
1
-

1
1
-

2
-

9
-

4
-

0

7
1

4
2

2
2

3
1

3
2

0
2

0
2

7
2

8
2

5
2

4
2

4
1

2
3

1
2

6

3
1

4
1

4
1

0
2

8
1

8
1

8
1

6
1

1
2

4
2

5
2

4
1

3
2

0
3

1
2

0
2

3
3

3
3

0
3

3
3

3
3

1
3

2
3

4
3

5
3

3
3

1
3

8
2

HNMGMOI‘QGO
1

1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

9
1

0
2

1
2

2
2

3
2

4
2

5
2

6
2

7
2

8
2

9
2

0
3

1
3

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

n
i
M

x
a
M

y
a
D

 

 

y
l
u
J

e
n
u
J

y
a
M

r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S

t
s
p
g
u
A

  J

y
g
a
u
r
b
e
F

y
r
a
u
n
a

l
i
r
p
A

h
c
r
a
M

.
n
o
i
t
a
m
r
o
f
n
i

e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
t
s
o
i
B

e
k
a
L

l
l
u
G

9
7
9
1

.
7
B

e
l
b
a
T

218

Table B8.

Degree day accumulation at the Gull Lake Biostation

for 1979.

 

 

April

May

June

Ju1y

       

Day

>42°F >48°F

>42°F

>48°F

>420F

>48°F

>420F

>48°F

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

104

104

106

108

110

110

110

110

110

112

113

128

146

150

154

158

164

171

180

192

50

50

50

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

61

73

75

75

77

80

84

89

97

304

164

821

521

1582

1104

318

174

840

534

1607

1123

336

186

863

551

1631

1141

342

188

888

570

1656

1160

346

190

915

591

1674

1172

363

201

943

613

1694

1187

387

219

975

639

1717

1204

416

242

1008

666

1744

1225

445

265

1042

694

1777

1252

477

291

1069

715

1806

1275

504

312

1088

728

1839

1301

514

317

1105

740

1873

1330

523

322

1126

755

1909

1360

537

330

1153

776

1944

1388

549

337

1185

801

1980 ' 1418

560

344

1217

828

2011

1443

575

354

1248

853

.

2040

1466

602

375

1270

868

2062

1483

628

395

1294

886

2086

1501

645

407

1324

911

2112

1520

210

109

660

418

1354

935

2140

1543

223

118

669

423

1383

957

2171

1567

237

128

687

434

1399

968

2205

1595

257

142

697

440

1416

979

2239

1623

273

151

709

447

1432

990

2273

1652

285

158

720

453

1454

1006

2300

1673

290

160

731

459

1483

1029

2332

1698

295

162

744

466

1509

1049

2368

1728

298

163

760

478

1540

1074

2400

1755

-30

299

163

780

492

1562

1090

2433

1781

31

799

505

2469

1812

APPENDIX C

LISTINGS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS

US- FOR COORDINATE ANALYSES

219

PROGRAM QUAD(INPUT,OUTPUT,TAPE1,TAPE2,TAPE3)

C***

C***THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN BY EMMETT LAMPERT TO

C***CALCULATE THE MEAN, VARIANCE, VAR/MEAN, MORISITA'S

C***INDEX FOR A SERIES OF X,Y COORDINATES.

C***

DIMENSION X(150),Y(150),NSAM(4),DX1(3),DY1(3),SIG(4)

REAL IDELTA,MU

DATA NSAM/10,20,30,50/,DXl/.5,1.,2./,DYl/2.,1.,.5/,

+SIG/16.919,30.144,42.559,66.336/

REWIND l

REWIND 2

REWIND 3

ct**

C***READ DATA HEADER--N=NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS

ct**

1

READ(1,100) ISEC,IFLD,IPLOT,IDATE,N

IF(EOF(1)) 200,201

201

CONTINUE

Cttt

C***OUTPUT HEADER ON OUTPUT TAPE--TAPE2

cttt

Cttt

WRITE(2,900)ISEC,IFLD,IPLOT,IDATE,N

C***INPUT N PAIRS OF LARVAL COORDINATES INTO ARRAYS

Cttt

DO 11 I-1,N

ll

READ(1,101) X(I),Y(I)

C***

_

C***THIS LOOP CONTROLS THE DIMENSIONS OF THE QUADRATS

C***BY LOOKING UP DX AND DY FROM DXl AND DYl

C***

DO 20 I=1,3

xx-ox1(I)/2.

YY=DY1(I)/2.

SAMPLE=DX1(I)*DY1(I)

XRANGE=10.00000l-DX1(I)

YRANGE=10.00000l-DY1(I)

AREA=XRANGE*YRANGE

ORG‘O.

Cate

C***THIS LOOP COUNTS THE NUMBER OF ORGANISM THAT ARE

C***WITHIN THE PLOTS MAX DIMENSION MINUS ONE HALF OF

C*‘*THE QUADRAT DIMENSIONS FOR THE SAME SIDE

Catt

6

47

DO 47 I181,N

IF(X(I1).GE.XX.AND.X(I1).LE.(10.-XX)) GO TO 6

GO TO 47

IF(Y(I1).GE.YY.AND.Y(Il).LE.(10.-YY)) ORG=ORG+1.

CONTINUE

MU=ORG/AREA

220

C***

C***THIS LOOP LOOKS UP THE APPROPRIATE SAMPLE NUMBER

C***FROM THE ARRAY NSAM.

IT ALSO SELECTS THE SAMPLE

C***LOCATION AND COUNTS THE NUMBER OF ORGANISMS IN QUAORAT

C***

D0 30 J-1,4

RsFLOAT<NSAM(J))

XBARPO.

VARPO.

IOELTAa-9.99

SUM-o.

SSQ=0.

CHISQ-O.

RATIOso.

ISIG=1H

ISIsz=1H

C***

C***THIS LOOP SELECTS RANDOM POINTS FOR NSAM QUADRATS

Cent

C***

IC‘NSAM(J)

D0 13 KF1,IC

TOTAL‘O.

XPT‘XRANGE*RANF(-l)+XX

YPT'YRANGE*RANF(-l)+YY

C***COUNT ORGANISMS IN A QUAORAT

C***

5

14

no 14 LP1,N

,

IF(X(L).GE.(XPT-XX).AND.X(L).LE.(XPT+XX)) GO TO 5

GO To 14

'

IF(Y(L).GE.(YPT-YY).AND.Y(L).LE.(YPT+YY)) TOTAL=TOTAL+1.

CONTINUE

SUM-SUM+TOTAL

13

SSQ-SSQ+TOTAL**2.

c***

C***CALCULATE SAMPLE STATISTICS

C'k‘k'k

IF(SUM.EQ.0.0) GO To 300

XBARsSUM/R

VARs(SSQ-(SUM**2./R))/(R-1.)

RATIO=VAR/XBAR

CHISQ-RATIO*(R-1.)

IF(CHISQ.GE.SIG(J))ISIG=1H*

C***

c***CALCULATE MDRISITA'S INDEX

c***CALCULATIONs FROM ELLIOTT,J.M. 1977. PAGE 76.

C***

IP((SUM#*2.-SUM).EQ.0.0) GO To 90

IDELTA=R*((SSQ-SUM)/(SUM**2.-SUM))

TEST=IDELTA*(SUM-1.)+NSAM(J)-SUM

IF(TEST.GE.SIG(J))ISIG2=IH*

9o

CONTINUE

300

CONTINUE

221

C***

C***OUTPUT FIELD INFORMATION FOR THIS SAMPLE QUADRAT

C***SIZE AND QUADRAT NUMBER

C***

O

WRITE(2,905)DX1(I),DYl(I),SAMPLE,NSAM(J),MU,XBAR,VAR,RATIO

+,ISIG,IDELTA,ISIG2

WRITE(3,907)ISEC,IFLD,IPLOT,IDATE,DX1(I),DY1(I),SAMPLE

+,NSAM(J),MU,XBAR,VAR,RATIO,CHISQ,IDELTA,TEST,SUM,SSQ

30

CONTINUE

WRITE(2,902)

20

CONTINUE

C***

C***RETURN TO 1 TO READ IN A NEW HEADER AFTER THIS

C***FIELD HAS BEEN SAMPLED

c***

100

101

900

GO To 1

FORMAT(1X,I1,I3,IZ,I6,I3)

EORMAT(1x,2(P6.3,2x))

EORMAT(*1*,6(/),15x,*TABLE

.

SUMMARY OF COMPUTER*

+* DRAWN RANDOM QUADRAT SAMPLES*,/,26X,*FROM CLB LARVAL*

+* COORDINATES COLLECTED FROM KBS*,/,26X,*OATS FIELD*,

+12,I3,* PLOT*,12,* ON*,16,*, N=*,I3,*.*,/,15X,59(1H-)

+,/,2ox,*QUADRAT*,7x,*NUMsER*,12x,*ESTIMATED

VAR*,/,

+15X,17(1H-),4X,*OF*,5X,*TRUE*,3X.12(lH-),* MEAN*

+,4X,*I*,/,15X,*WIDTH LENGTH AREA SAMPLES

MEAN

*

+*MEAN

VAR RATIO DELTA*,/,15x,59(1H-),/,)

902

FORMAT(*O*)

903

FORMAT(*1*)

.

905

907

200

FORMAT(15X,F4.1,F7.1,F6.1,16,F9.2,F7.2,F8.2,F6.2,

+A1,E5.2,A1)

FORMAT(1X,Il,I3,IZ,I7,3F6.2,I4,8F6.2,F10.1)

WRITE(2,903)

STOP

END

222

PROGRAM ROWFT(INPUT,OUTPUT,TAPE1,TAPEZ)

DIMENSION IX(1550),Y(1550)

REWIND 2

1

REWIND 1

C***

C***SET SAMPLE NUMBER AND QUADRAT SIZE

C***

ctti

PRINT*,"ENTER SAMPLE NUMBER AND ROW FEET.

"

READ*,NUM,DY

C***READ IN DATA SET FOR ONE FIELD FOR ONE PLOT

citt

4O

READ(1,100) ISEC,IFLD,IREP,IDATE,N

IF(EOF(1)) 200,201

201

DO 11 I-l,N

11

READ(1,101) IX(I),Y(I)

cttt

C***QUADRAT SAMPLING SECTION

C***

C***

INITIALIZATION OF PARAMETERS

ORG:0.

XBARQ-O.

YY-DY/Z.

VARQ=O.

SUMBO.

SUMSQ-O.

YRANGE=6.-DY

AREA!6.*YRANGE

C***

C***COUNT ORGANISMS WITHIN SAMPLING AREA

cttt

DO 47 1281,N

47

IF(Y(I2).GE.YY.AND.Y(12).LE.(6.-YY)) ORG=ORG+1.

ctti

C***SELECT RANDOM POINT FOR QUADRAT PLACEMENT

Cfififi

D0 25 I-1,NUM

TOTao.

IC=(RANF(-1)*18)+1

33

YPTQsRANE(-1)*6.

C***CHECK To SEE IF QUADRAT ENTIRELY WITHIN SAMPLE AREA

IF(YPTQ-YY.LT.0.0R.YPTQ+YY.GT.6.) GO To 33

C***COUNT INDIVIDUALS IN SAMPLE

Do 30 I1=1,N

IF(IX(Il).EQ.IC) GO TO 5

GO To 30

5

30

IP(Y(11).GE.(YPTQ-YY).AND.Y(11).LE.(YPTQ+YY))TOT=TOT+1.

CONTINUE

SUM-SUM+TOT

25

SUMSQ-SUMSQ+TOT**2.

223

C***

C***CALCULATE DENSITY STATISTICS

c***

Row FEET ESTIMATES

citt

RMU-ORG/AREA

RsPLOAT<NUM)

RMUl=FLOAT(N)/36.

XBARQ=SUM/R

VARQ=(SUMSQ-(SUM**2./R»/(R-l.)

SEQ-(VARQ/R)**.5

C***

C***OUTPUT FIELD SAMPLING INFORMATION

C***

WRITE(2,901)ISEC,IFLD,IREP,IDATE,NUM,DY,RMU1,RMU,XBARQ,

+VARQ,SEQ

GO To 40

200

PRINT*,"ARE YOU DONE?

"

READ 300,1ANS

IF(IANS.EQ.1HY) STOP

ENDFILE 2

GO TO 1

C***

c***PORMAT STATEMENTS

C***

100

101

300

901

PORMAT<1x,Il,I3,I2,16,15)

FORMAT(1X,IG,2X,F6.3)

FORMAT(A1)

FORMAT(lx.I1,13,12,16,14,F3.0,5P8.3)

STOP

END

224

PROGRAM.BATCHER(INPUT,OUTPUT,TAPE1,TAPEZ,TAPE3)

DIMENSION X(150),Y(150)

c***

C***THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN TO COMPUTE THE RATIOS OF

C***MEAN NORP DISTANCE/MEAN NN DISTANCE.

c***

REWIND 3

REWIND 2

l

REWIND 1

C***

C***INITIALIZE NUMBER OF SAMPLES AND PLOT SIZE

C***

Catt

PRINT*,"ENTER NUMBER OF SAMPLES."

READ*,NUM

PRINT*,"ENTER PLOT SIZE--WIDTH,LENGTH."

READ*,XSIZE,YSIZE

C***READ IN DATA HEADER AND X,Y COORDINATES FOR OBSERVATIONS

C***

2

READ(1,100) ISEC,IFLD,IREP,IDATE,N

IF(EOF(1)) 200,201

201

D0 10 I*1,N

10

READ(1,101) X(I),Y(I)

cit!

C***CHECK IF USER.wANTs To CONTINUE IF N TOO SMALL

Ctit

C***

IF(N.GT.1) GO TO 80

PRINT*,”SINCE N '",N," , DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE?"

READ 300, IANs2

IF(IANSZ.EQ.1HN) GO To 2

C***ZERO OUT VARIABLES

C***

80

SUMNNao.

SUMNNSQ-o.

SUMNNzao.

SUMNORP-o.

SSQNORPso.

C***

C***CALCULATE RANDOM POINT AND RANDOM INDIVIDUAL

C***FROM WHICH To FIND NEAREST NEIGHBOR.

ALSO FIND

C***NEAREST NEIGHBOR.TO THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR To THE

C***RANDOM.POINT.

225

C***

no 12 I=1,NUM

XPT=RANF(-1)*XSIZE

YPTaRANE(-1)*YSIZE

IND=1+RANF(-1)*N

SMALL1=100.

SMALL2-100.

SMALL3=100.

DO 13 J=1,N

DIST1=(((X(J)-XPT)**2.)+((Y(J)-YPT)**2.))**.5

IF(DIST1.LT.SMALL1) IC=J

IF(DIST1.LT.SMALL1) SMALL1=DIST1

IF(N.LT.2) GO To 13

DIST2=(((X(J)-X(IND))**2.)+((Y(J)-Y(IND))**2.))**.5

IF(DIST2.NE.0.0.AND.DIST2.LT.SMALL2) SMALL2=DIST2

13

CONTINUE

cttt

C***FIND NEAREST NEIGHBOR To NEAREST NEIGHBOR To RAN PT

C***

Do 14 Ln1,N

DIST3-(((X(L)-X(IC))**2.)+((Y(L)-Y(IC))**2.))**.5

14

IF(DIST3.NE.0.0.AND.DIST3.LT.SMALL3) SMALL3=DIST3

SUMNN=SUMNN+SMALL2

SUMNNSQ+SUMNNSQ+SMALL2**2.

SUMNN2-SUMNN2+SMALL3

SUMNORP=SUMNORP+SMALL1

SSQNORP-SSQNORP+SMALL1**2.

12

CONTINUE

C***

C***CALCULATE MEAN NEAREST DISTANCE FOR NUM SAMPLES

C***

C***

RaELOAT(NUM)

R2-ELOAT(N)

XBNORP=SUMNORP/R

XBNN=SUMNN/R

XBNNSQBSUMNNSQ/R

XBNN2=SUMNN2/R

xBNORPZ-SSQNORP/R

C***CALCULATE MEAN DENSITY PROM MOORE

C***CALCULATE BATCHELERS B FOR NN AND NN2

C***

RMUaRz/(XSIZE+YSI2E)

DMDOREa«R—1.)/R)*(1./(3.14159*XBNORP2))

BaXBNORP/XBNN

BZ-XBNORP/XBNNZ

RATIo-DMOORE/RMU

RATIoz-xBNORPZ/XBNNSQ

O4.

226

C***

C***OUTPUT VARIABLES

C***

WRITE(2,900)ISEC,IFLD,IREP,IDATE,N,NUM,RMU,DMOORE,RATIO,B,BZ,

+stORP,stORP2,stN,stN2

WRITE(3,901) ISEC,IFLD,IREP,IDATE,N,NUM,RMU,XBNORP2,XBNNSQ,RATIOZ

GO To 2

200

PRINT*,"ARE YOU DONE?"

READ 300,IANS

IF(IANS.EQ.1HN) GO To 1

100

FORMAT(1X,11,1X,IZ,1X,Il,1X,IS,13)

101

900

FORMAT(1X,2(F6.3,2X))

FORMAT(*0*,Il,I3,IZ,I7,I4,I5,9F8.5)

901

FORMAT(1X,Il,IB,IZ,I7,I4,IS,4F7.3)

300

FORMAT(A1)

STOP

END

APPENDIX D

KELLOGG BIOLOGICAL STATION

SWEEPNET SURVEY DATA

227

TABLE D1 .

TOTAL 1976 SEASONAL PRODUCTION.

SWEEPNET SURVEY.

FIELD CROP

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

403

WHT

419

NET

423

WHT

424

WHT

426

WHT

427

WHT

430

WHT

438

WHT

440

NET

457

WHT

503

WHT

504

WHT

a
r
H

27.774

8.908

15.432

4.949

87.106

1.511

48.402

.839

74.749

71.995

29.301

18.468

53.849

20.418

5.090

70.243

2.138

41.535

1.188

1.065

39.998

.592~

.756

16.279

1.279

10.259

.420

.710

1.962

29.923

1.091

3.223

11.346

1.790

.959

2.827

.533

3.259

39.032

1.810

5.992

15.640

3.328

8.688

13.688

16.449

7.605

9.138

513

WHT

12.208

12.197

6.786

6.780

525

WHT

527

WHT

547

NET

549

NET

552

WHT

556

NET

558

NET

562

WHT

808

WHT

813

NET

817

WHT

820

NET

831

WHT

833

WHT

861

NET

862

NET

878

NET

901

WHT

907

WHT

918

WHT

937

WHT

938

WHT

939

WHT

940

WHT

941

NET

949

WHT

H
‘
F

14.443

13.111

25.987

23.166

10.501

10.506

18.387

22.239

20.970

51.991

6.575

8.031

3.654

2.058

7.283

1.144

5.908

14.438

'3.282

8.879

12.873

4.935

5.959

5.835

3.313

1.845

5.837'

1.025

2.928

10.217

1.627

4.563

12.356

2.535

8.329

11.647

4.628

9.551

28.894

5.309

31.635

12.310

17.580

6.841

0.000

6.345

24.185

14.176

4.603

0.000

2.559

9.321

3.526

5.178

5.729

13.440

3.183

6.854

7.878

3.807

25.312

11.144

14.065

6.191

41.960

0.000

15.542

13.054

22.318

8.253

23.321

4.585

0.000

0.000

0.000

.242

.408

8.635

7.253

.135

.227

14.002

12.402

7.779

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

24.387

13.704

13.548

7.612

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

17.915

7.412

9.952

4.117

1.130

0.000

.628

0.000

508

OATS

583.649

52.077

324.321

28.940

509

OATS

573.238

23.655

318.476

13.141

228

TABLE D1 .

CONTINUED.

