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he rese arch in t his dissertation has been supported by the Center of Highway Pavement preservation. ######=-- #*&5-#!+/!$+'*#'*) !!K0$2#3M#2.!K1$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQT!K0$2#3M #M0L< *1$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#T-!^1`#23#.!!*1N0.2034$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#T-T !DJ.E21*#H#042*3/8B-A,#B-A6,>-(; #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HH!FQFQF#$5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HF!FQFQY#$5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#),&?5>,),(6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HI!FQY#04MK<14D1#3M#E.N19142#E*3M0K1#34#*3KK04L#*1$0$2.4D1 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQFa!FQYQH#1BB,: 6#8B#?5>B&:,#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Fa!FQYQF#1BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YH!FQa#*3KK04L#*1$0$2.4D1#91.$<*19142 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQaa!DJ.E21*#Y#$<*M.D1#DJ.*.D21*0_.2034#.4/# /1D39E3$02034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQac!YQH#$<*M.D1#E*3M0K1#.4/#N1J0DK 1#*1$ E34$1#91DJ.40$9$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQac!YQF#.N.0K.!K1#/.2.#$12$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQab!YQY#/1D39E3$02034#3M#2J1#E*3M0K1#0423#/0MM1* 142#$D.K1$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQad!YQa#3<2K01*#*193N.K #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQWF!YQW#L*./1#*193N.K #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQWY!YQc#$<*M.D1#E*3M0K1#DJ.*.D21*0_.2034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQWa!YQb#$.9EK1#$0_1#$1K1D2034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQWI!YQbQH#9&:>8 S6,T65>, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WI!YQbQF#9,;& S6,T65>, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WI!YQbQY#*85;%(,?? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WI!YQd#M04.K#$1K1D21/ #$<*M.D1$#M3*#2J1#$09-&6 -8(#B 8>#,&:%#?:&A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cG!YQdQF#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#?-)-A&>#*9$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cH!YQdQY#3::5>>,(:,#B>,C5,(:"#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#,=,(6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ca!YQdQa#$,A,:6,7#?5>B&:,?#B8>#,&:%#?:&A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ca!DJ.E21*#a#M04021#1K19142#93/1K#/1N1K3E9142#.4/#N1*0M0D.2034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQcd!aQH#20*1#L13912*` #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQbG!##=--- #aQF#9.21*0.K#E*3 E1*201$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQbF!aQFQH#*5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bF!aQFQF#*,-(B8>:,),(6#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dY!aQFQY#*-) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dY!aQY#.4.K`$0$#2`E1 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQdY!aQa#91$J #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQda!aQW#D342.D2 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQdc!aQWQH#M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#db!aQc#!3<4/.*`#D34/02034$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQdd!aQcQH#0(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dd!aQcQF#N,>6-:&A#A8&7 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IH!aQcQY#N,A8:-6" #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IY!aQb#$21E$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQIa!aQbQH#F/#%&AB#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IW!aQbQF#Y/#%&AB#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IW!aQbQY#M5AA#Y/#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ic!aQbQa#$6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?#8B#6%,#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ib!aQbQW#2>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#8B#6%,#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ib!aQbQc#2>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#8B#6%,#6->,#U-6%#?5?@,(?-8(#Ve5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Id!aQd#E.N19142#$<*M.D1#L141*.2034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQII!aQI#N1*0M0D.2034#3M#2J1#20*1#93/1K #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHGG!aQHG#2*.4$M3*904L#2J1#20*1#23#!3 1*1P$ #1OE1*09142.K#20*1 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHGF!aQHGQH#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGY!aQHGQF#9,?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGc!aQHH#N1*0M0D.2034#3M#2J1#e<.*21* SD.*#93/1K #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHHG!DJ.E21*#W#*1$,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHa!WQHQF#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#&#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHW!WQF#1MM1D2#3M#9.D*3#21O2<*1#E*3M0K1#34#*3KK04L#*1$0$2.4D1#3M#2J1# 20*1 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHHb!WQY#1MM1D2#3M#9.D*3 S21O2<*1# E*3M0K1#34#*3KK04L#*1$0$2.4D1#3M#2J1# e<.*21* SD.*#M1#93/1 K#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHHd!WQa#1MM1D2#3M#91L. S21O2<*1#E*3M0K1#34#*3KK04L#*1$0$2.4D1#3M#2J1# e<.*21 *SD.*#M1#93/1K #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHFG!WQW#1MM1D2#3M#*3,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HaG!WQHGQF#1BB,:6#8B#=,A8:-6"#8(#6%,#-(BA5,( :,#8B #6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #QQ#HaH!WQHGQY#1BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Haa!WQHGQa#1BB ,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HaW!DJ.E21*#c#$<99.*`R#D34DK<$034$R#.4/#M<2<*1#\3*^ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHaI!cQH#$< 99.*` #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHaI!cQF#D34DK<$034$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHWG!cQFQH#1BB,:6#8B#-(7-=-75&A#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWG!cQFQF#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWF!cQFQY#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#>,?5A6?#U-6%#,)@->-:&A#?657-,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWF!cQFQa#0)@8>6&(:,#8B#=,%-:A,#8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWY!cQY#M<2<*1#\3*^f #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHWa!.EE14/0D1$ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHWc!.EE14/0O#. S#K021*.2<*1 #*1N01\#34#1MM1D2#3M#E.N19142#$<*M.D1# 90D*3 S21O2<*1#34#M*0D2034 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHWb!.EE14/0O#! S#1MM1D2#3 M#E.N 19142#$<*M.D1#90D*3 S21O2<*1#34#*3KK04L# *1$0$2.4D1#3M#20*1# S#.#E*1K0904.*`#$2&),6,>?#B8>#?5>B&:,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hc!2&'A,# FSFQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#FY!2&'A,# aSHQ*,-(B8>:,),(6?#7,6&-A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bH!2&'A,# aSFQ#`,8%#:8(?6-656-=,#)87,A#:8(?6&(6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ba!2&'A,# aSYQ#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8(?6&( 6?#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bW!2&'A,# aSaQ#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8(?6&(6?#:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dG!2&'A,# aSWQ#M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#=&A5,?#B8>#7-BB,>,( 6#?5> B&:, ?#V/8#,6#&AR#FGHYX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dd!2&'A,# WSHQ#$5))&>"#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#FWG#))#B-A6,>-(;#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFY!2&'A,# WSFQ#$5))&>"#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#?-)-A&>#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFd!2&'A,# WSYQ#$5 ))&>"#8B#?5>B&:,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#@&>&),6,>?#B8>#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#>,@,6-6-8(# 8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFI!2&'A,# WSaQ#$5))&>"#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6?#B8>#,BB,:6#8B#) ,;& S6,T65 >,# >,@,6-6-8(#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYH!2&'A,# WSWQ#$5))&>"#8B#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HaW!2&'A,# .HSHQ#0)@8>6&(6#B&:68>?#-(# @&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(#V&B6,>#J&AA#,6#&AQR#FGGIX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWI!2&'A,# .HSFQ#D8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#7-BB,>,(6#B>-:6-8(#6,?6#>,?5A6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hcc!####!##T-#-()*!+/!/( .23#) !#M-;5>,# FSHQ#0(BA5,(:,#8B#6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#U&=,A,(;6%#8(# =,%-:A,g6->, S@&=,),(6#-(6,>&:6-8(?# V&B6,>#J,(>"R#FGGG#&(7#$&(7'5>;#&(7#1+)8(6R#FGGGX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#I!M-;5>,# FSFQ#$-)@A-B-,7#-AA5?6>&6-8(#8B#=&>-85 ?#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#>&(;,?#V&B6,>#$&(7'5>;R# HIIGQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HH!M-;5>,# FSYQ#$5>B&:,#6,T65>,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HH!M-;5>,# FSaQ#98=-(;#&=,>&;,#B-A6,>#8B#&#@>8B-A,#V$&",>?#&(7#^&>&)-%&?R#HIIcX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HF!M-;5>,# FSWQ#$:%,)&6-:#8B#2U8#/8M#e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HY!M-;5>,# FScQ#.#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#&(7#-6?#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#E$/ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ha!M-;5>,# FSbQ#$5>B&:,#6,T65>,#@&>&),6,>? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HW!M-;5>,# FSdQ#$,AB S&BB-(-6"#8B#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hb!M-;5>,# FSIQ#0(BA5,(:,#8B#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#8(#=,%-:A,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Fa!M-;5>,# FSHGQ#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,A S#*,A&6-8(?%- @?#',6U,,(#0*0#&(7#.7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#B5,A# :8(?5)@6-8(#8B#&X#&#:&>#&(7#'X#&(#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#&6#=hdG])g%#VD%&66-#&(7#_&&'&>R#FGHFX #QQQQQQ#Fb!M-;5>,# FSHHQ#M5, A#:8(?5)@6-8(#=&>-&6-8(#U-6%#0*0#&6#=#h#bG#&(7#HGG#])g%#B8>#&#),7-5)#:&># VK85%;%&A&)#,6#&AQ#FGHWX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Fd!M-;5>,# FSHFQ#&X#J&AB S:&>#)87,AR#'X#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(R#>85;%(,? ?R#&( 7#?@ ,,7# V^-)#,6#&AQ#FGHbX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#FI!M-;5>,# FSHYQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#6%,#e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A#V_&&'&>#,6#&AQ#FGHdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YG!M-;5>,# FSHaQ#1BB,: 6#8B #>85;%(,??#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B#0*0#&6#=hdG#])g%#V_&&'&># ,6#&AQR#FGHdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YG!M-;5>,# FSHWQ#1BB,:6#8B#?@,,7#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&6#7-BB,>,(6#>85;%(,??#A,=,A? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YH!M-;5>,# FSHcQ#N&>-85?#@&>6?#8B#,6&-A,7#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YY!M-;5>,# FSHbQ#E>,6,(?-8(,7#^ ->:%%8BB?#@A&6,#8(#&#?6-BB(,??#',77-(;#V\5AA,(?#&(7#^>8@@R# FGGaX#Q#Ya!M-;5>,# FSHdQ#&X#=-?:8,A&?6-:#:"A-(7>-:&A#)87,A#8B#6%,#6->,#',A6 #'X#?-)@A,#',(7-(;#@A&6,#V3P'8"#&(7# /8UA-(;R#FGGIX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YW!##T-- #M-;5>,# FSHIQ#$: %,)&6-:#8=,>=-,U#8B#6%,#),:%&(-?6-:#6->, S?5>B&:,#-(6,>&:6-8(#)87,A#V!8,>,R#FGGIX QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#YW!M-;5>,# FSFGQ#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->,#V!8,>,R#FGGIX #QQQQQQQQQQQ#Yc!M-;5>,# FSFHQ#M-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87,A-(;#8B#&#?-(;A,#&?@,>-6"#:8(6&:6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Yd!M-;5>,# FSFFQ#D8(6&:6#8B# >5'',>#U-6%#&#>-;-7#?5'?6>&6,#&?#@&=,),(6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Yd!M-;5>,# FSFYQ#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,A S#*,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#9E/#&(7#&X# .7+5?6) ,(6#B&:68>#B8>#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(R#'X#.7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#&(7#:X#*8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#B8>: ,#&6# =hdG])g%#VD%&66-#&(7#_&&'&>R#FGHFX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#aF!M-;5>,# FSFaQ#!8,>,#)87,A S#1T@,>-),(6&A#&(7#(5),>-:&A#>,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# &(7#6,T65>,#*9$#&6#=hdG])g%#8(#YG#6,?6#6>&:]?#V!8,>,R#FGG IX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#aY!M-;5>,# YSHQ#$-)@A-B-,7#-AA5?6>&6-8(#8B#=&>-85?#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#>&(;,?#V&B6,>#$&(7'5>;R# HIIGX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ac!M-;5>,# YSFQ#/-=-?-8(# 8B#6% ,#?5 >B&:,#-(68#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#V7&6&#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQ#aI!M-;5>,# YSYQ#/-=-?-8(#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#-(68#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#VD%-@#?,&A#?5>B&:,?X #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WG!M-;5>,# YSaQ#/-=-?-8(#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#-(68#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#V/& 6&#B>8)#/&(-?%#>8&7#-(?6-656,X #QQQQQQQQ#WH!M-;5>,# YSWQ#356A-,>#>,)8=&A#B>8)#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WY!M-;5>,# YScQ#L>&7,#>,)8=&A#B>8)#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Wa!M-;5>,# YSbQ#$6&(7&>7#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#B8>#0*0#:&A:5A&6-8(#V_&&'&>#,6#&AR#FGHdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#WW!M-;5>,# YSdQ#$5>B&:,#6,T65>,#9E/#:&A:5A&6-8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Wc!M-;5>,# YSI#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#&(7#9E/#=&A5,?#B8>#/&(-?%#&(7#D%-@#?,&A#7&6&'&?,? #QQQQ#Wb!M-;5>,# YSHGQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#&(7#9E/#=&A5,?#B8>#&AA#7&6&'&?,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Wb!M-;5>,# YSHHQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#&(7#0*0#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Wd!M-;5>,# YSHFQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$ #&(7#0*0#=&A5,?#B8>#&?@%&A6#&(7#(,U#&(7#8A7#:8(:>,6,# ?5>B&:,?#V9&>:8(7,?#,6#&AR#HIIHX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Wd!M-;5>,# YSHYQ#1BB,:6#8B#B>,C 5,(:" #8(#=,%-:A,#>,?@8(?,#V9&((#,6#&AQ#HIIbX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cG!M-;5>,# YSHaQ#*9$#=&>-&6-8(#B8>#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#8B#YG#),6,>?#A8(; #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cH!M-;5>,# YSHWQ*9$#=& >-&6 -8(#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#8B#HF#),6,>?#A8(; #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cH!##T--- #M-;5>,# YSHcQ#*9$#=&>-&6-8(#B8>#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#8B#GQaW)#A8(;#V7&6&#'&?,#)&T-)5)#A,(;6%X QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cF!M-;5>,# YSHbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cF!M-;5>,# YSHdQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQ#cY!M-;5>,# YSHIQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQ#cY!M-;5>,# YSFGQ#M>,C5,(:"#8B#6%,#%-;%#),;& S6,T65>, #-(# 6%,#@>8B-A, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ca!M-;5>,# YSFHQ#$,A,:6,7#@>8B-A,?#B8># )&:>8 S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cW!M-;5>,# YSFFQ#$,A,:6,7#@ >8B-A ,?#B 8>#),;& S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cc!M-;5>,# YSFYQ#$,A,:6,7#@>8B-A,?#B8>#>85;%(,??#?:&A,R#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#*9$#=&A5,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cb!M-;5>,# aSHQ#2->,#)&(5B&:65>-(;#@>8:,??#&(7#=&>-85?#@&>6?#V)&7,#B>8)#@%868?#B>8)#9-:%,A-(P?#6->,# U,'?-6,X #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#cd!M-;5>,# aSFQ#2->,#:>8??#?,:6-8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bG!M-;5>,# aSYQ.#?:%,)&6-:#>,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B#>,-(B8>:,),(6#7-?6>-'56-8(#-(#6%,#6>,&7#A&",>#V\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5(R#FGHcX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bH!M-;5>,# aSaQ#D8(=,>?-8(#8B#6%,#;,8),6>"#8B#&#FYWgcG#*Hd#6 ->,#6 8#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bF!M-;5>,# aSWQ#`,8%#)87,A#:8)@&>-?8(#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V\,-#&(7#3A&65('8?5(R#FGHaX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#ba!M-;5>,# aScQ#E>8("#?,> -,?#: 8)@& >-?8(#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V\,-#,6#&AR#FGHcX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bW!M-;5>,# aSbQ#9&?6,>#D5>=,#V*8"A&(:,R#FGGHX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bb!M-;5>,# aSdQ#LA&??#6>&(?-6-8(#8B#6- >,#V' "#E,>]-( 1A),>R#0(:X #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#bI!M-;5>,# aSIQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#U-6%#6->,#?@,,7#VK-(#&(7#JU&(;R#FGGaX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dG!M-;5>,# aSHGQ#1BB,:6#8 B#6,) @,>& 65>,#8(#6->,#6>,&7#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dH!M-;5>,# aSHHQ#M-(&A#6->,#),?% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#db!M-;5>,# aSHFQ#M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#8(#7>"#? 5>B&: ,?#V J8>(,#&(7#K,A&(7R#HIcFX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dd!M-;5>,# aSHYQ#1BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#dI!M-;5>,# aSHaQ#1BB,:6#8B#6->,#-(B A&6-8(#@> ,??5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8(#7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?#V\8(;R# FGGdX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IG!M-;5>,# aSHWQ#e5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A#V/-T8(R#FGGdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IF!##T-= #M-;5>,# aSHcQ#\,-;%6#8B#6%,#M1#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IY!M-;5>,# aSHbQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#'"#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"#-(#?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-? #QQQQQQQQQQQ#Ia!M-;5 >,# aSHdQ#L,(,>&6,7#F/#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#IW!M-;5 >,# aSHIQ#L,(,>&6,7#Y/#%&AB#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ic!M-;5>,# aSFGQ#M5AA#Y/#6->,#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Ib!M-;5>,# aSFHQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#M1#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#II!M-;5>,# aSFFQ#2->,#)87,A#>8AA-(;#8(#,T65>,7#?5>B&:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGG!M-;5>,# aSFYQ#$:%,)&6-:#6,?6#?,65@#B8>#6>&(?-,(6#>8AA- (;#8B#6->,#8=,>#&(#8'?6&:A,#V\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5(R#FGHcX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGH!M-;5>,# aSFaQ#M1#6->,#)87,A#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?6,@ #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGH!M-;5>,# aSFWQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5(#VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8B#HG])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGH!M-;5>,# aSFcQ#D8 )@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5(#VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8B#FG])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGF!M-;5>,# aSFbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8 B#\,- #&(7 #3A&65('8?5(#VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8B#YG])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGF!M-;5>,# aSFdQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#HG))#iFW))#?6,@#U-6%#HG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;# :8,BB-:- ,(6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGa!M-;5>,# aSFIQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,( 6#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGW!M-;5>,# aSYGQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7# j#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886% #?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%#?@,,7 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGW!M-;5>,# aSYHQ#/-BB,>,(6#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A# ?,:6-8(?# 5?,7#-(#6%,#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-? #QQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGb!M-;5>,# aSYFQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGd!M-;5>,# aSYYQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#HQcd#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG] )g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #QQ#HGd!M-;5>,# aSYaQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#U-6%# dG])g%#?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HGI!##T=#M-;5>,# aSYWQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%# )&:>8 S6,T65>,#*9$#8B#HQcd#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #HGI!M-;5>,# aSYcQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#a#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #QQQQQQQ#HHG!M-;5>,# aSYbQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#&=,>&;,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,# U-6%#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#a#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A #?,:6-8(? QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHG!M-;5>,# aSYdQ#N,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#?@>-(;#)&??#5(7,>#6%,#=,%-:A,#A8&7 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHH!M-;5>,# aSYIQ#9,?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#B8>#6%,#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#8(#6,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6 %#*9$ hHQcd)) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHF!M-;5>,# WSHQ#$:%,)&6-:#8B#2U8#/8M#e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A#V_&&'&>#,6#&AQR#FGHdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHW!M-;5>,# WSFQ#1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>, #@>8B-A,P?#*9$#8(#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6 #QQQQQQQQQQ#HHd!M-;5>,# WSYQ#1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#*9$#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHI!M-;5>,# WSaQ1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#9E/#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HHI!M-;5 >,# WSWQ#1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#*9$#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6-> ,#&(7 #6%, #C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A? QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFH!M-;5>,# WScQ1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@ >8B-A,P?#0*0#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A? #HFH!M-;5>,# WSbQ#M-A6,>,7#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#V*9$hcQc))X #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFF!M-;5>,# WSdQ#1BB,:6#8B#FWG))#B-A6,>-(;#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFY!M-;5>,# WSIQ#1BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#*9$#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A? #QQQ#HFa!M-;5>,# WSHGQ#1BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#0*0#8(#**D#8B#6% ,#C5& >6,> #:&>#)87,A#U-6%#A-(,&>#&(7#(8( SA-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFW!M-;5>,# WSHHQD8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#),;& S6,T65>,R#&(7#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#8B#6%,#6->, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFc!M-;5>,# WSHFQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#),;& S6,T65>,R#&(7#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#8B#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFc!M-;5>,# WSHYQD8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#),;& S6,T65>,R#&(7#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#8B#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#-(#? ,)-SA8;#?@&:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFb!##T=-#M-;5>,# WSHaQ#D8)@& >-?8 (#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#U-6%#*9$#8B#aQa#))#U-6%#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#U-6%# *9$#8B#aQd#)) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFb!M-;5>,# WSHWQ#E>8B-A,#HR#0*0h#W)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HFI!M-;5>,# WSHcQ#E>8B-A,#FR#0*0h#YQdW)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYG!M-;5>,# WSHbQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#B8>#B5AA#@>8B-A,#&(7#B-A6,>,7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#8B#@>8B-A,#H# U-6%#0*0hW)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYG!M-;5>, #WSHdQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#B8>#B5AA#@>8B-A,#&(7#B-A6,>,7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#8B#@>8B-A,#F# U-6%#0*0hYQdW#)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYG!M-;5>,# WSHIQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8> :,#&( 7#:8 ,BB-:-,(6#B8>#B5AA#:&>R#A-;%6#6>5:]R#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]R#B>8)# 4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYY!M-;5>,# WSFGQ#*8 AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6#B8>#&#B5AA#:&>R#&(7#,C5-=&A,(6#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]R #B>8)#90* 0.9#@>8+,:6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYa!M-;5>,# WSFHQ#D8 )@&> -?8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#90*0.9R#4DJ*E#bFGR#!8,>,#?657"# &(7#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#B8>#&#:&>#&6#=hdG#]) g%#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYa!M-;5>, #WSFFQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#8B#90*0.9R#4DJ*E#bFGR#!8,>,# ?657"#&(7#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#B8>#&#:&>#&6#=hdG#])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYW!M-;5>,# WSFYQ#D8 )@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#&#:&>#B8>#4DJ*EbFG#>,@8>6# &(7#),:%&(-?6-:#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#&6#=hdG#])g%#V_&&'&>#,6#&AQ#FGHdX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYc!M-;5>,# WSFaQD8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,B B,:6# 8B#0 *0#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#&#:&>#B8>#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A# &(7#@>,=-85?