The Internet serves multiple functions such as recruitment, networking, and information sharing, to many subcultural groups. Current literature on online criminal groups recognizes the role of online forums in the transfer of knowledge and socialization of members (Holt, 2007; Holt & Copes, 2010), but debates on the role of the Internet in the socialization and radicalization processes in the context of online extremist groups persist. This study aims to address one of the fundamental questions in radicalization and extremism - does radicalization occur in an online context. Through social learning theory and social network analysis, the study determines if interactions with other forum members contributes to the radicalization process. Findings suggest the occurrence of online radicalization at varying degrees in six of the seven forums, with lower level of expressed extremism after 2009. The study also found strong support of differential association and differential reinforcement, but showed the possibility of other mechanisms, such as self-radicalization and users' prior beliefs, at play. Findings from the study highlight the need to for theory integration, the inclusion of online peer association, and replication to address the complex phenomenon of online radicalization. Knowledge on these factors would enable law enforcement agencies to develop countermeasures and intervention tactics.
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