FIELD CROP

N

551

OATS

554

OATS

559

OATS

561

OATS

807

OATS

809

OATS

811

OATS

853

OATS

857

OATS

909

OATS

913

OATS

915

OATS

420

RYE

421

RYE

431

RYE

432

RYE

433

RYE

434

RYE

435

RYE

436

RYE

437

RYE

439

RYE

441

RYE

455

RYE

456

RYE

519

RYE

521

RYE

534

RYE

535

RYE

827

RYE

829

RYE

835

RYE

836

RYE

837

RYE

838

RYE

879

RYE

880

RYE

881

RYE

882

RYE

883

RYE

902

RYE

m
m
m
m
m
q
m
q
m
u
q
m
m
w
w
w
N
N
N
M
H
H
-
P
H
o
n
q
q
h
b
b
a
b
m
w
w
w
w
w
w

83.482

37.730

2.501

6.715

46.393

1.392

20.960

3.732

103.523

5.278

57.524

2.933

102.389

5.835

56.895

3.242

277.449

57.701

154.171

32.061

252.593

26.604

140.405

14.788

44.317

9.952

24.627

5.534

219.408

44.234

121.980

24.583

134.500

17.636

74.779

9.801

24.171

15.006

13.433

8.343

0.000

62.796

0.000

6.441

0.000

0.000

34.892

3.579

18.939

.195

10.519

10.047

1.502

5.581

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.336

.144

.432

.336

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.104

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.096

.240

.013

.007

.010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.109

.834

.187

.080

.240

.187

.613

.053

.133

.013

.007

.010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.548

.718

0.000

0.000

.168

0.000

1.361

0.000

.295

.605

.425

.304

.399

0.000

.093

.756

.164

.336

.236

2.687

0.000

1.494

0.000

5.941

0.000

3.302

0.000

8.478

0.000

4.710

0.000

7.026

0.000

3.905

.153

11.118

.085

6.177

0.000

2.924

0.000

1.625

0.000

1.309

0.000

.728

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

4.250

1.275

1.785

.286

0.000

2.363

0.000

0.000

0.000

.709

.992

.159

229

TABLE D1 .

CONTINUED.

FIELD CROP

904

RYE

950

RYE

962

RYE

963

RYE

499

ROAD

599

ROAD

0.000

.132

.793

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.813

1.099

.639

.216

.059

898

ROAD

0.000

0.000

899

ROAD

999

ROAD

498

FRow

598

FROW

876

FRow

998

FRow

402

PAST

407

PAST

408

PAST

409

PAST

411

PAST

412

PAST

413

PAST

511

PAST

512

PAST

515

PAST

839

PAST

84o

PAST

951

PAST

406

IDLE

413

IDLE

414

IDLE

415

IDLE

425

IDLE

428

IDLE

429

IDLE

453

IDLE

454

IDLE

455

IDLE

458

IDLE

459

IDLE

514

IDLE

516

IDLE

517

IDLE

m
w
m
o
m
m
m
b
b
h
‘
—
i
U
b
fl
t
h
k
b
m
w
b
b
w
w
b
‘
U
e
m
U
b
h
‘
U

1.566

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.688

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.758

1.010

.852

.408

.313

.143

.068

1.020

.100

.336

.408

1.414

.908

.229

.505

0.000

1.860

0.000

1.032

0.000

0.000

.441

0.000

0.000

0.000

.451

0.000

.473

.226

.174

.079

.074

0.000

.610

.355

.120

.033

0.000

.038

.567

.055

.187

.226

.785

.281

.870

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000‘

0.000

.504

.127

0.000

0.000

0.000

'0.000

0.000

0.000

.249

.129

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.449

.233

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.492

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.493

.122

0.000

0.000

.274

.068

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.608

.843

.421

.561

.338

.468

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

4.186

.938

0.000

1.483

0.000

.118

.227

0.000

0.000

0.000

.824

0.000

2.325

.521

0.000

.066

.126

230

D1.

CONTINUED.

b
b
b
‘
U
b
b
b
h
t
h
b
b
fl
t
m
b
b
b
b
m
m
fl
l
m
h
m
m
fi
b
m
m
b
w
m
h
l
h
c
b
u
k
l
u
b
-
I
I
L

543

548

550

557

803

804

805

815

816

818

823

824

849

854

873

875

877

914

945

946

952

953

959

960

961

969

972

973

975

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.455

1.085

.253

.603

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.536

.006

0.000

0.000

.298

.006

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.188

.188

.266

.918

.104

.104

.148

.510

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.255

0.000-

.142

2.460

0.000

1.365

0.000

2.280

.120

0.000

.645

.336

.270

1.265

.067

0.000

.358

.187

.150

0.000

2.247

0.000

1.248

1.524

.255

.846

.142

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.648

0.000

2.026

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.306

0.000

0.000

0.000

.170

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.254

0.000

.141

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.408

0.000

.227

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.254

0.000

.141

231

D1.

CONTINUED.

976

401

405

416

422

442

444

446

448

450

452

501

505

510

523

524

806

819

822

825

826

851

855

858

864

903

905

911

916

917

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

m
b
w
b
-
b
m
b
o
‘
U
b
U
fi
L
b
b
u
b
b
b
m
b
-
b
b
-
I
U
W
G
‘
O
‘
O
I
U
I
U
N
I
U
B
I
I
U
D
D
W
N
H
H
a
w
l
‘
U

0.000

0.000

.404

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.306

.233

.620

0.000

0.000

.224

.170

.129

.344

0.000

0.000

0.000

.233

.600

.160

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.705

0.000

.080

0.000

.129

.333

.089

.947

.044

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.255

2.070

.142

1.151

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.540

0.000

0.000

0.000

.295

0.000

.164

0.000

0.000

0.000

.459

.227

.227

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.415

1.965

.270

.060

0.000

0.000

.255

.126

.126

.786

.150

.033

0.000

0.000-

0.000

.408

1.011

.226

.562

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.510

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.270

.612

‘0.000

0.000

1.275

0.000

.150

.340

.709

0.000

0.000

0.000

.167

.242

.254

0.000

0.000

.283

.093

.135

.141

0.000

0.000

0.000

.254

0.000

.141

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

232

TABLE D1 .

CONTINUED.

FIELD CROP

931

ALFA

9S7

ALFA

958

ALFA

964

ALFA

965

ALFA

966

ALFA

967

ALFA

968

ALFA

970

ALFA

971

ALFA

502

STUB

506

STUB

520

STUB

522

STUB

526

STUB

528

STUB

553

STUB

555

STUB

560

STUB

563

STUB

810

STUB

812

STUB

814

STUB

828

STUB

830

STUB

832

STUB

834

STUB

856

STUB

860

STUB

866

STUB

868

STUB

870

STUB

871

STUB

906

STUB

908

STUB

910

STUB

912

STUB

919

STUB

932

STUB

933

STUB

934

STUB

w
‘
-
i
b
b
b
b
h
b
-
b
‘
U
N
N
W
W
W
N
W
I
U
m
m
m
I
U
I
U
‘
U
I
U
m
m
m
i
-
h
a
w
U
‘
U
l
'
U
m
m
N
H
‘
—
D
N

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.663

0.000

0.000

0.000

.306

.254

0.000

0.000

.368

0.000

.170

.141

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.164

0.000

.091

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.153

.684

.085

.380

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.375

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.266

1.874

.705

0.000

.392

3.688

.698

2.047

4.125

0.000

2.290-

0.000

.090

1.860

1.500

.153

.216

.255

.255

.216

4.029

1.212

5.520

.300

4.881

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.927

2.856

0.000

0.000

0.000

.324

.864

0.000

.102

.340

.340

.510

.102

1.378

0.000

0.000

.153

1.585

3.009

0.000

1.836

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.148

0.000

.387

.120

.142

.142

.120

.674

.180

.480

0.000

.057

.189

.189

.284

.057

.766

.085

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.050

1.032

.833

.085

2.236

3.064

.167

2.709

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.179

1.670

1.019

0.000

0.000

233

TABLE D1.

CONTINUED .

FIELD CROP

N

------------------------------

TOTAL AREA (F)

TOTAL AREA (C)

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

935

STUB

936

STUB

943

STUB

944

STUB

974

STUB

1

2

5

4

5

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.255

.255

0.000

0.000

.142

.142

0.000

0.000

0.000

.216

0.000

.120

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3
.
6

3
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S

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L
D
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U
I
S

272

TABLE D4.

TOTAL 1977 SEASONAL PRODUCTION.

SWEEPNET SURVEY.

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

33.102

92.160

77.009

37.635

87.760

48.375

42.391

74.586

140.671

46.376

52.099

32.917

134.93“

59.324

106.902

35.776

336.183

818.877

170.749

70.109

102.036

147.218

138.617

48.999

30.629

79.803

78.287

54.007

233.556

90.184

64.223

286.945

258.769

184.044

299.415

38.654

0.000

479.697

106.418

290.943

258.181

18.393

51.204

42.788

20.911

48.763

26.877

23.553

41.440

78.178

25.766

28.948

18.288

32.963

59.388

19.876

186.773

454.931

94.858

38.950

56.685

81.788

77.008

27.218

17.013

44.332

43.490

29.999

129.740

50.095

35.676

159.383

102.220

J
—
b
—
I
—
fl

.014

.447

.444

.930

166.318

.456

.029

.205

.679

.326

.659

21.472

266.442

59.107

161.600

143.406

Q
_

5
‘
“
-
W
O
N

9
_

9
_

n
n
A

o
g
a
n
q
n
c
a
r
n
o
n
o
s
3
c
v
u
o
a
-
4
r
~
3
c
3
u
o

9

9

0

9

0

9

0

0

9

9

0

0

I391

.353

0

.333

.343

.781

.479

.250

.075

.772

.340

.878

.713

.342

.771

.356

.781

.304

.570

.476

.029

.400

.256

.029

.893

.157

.519

.258

273

TABLE D4.

CONTINUED.

OATS-

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

RYE

836

,RYE

837

RYE

838

RYE

879

RYE

880

RYE

881

RYE

882

RYE

883

RYE

902

RYE

904

RYE

962

RYE

o
o
o
o
l
x
l
s
q
-
x
o
a
-
o
o
d
l
s
m
w
w
w
z
z
z
w
m
s
-
a
-
a
-
a
-
o
o
w
w
z
m
m
w
w
w
z
z
z
z
z
w
w
w

263.420

13.

2270.340

115.

1261

191.616

162.934

289.
5.u

766

103

056
3uui3o1

3430.708
544.918

16.

22.

49:

211.

51.

M
N

O
‘
O
G
Q
O
O
O
O
o
o
é
-
I
'
U
O
W
‘
O
O
O
A
A
B
-
w
fl
-
N
z
R

.000

.878

.878

.000

.805

.860

.030

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.309

.541

.000

.243

.960

.000

.000

.125

.950

.870

.659

.142

.814

.700

.003

.007

.003

.005

.598

.943

.873

.838

.166

.693

.116
0 .294
0
U

.857

.200
O O ‘

1
U

3

.485

.213

.260

.538

.915

N

.379

.878

.375
J .037
-
l
—
N

.260

.247

.535

.030

.550

.839

.420

o
J
_

)
A
L

146.

349
.298

106.

404

90.
160.

482

919

25.

051
.056
.2u3

191

1905.

752

302.

699
.000

;
.
.
.
3

.488

.488
.000

.780

.811

.461

.000

.000

.000
.000

.000

.000

.838
.9uu

.000

.803
.866

.000

.000

.626
.084

.335

.709
.u92

.229
.366

.521

.509
.322

.488

o
w
w
z
o
o
o
o
o
o
s
—
s
—
O
s
—
w
o
o

fi
—
N
b
—
N
‘
-
N
N

b
—
c

7.327

64.234

9.281

12.227

27.170

3.789

.025

27.303

117.495

28.633

.078

.353

.065

.483

.366

.657

.634

.452

.389

.003

.007

.003

.005

.332

17.747

2.153

.493

.648

.385

.064

5.723

2.144

.209

.604

.700

1.249

.325

0.000

.862

.494

1.900

274

D4.

CONTINUED.

.840

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.043

.002

.001

0.000

.001

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

.005

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.002

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

. 467
0.000

0. 000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

. 010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

o. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.024

.002

.001

0.000

.001

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.005

03000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.002

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

840

9119
950

951
11111

1125

L129

L153
11511

458

L159
464

512

516

529

530

531

532

533

537

539
5110

275

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

.002

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.002

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000-

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.030

0.030

0.030

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.034

.003

0.030

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.005

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.004

.003

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.005

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

.584

0.000

0.000

0.030

.032

0.000

0.000

1.623

0.000

0.000

.005

0.000

0.000

0.000

.325

0.000

0.000

0.000

.002

9
_
|
_
|
_
9
_
5
_
9
_
9
_
9
_
s
.
_
n
_
s
_
a
_
9
.
.
d
n
—
d
d
d
d
u
—
a
d
d
A
d
‘
a
d
d
d
d
s
—
g
—
t
—
b
—
L
—
N
N
N
d
A

11112

 

l
'
l
I
"

276

TABLE D4.

CONTINUED.

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

1.521

0.000

.845

0.000

0.000

.196

0.000

.109

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

.034

0.000

.004

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.009

0.000

0.000

0.000

.009

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

444

ALFA

446

ALFA

448

ALFA

450

ALFA

452

ALFA

501

ALFA

510

ALFA

517

ALFA

518

ALFA

523

ALFA

524

ALFA

819

ALFA

825

ALFA

826

ALFA

850

ALFA

856

ALFA

858

ALFA

901

AUEA

903

ALFA

905

ALFA

911

ALFA

916

ALFA

917

ALFA

920

ALFA

921

ALFA

922

ALFA

923

ALFA

924

ALFA

925

ALFA

926

ALFA

927

ALFA

928

ALFA

929

ALFA

930

ALFA

931

ALFA

937

ALFA

939

ALFA

941

ALFA

964

ALFA

965

ALFA

966

ALFA

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

TABLE D4.

CONTINUED.

277

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

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D8.

TOTAL 1978 SEASONAL PRODUCTION.

SWEEPNET SURVEY.

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D8.

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D8.

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1123
1127
11112
111111

446

11118
1150
1152
502

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.300

.850

.676

.533

1 0.000

1.521

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.174

1.724

.537

.845

.950

.254

0.000

0.090

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.159

.254

.275

.231

0.000

1.540

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.231

.847

.933

.231

0.000

0.000

.845

.537

.338

.312

1.664

.147

1.099

.338

.730

.397

0.000

2.512

0.000

0.000

1.043

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.395

.579

0.000

.166

.472

.376

.324

.845

.097

.958

.282

.470

.528

.141

0.000

.094

.141

.153

.128

.856

.128

0.000

0.000

.471

.546

.128

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.470

.982

.188

.173

.924

.082

.610

.188

.405

.220

0.000

0.000

0.000

.148

0.000

.082

324

D8.

CONTINUED.

fl
-
B
S
N
N
N
W
E
z
s
:
4
3
3
3
.
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
5
-
3
5
5
m
w
b
—
b
—
z
s
fi
z
:

419

501

513

520

522

549

552

558

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.697

0.000

.570

0.000

1.066

.609

0.000

0.000

.942

.317
.592
.338

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.090

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.761

.343

.087

0.000

0.000

1.215

.125

.243

3.137

2.849

3.696

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.423
.191

0.000
.048

0.000

0.000
.675
.069

.135
2.351
1.7113

4.232

0.000

0.000

~ 1.584

0.000

2.054

.495

0.000

.275

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.030

.320

.688

.270

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.178

.382

.150

0.000

0.0001

0.000

.231

.254

0.000

0.000

.128

.141

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.222

.528

.403

.956

.483

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.123

.293

.224

.536

.268

325

TABLE D8.

CONTINUED.

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

0.000

.564

0.000

.313

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.512

.174

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.284

.097

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.338

0.000

.188

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.004

0.000

.004

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.158

.277

4.873

0.030

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

.088

.154

2.708

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.023

0.000

1.124

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

562

STUB

803

STUB

806

STUB

808

STUB

813

STUB

832

STUB

834

STUB

855

STUB

856

STUB

859

STUB

860

STUB

861

STUB

862

STUB

865

STUB

866

STUB

867

STUB

868

STUB

869

STUB

870

STUB

871

STUB

907

STUB

911

STUB

919

STUB

920

STUB

921

STUB

922

STUB

923

STUB

928

STUB

929

STUB

030

STUB

931

STUB

932

STUB

938

STUB

940

STUB

942

STUB

3

1

3

4

4

3

3

4

4

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

1

1

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357

TABLE D12. TOTAL 1979 SEASONAL PRODUCTION

FROM FARM SWEEPNET SURVEY.

FIELD CROP

N

TOTAL AREA (F)
..............................

TOTAL AREA (c)

LARVAL

ADULT

LARVAL

ADULT

511

525

526

527

528

552
556

558

562

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT

WHT
WHT

wHT

NET

806

WHT

808

813

907

911

551

559

809

811

909
913

929
599

553

555

559

560

561

563

810

812

819

906

907
908
910

912
915

918

NET

WHT

wHT

WHT

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS

OATS
OATS

OATS
RYE

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB

STUB
STUB
STUB

STUB
STUB

STUB

7

7

7

8

8

9
9

9

9

9

8

8

7

1

6

1

6

1

6
1

5
1

9

9

1

9

1

9

9

9

9

2

1

2
2

2

1

1

217.726

53.505

120.988

299.281

169.189

138.509

67.216

136.278

177.809

103.969
97.673

126.789

56.712

78.282

66.132

91.713
60.791

95.550

89.725

110.975

37.351

75.702

98.778

57.986
59.271

70.939

99.855

29.721

93.978

31.502

93.991

36.791

23.173
33.770

25.305

61.655

21.161

16.223

11.758

9.011

18.693

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38.297

1.396

29.829

96.170

27.661

10.360

31.911

21.280

13.793

53.921

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1.396

,

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21.833

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APPENDIX E

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Page 373 is missing in numbering only.

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Filmed as received.

UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INTERNATIONAL

1374

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379

TABLE 34.

PARASITISN 0F CLB LARVAE FROM 1977 GULL LAKE

POPULATION SAMPLES.

 

FIELD

DATE

CROP

NMI

T JULIS

D CARINIFER

L CURTUS

ALL

 

PERCENT DARASITISM

911

609

OATS

1.83

33.33

0.00

0.00

33.33

911

613

OATS

3.50

50.00

0.00

0.00

50.00

911

616

OATS

3.00

40.00

0.00

0.00

40.00

911

620

OATS

4.00

100.00

0.00

0.00 100.00

911

627

OATS

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

911

630

OATS

3.50

75.00

0.00

0.00

75.00

912

609

WHEAT

3.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

912

613

WHEAT

3.00

25.00

0.00

0.00

25.00

912

616

NHEAT

3.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

380

TABLE ES.

MEAN NUMBER OF PARASITE EGGS AND

LARVAE RECOVERED FROM

DISSECTIONS OF THE 1977 GULL LAKE POPULATION SAMPLES.

ROW 1=MEAN, ROW ZIVARIANCE. ROW 3'NO. LARVAE PARASITIZED.

 

FIELD

DATE

CROP

WMI

EGGS LARVAE

EGGS LARVAE

EGGS LARVAE

 

T JULIS

D CARINIFER

L CURTUS

911

609

OATS

1.83

4.00

2.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1

1

0

0

O

0

911

613

OATS

3.50

2.00

2.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0 00

.50

0 00

0.00

0 00

0.00

1

2

0

0

O

0

911

616

OATS

3.00

2.00

2.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

911

620

OATS

4.00

0.00

2.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

911

627

OATS

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 .

0.00

0.00

911

630

OATS

3.50

0.00

3.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

912

609

WHEAT

3.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

.0.00

0.00

912

613

WHEAT

3.00

3.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

912

616

WHEAT

3.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

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6

APPENDIX F

CLB EGG PARASITISM DATA

400

Table F1.

Summary of CLB egg parasitism by 5, flaviEes at the

Kellogg Biological Station from 1976 to 1979.