#?657-,?Q #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYb!M-;5>,# WSFWQ#J-?68;>&)#8B#6%,#7-?6>-'56-8(#8B#0*0#-(#<(-6,7#?6&6,?#V_&&'&>R#FGHGX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYd!M-;5>,# WSFcQ#2%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#&(7#6%,#@>8B-A,#B8>#0*0hYQY#)g]) #QQ#HYd!M-;5>,# WSFbQ#2%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)# :,(6> 8-7# &(7#6%,#@>8B-A,#B8>#0*0hW#)g]) #QQQQQ#HYd!M-;5>,# WSFdQ#K8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#B8>#0*0hYQY#)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYI!M-;5>,# WSFIQ#K8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#B 8>#0*0hW#)g]) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HYI!M-;5>,# WSYGQ#1BB,:6#8B#&@@A-,7#A8&7#8(#=&>-&6-8(#8B# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#?5>B&:,#)&:>8 S6,T65>, QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HaH!M-;5>,# WSYHQ#1BB, :6#8 B#?@,,7#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#V98Z%&>8=?]--#,6#& AQ#FGGbX #QQQQQQQQ#HaF!M-;5>,# WSYFQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#'"#=,A8:-6"#8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:, #QQQQQQQQQQ#HaF!M-;5>,# WSYYQ#1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#&6#NhWW])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HaY!##T=-- #M-;5>,# WSYaQ#1BB,:6#8B#=,%-:A,#=,A8:-6"#8(#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#> ,?-?6&(:, #U-6%#*9$#8B#?5>B&:,#),;& S6,T65>, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Haa!M-;5>,# WSYWQ#0(BA&6,7#&->#6,)@,>&65>,#=&>-&6-8(#U-6%#6->,#?%85A7,>#6,)@,>&65>,#V[&(??,(#&(7#J&AAR# HIdGX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hac!M-;5>,# WSYcQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&(7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V$:%5>-(;R#HIdWX QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hab!M-;5>,# WSYbQ1BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,# &(7#: 8,BB -:-,(6#8(#&#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#&6#dG])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hab!M-;5>,# WSYdQ#1BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#'"#?5>B&:,#),;& S6,T65>,# &6#dG])g% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Had!M-;5>,# .HSHQ#M>-:6-8(#),:%&(-?) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HWb!M-;5>,# .HSFQ#D8)@8?-6-8(?#8B#9&+8>#-(BA5,(:,?#8(#'>&]-(;#?A-@#:8(7-6-8(?#VJ&AAR#F GGIX#QQQQQQQQQ#HWd!M-;5>,# .HSYQ#1BB,:6#8B#U&6,>#@>,?,(:,#8(#:8(6&:6#&>,&#V&X#:8(6&:6#U-6%856#U&6,>R#V'X#:8(6&:6#-(# @>,?,(:,#8B#U&6,>R#&(7#V:X# :8(6&:6#Z8(, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HcH!M-;5>,# .HSaQ#2%,#]-(,6-:#B> -:6-8(#:8 ,BB-:-,(6#B8>#>5'',>#?A-7-(;#8(#&#:&>'8>5(75)#?5>B&:,#5(7,># 7-BB,>,(6# :8(7-6-8(?#VL>8?:%HIcYX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HcF!M-;5>,# .HSWQ#M>-:6-8(#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,?f#V&X#!E2#V'X#/M2#V:X#DM91#V7X#K8:],7 SU%,,A#V, X#M-T,7S?A-@#VBX #N&>-&'A, S?A-@#V;X#$-7, SB8>:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hcc!M-;5>,# .HScQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#$]-7#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#9&:>8 S#&(7#9-:>8 S6,T65>,#V$,>-;8?#,6#&AQR# FGHaX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbG!M-;5>,# .HSbQ#D8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#6%,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#&(7#6%,#B>-:6-8(#B8>#7>-,7#&(7#U,6#?5>B&:,?# V^8]]&A-?#,6#&AQR# FGGFX#QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbH!M-;5>,# .HSdQ#M>-:6-8(#=&>-&6-8(#>,A&6-8(?%- @#U-6 %#J5 >?6#,T@8(,(6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbF!M-;5>,# .HSIQ#\,6#?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,#=,>?5?#?@,,7#B8>#:8(?6&(6#V&X#)&:>8 S#&(7#V'X#)-:>8 S6,T65>,?# V48":,#,6#&AQR#FGGWX #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbF!M-;5>,# .FSHQ#.#?&)@A,#8B#U&=,A,(;6%#:8)'-(&6-8(#B8>#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#?-)5A&6-8(#-(#M1#)87, QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbW!M-;5>,# .FSFQ#.#?:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#)5A6- S?:&A,#)87,A-(;#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#,BB,:6#8(#>8AA-( ;#>,? -?6&(:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbW!M-;5>,# .FSYQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#&(7#&@@A-,7#A8&7?#B8>#,&:%#)-:>8 S?:&A,#QQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hbb!M-;5>,# .FSaQ#E,>-87-:#!85(7& >"#:8 (7-6 -8( #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hbb!##T=--- #M-;5>,# .FSWQ#*5'',>#'A8:]#),?% #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hbd!M-;5>,# .FScQ#$,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#B8>#B-(7-(;#6%,#8@6-)5)#>5'',>#'A8:]#%,-;%6 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbI!M-;5>,# .FSbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#@,(,6>&6-8(#7,@6%#',6U,,(#F/#&(7#Y/#)87,A? #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HbI!M-;5>,# .FSdQ#K8&7 S:8(6&:6#>,A&6-8(?%-@#V&X#B8># kha ))#V'X #B8>#:8)' -(&6-8(#8B# kha ))R# khH ))#&(7#khGQFW))Q #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HdG!M-;5>,# .FSIQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#&>,B#:8(6&:6#B8>#&#?)886%#V?-(5?#U&=,X#&(7#&#>85;%#?5>B&:,# V?5))&6-8(#8B#6%>,,#?-(5?#U&=,?X#5(7,>#,C5&A#A8&7 #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HdH!M-;5>,# .FSHGQ#K8&7 SE,(,6>&6-8(#>,A&6-8(?%-@#B8>#V&X# kha ))#&(7#V'X#:8)'-(&6-8(#8B# kha ))R#H))R# &(7#GQFW#)) #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HdH!M-;5>,# .FSHHQ#V&X# kSE>, ??5>, #>,A &6-8(?%-@#B8>#7-BB,> ,(6#?5>B&:,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#%g k#>&6-8#U%,(#6%,"# >,&:%#6%,#B5AA#:8(6&:6R#V'X#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#>,C5->,7#@>,??5>, #B8>#B5AA#:8(6&:6#&(7#%gk#>&6-8Q QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HdF!M-;5>,# .FSHFQ#Y/#>5'',>#'A8:]#)87,A#-(#:8(6&:6#U-6%#&#?-(5?8-7&A#?5>B&:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#HdF!M-;5>,# .FSHYQ#1(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-(#&#>5'',>#'A8:]#U-6%#a))#U-76%#B8>#&#>85;%#&(7#?)886%# ?5>B&:, #QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ#Hd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bH#@,>:,(6#8B#6%,# @,6>8A,5)#5?,7#-(#6%,#<(-6,7#$6&6,?#U&?#5?,7#-(#6%,#6>&(?@8>6&6-8(#?,:68>R#&::85(6- (;#B8>#Fd#@,>:,(6# 8B#6%,#;"#7,)&(7#V1E.R#FGHFXQ#L-=,(#6%,#-(:>,&?,#-(#@5'A-:#&U&>,(,??#8B#;A8'&A# U&>)-(;R#6%,#-(6,>,?6#-( #-)@> 8=-( ;#=,%-:A,#B5,A#,:8(8)"#%&?#,?:&A&6,7 #-(#6%,#@&?6#7,:&7, Q#\%-A,# (5),>85?#B&:68>?#?5:%#&?#=,%-:A,#&,>87"(&)-:?#&(7#,(;- (,#,BB-:-,(:"#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#B5,A# :8(?5)@6-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,R#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#&A?8#&BB,:6?#6%,# ,(,>;"# A8?? #-(#6%,# 6->,#&(7#6%,# =,%-:A, l#&(7#?5'?,C5,(6A"#6%,#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(Q#2%-?#,(,>;"#A8??#-?# 8B6,(#C5&(6-B-,7#&?#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #U%-:%#-(:A57,?#7-BB,>,(6#),:%&(-?)?#8B# =,%-:A,# 7"(&)-:?#V,(,>;"#A8??#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)XR#6->,#=-' >&6-8 (#&( 7#7,B8>)&6-8(R#&(7#6->,#6>,&7# 7,B8>)&6-8(#V!,(76?,(R#FGGaXQ#E&=,),(6# @>8@,>6-,?#?5:%#&?#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#&(7# ?6>5:65>,# :&(#-(BA5,(:,#6%,?,#),:%&(-?)? Q#2%,# @&=,),(6# ?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,# :&(#',#7-=-7,7#-(68 #=&>-85?#?:&A,?# 8B#>85;%(,??#V5(,=,((,?? XR#), ;&SR#)&:>8 SR#&(7#)-:>8 S6,T65>,?#VE0.*D R#E ,>)&(,(6#0(6,>(&6-8(&A# .??8:-&6-8(#8B#*8&7# D8(;>,??,? XQ#2%,?,# ?:&A,?#:&(#&BB,:6# 7-BB,>,(6#),:%&(-?)?#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, Q#The empirical studies conducted for investigating the effect of surface profile , in particular roughness and macrotexture, are mostly related to the vehicle fuel consumption (Chatti & Zaabar, 2012, Sa ndberg et al, 2011 ). These studies have empirical rolling resistance models included within their fuel consumption models. Only a few s tudi es investigated the effect of surface profile based on the actual rolling resistance measurements (Boere, 2009). ##F#The available numerical models, on the other hand, are more limited specially for the effect of texture on rolling resistance. Due to the wide range of the wavelengths within the pavement surface profile, and the difference between the macro -texture and rough ness scales and their involved mechanisms, the existing models are only able to capture the effect of one of these scales. The mac ro-textur e is assumed to only affect the energy dissipation within the tire. The mean profile depth (MPD) parameter is usually used for texture characterization of the macro -texture. On the other hand, the effect of roughness on rolling resistance is consi dered to be more dominant on the vehicle suspension than the tire deformation. For investigation of the effect of pavement pro file on vehicle suspension, the international roughness index (IRI) is usually used. It should be noted that IRI does not differen tiate bet ween roughness and mega -texture scales of the profile. It is defined based on the wavelengths higher than 250 mm, whi ch include the full roughness scale and a portion of mega -texture scale of the profile. .?#6%,#>,?5A6R#?8#B&>R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;% (,??# &(7# ),;& S6,T65>,#?:&A,?#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#%&?#(86#',,(#?657-,7#?,@&>&6,A"Q# #0(#&77-6-8(R#?-(:,#6%,#@&>&),6,>?#5?,7#B8 >#?5>B&:,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#8B#6%,?,#?:&A,?#&>,#=,>"#7-BB,>,(6R# -6#-?#(86#@8??-'A,#68#@,>B8>)#&#>-;8>85?#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8 B#6%, #7-B B,>,(6#?:&A,?#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,Q# #Therefore, to address these shortcomings in the current state of the art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cl#$>->&(;&)R#FGH Wl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a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f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e<$#?8B6U&>,#B8>#&??,??-(;#6%, #,BB, :6#8 B#@&=,),(6# ?5>B&:,#@>8B-A, #8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(# U-6%-(#->,# 75,#68# 6%,# 6->,#=-'>&6-8(#&(7#7, B8>)&6-8( Q#M8># 6%-?R#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#?6,@?#?%85A7#',#6&],(f #¥!/,B-(-(;#6%,#)87,A#;,8),6>"R#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?R#&(&A"?-?#6"@,?R#),?%-(;R#:8(6&:6R# &(7#>,C5-> ,7#'8 5(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(? #¥!/,=,A8@-(;#&#F/#)87,A#8B#%&AB#8B#6%,#6->,#:>8??#?,:6-8( #¥!/,=,A8@-(;#&#Y/#)87,A#8B# %&AB#8B#6%,#6->,#'"#>86&6-(;#6%,#F/#:>8??#?,:6-8(#&'856#6->,# &TA, #¥!/,=,A8@-(;#&#Y/#)87,A#8B#6%,#B5AA#6->,#&(7#&@@A"-(;#6%,#&TA,#A8&7 #¥!$6,&7"#?6&6,#>8AA-(; #8B#6%,#6 ->,#68#>,&:%#6%,#>,C5->,7#=,A8:-6" #¥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c#*>?@! C:!! 2>&(?B8>)-(;#6%,# M1#6->,# )87,A# 68#)&6:%#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#-(# _&&'&> #,6#&A#VFG HdX#?657" #8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #S!.77-(;#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#68#6%,#M1#6->,#)87,A#&(7#:%&(;-(;#6%,#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?# #S!0(=,?6-;&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1 #)87,A #S!0(=,?6-;&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1# )87,A #S!0(=,?6-;&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1# )87,A #*>?@! D:#.??,??),(6#8B#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B#7-BB,> ,(6#?:&A,? #8(#>8AA- (;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #S!*,A&6-=,#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#,&:%#?:&A,#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #8B#6%,#6->, #S!*,A&6-=,#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#,&:%#?:&A,#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #8B#6%,#C5& >6,> S:&>#) 87,A# &(7# ?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,) #S!0(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B#6%,#B>,C5,(:"#8B#%-;%#),;& S6,T65>,#,=,(6?#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,R#-(#:8)@&>-?8(#68#>85;%(,??R#U-6%-(#&#B5AA#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,# #S!0(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#U& =,A,( ;6%# A,??#6%&(#FWG))#VU %-:%#&>,# B-A6,>,7#-(#0*0#:&A:5A&6-8(X#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,# #S!D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6%,#6->,#)87,A#U-6%#M1#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A#B8>#7-BB,>,(6# ?:&A,?#8B#6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#VB-(7-(;#6%,#6,T65>,#A -)-6#-(BA 5,(:-(;#6%,#=,%-:A ,#?5?@,(?-8(X #S!D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#,)@->-:&A# ?657-,? #S!D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#@>,=-85?#?657-,? ###b#*>?@! E:#.??,??),(6#8B# 6%,#- (BA5 ,(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A ,#8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#@&=,),(6# @>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, #S!0(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#U,-;%6#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#&(7#(8>)&A#&@@A-,7#A8&7 #S!0(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#7>-=-(;#=,A 8:-6" #S!0(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B#6%,#=&>-&6-8(?#-(#6,)@,>&65>,#&(7#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>, #9:A!,())#3*&*(+'!+2*-('# !2%-?#7-??,>6&6-8(#-?#7-=-7,7#-(68#c#:%&@6,>?#-(:A57-(;#6%,#-(6>875:6-8(#:%&@6,>f #0(#:%&@6,>#FR#6%,#A-6,>&65>,#>,=-,U#8(#6%,#:5>>,(6#?6&6,#8B #6%,# &>6# &(7#@>&:6-:,?R#&(7 #-(B8>)&6-8(# >,A,=&(6#68#6%,#)87,A#7,=,A8@),(6#&(7#&??5)@6-8(?#@>,?,(6,7#-(#6%-?#?657"#&>,#@>,?,(6,7#V2&?]#HXQ #0(#:%&@6,>#YR#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#&(7#B-A6,>-(;#6,:%(-C5,?#&>,#7-?:5??,7# V2&?]#FXQ #0(#:%&@6, >#aR# 6%,# 7,6&-A?#8B#6%,#B-( -6,#,A,),(6#)87,A#7,=,A8@),(6R#6%,#&??5)@6-8(?R#&(7#6%,#>,C5->,7# @>8:,75>,?#&>,#,T@A&-(,7Q#2%,#=&A-7&6-8(#8B#6%,#)87,A#&(7#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#&>,#&A?8#@>8=-7,7# V2&?]#Y#&(7#6&?]#aXQ #0(#:%&@6,>#WR#6%,#>,?5A6?#&(7#6%,#7,6&-A?#8B#6 %,#B- (7-( ;?#8B#6%,#?657"R#- (:A57-(;#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B# 7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#&(7#-)@8>6&(:,#8B#=,%-:A,#8@,>&6-(;# :8(7-6-8(?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&>,#7-?:5??,7#V2&?]#WR#2&?]#cR#2&?]#bR#&(7# 2&?]#d XQ#0(#:%&@6,>#cR#&#?5) )&>"#8B#6%,#B-(7-(;?#&(7#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B#6%,#>,?,&>:%R#&(7#6%,#B565>,#U8>]?# &>,#@>,?,(6,7Q #/5,#68#6%,#6>&7, S8BB#',6U,,(#B>-:6-8(#&(7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#-6#-?#-)@8>6&(6#68#5(7,>?6&(7#'86%# @%,(8),(&Q#2%,>,B8>,R#& #>,=-,U# 8B#6%,#? 6&6,#8B#6 %,#&>6# 8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#B>-:6-8(#-?# @>,?,(6,7#-(#.@@,(7-T#.Q# ###d#0(#&77-6-8(R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#8B6,(#:8(?-7,>,7#(,;A-;-'A,Q#.# @>,A-)-(&>"#?657"#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#@>, ?,(6, 7#-( #.@@,(7 -T#!Q# #.#A-?6#8B#6%,#>,B,>,(:,?#5?,7#-(#7-BB,>,(6#@&>6?#8B#6%-?#?657"#&>,#@>8=-7,7#&6#6%,#,(7#8B#6%,# 7-??,>6&6-8(Q ###!##I#$%&0*#3!;! !!!-(*#3&*23#!3#1(#7 !;:9!('*3+,2$*(+' !2%,#=,%-:A,g6->, S@&=,),(6#-(6,>&:6-8(#7,@,(7?#8(#6%>,,#:8)@8(,(6?l#=,%-:A,g6->,R#@&=,),(6 R#&(7 #8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?Q#E&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,R#-(:A57-(;#?5>B&:,# >85;%(,??#V5(,=,((,??X#&(7# 6,T65>,#-?#8(,#8B#6%,#)&-(#B&:68>?#-(BA5,(:-(;#7-BB,>,(6#&?@,:6?#8B# =,%-:A,g6->, S@&=,),(6#-(6,>&:6-8(Q# #\%,(#&#=,%-:A,#>5(?#8=,>#&#@>8B-A,#8B#&#;-=,(#5(,=,(( ,??R# -6?#'87"#&(7#&TA,?#U-AA#=-'>&6,#&(7#6%,# -(6,>(&A#7&)@-(;#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#&(7#6->,#U-AA#7-??-@&6,#,(,>;"Q#$-)-A&>A"R#U%,(#->,# >8AA?#8=,>#6%,#@&=,),(6#? 5>B&:,R#&#B>&:6-8(#8B#6%,#6,T65>,#V>,B,>>,7#68#&?#,(;&;,7#6,T65>,X#U-AA# @,(,6>&6,#-(68#6% ,#>5' ',>R #U%-:%#:&5?,?#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(# 75,# 68#6%,#=-?:8,A&?6-:#(&65>,#8B#6%,# >5'',>Q#2%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#=&>-85?#,(;&;,7#6,T65>,#U&=,A,(;6%?R#>85;%(,??g5(,=,( (,??R# &(7#=&>-85?#&?@,:6?#8B#=,%-:A,g6->, S@&=,),(6#-(6,>&:6-8(?#&>,#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# FSHQ###486,f#/&>],>#?%&7-(;#-?#&(#-(7-:&68>#8B#&#)8>,#B&=8>&'A,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,# #M-;5>,# FSHQ#0(BA5,(:,#8B#6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#U&=,A,(;6%#8(#=,%-:A,g6->, S@&=,),(6#-(6,>&:6-8(?# V&B6,>#J,(>"R#FGGG#&(7#$& (7'5>;#&(7 #1+)8(6R#FGGGX #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#-6#-?#U-7,A"#&::,@6,7#6%&6#?)&AA,> S?:&A,7#6,T65>,?#-(BA5,(:,#B>-:6-8(#&(7#6->,#U,&>R# U%-A,#6%,#A&>;,> S?:&A,7#6,T65>,?#&(7#>85;%(,??g5(,=,((,??#&BB,:6#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#=,%-:A,g6->,# 7&)&;,Q# There is a good un derstandin g of the effect of pavement surface texture on friction. ##HG#However, the surface profile effect on rolling resistance and fuel consumption has only been investigated in a few studies. #28#',66,>#5(7,>?6&(7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>, ?-?6&(:,R# 6%,#@>8B-A,#-?#7-=-7,7#-(68# B85>#A,=,A?#8B#>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#)&:>8 SR#&(7#)-:>8 S6,T65>,Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#,&:%#A,=,A#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#-?#-(=,?6-;&6,7#?,@&>&6,A"Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#?6>5:65>,#8B#6%-?#:%&@6,>#-?#&?#B8AA8U?f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g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g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g5(,=, ((,??R#&(7#6,T65>,Q#0(:A5?-8(#8B# 6%,#;>&7,#-(#6%,#@>8B-A,#78)-(&6,?#6%,#86%,>#6U8#:8)@8(,(6?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#B-A6,>-(;#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6# @>8B-A,#-?#(,,7,7#6 8#8'6&-(#>85;%(,??#&(7#6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#V L-AA,?@-, #&(7#$&",>R#HId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aXQ#2%,#B-A6,>,7#@>8B-A,#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#'"#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#,C5&6-8(# V^,(-?R#HIIWXf #!"#$%&'(!)*+,-.&'-/&'01+#############################################,CQ# FSH#!2#!)3!"0###################################################,CQ# FSF#U%,>,# !)#-?#6%,# >&U#@>8B-A,R# !2#-?#6%,# A8U S@&??#@>8B-A,R# !"#-?#6%,# %-;% S@&??#@>8B-A,R#&(7# 45#-?#6%,# :568BB# U&=,A,(;6%# 8B#6%,#)8=-(;#&=,>&;,#B-A6,> Q###M-;5>,# FSaQ#98=-(;#&=,>&;,#B-A6,>#8B#&#@>8B-A,# V$&",>?#&(7#^&>&)-%&?R#HIIc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dHXQ#98?6#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,?#-(#&#@&>6-:5A&>#:A&??#@8??,??#?-)-A&># :%&>&:6,>-?6-:?#U%,(#7>-=-(;#&6#&#?-)-A&>#?@,,7#8(#&#;-=,(#>8&7#?5>B&:,Q#2%,> ,B8>, R#6%,#,T:-6&6-8(# 8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#:8(6,(6#8B#6%,#>8&7#@>8B-A,#?5>B&:,# VJ57?8(R#HId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g])#8>#-(g)-Q #676#89:;<=>;?@> 0A@B=A=>C GC H###############################################,CQ# FSY##M-;5>,# FSWQ#$:%,)&6-:#8B#2U 8#/8M#e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A #.?#-6# U&?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,R#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#-?#?-)-A&>#68#&#?-;(&A#-(#?@&6-&A#78)&-(Q#2%,>,B8>,R# &(86%,>#5?,B5A#),6%87#B8>#>,@>,?,(6 -(;# 6%,#@>8B-A,#-?#5?-(;#6%,#E8U,>#$@,:6>&A#/,(?-6"#VE$/X# ##Ha#B5(:6-8(Q#2%,>,#&>,#=&>-85?#6, :%(-C5,?#B8>#,?6-)&6-(;#6%,#E$/#8B#&#? -;(&A#8>#@>8B-A,R#B>8)#(8( S@&>&),6>-:#),6%87?R#,Q;QR#@,>-878;>&)#8>#:8>>,A8;>&)R#68#@&>&),6>-:#),6%87?R#,Q;QR#?-;(&A#)87,A# ',B8>,%&(7Q#.#:8))8(#),6%87#B8>#B-(7-(;#&#@8U,>#?@,:6>5)#-?#5?-(;#6%,#M&?6#M85>-,>#6>&(?B8>)# VMM2XQ#MM2#7-=-7,?#6%,#?5>B&:,#-(68#:8)' -(&6-8(?#8B#)&;(-657,?#&(7#6%,->#:8>>,?@8(7-(;# B>,C5,(:-,?Q#E$/#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#'"#6%,#A8; SA8;#@A86#8B#6%,#?C5&>,7#)&;(-657,#=,>?5?#6%,# B>,C5,(:-,?#V?,,# M-;5>,# FScXQ#3(,#8B#6% ,#B->?6# ?68:%&?6-:#)87,A?#@>8@8?,7#B8>#>,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B#>8&7?#-?#'&?,7#8(#6%,# E$/#B5(:6-8(# VL-AA,?@-,#&(7#$&",>R#HIdHXf #IJ*K,#L*MNK,%O###################################################,CQ# FSa#U%,>,# IJ*K,#-?#6%,#E$/#B5(:6-8(#8B#,A,=&6-8(# !R#"#-?#&#U&=,(5)',>R#&(7#.#-?#&#>85;%(,??#:8,BB-:-,(6# U%-:%#-?#8'6&-(,7#'"#B-66-(;#6%,#E$/#8B#&#),&?5> ,7#@>8B-A,#68#6%,#&'8=,#,C5&6-8(Q ##M-;5>,# FSc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`&(7,AAR#HIbHR#M8>?6,>R#HIdHR#`&(7,AAR#HIIaR#$&',"R#HIWIR#/8R#FGGFXQ# #2%,#?6&6-?6-:&A#@&>&),6,>?#:&(#',#:&6,;8>-Z,7 #-(68#B85>#;>85@?l#V-X#&)@A-657,#@&>&),6,>?R#,Q;Q#),&(# @>8B-A,#7,@6%R#),&(#6,T65>,#7,@6%R#>886#),&(#?C5&>,R#?] ,U(,??R#&(7#^5>68?-?R#V--X#B5(:6-8(&A# @&>&),6,>?R#,Q;Q#?5>B&:,#',&>-(;#-(7,TR#V---X#J"'>-7#@&>&),6,>?R#,Q;Q#?5>B&:,#&>,&#>&6-8R#&(7#V-=X# ?@&:-(;#@ &>&),6,>?R#,Q;Q#6,T65>,#&?@,:6#>&6-8#&(7#7->,:6-8(#VK-#,6#&A#RFGHcXQ# #2&'A,# FSH#>,@>,?,(6?#?8),#8B#6%,?,#@&>&),6,>?#5?,7#B8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#6,T65>,Q# #E&>&),6,>?#5?,7#-(#6%,?,#B8>)5A&,#&>,#-AA5?6>& 6,7#-(# M-;5>,# FSbQ##M-;5>,# FSbQ#$5>B&:,#6,T65>,#@&>&),6,>? #0(#)5A6- S?:&A,#?5>B&:,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(R #6%,?,#@&>&),6,>?#?%85A7#',#7,B-(,7#-(7-=-75&AA"#B8>#,&:%# ?:&A,#?-(:,#6%,"#7,@,(7#8(#6%,#>,?8A56-8(#V988>,R#HIbWR#/8#&(7#9&>?&:R#FGGFR#1>;5(#,6#&AQ#FGGWR# $,>-;8?#,6#&AQR#FGHaXQ #0(?6,&7#8B#5?-(;#7-BB,>,(6#?6&6-?6-:&A#@&>&),6,>?#B8>#,&:%#?:&A,#8B# 6,T65>,R#B>&:6&A#6,:%(-C5,?#%&=,# ',,(#5?,7#B8>#)5A6- S?:&A,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8( #8B#@&=,),(6#8>#&;;>,;&6,#?5>B&:,?Q #M>&:6&A#6,:%(-C5,?# U,>,#B->?6#-(6>875:,7#-(#HIdF#U%,(#!,(8-6#9&(7,A'>86#@>8@8?,7#&#(8=,A#-7,B#U%&6#%,#:&AA,7# mm;,8),6>"#8B#(&65>,mmQ#J,#?5;;,? 6,7#6%&6#8'+,:6?#8B#&("#(5)',>#8B#7-),(?-8(?R#U%-:%#5(6-A#6%,(# U,>,#:8(?-7, >,7#68#%&=,#->>,;5A&>#?%&@,#8>#6,T65>,R#-(#B&:6#%&=,#&(#-(%,>,(6#@&66,>(#8B#->>,;5A&>-6"# 6%&6#>,@,&6?#&6#&AA#?:&A,?Q#2%-?#8'?,>=&6-8(#U&?#&#;>85(7 S'>,&]-(;#7-?:8=,>"#&(7#;&=,#>-?,#6 8#&#(,U# ,T6,(?-8(#8B#:A&??-:&A#;,8),6>"#:&AA,7#B>&:6&A#;,8),6>"Q#48U&7&"?#B >&:6&A#&(&A"?-?#V&(&A"Z-(;# ##Hc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`a#X0S?b0*W07[b,/$>?Z$#L#$]5#^5>68?-? #_ac #X0S?d0*W07[d,/$>?Z$#L#$92/ #$-)5A&6,7#),&(#6,T65 >,# 7,@6%#8B#&(#&>,& #_PeR #*XX0S<=TU 3S*+fg,,h*i0W,AjZ$>-Z$#LL#RT#.>-6%),6-:#),&(#?A8@,#8B# @>8B-A, #RT#VWXk^S^+k>?Z$f^S#S?.$3S?f^+#+?.$3+?#LL#l#E>8B-A,#?A8@,#&6#),&(#A-(, #l#VW3VXmnW/$*^S^+,>/$?Z$#LL#$.* #$5>B&:,#&>,&#>&6-8 #_L7#L3*i3V,*W3V,0^+0^g*i3V,*W3V,0^+0^g#L#XX0L?oA/$o>/$?#0L?o#Vp*qLrssssstquqvRssssstq,*qLRssssstquqrvssssstq,#LLL#$#9,&(#?@&:-(;#8B#&7+&:,(6# A8:&A#@8-(6? #_#$>8_?>?Z$R##_?#-?#6%,#?@&:,#',6U,,(#&7+&:,(6# @,&]?#LLL#2.*#2,T65>,#&?@,:6#>&6-8 #wxeL7#yz{ 0|}~•†‡{ 0• 0{ 0†…—–•ƒ}⁄{| 0‹›−0z•~yz{ 0|}~•†‡{ 0• 0{ 0†…—–•ƒ}⁄{| 0‹›−0z•~0###0{ 0‰•~{~ 0|{‡•„ 00“”%0}†0•†„ 0‘…~~}’ƒ{ 0|}—{‡}…† 0{ 0~ƒ…‚{~ 0|{‡•„ 00“”%0}†0•†„ 0‘…~~}’ƒ{ 0|}—{‡}…† ™V##LLL#fi<#9,&(#>&7-5?#8B#&?@,>-6-,?# #fi<#%Jfl/JflŁŒ/JflŠŒFŸR#U%,>,#A#-?#6%,#A,(;6%#8 B#6%,#@>8B-A, #LW#$!0 #$5>B&:,#',&>-(;#-(7,T#8B #&(#&>,& #_r6 #)Ž"ıł0fœšł#S#&6#Wn#', &>-(;#&>,& ###.#B>&:6&A#-?#&#@&66,>(#;,(,>&6,7#'"#6%,#?&),#;,8),6>-:#@>8:,??#>,@,&6,7#8=,>#&(7#8=,>#>,?5A6 -(; #-(# ##Hb#&#(,=,> S,(7-(;#:8)@A,T# ?6>5:65>,Q#0(#;,(,>&AR#B>&:6&A?#&>,#7-=-7,7#-(68#?,AB S?-)-A&>#&(7#?,AB S&BB-(,# B>&:6&A #:&6,;8>-,? Q#.#?,AB S?-)-A&>#B>&:6&A #8'+,:6#-?#&(#8'+,:6#&@@>8T-)&6,A"#8>#,T&:6A"#,C5&A#68#&#@&>6# 8B#-6?,ABQ#.#?,AB S&BB-(,#B>&:6&A#8'+,:6#%&?#@-,:,?#8B#-6?,AB#?:&A,7#'"#7-B B,>,(6#&)85(6?#-(#7-BB,>,(6# 7->,:6-8(?Q#.AA#?,AB S?-)-A&>#8'+,:6?#&>,#?,AB S&BB-(,R#U%-A,#?,AB S&BB-(,#8'+,:6?#&>,#5?5&AA"# (86#?,AB S?-)-A&>#V*5??R#HIIaXQ #M-;5>,# FSd#:&(#?%8U#&(#,T&)@A,#8B#?,AB S&BB-(,#?5>B&:,?#-(#7-BB,>,(6# )&;(-B-:&6-8(?#U-6%#&#?:&A-(;#B&:68>#8B#o#h#KgkR#U%,>,#K#-?#6%,#)-(-)5)#7-&),6,>#8B#6%,#:8(6&:6# &>,&R#.R#U%,(#.VKX #p#K FQ###M-;5>,# FSdQ#$,AB S&BB-(-6"#8B#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:, #.#B>&:6&A#@&66,>(#;-=,?# 6%,# -)@>,??-8(#8B#7,@6%R#75,#68 #-6?#-(%,>,(6#->>,;5A&>-6"#8B#'85(7&>"#A-(,?Q# 2%,>,B8>,R #B>&:6&A?#&>,#7,?:>-',7#U-6%#B>&:6&A#VJ& 5?78>BX#7-),(?-8(R 0RER#U%-:%# :&(#%&=,# &("#(8( S-(6,;,>#=&A5,Q#M>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#8B#&#B>&:6&A#8'+,:6#-?#&AU&"?#A&>;,>#6%&(#-6?#D&>6,?-&(#7-),(?-8( R#0RžR#V0RžR#hH#B8>#&#A-(,R# 0RžR#hF#B8>#&#?5>B&:,R# 0RžR#hY#B8>#&#=8A5),R#,6:QXf #000RE#Ržu*V3œ,###################################################,CQ# FSW#U%,>,R#GqJqH#-?#6%,#J5>?6#,T@8(,(6Q# 2%,#A8U,>#6%,#=&A5,#8B#J5>?6#,T@8(,(6R#6%,#>85;%,>#6%,#B>&:6&A# 8'+,:6#&@@,&>?#&(7#6%,#)8>,#&77-6- 8(&A#7-),(?-8(#-6#B-AA?Q #2%,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#8B#&#@>8B-A,# VRE,0:&(#',#:8(=,>6,7#68#6%,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#8B #&#?5>B&:, #*R;,0'"#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#,C5&6-8(? f##00VuR-0™R;™0R-u0Rj##############################################,CQ# FSc#00VuRj0™R;™0R-u0Rj#############################################,CQ# FSb###Hd#U%,>,R# 0R-0&(7# 0Rj0&>,#,?6- )&6,?