 

 

# Eggs

.

o

# Eggs

# CLB

5, flaviges

Percemt

Year

Field Date - DD>9 C

Collected

Hatched

Parasxtized

Paras;tism

1976

5-61

6-11

451

6-18

552

8-9

6-11

451

6-18

552

9-13

6-18

552

1977

9-11

6-9

581

6-16

638

6-20

691

50

39

51

50

31

69

46

42

6-23

718

26

6-26

762

6-30

813

1978

9-12

5-18

143

L

5-22

175

5-25

203

5-29

262

6-1

303

6-5

337

6-8

371

6-12

413

6-15

432

6-19

479

7

4

24

46

51

63

52

41

20

43

43

27

6-22

512

8

9

3

3

4

2

O

O

O

0

O

O

12

31

34

51

36

23

14

26

2

2

0

32

32

33

38

20

69

46

42

78.05

88.89

91.67

90.48

90.91

100.00

100.00

100.00

26

100.00

7

3

O

0

O

O

4

9

2

9

23

26

100.00

100.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

10.00

21.43

12.50

25.71

92.00

92.86

7

100.00

Table Fl (continued).

401

 

 

# Eggs

# CLB

é, flaviEes

Percent

# Eggs

Year

Field Date

DD>9°C

Collected

Hatched Parasitized Parasitism

1978

9-13

5-18

143

' 5-22

175

51

44

39

32

5-25

203

54

41

5-29

262

21

12

6-1

303

6-5

337

3

7

l

4

1979

5-54

5-22

235

25

20

5-30

273

28

24

O

O

2

0

O

O

O

3

0.00

0.00

4.65

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

11.11

6-12

411

25

10

11

52.38

6-21

519

7-5

651

7-13

756

25

25

8

8-11

5-22

235

25

l

O

O

-

5-30

273

25

19

6—8

370

22

20

23

95.83

25

100.00

8

-

3

1

100.00

-

13.64

4.76

6-12

411

25

12

11

47.83

6-21

519

7-3

634

‘7-12

739

25

25

25

3

0

O

22

88.00

25

100.00

25

100.00

9-11

5-9

147

27

18

’

5-16

191

28

19

5-31

281

23

14

6-9

386

13

2

2

1

6

6

10.00

5.00

30.00

75.00

Table Fl (continued).

402

 

 

# Eggs

# CLB

é, flaviges

Percent

# Eggs

Year

Field. Date

DD>9°C

Collected

Hatched Parasitized Parasitism

1979

9-11

6-14

431

14

6-19

492

6-26

559

7-16

802

9-13

5-31

281

6-8

370

6-13

419

6-18

482

7-2

624

7-9

696

4

2

4

24

24

25

25

25

25

6

1

-

0

20

17

7

5

0

O

5

-

-

3

0

2

16

19

25

45.45

-

-

75.00

0.00

10.53

69.57

79.17

100.00

25

100. 00

 

APPENDIX G

CLB LARVAL COORDINATES

403

LAPVAL COORDINATES FOP FIELD

5-59 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CA

6/22/76.

NUMBEP OF COORDINATE PAIPS EQUALS

22.

X

Y

X

Y

x

Y

X

Y

7.00

3.33

0.00

4.92

1.17

7.4?

1.75

3.17

2.33

7.92

6.42

2.33

6.42

2.5?

6.42

6.83

7.00

.17

7.00

3.00

7.58

7.42

8.17

7.25

8.75

4.25

8.75

11.08

4.33

28.58

29.75

811
..I.)

9 an

6.30

8.33

10.50

4.75

10.50

0.33

29.75

7.5?

29.75

7.50

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-59 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6/22/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

23.

y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

'.00

5.17

0.00

6.00

1.17

8.17

1.75

4.83

2.92

9.‘0

2.92

9.75

4.67

7.92

4.67

17.58

5.25

11.50

6.42

q

~‘ .0

0.00

2.33

3.50

5.25

9.33

9.33

7.17

9.92

9.58

11.50

.58

8.58

2.33

3.83

4.98

3.25

S .25

10.58

9.33

7.?

LAPVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-59 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

C4

6/22/76.

NUMQER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

23.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

5.00

7.50

.58

6.53

.58

8.08

.58

8.25

1.17

7.25

1.75

9.17

1.75

9.33

2.33

0.9

3.50

10.25

4.58

7.42

4.67

4.75

5.25

4.75

7.30

7.00

7.58

4.58

7.58

6.5?

8.17

3.42

8.17

4.33

8.75

3.83

9 .33

2.42

9.92

8.83

9.92

9.58

10.50

0.00

12.25

2.4?

404

LARVAL CGCPDINATES FOR FIELD

5‘59 PLOT 4 COLLECTED

CK

6/22/76.

NUMEER CF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

22.

,Y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.OO

3.83

.58

2.17

3.50

4.83

5.25

2.25

7.90

2.50

7.30

2.58

8.17

3.33

8.75

.75

11.67

4.93

11.67

8.50

12.83

7.00

14.58

6.00

1.17

5.83

7.00

9.33
11.67

O
M
W
J
O
‘

O

O

O

O

O
fi
l
M
l
f
Q

0
4
1
1
3
3

)
.
C

)
"
1

2.92

6.42

7.5?

9.92

12.25

w
o
m
4
-
w
4
~

2
‘

b
n
-
5
.
b

n
t
v
r
u
-
m
a
m

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-59 9101 5 COLLECTED

CN

6/22/76.

NUMPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

24.

X

Y

X

Y

X

‘ Y

X

Y

(.00

2.92

4.67

5.25

8.75

1C.50

4.33
11.?8
4.00
15.70
2.83
9.42

1.17

3.50

4.67

5.83

9.33

11.08

5.12
8.33
11.42
2.33
2.00
3.42

1.75

3.50

5.25

9.92

11.08

2.42
13.17
3.67
2.67
1.33

1.75

12.00

3.59

11.17

5.25

11.00

5.83

2.75

10.50

9.00

8.00

11.67

6.5“

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5’51 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

C4

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

23.

Y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

$.00

5.42

.58

3.00

1.75

2.17

1.75

4.00

2.92

13.?0

3.50

5.67

4.08

2.25

4.08

5.83

7.:0

6.42

4.42

1.17

2.92

3.50

4.9

7.00

4.58

1.17 10.75

6.83

6.83

2.92

11.00

4.08

1.25

11.00

4.67

8.59

8.17

8.33

9.33

5.70

13.42

6.00

13.42

8.42

405

LARVAL COORDINATES FOP FIELD

5'51 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6/18/76.

NUMRER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

23.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

(.00

13.00

.58

15.25

1.17

0.03

1.17

2.33

4.67

3.30

4.42

4.17

1.17

14.17

1.75

13.F8

2.33

3.17

2.92

3.58

4.08

4.17

4.67

4.08

5.25

3.92

7.C0

0.00

8.75

12.25

9.33

11.25

9.33

13.00

9.92

14.33

15.50

14.75

10.50

15.00

12.83

11.83

8.75

12.75

10.50

11.37

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-51 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CW

6,18,76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EOUALS

19.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

1.67

.58

4.58

.58

4.67

2.33

3.56

2.33

4.08

2.92

1.33

1.75

2.92

7.00

5.83

7.58

5.50

8.17

4.25

16.33

16.33

13.67

16.33

12.50

16.92

9 .5.)

16.92

1.00
1.42
8.33
13.17

17.50

10.42

18.08

8.58

18.08

10.50

LARVAL CDORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'51 PLOT 4 COLLECTED

[W

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

24.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

0.00

2.33

15.00

2.92

16.75

4.67

1.42

6.42

7.17

14.00

15.00

1.17
2.92
2.92
4.37
7.10
14.58

2.00

4.50

1.75

3.58

2.33

3.00

2.92

6.00

2.92

14.33

18.42

2.92

20.00

3.5?

23.25

2

4

-.14

5.25

5.67

5.83

S .00

3.25

13.42

9.17

14.90

13.58

11.00

14.58

12.58

16.33

17.30

LARVAL CDORDINATES FOP FIELD

5.51 PLOT 5 COLLECTED

CN

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

24.

Y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.00

5.00

1.17

6.75

5.25

5.3

5.83

0.00

7.00

20.50

11.08

18.58

0.00
1.17
5.25
5.83
3.17
11.08

6.42

8.58

8.58

8.67

7.42

1.17

3.75

1.17

4.50

2.33

5.00

3.50

8.33

5.25

11.38

5.25

17.46

5.83

19.25

’."1
...

17.46

8.75

7.5?

9.92

16.57

20.00

11.67

20.17

13.42

15.50

405

LARVAL COORDINATES FOP FIELD

5-51 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

Ck

6/18/76.

NUNRER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

23.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

1.17

2.92

5.25

9.33

10.50

13.00
14.17

3.58

3.92
11.25
14.75

.58

15.25

1.1?

0.03

1.75

13.08

2.33

3.17

4.08

4.17

4.67

4.18

7.C0

0.00

8.75

12.25

1.17

2.33

4.67

3.30

4.42

4.17

8.75

12.75

9.33

13.00

9.92

14.33

10.50

11.57

10.50

15.00

12.83

11.83

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-51 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CV

6118/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

19.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

1.67

.58

4.58

.58

4.67

1.75

0.00

2.33

3.56

2.33

4.08

2.92

1.33

2.92

1.42

7.00

5.83

7.58

5.50

8.17

4.25

16.33

8.33

16.33

13.67

16.33

12.50

16.92

9.00

13.17

17.50

10.42

18.08

18.08

10.50

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'51 PLOT 4 COLLECTED

CN

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

2".

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

0.00

1.17

2.00

1.75

3.58

2.33

15.00

2.92

4.50

2.92

6.00

2.92

16.75

2.92

18.42

2.92

4.67

1.42

4.67

N

3.34

5.25

5.67

2.33

3.00

2.92

14.33

3.52

23.25

5.33

5.00

6.42

7.17

7.‘°

3.25

13.42

9.17

14.no

13.58

14.00

15.00

14.58

11.00

14.58

12.58

16.33

17.00

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'51 PLOT 5 COLLECTED

CN

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

24.

Y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

3.00
1.17
5.25
5.83
7.00
11.08

5.00

0.00

6.42

1.17

3.75

1.17

4.00

6.75

5.33

1.17

8.58

2.33

5.00

3.50

8.33

5.25

fi .58

5.25

11.38

5.25

17.46

0.00

5.83

8.67

5.83

19.25

.00

17.46

20.50

8.17

7.42

8.75

7.50

9.92

16.57

18.58

11.08

20.00

11.67

20.17

13.42

15.50

406

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'54 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

(N

6/18/76.

NUMPER 0F COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

10-

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

0.00

.58

8.33

.58

8.4?

1.75

3.42

2.33

.42

2.92

1.25

2.92

6.17

3.50

.75

3.50

6.71

4.3

4.58

4.08

4.67

4.08

4.75

5.25

7.50

5.83

1.17

5.83

8.17

7.58

6.58

8.17

.17

9.33

1.3

9.33

2.19

LARVAL COORDINATES FDR FIELD

5-54 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

14.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C .00

7.25

.58

2.33

.58

2.67

.58

4.38

1.17

0.00

2.33

2.30

1.17

3.42

1.75

4.33

2.92 14.58

3.50

3.25

1.75

7.00

3.5?

8.00

5.25

5.58

7.00

6.33

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'54 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/18/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

19.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

{.03

30:0

.58

2.17

1.17

1.“?

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.25

2.33

3.00

3.50

1.00

3.50

1.33

3.50

6.50

3.50

7.42

4.08

1.75

4.08

2.50

4.08

5.33

5.25

.92

5.25

1.67

8.17

1.00

8.75

0.30

8.75

1.50

9.92

2.25

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-54 PLOT 4 COLLECTED

CN

6/18/76.

NUMPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

22.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

Y

Y

{.00

9.33

‘1.17

2.29

‘1.17

2.38

1.17

5.33

1.17

9.58

1.17 15.25

1.75

3.58

1.75

6.50

1.75

7.75

2.33

4.53

2.33

6.00

2.33

9.“0

3.50

9.25

4.08

1.00

4.08

2.75

4.08 12.25

5.25 13.00

5.83 10.54

6.42

.75

8.17

1.21

8.75

0.00

8.75

.42

407

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-54 PLOT 5 COLLECTED

CA

6/18/76.

NUMPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

19.

X

Y

X

V

X

Y

X

V

C.00

8.42

1.17

5.67

2.33

9.33

2.92

4.58

5.25

4.33

5.25

5.33

8.75

5.75

9.33

4.0

12.25

0.3

12.25

2.50

1.17
3.52
6.42
9.92
12.83

8.75

1.75

5.00

4.33

8.42

5.25

4.25

8.17

3.17

6.5C

11.67

6.58

.75

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-61 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

ON

6/22/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

11.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

9.33

2.42

.58

13.83

1.75

.17

1.75

1.30

2.92

3.67

‘.67

3.92

4.67

4.83

.58

12.83

0.00

15.75

.67

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-61 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6122/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

73.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

7.00

1.33

0.30

1.33

.58

3.33

1.75

2.00

4.08

2.83

5.25

1.92

5.25

1'10

J.»

6.42

3.42

7.00

6.33

7.58

5.75

8.75

6.0C

9.92

3.92

9.92

4.83

9.92

6.00

9.92

25.00

10.50

5.00

11.08

25.67

11.38

25.67

11.08

26.67

11.08

27.42

11.08

27.42

11.38

28.00

11.67

24.30

11.67

24.0

11.67

25.75

11.67

28.42

11.67

30.00

12.25

24.67

12.25

25.33

12.83

9.42

12.83

24.92

13.42

9.33

13.42

10.00

13.42

11.00

14.58

10.00

15.17

8.67

15.17

9.92

16.92

.25

16.92

2.92

17.53

3.30

17.50

4.00

17.50

5.00

17.53

5.58

17.50

6.42

17.50

6.75

17.50

8.00

17.50

8.00

17.50

11.5?

18.38

.58

2.83

4.30

18.08

8.25

18.08

9.42

18.08

9.00

18.67

18.67

4.25

18.67

5.25

18.67

6.50

18.67

9.00

18.67

10.33

1°.25

3.33

19.25

3.58

19.25

S .120

19.25

13.75

19.25

11.30

19.83

3.30

19.83

10.67

19.83

11.30

23.42

4.42

21.00

5.00

21.00

9.00

21.58

5.17

22.17

6.“0

408

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'6-1 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

C-‘f

6/22/76.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

14.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

7.0

.58

4.83

1.17

2.5’.‘

1.17

6.08

1.75

2.42

2.33

0.00

2.92

2.33

2.92

3.17

2.92

5.50

3.50

4.00

4.08

3.25

11.67

.17

11.67

2.00

11.67

2.58

...—...

LARVAL COOPDI~ATE$ FDR FIELD

5-58 PLOT 1 COLLECTED_

Cu

3/ 717?.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EDUALs

60.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.00

9.67

0.00

4.75

0.00

5.58

.58

9.33

.58

9.33

.58

9.17

.58

9.17

1.17

0.00

1.17

1.42

1.17

1.58

1.17

4.33

1.75 13.00

1.75

.33

1.75

7.83

1.75

5.25

2.33

1.25

2.33

8.50

2.33

4.00

2.33

4.17

2.92

8.42

2.92

3.33

2.92

8.58

3.50

9.67

.50

8.17

4.08

.67

4.08

9.00

4.08

1.83

4.08

4.58

4.67

8.50

4.67

2.67

4.67

8.42

5.25

0.00

5.25

7.00

5.25

5.75

5.83

9.25

5.83

1.17

5.83

2.67

5.83

4.08

6.42

9.75

6.42

1.00

4.42

.67

6.42

7.15

7.50

1.92

7.0:

4.75

7.00

6.75

7.00

5.33

7.58

6.08

7.58

9.83

7.58

2.58

8.17

8.58

8.17

3.33

8.17

6.2‘0

8.75

3.00

8.75

’.‘-.00

8.75

9.17

8.75

4. 0

8.75

5.33

9.33

.75

9.33

8.17

9.33

7.17

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

14.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

1.17

1.42

1.17

8.25

2.33

8.58

2.92

5.33

3.50

.50

3.50

8.75

3.50

5.58

5.25

9.33

5 .83

7.42

6.42

3 .92

7.00

.67

7.00

2.92

9.17

9.17

8.75

4.00

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

C"

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

5.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.33

3.42

2.92

2.08

3.50

6.33

4.08

3.25

8.17 1‘00!)

409

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-58 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CN

6114/77.

NUHPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

82.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

x

v

”..00

6.08

0.00

4.92

5.00

3.25

0.00

4.42

.58

.25

.58

4.00

1.17

9.75

1.17 10.30

1.75

9.58

1.75

2.58

1.75

5.?0

1.75

4.92

1.75

4.33

2.33

.08

2.33

6.75

2.33

2.67

2.33

6.17

2.92

8.42

2.92

8.17

2.92

2.25

3.50

1.00

3.50

8.42

3.56

8.00

3.50

6'62

3.58

5.92

10.00

4.C8

9.92

4.08

2.08

4.C8

6.67

4.08

6.33

4.08

5.83

4.08

4.83

6.08

5.0

4.08

3.25

4.67

8.5?

4.67

7.75

5.25 10.00

5.25

3.17

5.25

3.17

5.25

3.33

5.25

5.33

5.25

4.58

5.25

3.83

5.83

1.53

5.83

1.5‘.‘

6.42

5.17

7.00

10.00

7.00 10.00

7.00

8.83

7.30

8.08

7.58

8.83

8.17

.83

8.17

8.92

8.17

7.17

8.17

1.17

8.17

6.42

8.17

3.83

8.17

2.33

8.75

9.67

8.75

8.80

8.75

4.28

8.75

4.83

8.75

6.33

8.75

5.58

9.33

2.67

9.33

3.17

9.33

3.5?

9.33

9.33

9.33

9.17

9.33

8.75

9.33

8.88

9.33

1.42

9.33

6.92

9.33

1.53

9.33

4.33

9.33

2.25

9.33

3.75

9.92

1.92

9.92

2.25

9.92

5.00

9.92

8.33

9.92

8.67

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-58 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

Ck

6/14/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

17.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.OO

9.“8

0.30

8.50

1.17

.33

1.75

1.67

1.75

6.42

4.67

4.67

4.67

3.00

4.67

3.67

5.25

3.67

5.25

3.67

6.42

5.92

7.58

7.42

8.75

3.17

8.75

3.17

8.75

3.25

9.92

.5?

9.92

3.33

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5-58 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/14/77.

NUMEER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

16.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

6.70

1.17

.33

1.17

5.83

2.33

9.30

2.33

7.17

2.92

9.83

4.67

.83

4.67

2.78

7.70

6.08

7.00

4.00

7.00

8.33

7.5? 17'QDO

8.17

4.67

8.75

8.58

9.33

6.?8

9.33

3.58

410

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

Ck

6I17/77.

NUW‘ER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

13.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

1."8

1.17

9.83

1.17

9.25

1.17

8.5;

4.67

9.75

5.25

7.08

5.83

7.67

5.83

6.75

7.5.0

8.50

8.17

1.58

8.75

7.90

8.75

(‘.’-O

9.33

9.17

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6/17/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

9.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.33

5.92

4.67

6.00

5.25

6.5?-

5.83

5.75

5.83

5.75

6.42

6.83

9.92

9.98

9.92

6.83

9.92

1.33

LARVAL COURDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

rx

6/17/77.

NUMPER 0F COORDINATE PAIRS EDUALs

4.

x

v

x

v

x

v

x

v

5.00

9.50

0.35

9.08

1.75

7.7‘4‘

3.5"

4.83

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CN

6/21/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

15.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

6.70

.58

6.00

.58

4.25

2.33

5.08

2.92

.92

3.5“

6.17

3.50

2.56-

4.67

3.83

5.25

7.67

7.")0

4.25

8.75 18.00

8.75

5.58

8.75

5.5?

9.33

2.42

9.92

7.42

411

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5‘58 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6/21/77.

”UMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

5.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

5.83

4.08

7.58

5.67

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

5'58 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/21/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

3.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

5.83

4.50

6.42 10.00

7.58

6.08

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CN

5/31/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

62.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

(.00

.67

0.00

2.67

0.00

5.17

9.30

7.17

.58

1.70

.58

1.67’

.58

3.67

.58 '5.83

.58

9.50

1.17

1.92

1.17

5.67

1.17

7.50

1.17

9.70

1.17

9.42

1.75

.42

1.75

1.67

1.75

2.“8

1.75

4.50

1.75

4.67

1.75

5.67

2.33

2.92

.«2‘8

.58

2.33

9.53

2.92

.17

2.92

.33

2.92

5.33

2.92

5.67

2.92

8.00

2.92

8.83

2.92

9.33

2.92

9.67

3.58

9.83

4.08

3.50

4.08

8.00

4.08

8.42

4.38

9.00

4.08

9.33

4.67

3.42

5.25

8.80

6.42

7.75

6.42

7.58

.33

.33

7.90

3.50

7.00

8.67

7.58

.“8

7.58

2.08

7.58

5.75

7.58

7.00

8.17

3.42

8.17

5.83

8.17

7.83

8.75

.17

8 .75

.25

8.75

2 .67

8 .75

4 .67

8 .75

6.42

8.75

9.10

9.33

8.50

9.92

.33

9.92

1.5'.‘

1C.50

.42

10.50

8.33

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8'13 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

5/31/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

9.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.33

6.17

2.02

.53

2.92

1.17

2.92

6.17

3.5"

6.50

3.50

7.92

3.5?

8.50

3.5?

9.53

4.67

5.58

5.25

5.67

5.83

4.?0

5.83

8.75

5.83

9.33

6.42

2.17

6.42

2.33

6.42

6.80

6.42

8.92

7.58

8.00

8.75

.83

9.33 13.00

 

412

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8'13 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CA

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

45.

X

Y

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X'

C.CD

8.08

0.00

3.25

.58

0.00

.58

1.92

.58

7.5?

.58

7.42

.58

7.17

1.17

9.33

1.75

7.‘O

2.33

4.5?

2.92

9.83

2.92

2.17

2.92

2.17

3.57

1.08

3.50

.42

3.59

2.75

.38

8.75

4.38

1.67

4.08

3.25

4.38

3.75

[0.38

6.25

4.67

3.25

4.67

6.33

4.67

6.83

5.25

6.83

5.83

9.00

5.83

4.33

5.83

6.17

5.83

9.42

5.83

8.33

5.83

2.33

5.83

3.5%

6.42

9.75

6.42

2.17

6.42

9.33

6.42

2.50

7.30

8.42

7.00

1.17

7.00

9.58

7.58

.17

7.58

8.30

7.58

6.42

7.58

4.75'

8.17

3.25

8.17

7.25

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8'13 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

17.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.OO

2.00

2.92

9.00

5.25

10.00

7 .30

5.17

7.53

5.33

7.00

0.00

6.42

2.33

9.58

.92

4.67

9.92

4.67

4.25

6.42

7.70

7.?0

7.33

.98

7.58

1.67

7.58

7.33

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

25.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.OC

2.30

2.33

5.42

3.50

9.92

5.25

7.33

5.83

7.30

0.00

2.92

4.67

5.25

6.42

8.17

2.25

8.17

8.75

6.38

7.25
3.58
1.17

3.25
3.67
6.67

0.00

4.25

2.92

.83

5.25

9.00

5.25

5.67

6.42

3.67

8.75

9.17

6.58

1.08

.42

1.33

5.58

5.25

413

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

ON

6/10/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

90.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

6.00

3.42

0.00

8.75

0.00

7.17

0.00

9.1?

.58

.17

.58

3.3

.58

2.67

1.17

8.75

1.17

1.75

1.17

1.75

4.78

2.33

3.42

2.33

8.25

2.92

8.67

1.75

1.75

2.33

2.33

2.92

2.92

2.92

2.92

2.92

6.25

3.53

3.50

8.53

4.08

4.38

8.25

4.08

4.08

3.33

4.08

4.67

4.25

6.42 10.00

7.00

9.08

7.00

7.73

7.58

8.’8

7.58

6.83

6.42

7.00

7.00

7.58

7.58

9.17

5.?6

8.17

8.75

9.67

8.75

2.17

9.92

1.75

8.75

8.75

9.92

7.33

3.90

5.33

3.83

1.33

7.51

4.50

9.75

9.83

8.00

4.33

2.59

9.08

4.42

8.17

.17

6.83

7.92

5.08

2.17

1.17

3.75

1.75

7.67

1.75

5.75

2.33

2.33

2.67

2.92

2.92

3.50

4.08

4.08

4.08

5.83

6.42

7.00

7.00

7.58

7.58

8.17

8.75

9.33

.83

6.75

8.83

8.50

1.67

5.25

1.83

5.75

9.00

6.17

7.83

4.75

7.58

7.17

7.08

.58

1.67

1.75

2.33

2.33

2.92

2.92

2.92

3.50

4.08

6.08

4.67

6.42

6.42

7.00

7.50

7.58

8. 7

8.17

8.75

9.33

8.83

3.75

3.50

2.67

8.75

9.50

2.75

5.33

8.08

8.42

2.92

9.33

6.83

6.30

8.25

5.42

6.92

1.67

8.17

.17

2.C0

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6110/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

15.

x

v

x

v

x

v

x

Y

5.00

8.17

.58

7.00

2.33

9.75

2.33

3.75

2.33

2.33

2.33

4.92

6.08

9.75

4.67

7.08

5.83

7.17

5.83

5.92

7.00

4.58

7.00

3.67

7.00

7.00

8.75

9.08

8.75

.58

LARVAL CCCRDINATES FDR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

ON

6/10/77.

NUMEER 0F COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

21.

x

v

x

v

x

v

x

v

6000

7.25

1.1?

1.67

1.17

S..O

1.75

9.:‘8

2.33

3.57

2.92

.83

2.92

4.67

3.50

7.17

3.59

6.08

3.5?

2.42

3.5:

3.08

4.6?

1.'0

5.25 13.00

5.25

1.67

5.83

9.83

6.42

9.30

,7.00

8.17

6.92

3.25

7.58

4.59

8.17

9.75

8.17

3.78

414

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD
tn

6/14/77.

8-13 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

13.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

3.00

9.42

.58

9.17

.58

6.3

2.33

7.92

2.33

2.33

2.92

4."8

2.92

5.08

4.68

.42

4.08

7.75

5.83

7.58

5.8

9.00

7.00

5.25

7.58

9.25

8.75

7.92

8.75

7.17

9.92

3.5"

0.00

1.17

2.33

3.50

4.08

6.42

7.58

8.75

6.67

7.92

2.83

9.17

.58

9.50

2.33

9.50

2.92

9.17

4.?8

8.58

2.00

4.67

8.92

10.00

6.42

7.17

2.42

6.75

8.17

8.25

8.75

6.75

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6114/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

34.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

C.CD

.59

.58

1.59

.58

.83

1.17

1.53

1.17

2.83

1.75

8.83

1.75

2.75

1.75

.6.83

1.75

3.33

2.33

4.33

3.83

2.33

1.90

2.92

3.08

3.5C

.83

3.59

4.42

3.50

4.17

3.5?

4.17

3.50

2.50

4.38

1.83

4.67 16.05

4.67

9.7

4.67

7.25

‘S.25

1.25

5.25

3.92

5.25

5.33

5.83

2.67

5.83

6.83

5.83

4.50

6.42

7.25

6.42

2.67

7.?0

4.75

7.58

8.83

7.58

2.42

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/14/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

42.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

3.00

7.50

.58

3.30

1.75

1.25

2.33

3.50

2.33

6.67

2.92

9.42

5.25

1.17

5.25

6.85

6.42

2.00

8.17

3.58

0.30

1.17

1.75

2.33

2.92

3.50

5.25

5.25

7710

.--

8.17

6.75

3.3

7.33
1.50
1.17

3.00
2.17

5.83
3.58
9.92

0.00

1.17

.58

8.33

1.17

6.33

1.75

2.17

1.75

7.33

1.75

4.17

2.33

7.17

2.33

6.58

2.92

8.00

2.02

2.17

4.67

.83

4.67

1.83

5.25

5.25

7.42

6.42

.92

6.42

1.28

7.58

5.25

7.58

9.92

8.17

6.5?

8.75

1.92

8.75

6.93

8.75

9.83

415

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8'13 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CN

6/17/77.

NUMRER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

13.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

4.83

.58

1.17

2.92

4.17

4.67

9.42

5.25

1.17

5.25

9.53

5.25

3.25

5.25

4.67

5.83

1.“8

7.58 10.00

8.17

8.00

8.17

7.30

9.92

3.42

LAPVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8'13 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6/17/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

13.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

1.1?

4.83

1.17

4.C8

1.17

4.20

2.92

9.83

7.58

5.17

8.17 10.0D

8.17

2.17

9.92

1.5?

9.92

8.17

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

8-13 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/17/77.

NUMOER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

21.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

(.00

2.17

.30

0.00

0.00

1.42

9.00

9.42

.58

0.00

.58

1.33

.58

4.5”

2.33

~

s’od

2.33

2.83

2.92

5.17

3.50

6.25

4.67

3.98

5.83

.58

7.58

fl

0'4

7.58

7.83

8.17

3.58

8.17

4.17

8.17

6.08

9.33

5.33

9.92

1.67

9.92

9.25

LARVAL CCORDINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CK

6/ 717?.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

28.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

3.530

.58

4.17

1.17

10.00

1.75

8.33

2.33

.25

3.50

1.08

4.08

4.33

4.67

1.92

4.67

6.““

4.67

8.58

5.25

5.25

5.83

2.33

5.83

8.90

6.42

7.42

7.58

3.42

7.58

3.58

7.58

7.83

8.17

10.00

8.75

9.08

9.33

5.33

9.92

5.92

9.92

2.50

10.50

8.00

1C.50

8.92

16.50

9.67

10.50

2.50

11.67

9.50

11.67

8.92

416

LARVAL COOPDINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

Ch

6/ 7/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

28.

‘1

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

(.00

1.58

0.00

3.17

.58

1.75

2.67

2.33

4.53

3.59

4.67

8.67

4.67

4.3

5.25

2.83

5.25

3.25

5.83

6.17

6.42

8.17

0.03

8.17

5.30

17

4.67

5.25

7.03

8.17

a

9.33

8.42

9.92

6.40

9.92

b
O
T
U
U
Q
'
N
V

I
.
.

m
a
u
fl
n
‘
j
c
a
A
«

n
~
o

m
J
.
'
D
'
V
“

.58

6.17

4.98

5.25

5.83

7.00

8.75

9.92

6.25

1.33

8.25

3.75

5.92

6.6?

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/ 7/77.

NUMEER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

18.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.30

o

1.75

A

4.68

5.83

8.17

)
"
4
I
I
L
M
V

9
'

)
.
1
3
'
1

0

O
O
D
I
D
'
D
'
V

0.00

2.59

1.17

6.70

2.92

7.42

3.50

4.98

5.58

4.67

1.75

1.75

4.98

5.25

6.42

4.83

7.00

4.58

8.17

9.33

1.58

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9‘15 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CN

6/10/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

29.

x

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.00

7.58

0.00

8.53

.58

.58

8.92

1.17

9.17

1.75

8.42

2.33

3.50

5.25

S .83

7.00

9.33

2.92

4.83

3.50

1.5C

4.08

9 an

Ia-

4.50

6.42

6.83

A .67

9.38

5.25

9.67

6.42

9.08

8.17

6.17

8.75

4.90

.58

2.33

3.50

4.67

5.83

7.30

9.33

e
d
0

o

o

o

I

“
V
I

n
o

‘
U
J
U
N
I
U
V
"
.
'
1
)
(

)
.
u
n
-
w
o
e
m

0
2
’
1
1
:

417

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CN

6110/?7.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

11.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.33

.83

2.33

5.83

3.50

4.75

4.67

8.83

6"? 10.60

7.00

.17

8.17

7.83

8.17

7.25

8.75

1.75

8.75

2.58

8.75

2.75

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CK

6/10/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

7.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

2.17

1.17

9.33

1.1?

7.33

1.75

0.33

5.83

3.5”

8.17

7.17

8.17

4.5“

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

Ck

6114/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

17.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

1.17

7.33

1.17

7.33

1.17

3.75

1.17

5.5

‘

3.50

6.67

4.08

.92

4.08

6.50

4.67

2.3

0

5.25

.58

5.25

1.25

5.83

9.33

6.42

1 7

5

6.42

2.92

6.42

5.67

8.75

9.17

8.75

9

2

9.92

6.58

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT Z COLLECTED

CK

6/14/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

12.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

'.00

3.50

.58

.67

1.17

4.5“

1.75

4.58

4.08

4.08

4.67

4.00

4.67

3.25

6.42

4.83

5325

1.81

70-43

8.00

9.92 10.?0

11.:‘8

(0.5 1‘

418

LARVAL COCRDINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

ON

6/14/77.

NU"”3ER OF COOPDINATE PAIPS ERL‘ALS

13.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

{.00

0.75

.58

7.83

2.33

0.3?

2.33

8.00

2.33

8.7"?

2.33

7.9?

3.5'3

4.08

4.67

6.30

5.25

1.‘O

5.83

4.00

5.83

4.-.‘0

6.42

2.30

7 .30

3 .33

LARVAL COORDINATES FOP FIELD

9-15 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

ON

6/17/77.

NUMBER OF COODDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

5.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

.58

9.67

2.92

2.50

4.67

.75

5.83

7.83

5.83

5.67

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6117/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

12.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

(500 10.90

0.00

2.92

.58

8.83

.58

2.92

.58

5.42

1.75

2.67

2.33

3.67

3.5?

5.75

5.25

0.00

5.25

4.75

7_r-(:

8.75

8.17

7.58

LARVAL COCRDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CK

6/17/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EGUALS

10.

X

Y

X

Y

X.

Y

X

Y

.58

5.67

1.75

5.00

2.33

8.5“

2.33

7.00

3.56

4.25

5.25

.75

5.25

.S‘

5.83

1.42

7.58

.33

7.58

6.5?

419

LARVAL COOPOINATES FOR FIELD

9-15 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

CH

6/21/77.

NUHPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

1.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

9.33

2.75

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

CK

6/21/77.

NUMPER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS

1.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

4.6?

4.‘C

LARVAL CCOPDINATES FOR FIELD

9'15 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

CN

6/21/77.

NUMBER OF COORDINATE PAIRS EQUALS -

3.

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

2.92

7.17

9.92

8.92

1?.56

7.92

420

m WIMTES Fm FIELD 5-60 PLOT l (ILLECTED

04 5/31/78.

PLOT DIEM-3106 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y MINATES

 

0.00

.17

.42

.50

.50

1.33

1.67

1.67

2.67

2.67 2.%

5.67 3.% 3.08 5.33

3.00

5.00 5.00

2.92 4.67 4.50

3.% 3.% 3.50 4.% 4.% 3.92 3.50

5.58

2.50 4.%

.58

.50

.%

.17

1.50

.33

1.42 l.% 1.50

2.00 2.00

2.50

2.50 2.50 2.75

2.67 2.25 6.00 6.00 2.67 3.08

3.00 5.33 3.25 4.% 2.% 4.% 4.50 4.17 3.33 3.08

1.17

.%

.25

.92

.92

.92

.92

1.25

.50

2.67 2.%

2.08

1.50

1.33 2.33 2.75 6.50 6.00 3.00 2.92 3.17

5.92 3.5) 5.92 3.% 5.17 5.17 4.00 4.33 4.% 5.00

2.17

1.75

0.00

.17

.67

.75

.75

1.00

.%

.% 1.42

1.42

1.67

1.50 2.25 2.25 2.17 6.00 6.00 2.67 2.% 5.%

3.17 5.67 3.% 5.50 5.17 5.17 3.% 5.00 3.92 4.00

4.% 4.67 4.17 4.58 4.% 3.92 4.67 5.50 5.50 3.92

2.67

.%

2.33

1.25 0.N 0.00

.25

.17

1.33 150 1.25

1.25

1.58

1.67 2.% 2.17

1.42

1.42 2.42 2.50

3.17 5.92 3.42

5.92 2.50 5.75 3.25 3.25 5.17 467 3.25 4.75 3.33

4.67 3.% 4.25 3.92 6.00 6.00

2.92

.08

.67

.92

1.17

1.67 2.% 2.17 2.17 2.42 2.25

6.00

1.75 2.75

4.42 4.42

4.42 4.67 5.% 4.% 4.%

5.17

5.17 5.17 5.50 4.50

1.67

3.50

.33

.50

.50

1.00

.67

1.92 2.00

2.33

2.33 2.50

2.% 1.75 2.67 3.% 3.% 6.00 6.00 4.00 4.00 5.00

4.42 4.42 5.% 5.% 5.50

4.08

0.00 2.%

.33

.42 3.% 2.17

1.92 2.42 5.% 2.58

5.50 5.50 5.33 5.38 4.67

4.00 4.00 4.50 4.50 3.17

3.% 3.92

1.75

4.66

.33 04X)

.17

.42

1.42

.% 1.00

1.67 6.00 2.%

3.00

2.92 2.% 2.% 3.17 3.17 3.17

4.00 5.50 3.92'

6.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 4.% 4.58 3.33

5.25

2.00

2.00

5.67

1.83

4.17

2.%

20m

5.83

.67

.67

2.50

2.67

3.33

4.50

5.83

2.50

—
u
w
-
g
u
L

8
8
8
8

1.

8
8
4 8

3.

.92

6.00

2.00

2.17

6.00

3.25

3.25

5.00

5.17

.67

4.67

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD 5-60 PLOT 1 COLLECTED

ON 6/ 6/78.

PLOT DIHENSIONS 8 6 8V 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

0.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

0.00

5.67

5.50

5.33

5.33

.33

.33

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

4.83

4.50

1.08

1.92

1.08

5.33

5.17

1.17

5.92

1.25

5.83

5.92

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.67

5.17

4.83

1.67

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.17

1.75

1.75

4.17

4.17

4.17

1.83

4.17

1.83

3.92

.83

3.83

1.83

3.83

3.67

3.83

3.83

2.08

2.08

2.08

2.08

4.33

4.33

4.33

2.17

2.17

3.50

3.50

3.17

3.83

3.83

2.67

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

3.00

3.00

2.67

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

4.33

2.50

3.67

4.00

2.33

2.67

2.67

3.33

3.33

.75

6.00

3.50

4.50

3.42

5.50

.58

.17

.17

1.50

6.00

.08

5.67

5.67

5.00

5.00

.42

4.50

4.50

.67

3.17

3.00

4.83

4.50

3.00

6.00

5.50

4:50

1.17

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.%

5.33

4.83

4.67

4.33

4.33

.58

1.17

3.00

3.50

1.42

3.33

2.50

2.83

2.83

2.50

1.58

3.00

1.75

1.83

4.33

1.92

4.83

5.00

2.00

2.50

5.67

5.33

4.00

2.33

1.17

4.67

4.33

5.17

5.33

5.33

5.50

1.08

5.50

5.50

1.08

1.08

5.33

5.33

5.17

5.50

6.00

1.67

1.58

1.75

4.83

4.83

2.08

1.50

2.25

2.25

3.00

1.83

10%

2.83

2.83

2.58

2.58

2.33

2.33

2.50

2.67

2.92

3.17

2.58

2.67

1.75

5.50

2.00

3.08

2.17

5.50

3.08

2.58

4.17

2.83

5.17

4.50

1.75

0.00

5.67

2.50

0.00

0.00

2.67

5.92

5.17

2.83

5.17

5.33

2.08

5.17

2.25

4.33

1.33

7 3.58

3.67

1.33

5.17
3
3
1
3

2.08

5.33

5.33

5.00

.75

2.50

5.00

1.33

1.33

4.50

4.50

4.17

2.50

4.17

3.67

2.83

2.08

4.33

3.33

1.75

4&22

1.75

5.17

4.00

2.00

2.42

2.42

2.50

” 0
C
N

s
é

5.67

.
.
.

h N

.