#8B#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8( 0*REX#-(#T#&(7#"#7->,:6-8(?#&(7# 0R;#-?#6%,# ?5>B&:,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(Q#M8>#-?86>8@-:#?,AB S?-)-A&>#&(7#?,AB S&BB-(,#?5>B&:,?R#6%,#A,B6#?-7,#8B#6%,# -(,C5&A-6"# *VuR-X#-?#,C5&A#68# R;Q#2%, ?,#-(,C5&A-6 -,?#,(&'A, #8(,#68#7,?:>-',#V, =,(#-B#(86#,T&:6A"X# &#B> &:6&A#?5 >B&:,# U-6%#8(A"# 8(,#;-=,( #@>8B-A,#V8>#&#?)&AA#(5)',>#8B#@>8B-A,?XQ# #M>&:6&A#?6>5:65>,?R# :&(#',#7,B-(,7#5?-(; #6%,# B>&:6-8(&A#!>8U(-&(#(8-?, #7,?:>-@6-8( R#7,?:>-',7#&?# 6%,# B8AA8U-(; #B5(:6-8( f#0*+,#n+G*€¡,#################################################,CQ# FSd#U%,>,#=&>-&'A,# ##:&(#', #6-),#-(#6-), S78)&-(#8>#@8?-6-8(#-(#?@&6-&A S78)&-(R# $#-?#@>8@8>6-8(&A-6"# :8(?6&(6 R#&(7# %&RE'#-?#&#(,;&6-=,#:8,BB-:-,(6#7,@,(7,(6 #8(#6%,# ?6>5:65>,#V[&% (#&(7# 2>5:],('>876# FGGa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cQ#2%,#?A8@,#8B#E$/#V ¢X#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,# %&?#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@# U-6%#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(?R #U%-:%#:&(#',#7,B-(,7#&?# RE#š.£%#B8>#@>8B-A,?R #&(7# RE#¤.£%#B8>#&>,&?# V!%5?%&(#,6Q&AQ#HII FXQ#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#B >&:6&A#@&>&),6,>? #8B#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(# RE#&(7#J5>?6#,T@8(,(6#VJhY SREXR#:&(#',# 5?,7#B8># >,@>,?,(6&6- 8(#8B#6%, #@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,# @>8B-A, Q#Pavement surfaces tend to be self -affine (2.1 ! Df ! 2.5) with in the lower and upper bound for length -scale, ", shown in M-;5>,# FSd. T his range of "min < " < "max is often between a few millimeters and a few micrometers (Persson, 200 1). ###HI#0(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,#),(6-8(,7#),6%87?R#? urface decomposition method has also been used for pavement surface characterization (Rado and Kane, 2014; Kane et al., 2015). Using a signal processing technique, named Hilbert -Huang transform (HHT) (Huang and P an, 2006), the method decomposes the profile into a number of profiles (IMF) . These profiles have (i) the same number of mini ma, maxim a, and intersect with z mean and (ii) identical z mean in an area between local maximum and minimum for every point . They are expressed as ¥*+,#fi>u86P¦?*+,>?Z$ ,CQ# FSI in which r n is the residue remained after the decomposition. Being simpler than Fourier transformation an d faster to i mplement, the method appears to be promising for pavement characterization (Kane et al., 2015). ;:;:=!)RJK>SN!IJGKLMN!VN>?RJNVNPO?! !2#,3+*'),"#$%&'(()4'+(#,'4'&- )!&?,7#8(#6%,#>85;%(,??#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#),6%87?#),(6-8(,7R#6%,>,#&>,#6U8#6"@,?#8B# 7,=-:,?#B8># >85;%(,??#),&?5>,),(6l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g)-#:85(6# 8B#>85;%(,??Q#.A6%85;%#6%-?#),6%87#-?#8(,#8B#6%,#?-)@A,?6#&(7#:%,&@,?6# ##FG#&=&-A&'A,#),6%87?R#-6?#),&?5>,),(6?#&>,#7,@,(7,(6#8(#6%,#=,%-:A,#>,?@8(?,R#=,%-:A,#6"@,R#6-),R# =,%-:A,#:8(7-6-8(R#&(7#:A-)&6,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#&::5>&:"#8B#-6?#),&?5>,),( 6?#)&"#(86#',#&?# ;887#&?# 86%,>#7,=-:,?Q#28#?8A=,#6%,#@>8'A,)#:8)@A-:&6,7#:&A-'>&6-8(?#&>,#>,C5->,7#68#:8(=,>6#6%,# ),&?5>,),(6?#68#&#?6&(7&>7#?:&A,#V\&)'8A7#,6#&AQR#HIdHXQ# #2%,#@>8B-A8),6,>?R#8(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7R#),&?5>,#6%,# =,>6-:&A# ,A,=&6-8(# 8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#&6#,=,>"# A8(;-657 -(&A #@8-(6 Q#L,(,>&A#9868>?#*,?,&>:%#VL9*X#@>8B-A8),6,>R#6%,#M>,(:%#!>-7;,#&(7# E&=,),(6#K&'8>&68>"#VKDEDX#A8(;-657-(&A#@>8B-A,#&(&A"Z,>#V.EKXR#6%,#2>&(?@8>6 #&(7#*8&7# *,?,&>:%#K&'8>&68>"#V2**KX#!,&)R#&(7#DJK31 #V..$J3X#@>8B-A8),6,>#&>,#?8),#8B#6%,# &=&-A&'A,#7 ,=-:,?#-(#6%-?#:&6,;8>"#V\&)'8A7#,6#&AQR#HId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d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d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f#:8(6&:6#@>8',?#&(7#8@6-:# 8>#:8(6&:6A,??#@>8',? #'&?,7#8(#6%,#@ >,?,(:,#8B#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#7,=-:,#&(7#6%,#@>8B-A, f## #.5!6"&-+*-)7,"8')9':.*'( )One of the common contact probe d evices is the stylus profiling device which can give resolutions up to nano -scale. The device is composed of a stylus which moves along a straig ht line in 1 -D or 2-D and records the surface profile by profiling through a grid in two perpendicular directions (Santos and Julio, 20 13). The resolution of this device and the range of measurement depends on the size of the tip of the stylus. Sand patch (ASTM E 965, ISO 10844) is a volumetric -based device which provides the mean depth of pavement surface for macro -textur e only. In this test, glass beads with a known volum e are spread in a circle onto a cleaned surface. Based on the volume and the diameter of the circle ##FF#the mean texture depth of the surface is determined (Hall et al., 2009). There is a strong correlation b etween micro -texture and friction measurements at low speed such as British Pendulum test (BPT) and Dynamic Friction tester (DFT at 20 km/hr) . Hence, t hese two tests are often used to qualitatively characterize the micro -texture ( Hall et al., 2009). These tests are explained in more detail in Appendix A. ..5!6"&-+*- ;<'(()7,"8') 9':.*'( )In contact -less probe devices, light is often used for surface profile measurements. These devices trace the light behavior, such as angle of reflection and range of scattering of the light, when it is in contact with a surface . The method is non -destructive and is often faster than contact probe methods. However, it can be too sensitive t o the surface slope, direction, visibility , and scattering of the lights in the deep valleys ( Vorburger et al., 2007 ). Optical devices have th ree major types which have been compared in detail in 2&'A,# FSF. Laser scanners project a l aser beam on the surface, collect the reflections and derive the coordination of the target point by triangulation. Their resolution is mainly defined by the laser spot size and some can capture textures as small as a few micrometers. In conventional laser scanners, resolutio n and accuracy decrease by increasing the field of view, a problem which has been addressed with recent synchronizing ability. The method has been widely used in studies on texture characterization of p avement surface s (Serigos et al., 2014, Bitelli et al., 2012). Image analysis systems measure the surface texture by capturing a photograph with a high -resolution camera and using triangulation to derive the coordinates. Despite being simple, finding the common points among image pairs while using more than one camera can be complicated (Ergun et al., 2005 , Slimane et al., 2008, Masad et al., 2009). Microscopes project a light or electron beam on the surfaces and analyze the diffracted reflections ##FY#to obt ain the image of the surfa ce. Optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy are the most well-known approaches. Microscopes can have large m easurement ranges from 1nm to some millimeters ( Vorburger et al., 2007). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has b een often used for measuring 6%,#)-:>8 S6,T65>, of aggregates (Tourenq and Fourmaintraux, 1971, Masad et al., 2009). 2&'A,# FSF shows the comparison of these devices. 2&'A,# FSFQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,? Several other methods such as structured light and interferometry can be used to measure micro -text ure, however , few studies have used them ( Busse et al., 2010 ). Considering the wide range of amplitudes, e.g. deep valleys, of pavement surfaces, most methods often give missing data. The challenge of missing data becomes more relevant in rougher surfaces, such as those with chip seal preservation. ##Fa#;:=!('/-2#'$#!+/!0&1#"#'*!03+/(-#!+'!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$# !*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#6%,#>,C5->,7#B8>:,#B8>#],,@-(;#&(#8'+,:6#?5:%#&?#&#U%,,A#8>#6->,#)8=-(;Q#2%,>,# &>,#7-BB,>,(6#B&:68>?#&BB,:6-(;#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#?5:%#&?# @&=,),(6#?5>B&:,R#=,%-:A,g6->,# :%&>&:6,>-?6-:?R#=,%-:A,g6->,#8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?R#&(7#,(=->8(), (6&A#:8(7-6-8(?Q# #\%,(#&#=,%-:A,#-?#6>&=,A-(;#&A8(;#&#>8&7#U-6%#&#>85;%#?5>B&:,R#-6#%&?#68#8=,>:8),#&77-6-8(&A# 8'?6&:A,?#VB>8)#6%,#6,T65>,#68#>85;%(,??#&(7#'5)@ ?#8(#6%,#?5>B&:,X#-(#:8)@&>-?8(#68#&#?)886%# >8&7Q#2%,?,#8'?6&:A,?#>,?5A6#-(68#7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%, #6->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,Q#/5,# 68#6%,#=-?:8,A&?6-:#(&65>,#8B#6%,#6->,#>5'',>#&(7#@>,?,(:,#8B#7&)@-(;#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)R# U%,(,=,>#6%,>,#- ?#,B8>)&6-8(R#6%,>,#,T-?6? #,(,>;"#A8??Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>85;%(,?? S#&(7#6,T65>, S-(75:,7#>8AA-(; #>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#:8(?-?6?#8B#,(,>;"#A8??#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#8B#6%,# =,%-:A,#&(7#6%,#6->,Q#2%,#A8??,?#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#&>,#)8?6A"#&BB,:6,7 #'"#A8(;,>#U&=,A,(;6%?# ?5:%#&?#>85;%(,??#&(7#),;& S6,T65>,R#U%-A,#6->,#&(7#6>,&7#7,B8>)&6-8(?#&>, #-(BA5,(:,7#'"#?5>B&:,# ),;& SR#)&:>8 SR#&(7#)-:>8 S6,T65>, R#>,?@,:6-=,A"#V?,,# M-;5>,# FSIXQ##M-;5>,# FSIQ#0(BA5,(:,#8B#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#8(#=,%-:A,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #;:=:9!#KKNSO!GK!?RJK>SN!JGRQTPN??!GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!OTN!WNTLSMN !2%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#%&?#',,(#6%,#B 8:5?#8B#?,=,>&A#?657-,?#>&(;-(;#B>8)# empirical studies conducted on the effect of surface characteristics and roughness on fuel consumption (Chatti & Zaabar 2012, Hammarstrım et al., 2012), to mechanistic approaches aimed ##FW#at roughness -induced rolling resis tance (Louhghalam et al., 2015, Kim e t al. 2017 , Zaabar et al, 2018). These studies are summarized here. =47.,.*+<)4"9'<( )There are a few models relating surface roughness to fuel consumption which often includ e built -in rolling resistance model s. One of the most commonly used models is the World Bank's Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model (HDM) , versions HDM -3 and HDM -4 (Bennett and Greenwood 2003b) . A later study, as a part of NCHRP1 -45 research project, proposed a model in NCHRP 720 report by calibrating the HDM -4 model using extensive field trials (Chatti & Zaabar 2012) . Another study as a part of the MIRIAM project presented an empirical model for the rolling resistance of the vehicle (Hammarstrım et al., 2012) . These models are addressed below . .5!>6?!@)ABC)4"9'< )The main objective of the NCHRP1 -45 research project was estimating the effects of pavement condition s on vehicle operating costs for different vehicle classes (medium car, SUV, van, light truck, articulated truck) . The developed fue l consumption model is a calibrated version of the HDM 4 model (Chatti & Zaabar 2012) . The effect of roughness is only accounted for in the rolling resistance model: Fr0=0CR2#§b11#0Nw0+0CR1#*b12#0M0+0b13#v2,¨ ,CQ# FSHG in which M>#is the rolling resistance force (N); D*H is the rolling resistance tire factor; 'HH to 'HY are the rolling resistance parameters related to the wheel diameter and number of wheels (Nw); v is the vehicle speed in km/h. D*F is the rolling resistance surface factor , which includes the effect of profile texture, roughness and pavement deflection : CR2=0Kcr2*a00+0a1#0Tdsp 0+0a2#0IRI0+0a30#0DEF, ,CQ# FSHH ##Fc#where, ^:>F is the calibration factor; &G#68#& Y are the model coefficients; and Tdsp is texture depth using the sand patch method (mm): Tdsp = 1.02 "#MPD + 0.28, in which MPD is the mean profile depth (mm), ranging from 0. 5 mm to 3 mm; IRI is the International roughness index (m/km) , and DEF -?#6%,#@&=,),(6#7,BA,:6-8(#-(#))f #DEF0=0T30"©-0.050+00.4150"0e-0.024575 "Vª ,CQ# FSHF U%,>,#2# -?#6%,#&->#6 ,)@,>&65>,#-(# GD#&(7#N# -?#6%,#=,%-:A,#?@,,7#-(#])g%Q # An adjustment factor is defined for rolling resistance and fuel consumption (from the baseline condition of IRI = 1 m/k m) defined as .0*0#h#T #g#. 0*0#h#H . This adjustment factor with respect to the varia tion of IRI at the speed of 88km/h, temperature of 30¡C, MPD of 1 mm and grade of 0% is shown in M-;5>,# FSHG for a passenger car and an articulated truck as an example . .::8>7-(;#68#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(#)87,A?#7,=,A8@,7#-(#6%,#4DJ*E#?657"R# &#H#)g])#-(:>,&?,#-(#0*0#:&5?,?#&(#- (:>,&?,#8B#A,??#6%&(#Yn#B8>#&#:&>R#&(7#A,??#6%&(#Fn#B8>#&(# &>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#-(#B5,A#:8(?5)@6- 8(#&6#dd])g%Q #..5!DE!EFD)4"9'< )2%,#&-)#8B#6%-?#?657"#U&?#6%,#,=&A5&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>8&7#?5>B&:,#-)@>8=,),(6?#8(#B5,A# :8(?5)@6- 8(Q#2%,#@>8@8?,7#)87,A#-?#'&?,7#8(#&#@>,=-85?A"#7,=,A8@,7#)87,A#'"#V^&>A??8(#,6#&AQ# FGHHX#&(7#)87-B-,7#5?-(;#:8&?678U(#),&?5>,),(6?#7&6&#-(#$U,7,(Q#2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#)87,A# U&?#7,=,A8@,7#U-6%#>,?@,:6#68#=&>-&6-8(#8B#9E/R#0*0R#6,)@,>&65>,R#&(7#?@,,7R#B8 >#& #:&>R#&#%,&="# 6>5:]R#&(7#&#%,&="#6>5:]#U-6%#6>&-A,>Q# ##Fb###M-;5>,# FSHGQ#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,A S#*,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#0*0#&(7#.7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#B5,A# :8(?5)@6-8(#8B#&X#&#:&> #&(7# 'X#&(#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#&6# =hdG])g%#VD%&66-#&(7#_&&'&>R#FGHFX #2%,#7,=,A8@,7#)87,A#B8>#6%,#:&>#&(7#6>5:]?#&>,#?-)-A&>#68#,&:%#86%,>R#U-6%#8(A"#6%,#:8,BB-:-,(6# =&A5,?#',-(;#7-BB,>,(6Q#2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#-?#7,B-(,7#&?f #Fr=0Cr0#0m0#09.81####################################################,CQ# FSHY#U%,>,#D># h#D*G#r#0*0# "#=#"#D>H#r#9E/# "#D>FR#&(7#D> G#h#D> GG#r#D> 2,)@ #VWS2Xl# )#-?#6%, #=,%-:A,#)&??# V];X#&(7#D> GR#D>HR#&(7#D> F#&>,#6%, #>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#@&>&),6,>?Q #2%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#-?#>,@8>6,7#68#',#)-(-)&A#-(#B5,A#: 8(?5)@6-8(#?-(:,#6%,#&56%8>?#:A&-),7# 6%&6#'"#>,75:-(;#6%,#0*0#'"#GQW#)g])R#&A6%85;%#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #-?#>,75:,7R#6%,#?@,,7#U-AA# -(:>,&?,#&(7#6%,>,B8>,#6%,>,#U-AA#',#&@@>8T-)&6,A"#(8#:%&(;,#-( #B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8( Q#D'*%+&.(-.*)4"9'<( )9,:%&(-?6-:#)87,A?#B8 >#-(=,?6-;&6-(;# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#,(,>;"# 7-??-@&6-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#%& =,#8(A" #',,(# 7,=,A8@,7 #-(#&#B,U#?657-,?#U%-:%#&>,#&77>,??,7#-(#6%,# B8AA8U-(;Q ##.5!G"#%$%+<+4)'-)+<5)4"9'< )The aim of this study was identifying the key param eters of roughness -induced fuel consumption for different vehicle classes (Medium car, SUV, Van, Light truck, and Articulated truck). In the proposed model, the surface roughness was characterized using power spectral density. The model ##Fd#is based on the ene rgy loss in the suspension of a two DOF quarter -car model which is calibrated using NCHRP 720 model presented before. The calibration of the model was performed by changing the stiffness properties of the tire and the road waviness number of the surface so that the fuel consumption of the two models matches for IRI=1 m/km. M-;5>,# FSHH shows the comparison of the relationship between roughness and fuel consumpti on of the two models for a passenger car at 70 and 100 km/h. As it ca n be seen, the relationship found in this study is non-linear ( «676%) while the NCHRP 720 model shows a linear trend . It should be noted that the calibration coefficient used in this model is unrealistically high for passenger cars, and the corresponding tire stiffness is almost four times the common tire stiffness. #M-;5>,# FSHHQ#M5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(#=&>-&6-8(#U-6%#0*0#&6#=#h#bG#&(7#HGG#])g%#B8>#&#),7-5)#:&># VK85%;%&A&)#,6#&AQ#FGHWX #..5!H.4)'-)+ <5)4"9'< )In this study, a stochastic approach was proposed for analyzing the energy loss in a half -car model traveling on a rigid rough pavement (see M-;5>,# FSHF (a)). The pavement roughness was represented by a f iltered white noise. The roughness was applied to the front tire directly, while it was applied to the rear tire with a delay obtained using a Pad” approximation. The energy dissipation was then obtaine d by solving the Lyapunov equation. Similar to the pre vious study by Louhghalam et al ., the stiffness of the tire was calibrated using the model predictions from the ##FI#NCHRP 720 report. This model also shows a non -linear relationship between the energy dissi pation and IRI. However, the relationship found betwee n energy dissipation and speed is linear (see M-;5>,# FSHF (b)). ########################&X##############################################################################'X #M-;5>,# FSHFQ#&X#J&AB S:&>#)87,AR#'X# *,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(R#>85;%(,??R#&(7# ?@,,7#V^-) #,6#&AQ#FGHbX #...5!I++8+, )'-)+<5 )_&&'&> #,6#&AQ#VFGHdX#-(6>875:,7#&#),:%&(-?6-:#&@@>8&:%#'&?,7#8(#&#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#B8>#,=&A5&6-8(# 8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>8 5;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#2%,"#)87,A,7#6%,#?5>B&:,#>85;%(,??# @>8B-A,#&?# &#B-A6,>,7#U%-6,#(8-?, Q#2%,#?5>B& :,#@>8B-A,#-?#&(#-(@56#68#6%,# C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A# 8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#V?,,# M-;5>,# FSHYXQ##2%,(#6%,#7-??-@&6-=,#,(,>;"#U-6%-(#6%,#?"?6,)#-?#:&A:5A&6,7#5?-(;#6%, #>,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6-,?#8B#6%,# ?@>5(;#&(7#5(?@>5(;#)&??,? #8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#5?-(;#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#,C5&6-8(f #R#ž¬®¯S°;%±už²®¯S°C%±##############################################,CQ# FSHa#-(#U%-:%#N#-?#6%,#:8(?6&(6#=,A8:-6"#8B#6%,#=,%-:A, R#/#-?#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8( R#&(7# S°;%&(7# S°C%&>,#6%,# >,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6-,?#B8>#6%,#?5?@,( ?-8(#&(7#6->,R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q ###YG##M-;5>,# FSHYQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#6%, #e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A#V _&&'&> #,6#&AQ#FGHdX #M-;5>,# FSHa#?%8U?#&#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%- ?#?657"#&(7#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,A#B8>#&# ),7-5)#:&>Q##2%,#>,?5A6?#&>,#@>,?,(6,7#&?#&#(8>)&A-Z,7#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#>,A&6-=,#68#6%,#'&?,A-(,# :8>>,?@8(7-(;#6 8#0*0hH#)g])#V** 0*0#h#T# g#** 0*0#h#H XQ###M-;5>,# FSHaQ#1BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,?? #8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B#0*0#&6#=hdG#])g% #V_&&'&> #,6#&AQR#FGHdX #2%,#B-;5>,#?%8U?#6%&6#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,# ),:%&(-?6-:#&@@>8&:%#&>,#-(#;887#&;>,,),(6#U-6%#6%,# ,)@->-:&A#>,?5A6?#5@#68#0*0h#YQW#)g])R#U-6%856#&("#:&A-'>&6-8(Q#J8 U,=,>R#6%,#)87,A?#7,=-&6,#B>8) #,&:%#86%,>#&6# %-;%,>#=&A5,?#8B#0*0#&(7#B8AA8U#&#(8( SA-(,&>#6>,(7#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#6U8#&B8>,),(6-8(,7# ?657-,?Q #2%,"#&A?8#-(=,?6-;&6,7#6%,#,BB,:6#=,A8:-6"#8(#>85;%(,?? S-(75:,7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V?,,# M-;5>,# FSHWXQ##0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 Excess energy dissipation (%) IRI (m/km) NCHRP 720 Quarter-car model ##YH##M-;5>,# FSHWQ#1BB,:6#8B#?@,,7#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&6#7-BB,>,(6#>85;%(,??#A,=,A? #;:=:;!#KKNSO!GK!?RJK>SN!ONXORJN!GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!OTN!WNTLSMN !2,T65>, S-(75:,7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(: ,#-(#6%,#6->,#75,#68#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(? #:8(?-?6?#8B#6%>,,#:8)@8(,(6?# 8B#VHX#6->,#7,BA,:6-8(#&(7#',(7-(;R#VFX#6>,&7#?A-@#&(7#VYX#6>,&7#?5>B&:,#7,B8>)&6-8(#V!,(76?,(R#FGGa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nQ#0(#&#HIIG#?657" R#$&(7',>;#-(=,?6-;&6,7# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#>85;%(,??#8(#6%,#=,%-:A,#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(#5?-(;#6U,(6"# 7-BB,>,(6#>8&7#?5>B&:,?R#6%>,,#7-BB,>,(6#?@,,7?#VWGR#cGR#&(7#bG#])g%XR#&(7#8(,#6"@,#8B#:&>Q# 2%,# -1491430507090110130Excess Energy dissipation (%) Speed (km/h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l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ifferent tire models have been used for evaluation of rolling resistance performance of tires, ranging from simplified classical spring -damper models to detailed three -dimensional finite element (FE) models. The c omplexity of these models varies based on the details that have been considered in the tire assembl y. The simplified models usually suffer from oversimplified representation of rubber and pavement, which are unable to consider the non -linearity of the tire performances and the details at smaller scales. However, a few current multi -scale FE simulations have been able to calculate the tire deformation along with the interaction of its components at different scales (Ghoreishy, 2008). FE mod els generally consider different parts for the tire ( M-;5>,# ##YY#FSHc) and various design and operational variables like deflection, pressure, load, and speed. A comprehensive literature review on tire models is provided by Ghoreishy (2008). #M-;5>,# FSHcQ#N&>-85?#@&>6? #8B#,6&-A,7#6->,#)87,A ##So far, existing tire models barely consider the effect of pavement surface texture, due to the high computational costs. However, there are a few studies that implemented tire models for investigating the effect of texture on ve hicle performance in which they divided the problem into two parts; a tire rolling on a smooth surface, a mechanistic approach for the contact between tire tread and a rough pavement surface. Some of the existin g mechanistic approaches are discussed in the following . >#4',.*+<)D"9'<( )Wullens and Kropp (2004) proposed a 3D model of a simplified equivalent tire structure similar to the Pre -tensioned KirchhoffÕs plate . I n this model a GreenÕs function (as the impuls e response function ) is applied at the contac t nodes of the tire (see M-;5>,# FSHb). The model does not consider the curvature of the tire; however, it includes the periodic boundary conditions connect ing the ends of the plate , building an infinite plate . The air stiffness and the rigid sidewalls are implemented ##Ya#with a spring bedd ing. M-;5>,# FSHbQ#E>,6,(?-8(,7#^->:%%8BB?#@A&6,#8(#&#?6-BB(,??#',77-(;#V\5AA,(?#&(7#^>8@@R#FGGaX The energy dissipation of the tire traveling on a rough surface can be predicted by this model. The results are shown to be comparable to measurement s and show higher energy dissipation within the tire on a rough surface than on a smooth one. The advantage of the model is that it is able to identif y the elements with the highest energy dissipation in the tire. 0(#&(86%,>#?657"R#3P'8"#&(7#/8 UA-(;#VFGGIX#:8(?-7,>,7#6%,#6->,#&?#&#)5A6- SA&",>#=-?:8,A&?6-:# :"A-(7,>#',A6#V?,,# M-;5>,# FSHdQ&XQ#2%,#@&>&),6,>?#8B#&(#,C5-=&A,(6#?-)@A,#',(7-(;#@A&6,#)87,A# &>,# 6%,(#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#)87,A#&(7#6%,#L>,,(P?#B5(:6-8(?#B8>#6%,#:8(6&:6#(87,?#&>,#7,6,>)-(,7 #VM-;5>,# FSHdQ'XQ#2%-?#6->,#)87,A#&::85(6?#B8>#6 %,#?5> B&:,#6,T65>,Q#2%,#:8(6&:6#B8>:,?#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7# '&?,7#8(#6%,#',A6#7-?@A&:,),(6R#6%,#%,-;%6#8B#6%,#(8( S7,B8>),7#6>,&7#' A8:]R#&(7#-6?#?6-BB(,??Q#06# ?%85A7#',#(86,7#6%&6#6%-?#),6%87# %&?#',,( #5?,7# B8>#@>,7-:6 -(;#6%, #6->,g>8&7#(8-?,#&(7#(86# 6%,#6->,# >8AA -(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q ##YW# a)! b) M-;5>,# FSHd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bX#B8># :&@65>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#6,T65>, Q#06#&::85(6,7#B8> #6%,#6,T65>,#'"#&@@A"-(;#&#(8(A-(,&>#?6-BB(,??#B8>#6%,# :8(6&:6#U-6%# 6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#V?,,# M-;5>,# FSHIXQ!2%,#686&A# ,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#U&?#6%,(#:8(?-7,>,7# &?#6%,#?5))&6-8(#8B#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#6%,#6U8#@&> 6?Q##M-;5>,# FSHIQ#$:%,)&6-:#8=,>=-,U#8B#6%,#),:%&(-?6-:#6->, S?5>B&:,#-(6,>&:6-8(#)87,A#V!8,>,R#FGGIX ####Yc#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#-(# M-;5>,# FSHIR#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6-> ,#&(7#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#-(:A57,?# 6%>,,#?5' S?"?6,)?#8B#7"(&)-:#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,#6->,R#6>,&7#7"(&)-:?R#&(7#:8(6&:6#?6-BB(,??Q# #2%,#M1#6->,#)87,A#-?#&#(8( S>86&6-(;#6->,l#%,(:,R#-6?#>,?@8(?,#?%85A7#',#:8(=,>6,7#68#&#>86&6-(;#6->, Q#M8>#B-(7-(;#6%,#7 "(&)-:#>,? @8(?,#8B#6%,#6->,#-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#6%,#L>,,(P?#B5(:6-8(?#8B#6%,# ?"?6,) #-?#7,6,>)-(,7 #'"#?8A=-(;#6%,#,C5&6-8(#8B#)86-8(#-(#6%,#:8(6& :6Q#.?#&#>,?5A6R#6%,#7-?@A&:,),(6# 8B#6%,#6->,#@8-(6?#VHX#-( #M-;5>,# FSHI#&>,# 8'6&-(,7Q# #2%,#6>,&7#-?#6%,(#)87,A,7#&?#&#?"?6,)#8B#?@>-(;#&(7#7&?%@86?R#V@8-(6#VFX#-(# M-;5>,# FSHIXQ#28#&::85(6# B8>#6%,#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,R#&#(8(A-(,&>#?@>-(;#-?#5?,7#B8>#)87,A-(;#6%,#:8(6&:6#?6-BB(,??#',6 U,,(#6%,# 6>,&7#'A8:]?#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,Q#2%,#,C5-=&A,(6#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#6>,&7#)&6,>-&A#-(#:8(6&:6#-?#A8U,>#6%&(# 6%,#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#>5'',>R#&(7#-6#%&?#&#>,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#6%,#-(7,(6&6-8(#>8&7#6,T65>,#-(68#6%,#6>,&7Q# #2%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%-?#)87,A#&>,#6%,(#:8)@ &>,7#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#),&?5>,),(6#5?