2.25

2.%

0.00

0.00

0.00

.67

.92

.92

1.25

.67

.83

2.33

2.33

6.00

5.83

2.17

3.83

3.50

5.33

2.58

4.50

3.25

4.50

2.17

5.33

5.33

3.33

3.33

2.50

2.92

0.00

5.33

.25

.50

.50

5.17

3.67

3.33

.50

1.33

2.33

2.33

2.50

1.67

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.83

3.00

4.00

5.00

2.33

6.00

6.00

5.83

5.92

4.00

.92

2.42

2.17

4.00

3.50

5.83

.67

.92

2.42

1.83

3.83

5.83

5.33

4.83

3.83

1.08

2.25

.50

4.%

a
s
a
h
a
a
a
a
a

—
u
h
-
t
N
a
w
‘
N

a
s
a
h
h
é
h
é
s

_
-
r

:
h

o
t
u
a

n
c
-
u
-
n
a

8
3
8
S
8
8
:
8

.
r
v
w
r
r
y
w

‘
9

.

“
i

8
8
8

.
.
.

. N

.
.

”
E

.

8
8

3.92

2.33

2.17

2.17

4.33

4.50

3.17

3.50

5.00

5.00

3.50

3.17

.92

1.00

1.00

2.50

3.50

2.67

2.67

1.58

5.67

3.42

2.58

5.00

2.58

2.33

5.67

5.17

3.33

1.17

1.92

2.67

3.00

5.50

.25

4.17

.92

1.00

4.67

4.00

.50

4.00

2.83

2.50

2.00

5.00

5.17

.67

3.17

2.17

1.50

3.83

3.33

1.33

1.33

5.00

4.83

.67

4.17

.58

3.67

3.33

2.33

2.50

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.25

3.67

6.00

1.17

.67

4.66

5.67

5.83

2.75

.83

5.83

2.67

3.17

.17

5.25

3.25

1.08

1.25

2.50

.17

.75

4.33

5.17

1.50

2.00

.67

5.17

3.33

1.00

1.00

4.67

1.08

1.08

3.67

3.67

3.67

2.25

2.17

3.17

2.17

2.17

3.17

1.42

2.00

4.33

5.17

5.50

1.42

2.75

2.08

5.67

5.67

3.50

5.83

.17

5.17

3.33

.75

4.33

4.33

4.25

.58

2.58

4.50

4.50

2.42

2.42

5.50

2.50

.67

.67

5.83

4.00

2.17

3.50

1.08

2.17

1.67

1.92

1.92

1.58

2.25

5.58

2.00

423

5.93

.09

.99

.09

.75

.09

.75

.25

.25

2.17

.50

.50

.50

.93

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.42

1.42

1.59

1.75

2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

2.17

2.09

2.09 2.33 2.33

2.33

2.42 2.42

2.59

2.93

2.99

2.93

2.93 4.00 9.00 5.17

5.97 9.00 5.09 5.09

5.00

5.50

5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.17

2.17

2.17

LARVAL 000901740795 Fan FIELD 5—90 PLOT 100mm

0“ 9727/79.

PLOT 0199191079 . 9 9v 9 FEET.

 

x

vmxmss

 

0.00

3.50

3.50 5.50

1.17

1.17

.59

5.17

4.00 4.00

1.00 4.25

.92

2.17 3.17

4.00 3.09

1.17 2.09 3.25

1.17

4.00 4.00 5.17

.93 3.50 4.90 4.93 4.99 4.93

1.42

1.97 2.75

1.33

1.97

1.75

9.00 3.25

.92 3.00

1.17 2.09 2.00 5.17

2.92

5.99

4.17 3.97 3.97 9.00 5.25 5.17 2.93 9.93

3.75

3.25 2.50 4.97 4.97 4.59

4.33 3.97

3.50

5.09 3.97 5.25 3.93 5.09 4.50

1.33 5.00

1.50 4.50

1.93 3.97 2.00 3.75

4.09

5.97 4.09 9.00

.97 5.99 5.50 3.09 9.00 4.00 4.50

4.59 2.50

.97 3.97 3.93

4.99

3.92 5.17

.50

.50

5.00 3.00

4.92

.92

3.33 2.09

2.00 3.09

5.25

5.50 2.00 3.09

.09 4.39 3.75 3.97

2.50 5.97 2.50

3.97 3.97

3.33 3.50

2.50 5.17 2.42 2.09

1.97

2.00

LARVPL WINES Fm FIELD 5-60 PLOT 2 (ILLECTED

04 5I31/78.

PLOT 0118451048 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y WIMTES

 

424

0.00

.17

.33

2.50

3.67

1.33

1.50

2.00

2.00

2.17

2.33

2.50

2.67

4.00

3.83

3.92

3.67

4.83

4.83

5.00

4.00

2.83

1.17

a
w
|
0

?
N
9

8
8
8
$

8
3
8

9
~

8
8

.58

1.00

2.17

2.83

2.67

2.67

4Im

403

4.33

3.83

3.17

.67

4.17

5.83

1.17

OIW

.33

.17

.17

2.17

2.17.

2.50

2.00

6.00

3.67

4.17

6.00

'

1.75

0.00

1.17

1.17

2.00

6.00

4.83

2.17

4.83

2.33

1.00

1.00

1.08

1.08

3.50

3.33

3.00

3.50

5.67

5.58

4.00

5.25

1.67

1.67

1.17

1.33

1.50

3.17

3.17

3.83

4.50

5.17

2.83

5.67

5.17

2.17

1.17

1.50

1.50

3.33

‘.m

5.83

5.67

5.00

4.83

5.00

6.00

2.17

2.67

3.50

4.33

4.17

4.17

3.00

2.67

2.00

2.92

.58

.50

2.33

2.33

2.50

2.67

2.67

1.33

3.67

5.00

3.67

4flm

4.00

3.67

6.00

5.83

5.08

5.42

3.50

.83

.50

.75

.33

.17

1.33

1.50

1.67

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.33

2.33

2.50

3.50

3.67

4.83

4.17

4.50

4.50

4.92

‘.m

.67

.67

.83

1.00

1.00

3.00

2.83

2.33

3.00

5.58

5.50

2.17

5.17

4.58

4.92

4.66

0.00

.17

.83

1.17

1.33

1.67

1.67

1.00

1.67

2.17

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.67

3.08

3.67

3.67

3.33

3.42

4.17

5.00

5.00

4.67

4.50

5.00

4.67

5.58

5.33

4.50

4.17

5.17

5.58

2.50

2.00

5.25

.17

.17

.33

.33

2.00

2.00

1.67

2.50

2.67

3Im

3.00

3.00

3.83

3.83

3.75

3.67

4.00

4.17

4.17

6.00

4.83

5.67

5.58

5.08

4.00

3.00

5.83

.17

1.17

1.50

1.50

1.50

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.17

2.67

3.17

3.50

3.33

4.17

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.50

5.00

3.33

3.33

5.42

4.83

5.58

5.58

1.33

3. 17

4.33

425

LAWN. C(IROIMTES Fm FIELD 5-60 PLOT 3 (ILLECTEO

(N 5131/78.

PLOT 0118431045 = 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y MIMTES

 

00m

Cm

Om

Om

0%

Im

Om 1.17 2.17 2.” 2.17

2.67 3.00

3.50 5.% 3.00 5.50

5.17 5.% 2.67 4.67

4.67 4.% 4.00

4.00 4.% 3.67

3.50 5.33

1.00 100

1.00 2.00 0.00 2.00

.58

.17

.17

1.00 100

1.17

2.50 2.00 2.50 5.50

4.17 4.67 3.17 450

2.17 2.%

1.17

.17

1.00

1.00

.67

1.17

1.33

1.17

1.17

1

2.50 2.17 2.17

1.67 5.33 4.% 4.% 2.50

2.

2.50 2.00 4.67 5.50 5.50 5.00 4.17

1.75

.17

.33 0.00 0.00

.67

.67

1.17

1.50

1.50

1.50

2.00 2.00 2.17 2.67 2.17 3.00 3.50 4.33 5.50 4.50

4.% 4.67 4.% 5.67 6.00 6.00

1.00

33

.33 2.67

2.33

.33

.67

."

1.17

1.33

1.50

.% 1.67

1.67

1.83

1.00 0.00

1.17

1.00

1.67

3.00 2.% 2.67 2.33 2.00

3.33 5.33 5.50 3.50

3.67 3.67 4.00 3.50 4.42 3.33

2.92

0.00

1.00

1.00

1.50

1.33

1.50

1.67 2.00 2.00

2.00

2.00 2.50 3.00 2.% 3.00 3.50 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

5.92 5.17 4.33

4.33 4.50 4.% 3.17

4.50 5.50 5.33

3.50

.17

.50

.50

.50

150

.50 2.17 2.17

1.50

3.33 4.00 4.17 4.00 4.25 5.00

00

4.08

.33

.67

1.00 100

3.33 6.00 2.67 5.33

4.50 4.58

.67

50

00

7 6.00 6.00 2.17

3.00

3.00

4.00 4.57

4.66

.50

.50

.50

.67

.83

1.67 2.00 2.00

2.00 3.00

3.% 3.00 2.67 5.% 5.50 3.08 5.33 3.00

3.17 5.00

3.33 5.00

5.00 4.00 4.00 4.67 4.17

5.25

.%

.50

.17

.50

.67

1.00

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.67

1.67

2.00 2.17 2.33 2.33 2.33 3.00 4.00 4.17 4.00

426

5.00 3.00 2.67

.67

5.83

.67

.50

It7 I‘m 10m 1017

.50

1.67

2.00 2.00

2.17 2.33

2.33 3.17 3.33 3.17

4.00 4.00 ‘.m 6.00

6.00 5.92 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.17

5.17 5.33

5.67

2.83

LARVAL COORDINAJES FOR FIELD 5-60 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

ON 6113/78.

PLOT DIMENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y CDORDINATES

 

0.00

5.67

.08

6.00

6.00

5.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.00

5.67

5.83

5.83

5.50

5.50

5.83

5.83

5.83

.17

.25

5.67

.08

.08

.08

0.00

.08

.08

5.50

.33

.33

.33

6.00

4.67

4.67

.33

4.67

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

.50

.67

5.67

.67

.75

.83

5.17

5.17

.67

.50

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.25

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.83

5.67

5.67

5.67

1.17

5.50

5.50

1.08

1.08.

1.08

5.00

4.83

4.83

4.83

4.67

1.67

1.67

1.67

5.00

5.50

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.42

5.83

5.00

5.00

5.00

2.17

5.00

5.00

5.00

1.17

1.17

1.00

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

1.67

1.67

1.67

1.67

4.33

4.00

4.00

1.50

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

44.00

1.17

3.92

3.92

3.92

2.50

3.92

3.92

3.92

3.92

3.92

3.29

3.92

4.00

4.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

4.67

2.50

3.83

3.83

3.83

2.00

2.00

3.67

3.67

3.17

2.00

3.17

2.67

3.50

2.67

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.83

3.83

3.83

2.50

2.92

3.00

2.50

2.50

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

2.50

4.33

5.00

.67

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.67

1.00

3.83

3.00

1.67

5.67

6.00

.17

.17

.17

.08

.08

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

.50

6.00

6.00

.50

.50

.50

6.00

5.67

5.67

5.67

.50

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

.17

.17

5.50

.17

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

.42

5.00

5.00

5.00

.42

.42

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

.67

.83

.83

.83

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.17

5.17

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.92

.42

1.00

1.00

1.25

4.33

4.33

4.33

.67

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.17

1.50

1.33

1.33

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.33

4.33

3.83

3.83

3.67

3.67

3.67

.42

3.83

3.83

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.33

4.33

4.33

1.50

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

1.50

3.00

3.00

2.17

3.00

3.00

3.00

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

4427

3.00

3.00

3.00

2.83

1.00

3.17

2.08

2.83

2.83

2.83

3.00

3.00

3.00

2.00

1.50

2.25

2.25

1.42

1.75

1.75

1.50

3.25

3.25

.25

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.67

4.67

.67

5.67

5.00

4.00

4.00

3.00

1.67

w
w
w
r
w
w

N o

3
8
8
3
8
8
8
3

2.17

.58

.$

)
9
9
‘
-
i
O
(

.
.
.
.
.
.

I

:
3
8
9
8
9
8
3

1.17

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.83

5.83

5.67

.08

5.67

5.50

5.50

5.33

.75

5.33

2.17

2.17

5.33

5.33

5.33

2.17

5.08

5.08

5.00

5.00

5.00

4.83

4.83

.50

.50

5.17

.42

5.00

4.50

4.50

4.17

4.00

4.00

.25

4.00

4.00

3.92

3.83

1.25

1.25

1.25

3.67

3.67

1.67

1.58

3.50

3.33

3.33

1.67

1.50

3.00

2.83

3.00

.33

.33

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.17

2.17

2.17

.08

2.00

2.00

.17

.67

1.50

.67

.67

.67

.67

1.00

2.17

2.17

.50

3.00

3.00

.75

1.00

4.m

3.67

.67

3.75

.75

.75

6.00

.08

5.17

.92

1.33

2.25

3.83

3.83

1.33

1.75

.08

6.00

.08

.08

5.50

5.33

5.33

.17

.17

.17

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

.17

5.67

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.17

5.17

5.00

5.00

.67

.67

.67

.67

.67

4.67

3.67

4.58

4.58

4.58

.83

.83

4.50

.83

.83

.67

1.17

1.17

1.25

4.08

1.17

1.17

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

1.33

1.50

1.17

1.58

3.92

3.92

3.92

3.92

3.92

4.00

5.67

5.67

3.67

2.00

2.00

1.58

5.58

5.67

5.67

2.08

5.33

5.33

2.08

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.50

2.33

2.17

2.00

2.00

.67

.67

.83

2.33

.97

.67

4.97

4.67

4.50

4.09

1.30

4.00

2.00

1.97

3.00

2.17

2.97

4.50

4.08

1.33

4.00

2.00

2.00

3.00

2.17

2.67

1.33

4.00

1.25

4.17

4.67

5.17

1.25

.93

5.50

2.08

2.33

.58

.17

6.00

6.00

.42

5.92

5.92

5.92

5.92

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.50

5.50

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.50

5.50

2.17

5.50

5.50

5.50

2.17

2.00

2.00

5.50

5.50

2.00

5.42

1.50

1.50

5.50

5.50

.83

.83

5.42

5.42

.67

5.33

5.33

.67

.67

.67

5.17

5.17

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

.50

5.00

4.67

4.67

.83

4.83

4.83

4.83

.92

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

1.00

1.00

.50

4.00

.33

4.00

4.00

3.92

3.92

428

3.83

3.83

3.67

1.17

3.50

3.17

3.17

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

2.67

2.50

2.50

5.83

4.67

5.50

.17

.67

.67

5.17

.50

5.08

2.92

4.83

.92

5.00

5.50

4.58

4.08

4.08

1.00

4.00

4.00

3.75

.67

3.67

1.33

1.33

1.50

3.17

1.67

3.33

3.00

2.00

2.92

2.92

2.92

2.92

2.08

2.42

2.42

2.75

1.92

1.50

2.00

3.00

3.50

5.33

5.33

5.33

.08

.17

5.33

5.17

.50

.50

.50

4.67

.50

4.58

4.42

1.17

3.83

1.33

1.33

3.83

3.75

3.75

3.75

1.17

5.00

5.00

3.08

1.17

3.08

3.00

1.33

3.00

3.00

1.25

n
o
-
.
.
.

I

2.42

2.42

1.50

1.50

1.50

.17

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.17

2.17

1.67

3.00

3.00

4.67

4.67

6.00

6.00

1.75

1.33

4.17

2.50

3.00

1.67

6.00

5.92

5.92

5.67

5.67

.17

.08

.25

.17

5.08

5.17

.17

5.33

5.42

.08

4.50

.50

4.17

3.92

2.83

2.83

2.67

2.42

2.00

.83

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

.08

4.67

4.67

4.75

4.75

4.58

.17

.17

.17

4.42

4.42

.50

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.00

4.00

3.67

3.67

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.75

.92

3.00

3.00

3.00

.83

2.83

2.83

2.83

1.00

1.00

2.75

2.75

1.17

1.17

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.00

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

1.17

1.92

1.50

1.00

1.00

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

4.83

4.50

.67

3.92

1.33

1.50

1.92

2.67

2.50

4.83

.08

.33

.50

1.17

3.83

5.17

1.00

2.50

2.00

2.00

1.17

1.75

5.58

5.17

5.17

4.83

4.50

4.33

.92

3.92

3.50

3.00

2.83

2.67

2.42

2.17

.83

4J29

4.66

6.00

5.92

5.92

5.67

5.75

.08

5.50

5.50

.17

.25

.25

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

4.83

4.83

4.83

4.83

.42

.42

4.42

4.33

. 4.17

.42

.42

3.83

3.50

.50

.50

3.17

3.17

.67

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

2.83

2.83

1.00

2.33

2.33

2.50

1.08

1.08

2.67

2.67

2.67

2.67

2.33

2.33

1.17

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

1.33

2.00

2.00

1.67

1.67

1.33

2.83

3.17

3.33

3.33

4.50

5.00

2.17

o
c

o
n

.
:

:
h

-
r

-
r

Slfi

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.25

.08

5.58

1.08

.08

.17

.33

5.00

4.

3
3
8
3
2
8
3
8
8
8

8
8

3.17

3.17

3.00

3.00

1.00

1.00

2.67

2.67

2.50

2.33

2.00

2.00

3.00

3.17

.08

5.50

4.83

4.67

4.67

4.58

4.58

4.58

4.08

4.50

4.50

4.50

.50

.50

4.50

.58

4.33

4.33

4.17

4.17

4.17

.67

4.00

.75

.75

4.08

4.33

.83

.83

4.00

4.00

1.08

4.33

4.83

3.92

3.92

4.17

1.17

1.17

.83

1.25

1.33

1.50

1.50

1.50

3.67

3.67

3.17

1.33

3.17

3.17

3.83

3.83

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.83

1.83

3.67

2.83

1.50

2.83

1.67

1.67

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

1.67

1.67

4.42

4.00

4.00

1.67

4.00

4.00

3.00

3.83

5.83

6.00

5.33

5.33

5.33

6.00

5.00

5.00

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.33

3.67

3.67

3.67

4.67

4.67

4.00

4.00

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.33

2.83

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

1.67

1.75

1.50

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

4.50

4.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

.75

.75

.75

.58

.25

.25

.50

.17

.50

.50

2.42

3.67

5.67

5.33

LARVRL COORDINATES FDR FIELD 5-60 PLOT 3 COLLEETED

OI 6l20/78.

PLOT DIHENSIONS 8 6 8V 6 FEET.

 

 

Y CDURDINATES

0.00

6.00

5.83

5.83

5.50

.50

5.50

5.42

5.33

.17

.17

5.25

5.17

.33

4.67

.42

5.17

4.67

4.17

.75

4.17

4.17

4.00

4.00

.50

4.17

4.17

.67

.58

4.00

4.00

3.67

3.50

3.50

3.33

1.08

1.08

.75

3.!7

3.17

3.25

3.5

3.17

1.17

3.33

3.33

4.00

4.00

4.00

1.17

4.42

5.42

5.25

.17

4.33

2.00

4.50

1.17

1.67

4.08

1.33

4.00

4130

4.67

4.83

4.50

4.42

4.08

2.83

2.92

3.33

8
'

‘ .

. N

o

1.17

.58

5.67

5.00

.33

5.58

5.67

5.67

5.75

5.75

.17

5.50

6.00

6.00

.17

.17

.17

6.00

.25

5.67

.50

5.33

4.83

.33

4.33

4.83

1.08

4.50

4.50

1.08

4.25

4.25

4.25

2.33

1.50

4.50

.92

.92

4.42

1.33

4.08

5.00

1.67

5.00

3.92

3.92

2.08

4.83

3.58

2.25

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

1.50

1.50

3.67

3.50

4.00

2.50

2.50

3.33

3.42

2.08

3.25

2.33

3.42

3.42

3.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.83

1.67

1.67

3.67

2.67

2.92

2.25

3.25

2.5

2.83

5.67

5.08

1.67

1.67

5.92

1.67

1.67

1.25

4.58

2.33

4.92

g
s
s
s
w
w
s
s
s
a
s

1.17

3.08

3.50

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

.50

5.92

5.83

5.83

.50

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.17

5.33

1.67

1.67

5.25

5.25

5.00

5.00

1.17

1.08

4.50

4.50

4.50

1.17

4.42

1.33

4.00

2.33

2.50

3.83

2.50

2.33

3.67

3.67

2.58

2.67

3.25

3.25

2.92

2.83

1.75

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.33

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1.17

P

I

.67

.67

.92

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1.00

1.00

1.33

1.33

1.50

1.67

1.42

1.42

1.67

1.67

1.67

1.75

2.33

1.25

1.50

1.50

2.08

2.33

2.33

2.42

2.58

2.58

2.83

2.83

2.83

2.83

2.83

3.08

3.08

3.08

3.17

3.33

3.50

3.50

3.83

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.75

4.00

4.25

4.25

4.33

4.67

4.67

4.58

4.67

4.67

4.67

4.83

5.17

5.17

5.17

4.83

4.83

4.83

5.33

5.33

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.33

5.33

5.92

2.33

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.92

5.92

5.92

5.67

5.50

5.33

5.33

5.25

5.17

5.11

4.67

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.67

4.67

4.50

4.’

4.25

4.17

4.17

3.67

3.67

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.33

2.67

2.67

2.50

2.58

2.83

1.92

1.50

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4.67

4.67

4.50

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4.38

4.33

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4.42

4.42

1.17

1.17

1.50

4.25

4.00

3.00

3.00

3.17

3.17

3.00

4.00

4.00

4.33

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6.00

5.67

5.58

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5.42

5.42

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5.33

5.17

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5.42

5.17

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.67

.67

.75

4.67

4.67

4.92

5.90

.75

.75

4.42

4.58

1.00

4.50

4.50

1.08

1.00

4.83

4.83

1.17

1.17

4.42

4.42

4.33

1.33

4.17

3.83

1.50

1.50

3.83

3.83

1.58

3.92

1.75

3.50

3.50

1.83

2.00

3.33

3.33

3.17

1.83

3.25

1.83

3.17

3.17

3.00

2.92

2.33

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.83

2.92

2.92

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2.3

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3.33

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2.17

2.17

2.75

3.67

2.50

4.50

3.50

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5.83

5.83

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.83

.67

5.58

5.25

5.25

5.00

4.67

4.67

4.67

2.00

4.42

4.42

4.00

2.50

2.50

3.75

2.67

2.67

3.17

2.50

3.00

3.83

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a
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o

s
a

8
8
8
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8
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5.75

5.25

5.33

5.00

5.00

2.33

4.50

4.17

4.17

3.83

2.67

3.58

3.50

2.67

3.08

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0
.
.
.

8
2
3
8
8
8
3
2

1.00

5.17

1.67

4.50

4.00

2.50

3.50

3.00

.58

.50

5.17

5.17

5.00

1.33

1.42

4.08

6.00

6.00

.50

.50

5.83

5.75

.33

5.25

5.33

5.33

5.25

5.25

5.25

5.25

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5.17

5.17

5.17

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5.08

5.08

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5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

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5.08

5.08

4.83

1.17

4.75

4.58

4.50

4.50

4.50

5.17

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1.00

5.00

5.08

1.08

4.50

1.42

4.33

4.33

1.58

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.17

1.67

2.00

4.00

4.00

2.08

4.00

4.00

4.33

2.17

2.17

4.17

2.25

3.92

3.92

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.50

3.67

3.50

3.42

3.50

3.50

2.33

2.50

2.50

3.42

2.50

2.33

2.33

3.33

3.33

2.67

2.67

3.33

2.67

3.25

2.50

2.50

2.92

2.83

3.17

3.17

4.66

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.67

5.58

5.58

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.42

5.33

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.00

5.00

4.92

4.92

5.00

4.83

4.83

4.83

3.67

4.58

4.50

4.25

4.25

4.00

4.00

4.00

3.92

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.58

4.00

3.50

3.33

3.33

3.17

2.00

3.17

3.17

2.83

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.67

2.67

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.92

1.92

2.00

2.00

1.83

1.50

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.17

1.00

3.00

.83

.83

1.33

1.33

.67

2.17

2.17

2.17

.17

.17

.42

.58

.58

.08

.17

.17

1.67

2.50

2.33

4.75

5.25

6.00

6.00

5.33

5.33

5.33

5.17

5.17

5.00

5.83

5.83

5.83

4.75

5.00

4.50

4.33

4.33

4.17

4.00

4.17

4.17

3.92

3.92

4.00

3.50

3.50

3.33

3.33

3.67

3.00

3.00

2.67

3.00

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.00

1.67

1.67

1.33

1.33

1.17

1.25

1.25

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.83

.83

3.67

3.67

4.00

4.25

4:83

5.83

4.25

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.58

5.58

5.58

5.58

5.42

5.33

5.42

5.42

5.42

5.17

5.17

5.08

5.08

5.42

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.92

5.92

4.83

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.58

4.58

4.67

4.67

432

4.75 4.50

4.50 4.42 4.42

4.25

4.17

4.17 4.3 4.42

4.00

4.17 3.3 3.50 3.50 3.58 3.58

3.58 3.58

3.42

3.25 3.17 3.17 3.17 3.00 3.00 2.3 2.67 2.58 2.50

2.3 0.00 0.00

.25

.08

.17

.33 2.3 2.3

.3

.3 2.50

.3

.3 2.67

2.67

.3

.42

.42

3.00

3I§

Cm

Cw

Cm 30m

Om

Or

‘017 ‘.17

0%

2.42 2.08

.75 2.25

.3

.3 2.3

.75

.3 1.3

1.00

1.50

1.50

1.17

1.17

1.50

1.17

1.50

1.50

1.67

1.00 1.3 1.3 1.33 1.3 1.08

1.08

1.50

1.50

1.17

1.17

1.25 1.3 1.3 1.25

1.17

1.50 1.3

.3 4.00

4.00 5.17 3.3 3.50 5.50 4.00

LMVN. CCDROIMTES Fm FIELD 8'10 PLOT 1 MCTED

01 5130/78. PLOTOIPENSICNS868Y6FEET.

 

X

YWIMTES

 

0.00

2.3

.50 2.08 4.3 2.3

.3 6.3 3.3 2.3

.50

2.3 3.17 6.00 2.58

.58

2.75

1.00 4.00 6.00 4.3

.32 2.50 2.3

1.17

.3 2.3 2.00 1.3 2.00 3.00

1.58 1.3 2.00

1.75

2.3 1.92 3.3 3.3

2.3

4.67 4.50 5.00 5.3 1.00

1.00 2.08

1.17 2.25

3.67

2.92

2.00 6.00 4.17 2.00

3.50

4.3

.42

.3

.50 2.3 3.00 2.3 6.00

4.3

.3 4.00

.3

.3

.3

.50 2.3 2.00 2.3 2.3

2.75

4.66

.17

.3 5.17 4.3 1.17

2.42

5.25

4.3 6.00

1.92 3.00 1.3 6.00 6.00

2.42 5.25

1.92

5.3

4.00 4.00

2.17 3.00

1.92 2.75 2.3

LNWN. WINES Fm FIELD 8-10 PLOT 1 CELLECTED

C“ 6/ 6/78.

PLOT OIIENSICNS 3 6 8V 6 FEET.

 

433

X

Y CMDINATES

 

0.00

5.67 5.67 300 3.00

.50

.50

.50

5.17

5.17 5.00

5.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

5.25

3.92

4.17

4.17

4.00

4.00

1.42

1.42

1.58

3.92

3.92 3.67

3.33

2.92 3.00 3.00

3.00

3.00 200 2.00 2.50

.92

.58

.3

.3

.3 4.50 5.67

.58 5.3 5.3

.50

5.00

1.3 4.17

4.17

1.25

1.25 4.00 3.3 1.50 3.67 3.67

3.67 3.3 1.67 3.3 3.3 3.17

3.17 3.67 2.00 2.67

2.67 2.3 3.17 3.3 2.50 3.67

.3 2.83 2.3 5.00

5.67 5.3 2.00

.75

1.17

4.00 4.00 4.50 4.50

4.67

.58 500

0.00 0.00 5.50 3.92

.58 3.3 3.3 3.50 2.3 2.50

2.50 2.3 2.17

."

2.00 2.17 13 2.67 2.67 2.3

1.50

1.50 4.17 6.00 6.00

1.75

.17 2.3 2.3

.50 2.3 2.3 5.3 5.3 2.67 2.67

2.67 2.50

.58

.58 5.17

4.50 5.67 2.00

.75 5.00

.3 5.33 4.00 4.00 3.3 2.50 1.3 2.17 2.50

2.50

1.3 1.3 4.50 1.3 1.3 5.17 5.17

1.75

2.3

6.00 6.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50

.3

.3 5.3 5.3

5.3 5.3

.92 2.00 2.00 4.17

4.17

.92 2.50 4.3

2.3

.58

.58

.3

.25

1.00

1.00

1.00 4.67

1.50

2.00 2.17 2.17 5.50 2.3 1.3

2.92

4.67 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.50 4.3 0.00 2.00 2.17

2.17

4.17 4.3

.3

.3 2.3 2.3 3.67 4.83 2.08

2.17

.67 4.50 3.3 3.3 3.3 4.00 4.00

.75

.75

.75

.75 3.3 3.3 4.00 4.00 4.00

4.00

.75 3.17

3.67 2.50 3.50 5.75

1.42

1.42

1.42 4.50 2.00 2.00

2.00

1.58 5.00

1.00

.50

3.50

3.00 3.50 3.50 3.3 3.17 3.17

.25 3.67 3.67 3.00

3.00 3.00

.25 2.3 2.00

.17

.17

.17

.17 2.00

.58

4.33 4.3

.58

1.00 4.67

.58 4.3 5.00

.75

.75 4.00 5.00 3.67

.42 4.50

4.67

1.00

1.00 4.50

5.00 3.00

1.17

1.42

1.50

1.17

4.08

3.00 6.00 4.00 5.3 5.67 2.67

2.67 2.50 2.3 4.67

.50 4.3 4.3 4.3

.42 2.00 1.3 3.67 2.67

.58

2.00 2.00 2.00 2.3 2.67

2.17

2.17

1.00

1.17

.92

1.17 6.00

1.50

1.50

1.50

4.66

3.3 3.3 3

4.50 3.00 3.00

4.67

4.67

4.67

3.00

3.00

.58 5.00 2.3 2.17 5.00 5.17 3.3 3.3 5.50

434

.33

4.00

40m

4.67

3.17

1.17

1.50

4.00

5.33

2.00

1.17

5.25

5.67

5.67

3.00

5.33

5.50

2.17

2.83

4.33

4.33

4.33

.53

2.00

2.33

.67

5.83

2.00

2.00

3.33

3.50

3.67

8
8
'
3

6.00

5.33

4.83

1.00

2.33

2.00

4.50

8
:
5
3

5.67

2.67

4.67

1.00

1.08

0.00

4.17

1.33

2.50

.67

5.00

5.17

4.00

4.00

1.33

4.00

5.42

.67

2.50

2.50

3.00

3.17

5.17

6.00

6.00

4.33

4.33

6.00

5.00

4.92

5.83

5.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.00

2.17

2.83

.17

.67

2.00

2.20

2.50

4.17

4.33

4.00

5.33

LARVAL COORDINRTES FOR FIELD 8-10 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

0" 5/30/78.

PLOT DIHENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

0.00

.33

4.25

1.42

5.17

.17

4.08

.67

3.00

.42

.67

2.67

1.50

.25

2.42

3.00

3.00

2.00

2.00

2.25

4.67

2.42

.50

4.83

2.17

1.17

4.00

5.33

3.00

6.00

.83

3.58

3.00

3.00

2.67

1.58

3.00

3.92

3.00

3.67

3.67

1.75

1.75

1.67

1.75

3.00

3.50

1.92

2.25

2.%

4.83

5.00

.83

2.67

6.00

6.00

1.08

3.50

2.42

2067

3.00

1.33

1.33

2.92

.33

2.83

.42

5.83

3.17

.50

1.67

‘.w

1.83

10%

4.33

3.67

3.17

1.67

3.50

5.50

4.08

3.58

6.00

.83

1.17

2.83

1.42

2.17

2.50

4.%

5.00

4.50

.25

4.08

6.00

3.92

1.33

3.08

1.33

4135

4.66

5.33

.25

6.00

4.00

.42

2.67 llw

5.25

4.42 4.58 6.00

.42

3.33

3.75 3.92

5.%

4.25 3.67 3.67

1.17

1.33 3.33 2.50 2.50

2.50

.83

LARNRL COORDINQTES FOR FIELD 8'10 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

ON bl 6/78.

PLOT DIHENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

0.00

2.50

5.67

5.75

5.58

5.50

2.00

2.00

.33

.67

4.50

5.00

5.08

4.83

4.92

.42

.42

.42

5.00

5.08

.75

.75

.75

5.08

.83

.83

.83

5.08

5.08

4.50

4.50

4.50

1.00

1.00

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

1.58

1.75

4.17

4.17

2.08

3.83

2.33

3.83

2.42

3.92

3.67

3.75

2.42

3.67

2.33

3.58

2.58

3.42

2.67

2.67

3.67

3.67

2.67

3.58

2.83

3.50

3.50

2.83

2.00

2.00

2.00

3.67

3.58

3.83

.58

3.00

5.67

5.92

3.50

5.67

2.50

.42

3.42

2.00

4.08

2.33

4.17

2.67

2.67

2.67

4.25

.67

3.00

2.75

3.17

3.50

3.50

3.50

.‘5

5.00

3.17

5.00

2.17

2.75

.75

4.67

4.67

4.67

.83

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

4.67

4.67

4.67

3.25

.92

.92

.92

4.17

3.83

3.83

3.83

3.83

.92

3.50

4.83

2.00

2.00

4.50

1.00

4.67

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

2.00

4.83

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

3.00

1.50

1.17

1.17

3.00

3.17

3.17

3.08

4.50

0.00

5.25

5.25

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

.92

.92

.92

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

.25

5.00

4.83

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

1.08

4.50

4.33

1.92

1.92

1.92

4.50

2.00

1.08

5.33

1.83

1.33

3.%

4.00

4.92

4.00

1.08

1.08

1.50

1.83

.92

.92

1.75

5.83

3.00

3.00

2.83

2.83

2.83

5.67

.58

2.67

5.67

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

.17

4.83

4.58

.33

4.50

4.00

4.50

1.00

4.50

4.50

5.25

5.50

4.83

6.00

5.00

4.42

4.42

4.67

.25

4.17

2.%

2.67

5.92

5.67

3.00

0.00

5.75

2.67

0.00

2.33

5.83

0.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

4.83

4.83

4.83

2.50

4.75

1.00

5.00

5.00

4.67

1.17

5.08

3.67

5.67

1.42

1.33

5.58

3.00

5.17

1L36

3.50

4.%

3.50

5.92

3.50

4.67

2.92

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

1.50

3.33

2.00

4.50

3.17

5.50

2.67

2.67

2.67

5.6]

.25

5.17

4.67

4.67

4.67

4.00

4.00

1.50

6.00

4.00

4.50

2.75

2.42

2.67

2.83

3.%

3.00

3.00

3.00

.25

.25

.33

‘.m

5.00

5.17

4.17

3.00

2.33

2.33

3.67

.67

4.00

4.00

4.00

1.92

3.83

4.00

4.00

2.25

4.83

5.08

5.83

6.00

6.00

1.33

4.42

5.42

2.33

2.83

2.83

4.08

5.67

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

5.92

5.67

°
2

3
2

I
U
H
-
t
r
u
H

N
-
J
H
#

0

I

N I

g
a
g
s
g

8
8
8
8
8
8

°
9

3
2

5.42

4.00

4.17

4.33

4.50

5.08

2.08

4.83

4.67

4.33

4.58

3.67

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.17

4.66

4.00

4.00

4.00

2.00

2.17

2.17

4.33

4.83

6.00

3.00

2.33

5.00

5.00

1.00

.75

1.75

5.25

1.08

.50

.50

4.00

2.00

1.75

.83

5.08

4.00

5.00

5.00

5.83

0.00

2.50

2.50

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

2.83

6.00

3.83

2.83

.67

5.50

4.00

4.67

1.67

.67

.67

.50

4.00

4.00

4.00

5.75

4.00

4.33

5.42

1.58

1.67

4.25

LARVflL COORDINATES FOR FIELD 8-10 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

ON 6113/78.

PLOT DIHENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

0.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.92

5.67

5.67

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.33

5.25

5.33

5.17

5.33

5.33

5.67

5.67

4.67

4.67

4.67

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.00

4.67

4.67

4.67

4.33

4.50

4.67

4.67

4.42

4.42

4.00

4.00

4.17

4.17

3.83

3.83

4.17

4.17

4.17

4.33

4.60

3.67

3.50

3.50

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.33

3.33

3.17

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

2.67

2.67

2.67

3.33

2.50

2.33

2.50

2.33

2.50

2.67

1.67

1.50

1.33

1.50

1.17

1.17

1.00

1.00

.17

.17

.17

4137

.17

.25

.67

.75

0%

1.50

2.33

S.A7

5.67

6.00

5.50

5.33

5.33

.58

6.00

6.00

5.67

5.50

5.67

5.50

5.50

5.33

5.33

5.17

5.17

5.17

4.67

4.67

4.83

4.83

4.83

4.33

4.33

4.58

3.67

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.00

3.00

2.67

2.67

2.83

2.67

1.67

1.67

1.67

1.17

1.17

.17

.67

.83

.83

1.00

1.00

3.00

3.00

3.67

1.17

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.83

5.83

5.67

5.67

5.50

5.42

5.50

5.50

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.50

5.17

5.17

5.08

5.00

5.17

5.17

4.83

4.25

4.25

.50

.50

.33

4.17

4.25

.17

4.50

.08

.08

4.00

3.67

3.83

.50

4.08

4.08

3.75

.50

3.75

3.33

.75

3.17

3.83

3.83

.83

.83

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.00

3.00

.83

2.83

2.83

2.67

2.50

4.50

2.67

2.67

2.33

1.17

2.50

1.00

2.33

2.83

2.33

3.83

1.67

I.75

I.83

1.50

1.33

1.50

2.83

3.00

3.00

4.00

4.42

4.33

2.00

2.17

5.00

2.17

2.17

3.17

3.50

2.67

2.83

5.50

5.50

5.17

4.25

3.83

3.33

3.17

2.83

2.50

2.00

3.00

2.00

1.75

5.67

.17

5.33

5.00

4.83

.50

4.17

4.17

4.00

1.08

3.92

3.75

3.17

3.17

1.25

3.67

3.67

3.67

.75

.67

2.33

4.67

4.67

.92

2.50

5.67

4.33

4.17

1.00

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.67

4.00

4.08

2.50

3.17

4.67

1.25

3.50

.92

4.67

4.!7

3.67

.17

4.50

.75

3.92

3.50

3.67

4.67

.67

1.42

4.00

3.67

3.67

2.92

5.67

5.67

5.67

.25

.42

5.67

.58

5.17

5.08

5.08

.08

5.00

.17

.17

4.50

.42

4.17

4.17

4.50

3.67

3.67

4.50

1.00

4.00

4.00

3.67

3.67

1.33

4.50

1.00

4.08

4.00

3.67

3.67

1.33

3.58

1.50

3.67

1.50

1.83

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.17

3.17

1.75

3.67

3.17

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.83

2.!7

2.00

1.42

2.33

1.75

2.50

3.75

.92

4.33

4.33

4.42

4.83

5.17

5.17

4.67

2.50

4.75

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.00

3.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

5.67

5.67

6.00

.25

.67

.75

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.II

4.50

4.50

.92

4.67

4.50

4.33

.83

4.50

1.00

1.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

1.50

3.00

3.67

3.67

3.67

438

3.83

3.33

3.17

3.17

2.33

1.08

2.00

1.75

2.17

4.00

1.58

4.33

4.08

1.50

2.00

2.00

4.08

6.00

5.83

5.50

5.50

5.17

5.00

5.17

.58

4.83

4.67

4.67

4.00

4.00

.92

4.17

1.75

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.33

1.58

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.17

4.66

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

.08

5.83

5.50

5.67

5.83

5.67

5.17

5.33

.08

5.00

.25

5.67

4.67

4.67

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

3.67

3.83

3.67

3.67

3.67

3.67

!
0
0
.
v
-
r
i
a
N

.