-(;#>&-A,> #V?,,# M-;5>,# FSFGXQ#2%,#)87,A#-?#-(#&#=,>"#;887#&;>,,),(6# U-6%#6%,#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#-(#:&@65>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,>,# -?#-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#-(-6-&A#>8AA-(;#>,?-? 6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#,T@,>-),(6 Q##M-;5>,# FSFGQ#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->,#V !8,>,R#FGGIX #y = 0.001x + 0.0135 y = 0.001x + 0.0087 00.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0123RR coefficient RMS (mm) Numerical Experimental ##Yb#F&+#,=&A5&6-8(# 8B#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#)& 6,>-&A?#-(#:8(6&:6# U-6%#>8 5;%#?5>B&:, ?Q#2%,?,#)87,A?#:&(#',#:&6,;8>-Z,7#-(68#6%>,,#)&-(#;>85@?l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d l#M8>7R#HIIY l#$&',"R#HIWd l#J5-R#FGGGX# &>,#6%,#)8?6# ?-)@A-B-,7#:8(6&:6#)87,A?#&(7# :8(?-7,>#6%,#>85;%#?5>B&:,#&?#?-)@A,#6>-&(;A,?#8>#?@%,>,?Q#2%, ?,#)87,A? #:&((86#:8(?-7,>#6%,#,BB,:6?#8B#)5A6-@A,#:8(6&:6?#',6U,,(#6 U8#?5>B&:,?Q##2 %,"#&>,#',(,B-:-&A #8(A"# U%,(#V-X#6%,#&>,B#,BB,:6-=,#:8(6&:6#-?#:8(?-7,>&'A"#?)&AA,>#6%&(#6%,#8(,#8B#6%,#(8)-(&A# :8(6&:6R#&(7#V--X#6%,#7-?6&(:,#',6U,,(#&7+&:,(6#&?@,>-6-,?#-? #?8#A&>;,#6%&6#(8#)565&A#-(6,>&:6-8(#,T-?6?# VE,>??8(R#FGGcXQ# 2%,? ,#)87,A?#&>,#5?5&AA"#5?,7#B8>#7,6,>)-(-(;#6%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6# &?#&# B5(:6-8(#8B#6%,#@>,??5>,#-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,>#6%,#:8(6&:6#&(;A,Q# 0(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,8>,6-:&A#)87,A?R# ?-(;A,#&?@,>-6"#: 8(6&:6?#%&=,#',,(#&A?8#)87,A,7#U-6%#M-(-6,#1A,),(6#&@@>8&:%,?R#?, ,#M-;5>,# FSFH#V9&(?5>&#,6#&AQR#FGHbXQ# ###Yd##M-;5>,# FSFHQ#M-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87,A-(;#8B#&#?-(;A,#&?@,>-6"#:8(6&:6 #"RMOL Y>?INJLOZ!VGHNM? #V!5?%R#HIbW l#9:D88AR#HIdc l#\&>>,(#&(7#^>&+:-(8=-:R#HIIW l#L8A7,(R# HIdHX#:8(?-7,>#6%&6# 6%,#:8(6&:6#8::5>?#&6#)8>,#6%&(#8(,#&?@,>-6"R#&(7#6%5?#&>,#)8>,#>,A-&'A,#6%&(# ?-(;A, S&?@,>-6"#)87,A?Q#2%,#8>-;-(&A#:8(:,@6#U&?#-(6>875:,7#'"#L>,,(U887#&(7#\-AA-&)?8(#-(# HIcc#VL>,,(U887R#HIccXQ#2%,#)87,A?#:&((86#6&],#-(68#&::85( 6#6%,#:&?,?# U%,>,#6%,>,#-?#6% ,#%-;%# @,(,6>&6-8(#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#-(68#6%,#>5'',>R#?-(:,#6%,"#78#(86#:8(?-7,>#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>5'',># ,(6>&@),(6Q#.::8>7-(;A"R#6%,#)87,A?#&>,#=&A-7#8(A"#U%,(#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#,BB,:6-=,#&(7#(8)-(&A# :8(6&:6#&>,&#-?#?)&AA#VD&>'8(,R #FGGdXQ#"RMOL Y?S>MN!SGPO>SO!V GHNM? #%&=,#',,(#,T6,(?-=,A"#?657-,7#-(#6%,#@&?6#6U8#7,:&7,?Q# ^A5@@,A#&(7# J,-(>-:% #V^A5@@,AR#FGGGX#-(6>875:,7#%,8>,6-:&A#:8(:,@6#B8>#>,A&6-(;#6%,#B>-:6-8(&A#B8>:,#68#6%,# 7-??-@&6,7#,(,>;"#8B#6%,#>5'',>#75>-(;#?A-7-(;#8(#&#?,A BS&BB-(,#?5>B&:,#V M-;5>,# FSFFXQ###M-;5>,# FSFFQ#D8(6&:6#8B#>5'',>#U-6%#&#>-;-7#?5'?6>&6,#&?# @&=,),(6 ###YI#2%,#?5>B&:,#U&?#7,?:>-',7#'"#6%>,,#?%&@, S7,?:>-@68>#@&>&),6,>?l#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(R#/ BR#&(7#6%,# :8>>,A&6- 8(#A,(;6%?#@&>&AA,AR# ³´R#&(7#(8>)&AR# ³µR#68#6%,#?5>B&:,Q#/,B-(-(;#6%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6# ¶#&?#6%,#>&6-8#8B#>,?-?6-(;#B8>:,#68#6%,#(8>)&A#B 8>:,R#-6#U&?#;-=,(#&? #¶#$d*·¸·´,%§¹º»¼½ ¹¾*¿»flÀ ,¨ÁÂÃÄÁÅ **BŒ/BŸ,BBŸ.BŒBŸ,#####################################,CQ# FSHW#J,>,R# ®Æ*ÇA?> ,#-?#6%,#?68>&;,#`85(;#)875A5?#8B#6%,#>5'',>#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#68#6%,#)-(-)5)# B>,C5,(:"#8B#E$/#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,R# ÇA?> #%ÈB·´Q#®ºAT- 0-?#6%,#)&T-)5)#A8??#)875A5?Q#28#?-)@A-B"# 6%,#,C5&6-8(?R#6%,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:#:85@A-(;#=,A8:-6-,?# K$#·´%ÈÉÊ0&(7# K%#&»flÀ%ÈÉÊ00U,>,#7,B-(,7R#U%,>,# ËJ0-?#6%,#>5'',>#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#&(7# 4A?> #2·»¼½00-?#6%,#A8U,>#:56 S8BB#U&=,A,(;6%Q#2%,#>,?5A6?#8B# 6%-?#)87,A#U,>,#=&A-7&6,7#'"#6%,# :A&??-:&A#B>-:6-8(#7&6B#L>8?:%#VL>8?:%HIcYXQ #0NJ??GP!OTNGJZ #8B#B>-:6-8(#7,?:>-',?#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#&#@,>B,:6A"#,A&?6-:#>5'',>#A&",>#U-6%# >,?@,:6#68#6%,#-(6 ,>(&A#B>-:6-8(#VE,>??8(R#FGGHXQ#0(#:8(6>&?6 #68#6%,#6%,8>"#8B#^A5@@,A#)87,AR#E,>??8(# 6%,8>"#-?#6%>,,#7-),(?-8(&A#&(7#%&?#',,(# 5?,7#&?#&#'&?,#:8(:,@6#-(# ?,=,>&A#)87,A?#VJ,-(>-:%R#FGGdR# <,:],>)&((R#FGHWXQ#2%,#6%,8>"#)&-(A"#6&],?#6%,#%"?6,>,?-?#:8)@8(,(6#8B#B> -:6-8(#-(68#&::85(6# &(7#,T:A57,?#&7%,?-8(Q#$5:%#&(#&@@>8&:%#-?#>,A,=&(6#B8>#>85;%#8>#U,6#?5>B&:,?#U%,>,#&7%,?-8(#%&?# &#(,;A-;-'A,#:8(6>-'56-8(#68#B>-:6 -8(Q#2%,>,B8>,R#7,?@-6,#5?-(;#&#?-)@A-B-,7#&??5)@6-8(R#6%,#)87,A# @>8=-7,?#&#;887#>,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B#6->, S@&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(#-(#)8?6#:&?,?Q#2%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6R# ¶R#-?#7,B-(,7#U-6%#>,?@,:6#68#6%,#>5'',>#=-'>&6-8(#B>,C5,(:"#-(75:,7#'"#6%,#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,# &?#¶#(Ìbv*Ì,7*Ì,1ÌÍ[Œ[Î(ÃÏÐ*Ñ,6i0¹*[B0‡…~ 0*Ò,*$/ÓŸ,Ô1Ñ%È“#########################,CQ# FSHc#0(#U%-:%# Ì2#$&»¼½ #&(7# Ì$#$&»flÀ #&>,#6%,#A8U,>#&(7#5@@ ,>#'85(7&>-,?#8B#U&=,#(5)',>R#CQ# 7*Ì,#ÕÖ¡¡ÕÀ×»0-?#6%,#>&6-8#8B#,BB,:6-=,#&(7# (8)-(&A#:8(6&:6#&>,&?#6%&6#&>,#;8=,>(,7#'"#?@,:6>&A#7,(?-6"R#DVCXR# :8(6&:6#@>,??5>,R#ER#?A-7-(;#?@,,7R# KR#&(7#>5'',>#)875A-R#1R#&(7#E8-??8(#>&6-8R# Ø]###a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Ù#VE-((-(;68(R#FGGIXQ#J,#5?,7# -7,&A#@,&]#?%&@,#?5>B& :,?#&?#&#?-(;A,#&?@,>-6"#:8(6&:6#&(7#;,(,>&A-Z,7#6%,#)87,A#68#:8(?-7,># 7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?#?5:%#&?#@,>-87-:#&>>&"#8B#-7,(6-:&A#@,&]?R#>&(78)A"#7-?6>-'56,7#-7,(6-:&A#@,&]?# -(#8(,#8>#)5A6-@A,#?:&A,?Q#2%,#B>- :6-8(#B8>:,R#%,>,R#7,@,(7?#8(#6%,#:8(6&:6#A,(;6%#&6# 7-BB,>,(6#?A-@# ?@,,7?R#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B# ÙR#&(7#6%,#?A8@,#8B#6%,#@,&]#&6#6%,#:8(6&:6#A-(,R# ÚJ½ÛÜÚ-Q#2%,#B>-:6-8(# :8,BB-:-,(6#-?#6%,(#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#),&(#?A8@,#8B#6%,#:8(6&:6R#,T@>,??,7#&?# ¶#ÐÝÅ*I,*ÚJÜÚ-,R#U%,>,# L#-?#6%,#:8)@A,T#?%,&>#)875A5?Q#M8>#&#?5>B&:,#,T@>,??,7#'"#M85>-,>#6>&(?B8>)&6-8(R# 6%,# B>-:6-8(# :8,BB-:-,(6#-?#;-=,(#&? #¶#ÐÝÅ*I,*ÚJÜÚ-,#3ÐÝÅ*I,(ÔŽ~}† *[^,YÞY1Ìß“##############################,CQ# FSHb#0(#U%-:%#C#-?#6%,#U&=,#(5)',>#&(7# Q[#-?#6%,#M85>-,>#6>&(?B8>)#8B #:8(6&:6#@>,??5>,#7-?6>-'56-8(Q# #2%,#)87,A#U&?#=&A-7&6,7#U-6%#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#L>8?:%#VL>8?:%HIc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aH#>85;%#?5>B&:,#&(7#6%,#&7%,?-=,#:8(6>-'56-8(#68#B>-:6-8(#U,>,#-(=,?6-;&6,7#V$:&>&;;-R#FGHWR# $:&>&;;-R#FGHcXQ# #=47.,.*+<)D"9'<( )$,=,>&A# ,T@,>-),(6&A#?657-,?#%&=,#',,(#78(,#B8>#B-(7-(;# 6%,#-(BA5,(:,#8B#?5>B&:,# 6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#8(#7-BB,>,(6#6"@,?#8B#:8(:>,6,#&(7#&?@%&A6#@&=,),(6?#V!,?6,>R#HIda l#/,?:8>(,6R#HIIG l#/,A&((,R#HIIa l#[&)-,?8(#&(7#D,(,]R#HIII l#!8,>,R#FGGI l#Chatti and Zaabar, 2012; Hammarstrım et al., 2012 XQ#0(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#6%>,,#8B#)8?6#>,:,(6#?657-,?#&>,#7-?:5??,7Q #>6?!@)ABC)4"9'< )The NCHRP model is explained in section 2.3.1. Similar to roughness, the effect of text ure is only accounted for in the rolling resistance model . Here, some of the resu lts of the model are presented. #The adjustment factor for rolling resistance and fuel consumption is defined with respect to the baseline condition of MPD = 0.5 mm as .9E/#h#T #g#. 9E/#h#GQW . The variation of the adjustment factor with respect to the variation of MPD at the speed of 80km/h, temperature of 30¡C, IRI of 1 m/km and grade of 0% for a medium car (1.46t), light truck (4.5t) and articulated truck (13.6t ) are shown in M-;5>,# FSFY. .?#,T@,:6,7R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#8(#6%,#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#B5,A# :8( ?5)@6-8(#V M-;5>,# FSFY#&X# -?#)5:%#A,??#6%&(#6%&6#B8>#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V M-;5>,# FSFY#'X#Q#06#:&(#',#(86,7#-(# M-;5>,# FSFY#'#6 %&6#6%,#&7+5?6,),(6#B&:68>?#B8>#6%,#A-;%6#6>5:]#&(7#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#&>,#-7,(6-:&AQ#.?#-6#-?#?%8U(# -(# M-;5>,# FSFY#:R#6%-?#78,?#(86#),&(#6%&6#6%,#=&A5,?#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:, ?#B8>#6%,?,#6U8# =,%-:A,?#&>,#, C5&Al#6%,#7, B-(-6-8(#8B#6%,#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#-(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(: ,#B8>:,#VM >X#-?#8(A"# 7,@,(7,(6#8(#& G#r#& H#"#27?@R#-(#U%-:%#6%,#B&:68>?#& G#&(7#& H#:%&(;,#U-6%#6%,#=,%-:A,#U,-;%6R#&(7#&>,# 6%,#?&),#B8>#A-;%6#6>5:]#&(7#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#V8>-;-(&A#J/9a#)87 ,AXQ#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,->#&7+5?6),(6# B&:68>?#&>,#,C5&AQ ###aF# #M-;5>,# FSFYQ#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,A S#*,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#9E /#&(7#&X# .7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(R#'X#.7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#&(7#:X# *8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&6#=hdG])g %#VD%&66-#&(7#_&&'&>R#FG HFX #.::8>7-(;#68#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(#)87,A?#7,=,A8@,7#-(#6%,#4DJ*E #HSaW#?657"R#&#H#))#-(:>,&?,#-(#9E/#:&5?,?#&(#-(:>,&?,#-(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#YQFn#B8>#&#:&>R#&(7# cQHn#B8>#&#A-;%6#6>5:]#& (7#&(#&>6-:5 A&6,7#6>5:]Q#2%,#:8>>,?@ 8(7-(;#=&A5,?#B8>#6%,#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(# &>,#GQWn#B8>#&#:&>R#GQIdn#B8>#&#A-;%6#6>5:]R#&(7#HQcn#B8>#&(#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]Q #DE!EFD)4"9'< )2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6%-?#?657"#-?#&A?8#,T@A&-(,7#-(#?,:6-8(# FQYQHQ#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#&?# >,@8>6,7#-(#6%,#90*0.9#?657"#-?#?-;(-B-:&(6A"#%-;%,>#6%&(#6%&6#>,@8>6,7#-(#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6Q# M8>#,T&)@A,R#&6#&#?@,,7#8B#IG#])g%R#&A-;(),(6#?6&(7&>7#8B#HR#-(:>,&? -(;#(-6#=&A5,#8B#9E/#V H#))X#U-AA#:&5?,#FQdn#-(:>,&?,#- (#6%,#686&A#B5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(#B8>#&#:&>R#YQan#B8>#>5:]R#&(7#WQYn# B8>#>5:]#U-6%#>&-A,>Q These values are much higher for the rolling resistance force. #HHQGF HQGa HQGc GQW HHQW FFQW YM5,A#:8(?5)@6-8(# .7+5?6),(6#B&:68> 9E/V))X &>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:] A-;%6#6>5:] 9,7-5)#:&> a)HHQGW HQH HQHW HQF GQW HQW FQW *8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# .7+5?6),(6#B&:68> 9E/V))X &>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:] A-;%6#6>5:] 9,7-5)#:&> b)GHGGGFGGGYGGGGQW HQW FQW **M#V4X 9E/V))X &>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:] A-;%6#6>5:] 9,7-5)#:&> c)##aY#K"',') (-#9J )Boere (2009) compared the res ults of his numerical method with measurements using a tr ailer on test tracks in the Netherlands. The measurements are reported in terms of a rolling resistance coefficient, which is the ratio between the rolling resistance and axle forces. Surface texture is measured using a stationary laser profile meter with a resolution of 0.2 mm and a measurement length of 2.8 m. The r oot mean square (RMS tex ) of the surface profile is used as the surface texture measure. The relationship between the total rollin g resistance and RMS tex on 30 test tracks is shown using numeric al simulations and experimental measurements (see M-;5>,# FSFa). #M-;5>,# FSFaQ#!8,>,#)87,A S#1T@,>-),(6&A#&(7 #(5),>-:&A#>,A&6-8(?%-@?#',6U,,(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# &(7#6,T65>,#*9$#&6#=hdG])g%#8(#YG#6,?6#6>&:]?#V!8,>,R#FGGIX #0(#!8,>,P?#?657"#(8#,C5&6-8(#U&?#@>8=-7,7# B8>#6%-?#>,A&6-8(?%- @Q#J8U,=,>R#?-(:,#&#A-(,&>#>,;>,??-8(# -?#B-66,7#68#6%,#7&6&R#6%,#,C5&6-8(?#B8>#6%,#>,;>,??-8(#A-(,?#&>,#@>8=-7,7# %,>,#&(7#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#&?# 6%,#!8,>,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#6,T65>,#)87,A?Q#2 %,# :8>>,?@8(7-(;# >,;>,??-8( #,C5&6-8(?#B8>#(5),>-:& A#&(7#,)@>-:-&A#)87, A?R#>,?@,:6-=,A"R#&>,#?%8U(#',A8UQ# #CRR0=00.001 RMS 0+00.0135 ,CQ# FSHd y = 0.001x + 0.0135 y = 0.001x + 0.0087 00.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0123RR coefficient RMS (mm) Numerical Experimental ##aa#CRR0=00.001 RMS 0+00.0087 ,CQ# FSHI 06#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#!8,>,P?#(5),>-:&A#)87,A#:&@65>,?#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#=,> "#U,AAQ#$-)-A&>#>,?5A6?#%&=,#',,(#8'6&-(,7#-(#&(86%,>#?657 "#'"#1+?)8(6#,6#&AQ#VFGH b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f# #[9\#,JRV!ON?O?!GK!OLJN? #-(#U%-:%#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#'"#),&?5>-(;#6%,#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,# 8B#6%,#6->,# U%,(#-6#-?#-(#:8(6&:6#U-6%# &#>86&6 -(; #7>5)Q#2%,>,#&>,#?,=,>&A#?6&(7&>7?#B8>#6%-?# ),6%87#?5:%#&?#$.1#[FaWF#V$ .1#HIIIXR#$.1#[HFcI#V$.1#FGGcXR#0$3#FdWdG#V0$3#FGGIXR #0$3# HdHca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a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aXQ !.)8(;#6%,?,#),6%87?# 6%,#6>&-A,>#), 6%87#-?# )8>,#:8))8(#6%&(#6%,#86%,>#8(,?# V.(7,>?8(#,6#&AQR# FGHa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ac#$%&0*#3!=! !!)23/&$#!$%&3&$*#3(F&*(+'!&',!,#$+"0+)(*(+' !.#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&#?5@,>@8?- 6-8(#8B#=&>-85?#?:&A,?#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#B8>)?R# U&=-(,??#&(7#>85;%(,??,?#V\&(;#,6#&AQR#FGHd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ab#B85>#?:&A,?Q#*85;%(,??#-?#7,?:>-',7#&?#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#U&=,A,(;6%?#)8>,#6%&(#WGG#))Q#9,;& S6,T65>,# -?#7,B-(,7#'"#U&=,A,(;6%?#',6U,,(#WG#&(7#WGG#))Q#2%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#-?#:%&>&:6,>-Z,7#'"# U&=,A,(;6%?#',6U, ,(#GQW#&(7#WG#))#&(7#&("#U&=,A,(;6%#?%8>6,>#6%&(#G QW#))#-?#7,B-(,7#&?#)-:>8 S6,T65>,Q#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->,#-?#>,A&6,7#68#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&(7#7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%,#6->, #&(7#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,Q# 2%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#?@,:6>5)#:&(#-(BA5,( :,#6%,?,# ),:%&(-?)?#&?#B8AA8U?f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l#6%,>,B8>,R#6%,"#&>,#5(&'A,#68#),&?5>,#6%,#>85;%(,??#&(7#&#U-7,# ##ad#@8>6-8(#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#?@,:6>5)Q#3(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7R#6%,#A 8US>,?8A56-8(#7,=-:,?#5?,7#B8># >85;%(,??#),&?5>,),(6?#:&((86#),&?5>,#?)&AA,>#?:&A,?Q## ##0(#6%-?#?657"R# 7-BB,>,(6 #?,6?#8B#7&6&#%&=,#',,(#8'6&-(,7 f#S#$5>B&:,#@>8B-A,?#B>8)#4DJ*E#H SaW#?657"#V Chatti & Zaabar, 2012) R#U%-:%#8(A"#:8(6&-(?# >85;%(,??#&(7#),;& S6,T65 >,R#U-6%#-?6&(:,#',6U,,(#6U8#:8( ?,:56-=,#@8-(6?#8B#Y#-(:%,?Q #S#/&6&#B>8)#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#:%-@#?,&A#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#@>8B-A,#A,(;6%?#8B# a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à>X#B8>#5@@,>#&(7#A8U,>#A-)-6?#:&(# ',#7,B-(,7#'" f#à>#‡á…‰‰ 0‰—{âá{†‡„ ãäåæçèéê 0ëìíîïíéðñ Ÿ0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001CQ## YSH#U%,>,#6%,#:568BB#B>,C5,(:"#-?#7,B-(,7#&? #6%,#5@@,>#&(7#A 8U,>#A-)-6#B>,C5,(:"#8B#,&:%#?:&A,R#U%-A,# 6%,#?&)@A-(;#B>,C5,(:"#-?#6%,#B>,C5,(:"#8B#6%,#,T@,>-),(6&A#7&6&Q## ##&(7#A8U,>#6%&(#6%,#A-)-6?#8B# ,&:%#?:&A,#-(#&#U&"#6%&6#6%,#>, )&-(7,>#8B#6%,#@ >8B-A,#8(A"#-(:A57,?#6%,#>,C5->,7#U&=,A,(;6%?Q## 06# ##aI#?%85A7#',#(86,7#6%&6#&B6,>#B-A6,>-(;#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%?R#6%,#&)@A-657,?#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,?#B8>#,&:%#?:&A,# B-6#U-6%-(#6%,#>&(;,?#7,B-(,7#'"#E0.*D#-(#?,:6-8(# FQF#&?#U,AAQ #M-;5>,# YSFR#M-;5>,# YSYR#&(7# M-;5>,# YSa#7,@-:6#?&)@A,?#B>8)#4DJ*ER#:%-@#?,&A# ?5>B&:,?R# &(7#/&(-?%# >8&7#7->,:68>&6,#7&6&'&?,?R#>, ?@,:6-=,A"Q# ####M-;5>,# YSFQ#/-=-?-8(#8B#6%,# ?5>B&:,#-(68#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,? #V7&6&#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6 #SGQH SGQGW GGQGW GHGGFGGYGGaGGWGGcGGbGGdGGIGGHGGGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X M5AA#E>8B-A, SGQH SGQGW GGQGW GHGGFGGYGGaGGWGGcGGbGGdGGIGGHGGGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *85;%(,??#E>8B-A, SGQGW SGQGY SGQGH GQGH GQGY GFGGaGGcGGdGGHGGGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X 9,;& S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, ##WG#####M-;5>,# YSYQ#/-=-?-8(#8B#6%,# ?5>B&:,#-(68# 7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,? #VD%-@#?,&A#?5>B&:,? X###SGQGGa GGQGGa GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)XM5AA#E>8B-A, SGQGGa GGQGGa GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X*85;%(,??#E>8B-A, SGQGGa GGQGGa GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X9,;& S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, SGQGGa GGQGGa GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X9&:>8 S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, ##WH######M-;5>,# YSaQ#/-=-?-8(#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#-(68#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#V /&6&#B>8)#/&(-?%#>8&7#-(?6-656,X #SGQGH SGQGGW GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GHGFGYGaGWGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)XM5AA#E>8B-A, SGQGH SGQGGW GGQGGW GQGH GHGFGYGaGWGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X*85;%(,??#E>8B-A, SGQGH SGQGGW GGQGGW GQGH GHGFGYGaGWGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X9,;& S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, SGQGH SGQGGW GGQGGW GQGH GHGFGYGaGWGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X9&:>8 S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, SGQGGa GGQGGa GGQF GQa GQc GQd HJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X9&:>8 S6,T65>,#E>8B-A, ##WF#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#-?#6>5,#B8>#6%,?,#7&6&'&?,?f# #S!2%,#4DJ*E#?657"#7&6&'&?,R#78,?#(86#-(:A57, #)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#',:&5?,#6%,#7-?6&(:,#',6U,,(# 6%,#),&?5>,7#7&6&#@8-(6?#-?#b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d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d#))#U-6%#6%,#856A-,>?#68#HQd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c#?%8U?#&#?&)@A,#8B#;>&7,#>,)8=&A#B>8)#&# ?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,Q #.B6,>#>,)8=&A#8B#6%,#;>&7,#8>#&("#856A-,>?R#?5>B&:,?#?%85A7#',#:%&>&:6,>-Z,7Q#J8U,=,>R#B8># ;,(,>&6-8(#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#-(#6%,#B-(- 6,#,A,),(6#)87,AR#(8#86%,>#)87-B-:&6-8(?#&>,#>,C5->,7# 68#' ,#@,>B8>),7#8(#6%,#?5>B&:,?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,# B-A6,>,7#@>8B-A,?#:&(#',#-)@8>6,7#7->,:6A"#-(68#6%,# B-(-6,#,A,),(6# )87,A #&?#-(@56 ?#U-6%#&#@>8:,??#6%&6#U-AA#',#,T@A&-(,7#-(#?,:6-8(# aQdQ###Wa##M-;5>,# YSc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bXQ#2%-?#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#:8(?-7,>?#6%,#-(6,>(&A#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,# ?5?@,(?-8(#&?#&#:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#&#?@>-( ;#&(7#&?%@86R#U%-A,#&??5)-(;#8(A"#&#?@> -(;#B8>#6%,#6->,Q# 2%,#7,BA,:6-8(?#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#:&(#',#B85(7#'"#?8A=-(;#6%,#6U8#B8AA8U-(;#,C5&6-8(?#8B#)86-8(f #i;Sò;#3ó;*S°;3S°:,3a;*S;3S:,######################################1CQ## YSF#SGQGGc SGQGGa SGQGGF GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GHGFGYGJ,-;%6V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X \-6%#;>&7, \-6%856#L>&7, SGQGH SGQGGW GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GHGFGYGJ,-;%6V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X \-6%#;>&7, \-6%856#;>&7, ##WW#i:Sò:#ó;*S°;3S°:,ua;*S;3S:,3aC*S:3SD,00000000000000000000000000000001CQ## YSY#0*0#-?# 6%,(#7,B-(,7#&?# #676#89:;<=>;?@> 0A@B=A=>C GC H############################################1CQ## YSa#0*0#-?# &(#-(7,T#U-6%#5(-6?#8B#?A8@,#-(#)g])#8>#-(g)- Q##M-;5>,# YSbQ#$6&(7&>7#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#B8>#0*0# :&A:5A&6-8( #V_&&'&> #,6#&AR#FGHdX #M8>#:&A:5A&6-8(#8B#6%,#0*0R#E>8N.K#?8B6U&>,#:&(#',#5?,7Q#2%-?#?8B6U&>,#-?#'5-A6#B8>#=-,U-(;#&(7# &(&A"Z-(;#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,?R#&(7#-6#:&( #@>8=-7,#6%,#0*0#8B#&("#;-=,(#@>8B-A,R#8=,>#B-T,7#8>#=&>-&'A,# A,(;6%?Q#2%-?#?8B6U&>,#5?,? #&#FWG#))#B-A6,>-(;#>856-(,#68#8)-6#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#&("#@8>6-8(#8B#6%,# @>8B-A,#?)&AA,>#6%&(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%Q#2%-?#-?#&#:8))8(#@>&:6-:,#-(#0*0#:&A:5A&6-8(R#?-(:,#-6#-?# &??5),7#6%&6#&("#U&=,A,(;6%#?)&AA,>#6%&(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#78,?#(86#&BB,:6#6%,#7,BA,:6-8( ?#-(#6%,# ?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,Q# #M8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#6%,#)8?6#:8))8(#@&>&),6,>#-?#6%,#),&(#@>8B-A,#7,@6%# V9E/XQ#9E/#-?#7,B-(,7#8=,>#&#HG#:)#A,(; 6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,R#&?#6%,#&=,>&;,#8B#6%,#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(# 6%,#)&T-)5)#%,-;%6#8B#B->?6#& (7#?,:8(7#%&AB#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#&(7#6%,#),&(#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,# V?,,# M-;5>,# YSdXf#PQR#¹FB $.¹FB %%##################################################1CQ## YSW###Wc#.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7R#0*0#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#=,%-:A,#>,?@8(?,#& (7#-?#(86#&#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,# '"#-6?,ABQ#3(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7R#9E/#-?#>,@>,?,(6-(;#6%,#6,T65>,?#U-6%#&# HG#:)#>&(;,#8B#@>8B-A,R#?8#-6# -?#(86#?5BB-:-,(6#B8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#8B#6%,#%-;%,>#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q#0(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#)&-(# @5>@8?,#-?#:8) @&>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,Q ##M-;5>,# YSdQ#$5>B&:,#6,T65>,#9E/#:&A:5A&6-8( #2%,>,B8>,R#B8>#:8(?-?6,(:"#',6U,,(#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#&(7#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#-6#-?# ',(,B-:-&A#68#5?,#6%,#?&),#@&>&),6,>#B8>#6%,#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#&)8(;#6% ,#?6&6-?6-:&A# @&>&),6,>?#),(6-8(#-(# 2&'A,# FSHR#6%,# >886#),&(#?C5&>,#V*9$X#-?#?,A,:6,7Q#*9$#8>#*C#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,# :&(#',#7,B-(,7#&?# ##7[%#$>8*S?,%>?Z$000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001CQ## YSc#U%,>,# S?##-?#6%,#%,-;%6#8B#,&:%#@8-(6#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,R#U%,(#6%,#),&(#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#-?#?,6#68#Z,>8R#&(7# (#-?#6%,#(5)',>#8B#&=&-A&'A,#@8-(6?#-(#6%,#@>8B-A,Q #.=&-]#,6#&AQ#FGHYR#-(= ,?6-;&6,7#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#9E/#&(7#*9$#8B#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8B# 6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#&(7#8'6&-(,7#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@f# #MPD0=01.729 RMS 0+00.019000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001CQ## YSb M-;5>,# YSI#?%8U?#&#:8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,(#9E/#&(7#*9$#8B#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#7&6&#?,6?#&=&-A&'A,# -(#6%-?#?657"Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,( #6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#B85(7#B8>#6%,#6U8#7&6&#?,6?#&>,#C5-6,#7-BB,>,(6Q#M8># 6%,#/&(-?%#7 &6&'&?,#U-6%#?)886%,>#?5>B&:,?R#6%,#9E/#=&A5,?#&>,#A8U,>#6%&(#6%,#9E/?#B8>#6%,# ##Wb#?&),#*9$#=&A5,#8B#6%,#D%-@#?,&A#?5>B&:,?Q#0B#'86%#8B#6%,#7&6&'&?,?#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#68;,6%,>R#6% ,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#-(# M-;5>,# YSHG#-?#8'6&-(,7 Q###M-;5>,# YSI#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#&(7#9E/#=&A5,? #B8>#/&(-?%#&(7#D%-@#?,&A#7&6&'&?,? ##M-;5>,# YSHGQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#&(7#9E/#=&A5,?#B8>#&AA#7&6& '&?,? #0(#&77-6-8(R#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#0*0#&(7#*9$#-?#&A?8#-(=,?6-;&6,7#B8>#>85;%(,??#7&6&#B>8)#6%,# 4DJ*E#H SaW#?657"Q# M-;5>,# YSHH#?%8U?#6%&6#&#(8( SA-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#:&(#',#&??5),7#',6U,,(# 6%,?,#6U8#@&>&),6,> ?Q#2%,#7&6&#@8-(6?#&=&-A&'A,#B8>#6%-?#:8)@&>-?8(#&>,#B,U,>#75,#68#6%,#A8(;,># @>8:,??#8B#8'6&-(-(;#0*0#=&A5,?#B>8)#E>8N.K#?8B6U&>,Q## #2%-?#>,A&6-8(?%-@#-?#:8(?-?6,(6#U-6%#6%,#>,? 5A6?#B>8)#9&>:8(7,?#,6#&AQ#VHIIHX# V?,,# M-;5>,# YSHFXQ#$-)-A&>#68# M-;5>,# YSHHR#9&>:8(7,?#,6#&AQ#?%8U#?)&AA,>#=&>-&6-8(#8B#0*0#VA,??#6%&(#F#)g])X#B8>#*9$# "#h#GQcWccT#r#GQFYca "#h#HQcWYT#r#GQHdII *s#h#GQcGWW GHFYaWGGQW HHQW FFQW 9E/V))X*9$V))X/&(-?%#/&6&'&?, D%-@#?,&A#/&6&'?, "#h#HQcGGFT *s#h#GQdFWb GHFYaWGGQW HHQW FFQW 9E/V))X*9$V))X##Wd#=&A5,?#A,??#6%&(#Y))Q#06#?%85A7#',#(86,7#6%&6#6%,#=&A5,?#8B#*9$#&(7#0*0#>,@8>6,7#&>,#-(#-(:%#&(7# -(:%g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s#h#GQdFYc GFacdHGHFHaHcHdGWHGHWFG0*0V)g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dG])g%#B8>#->,#U-6%#-&),6,>#8B#&A)8?6#F#)#-?#7,B-(,7Q#2%-?#?-Z,#?%85A7#',#6%,#)&T-)5)#8B# V-X#)-(-)5)#>,C5->,7#A,(;6%#V--X#A,(;6%#8B#&=&-A&'A,#@ >8B-A,?#V---X#>,C5->,7#6->,#)87,A#A,(;6% #=:D:9!">SJG YONXORJN !t!9-(-)5)#A,(;6%f# HG#:) #VF#6-),?#8B#6%,#)&T-)5)#U&=,A,(;6%X #t!.=&-A&'A,#7&6&f#aY#:)#&=&-A&'A,#7&6&#B>8)#:%-@#?,&A#?&)@A,? #t!2->,#)87,A#>,C5->,),(6f#.6#A,&?6#c#),6,>?#VY#:":A,#8B#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;X# #2%,>,B8>,R #6%,#)-(-)5)#A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#B8>#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#-?#:%8?,(#&?#c# ),6,>?Q #=:D:;!"NQ> YONXORJN !t!9-(-)5)#A,(;6%f#H#) #VF#6-),?#8B#6%,#)&T-)5)#U&=,A,(;6%X #t!.=&-A&'A,#7&6&f#(8#A-)-6 #t!2->,#)87,A#>,C5->,),(6f#.6#A,&?6#HF#),6,>?#Vc#:":A,#8B#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;X# #2%, >,B8>,R#6%,#)-(-)5)#A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#-?