.

.

‘
3

°
9

8
8
8
8
8
8

8
8
8
8
3

3.83

1.33

3.92

1.42

1.42

4.00

1.42

1.67

1.67

1.67

1.75

3.83

3.00

2.67

2.50

2.50

2.17

2.17

.17

2.33

2.17

3.00

3.17

3.50

4.00

4.00

.92

.92

5.25

6.00

5.67

5.75

5.17

5.17

In

4.67

5.00

.92

5.00

5.00

5.17

4.67

4.67

4.67

I.I?

4.58

4.58

4.42

2.00

4.33

4.25

4.17

4.17

4.17

1.75

.25

5.00

4.33

3.83

1.67

3.00

3.00

4.00

1.67

5.50

.67

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.83

2.33

4.83

4.83

4.33

1.75

2.33

4.50

5.33

2.67

5.17

2.00

3.25

3.00

2.08

2.83

2.83

2.17

1.17

2.83

2.83

2.83

3.50

2.17

2.17

5.83

5.33

5.17

5.33

.17

4.83

4.75

3.83

3.67

2.33

1.33

2.08

5.17

4.83

0%

.67

4.50

4.50

.‘5

4.50

.83

4.58

4.00

3.67

3.50

3.50

1.08

2.83

2.17

2.33

2.17

2.17

.92

.92

2.00

.92

2.25

1.08

3.50

1.42

1.67

4.33

1.75

2.33

.42

1.17

9
9
.
.
r
r
.
9
~

8
8
3
3
8
8
3
8
8

.42

4.83

3.83

1.08

1.50

2.00

1.00

3.17

»
t
u
m
a
g
—
m
u
m

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3
8

LARVAL COORDINATES FOR FIELD 8-10 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

ON 5/30/78.

PLOT DIMENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

439

0.00

4.00

.3

.67 3.3 1.3 1.25 3.3 1.17

1.42

4.17

4.3 1.3

.58

4.42

.3 6.00 6.00

4.67

.3 1.3 4.92 1.3 2.25

3.17 3.3 2.42 2.3 3.00 1.3 3.3

1.17

.25

.3 6.00 4.17

.42

.3 3.00

1.58 2.83 2.3

1.17 3.3 1.3 3.67 5.3 3.50

3.50

1.75

5.50 5.3 5.3 4.00 4.67

.50

.50

.50 5.3

.67

In I'm 3.% ‘.fl 2“7 30$ 1.92

2.3

4.67 5.50

5.50 4.50 4.17

2.17 3.3 3.92

4.17 4.3

2.92

.3 4.3 6.00 1.3 4.00 1.3 4.92 1.3 3.00 3.92

2.75

3.50

5.00 4.3

.3 5.3 2.3 2.3 2.75

2.50 2.17

4.%

50m llm l.“ 4.%

Ca 10% 1.5 2.%

Im

4.66

.3 4.3 5.50

.17 4.3 2.17 2.42

5.25

.3 5.67

5.3

5.3

.50 4.67

1.17 1.3

5.83

.50 4.3

.67

4.42

2.42 2.3 4.67 3.3

LNWPL MINES F3 FIED 8'10 PLOT 3 CELECTED

CN 6/ 6/78.

PLOT DIlfllSIwS=68Y6FEEL

 

X

YCIIRDIMTES

 

0.00

6.00 5.83 5.3

.3

.3 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 2.50

5.17 5.17

.42

1.00 4.3 4.67 4.50

1.17

1.50

4.17

1.75

I.75

1.75 4.50 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.50 3.3 3.17

1.3 3.17 2.3 1.92 2.17 2.3 3.00 3.50

3.50 2.42

‘.m 3.42 2.%

.3

4.3 4.3

.42 4.3 4.00 4.00

.42

4.58 3.67

3.67

.42 3.50 2.3

.'

3.00 3.00 3.00

.75 2.3 2.3

2.3 2.3 1.3 1.3 2.67

2.67 2.67

2.67

1.17

1.17

1.17 2.3 2.3 1.50 2.3 2.3 2.00

3.67 4.00

4.17

5.17 2.3 2.3 2.3 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.42 2.50

5.67 3.83

4.67

4.67 3.3 3.50 3.50

4.50

4.50

.3

.3 4.67 4.3 4.3 4.83 4.3

.92

1.00

3.67

3.67

3.67

1.00 3.50 1.3 2.50

1.50 2.17

2.00

2.00 2.00

44&)

2.%

2.50

5.00

1.50

.75

.50

2.08

1.17

6.00

6.00

5.67

5.50

5.50

5.17

5.17

5.00

.17

5.17

.42

4.67

4.50

4.50

4.33

4.00

3.67

2.67

2.33

2.33

3.50

10%

3.83

3.50

3.50

2.00

2.00

2.75

2.67

1.83

3.33

4.00

4.33

.75

.50

4.67

3.00

4.33

1.83

1.83

5.17

5.17

2.83

5.67

1.25

1.42

3.17

3.33

3.67

1.75

2.33

3.00

1.00

1.00

3.00

3.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

.42

5.00

4.08

.25

3.00

.17

3.00

3.00

5.33

2.67

5.67

2.00

5.11

1.50

1.67

2.58

1.67

5.75

5.75

5.75

5.33

5.33

1.67

3.17

4.33

.75

4.33

.67

.50

3.92

1.17

6.00

.75

2.33

3.00

3.00

3.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.00

1.00

3.33

1.42

2.17

5.50

5.50

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

.67

.83

4.83

2.17

2.67

.92

4.33

4.33

2.00

4.42

1.33

.58

3.42

1.58

3.50

1.25

1.50

1.58

2.50

3.00

2.67

2.17

5.00

2.58

4.33

4.25

3.92

4.25

2.92

2.25

2.”

5.67

3.00

2.33

6.00

6.00

3.00

3.83

3.83

3.83

5.50

5.50

0.00

0.00

3.00

4.67

4.67

4.67

4.00

4.67

.42

1.17

3.83

1.17

5.00

5.33

3.00

2.17

3.50

3.50

6.00

3.33

5.67

.67

.67

3.00

3.00

3.00

5.92

5.92

.67

2.67

2.67

2.67

2.67

5.50

3.50

.25

3.33

3.33

4.67

1.42

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

1.42

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.33

4.00

.83

4.67

4.17

4.17

2.17

1.00

1.67

6.00

3.17

2.67

2.00

4.08

6.00

6.00

2.33

2.33

2.33

2.33

.33

6.00

2.50

5.67

.50

5.50

2.00

.17

4.00

4.00

0.00

4.67

0.00

1.00

1.00

3.67

1.83

1.83

4.08

5.50

.33

.58

.58

4.83

2.00

2.33

1.42

1.42

4.33

4.66

5.67

4.00

6.00

3.33

3.33

5.17

3.50

.25

2.33

2.33

2.33

5.83

5.83

3.50

3.50

4.50

O”

4.58

.50

1.08

1.08

3.00

3.00

2.00

2.00

2.83

2.83

4.17

1.00

1.00

4.00

3.92

4.17

3.00

3.00

5.67

5.67

3.50

3.25

5.42

5.33

5.17

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.17

5.17

.33

.33

.33

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.50

4.33

.33

4.17

4.17

4.25

4.25

4.33

4.33

.42

.67

4.50

4.50

1.33

1.33

1.33

.92

3.00

1.33

3.50

1.33

1.33

4.67

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.75

3. 67

2.33

1.83

2.83

2.83

6.00

5.83

2.83

2.83

4.67

30m

1.00

4.67

4.67

5.00

5.00

50w

434].

4.00

4.00

4.00

5.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

3.17

5.67

5.67

5.67

3.17

6.00

3.50

5.92

.17

5.92

5.33

4.00

4.17

4.17

.50

3.92

2.50

2.33

3.25

5.00

5.00

2.67

1.00

1.00

3.17

LARVHL COORDINATES FOR FIELD 8-10 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

ON 8/20/78.

PLOT DIMENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y COORDINATES

 

0.00

5.83

0.00

4.67

4.67

1.58

2.83

5.58

4.42

3.00

5.75

.25

.17

.17

3.67

1.17

3.50

2.50

2.33

2.83

4.50

5.00

1.67

.58

5.50

5.17

.67

1.00

1.50

3.92

3.67

3.50

.33

3.83

3.17

2.83

1.17

6.00

.67

5.50

4.67

.25

4.50

4.33

4.50

.83

4.50

1.17

4.67

4.50

3.00

3.00

3.00

1.67

1.33

2.50

2.33

.25

3.00

1.67

4.33

2.17

2.67

4.67

1.75

5.67

5.67

5.50

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.58

3.50

3.33

3.67

3.17

3.00

3.67

2.00

2.83

1.17

1.17

2.67

3.00

5.33

2.33

5.83

.58

5.50

.83

.83

.67

‘.w

4.33

4.00

1.17

3.25

3.33

2.17

2.83

2.92

6.00

.33

5.67

.25

.25

.58

6.00

‘05

4.83

5.17

4.33

4.00

4.00

4.33

1.33

1.67

3.92

3.33

3.33

3.33

2.83

2.25

3.00

2.33

3.50

.33

5.00

5.00

5.92

1.50

3.17

1.67

3.58

4.08

6.00

5.67

5.67

.67

5.17

2.25

2.25

4.33

3.50

3.50

4.08

4.08

3.17

‘0“

5.50

.42

5.33

5.33

.67

I'm

4.67

4.33

4.00

3.67

3.67

2.33

2.58

5.25

6.00

.92

4.83

4.33

4.83

.08

.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.33

4.50

3.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

.33

5.67

.67

4.83

3.17

1.67

4L42

2.00

1.17 3.3 1.67

.42

LARVAL CWDIMTES FOR FIELD 8-10 PLOT 4 CELLECTED

3 6/27178.

PLOT DIPENSIONS =-' 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

YCMDIMTES

 

0.00

5.67 1.3

1.17

4.3

2.3

3.3 3.3

3.50

5.3

.67 5.3 4.3 5.17

5.3

.3 1.00

LAWN. MINES FOR FIELD

9-10 PLOT 1 (ILLECTED

(I4

5l30/78.

PLOT DIIGTSIMS=6DY6FEEL

 

X

YUIRDIMTES

 

0.00

3.3 5.3

.3

.17 3.3 3.3 2.67

1.17

.3 2.42 5.42

1.67 5.3 3.3

1.75

4.17

3.42 4.67 4.3 5.3 3.3 5.50 3.17

2.3

.3 1.00 3.67

2.92

.58 2.92

3.50

.3 4.3 1.00 4.3 3.00

.3

4.3

3.50 2.3 4.50 4.67 4.92

4.66

4.67 4.50 4.17 4.3 2.42 4.17

1.83

1.50

5.25

1.3 3.17

.58

.50

3.92

3.67

1.67 6.00

2.42

2.42

3.17

443

LAWN. CIIIRDINQTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 1 (ILLECTED

ON 6/ 6/78.

PLOT 811913133 = 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y CmflDINATES

 

0.00

4.00

1.17

2.17 2.17

2.17

6.00

2.67 5.3 2.50 5.75

5.50 5.50 5.50

5.50 3.17

3.17 4.3 4.00 3.67

4.17

4.3 1.17

1.17

1.17 5.17

1.17

1.92

1.00

1.00

.58

.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.75

1.75 1.3 2.00 2.00 2.3

2.3 2.3 2.00 2.3 2.58

2.67 3.00

3.25 5.3 3.17

5.00 5.00 4.75

3.50 4.50 4.50 3.67

3.67 4.3 3.17

2.3 1.50

1.50

1.17

.25

.42

.42

1.17 6.00 2.57 2.58

4.67 4.67

4.67

4.67

1.33

1.75

5.00 4.17 2.00

2.00 3.3 4.00 4.00

.50

2.3

1.42

4.17

5.17 5.17 1.3 1.17 4.17

4.00 2.42 5.17

5.3 2.17 2.3 6.00

3.17 5.3 1.3 4.00

2.92

4.17 4.17 1.3 5.50 5.50 3.00 5.3 3.25 4.3

3.50

4.00 4.3

.67

.3 5.50 5.50 6.00 5.3 2.3 2.3

2.42 5.00 4.00 2.3 2.3 3.50 3.67

3.67 3.75 2.3

3.92 3.67 3.50 4.00

1.67 1.3

‘.m

‘.m ‘0”

.17 60m 60m 1.67 I'm 1.” 50m ‘.m

1.50 5.17 5.50

5.50 5.00 4.67 2.42 13 .42 2.00

2.42 2.92 2.92 5.00 3.50

4.66

5.17 5.17

4.67

.75 4.00 4.00 2.67

.67

.3

5.3

5.50 1.3 4.00 5.50 5.50

1.50 4.3 4.83 4.3 2.00

2.17 2.17 2.3 2.50 3.17 3.3 2.67 6.00 2.50

3.67

5.00 4.00 3.3 1.3

5.3

5.17 5.17

5.17

1.75 5.50

5.67

.25 5.3

.67 2.3

3.42 3.00 3.50

LAWN. CURDIMTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 1 CELLECTED

3 6113/78.

PLOT DIIENSIINS = 6 BY 6 FEET.

444

 

X

YCWRDIMTES

 

0.00

1.00

.58

5.50 5.3 5.3 4.00

3.17

.50

1.17

1.17

1.17

.3 1.3 5.00

1.75

5.67

1.00 4.3 3.17 3.00

2.3

3.50

.3 5.00 4.17

2.92

3.3 4.50 6.00 5.3 4.17

2.50 4.50

3.50

3.00 5.00 4.00 3.17

3.50

.3 4.17

4.3

1.3 1.3 2.17 2.00 1.3 2.3 3.50 2.3

4.66

1.00

1.00 3.50 2.00

1.92

.67

5.3

6.00 5.17 4.50 4.3 4.67 4.67 4.00 3.17 3.17 3.3

2.17 3.17

5.3

.3 5.17 4.50

1.17 2.3 2.67 4.3

LPRVPL WIMTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 2 NOTED

3 5130/78.

PLOT DIENSICNSII6DY6FEET.

 

X

YWIMTES

 

0.00

5.00 4.00

.3

1.3 1.3 4.00 3.3 2.67 3.67 2.67 3.00

1.17

0.00 4.3 1.3 4.67 4.50 2.00 2.67 5.00

1.75

4.50

4.17 4.3 1.3

2.3

0.00 5.00

.50 3.17

2.92

1.17 4.3 4.3 2.3 5.17

3.50

4.17

.67 1.3 2.42

4415

-‘ "8

4.17 6.00 3.17 3.3 2.3 3.00

4.66

.42

4.50

1.58

2.25 1.3 6.00

6.00

5.25

1.3 1.3

3.3

5.00

1.67 5.00

LPRWI. CMDINATES F3 FIELD

9-10 PLOT 2 COLLECTED

ON 6/ 6/78.

PLOT DIIENSIONS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

YCIIRDIMTES

 

00m

50m 60m

033

.5

.5

.17

.w

.‘2

.‘2

Im

1.67 1.3 1.75

1.50 2.3 2.3 6.00 6.00 2.42 2.00

1.75

3.00 2.3 3.3 3.75

2.17

.58

1.17

.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

.3 2.3 3.25 3.3 3.25

2.3 1.3 5.67 5.67

2.42 2.3 4.3 5.3 2.3 5.67

3.00 4.67 2.92 3.17

3.17 3.17 2.42 3.3 4.3 2.3

3.92

3.92

3.42

1.17

.3 4.00

1.67 2.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 3.00

4.00 2.50

2.75 6.00

.50

4.00

4.00

6.00 2.50

1.75

6.00 6.00 6.3 6.00 5.3 5.3 1.00 1.3 5.00

1.67

2.3 5.00 2.3 2.3 2.50

4.00

4.17 4.3 3.17

2.33

6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 2.3 4.17

4.00 2.3 3.3 5.50

6.00 4.00

2.92

1.3 1.3 4.3 4.67 4.3 3.3 3.3 1.50

.75

6.

1.3 1.3 5.00

4.67

2.42 2.3 6.00

5.3

3.50

3.00 3.3 3.00 5.00 5.3 5.50

.17 2.00 1.3 5.3

5.3 5.3 5.67 5.3 2.58 2.75 2.3 2.3 5.00 2.3

5.50

2.92 5.3 5.3 3.3 3.3 5.3 1.67 5.92 5.00

2.00 2.00 4.00

3.50

4.3

1.3 5.50

.67 3.3 6.00 1.3 5.00 1.3 2.50

3.67

2.3 2.42 2.50 6.00

2.00 6.00 5.00 3.50 1.3

4.66

2.17 4.50 4.50 4.50

4.50 1.3 4.92 4.00

.3 5.00

.17

.3 2.3 4.67

4.67

4.67

6.00 2.17 5.92

6.00

446

3.67 5.00

3.17 2.67 5.00 2.83 2.25 2.17 4.17

1.25

5.25

4.50

1.33

4.00 4.00

4.33

4.33

4.33

1.92

1.83 4.33

4.33 4.39 4.33

2.42 5.67 6.00 4.83 2.25 4.17 4.50

4.57

4.83 4.00

4.00

4.00 3.92

3.08

4.67

4.83

1.50

5.33

.33

.67

.92 2.17 2.50 2.83 2.33

1.17

1.17

.33

5.00 3.17 3.92 3.59 3.58 3.53

2.25

3.08 4.00

LARVAL mmms rm FIELD 9-10 PLOT 2 mm

on 6/20178. nor mamas . 6 av 6 FEET.

 

x

vooamxmzs

 

0.00

5.17 5.17 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.17 3.33 3.33 2.67

3.00 3.00 2.33

.17

.92

1.50 2.33 3.00 3.00

.59

3.17 5.17 5.33 4.17

4.50

3.00

3.33

3.57 4.17 2.50

2.75

1.67

1.58

.50 2.50 2.83

1.17

5.33 5.17 5.17 4.50 4.00 4.00 3.17 2.00 2.00 2.00

.so

.50

.08

1.33

1.67 2.33 5.50 6.00 5.67

1.75

5.33

.25 5.50 6.00

.75 6.00 4.67

1.33

1.33 2.17

2.17

1.50 2.00

1.50

1.17 3.00 2.33

2.33

.53 5.67 6.00 2.00 5.17 3.17

2.67

2.67

4.93 4.03

3.92 3.92 3.00 2.33

2.92

5.17

.83 3.08 3.67

3.50

5.57 5.33 5.33

1.42

1.42 5.17 4.25 4.93 4.83 4.33

4.33 2.50 5.00 3.17

4.08

5.50

1.17

1.33 5.00 4.93

1.33

1.33 4.93

1.67

1.33

1.33

4.66

6.00

.92

1.33 4.83

1.58

2.00

3.09

4.17

4.17

4.17

2.50 2.00 2.33 3.17 4.57

5.25

5.50

.33

.33

.57 2.93

5.33

4.50 4.33

.75 4.00 2.08 3.50

2.93

2.83

447

LARVPL 803DIMTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

3 5/30/78.

PLOT DIPENSI3S ‘6 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y CURDIMTES

 

0.00

4.00

.3

4.00 4.67

1.17

.3 1.50 6.00 2.3

1.75

1.92 4.00 5.3

2.3

5.17 2.3 3.3 3.92

1.33

4.00

2.92

3.17

3.50

5.00

2.67

4.3

6.00 4.17 5.00

4.66

6.00

2.00 3.3

5.25

4.00

.3

5.3

4.3

m WIMTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 3 COLLECTED

3 6/ 6/78.