#:%8?,( #&?#HF#),6,>?Q #=:D:=!3GRQTPN?? !M8>#>85;%(,??R#6%,>,#-?#(8#)-(-)5)#'&?,7#8(#6%,#7,B-(-6-8(#8B#>85;%(,??Q#!&?,7#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# B>,C5,(:"#8(#=,%-:A,#>,?@8(?,# VM-;5>,# YSHYXR#6%,#)&T-)5)#U&=,A,(;6%#6%&6#:&(#&BB,:6#6%,#=,%-:A,# ##cG#>,?@8(?,#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#HGG#),6,>?#VB&>#A,B6#@8-(6#-(#6%,#B-;5>,XQ#J8U,=,>R#6%,#&=&-A&'A,# ?657-,?#?5;;,?6#&#A,(;6%#8B#YG#),6,>?#68#',#?5BB-:-,(6#B8>#:&@65>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#6%,#>85;%(,? ?#V$&",>?#&(7#^&>&)-%&?R#HIIdXQ#D8(?-7,>-(;#YG#),6,>?#&?#6%,#)&T-)5)#U&=,A,(;6%#-(?6,&7#8B#HGG# )R#-6#:&(#',#,=-7,(6#B>8)# M-;5>,# YSHY#6%&6#6%,#,>>8>#-(#6%,#>,?@8(?,#:&( #',#A-)-6,7#68#Fn#8(A"Q# 2%,>,B8>,R#YG)#:&(#',#:8 (?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#>,C5->,7#A,(;6%#B8>#6%,#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?Q ##M-;5>,# YSHYQ#1BB,:6#8B#B>,C5,(:"#8(#=,%-:A,#>,?@8(?,#V9&((#,6#&AQ#HIIb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aR#M-;5>,# YSHWR#&(7# M-;5>,# YSHc#?%8U#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#>&(;,?#B8>#6%,#*9$#=&A5,?#8B#>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#&(7# )&:>8S6,T65>,R #>,?@,:6-=,A"Q## ###cH##M-;5>,# YSHaQ#*9$#=&>-&6-8(#B8>#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#8B#YG#),6,>?#A8(; ##M-;5>,# YSHWQ*9$#=&>-&6-8(#B8># ),;& S6,T65>, #@>8B-A, ?#8B#HF# ),6,>?#A8(; #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#*9$#=&A5,?#8B#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#&>,#)8?6A"#A,??#6%&(#HF#))Q#J8U,=,>R#-(# ?8),#-(?6&(:,?#6%,"#:&(#;8#5@#68#=&A5,?#&?#%-;%#&?#FG#))R#U%-:%#:&(#',#6%,#>,?5A6#8B#A8:&A#)&+8># 7-?6>,??,?#8(#6%,#>8&7Q#9,;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#?%8U#*9$# &?#%-;%#&?#bQW #))R#'56#6%,#)&+8>-6"#8B#6%,# =&A5,?#&>,#A,??#6%&(#a))Q#2%,#*9$#=&A5,?#B8>#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#B8>#'86%#7&6&'&?,?#8B#?)886%#/&(-?%# >8&7?#&(7#:%-@#?,&A#?5>B&:,?#&>,#',A8U#F))#&B6,>#856A-,>#>,)8=&AQ#06#-?#,=-7,(6#6%&6#>85;%(,??#>&(;,# %&?#6%,#A&>;,?6#> &(;,R#U%-A,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#%&?#6%,#?)&AA,?6#8(,Q## ##=:E:;!$GVI>JL?GP!GK!?RJK>SN!IJGKLMN?!]LOT!?LVLM>J!3") !*9$#-?#&#?6&6-?6-:&A#@&>&),6,>l#6%,>,B8>,R#-6#-?#@8??-'A,#B8>#&#?5>B&:,#U-6%#8(,#?-(;A,#A&>;,#,=,(6#68# %&=,#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,#&?#&#?5>B&:,#U-6%#5(-B8>)A"#7- ?6>-'56,7#?)&AA,>#,=,(6?Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B# A8:&A#,=,(6?#-?#(86#6%,#@5>@8?,#8B#6%-?#?657"Q#J,(:,R#%,>,R#&A6%85;%#6%,#?5>B&:,?#&>,#?,A,:6,7# GWHGHWFGFWYGYWGWHGHWFGFWYGYW*9$V))XE>8B-A,#(5)',> GFacdGWGHGGHWGFGG*9$V))XE>8B-A,#(5)',> ##cF#>&(78)A"R#6%,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#?-(;A,#,=,(6?#%&=,#',,(#>,)8=,7#B>8)#6%,#7&6&'&?,Q# M-;5>,# YSHbR#M-;5>,# YSHdR#&(7# M-;5>,# YSHI#?%8U#&#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#*9$#=&A5,?#U-6%-(#6%,# >&(;,?#8B#,&:%#>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#&(7#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#?:&A,?Q ##M-;5>,# YSHcQ#*9$#=&>-&6-8(#B8># )&:>8 S6,T65>, #@>8B-A, #8B#GQaW)#A8(;#V7&6&#'&?,#)&T-)5)#A,(;6%X ####M-;5>,# YSHbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,? #GHFYaWGHGGGFGGG*9$V))XE>8B-A,#(5)',> 48#856A-,>#>,)8=&A D%-@#?,&A#/&6&'&?, /&(-?%#/&6&'&?, GGQW HHQW FFQW YYQW aaQW GHGGGFGGG*9$V))XE>8B-A,#(5)',> \-6%#856A-,>#>,)8=&A D%-@#?,&A#/&6&'&?, /&(-?%#/&6&'&?, SGQGGd GGQGGd GQGHc GWHGHWFGFWYGYWJ,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hFQY)) SGQGHc SGQGGd GGQGGd GQGHc GWHGHWFGFWYGYWJ,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hWQW)) ##cY###M-;5>,# YSHdQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6# ),;& S6,T65>, #@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5,? ###M-;5>,# YSHIQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#7-BB,>,(6# )&:>8 S6,T65>, #@>8B-A,?#U-6%#6%,#?&),#*9$#=&A5 ,?#SGQGGd SGQGGa GGQGGa GQGGd GHFYaWJ,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hHQY)) SGQGGd SGQGGa GGQGGa GQGGd GHFYaWJ,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hFQF)) SGQGGa GGQGGa GQGGd GGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY GQYW GQa J,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hHQF)) SGQGGd SGQGGa GGQGGa GQGGd GGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY GQYW GQa J,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *9$hHQd#)) ##ca#=:E:=!+SSRJJNPSN!KJN^RNPSZ!GK! VNQ> YONXORJN!NWNPO? !9&:>8 S6,T65>,#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#&;;>,;&6,#&(7#)-T#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#68@#@&=,),(6# A&",>l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aGcGdGHGGJ,-;%6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X M5AA#@>8B-A, *85;%(,?? 9,;&S6,T65>, ##cW#6%,#?,A,:6,7#?5>B&:,?#5?,7#B8>#6%,#& (&A"?-?#8B#6%,#,B B,:6#8B#,&:%#?:&A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6->,# &(7#=,%-:A,#-(#6%,#B565>,#:%&@6,>?Q##*9$#=&A5,?#&>,#@>,?,(6,7#B8>#,&:%#8(,#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,?Q #####M-;5>,# YSFHQ#$,A,:6,7#@>8B-A,?#B8>#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U- 6%# 7-BB,>,(6# *9$#=&A5,?# #SGQGH SGQGGc SGQGGF GQGGF GQGGc GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *9$hGQWH#)) SGQGH SGQGGc SGQGGF GQGGF GQGGc GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X*9$hHQH)) SGQGH SGQGGc SGQGGF GQGGF GQGGc GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X*9$hHQcd#)) SGQGH SGQGGc SGQGGF GQGGF GQGGc GGQH GQF GQY GQa J,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%# V)X*9$hF)) ##cc####M-;5>,# YSFFQ#$,A,:6,7# @>8B-A,?#B8># ),;& S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U-6%# 7-BB,>,(6# *9$#=&A5,?# ##SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GHFYaWJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#K,(;6%#V)X *9$hH)) SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GHFYaWJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#K,(;6%#V)X *9$haQa)) SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GHFYaWJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#K,(;6%#V)X *9$hcQc)) ##cb####M-;5>,# YSFYQ#$,A,:6,7 #@>8B-A,?#B8># >85;%(,??# ?:&A,R#U-6%# 7-BB,>,(6# *9$#=&A5,?# ###SGQGF SGQGH GGQGH GQGF GQGY GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *9$haQd)) SGQGW GGQGW GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *9$hHHQH)) SGQGW GGQGW GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *9$hHd)) ##cd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aSH#7,@-:6?#&#?&)@A ,#8B#6 %,?,#@&>6?# &A8(;#U-6%#&#:8))8(#6->,#)&(5B&:65>-(;#@>8:,?? Q##M-;5>,# a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c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cXR#B>8)#&# FYWgcG# *Hd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gcG#$* Hc#6->,Q#2%,>,B8>,R# &B6,>#=&A-7&6-8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,AR#6%,#6->,#?-Z,#U&?#:%&(;,7# 68#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc #6->,R#U-6%#6%,#?&),#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#&(7#&#?-)-A&>#;,8),6>"#'56#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6# ?-Z,Q# 0(#6%,#(,T6#?6,@R#6%,#)87,A#?,6#5@#U&?#:%&(;,7#-(#8>7,>#B8>#-6#68#',#:8 )@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#>,?5 A6?#B>8)#6%,#4DJ*E#H SaW#@>8+,:6#V Chatti and Zaabar , 2012XR#U%-:%#-(:A57,?#>85;%(,??#&(7#),;& S6,T65>,Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#6%,#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#)87,A#U,>,#:%&(;,7#68#)&6:%#6%8?,#5?,7#-(#6%,# 4DJ*E#)87,AR#&(7#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#8B#6%,#=, %-:A,#U&?#&77,7#68#6 %,#6->,#)87,A#68#'5-A7#&# C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,AQ#28#:8)@&>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6#6,T65>,#?@,:6>5)?R#6%,#B-(&A#)87,A#U&?# 5?,7#B8>#>8AA-(;#8=,>#?5>B&:,?#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#6,T65>,#A,=,A?Q ###bG#2%,#7,6&-A?#8B#6%,# \,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #)87,A#&(7#>,C5 ->,7#:%&(;,?#B8>#:8) @&>-?8(#U-6%#!8,>,# ?657"#&(7#7,=,A8@-(;#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#&>,#7-?:5??,7#-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#?5'?,:6-8(?Q# #A:9!*(3#!.#+"#*38 !2%,#6->,#5?,7#-(#6%,#-(-6-&A#@&>6#8B#6%-?#?657"#-?#&# FYWgcG#*Hd#6 ->,Q#2%-?#6->,#%&?#&#U-76%#8B#FYW))R# &?@,:6#>&6-8# V%,-;%6#68#U-76%#>&6 -8X#8B#cGnR#&(7#7-&),6,>#8B#Hd#-(:%,? #VaWbQF#)X Q#M8>#6%,#M1#)87,AR# 6%,#?6>5:65>,#8B#6%,#6->,#-?#?-)@A-B-,7#68#-(:A57,#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#@&>6?f#2>,&7R#$-7,U&AAR#.@,TR#2U8# ',A6#A&",>?R#D&@#A&",>R#D&>:&??#A&",>R#*,-(B8>:,),(6?R#&(7#*-)Q#2%,#:> 8??#?,:6-8(#V,T:A57- (;#6%,# 6>,&7#@&66,>(X#-?#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# aSFQ####M-;5>,# aSFQ#2->,#:>8??#?,:6-8( #\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #8'6&-(,7#6 %,#;,8),6>"#8B#6%, ?,#@&>6?# '"#),&?5>-(;#6%, ->#&:65&A#7-),(?-8( ?#B>8)#6%,#6 ->,Q #2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#6->,#;,8),6>"#-(#6%-?#?657"#-?#'&?,7#8(#6 %,#B-;5>,?#@>8=-7,7#-(#6%,-># ?657"Q #0(#6%,#6->,#)&(5B&:65>-(;#@>8:,??R#>,-(B8>:,),(6?#&>,#,)',77,7# U-6%-(#A&",>?#8B#>5'',>R#U-6%# 7-BB,>,(6#&>,&?#&(7#8>-,(6&6-8(?Q#2%,>,#&>,#B-=,#7-BB,>,(6#>,-(B8>:,),(6?#:8(?-7,>,7#-(#6%-?#?657"f# D&@#A&",>R#6U8#?6,,A#',A6?R #:&>:&??#A&",>R#&(7#&#>,-(B8>:,),(6#?6>-@Q#M8>#)87,A-(;#6%,?,# >,-(B8>:,),(6?R#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#&:65&A #:8(?6>5:6-8(#@>8:,??R#6%,"#?%85A7#',#,)',77,7#U-6%-(#6%,# >5'',>#)&6,>-&A?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,->#&>,&R#?@&:-(;#&(7#8>-,(6&6-8(?#?%85A7#',#@>8=-7,7Q#\,-#&(7# ##bH#3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcX#),&?5>,7#6%,#>,-(B8>:,),(6#&>,&?#&(7#7-&),6,>?#5?-(;#&# )-:>8),6,>#;&5;, Q#2%,->#?@&:-( ;?#&(7#8>-,(6&6-8(?#U,>,#8'6&-(,7# 5?-(;#-)&;,#@>8:,??-(;#6,:%(-C5,? Q#.#?:%,)&6-:# >,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B# 6%,# >,-(B8>:,),(6# 7-?6>-'56-8(#-(#6%,#6>,&7#A&",> #5?,7#-(# 6%-?#?657"# -?#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# aSYQ#2%, #8>-,(6&6-8(#8B#6%,#>,-(B8>:,),(6R#6%,->#&>,&?R#&(7#6%,#?@&:-(;#',6U,,(#6%,)# &>, #;-=,(#-( #2&'A,# aSHQ##M-;5>,# aSYQ.#?:%,)&6-:#>,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B#>,-(B8>:,),(6#7-?6>-'56-8(# -(#6%,#6>,&7#A&",> #V\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( R#FGHcX#2&'A,# aSHQ*,-(B8>:,),(6?#7,6&-A ##.>,&#V)) FX#$@&:-(;#V))X #3>-,(6&6-8(#&(;A,#V ¡X#D&@ #GQHWFH#GQWHFd#IG#$6,,A#',A6#H #GQYHcW#HQFIdY#HHG#$6,,A#',A6#F #GQYHcW#HQFIdY#bG#D&>:&?? #GQFIHb#GQWIFd#G#*,-(B8>:,),(6# ?6>-@ #GQHdId#GQdGWW#dG#2%-?#6->,#-?#A&6,>#:8(=,>6,7#68#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc #6->,#],,@-(;#&#?-)-A&>#;,8),6>"#&?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#-(# M-;5>,# aSaQ###bF##M-;5>,# aSaQ#D8(=,>?-8(#8B#6%,#;,8),6>"#8B#&# FYWgcG#*Hd #6->,#68#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc #6->, #A:;!"&*#3(&-!03+0#3*(#) !A:;:9!3R__NJ!V>ONJL>M!IJGINJOLN? !\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHc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aHF#>,C5->,),(6? #VB8>#6,?6#?@,:-),(# >,C5->,),(6?Xl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bY#?J7','<+(-.*)4+-',.+<)7,"7',- J))M8>#8'6&-(-(;#6%,# %"@,>,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#6%>,,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A?#V6>,&7R#?-7,U&AAR# &(7#&@,TXR#6 %,#5(-&T-&A#,T6,(?-8(#),6%87#U&?# 5?,7Q #0(#6%-?#6,?6R#',B8>,#7&6&#:8AA,:6-8(R# 6%,#>5'',># ?&)@A, #U&?#?6>,6:%,7#B8>#)8>,#6%&(# HG#:":A,?# 68#%&=,#& #?6&'A, #?6>,?? S?6>&-( #>,A&6-8(?%-@Q# 2%,(R# 6%,# 5(-&T-&A# @>8:,??#U&? #>,@,&6,7#&6#A,&?6#6%>,,#6-),? R#&(7#6%,#B-(&A#>,?5A6#U&?#6%,# &=,>&;,# 8B#6%,#6%>,,# ?,6?#VU-6%#6,?6#6,)@,>&65>,#8B# FY#uD XQ#M8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?R#7-BB,>,(6# :8(?6-656- =,#)87,A?#:&(#',#5?,7 Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcX#:8(?-7,>,7#`,8%# %"@,>,A&?6-:#)87,AR#U%-:%#-?# 8(,#8B#6%,#:8))8(#?6>&-(#,(,>;"#B5(:6-8(?#B8>#%"@,>,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A?l# 6%&6#@>875:,7#&#;887#B-6#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V M-;5>,# aSWXQ#2%-?#)87,A#:&(#',#7,B-(,7#&? ###############################################ô*õ$fö,#8ó?“b?Z$*õ$3÷,?uø*ö,####################################,CQ# aSH########################################################ø*ö,#$€Œ*ö%3V3MùÅ*ö,,###########################################,CQ# aSF#U%,>,R#[h7,6VDX#-?#6%,#[&:8'-&(R#D#-?#6%,#>-;%6# D&5:%" SL>,,(#?6>&-(#6,(?8>R 0ó?#&>,#6%,#)&6, >-&A# :8(?6&(6?#>,A&6,7#68#7,=-&68>-:#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&AR# õ$#öŸú*v”6,R#U%,>,R#0#-?#6%,#-7,(6-6"# 6,(?8>R#&(7# ø*ö,#-?#6%,#=8A5),6>-:#@&>6#8B#6%,#?6>&-(#,(,>;" #VJ8AZ&@B,AR#HIIcX Q##D8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#(,&>A"#-( :8)@>,??-'A,#@>8@,>6"#8B#6%,#>5'', >#)&6,>-&AR#6%,#=8A5),6>-:#@&>6#V ø*ö,,#-?#5?5&AA"#?)&AAR#-(#U%-:%# R$#-?#6%,#)&6,>-&A#:8(?6&(6?#>,A&6,7#68#=8A5),6>-:#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A# &(7#-6#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?# R$#%û#R#U%,>,#^#-?#6%,#!5A]#)875A5?#8B#6%,#)&6,>- &AQ#D8(?,C5,(6A"R# 6%,#? 6>,??#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#'"#;,66-(;#6%,#7,>-=&6-=,#8B#6%,#?6>&-(#,(,>;"#U-6%#>,?@,:6#68#6%,#?6>&-(# 6,(?8>R#&?#-6#-?#?%8U(#-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#,C5&6-8(f #00000000000000000000000000000_#%üýüžþ_?;@ ß#%ü85flÿúflÛŒ*!Œ/b,flüžf_B@F#%ü"*#,üž0000000000000000000000000#######,CQ# aSY###ba##M-;5>,# aSWQ#`,8%#)87,A#:8)@&>-?8(#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( R#FGHaX#2%,#`,8%#:8(?6&(6? #Vó$?0:8(?6&(6?X#5?,7#68#7,B-(,#6%,#%"@,>,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#6%>,,# >5'',>?#&>,#@>,?,(6,7#-(# 2&'A,# aSFQ#2&'A,# aSFQ#`,8%#:8(?6-656-=,#)87,A#:8(?6&(6? ##ó$“#ó%“#ób“#2>,&7 #GQbY#v#GQHd#GQGbIc#$-7,U&AA #GQbH#v#GQFd#GQHY#.@,T #HQFd#SHQFW#HQFG#L.(*"'<+(-.*)4+-',.+<) 7,"7',-.'( )M8>#@>8=-7-(;#6%,#=-?:8,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#>5'',>R# \,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHc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f #I)*m,#I“*V38$?*V3%/CÉfl&,'$################################,CQ# aSa###bW#U%,>,# $?#-?#6%,#?%,&>#>,A&T&6-8(#)875A5?#>&6-8#&(7# Ë?#-?#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#B8>#,&:%#6,>)#8B#6%,# ?,>-,? Q#0(#6%-?#?657"#U8 S6,>)#E>8("#?,>-,?#U&?#5?,7#&(7#6%,#@&>&),6,>?#8'6&-(,7#68#B-6#6%-?#?,>-,?# 68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V?,,# M-;5>,# aScX#&>,#@>,?,(6,7#-( #2&'A,# aSYQ#0(#&77-6-8(#68# $?#&(7 #Ë?R#6%,# (8>)&A -Z,7# '5A]# )875A- #Va?X#?%85A7#',#7,B-( ,7#B8>#,&:%#6,>)#&?#U,AAQ#/5,#68#6%,#-(:8)@>,??-'-A-6"#8B#6%,#>5'',># )&6,>-&A?R#6%,# (8>)&A-Z,7# '5A]# )875A- #V>,A&6,7#68#6%,#-(-6-&A#'5A]#)875A5?#&(7#6%,#686&A#=8A5),6>-:# ?6>&-(X# &>,#:8(?-7,>,7#68#',#Z,>8 #?-(:,#6%,#= 8A5),6>-:#?6>&-(#-?#&??5),7#68#',#Z,>8 Q##M-;5>,# aScQ#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8)@&>-?8(#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&#V\,-# ,6#&A R#FGHcX#2&'A,# aSYQ#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8(?6&(6? ##;H#]H#Ë$#;F#]F#Ë%#2>,&7 #GQGd#G#FQYI#,SW#GQGb#G#HaFQdY#$-7,U&AA #GQH#G#FQGb#,Sc#GQGb#G#HacQHH#.@,T #GQHW#G#WQbc#GQGd#G#FFGQaH#=33'*-)"3)-'47',+-#,')"&):.(*"'<+(-.*)4+-',.+<)7,"7',-.'( )N-?:8,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A?#&>,#6-),#&(7#6,)@,>&65>,#7,@,(7,(6Q#0(#6%,#@>,=-85? #?,:6-8(#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?# U&?#5?,7#B8># 7,B-(-(;#6%,#6-), S7,@,(7,(6#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#6%>,,#>5'',>?#&6#6%,#:8(?6&(6# 6,)@,>&65>,#8B#FY ¡DQ#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#-?#(86#:8(?-7,>,7Q#J8U,=,>R#&?#6%,# ##bc#>8AA-(;#=,A8:-6"#8B#6%,#6->,#-(:>,&?,?R #6%,#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#>-?,?Q#.?#&#>,?5A 6R#6%,#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,# >5'',>#)&6,>-&A#:%&(;,?Q#J,(:,R#-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A# @>8@,>6-,?#-?#&77>,??,7#&(7#&#),6%87#B8>#-)@A,),(6&6-8(#8B#6%-?#,BB,:6#-(68#6%,#7,=,A8@,7#M1#)87,A# 8B#6%,#6->,#-?#@>,?,(6,7Q# #*5'',>#)&6,> -&A?#,T%-'-6#&#; A&??#6>&(?-6-8(# ?6&6,#-(#U%-:% #6%, ->#)&6,>-&A#',%&=-8>#:%&(;,?#B>8)# %&>7#&(7# ;A&??" #68#=-?:85?#&(7#>5'',>"Q# 2%,#6,)@,>&65>,#&6#U%-:%#6%-?#6>&(?-6-8(#8::5>?#-?#:&AA,7# 6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(#6,)@,>&65>,Q# .6#6,)@,>&65>,?#&'8=,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(R#6%,#)&6,>-&A#,T%-'-6?#&# )8>,#@>8(85(:,7#=-?:8,A&?6-:#',%&=-8>R#U%,>,#)&6,>-&AP?#)875A5?#&(7#7&)@-(;#:%&(;,# 7>&)&6-:&AA"Q#.6# 6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(#6,)@,>&65>,R#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A#>,&:%,?#-6?# )&T-)5)R#6% ,>,B8>,#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-?##%-;%,?6#V)&T-)5)# ÄÁÅ*(,#®F@;; ®;C@DTG= )XQ#.?# 6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#>-?,?R#)8A,:5A&>#B>-:6-8(?#>,75:,#&(7#&?#&#>,?5A6#6%,#A8? ?#)875A5?#7,:>,&?,?R#&(7# A,??#,(,>;"#-?#7-??-@&6,7Q# .?#6%,#>&6,#8B#6%,#)8A,:5A& >#)86-8(#-(:>,&?,?R#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#-?# -(=,>?,A"#&BB,:6,7#&(7#>,75:,7Q #*5'',>#)&6,>-&A?#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7#6%,>)8>%,8A8;-:&AA"#?-)@A,l#-(#U%-:%#6,)@,>&65>,#-?# &BB,:6-(;# &AA#8B#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?#-(#6%,#?&),#U&"Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#-?#@8??-'A,#68#5?,#6%,#2- ),S2,)@,>&65>,# $5@,>@8?-6-8(#E>-(:-@A,#V22$EX#V K,&7,>)&(R#HIaY l#$:%U&>ZA#w#$6&=,>)&(R#HIWF XQ#!"#&@@A"-(;# 6%,#22$ER#)&?6,>#:5>=,?#:&(#',#;,(,>&6,7#B8>#-(:A57-(;#6% ,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#&(7#6-),#8(#6%,# )&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?Q#9&?6,>#:5>=,?#&>,#5?,7#B8>#:8(=,> 6-(;#&#?,>-,?#8B#:>,,@#&(7#>,A&T&6-8(#6,?6?# @,>B8>),7#&6#7-BB,>,(6#6,)@,>&65>,?#-(68#8(,#?-(;A,#:5>=,#'"#%8>-Z8(6&AA"#?%-B6-(;#6%,#7&6&#U-6%# >,?@,:6#68#&#>,B,>,(: ,#6,)@,>&65>,#V$,,# M-;5>,# aSbX#V*8"A&(:,R#FGGHXQ ###bb##M-;5>,# aSbQ#9&?6,>#D5>=,#V*8"A&(:,R#FGGHX #.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,R#&?#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#-(:>,&?,?#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#7,:>,&?,?Q#2%,>,B8>,R# 6%,#6,?6?#@,>B8>),7#&6#%-;%,>#6,)@,>&65>,?#6%&(#6%,#>,B,>,(:,#6,)@,>&65>,#?%85A7#',# ?%-B6,7#68#6%,# A,B6#68U&>7#6%,#A8U,>#6-),?Q#2%,#8@@8?-6,#%8A7?#B8>#6,?6?# @,>B8>),7#&6#A8U,>#6,)@,>&65>,?#V?,,# M-;5>,# aSbXQ#>"#VHIWWXR#B 8>#,&:%#:5>=,# &(7#6,)@,>&65>,R#&#?%-B6-(; #B&:68>#V n*X#:&(#',#7,B-(,7#B8>#&AA#8B#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?#&6#6%&6# 6,)@,>&65>,Q#1=,>"#)&?6,>#:5>=,#-?#8(A"#=&A-7#&6#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#>,B,>,(:,#6,)@,>&65>,Q# J8U,=,>R#%&=-(;#6%,#7&6&#&6#7-BB,>,(6#6,)@,>&65>,?R#6%,#)&?6,>#:5>=,#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#B8>#7-BB ,>,(6# >,B,>,(: ,#6,)@,>&65>,?#&?#A8(;#&?#6%,#:8>>,:6#?%-B6#B&:68>#-?#5?,7Q#2%,#?%-B6#B&:68>#-?#7,B-(,7#&?f #ùÏ +n*#/žŒ**/*,Ö¡,žŸ.**/*,Ö¡,####################################################,CQ# aSW#U%,>,R#D H#&(7#D F#&>,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#&(7# eD=E#-?#6%,#>,B,>,(:,#6,)@,>&65>,Q#0B#6%,# ;A&??#6,)@,>&65>,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#>,B,>,(:,#6,)@,>&65>,R#6%,#=&A5,?#8B#D H#&(7#D F#:&(# 8B6,(# ',# &??5), 7#&?#5(-=,>?&A#=&A 5,?#B 8>#&#U-7,#>&(;,#8B#@8A"),>? #V*8"A&(:,R#FGGHXR#&?f #v$#V-]p0###v%#.V]/#####bd#0(#8>7,>#68#-(:A57,#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#)875A5?# I)*m,R#7,B-(,7#@>,=-85?A"R#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(# 6-),?#-(#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?#,C5&6-8(#?%85A7#',#)87-B-,7#&(7# )5A6-@A-,7#'" #6%,#?%-B6#B&:68> #VD8>8AA&>8# ,6#&AQ R#FGHaR#E&:%,8#,6#&AQ#FGHWXQ# #Ë?f*Þ#n*Ë?Þ#######################################################,CQ# aSc#J,(:,R#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?#-?#:8(=,>6,7#68#6%,#B8AA8U- (;##I)*m,#I“*V38$?<*V3%/CT0Éfl1&,'$################################,CQ# aSb#0(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#?6>,??#>,A&T&6-8(#6,?6#U&?#@,>B8>),7#8(A"#&6#2hFY# ¡DQ#2%,>,B8>,R#(8#&77-6-8(& A#-(B8>)&6-8(#-?#@>,?,(6#B8>#8'6&-(-(;#6%,#9&?6,>#:5>=,#&6#7-BB,>,(6#6,)@,>&65>,?#&(7#6%,# :8>>,?@8(7-(;#?%-B6#B&:68>?Q#J,(:,R#B8>#-)@A-:&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6 ,)@,>&65>,#8(#6%,#=-?:8,A&?6-:# )&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#U-6%#&#;887#,?6-)&6-8(R#6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(# 6,)@,>&65>,R#6%,#?%-B6#B&:68>?#&6# 2hFY# ¡DR#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,?#&6#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#=,A8:-6-,?#V eBXR#&(7#6%,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:#@>8@,>6-,?#&6# eD=Eh;A&??#6>&(?-6- 8(#6,)@,>&65>,#V v$#V-]pfv%#.V]/X#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#'&?-?#B8>#B-(7-(;# 6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?R#&?#B8AA8U?f #Ë*Z%b¡#n%bËG2ËG#Ë*Z%b¡hn%b#Ë*3#n*3ËG2Ë*3#Ë*Z%b¡4*n*3hn%b,##################################,CQ# aSd#U%,>,# Ë*Z%b¡#&>,#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#?6>,??#>,A&T&6- 8(#6,?6#'"# \,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcXl# ËG#&(7 #Ë*3#&>,#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?#&6#6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(#6,)@,>&65>,#&(7# >,C5->,7#6,)@,>&65>,?#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#68#6%,#>8AA-(;#=,A8:-6-,?R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q #0(#8>7,>#68#5?,#6%-?#),6%87#B8>#-)@A,),(6&6-8(#8B# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#-(68#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?R# 6%,#;A&??#6>&( ?-6-8(#6,)@,>&65>,?#B8>#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A?#&(7#6%,#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#&6#,&:%#=,A8:-6"# ?%85A7#',#B85(7Q#M8>#&(#,?6-)&6-8(#8B#6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(#6,)@,>&65>,#B8>#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A?R#6%,# ##bI#7&6&# @5'A-?%,7#'"#E,>]-(1A),>R#0(:#-?#5?,7# Hl#-(#U%-:%#6%,#=&>-&6-8( #8B#6%,#,A&?6-:#)875A5?#&(7#6&(# V#X#'"#6,)@,>&65>,#&>,#;-=,(#B8>#6->,#6>,&7#&(7#?-7,U&AA#)&6,>-&A?#V?,,# M-;5>,# aSdXQ#6&(#V #X#-?#6%,# >&6-8#8B#6%,#A8??#)875A5?#68#6%,#?6 8>&;,#)875A5?#U%-:%#-?#)&T-)5)#&6#6%,#;A&??#6>&(?-6-8(# 6,)@,>&65>,Q#!&?,7#8(#6%-?#7&6&R#6,)@,>&65>,?#8B# SYG#¡D#&(7# x#WG#¡D#&>,#:%8?,(#B8>#6->,#6>,&7#&(7# ?-7,U&AA#)&6,>-&A?R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q# ##M-;5>,# aSdQ#LA&??#6>&(?-6-8(#8B#6->,#V'"# E,>]-(1A),>R#0(:X #M8>#B-(7-(;#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#8B#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#&6#7-BB,>,(6#=,A8:-6-,?R#6%,#>,?5A6?#B>8)#&#?657"# '"#K-(#&(7# JU&(; #VFGGaX#&>,#5?,7l#-(#U%-:%#6%,#>,A&6-8( ?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#6,)@, >&65>,#&(7#>8AA-(;# ################################################"!https://www.perkinelmer.com/lab -solutions/resources/docs/APP_007771B_15_Characterization_of_Car_Tire_Rubber.pdf !##dG#=,A8:-6"#8B#6%,#6->,?#B8>#-((,>#&(7#856,>#?5>B&:,?#5(7,>#7-BB,>,(6#A8&7?#&6#FGG]E&#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,# -?#;-=,(#V M-;5>,# aSIXQ##M-;5>,# aSIQ#N& >-&6-8(#8B#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#U-6%#6->,#?@,,7#VK-(#&(7#JU&(;R#FGGaX #/5,#68#6%,#;,8),6>"#8B#6%,#6->,#7,B-(,7#-(#6%-?#?657"R#&=,>&;,#6,)@,>&65>,#=&A5,?#8B# ba#¡D#&(7# cG#¡D#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#B8>#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A?#&6#6%,#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#&(7#WW])g%R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q #!&?,7#8(#6%,?,#:8(?-7,>&6-8(?#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8(?6&(6?#@>,?,(6,7#-(# 2&'A,# aSY#&>,#)87-B-,7#68# 6%,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#-(# 2&'A,# aSaQ#2&'A,# aSaQ#E>8("#?,>-,?#:8(?6&(6? #:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>, ##;H#]H#Ë$#;F#]F#Ë%#2>,&7 #GQGd#G#FQIW1SGc#GQGb#G#HbQcF#$-7,U&AA #GQH#G#FQWW1SGb#GQGb#G#HdQGF#.@,T #GQHW#G#bQHG1SGH#GQGd#G#FbQHI#!"#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),?R#6%,#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A#-?#:%&(;,7Q# M-;5>,# aSHG#?%8U?#6%,# :%&(;,?#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#(8>)&A-Z,7#6->,#6>,&7#?%,&>#)8 75A5?#&(7#?%,&>#:8)@A-&(:,#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B# 6-),#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#6,)@,>&65>,?Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#'"#-(:>,&?-(;#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#6%,# )875A5?#8B# 6%,#)&6,>-&A#-?#7,:>,&?,7Q ###dH#!#M-;5>,# aSHGQ#1BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>, #8(#6->,#6>,&7#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,? #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#,BB,:6# 6,)@,>&65>,# 8(#6%,#)875A5?# &6#=,>"#?%8>6# >,A&T&6-8(#6-),# V-(#6%,#B->?6# B,U#?,:8(7?X# -?#(,;A-;-'A,Q# 98>,8=,>R #&B6,># &@@>8T-)&6,A" #d#)-(56,?#6%,#=&A5,?#8B#6%,#)875A5?#-(# '86%#6,)@,>&65>, ?#>,&:%#6%,#-(B-(-6,#)875A5?Q#J8U,=,>R#-6#?%85A7#',# (86,7 #6%&6# ,=,(# -B#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#6,)@,>&65>,#-6?,AB#)&"#(86#' ,#&?#-)@8>6&(6#-(#&#?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?R#-6# ?6-AA#&BB,:6?#6%,#-(BA&6-8(# @>,??5>,#8B#6%,#6->,Q#2%,>,B8>,R# -(#&77-6-8(#68#&??,??-(;#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#,(,>;"# 7-??-@&6-8(R# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&(7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8( #@>,??5>,#8(# ,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#U-6%-(#6%,#6->,#?%85A7#',#-(=,?6-;&6,7# &?