PLOT 811945138 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y WIMTES

 

0.00

0.00

.75

5.17

2.50

5.00 5.00 4.3 3.3 4.17

3.50

3.17

.3

5.17

.3

.3 4.3 2.3

1.17

5.17 5.50

5.50

.92 1.3 4.3 3.50

2.67

1.75

.'

4.3 3.3 2.67

3.00

2.3

5.67 5.3 2.3 1.92

4.50

2.17

2.17

2.50 2.50

2.92

2.92

3.50 1.3 2.00

448

3.50

.50

2.92 4.3 3.00

4.3

5.67

1.00

5.17 4.50

2.83

4.66

.17 5.3 1.3 4.17 2.3 3.3

.17

5.3

1.42

5.17

1.42 4.50

2.92

.92 4.50 2.3

5.3

3.50

.3

.75 2.3 2.00 2.3

LAWN. WIMTES F3 FIELD 9-10 PLOT 3 CELLECTED

3 6/27/78.

PLOT DIETSIOTS 8 6 BY 6 FEET.

 

X

Y MINES

 

0.00

2.3

1.17

5.50

2.92

1.3

APPENDIX H

INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS ON ADULT AND

LARVAL CLB MOVEMENT AND BEHAVIOR

449

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UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INTERNATIONAL

452

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APPENDIX I

1976 AND 1978 PARASITOID CAGE RESULTS

473

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474

TABLE 12.

PARASITISM OF CLB LARVAE FROM 1976 GULL LAKE

CAGE STUDY.

H O O O

‘
0

I
.
.
.

N

O > v

i
-

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U

§ §

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475

TABLEIJ.

MEAN NUMBER OF PARASITE EGGS AND LARVAE RECOVERED

FROM DISSECTIONS OF THE 1976 GULL LAKE CLB CAGE STUDY.

R08 l-HEAN, ROW 2-VARIANCE, R014 3-NO. LARVAE PARASITIZED.

CAGE

DATE

CROP ‘HHI

EGGS LARVAE EGGS LARVAE EGGS LARVAE

250

617

OATS 3.12

0.00

2.83

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.24

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

O

12

0

0

0

0

250

621

OATS 3.60

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

3
2

0
0

0
0
“

250

626

WHS3JS

3.50

3.47

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.00

1.14

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

12

17

O

0

O

O

500

617

OATS 2.98

500

621

OATS 3.71

5
5

3
3

3
3
3

4
1

0
3
2

0
9
4

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

$00

624

OATS 3.86

1000

617

OATS 3.07

0
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0

0
0
0

0
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1
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.

0
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0

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0

1000

621

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4.09

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0.00

0.00

0.00

1.29

.69

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

11

22

O

O

0

0

1000

626

OATS 3.76

3.17

3.19

0.00

.57

.30

0.00

6

16

O

n
?
&

2000

617

OATS 2.56

00O2

“sm126

771

3

2
9

5
2
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3
3

6
1
4
1

3
7
9

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

2000

624

OATS 3.52

3.80

3.77

0.

.70

.82

0

5

26

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

4476

TABLE 11.

SUMMARY OF 1976 STEM HEIGHT AND DENSITY

TAKEN FROM CAGE POPULATION SAMPLES.

SAMPLE UNIT EQUALS 60 CH. OF OATS Row.

(00> 5.5 C)

 

STEM HEIGHT

STEM DENSITY

260 50976

697

29

31 21

37

52.70

2.87

609 61176

669

99

26.96

69

95.03

2 78

1000 61076

669

29

28.67

.75

39.98

3.12

2000 61076

669

29

26.96

1.06

38.89

2.79

250 61776

792

a

22.75

.77

36.51

5.32

250 61776

792

21

22.75

.36

16.57

3.05

500 61776

792

21

23.17

.29

39.90

2.91.

1000 61776

792

21

25.01

.73

31.61

2.53

2000 61776

792

21

22.75

.16

12.65

2.17

250 62176

896

a

26.25

.37

32.07

1.07

250 62176

896

21

27.13

.39

37.78 ’

3.36

500 62176

896

21

26.92

.21

27.09

1.16

1000 62976

896

25

29.80

1.06

30.68

2.26

2000 62976

396

29

29.71

.33

31.75

2.95

250 62876

963

8

31.25

.62

99.95

6.92

250 62876

963

29

32.29

.82

39.82

2.70

600 62876

963

29

31.08

.70

36.98

3.13

1000 62876

963

29

28.88

1.36

30.27

2.86

2000 62876

963

23

29.22

.69

28.38

2.91

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479

TABLE I7.

PARASITISM OF CLB LARVAE FROM 1978 GULL LAKE

PARASITISH CAGES.

 

" _ ‘

‘

"

CAGE

DATE

CROP

N

HMI

---

95118617719151;qu """
 

———

T J

D C

L C

ALL

 

 

250

612

OATS

50

3.02

0.00

6.00

0.00

6.00

500

612

OATS

97

2.89

9.26

2.13

2.13

8.51

1000

612

OATS

98

2.85

0.00

8.33

2.08

10.92

2000

612

OATS

92

3.17

0.00

9.76

0.00

9.76

250

.615

OATS

97

3.09

2.13

9.26

0.00

6.38

500

615

OATS

50

3.22

0.00

10.00

0.00

10.00

1000

615

OATS

50

3.10

2.00

10.00

0.00

10.00

2000

615

OATS

50

3.90

10.00

0.00

0.00

10.00

250

619

OATS

50

3.66

9.00

10.00

0.00

19.00

500

619

OATS

50

3.89

2.00

12.00

2.00

16.00

1000

619

OATS

50

3.68

9.00

16.00

2.00

22.00

2000

619

OATS

50

3.76

2.00

12.00

0.00

19.00

250

622

OATS

50

3.62

12.00

2.00

2.00

16.00

500

622

OATS

99

3.65

2.09

10.20

0.00

12.29

1000

622

OATS

50

3.79

6.00

32.00

2.00

90.00

2000

622

OATS

50

3.68

9.00

6.00

6.00

16.00

250

629

OATS

5

3.80

80.00

20.00

0.00

80.00

6’10

629

OATS

18

3.89

83.33

16.67

0.00

88.89

1000

629

OATS

26

9.00

89.62

39.62

3.85

89.62

2000

620

19TS

11

3.91

81.82

9.09

0.00

81.82

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TABLE 111

MEAN NUMBER OF LIVE LEAVES AND PERCENT

DEFOLIATION PER OATS PLANT IN PARASITE

CAGES ON THE KELLOGG BIOLOGICAL STATION.

ROW 1: MEAN AND ROW 2: VARIANCE.

CAGE

DATE

N

LEAVES

LEAVES

DEFOLIATION

DEFOLIATION

TOTAL

LIVE

TOTAL

FLAG LEAF

250

71778

30

1.00

3.50

55.51

68.83

.55

.33

07.030

1171.87

500

71778

30

0.00

1000

71778

30

.21

0.17

.21

3.80

.23

3.70

.09

58.07

171.887

7u.uu

3u.277

69.00

859.31

80.33

705.06

2000

71778

30

3.87

3.53

87.05

*

88.33

.26

.90

19.958

676.99

APPENDIX J

1978 DEFOLIATION PLOT DATA

484

TABLE J1.

DEFOLIATION PLOT PLANT PARAMETERS.

ROW 1

= MEAN, ROW 2 = VARIANCE.

SAMPLE : 30 CM. OF ROW.

N = 10.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

51078

7

5.79

2.89

1.10

0.00

.10

0.00

.10

.10

51078

51078

51078

51078

51078

51078

51078

51078

51578

51578

51578

51578

51578

51578

1

9

5

6

2

8

9

3

1

9

5

6

2

7

5.78

1.00

.37

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5.53

1.00

0.00

0.00

.91

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.87

.37

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.05

1.00

0.00

0.00

.57

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.86

1.00

1.92

0.00

5.96

1.13

1.00

0.00

5.68

1.00

.96

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.91

1.00

0.00

0.00

1.38

0.00

0.00

0.00

8.98

9.90

7.33

1.27

6.29

5.36

7.08

2.30

1.90

.10

1.90

.10

1.60

.27

1.70

.23

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0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

7.59

1.90

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0.00

3.08

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0.00

0.00

7.75

7.68

1.80

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0.00

.18

0.00

0.00

485

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

51578

51578

8

9

7.16

1.60

0.00

0.00

1.30

.27

0.00

0.00

8.33

2.00

0.00

0.00

1.21

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

3.

8.32

2.10

0.00

0.00

.50

.10

0.00

0.00

51578

10

3.59

1.00

0.00

0.00

.80

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

18

3.53

1.92

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

19

3.21

1.00

0.00

0.00

1.57

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

15

3.36

1.00

0.00

0.00

.53

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

11

3.38

1.00

0.00

0.00

.55

0.00

0.00

0.00

51578

16

51578

17

51578

13

51578

12

51878

51878

51878

1

9

5

9.93

5.27

6.19

9.30

3.73

1.62

3.25

1.21

1.50

.28

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.20

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0.00

.18

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0.00

1.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

8.61

1.60

0.00

0.00,

3.10

.27

0.00

0.00

9.89

2.90

0.00

0.00

2.88

.99

0.00

0.00

8.69

1.70

0.00

0.00

3.19

.68

0.00

0.00

486

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

51878

51878

51878

51878

51878

51878

6

2

7

8

9

3

7.69

1.70

0.00

0.00

3.65

.23

0.00

0.00

9.09

2.90

0.00

0.00

2.99

.27

0.00

0.00

8.69

2.10

0.00

0.00

3.80

.10

0.00

0.00

7.81

1.80

0.00

0.00

3.09

.89

0.00

0.00

8.89

2.20

0.00

0.00

3.16

.90

0.00

0.00

8.76

2.20

0.00

0.00

2.99

.90

0.00

0.00

51878

10

6.39

1.20

0.00

0.00

.96

.18

0.00

0.00

51878

18

7.07

1.20

0.00

0.00

1.38

.18

0.00

0.00

51878

19

51878

15

5.82

1.22

6.98

2.62

1.20

.18

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

51878

11

6.95

1.90

0.00.

0.00

.90

.27

0.00

0.00

51878

16

7.75

1.90

0.00

0.00

3.69

.27

0.00

0.00

51878

17

6.37

1.00

0.00

0.00

.23

0.00

0.00

0.00

51878

13

6.27

1.20

0.00

0.00

2.73

.18

0.00

0.00

51878

12

6.90

1.10

.98

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

487

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

3

2

1

9

5

6

9

8

7

12.21

3.10

0.00

1.96

.99

0.00

12.61

2.80

0.00

10.82

.62

0.00

12.91

2.80

0.00

7.18

.90

0.00

12.66

2.80

0.00

6.60

.62

0.00

11.60

2.50

0.00

6.32

.28

0.00

13.02

2.80

0.00

9.55

.90

0.00

19.96

3.10

0.00

8.00

.99

0.00

12.51

2.70

0.00

17.99

.90

0.00

16.26

3.90

0.00

12.70

.93

0.00

.90

.27

.90

.99

.50

.28

.70

.68

.10

.10

.30

.23

.10

.10

.20

.18

.90

.99

52278

12

7.95

2.90

1.10

.71

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

52278

11

8.27

2.20

0.00

0.00

5.59

.18

0.00

0.00

52278

10

7.78

1.90

0.00

0.00

2.33

.10

0.00

0.00

52278

13

8.50

.91

2.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

52278

19

7.32

1.90

0.00

0.00

1.51

.10

0.00

0.00

52278

15

8.09

2.10

0.00

0.00

3.01

.10

0.00

0.00

488

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUWBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

52278

18

8.20

2.30

0.00

0.00

1.77

.23

0.00

0.00

52278

17

10.79

2.60

0.00

0.00

6.65

.27

0.00

0.00

52278

16

9.26

2.10

0.00

0.00

1.28

.10

0.00

0.00

52278

21

52278

20

5.91

1.83

5.61

9.07

1.10

.10

1.50

.28

52278

19

5.81

1.10

.77

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

.10

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

52278

22

7.97

1.60

0.00

0.00

5.55

.27

0.00

0.00

52278

23

6.85

1.90

.61

.10

.10

.10

0.00

0.00

52278

29

6.61

1.60

0.00

0.00

.77

.27

0.00

0.00

52278

27

5.50

1.10

0.00

0.00

2.56

.10

0.00

0.00

52278

26

52278

25

5.69

2.09

9.91

1.78

1.20

0.00

0.00

.18

0.00

0.00

1.20

.18

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

52578

52578

52578

1

9

5

18.99

2.90

0.00

11.75

.32

0.00

21.09

3.80

13.28

1.07

0.00

0.00

18.73

3.50

0.00

16.67

1.17

0.00

.90

.27

.60

.27

.30

.23

489

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

6

2

7

3

8

0

52578

13

52578

19

52578

15

52578

18

52578

17

52578

16

52578

12

52578

11

52578

10

16.60

9.86

21.16

32.67

25.72

37.96

17.12

91.67

16.08

20.70

23.65

12.85

10.00

0.70

8.06

5.23

9.95

5.00

11.30

1.69

15.20

0.72

10.37

2.01

10.89

2.u9

17.09

19.65

11.00

7.66

3.20

.62

3.00

.71

3.80

1.07

3.10

.77

3.60

3.38

3.80

.00

3.10

1.u3

2.20

.90

2.80

.00

3.00

.22

3.00

.uu

3.00

0.00

2.80

.18

3.00

.89

2.80

.18

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

.50

.28

.20

.18

.20

.18

.20

.18

.30

.23

.60

.u9

.10

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

.20

.18

.20

.18

.10

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

490

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

52578

20

52578

23

52578

22

52578

27

52578

26

52579

25

52578

21

52578

20

52578

19

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52973

7

8

9

6

5

0

7.10

.86

7.08

.79

10.05
13.65

7.00
1.26

6.07

3.92

8.36
0.00

- 7.10
1.36

8.27

7.51

7.66
8.12

28.31
13.35

20.82

11.36

27.30

20.26

20.57
15.17

21.55
11.50

W
2 .86
N N

.56

2.10

.32

2.20

.18

2.30
.23

2.00
0.00

1.90

.10

1.90
.10

2.00
0.00

2.10

.10

1.90
.10

0.10
.50

3.60

.09

3.60

.93

0.10
.50

3.50
2.50

3.60

.71

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00.
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

.70
.06

.00

.09

1.00

.89

.80
.62

.70
.60

1.00

.80

491

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

NUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

26.66

10.10

26.50

8.10

3.20

.18

3.50

.28

22.28

3.60

13-10

.99

16.23

17.22

16.70

10.02

11.76

6.00

52978

52978

52978

1

2

3

52978

10

52978

13

-

52978

10

52978

15

13.20

52978

18

7.20

10.62

12.05

52978

17

19.25

52978

16

52978

12

52978

11

52978

20

52978

19

52978

23

5.57

22.03

18.10

17.31

11.55

19.95

8.69

11.15

10.93

9.72

2.78

10.07

5.80

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

(3.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.00

.27

.20

.18

.60

.09

.00

.27

.50

.28

0.00

0.00

.20

.18

.00

.27

.00

.27

.30

.23

.30

.23

.70

.23

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3.30.

.23

3.70

.06

3.10

.32

3.00

.09

3.70

.23

3.50

.72

3.00

.09

3.90

.77

3.60

.09

2.60

.27

2.80

.18

2.90

.10

492

TABLE J1.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

STEM

LIVE

DEAD

MUMBER

DATE

CODE

HEIGHT

LEAVES

LEAVES

TILLERS

52978

29

11.72

3.00

0.00

0.00

2.10

.22

0.00

0.00

52978

27

8.62

9.88

2.70

.23

0.00

0.00

52978

26

9.50

2.80

3.08

.62

52978

25

9.09

2.70

11.95

.23

.10

.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

.10

.10

52978

22

12.19

3.10

0.00

0.00

10.18

.10

0.00

0.00

52978

21

9.32

2.62

2.80

0.00

.18

0.00

0.00

0.00

493

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b-v—omxomcozrm—oxmcmh-ooa-moco:

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494

TABLE J2.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

..............

DATE

CODE

MEAN

VARIANCE

STEM DENSITY

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52278

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

52578

2

1

0

5

6

9

8

7
12

1

9

5

6

2

7

3

8

9

13

19

15

18

17

39 00

055 50

32 00

50 00

22 20

0 70

59 00

120 30

30 20

13 70

30 8O

91 70

33 00

36.50

01:00

32:00

39 9O

97 30

32 80

69 20

50 80

119 70

29 6O

2O 80

91 80

205 20

95 80

351 70

25 20

15 70

9O 90

169 30

39 20

270 70

39 00

69 00

97 20

92 20

33 80

111 70

93 00

106 50

51 60

79 3O

495

TABLE J2.

CONTINUED.

SAMPLING

PLOT

..............

DATE

CODE

MEAN

VARIANCE

52578

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

52978

19

36:00

100:00

7

8

9

6

5

9

1

2

3

10

13

19

15

18

17

16

12

11

20

19

23

29

27

26

25

22

21

90.80

153.70

39.20

28.20

38.80

117.20

91.80

69.70

52.90

101.30

36.60

99.30

38.20

97.20

95.90

177.80

91.60

96.80

99.60

52.80

91.90

16.30

38.20

82.20

39.20

150.70

99.60

99.30

93.60

160.30

96.20

97.70

99.20

193.70

93.00

207.50

33.90

82.30

27.90

29.30

96 90

18.80

90.80

107.70

29.80

26.20

18.80

22.70

29.90

60.80

93 80

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496

TABLE J3.

DEFOLIATION PLOT STEM AND HEAD DENSITIES.

SAMPLE UNIT EQUALS 31 CM. OF ROW.

SAMPLE

SIZE EQUALS 10.

SAMPLES COLLECTED JULY 17, 1978.

PLANTING

MOISTURE

KG UREA

PLOT

---------------------

DATE

LEVEL

PER HA.

CODE

MEAN

VAR

MEAN

VAR

STEM

HEAD

APR 25

NATURAL

0.00

APR 25

MEDIUM

56.03

APR 25

HIGH

112.05

APR 25

MEDIUM

112.05

APR 25

HIGH

0.00

APR 25

NATURAL

56.03

APR 25

HIGH

56.03

APR 25

NATURAL

112.05

APR 25

MEDIUM

MAY 5

NATURAL

0.00

0.00

MAY 5

MEDIUM

56.03

MAY 5

HIGH

112.05

MAY 5

MEDIUM

112.05

MAY 5

HIGH

0.00

MAY 5

NATURAL

56.03

MAY 5

HIGH

56.03

MAY 5

NATURAL

112.05

MAY 5

MEDIUM

MAY 10

NATURAL

0.00

0.00

MAY 10

MEDIUM

56.03

MAY 10

HIGH

112.05

MAY 10

MEDIUM

112.05

MAY 10

HIGH

0.00

MAY 10

NATURAL

56.03

MAY 10

HIGH

56.03

MAY 10

NATURAL

112.05

MAY 10

MEDIUM

0.00

1

2

3

9

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

19

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

29

25

26

27

18.0

38.00

17 7

39.96

18.0

77.78

17 9

75.88

37.9

86.10

37 8

83.96

16.3

11.57

15

8

19.07

29.3

26.96

29 2

26.18

33.0

31.56

31

1

21.93

13.5

19.17

12 8

22.89

16.7

21.39

15 9

19.88

20.1

29.88

19 2

39.89

20.9

99.32

20 9

92.27

21.8

39.18

21 5

36.72

35.6

39.60

35 9

90.99

18.6

30.09

18.0

37.11

19.9

39.77

19.8

35.51

39.3

91.79

36 5

29.28

17.6

25.82

16 8

32.90

36.0 102.99

39 8

93.96

29.9

15.38

28

1

13.21

19.9

31.82

19 9

31.82

18.7

59.23

18 5

56.50

30.7

93.57

30 6

93.38

16.6

37.16

16 2

90.18

26.0

19.99

25 8

15.73

91.0

90.99

37 8

92.18

13.5

39.28

12 9

38.10

13.2

22.89

12 3

26.90

23.3

39.23

22 6

35.82

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