#U,AA Q##0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 11.05 02004006008001000G(t)/G($)Time(s) T=23 T=74C T=60C GQd GQdW GQI GQIW HHQGW GWGGHGGG48>)&A-Z,?#?%,&>#)875A5? 2-),V?X *,A&T&6-8( 2hba 2hFY GQIW HHQGW HQH HQHW HQF GWGGHGGG48>)&A-Z,7#?%,&>#:8)@A-&(:, 2-),V?X D>,,@ 2hba 2hFY ##dF#M'&(.-J)2%,#7,(?-6"#8B#&AA#8B#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#B 8>#6>,&7R#?-7,U&AAR#&(7#&@,T#%&=,#',,(#:%8?,(# 68#',#HHGG#];g) YQ#!+J<'.$%)9+47.&$ )*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#-?#&#=-?:85?#7& )@-(;#5?,7#B8>#-)@8?-(;#&77-6-8(&A#7&)@-(;#-(#)87,A-(;#8B# )&6,>-&A#7&)@-(;#8B#&#?6>5:65>,Q#06#-?#5?5&AA"#5?,7#B8>#)&6:%-(;#6%,#)87,AP?#>,?@8(?, #68#6%,# ,T@,>-),(6&A#7&6&R#&(7#-6#-?#7,B-(,7#&?#&#A-(,&>#:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#)&??#&(7#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A#-(# 6%, #B8AA8U-(;#B8>)f #v#õPu¢5#######################################################,CQ# aSI#0(#U%-:%#9#&(7 #^#&>,#6%,#)&??#&(7#?6-BB(,??#)&6>-:,?# 8B#6%,#)&6,>-&AR# >,?@,:6-=,A" R#& (7#õ#&(7 #¢#&>, #@>8@8>6-8(&A-6"# :8,BB-:-,(6?#B8>#)&??#&(7#?6-BB(,??R#>,?@,:6-=,A" Q#2%,#)&??#:8)@8(,(6# 8B#6%,#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#&77?#&77-6-8(&A#7&)@-(;#68#6%,#>-;-7#'87"#)86-8(Q #2%,>,B8>,R#5?5&AA"#-6# ?%85A7#',#(,;A,:6,7#B8>#&#?6>5:65>,#6%&6#5(7,>;8,?#&#A&>;,#>-;-7#'87" #)86-8(Q# #0(#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87,A-(;R#&(7#?@,:-B-:&AA"#-(#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#8B#7"(&)-:#-)@&:6?R#*&"A,-;%# 7&)@-(;#:&(#',#5?,7#B8>#-)@8?-(;#&77-6-8(&A#7&)@-(;#68#6%, #?6>5:65>,#B8>#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#6U8# >,&?8(?f#V-X#68#B-6#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,#?-)5A&6-8(#68#6%,#,T @,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#&(7#V--X#68#:8(6>8A#6%,# (5),>-:&A#8?:-AA&6-8(?#:&5?,7#'"#6%,#-)@&:6Q#2%,#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6?#&>,#(86#(,:,??&>-A"# 5(-C5,#B>8)#8(,#?-)5A& 6-8(#68#6%,#86%,>#&(7#7-BB,>,(6#?657-,?#%&=,#&??5),7#7-BB,>,(6#=&A5,?#U-6%# A&>;,#7-BB,>,(:,? #B8>#6%,?,#@&>&),6,>?#VJ&5(;#,6#&AQ#FGHdXQ #0(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6?#&>,#7,B-(,7#-(#8>7,>#68#B-6#6%,#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,# 7,=,A8@,7#6->,#)87,A#68# 6%,#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#B>8)#6U8#?657-,?#'"#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcX#&(7#!8,>,#VFGGIXQ#$- (:,#6%,#6->,?#5?,7#-(#6%,?,#6U8#,T@,>-),(6?#&>,#7-BB,>,(6#B>8)#,&:%#86%,>R#6%,# *&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6?#?%85A7#',#B85(7#,&:%#8(,#8B#6%,)#?,@&>&6,A"Q#28#B-(7#6% ,###dY#&@@>8@>-&6,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#&#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#?%85A7#',#@,>B8>),7Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#6%, #=&A5,#8B# :8,BB-:-,(6?#?%85A7#',# :%&(;,7R #&(7#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8>#:8,BB-:-,(6?#?%85A7#',#:8)@&>,7# U-6%#6%,#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#B>8)#6%,#;-=,(#?657-,?Q# /5,#68#6%,#A&>;,#>-;-7#'87"#)86-8(#8B#6%,#6->,# &A8(;#6%,#7>-=-(;#7->,:6-8(R#6%,#)&??#:8,BB-: -,(6#8B #õ#-?#(86#:8(?-7,>,7Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#?6-BB(,??# :8,BB-:-,(6# ¢#-?#:%&(;,7#68#)&6:%#6%,#>,?5A6?#68#6%,#6,?6#7&6&Q# 2%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?# &>,# @>,?,(6,7#-(#?,:6-8(# aQHGQHQ#A:;:;!3NLPKGJSNVNPO!V>ONJL>M!IJGINJOLN? !2%,>,#&> ,#W#7-BB,>,(6#A&",>?#8B#>,-(B8>:,),(6#:8(?-7,>,7#-(#6%-?#6->,#)87,Al#.#:&@R#6U8#',A6?R# :&>:&??R#&(7#&77-6-8(&A#>,-(B8>:,),(6?#V M-;5>,# aSFXQ#2%,#>,-(B8>:,),(6?#&>,#;,(,>&AA"#7,B-(,7#&?# ,A&?6-:#)&6,>-&A?Q#2U8#)&6,>-&A #@>8@,>6-,?#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#B8>#)87,A-(;#6%,?,#W#A&",>?Q#2%,#:&@#&(7# ',A6?#&>,#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#?6,,A#)&6,>-&A#U-6%# ,A&?6-:#)875A5?#8B#HbF,I#E&R#E8-??8(#>&6-8#8B#GQYR#&(7# 7,(?-6"#8B#WIGG#];g) YR#U%-A,#6%,#:&>:&??#&(7#&77-6-8(&A#>,-(B8>:,),(6?#&>,#)&7,#8B#&#?8B6 ,># )&6,>-&A#&(7#%&=,#,A&?6-:#)875A5?#8B#aQW,I#E&R#E8-??8(#>&6-8#8B#GQYR#&(7#7,(?-6"#8B#HWGG#];g) YQ#A:;:=!3LV!2%,#6->,# >-)#-?#)&7,#8B#?6,,A#&(7#-6#78,?#(86#,T@,>-,(:,#&("#7,B8>)&6-8( #U%-A,#6>&=,A-(;#8(#6%,# @&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#> -)#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&#>-;-7#'87"#U-6%#(8# 7,B8>)&6-8(Q#48#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#7,B-(-6-8(#-?#>,C5->,7#B8>#)87,A-(; #6%,#',%&=-8>#8B#&#>-;-7# '87"#@&>6#-(#.!.e<$Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#7,(?-6"#8B#6%,#>-)#?%85A7#',#7,B-(,7#B8>#:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,# ;>&=-6"#B8>:,Q#J,>,R#6%,#7,( ?-6"#8B#6%,#>-)#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#bdGG#];g) YQ##A:=!&'&-8)()!*80# !2%,#&(&A"?-?#6"@,#&BB,:6?#6%,#,A,),(6#6"@,R#:8(6&:6# 7,B-(-6-8(#&(7#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?Q#2%,>,B8>,R# -(#6%-?#?,:6-8(#&#'>-,B#,T@A&(&6-8(#8B#6%,#&(&A"?-?#@>8:,??#-?#@>8=-7,7Q#2%-?#@>8:,??#U-AA#',#7-? :5??,7# 6%8>85;%A"#-(#?,:6-8(# aQbQ###da#M8>#7"(&)-:#&(&A"?-?#8B#&#B5AA#Y/#6->,#-(#.!.e<$R#6%,#&(&A"?-?#:&(#',#7-=-7,7#-(68#c#7-BB,>,(6# ?6,@?#6%&6#B8AA8U#,&:%#86%,>#&(7#&>,#'&?,7#8(#6%,#-)@8>6,7#>,?5A6?#B>8)#6%,#@>,=-85?#?6,@Q#M85>#8B# 6%,?,#?6,@?#&>,#@,>B8>),7#U-6%-(#.!.e<$#?6&(7&>7#V -)@A-:-6#&(&A"?-?XR#U%-A,#6%,#A&?6#6U8#?6,@?# &>,#@,>B8>),7#-(#.!.e<$#,T@A-:-6#&(&A"?-?#)87,Q#2%,?,#?6,@?#&>,#&?#B8AA8U?f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e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AXR#68#: &@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# A8(;,>#U&=,A,(;6%?#U-6%-(#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#V),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??XQ #A:A!"#)% !M8>#7,:-7-(;#&'856#6%,#),?%#8B#&("#@&>6#-(#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87 ,A-(;#6U8#B&:68>?#&>,#-(=8A=,7l#6%,# 6"@,#8B#,A,),(6#6%&6#?%85A7#',#5?,7#&(7#6%,#),?% #B-(,(,??Q#J,>,#'86%#8B#6%,?,#B&:68>?#&>,#&77>,??,7Q #=<'4'&-)-J7' )...5!!#88', )*5'',>#)&6,>-&A#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#(,&>A"#-(:8)@>,??-'A,Q#2%,#-(:8)@>,??-'-A-6"#8B#6%,#)&6,>-&A#&(7# A-)-6&6-8(#8(#=8A5),#:%&(;,R#:&5?,?#?%,&>#A8:]-(;#-(#6%,#,A,),(6?Q#M5AA"#-(6,;>&6,7#, A,),(6?#U-6%# 6%,#&'-A-6"#68#',(7#?%8U#6%-?#',%&=-8>#U%,(#6%,"#&>,#5?,7#B8>#-(:8)@>,??-'A,#)&6,>-&A?Q#M8># )87,A-(;#?5:%#)&6,>-&A?#-(#.!.e<$#?6&(7&>7R#J"'>-7#,A,),(6?#&>,#5?5 &AA"#5?,7Q#J8U,=,>R#-(# 6%-?#?657"R#-(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,#B85>#-(-6-&A#?6,@?#-(#.!.e<$#? 6&(7&>7#B8>#?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?R#6%,# ##dW#A&?6#6U8#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#?6,@?#&>,#@,>B8>),7#-(#.!.e<$#,T@A-:-6#68#:&@65>,#6%,#7"(&)-:#,BB,:6?# 8B#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7 #6%,#?5>B&:,l#?5'?,C5,(6A"R#8(A"#6%,#,A,),(6?#6%&6#&>,#:8))8(# ',6U,,(#6%,#6U8#&(&A"? -?#6"@,?#:&(#',#5?,7Q#$-(:,#J"'>-7#,A,),(6?#&>,#(86#&=&-A&'A,#-(#.!.e<$# ,T@A-:-6R#>,75:,7 S-(6,;>&6-8(#?8A-7#,A,),(6?#?%85A7#',#5?,7Q#2%,?,#,A,),(6?#%&=,#8(,#@8-(6#A,??# 6%&( #6%,#B5AA"#-(6,;>&6,7#,A,),(6?#-(#,=,>"#7->,:6-8(l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e<$#%&?#&#'5-A6 S-(#:8(6>8A#8(#%85> ;A&??-(;# U%-:%#:&(#',#5?,7#B8>#>,75:,7#-(6,;>&6-8(#,A,),(6?Q#0(#&77-6-8(R#6%,#),?%#?-Z,#?%85A7#',#],@6#?)&AA# -(#:&?,#%85>;A&??-(;#8::5>?Q #2%,>,B8>,R#B8>#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A ?#-(#6%-?#?657"#a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dc#D'(%)N.&'&'(( )2%,>,#&>,# &#B,U#B&:68>?#6%&6#:&(#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#(5)',>#8B#>,C5->,7#),?%,?#8>#6%,#)-(-)5)#>,C5-> ,7# ),?%#?-Z,#-(#&#)87,Al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aSHHQ#A:B!$+'*&$* !2%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#@&=,),(6#-?#7,B-(,7#&?#&#@,(&A6"#:8(6&:6Q#2%-?#:8(6&:6# ?,&>:%,?# B8>#(87, S-(68 SB&:,#@,(,6>&6- 8(?#-(#6%,#:5>>,(6#:8(B-;5>&6-8(#&(7#-?#A,??#?6>-(;,(6#-(# ,(B8>:-(;#6%,# :8(6&:6#:8(?6>&-(6?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#-?#?5-6& 'A,#B8>#)87,A-(;#:8)@A,T#:8(6&:6?Q#06#&A?8#&AA8U?#68#7,B-(,# ##db#:8(6&:6#7&)@-(;#68#>,75:,# 6%,#(8-?,?#-(#6%,# ?8A56-8(# &(7#-6#5?,?# &#?)&AA#&)85(6#8B#=-?:85?#:8(6&:6# 7&)@-(;# 68#?8B6,(#6%,#:8(6&:6Q# ##M-;5>, #aSHHQ#M-(&A#6->,#),?% #A:B:9!!/JLSOLGP!SGNKKLSLNPO !M>-:6-8(#,T-?6?#',6U,,(#&("#6U8#?5>B&:,?#6%&6#&>,#-(#:8(6&:6#U-6%#,&:%#86%,>Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-(#)87,A-(;# 6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,R#&#B>-: 6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7Q# $-(:,R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>, ?-?6&(:,#6,?6?#&>,#@,>B8>),7#-(#7>"#:8(7-6-8(R#6%,#:%8?,(#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6# ?%85A7#',#&#>,@>,?,(6&6-=,#8B#?5:%#&#:8(6&:6Q#$,=,>&A#?657-,?#%&=,#',,(#:8(75:6,7#B8>#,=&A5&6-(;# @&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB -:-,(6l#%8U,=,>R#)8?6#8B#6%,)#&>,#>,A&6,7#68#U,6#:8(7-6-8 (R#U%,>,#B>-:6-8(# -?#:>-6-:&AQ#.#B,U#?657-,?#),&?5>,7#B>-:6-8(#8(#7>"# ?5>B&:,?Q#J8>( ,#&(7#K,A&(7 R#VHIcFXR#@>,?,(6,7# &(#&=,>&;,#=&A5,#',6U,,(#GQb#68#GQd#B8>#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#8(#7>"#?5>B&:,?#V?,,# M-;5>,# aSHFXQ#0(#6U8#86%,> #?657- ,?#'"#3',>;#VHIIaX#&(7#\&AA)&( #VHIIWXR#6%&6#U,>,#:8(75:6,7#68 #-(=,?6-;&6, #6%,# >,&:6-8(#8B#7>-=,>?#68#>8&7 P?#B>-:6-8(#-(#?5)),>#:8(7-6-8( R#&#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6# 8B#GQd#U&?#>,@8>6,7Q# #98>,8=,>R# /8#,6#&AQ# VFGHYX#&A?8# >,@8>6,7#&# B>-:6-8( #:8,BB-:-,(6#',6U,,(# GQd#&(7#H #B8>#7>"#:8(7-6-8(# V?,,# 2&'A,# aSWXQ####dd##M-;5>,# aSHFQ#M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#8(#7>"#?5>B&:,?#V J8>( ,#&(7#K,A&(7 R#HIcFX#2&'A,# aSWQ#M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#=&A5,?#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?#V /8#,6#&AR# FGHYX#$5>B&:,#6"@, #M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6 #/>"#'&>,#?5>B&:, #GQdSHQG#\,6R#'&>,#?5>B&:, #GQbSGQd#E&>],7#?(8U #GQFSGQY#K88?,#?(8Ug#?A5?% #GQFSGQW#!A&:]#-:, #GQHWSGQY#K88?,#?(8U#8(#'A&:]#-:, #GQHWSGQFW#\,6#'A&:]#-:, #GQGWSGQHG#!&?,7#8(#6%,?,#?657-,?# &#B>-:6-8(# :8,BB-:-,(6# 8B#GQd#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#B8>#6%,#:8(6&:6#-(#7>"#:8(7-6-8(Q #A:C!5+2',&38!$+',(*(+') !J,>,#8(A"#6%,#;,(,>&A#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?#&>,#),(6-8(,7Q#0(7-=-75&A#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?#B8># ,&:%# ?6,@#&>,#7-?:5??,7#?,@&>&6,A"#-(#6%,->#?5'?,:6-8(?Q #A:C:9!(PKM>OLGP!IJN??RJN !2%,#&->#-(?-7,#6%,#6->,#78,?#(86#:&>>"#&("#A8&7Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#>,?5A6-(;#@>,??5>,#B>8)#-6#&@@A-,?# 6,(?-8(#68#6%,#6->,#U&AA?Q#2%-?#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#%&?#&(#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#7,B8>)&6-8( #8B#6%,#6->,#V?,, ###dI#M-;5>,# a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w#/&? R#FGHaXQ## M-;5>,# aSHa#7,@-:6?#6%,#-(BA5,(:,#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>, #8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8(#7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?Q# ##<(7,>#-(BA&6,7####3=,>#-(BA&6,7####E>8@,>A"#-(BA&6,7# #M-;5>,# aSHYQ#1BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@> ,??5>,#8( #6->,#7,B8>)&6-8( F#06#-?#&@@&>,(6#6%&6#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?- ?6&(:,#7,:>,&?,?#8(#:8(:>,6,#>8&7?#'"#-(:>,&?-(;#6%,#6->,# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q#06#-?#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#-(#:&A:5A&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8(#7,B8>)&'A,# ?5>B&:,?R#6%,#,(,>;"#A8??#-(#6 %,#@&=,),(6#A&",>?#&(7#?5';>&7,#?8-A#-?#&A?8#:8(?-7,>,7R#&(7#6%,>,B8> ,R# &(#-(:>,&?,#-(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:&(#',#?,,(Q# #.#>,:8)),(7,7#>&(;,#B8>#6%,#6->,#@>,??5>,#8B#&#@&??,(;,>#:&>#-?#',6U,,(#FGG SFaG#]E&#VYG SYW#@?-XQ# 2%-?#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#:%&(;,?#'"# 6,)@,>&65>,#V-(:>,&?,?#&6#%-;%#6,)@,>&65>,?#&(7#7,:>,&?,?#&6# ################################################2 https://info.duraturntires.com/blog/over -inflated -tires -are -a-problem ##IG#A8U#6,)@ ,>&65>,?XQ#.?#&#>,?5A6R#-(#?5)),>#-6#-?#>,:8)),(7,7#68#A8U,>#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#U%-A,# -(#U-(6,>#6%,#@>,??5>,#?%85A7#',#&7+5?6,7#68#&#%-;%,>#=&A5,R#68#],,@#6%,#6->,#-(#&#>,&?8(&'A,#?%& @,Q ##M-;5>,# aSHaQ#1BB,:6#8B#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8(#7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?#V\8(;R# FGGdX#.?#6%,#?@,,7#8B#>8AA-(;#:%&(;,?R#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#8B#6%,#6->,#&A?8#:%&(;,?Q#D8>>,?@8(7-(;A"R#6%,# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#:%&(;,?Q#*&8#,6#&A#VFGGcXR#&66>-'56,7#6%,#-(BA&6-8( #@>,??5>,#8B#FaG#]ED#dG])g%# U%-A,#:8(?-7,>-(;#FHG#&(7#HdG#]E&#B8>#cG#&(7#aG#])g%R#>,?@, :6-=,A"l#:8(?-7,>-(;#&#A-(,&># >,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#=,A8:-6"#&(7#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q#J8U,=,>R#-(#&#?657"#'"#9-:%,A-(#&(#-(BA&6-8(# @>,??5>,#8B#FHG#]E&#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#B8> #dG])g%#=,A8:-6"Q#*,7>856%5# w#/&? #VFGHaX#&A?8#:8(?-7,>,7# FHG#]E&#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#B8>#6% ,->#?-)5A&6-8(?Q#98?6#8B#6%,?,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,?#&>,#-(#6%,#>&(;,# 8B#>,:8)),(7,7#@>,??5>,?#B8>#6%,#6->,?R#&(7#-6#)&"#(86#',#@8??-'A,#68#B-(7#&(#&'?8A56,#=&A5,#B8># 6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&6#&#?@,:-B-:#=,A8:-6"Q#06#-?#?5;;,?6,7#6%&6#6%,#6->,#?6-BB(,??#:%&( ;,?# 7>&)&6-:&AA"#U-6%#6->,#@>,??5>,l#6%,>,B8>,R#&("#&??5)@6-8(#&'856#6%,#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#?%85A7#',#78(,# :&>,B5AA"#VD&A>?8(#&(7#L,>7,?R#FGGFXQ#$-(:,#-6#-?#&??5),7#6%&6# 6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#?%85A7#(86# :%&(;,#7>&)&6-:&AA"#U-6%#?@,,7?#',A8U#dG])g%R#6%,#:%&(;, ?#-(#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#?%85A7#(86# ,-6%,>Q#2%,>,B8>,R#B8>#:8(?-7,>-(;#7-BB,>,(6#=&A5,?#B8>#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#=,A8:-6-,?R#-6# -?#&??5),7#6%&6#6%,#6-> ,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#-?#&6#6%,#'8668)#8B#6%,#>,:8)),(7,7#>&(;,#-(#6%,# ##IH#?6&6-8(&>"#:8(7-6-8( #VFGG#]E&XQ#M8>#dG])g%R#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#?5;;,?6,7#'"#9-:%,A-(#&(7# *,7>856%5# w#/&? #VFGHaX#-?#5?,7#VFHG #]E&XQ##.#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#=,A8:-6"#&(7#-(B A&6-8(# @>,??5>,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#',6U,,(#FGG#]E&#&(7#FHG#]E&R#?-)-A&>#68#*&8#,6#&A#VFGGcXQ#.? #&#>,?5A6R#6%,# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#B8>#WW])g%#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&@@>8T-)&6,A"#FGb#]E&Q# #0(#6%-?#?657"R#B8>#-(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,? -?6&(:,#6%,#-(BA&6-8(# @>,??5>,#%&?#',,(#?,6#68#FGG#]E&Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@ >,??5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?# -(=,?6-;&6,7#B8>#@>,??5>,#=&A5,?#8B#FGGR#FHG#&(7#Fa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f#V-X# &#)&??# 6%&6#-?# &@@A -,7#8(#68@#8B#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(R#&?#6%,#?@>5(;#)&??R#U%-:%#-?#,C5&A#68#6%,#A8&7#8B#6%,#=,%-:A ,l#&(7# V--X# &#:8(:,(6>&6,7#A8&7 #6%&6#-?#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#:,(6>8-7#8B#6%,#>-)R#&?#6%,#5(?@>5(;#)&?? R#U%-:%#-?# ,C5&A#68#6%,#&TA,#A8&7Q#06# -?#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#?-(:,#6 %,#;>&=-6"#-?#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#U%8A,#)87,A# 6%,#6->,#)&??#?%85A7#',#7,75:6,7#B>8)#6%,#&TA,#A8 &7Q## #0(#6%-?#?657"R#&?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,R#6%,#)87,A#-?#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#?657-,?Q#0(#,&:%# 8(,#8B#6%,?,#:8)@&>-?8(? R#6%,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:?#8B#6%,#)87,A# &>,# :%&(;,7#68#B-6#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;# ?657"Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#=&A5,?#8B# 6%,# =,>6-:&A#A8&7#%&=,#',,(#:%&(;,7#&::8>7-(;A"Q#2%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7# -(#6%,#=,>-B-:&6-8(#@%&?,#-?#,C5&A#68#Y RGGG4#&@@A-,7#8(#6%,#>-)#68#)&6:%#\,-#,6#&AR# FGHcQ#M8># :8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#)87,AP?#>,?5 A6?#68#!8,>,#?657"#VFGGIXR# &#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#8B#a RHGG4R#U%-:%# :8>>,?@8(7?#68#&#)&??#8B#aHb#]; R#-?#5?,7 Q#M8>#B-(&A#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#>,A&6-=,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6# ?@,:6>5)?#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#U-6%#,&:%#86%,>R#&(7#68#?-)5A&6,#&#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#6%8>85;%A"R#6%, #)87,A#-?#?,6#68#',#'&?,7#8(#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#B>8)#/-T8(#VFGGdXQ #0(#?5:%#&#)87,AR#&?#-6#:&(#',# ?,,(#-(# M-;5>,# aSHWR#6U8#)&??,?#&>,#>,C5->,7 #V?@>5(;# &(7#5(?@>5(;# )&??,?XQ#28#B5AA"#)87,A#6%-?# C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AR#6%,#?@>5(;#)&??#-?#?,A,:6,7#&?#YGG];R#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#/-T8(#VFGGdX#?657"Q#M8># 6%,#5(?@>5(;#)&??R#6% ,#U,-;%6#8B#6%,#M1#6->,#&(7#&TA,#&>,#?,@&>&6,7Q ##M-;5>,# aSHWQ#e5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A#V/-T8(R#FGGdX ###IY#06#-?#(86#,&?"#68#:&A:5A&6,#6%,#6->,#)87,AP?#U,-;%6#'&?,7#8(#6%,#7,(?-6-,?#7,B-(,7R#75,#68#6%,# ;,8),6>-:&A#:8)@A ,T-6"#8B#6%,#)87,AQ#2%,>,B8>,R#B8>#),&?5>-(;#6%,#U,-;%6#8 B#6%,#6->,#&(#&77-6-8(&A# )87,A#-?#;,(,>&6,7Q#0(#6%-?#)87,A#&B6,>#&@@A"-(;#6%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7R#&#?6,@#-?#7,B-(,7#B8>#&@@A"-(;#6%,# ;>&=-6"#68#6%,#6->,Q#2%,#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#=,>6-:&A#>,&:6-8(#8B#6% ,#>8&7#-(#6%,#6U8#?6,@?#-?#6%,# &:65&A#U,-;%6#8B#6%,#6->,# )87,AQ# M-;5>,# aSHc#7,@-:6?#6%-?#7-BB,>,(:,Q#2%,#7-BB,>,(:,#-(#6%,#=,>6-:&A# >,&:6-8(#-?#HYW#4#U% -:%#:8>>,?@8(7?#68#HYQdW #];Q##M-;5>,# aSHcQ#\,-;%6#8B#6%,#M1#6->,#)87,A #2%,>,B8>,R#B>8)#6%,#WG#];#5(?@>5(;#)&??#),(6-8(,7#-( #M-;5>,# aSHWR#HYQdW#];#:8>>,?@8(7?#68#6%,# 6->,#U,-;%6#&(7#-?#-(:A57,7#'"#&@@A"-(;#;>&=-6"#-(#6%&6#?6,@Q#2%,#>,)&-(-(;#YcQHW#];#-?#:8(?-7,>,7# &?#6%,#&TA,#A8&7#&(7#-?#&@@A-,7#&?#&#:8(:,(6>&6,7#A8&7#8(#6%,#6- >,#>-) #:,(6>8-7 Q#0(#6%-?#?6&;,R#6%,#686&A# =,>6-:&A#A8&7#&@@A-,7#8(#6%,#6->,#V-(:A57-(;#'86%#?@>5(;#&(7#5(?@>-(;#)&??,?X#-?#,C5&A#68#YaYFQc#4Q #A:C:=!1NMGSLOZ !M8>#>8AA-(;#->,#&6#&#:8(?6&(6#=,A8:-6"R#'86%#%8>-Z8(6&A#&(7#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6-,?#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#68# 6%,#6->,#>- )#:,(6>8-7#68#',#6>&(?B,>>,7#68#6%,#6->,#(87,? Q#2%,#%8>-Z8(6&A#=,A8:-6"#-?#,C5&A#68#6%,# (&),7#=,A8:-6"#-(#)g?R#,Q;Q#B8>#dG])g%#?@,,7R#6%,#%8>-Z8(6&A#=,A8:-6"#-?#,C5&A#68#FFQFFa#)g?Q# #0(#6%-?#?657"#'>&]-(;#&(7#6>&:6-8(#)87,?#&>,#(86#8B#-(6,>,?6l#%, (:,R#6%,# 6->,#-?#?,6#68#>8AA#-(#B>,,# >8AA-(;#:8(7-6-8(Q#M>,,#>8AA-(;#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"#:8>>,?@8(7?#68#&#=,A8:-6"#-(#U%-:%#6%,>,#-?#(8# aGGGaGWGaHGGaHWGaFGGaFWGGFac*8&7#=,>6-:&A#>,&:6-8(# V4X2-),#V?X ##Ia#%8>-Z8(6&A#B8>:,#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#6->,#>-) #:,(6>8-7 #68#)&-(6&-(#6%&6#=,A8:-6"Q#28#B-(7#6%-?#=,A8:-6"R#-(# ?6,@#0N#V?6,&7"#?6&6 ,#&(&A"?- ?#8B#6%,#6->,X#6%,#=,A8:-6"#6%&6#:8>>,?@8(7?#68#Z,>8#%8>-Z8(6&A#B8>:,#8># >,?-?6&(6#)8),(6#-?#?,A,:6,7Q# M-;5>,# aSHb#?%8U?#&#?&)@A,#8B#=&>-&6-8(# 8B#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#'"# :%&(;,?#-(#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"Q## ##M-;5>,# aSHbQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#'"#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"#-(#?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-? #2%,#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"#:%& (;,?#'"#6%,#>&7-5?#8B#6%,#6->,l#6%, >,B8>,R#6%,#B>,,#>8AA-(;#=,A8:-6"#?%85A7# ',#:&A:5A&6,7#&;&-(#U%,(#6%,#6->,#7-),(?-8(#-?#:%&(;,7#B>8)# FYWgcG#*Hd #6->,#68#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc #6->,Q #A:D!)*#0) !.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#-(#?,:6-8( #aQYR#6%,#&(&A"?-?#-(:A57,?#?-T#?6,@?Q#2%,#A&?6#-(:>,),(6#-(#,&:%#?6,@# -?#6%,#-(-6-&A#@8-(6#B8>#6%,#(,T6#?6,@Q#/-BB,>,(6#)87,A?#&>,#7,=,A8@,7#B8>#,&:%#?6,@R#75,#68#6%,# 7-BB,>,(:,#-(#&(&A"?-?#6"@,#8 >#:8)@56&6-8(&A#6-),#>,?6>-:6-8(?Q#2%,#B->?6#B85>#)87,A?#&> ,#@,>B8>),7# -(#.!.e<$#?6&(7&>7#&(7#-(#?6&6-:#8>#?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,"#78#(86#-(:A57,#6%,#6-),# 7,@,(7,(:"#8B#6%,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?Q#28#-(:A57,#6%,#=-?:8,A&?6-:#>,?@8(?,#8B# 6%,#>5'',># &(7#6%,#,(,>;"#A8??#75,#68#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6 %,#6->,#&(7#6%,#@&=,),(6R#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#?%85A7# ',#>5(Q#2%,#A&?6#6U8#?6,@?#&>,#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#-(#.!.e<$#,T@A-:-6Q#2%,?,#?6,@?#&>,#7-?:5??,7#-(# 6%,#B8AA8U-(;#?5'?,:6-8(?Q #-1500 -1000 -500 05001000150069.8 7070.2 70.4 70.6 70.8 Longitudinal Force(N) Angular velocity (rad/s) ##IW#A:D:9!;,!T>MK!OLJN!VGHNM !2%,#B->?6#?6,@#-(#6->,#)87,A-(;#-?# &#F/#)87,A#8B#6%,#6->,Q# 2%,#;,8),6>"#8B#6%,#6->,R#:>8??#?,:6-8(# ),?%R#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?R#7&)@-(;R#&(7#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&>,#7,B-(,7#-(#6%-?#?6,@Q## $-(:,#6%,#6->,# -?#?")),6>-:#&>85(7#6%,#=,>6-:&A#A-(,#6%&6#@&??,?#6%>85; %#6%,#6->,#&TA,R#8(A"#%&AB#8B#->,#?,:6-8(# U-6%#&T-?")),6 >-:#,A,),(6?#:&(#',#?5BB-:-,(6# B8>#)87,A-(;#6%,#6->,# V?,, ##M-;5>,# aSHdXQ#0(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#6%,#-((,>#?5>B&:,#8B#6%,#6->,#-?#6%,#8(A"#A8&7#6%&6#-?#&@@A-,7#-(# 6%-?#?6,@Q# .B6,>#A8&7-(;#6%,#)87,AR#&#:->:5)B,>,(6-& A#7,B8>)&6-8(#-?#;,(,>&6,7#75,#68#6%,#&(-?86>8@-: #(&65>,#8B#6%,#6->,#:8(?6>5:6-8(Q#D8(?,C5, (6A"R#&#B5AA"#6%>,, S7-),(?-8(&A#?6>,??#B-,A7#-?#7,=,A8@,7Q ###M-;5>,# aSHdQ#L,(,>&6,7#F/#6->,#)87,A #A:D:;!=,!T>MK!OLJN!VGHN M!0(#6%-?#?6,@R#&#Y/ #)87,A#-?#;,(,>&6,7#'"#>,=8A=-(;#6%,#7, B8>),7#&T-?")),6>-:#:>8?? S?,:6-8(# -)@8>6,7#B>8)#6%,#F/#)87,AR# &>85(7 #6%,#&T-?#8B#>,=8A56-8(Q#2%,#>,=8A=-(;#:8))&(7#:&((86#',# @,>B8>),7#-(# 6%,#;>&@%-:&A#=,>?-8(#8B# .!.e<$R# &(7 #-6#%&?#68#',#U>-66,(#- (#:8))&(7#=,>?-8( Q#$ 8R#6%,#U%8A,#)87,A-(;#@>8:,??#?%85A7#',#@,>B8>),7#-(#.!.e<$#:8))&(7Q#.#?)886%#@&=,),(6# ?5>B&:,#-?#;,(,>&6,7#&?#&(#&(&A"6-:&A#>-;-7#?5>B&:,R#&(7#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,# -?#7,B-(,7 #-(#6%-?#?6,@Q #.#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#-?#&@@ A-,7#68#6%,#6->,#>-) #:,(6>8-7# 68# -(-6-&6,# 6%,# :8(6&:6# ',6U,,(#6%,# 6->,# &(7 #6%,#?5>B&:,Q ###Ic#28#'&?,#6%,#-(-6-&A#?6&6,#8B#6%-?#)87,A#8(#6%,#@>,=-85?#8(,R#6 %,#&T-?")),6>-:#?8A56-8(#B>8)#6%,#F/# )87,A#?%85A7#',#6>&(?B,>>,7#68#6%,#(,U#),?%Q# $-(:,#-(#6%-?#?6,@#8(A"# %&AB#8B#6%,#6->,#-?# )87,A,7R# 6%, #?],U S?")),6>-:#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?#)5?6#',#&@@A-,7#&A8(;#6%,#)-7 S@A&(,#8B#6%,#:>8?? S?,:6-8(# 68#&::85(6#B8>#&(6-?")),6>-:#?6>,??,?#6%&6#>,?5A6#B>8)#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#A8&7-(;#&(7#6%,#:8(:,(6>&6,7# A8&7#8(#6%,#&TA ,#V.!.e<$#)&(5&AXQ #0(#6%-?#?6,@#6%,#(5 )',>#8B#),?%,?#-(#6%,#7>-=-(;#7->,:6-8(#-?#7,B-(,7Q#$-(:,#6%,#6->,#%&?#68#>8AA#8=,># 6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,# 6%,#),?%#7-?:>,6-Z&6-8(#?%85A7#',#6%,#?&),#B8>#,= ,>"#@8-(6#8B#6%,# :->:5)B,>,(:,# V?,,# M-;5>,# aSHIXQ#28# :&@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A, #&#?,(?-6-=-6"# &(&A"?-?#?%85A7#',#@,>B8>),7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,Q#2%-?#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#U-AA# ',#78(,#-(#?,:6-8(# aQHGR#B8>#'86% #?)886%#&(7#6,T65>,7#?5>B&:,?Q# ##M-;5>,# aSHIQ#L,(,>&6,7#Y/#%&AB#6->,#)87,A #A:D:=!/RMM!=,!OLJN!VGHNM! !2%,#?8A56-8( #B>8)#6%,#%&AB#Y/#6->,#)87,A #?%85A7#',#-)@8>6,7#68#6%,#B5AA# Y/#)87,A#&?#&(#-(-6-&A# @8-(6Q#2%,#B5AA# 6->,#)87,A#:&( #',#;,(,>&6,7#'"#)->>8>-(;#6%,#%&AB#6->,#&>85(7#6%,#=,>6-:&A#@A&(,# V?,,# M-;5>,# aSFGXQ#2%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#-?#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#>-)# :,(6>8-7# 68#>,&:%#6%,#B-(&A#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#B8>#6%,# &(&A"?-?Q ###Ib##M-;5>,# aSFGQ#M5AA#Y/#6->,#)87,A #A:D:A!)ON>HZ!?O>ON!>P>MZ?L?!GK!OTN!OLJN !.("#:%&(;,?#68#6%,#)87,A#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#;>&75&AA"#?8#6%&6#6%,#)87,A#?6&"?#-( #?6,&7"#:8(7-6-8(Q# $8#B&>R#6%,#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&(7#=,>6-:&A#A8&7-( ;#&>,#&@@A-,7#-(#6%,#@>,=-85?#?6,@?#&(7#6%,# 7,B8>),7#6->,#5(7,>#6%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#-?#6%,#-(-6-&A#?6&6,#B8>#6%-?#?6,@Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#6->,#-?#?6-AA# ?6&6-8(&>"Q# #M8>#6%,#6->,#68#>,&:%#&# =,A8:-6"#?5:%#&?#dG])g%#VFFQFFa#)g?X#-(#&#?6,&7"#:8(7-6-8(R#6%,#6->,#?%85A 7#>8AA#B8>#&#A8(;#6-),#-(#&#)8=-(;#B>&),#&(&A"?-?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#-?#=,>"#',(,B-:-&A#68#5?,#B-T,7#B>&),# &(&A"?-?#-(?6,&7#8B#&#)8=-(;#8(,Q#0(#.!.e<$#?5:%#&(&A"?-?#,T-?6?#B8>#>8AA-(;#8' +,:6?R#:&AA,7#&?# ?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?Q#0(#6%-?#&(&A"?-?R#6%,#),?%#-?#],@6 #?6&6-8(&>"#U%-A,#6%,#)&6,>-&A#>86&6,?#U-6%-(# 6%,#),?%Q#0(#6%-?#?6,@R#A8(;-657-(&A#&(7#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6-,?#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#6->,#>-) #:,(6>8-7 Q#.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,#-(#?, :6-8( #aQcQYR#6%,#B>,,#>8AA-(; #&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"#?%85A7#',#7,B-(,7#B8># 6%,#6->,#(86#68#',#-(#'>&]-(;#8>#6>&:6-8(#)87,?#&(7#@>,=,(6#6%,#6->,#B>8)#?A-@@ -(;#8=,>#6%,#?5>B&:,Q# 2%-?#=,A8:-6"#U-AA#',#&@@A-,7#&?#6%,#-(-6-&A#=,A8:-6"#-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#?6,@?Q #A:D:B!*J>P?LNPO!>P>MZ?L?!GK!OTN!OLJN !2%,#?6 ,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?#-?#&#?6&6-8(&>"#)87,A#-(#U%-:%#6%,#6->,#-?#(86#&:65&AA"#>8AA-(;Q#28#:&@65>,# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#@&=,),(6# @>8B-A,#8(#6%,#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#6%,#6->,#?%85A7#',# ##Id#>8AA-(;#8=,>#6%,#?5>B&:,Q#98>,8=,>R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#=-?:8,A& ?6-:#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#-?#8(A"# :8(?-7,>,7#-(#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#?%85A7#',#@,>B8>),7R #5?-(;#6%,# ?6,&7"#?6&6,#&(&A"?-?#>,?5A6?#&?#6%,#-(-6-&A#@8-(6Q#2%,#6>&(?-,(6#&(&A"?-?#-?#&=&-A&'A,#-(#.!.e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`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e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AQ#.#?:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#->,#U-6%#?5?@,(?-8(#-?# ?%8U(#-(# M-;5>, #aSFHQ#2%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?%85A7#)8=,#&A8(;#U-6%#6->,#-(#A8(;-657-(&A#7->,:6-8(R#U%-A,# ',-(;#&'A,#68#)8=,#B>,,A"#-(#=,>6-:&A#7->,:6-8(Q#2%-?#=,>6-:&A#)8=,),(6#75,#68#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(# 6%,#@>8B-A,#&(7#6%,#6->,R#:&5?,?#,(,>;"#A8??#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q# ##M-;5>, #aSFHQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#M1#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A #2%,#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#?@>-(;#&(7#6%,#7&)@-(;#-(#6%,#7&?%@86#&>,# :%8?,(#B>8)#:8))8(#=&A5,?#B85(7# ,)@->-:&AA"#'"#/-T8(#VFGGdX#&?#Fd#^4g)#&(7#FGGG#4?g)R#>,?@,:6-=,A" #V?,,# M-;5>,# aSHWXQ##A:E!0&1#"#'*!)23/&$#!.#'#3&*(+' !2%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#-(#6%-?#?657"#-?#8(A"#:8(?-7,>,7#&A8(;#6%,#A8(;-657-(&A#7->,:6-8(#&(7#-?# 5(-B8>)#-(#6%,# 6>&(?=,>?,#7->,:6-8(Q#M8>#;,(,>&6-8(#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8 B-A,R#?6>&-;%6#A-(,?#&>,#5?,7# ',6U,,(#:8(?,:56-=,#@>8B-A,#@8-(6?Q#2%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&#>-;-7#?5>B&:,R#&(7#6%,# 7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#5(7,>#6%,#6->,#A8&7#-?#(,;A,:6,7Q#.#?&)@A,# 8B#6%,#;,(,>&6,7#@>8B-A,# 5(7,>(,&6%#6%,#6->,#)87,A#-?#?% 8U(#-(# M-;5>,# aSFFQ###HGG#!M-;5>,# aSFFQ#2->,#)87,A#>8AA-(;#8(#,T65>,7#?5>B&:, !A:a!1#3(/($&*(+'!+/!*%#!*(3#!"+,#- !2%,#B->?6#?6,@#&B6,>#7,=,A8@-(;#6%,#6->,#)87,A#-?#-6?#=&A-7&6-8(Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#-6#-?#',(,B-:-&A#68# :8)@&>,# 6%,#)87,A#U-6%#&(#,T@,>-),(6#U-6%#&#:8(6 >8AA,7#6,?6#?,6#5@Q##.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,R# 6%,#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#-(#6%-?#?657"#&>,#'8>>8U,7#B>8)#&#?657"#'"#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcXQ#0(#6%,->#?657"R#6%,"#&A?8#@>8=-7,7#6%,#6,?6#>,?5A6?#B8>#&#:8(6>8AA,7#,T@ ,>-),(6R#>8AA-(;#->,#8=,>#&# 7>5)#U-6% #&#A&>;,#7-&),6,>#8B#FQaa #)#68#>,@>,?,(6#&#BA&6#>8&7#VU-6%#A,??#6%&(#GQHn#,>>8>#-(#:8(6&:6# @&6:%#A,(;6%R#:8)@&>-(;#68#&#BA&6#>8&7XR#&?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#-(# M-;5>,# aSFYQ#0(#6%,#6,?6#?,65@R#6%,#6->,# -?#B-T,7R#&(7#6%,#7>5)#-?#>86&6-(;Q#.#?6,@#8'?6&:A,#-?#'5-A6#8(#6%,#7>5)R#&(7#6%,#A8(;-657-(&A#&(7# >&7-&A#B8>:,?#&6#6%,#:,(6,>#8B#6%,#6->,#&>,#),&?5>,7Q#2%,#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#-?#FGG^E&#&(7#6%,# =,>6-:&A#A8&7# &@@A-,7 #8(#6%,#6->,#-?#YGGG4Q## #M8>#?-)5A&6-(;#6%-?#,T@,>-),(6R#-(?6,&7#8B#6%,#7>5)#>8AA-(;R#6%,#6->,#-?# >8AA-(;#8=,>#6%,#?5>B&:, #V?,,# #M-;5>,# aSFaXQ#$-)-A&>#68#6%,#6,?6 R#6%,#=,>6-:&A#7,;>,,#8B#B>,,78)#B8>#6%,#>-) #>,B,>,( :,#@8-(6# V:,(6>8-7X #-?#B-T,7#-(#6%,#6>&(?-,(6#?6,@R#&B6,>#7,B8>)-(;# 6%,#6->,# 5(7,>#6%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#-(#6%,#?6,&7"# ?6&6,#&(&A"?-?Q#2%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-?#(86#-(:A57,7#-(#6%-?#@&>6Q#2%,#B>-:6-8 (#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#?,6#68#HQ# ###HGH##M-;5>,# aSFYQ#$:%,)&6-:#6,?6#?,65@#B8>#6>&(?-,(6#>8AA-(;#8B#6->,#8=,>#&(#8'?6&:A,#V \,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( R#FGHcX!2%,#6->,#-?#>8AA-(;#U-6%#B>,,#>8AA-(;#=,A8:-6"#U-6%#=,A8:-6-,?#8B#HG])g%R#FG])g%#&(7#YG])g%#8=,># &(#8'?6&:A,#U-6%#7-),(?-8(#8B#FW))#U-76% #&(7#FG))#%,-;%6#V?,,# M-;5>,# aSFaXQ#2%,#A8(;-657-(&A# B8>:,?#&>,#6%,(#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#),&?5>,),(6?#B>8)#\,-#&(7#3A&65('8?5(#VFGHcXQ#2%,# :8)@&>-?8(?#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#&>,#7,@-:6,7#-( #M-;5>,?# M-;5>,# aSFWR#M-;5>,# aSFcR&(7# M-;5>,# aSFbQ##M-;5>,# aSFaQ#M1#6->,#)87,A#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?6,@ ##M-;5>,# aSFWQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1# )87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8B#HG])g% #SHFGG ScGG GcGGHFGGGGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY GQYW GQa GQaW K8(;-657-(&A# B8>:,#V4X 2-),V?X $-)5A&6-8( 9,&?5>,),(6 ##HGF##M-;5>,# aSFcQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5 (#VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8 B#FG])g% ##M-;5>,# aSFbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#U-6%#,T@,>-),(6&A#),&?5>,),(6?#8B#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5(#VFGHcXR#&6#=,A8:-6"#8B#Y G])g% #.?#6%,#>,?5A6?#?%8UR#6%,#M1#)87,A# :&@65>,?#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#-)@&:6#U-6% #6%,#?6,@#U,AA#&(7#6%,# A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#B>8)#6%,#M1#)87,A#)&6:%#6%,#),&?5>,),(6?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#M1#)87,A#-?# =,>-B-,7Q #A:9b!*3&')/+3"('.!*%#!*(3#!*+!5+#3#c)!#40#3("#'*&-!*(3# !.B6,>#=&A-7&6-8(#8B#6%,#)87,AR#6%,#6->,#)87,A #-?#:8(=,>6,7#68#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc# 6->,#&? #,T@A&-(,7#-(# ?,:6-8(# aQHQ#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R#6%,#?-Z,#8B#6%,#6->,#-?#:%&(;,7#68#6%,#(,U#6->,R#],,@-(;#&#?-)-A&># ?6>5:65>,#68#6%,#@>,=-85?#6->,Q#0(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,#?-Z,#8B#6%,#6->,R#6%,#=,>6-:&A#A8&7#8(#6%,#6->,#-?# :%&(; ,7#68#aHGG4#68#)&6:%#!8,>,P?#?657"Q#2%,#6->,#-?#B>,,#68#) 8=,#-(#=,>6-:&A#&(7#A8(;-657-(&A# 7->,:6-8(?Q#2%,#=,A8:-6"#-?#:%&(;,7#68#dG])g%#&(7#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#B>,,#>8AA-(;#&(;5A&>#=,A8:-6"# -?#8'6&-(,7Q#2%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#?,6#68#7>"#@&=,),(6#:8,BB-: -,(6#8B#GQdR#&?#-6#U&?#,T@A&-(,7# -(#?,:6-8(# aQWQ#0(#!8,>,P?#?657"R#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#-(:A57,?#8(A"#)&:>8 S6,T65>,Q#.?#-6#U&?# ),(6-8(,7#-(#?,:6-8(# aQaR#6%,#),?%#?-Z,#8B#6%,#6->,#7,@,(7?#8(#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#6,T65>,Q# 2%,>,B8>,R#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A" ?-?#?%85A7#',#@,>B8>),7#68#:%88?,#6%,#),?%# ?-Z,#>,?5A6-(;#-(# SaGGG SFGGG GFGGGaGGGGGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY GQYW K8(;-657-(&A# B8>:,V4X 6-),V?X$-)5A&6-8( 9,&?5>,),(6 SaGGG SFGGG GFGGGaGGGGGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY K8(;-657-(&A# B8>:,V4X 6-),V?X$-)5A&6-8( 9,&?5>,),(6 ##HGY#&::5>&6,#>,?5A6?Q#.A6%85;%#6%,#6->,#?-Z,#-?#6%,#?&),#&?#6%&6#8B#!8,>,P?#,T@,>-),(6R#6%,#7,6&-A?#8B#6%,# 6U8#6->,?#:&(#',#=,>"#7-BB,>,(6Q#$-(:,#6%,>,#&>,#(8#-(B8>)&6-8(#@>8=-7,7#'"#!8,>,#&'856#6%,# 6->,# 7,6&-AR#68#)&6:%#6%,#)87,A?#U-6%#6%,#) ,&?5>,),(6?R#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:&(#',#5?,7#B8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,Q# 28#B-(7#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#&#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#?%85A7#&A?8#',#78(,Q# #A:9b:9!3>ZMNLQT!H>VILPQ!?NP?LOLWLOZ!>P>MZ?L? !*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#-?#&#(5),> -:&A#7&)@-(;#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,> 6-,?#68#)&6:%#6%,#)87,A# 68#6%,#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#V&?#-6#U&?#,T@A&-(,7#-(#?,:6-8(# aQFQHXQ#2%,>,#&>,#6U8#?,6?#8B#>,?5A6?# &=&-A&'A,#-(#6%-?#?657"l #V-X !2%,#A8(;-657-(&A#>,&: 6-8(#&6#6%,#>-)# :,(6>8-7# 8B#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?6,@R#B8># =,>-B-:&6-8(#8B#6%,#-(-6-&A#7,=,A8@,7#6->,#)87,A#U-6%#6%,#?-Z,#8B# FYWgcG#*Hd R#B>8)#\,-# &(7# 3A&65('8?5( #VFGHcXQ#V--X !2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#>,?5A6-(;#B>8)#&# FFWgcG#$*Hc #6->,#>8AA-(;#8(#?5> B&:,?# U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#6,T65>,?R#B>8)#!8,>,#VFGGIXQ #.?#),(6-8(,7#',B8>,R#6%,>,#-?#(8#-(B8>)&6-8(#&=&-A&'A,#8(#6%,#?6>5:65>,#8B#6%,#6,?6#6->,#-(#!8,>,# ?657"R#&(7#6%,#8(A"#&=&-A&'A,#7&6&#-?#6%,#?-Z,#8B#6%,#6->,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#B->?6#6%,#*&"A,-; %#7&)@-(;# :8,BB-:-,( 6?#&>,#B85(7#'"#@,>B8>)-(;#&#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#8(#6%,# FYWgcG#*Hd #6->,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&# ?6,@#&(7#:8)@&>-(;#6%,#>,?5A6?#U-6%#\,-#&(7# 3A&65('8?5( #?657"Q#2%,>,&B6,>#6%,#)87,A#?-Z,#-?# :%&(;,7#68#6%,# FFWgcG#$*Hc #&(7#6%,#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?# -?#@,>B8>),7#&;&-(#6 8#)&6:%#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B# 6%,#(,U#6->,#)87,A#68#6%,#!8,>,#,T@,>-),(6&A#7&6&Q #$-(:,#6%,#@5>@8?,#8B#6%,#?657"#-?#6%,#,=&A5&6-8(# 8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#68#&=8-7#&("#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#B-(&A#>,?5A6?R#6%,#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#-?#: %8?,(#B8>#?,A,:6-8(# 8B#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6?Q ####HGa#2'&(.-.:.-J)+&+,R#75,#68#6%,#>-;-7#'87"#)86-8(#8B#6%,#6->,R#6%,#)&??#:8,BB-:-,(6#8B #õ#-?#(,;A,:6,7#&(7# ¢#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#:%&(;,7#B8>#&AA#6%>,,#>5'',>#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,? #68#)&6:%#6%,# ,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?Q# M-;5>,# aSFd#$%8U?#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(& A"?-?#B8># ¢#:8,BB-:-,(6?# :%&(;-(;#B>8)#G#68#c, SaQ###M-;5>,# aSFdQ#N&>-&6-8(# 8B#6->,#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#HG))#iFW))#?6,@#U-6%#HG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6? #.?#-6#:&(# ',#?,,(R#6%,#&77-6-8(&A#7&)@-(;#78,?#(86#&BB,:6#6%,#)&T-)5)#B8>:,#:&5?,7#'"#6%,#-)@&:6# ?-;(-B-:&(6A"R#'56#&?#6%,#*&"A,-;%#7&)@ -(;#-(:>,&?,?#6%,#8?:-AA&6-8(?#&B6,>#6%,#-)@&:6#7,:>,&?,?Q# #06#-?#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#&?#6%,#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6#-(:>,& ?,?R#6%,#)87,A#:8)@56&6-8(&A# 6-),#&A?8#-(:>,&?,?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#?-(:,#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#',6U,,(## ¢#8B#Y, Sa#&(7#c, Sa#&>,# (86#=,>"#?-;(-B-:&(6R# ¢h#Y, Sa#-?#:%8?,(#&?#6%,#B-(&A#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;#:8,BB-:-,(6#B8>#6%-?#@&>6#8B# 6%,#&(&A"?-?Q #2'&(.-.:.-J)+&+#:%&(;-(;#6%,#6->,#?-Z,#&(7#>8AA-(;#:8(7-6-8(?R#6%,#6->,#-?#>8AA,7#8=,> #&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%# ?@,,7#8B#dG])g%R#6%,#&=,>&;,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&B6,>#>,&:%-(;#6%,#?6,&7"#?6&6,#:8(7-6-8(#-?# :8)@&>,7#U-6%#6% ,#,T@,>-),(6&A#>,?5A6?#B>8)#!8,>,R#FGGIQ#0(#%-?#?657"R#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#B8>#6%,#6->,#> 8AA-(;#&6#*9$hG#-?#GQGGdbQ#2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?# 7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7#(8>)&A#B8>: ,#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#6->,Q#J&=-(;# &#(8>)&A#A8&7#8B#aHGG]4#8(#6%,#6->,#6%,#&=,>&;,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#?%85A7#',#&'856 #YWQb#4Q# SHFGG ScGG GcGGHFGGGGQGW GQH GQHW GQF GQFW GQY GQYW GQa GQaW K8(;-657-(&A# B8>:,#V4X 2-),V?X 9,&?5>,),(6 48#7&)@-(; !hY,Sa !hc,Sa ##HGW#0(#6%,#-(-6-&A#)87,AR# ¢h#Y, Sa#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#)&6:%-(;#6%,#B-(&A#=&A5,#B>8)#6%,#@>,=-85?#@&>6Q# 2%,>,&B6,>R#6%,#=&A5,#8B# ¢#-?#= &>-,7#',6U,,(#F, Sa#&(7#c, Sa#68#-(=,?6-;&6,#-6?#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#B-(&A# >,?5A6?Q# M-;5>,# aSFI#?%8U?#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&A8(;#6%,#7> -=-(;#7->,:6-8(# '"#:%&(;,?#-(#>5'',>#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;Q# ##M-;5>,# aSFIQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)8 86%#?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#*&"A,-;%#7&)@-(;# :8,BB-:-,(6? #M8>#',66,>#5(7,>?6&(7-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# ¢#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,R#6%,->#>,A&6-8(?%-@#-?#7,@-:6,7# -(# M-;5>,# aSYGR#B8>#6->,#)87,A?#U-6%# HdG#&(7#WaG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?Q ##M-;5>,# aSYGQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:, #&(7# j#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%#?@,,7 #SWG GWGHGGHWGFGGFWGGFacd*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#M8>:,#V4X# /-?6&(:,#V)X jhc,Sajha,SajhYQW ,SajhY,Sa"#h#dWGWWT#r#dQaHbH *s#h#GQIIIa "#h#dFHdaT#r#dQFHHa *s#h#GQIII GQGG HGQGG FGQGG YGQGG aGQGG WGQGG cGQGG bGQGG FQGG1SGa YQGG1SGa aQGG1SGa WQGG1SGa cQGG1SGa bQGG1SGa **M#V4X jWaG#?,: HdG#?,: 0.00032 0.000334 540sections 180 sections ##HGc#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,>,#-?#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U, ,(# ¢#&(7#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6Q# 2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#,C5-=&A,(6# ¢#=&A5,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#68#&#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#YWQb#4#:&(#',# :&A:5A&6,7#5?-(;#>,;>,??-8(Q#.?#&#>,?5A6R#6%,#B-(&A#=&A5,#8 B#¢hYQF#,Sa#-?#:%8?,(#B8>#6%,#6->,#)87,AQ# #A:9b:;!"N?T!?NP?LO LWLOZ!>P>MZ?L? !2%,#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#-?#@,>B8>),7#8(#'86%#?)886%#&(7#6,T65>,7#?5>B&:,?Q#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R# 7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?#%&=,#',,(#:8(?-7,>,7R#B>8)#IG#?,:6-8(?#68#WaG#>&7- &A#?,:6-8(?# V?,,# M-;5>,# aSYHXQ#2%,#A&>;,?6#,A,),(6#?-Z,#-?#B8>#6%,#IG#?,:6-8(?#VFQF#:)X#&(7#6%,#?)&AA,?6#8(,#-?# B8>#WaG#?,:6-8(?#VYQb#))XQ#2%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#U&=,A,(;6%#>&(;,#-?#B>8)#GQW))#68#W:)R#&(7#6%&6# B8>#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#-?#',6U,,(#W:)#&(7#WG:)Q#/5,#68#6%,#A-)-6,7#:8)@56&6 -8(&A#6-),#&AA8U,7# V,=,(#'"#5?-(;#YF#@&>&AA,A#:8>,?XR#?)&AA,>#),?%#6%&(#YQb#))#-?#(86#B,&?-'A,Q#2%,#)-(-)5)#7-?6&(:,# ',6U,,(#6%,# @&=,),(6#@8-(6?#5?,7#-(#6%-?#?657"#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#H))#B8>#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#&(7#b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b##M-;5>,# aSYHQ#/-BB,>,(6#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #5?,7#-(#6%,#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-? #M-;5>,# aSYF#&(7# M-;5>,# aSYY#?%8U#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>, ?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#VA8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#&6# 6%,#>-) #:,(6>8-7 X#8=,>#6-),#8(#?)886%#&(7#6,T65>,7#V-(:A57-(;#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8( A"X#?5>B&:,?R# >,?@,:6-=,A"Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#U%-A,#6%,#&=,>&;,#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#-?#?-)-A&>#B8># 7-BB,>,(6#),?%#?-Z,?R#6%,#8? :-AA&6-8(?#&>,#7,:>,&?,7Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#:&A:5A&6,7# )8>,#&::5>&6,A"Q #2%-?#:&(#&A?8#',#8'?,>=,7 #-(# M-;5>,# aSYa#&(7# M-;5>, #aSYWR#U%,>,#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6#U-6%#6%,#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?#V-(#86%,>#U8>7?R#),?%#?-Z,X#-?#7,@-:6,7Q#.?#-6#:&(#',# ?,,(#**D#=&>-&6-8(#'"#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#&'856#Wn#',6U,,(#IG#&(7# WaG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?R#U%-A,#6%-?#7-BB,>,(:,#-?#)5:%#)8>,#,=-7,(6#B8>#6,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#V)8>,#6%&(# IG#?,:6-8(? #HdG#?,:6-8(? #YcG#?,:6-8(? #WaG#?,:6-8(? ###HGd#FGn#7-BB,>,(:, #',6U,,(#IG#&(7#WaG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?XQ#06#?%85A7#&A?8#',#(86,7#6%&6#6%,#7-BB,>,(:,# ',6U,,(#YcG#&(7# WaG#(5)',>#8B#?,:6-8(?#-?#?)&AAR#&(7#6%,#>,?5A6?#6,(7#68U&>7#&# @A&6,&5 #=&A5,Q#2%-?# -?#&(#-(7-:&6-8(#6%&6#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#A,??#6%&(#YQb#))#-?#?)&AAQ#.?#&#>,?5A6R#B8>#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#6%,#(5)',>#8B#?,:6-8(?#-?#:%8?,(#&?#WaGR#B8>#&:%- ,=-(;#&#)8>,#&::5>&6,# >,?5A6Q ###M-;5>,# aSYFQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%#dG])g%# ?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? ##M-;5>,# aSYYQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#HQcd#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',>?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? ##SFGG SHGG GHGGFGGYGGccQH cQF cQY cQa cQW *8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#V4X 2-),V?X IG#?,:6-8(? HdG#?,:6-8(? YcG#?,:6-8(? WaG#?,:6-8(? SHWGG SHGGG SWGG GWGGHGGGHWGGFGGGFWGGcQW cQc cQb cQd cQI bbQH *8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#V4X 2-),#V?X WaG#?,:6-8(? YcG#?,:6-8(? HdG#?,:6-8(? IG#?,:6-8(? ##HGI##M-;5>,# aSYaQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6 #>8AA-(;#8=,>#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%# dG])g%#?@,,7#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',> ?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? ##M-;5>,# aSYWQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-( ;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6 #>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%# )&:>8 S6,T65>,# *9$#8B#HQcd# ))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',> ?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #M8>#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??R#6%,#(5)',>#8B#?,:6-8(?#8B#WaG#U-6%# ),?%#?- Z,#8B#W))#-?#( 86#(,:,??&>"#?-(:,#6%,#?)&AA,?6#),;& S6,T65>,#U&=,A,(;6%#-?#W:)Q#2%,>,B8>,R# %,>,#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#YcG#&(7#HdG#?,:6-8(?#&>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#,&:%#86%,> #V?,,# M-;5>,# aSYc#&(7# M-;5>,# aSYbXQ#GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GQGHa IGHdGFbGYcGaWGWaG**D45)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? !8,>,m?#**D GQGGG GQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGHG GQGHF GQGHa IGHdGFbGYcGaWGWaG**D45)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? !8,>,m? **D#B8># *9$hHQcd#)) ##HHG##M-;5>,# aSYcQN&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#>8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%# ),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#a# ))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG] )g%#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',> ?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? ##M-;5>,# aSYbQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B# &=,>&;, #>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,# 8B#6%,#6->,# >8AA-(;#8=,>#,T65>,7# ?5>B&:,#U-6%#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#*9$#8B#a#))#&(7#?@,,7#8B#dG])g%#B8 >#7-BB,>,(6#(5)',> ?#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(? #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#-(# M-;5>,# aSYc#&(7# M-;5>,# aSYbR#6%,#>,?5A6?#B8>#6%, #(5)',>#8B#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?#8B# HdG#&(7#YcG#&>,#@,>B,:6A"#)&6:%-(; Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#A&>;,>#>&7-&A#),?%#?-Z,#VHdG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?# U-6%#HQH#:)R#&A)8?6#HgW#8B#6%,#?)&AA,?6#),;& S6,T65>,#U&=,A,(;6%X#-?#?5BB-:-,(6#68#:&@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#-?#:%8?,( #&?#6%,#B-(&A#),?%#?-Z,#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#)87,A?Q #A:99!1#3(/($&*(+'!+/!*%#!`2&3*#3 Y$&3!"+,#- !.?#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#-(:>,&?,?#VU&=,A,(;6%?#)8>,#6%&(#6->,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%XR#-6?#,BB,:6# ;8,?#',"8(7#6%,#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(#68#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%, #=,%-:A,Q#2%,#?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,# 7&)@,(?#6%,#=-'>&6-8(#:& 5?,7#'"#6%,#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#&(7#6%,#=,%-:A,#&(7#&?# 6%,#>,?5A6#6%,#@&??,(;,>?#,T@,>-,(:,#&#?)886%,>#>-7,Q#2%-?#7&)@-(;#:&5?,?#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#&(7# SaGGG SFGGG GFGGGaGGGGWHGHWFGK8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,# V4XE>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X YcG#?,:6-8(? HdG#?,:6-8(? SFGG GFGGaGGcGGGWHGHWFGFW.=,>&;,#*8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#V4X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X YcG#?,:6-8(? HdG#?,:6-8(? ##HHH#6%,>,B8>,#-6#?%85A7#',# &::85(6,7#B8>#-(#6%,#:&A:5A&6-8(#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6% ,#=,%-:A,Q#M8># 6%-?#@5>@8?,R#&#?-)@A,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)#V:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#&#)&??R#?@>-(;#&(7#&?%@86X#-?#&77,7# 68#6%,#)87,A#68#'5-A7#&#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A#&?#-6#U&?#,T@A&-(,7#-(#?,:6-8(# aQbQcQ#J&=-(;#6%-?#?"?6,)# -(#@A&:,R#-6#-?#@8??-'A,#68#7-?6-(;5-?%#',6U,,(#6%,#?@>5(;#&(7#5(?@>5(;#)&??,?#-(#6%,#=,%-:A,Q#.B6,># '5-A7-(;#6%,#)87,A#'&?,7#8(#6%,#@&>&),6,>?#;-=,(#-(# M-;5>,# aSHWR#6%,#)87,A#?%85A7#',# =,>-B-,7# &;&-(Q#M8>#=,>-B-:&6-8(#6%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#?@>5(;#)&??#V:&>X#-?#,=&A5&6,7Q#D8(?-7,>-(;# (8#7&)@-(;#-(#6%,#7&?%@86R#6%,#7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%,#?@>-(;#5(7,>#&#)&??#V)X#-?#7,B-(,7#&?# #$#i$h5#######################################################,CQ# aSHG#U%,>,#^#-?#6%,#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#?@>-(;R#&(7#;#-?#6%,#;>&=-6"Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#-?#,T@,:6,7#6%&6#'"#6%,# @>,?,(:,#8B#6%,#7&?%@86#-(#6%,#)87,AR#6 %,#7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%,#?@>-(;#&(7#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#?@ >5(;#)&??#U-AA#',#:A8?,#68# $Q#M-;5>,# aSYd#?%8U?#6%,#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#?@>5(;#)&??#8'6&-(,7#B>8 )#M1# )87,AR#&A8(;#U-6%#&#Wn#'85(7&>"#B>8)#6%,#&(&A"6-:&A# $#=&A5,Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#&B6,>#>,&:%-(;#6%,# ?6,&7"#?6&6,#: 8(7-6-8(R#6%,#7-?@A&:,),(6#-?#U-6%-(#6%,#Wn#A-)-6#B>8)# $R#U%-:%#-?#&(#-(7-:&6-8(#8B# 6%,#)87,A#U8>]-(;#@>8@,>A"Q## ##M-;5>,# aSYdQ#N,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#?@>-(;#)&??#5(7,>#6%,#=,%-:A,#A8&7 #SGQHF SGQGb SGQGF GQGY GWHGHWFGFWN,>6-:&A#/-?@A&:,),(6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X D&> *-) Wn#!85(7&>" ##HHF#.B6,>#>,&:%-(; #6%,#?6,&7"#?6&6,#:8(7-6-8(#VU-6%-(#6%,#Wn#A-)-6?X#6%,#6->,#:&(#',#>8AA,7#8=,>#7-BB,>,(6# ?5>B&:,?R#&(7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#8(#6%,#7,B8>)&6-8(#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8(#:&(# ',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q# #2%,#>,A,=&( :,#8B#6%,#,BB, :6#8B#?5?@,(?-8(#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#)&"#',#8'=-85?Q# J8U,=,>R#68#,=&A5&6,#-6?#(,:,??-6"#8>#',(,B-6#B8>#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#&(86%,>#),?%#?,(?-6-=-6"# &(&A"?-?#-?#@,>B8>),7#B8>#&#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#?5>B&:,#U-6%#*9$#8B#HQcd))Q# M-;5>,# aSYI#?%8U?#&# :8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#6->,#)87,A#U-6%# ?5?@,(?-8(#Ve5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AX#&(7#U-6%856#?5?@,(?-8(Q# #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#>,?5A6?#&>,#=,>"#?-)-A&>#&B6,>#HdG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?Q#$- (:,#6%,#&77-6-8(#8B#6%,# ?5?@,(?-8(#78,?#(86#:%&(;,#6%,#:8)@56&6-8(&A#6-),#8B#6%,#&(&A"?-?R#B8>#:8(?-?6,(:"#',6U,,(#6%,# )87,A?R#,=,(#B8>#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#?5>B&:,?R#6%,#e5&>6,> S:&># )87,A#-?#5?,7Q ##M-;5>,# aSYIQ#9,?%#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#B8>#6%,#e5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#8(#6,T65>,7#?5>B&:,#U-6%# *9$hHQcd)) !##GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GQGHa GQGHc IGHdGFbGYcGaWGWa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f#V-X#M-(- 6,#,A,),(6#)87,A#8B#6%,# 6->,#68#:&@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,?#6%&6#8(A"#&BB ,:6#6%,#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(l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a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f#4DJ*E#H SaW#@>8+,:6#V4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6X#&(7#90*0.9#@>8+,:6Q#2%,#,BB,:6# 8B#>85;%(,??#&(7#),;& S6,T65>,#U-AA #',#&A?8#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#&(7#&# ),:%&(-:&A#)87,A# @>,?,(6,7#'" #_&&'&> #,6#&A#V FGHdXQ##B:9!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$#!,#/('(*(+' !B:9:9!3GMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!OTN!OLJN !\%,(#->,#-?#>8AA-(;#&6#&#:,>6&-(#=,A8:-6"R#68#:8)@,(?&6,#&("#B8>:,#6%&6#-?# >,?-?6-(;#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;R# &#B8>:,#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#6->,#>-) #:,(6>8-7 Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%, #>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#->,#-?# ##HHW#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#&=,>&;,#U8>]#@,>#5(-6#A,(;6%#8>#&=,>&;,#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,#6%&6#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#68# 6%,# :,(6>8-7# 8B#6%,#6-> ,#>-) #68#>8AA#-6#&6#6%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#=,A8:-6"Q# #77¦#86]ÚÚ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l#V-X#6%,#7"( &)-:#>,? @8(?,#8B#6%,#6->,#-(#:8(6&:6# U-6%#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,R# U%,>,#6%,#M1#6->,#)87,A#>,@A&:,?#6%,#?-)@A-B-,7#?@>-(;#&(7#7&?%@86#?"?6,)# 8B#V ()#&(7# *)X#5?,7#-(#6%,#?-)@A,#),:%&(-:&A#)87,A?R# &(7#V--X#6%,#>,?@8(?,#8B#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)# ',6U,,(#6%,#&TA,#V5 (?@>5(;#)&??X#&(7#6%,#=,%-:A,#)&??#V?@>5(;#)&??X R#U%-:%#-?#)87,A,7#-(#6%,# ?&),#U&"#&?#?-)@A,#),:%&(-:&A#)87,A?R#:8(?-7,>-(;# (+#&(7 #*+Q###M-;5> ,#WSHQ#$:%,)&6-:#8B#2U8#/8M#e5&>6,> SD&>#N,%-:A,#987,A#V _&&'&> #,6#&AQ R#FGHdX###HHc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f #i;Sò;uó;*S°;3S°:,ua;*S;3S:,#w000000000000000000000000000000000000,CQ# WSF#i:Sò:uóC*S°:3S°D,uaC*S:3SD,3ó;*S°;3S°:,3a;*S;3S:,#w0000000000000000,CQ# WSY#-(# U%-:%R# i;#&(7# S;#&>,# 6%,#)&??#&(7#6%,#7-?@A& :,),(6#8B#6%,#?@>5(;#)&??#&(7# i:&(7# S:#&>,#6%,# )&??#&(7#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#5(?@>5(;#)&? ?Q#2%,#@&>&),6,>?# ó;#&(7# a;#&>,#6%,#7&)@-(;#&(7# ?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q#2%,#@&>&),6,>?# óC#&(7# aC#&>,#6%,#7&)@-(;#&(7#?6-BB(,??#8 B#6%, #6->, R#&(7# SD#-?#6%,#>8&7#@>8B-A,#,A,=&6-8(Q #2%,#7-??-@&6-=,#,(,>;"#8B#6%,#?"?6,)# @,>#5(-6#7- ?6&(:,# -?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#>,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6-,?#',6U,,(# 6%,#6U8#)&??,?R#U%-:%#:&(#',#7,B-(,7#'"# #R#ž¬®¯S°;%±už²®¯S°C%±##############################################,CQ# WSa#-(#U %-:%#N#-?#6%,#:8(?6&(6#=,A8:-6"#8B# 6%,#=,%-:A, R#/#-?#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8( R#&(7# S°;&(7# S°C&>,# 6%,#>,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6-,?#B8>#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#&(7#6->,R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q #2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-?#7,B-(,7#-(#6%-?#?657"#&? #R;#ž¬®¯S°;%±#################################################,CQ# WSW#2%,#&=,>&;,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#-?#,C5&A#68#6%,#&=,>&;,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6,7#8=,>#6%,#5(-6#A,(;6%Q# 2%,#686&A#>8AA-(; #>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#6%,(#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%, #?5))&6-8(#8B#6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#-(#'86%#6->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8(#&(7#6%,#&@@A-,7#(8>)&A#B8>:,Q ###HHb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c# ),6,>?#V$,:6-8(# YQbQHX#68#>,&:%#&#?6,&7"#?6&6,#:8(7-6-8(Q## 2%,#;8&A#-?#68#B-(7#&#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#*9$#8B#,&:%#?:&A,#&(7#6%,->#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6R#-B#&("Q#.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#-(# ?,:6-8(# aQHGQFR#B8>#:&@65>-(;# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R# &#?)&AA,>#),?%#?%85A7#',#5?,7Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#6->,#)87,A#U-6%#WaG#>&7-&A#?,:6-8(?#-?#5?,7Q#2%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6& (:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#8(#?5>B&:,?#U-6%#*9$#=&A5,?#8B#GQWH #))R#HQH #))R# HQcd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l#B>8)#?-)@A-B-: &6-8(?#- (#6%,#;,8),6>"#8B# ##HHd#6%,#6->,#68#(,;A,:6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,R#8>#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,R#8>#&("#86%,>#7-BB,>,(:,?# ',6U,,(#6%,#6U8#?657-,?Q ##M-;5>,# WSFQ#1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#*9$#8(#6-> ,#>8AA-( ;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6 #B:=!#//#$*!+/!"&$3+ Y*#4*23#!03+/(-#!+'!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$#!+/!*%#! `2&3*#3 Y$&3!/#!"+,#- !M8>#-(=,?6-;&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#6%,# )87,AP?#@>8@,>6-,?#&>,#:%&(;,7#68#6%,#@>8@, >6-,?#8B #&#)87,A#'"#/-T8(#VFGGdXQ#M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R# ',?-7,?#6%,#&77-6-8(#8B#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#68#6%,#)87,AR#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#8(#6%,#?"?6,)#-?#:%&(;,7#68# YaYY#4#V:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#YGG#];#?@>5(;#&(7#WG#];#5(?@>5(;#)&??,?R#?,, #M-;5>,# aSHWXQ#2%,(R#6%,# C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#-?#>8AA,7#8=,>#?5>B&:,?#U-6%#7-BB,>,(6#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?Q#2%,#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#V**DX#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#)87,A#B8>#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#*9$#=& A5,?#8B#GQWH))R# HQH))R#HQcd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h#GQGGHFT#r#GQGGdd *s#h#GQIbb "#h#GQGGHT#r#GQGGdb GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GQGHa GGQW HHQW FFQW **D*9$V))XM1#)87,A !8,>,m?#1T@,>-),(6 ##HHI#98>,8=,>R#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#),&(#@>8B-A,#7,@6%#V9E/X#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,?# -?#&A?8#B85(7R#?,,# M-;5>,# WSaQ###M-;5>,# WSYQ#1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#*9$#8(#**D#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A# ##M-;5>,# WSaQ1BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A, P?#9E/ #8(#**D#8B#6%,# 6->,#&(7#6%,# C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A# #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#&#?-)-A&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#68#*9$#=?#**D#-?#8'6&-(,7#B8>#9E/#=?#**D#B8>#6%,# ?,A,:6,7#?5>B&:,?Q#J8 U,=,>R#**D#?,,)?#68#%&=,#&#?A-;%6A"#',66,>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#9E/#6%&(#*9$Q# *9$#-?#6%,#>886#),&(#?C5 &>,#8B#6%,#U%8A,#@>8B-A,#U%-A,#9E/#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#)&T-)5)#@8-(6?# U-6%-(#&#@>8B-A,Q#\%,(#6%,#6->,#-?#)8=-(;#8(#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#&6#dG])g%#?@,,7R#-6#-?#(86#&'A ,#68#%&=,# :8(6&:6#U-6%#&AA#8B#6%,#6,T65>,?#U-6%-(#?,;),(6?#',A8U#6%,#),&(#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q#!56#-6#:& (#:&@65>,# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#6,T65>,?#&6#6%,#@,&]#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#9E/#?%8U?#&#',66,>#>,A&6-8(?%-@# "#h#GQGGHHT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQIYGY "#h#GQGGHFT#r#GQGGdc GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GGQW HHQW FFQW **D*9$V))X2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( "#h#GQGGGdT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQIaII "#h#GQGGGIT#r#GQGGdc GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GGQW HHQW FFQW Y**D9E/V))X2->, 2->,#&(7#$5?@,(?-8( ##HFG#U-6%#**D#6%&(#*9$Q#J8U,=,>R#?-(:,#6%,#7-BB,>, (:,#-?#(86#?-;(-B-:&(6R#*9$#:&(#?6-AA#',#:8(?-7,>,7# &?#&(#&::,@6&'A,#@&>&),6,>#B8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8( #8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,Q #2%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-AA#',#&77>,??,7#-(#?,:6-8(# WQHGQHQ##B:A!#//#$*!+/!"#.& Y*#4*23#!03+/(-#!+'!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$#!+/!*%#! `2&3*#3 Y$&3!/#!"+,#-! !2%,#),;& S6,T65>,#-?#7,B-(,7#&?#U&=,A,(;6%?#',6U,,(#WG#))#&(7#WGG#))#U-6%#@,&]#68#@,&]# &)@A-657 ,#8B#GQH#68#WG#))Q#M8>#)87,A-(;#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8A A-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#&# =,%-:A,#&(7#6->,R# 6U8#>&(;,?#?%85A7#',#:8(?-7,>,7 #VHX#U&=,A,(;6% ?#A&>;,>#6%&(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#V %#FWG#))# x#WGG#))XR#&(7#VFX#U&=,A,(;6% ?#?)&AA,>#6%&(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#V %#WG#))# x#FWG#))XQ#2%,# 5@@,>#@&>6#8B#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#?@,:6>5)#&BB ,:6?#6%,#=,%-:A,#7"(&)-:?Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#6,T65>,?#U-6%-(# 6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#V %#WG#))# x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c#?%8U?#6%,#?&),#>,A&6-8(?%-@#B8># 6%,#0*0#=&A5,?#8B#6%,#@> 8B-A,?Q# #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#-?#(,;A-;-'A, #B8>#?)&AA,>#*9$#&(7#0*0#=&A5,?R#U%-A,#-6?#,BB,:6#:&(#',#C5-6,#(86-:,&'A,#B8>#>85;%,>#?5>B&:,?Q#J,>,R# B8>#7-?6-(;5-?%-(;#',6U,,(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T6 5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6->,#&(7#-6?#,BB,:6#8(# ##HFH#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(R# ^77v#@&>&), 6,>#-?#-(6>875:,7Q## ^77v#8B#?5?@,(?-8(#&(7#6->,# &6#&("#;-=,(#*9$#=&A5,#:&(#',#7,B-(,7#'&?,7#8(#" H#&(7#" F#>,A&6-8(?%-@?#;-=,(#-(# M-;5>,# WSWf#^77v;:;<=>;?@> #77vC?D= 070;:; <=>;?@> f)89Z-377vC?D= f)8 9Z-#0g%f)8 9Z-3g$f)8 9Z-#w]www/07P_00########################################################################################################################,CQ# WSc#^77vC?D= #gC?D= f)8 9Z-377v)8 9Z“#g$f)8 9Z-3g$f)8 9Z“#w]wwV÷07P_###################,CQ# WSb#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65> ,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#?5?@,(?-8(#&(7#-6?# ,BB,:6#8(#6->,#-?## ^77v;:;<=>;?@> h^77vC?D= #w]www/hw]wwV÷9w]p/Q#2%-?#>,?5A6#?%8U?#6%&6#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#6->,#-?#)8>,#6%& (#-6?#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q ##M-;5>,# WSWQ#1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A, P?#*9$ #8(#**D#8B#6%,# 6->,#&(7# 6%,#C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A ?###M-;5>,# WScQ1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A, P?#0*0# 8(#**D#8B#6%,# 6->,#&(7#6%, #C5&>6,>#:&>#)87,A ?##"Hh#GQGGHYT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQIbcb "Fh#GQGGHIT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQIbI GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GHFYaWcb**D*9$V))X2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( "#h#GQGGGdT#r#GQGGdc "#h#GQGGHHT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQIFda GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GFacdHGHFHa**D0*0#V)g])X 2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( ##HFF#06#-?#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#6%,#,C5-=&A,(6#0*0#B8>#6%,#*9$#8B#cQc))#-?#C5-6,#%-;%#VHF)g])XQ# 85(7#W#8>#c)g])#&>,#:8(?-7,> ,7#%-;%#B8>#@&=,),(6#)&(&;,),(6#@5>@8?,?# &(7#@>,?,>=&6-8(#?6>&6,;-,?#?%85A7#',#?5;;,?6,7#B8># ?5:%#?5>B&:,?Q#J8U,=,>R#-(#6%-?#@&>6#8B#6%,# ?657"R#-6#?%85A7#',#:8(?-7,>,7#6%&6#6%,#A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#-?#8(A"#HF#)#U%-A,#-(#@>&:6-:,#6%,#0*0# -?#),&?5>,7#B8>#)5 :%#A8(;,>#@>8B-A,#A,(;6%?Q#9,;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#%-;%#0*0?#78#,T-?6#&A8(;# &#>8&7#@>8B-A, l#%8U,=,>R#?-(:,#6%,"#78#(86#8::5>#&?#8B6,(R#6%,#),&?5>,7#0*0#=&A5,?#-(#6%,#B-,A7#&>,# 5?5&AA"#(86#&?#%-;%Q#.(#&??,??),(6#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#8::5>>,(:,#8B#6%,?,#]-(7? #8B#,=,(6?#U-6%#%-;%# ),;& S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-AA#',#78(,#-(#?,:6-8(# WQbQ#.#:8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,(# M-;5>,# WSW#&(7# M-;5>,# WSc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cQc)) #V&@@A"-(;#6%,#%-;%# @&??#B-A6,>-(;#8B# FWG#))XR#?,,# M-;5>,# WSbQ###M-;5>,# WSbQ#M-A6,>,7#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#V*9$hcQc))X #2%,#*9$#=&A5,#8B#6%,#(,U#B-A6,>,7 #@>8B-A,#-?#>,75:,7#68#WQY#))Q#2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#V**MX# 8B#6%,#(,U#@>8B-A,#-?#6%,(#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%, #**M#8B#6%,#B5AA#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,R#-(# M-;5>,# WSdQ#SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GQGa GHFYaJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#K,(;6%#V)X 9,;&S6,T65>,yFWG)) M5AA#9,;&S6,T65>, ##HFY##M-;5>,# WSdQ#1BB,:6#8B#FWG))#B-A6,>-(;#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#6%,# C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#) 87,A #2&'A,# WSH#?%8U?#6%,#=&>-&6-8(?#-(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#-(#6%,#6->,R#?5?@,(?-8(R#&(7#6%,# C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,AQ# #2&'A,# WSHQ#$5))&>"#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8 B#FWG#))#B-A6,>-(;#8B#) ,;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A #E>8B-A, #*9$#V))X #2->,#**M#V4X #$5?@,(?-8(# **M#V4X #286&A#**M#V4X #M5AA#E>8B-A, #cQc#cGQWa#HHQdd#bFQaF#M-A6,>,7 #WQYY#WGQYH#HGQdF#cHQYH#*&6-8# VM-A6,>,7gM5AAX #GQdGd#GQdY#GQIH#GQda#M8>#6%, #;-=,(#@>8B-A, R#6%,#686&A#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,# 7,:>,&?,?#'"#H cn#&B6,>#B-A6,>-(;#856#6%,# U&=,A,(;6%?#A,??#6%&(#FWG#))Q#2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-?# >,75:,7#'"#dQI#nR# U%-A,#6%,#**M#8B#6%,# 6->,#-?# 7,:>,&? ,7# '"#&A)8?6# HInQ#2%-?#>,?5A6# ?%8U?# 6%,#?-;(-B-:&(:,#8B#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B# 6%,#FWG #))#B-A6,>-(;# 8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,AQ#.A?8R#-6#-?# (86-:,&'A,#6%&6 #6%,# B-A6,>-(; #&BB,:6 ?#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#)8>,# 6%&(#6%,#?5? @,(?-8(Q#2%-?#-?#&(# ,T@,:6,7#>,?5A6R#?-(:,#6% ,#U&=,A,(;6%?#A,??#6%&(#FWG#))#&>,#U-6%-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#8B#6%,#6->,# &(7#6%,->#,BB,:6#?%85A7#',#)8>,#8(#6%,#6->,#6%&(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q# #SHGG SWG GWGHGGHWGFGGFWGYGGYWGGFacdHG*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#M8>:,# V4XE>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X 9,;&S6,T65>,yFWG)) M5AA#E>8B-A, ##HFa#B:B!#//#$*!+/!3+2.%'#))!03+/(-#!+'!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$#!+/!*%#! `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f#2 %,#**D #=&>-&6-8(#-( #6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#:&(#',#&?#%-;%#&?#dGn#8B#6%,#:%& (;,?#-(#**D#8B#6%,# 6->, R#5?-(;#,CQWQc#&(7#,CQWQb #V^77v;:;<=>;?@> ^77vC?D= #“]“““d“]“““š#w]:OXQ#.?#&#>,?5A6R#-6#:&(#',# &??5),7#6%&6#6% ,#**D#8B#6%,#>85;%(,??#?%85A7#%&=,#&#?6>8(;#>,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#0*0#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,R# U%-:%#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#7-?@A&:,),(6?#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q# #"Hh#GQGGGWT#r#GQGGdc "#h#GQGGGIT#r#GQGGdc *s#h#GQdIbc GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GadHF**D*9$V))X2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( ##HFW#2%,#&= &-A&'A,#?657-,?#8(#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#0*0#&(7#**DR#%&=,#:8(?-7,>,7#'86%#A-(,&>#&(7# (8(SA-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?% -@?Q#.?#&(#,T&)@A,R#6%,#,)@->-:&A#>,?5A6?#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#?%8U#&# A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#0*0Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#),:%&( -?6-:#)87,A?#7,=,A8@,7# '"#_&&'&> #,6#&A#VFGHdXR#K85%;%&A&)#,6#&AQ#VFGHWX#&(7#^-)#,6#&AQ#VFGHb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s#h#GQIFHc *s#h#GQdcdc GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GWHGHW**D0*0#V)g])X 2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( *s#h#GQIbHW *s#h#GQIdFd GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GWHGHW**D0*0#V)g])X 2->, 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( ##HFc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h#GQGGHFT#r#GQGGdc "Fh#GQGGHaT#r#GQGGdc "Yh#GQGGGWT#r#GQGGdc GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GFacdHGHF**D*9$V))X9&:>8S6,T65>, 9,;&S6,T65>, *85;%(,?? "Hh#GQGGHFT#r#GQGGdc "Fh#GQGGHIT#r#GQGGdc "Yh#GQGGGIT#r#GQGGdc GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GFacdHGHF**D*9$V))X9&:>8S6,T65>, 9,;&S6,T65>, *85;%(,?? ##HFb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f#V-X# ),;& S6,T65>,#@>8 B-A,#U-6%#*9$#8B#aQa#))#V--X#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#U-6%#*9$#8B#aQd#))Q#.# :8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,?#8B#6%,?,#6U8#?5>B&:,?#-?#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# WSHaQ##M-;5>,# WSHaQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#U-6%#*9$#8B#aQa#))#U-6%#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,# U-6%#*9$#8B#aQd#)) #GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GQH HHG**D*9$V))X9&:>8S6,T65>, 9,;&S6,T65>, *85;%(,?? SGQGF SGQGH GGQGH GQGF GQGY GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X 9,;&S6,T65>, *85;%(,?? ##HFd#2&'A,# WSF#?%8U?#&#?5))&>"#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,( 6?#B8>#6%,#6U8#@>8B-A,?Q#06#:&(#',# ?,,(#6%&6#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,P?#,BB,:6#8(#6%,#6->,#**D#-?#?-;(-B-:&(6A"#%-;%,>#6%&(#6%&6#8B#6%,# >85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#V&#B&:68>#8B#FQcXQ#.?#&#>,?5A6R#6%,#686&A#**D#75, #68#),;& S6,T65>,#-?#&A?8#%-;%,># V&'856#bGnX#6%&(#6%&6 #75,#68#>85;%(,??Q#06#-?#,T@,:6,7#6%&6#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#U-AA#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#6->,# 7,B8>)&6-8(#)8>,#6%&(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q#J8U,=,>R#-6#%&?#;,(,>&AA"#',,(#&??5),7#6%&6#>85;%(,??# &BB,:6?#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#>,?@8(?, #)8>,#6%&(#),;& S6,T65>,Q#0(#6%-?#:&?,R#6%,#>,?5A6?#?% 8U#6%&6#6%,#**D# 75,#68#),;& S6,T65>,#-?#?6-AA#&'856#YGn#%-;%,>#6%&(#6%&6#75,#68#>85;%(,??Q#.A6%85;%#6%,#&'?8A56,# ,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#**D#8(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#>,?@8(?,#-?#?6-AA#?A-;%6A"#%-;%,>#6%&(#6%&6 #B>8)# >85;%(,??R#6%,#>&6-8#8B# $**D#$5?@,(?-8( #g#$**D#2->, #B8>#>85;%(,??#VbdnX#-?#%-;%,>#6%&(#6%&6#B8>#6%,# ),;& S6,T65>,#VYdnXQ#2%-?#>,?5A6#-(7-:&6,?#6%&6#6%,#>85;%(,??#,BB,:6#8(#**D#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#:&(# ',#-(#6%,#?&),#8>7,>#&?#6%&6#-(#6%,#6->,R#U%-A,#6%,#) ,;& S6,T65>,P?#,BB,:6#8(#**D#-(#6%,#6->,#-?#)5:%# %-;%, >#6%&(#6%&6#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q# #2&'A,# WSFQ#$5))&>"#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6? #8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A, ?#U-6%#?-)-A&>#*9$#=&A5,? #E>8B-A, #*9$#V))X #0(-6-&A#* *D#$**D#2->, #$**D#$5?@,(?-8( ##286&A#**D# #9,;& S6,T65>, #aQa#GQGGdc#GQGGc#GQGGFY#GQGHcI#*85;%(,?? #aQd#GQGGdc#GQGGFY#GQGGHd#GQGHFb#B:D!#//#$*!+/!"#.& Y*#4*23#!&',!3+2.%'#))!+'!3+--('.!3#)()*&'$# !.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7# -(#?,:6-8( #YQdQYR#%-;%#=&A5,?#8B#*9$#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#:&(#',#>,A&6,7#68#A8:&A# ,=,(6?#-(#6%,#>8&7#@>8B-A,Q#!&?,7#8(#6%,#>,?5A6?#?%8U(#-(#6%,#@>,=-85?#?,:6-8(#),;& S6,T65>,# =&>-&6-8(#%&?#6%,#%-;%,?6#,BB,:6#8(#**D #:8(?-7,>-(;#&#:8(?6&(6#@>,?,(:,#8B#%-;%#),;& S6,T65>,# B,&65>,?#&A A#&A8(;#6%,#@>8B-A,#V M-;5>,# WSHa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g])X #M5AA#E>8B-A,# *9$#V))X #*85;%(,??# *9$#V))X #9,;& S6,T65>,# *9$#V))X #H#WQGc#IQHF#dQWd#FQdc#F#YQdW#bQb#bQW#HQY#2%,#@>8B-A,?#&(7#6%,->#B-A6,>,7#>85;%(,??#&(7#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#&>,#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# WSHW#&(7# M-;5>,# WSHc#B8>#@>8B-A,#H#&(7#FR#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?, ,(R#@>8B-A,#HR#-(:A57, ?#%-;%,>#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%#?,=,>&A#A8:&A#,=,(6?R#U%-A,#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#8B#@>8B-A,#F#-?#A8U,>#&(7#8(A"#:8(?-?6?#8B# 8(,#,=,(6#&>85(7#ThFF)#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q #!M-;5>,# WSHWQ#E>8B-A,#HR#0*0h #W)g]) #2%,#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#V8'6&-(,7#B>8)#6%,#B5AA#M1#)87,A#U-6%#6->,#&(7# ?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)X#B8>#6%,?,#@>8B-A,?R#U-6%#&(7#U-6%856#),;& S6,T65>,R#&>,#?%8U(#-(# M-;5>,# WSHb##&(7# M-;5>,# WSHd#B8>#@>8B-A,?#H#&(7#FR#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q#.#?5))&>"#8B#6%,#>,?5A6?#-?#;-=,(#-(# 2&'A,# WSaQ#SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GQGa GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#K,(;6%#V)X M5AA#@>8B-A, *85;%(,??#@>8B-A, 9,;&S6,T65>,#@>8B-A, ##HYG#!M-;5>,# WSHcQ#E>8B-A,#FR#0*0h #YQdW)g]) ##M-;5>,# WSHbQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#B8>#B5AA#@>8B-A,#&(7#B-A6,>,7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#8B#@>8B-A,#H# U-6%# 0*0hW)g]) ##M-;5>,# WSHdQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#B8>#B5AA#@>8B-A,#&(7#B-A6,>,7#>85;%(,??#@>8B-A,#8B# @>8B-A,#F# U-6%#0*0hYQdW#)g]) #M8>#5(7,>?6&(7-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#'&?,#A-(,#V**M 0*0hG #SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GQGa GWHGHWFGFWYGJ,-;%6#V)X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X M5AA#E>8B-A, *85;%(,?? 9,;&S6,T65>, GWGHGGHWGGWHGHWFGFWYG*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#V4X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X M5AA#E>8B-A, *85;%(,??#8(A" GFGaGcGdGHGGGWHGHWFGFWYG*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#V4X E>8B-A,#A,(;6%#V)X *85;%(,??#8(A" M5AA#E>8B-A, ##HYH#hFIQWF#4XQ#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%, #7-BB,>,(6#@>8B-A,?#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#:&(#6%,(#',#7,B-(,7# &?#6%,#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#**M#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,?#&(7#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,#V**M 0*0hT #S#**M0*0hG XQ##2&'A,# WSaQ#$5))&>"#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6?#B8># ,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,# >,@,6-6-8(#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #E>8B-A, #0*0#V)g])X #**M#M5AA# @>8B-A,#V4X #**M#>85;%(,??# @>8B-A,#V4X #**D#M5AA# @>8B-A, #**D#>85;%(,??# @>8B-A, #H#WQGc#WbQdI#aFQF#GQGHcI#GQGHFY#F#YQdW#aaQcI#aGQGa#GQGHYG#GQGHHb#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#:&(#',#(86,7#6%&6#B8>#@>8B-A,#HR#B>8)#&A)8?6#FdQYI4#-(:>,&?,#-(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,# ',:&5?,#8B#6%,#B5AA#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,R#8(A"#HFQb#4#-?#>,A&6,7#68#>85;%(,??#@8>6-8(#8B#6% ,#@>8B-A,#VaWnXQ# 2%,>,B8>,R#&A6%85;%#),;& S6,T65>,#-?#(86#%-;%#,=,>" U%,>,#&(7#-6?#*9$#-?#8(A"#FQdc#))R#-6?#,BB,:6# 8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#)8>,#6%&(#>85;%(,??Q##M8>#@>8B-A,#FR#%8U,=,>R#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,P?#*9$#-?# HQY))#&(7#-6#-(:A57,?#8(A"#8(,#A&>;,#,=,(6Q#.? #&#>,?5A6R#6%,#>85;%(,??#@8>6-8(#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,# -)@8?,?#6%,#)&+8>-6 "#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#:&5?-(;#HGQWc#4#-(:>,&?,#-(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#856#8B#6%,#686&A#8B#HWQHb#4#VcIQcnXQ# #2%,?,#>,?5A6?#&>,#&(#-(7-:&6-8(#8B#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,# =,%-:A,R# ,=,(# U%,(#6%,#,=,( 6?#&>,#-?8A&6,7Q #B:E!$+"0&3()+'!+/!*%#!3#)2-*)!+'!*%#!#//#$*!+/!"&$3+ Y*#4*23#!+'! 3+--('.!3#)()*&'$# !7(*%!#"0(3($&-!)*2,(#) !2%,>,#&>,#&#B,U#,)@->-:&A#)87,A?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# )&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8A A-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U%-:%#U,>,# 7-?:5??,7# -(#?,:6-8(# FQYQFR#(&),A"#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6R#90*0.9#@>8+,:6R#&(7#!8,>,#?657"Q#2%,>,# ?,,)?#68#', #&#?-;(-B-:&(6#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#&(7 #6%,# 90*0.9 #@>8+,:6Q# 2%,#)&-(#B8:5?#8B#'86%#8B#6%,?,#?657-,?#-?#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(Q# 2%,>,B8>,R#%,>,R#6%,->#>,?5A6?# &>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%# 6%8?,#B>8)# !8,>, P?#?657" R#-(#U%-:%#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #B8>:,?#U,>,#),&?5>,7# 7->,:6A" Q#2%,#>,?5A6?#B>8)#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#B-(-6,#,A,), (6#)87,A#7,=,A8@,7#-(#6%-?#?657"#U,>,#&A>,&7"# ##HYF#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#!8,>,P?#,T@,>-),(6?Q#0(#6%-?#?,:6-8(R#6%,"#U-AA#',#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#86%,>#6U8# ?657-,?#&?#U,AAQ# #2%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#- (:A57,?#&#U-7,#>&(;,#8B#=,%-:A,?Q# !56R#6 %,#90*0.9#@>8+,:6#8(A"# :8=,>? #6%>,,#= ,%-:A,#6"@,?f#:&>R#6>5:]R#&(7#6>5:]#U-6%#6>&-A,>Q# 3(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7R#6 %,#),&?5>,),(6?#>,@8>6,7# '"#!8,>,#U,>,#@,>B8>),7#5?-(;#>&-A,>Q# 2%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#&@@A-,7#8(#6%,#6>&-A,>#-?#a HGG#4R#U%-:%# -?#,C5-=&A,(6#68#&#aHb#];#)&??Q#$-(:,#6%-?#U,-;%6#-?#8(#8(A"#8(, #6->,R#6%,#686&A#=,%-:A,#)&??# V:8(?-7,>-(;#a#U%,,A?X#-?#&'856#Hccd#];Q# !&?,7#8(#6%,#6->,#)87,A#&(7#6% ,#&TA,#A8&7R#6%,#,C5-=&A,(6# =,%-:A,#6"@,#B8>#6%,#!8,>,#?657"#:&(#',#:8(?-7,>,7 #&?#&# ),7-5)#:&> Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#:8))8( #=,%-:A,#6"@, #B8>#&AA#6%>,,#?657-,?#:& (#',#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#),7-5)#:&> Q##!86%#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#&(7#90*0.9#@>8+,:6#@>,?,(6,7#,C5&6-8(?#B8>#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#7,B-(-6-8(# '&?,7#8(#B&:68>?#?5:%#&?#6,T65>,R#>85;%(,??R#7,BA,:6-8(R#A8&7R#&(7# =,A8:-6"#V?,:6-8(# FQYQHXQ## 2%,# >,?5A6?#8B#!8,>,P?#,T@,>-),(6&A#?657"R#%8U,=,>R#&>,#)8>,#A-)-6,7R#?-(:,#6%,#,T@,>-),(6#U&?#8(A"# @,>B8>),7#&6#8(,#=,A8:-6"#5(7,>#&#?@,:-B-:#A8&7Q#2%,>,B8>,R#B 8>#@,>B8>)-(;#6%,#:8)@&>-?8(R#6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#-?#B85(7#& 6#dG])g%# ?@,,7#&(7#5(7,>#&# A8&7#:8>>,?@8(7-(;#68#HRccd#];#-(# 8>7,># 68#)&6:%#!8,>,P?# ,T@,>-),(6&A# ?657"Q# #2%,#>,?5A6?#8B#!8,>,P?#?657"#&>,#'&?,7#8(#6%,#*9$#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#6,T65>,#U%-A,#6%,#86%,>#6U8#&>,# '&?,7#8(#9E/Q#2%,>,B8>,#!8,>,P?#>,?5A6?#&>,#:8(=,>6,7# 68#9E/R#5?-(;# 6%,#B8AA8U-(; #,C5&6-8(# V.=&-]#,6#&AQ#FGHYX f#MPD0=01.729 RMS 0+00.0190##########################################,CQ# WSd M-;5>,# WSHI#?%8U?#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6?#B8>#7-BB,>,(6# 9E/#=&A5,?#B8>#B5AA# =,%-:A,?#8B#7-BB,>,(6#6"@,?f#:&>R#A-;%6#6>5:]R#&(7#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6Q ###HYY##M-;5>,# WSHIQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6#B8>#B5AA#:&>R#A-;%6#6>5:]R#&>6-:5A&6,7 #6>5:]R# B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6 #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8B#6%,#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#-?#)5:%#%-;% ,>#6%&(#6%,#86%,># 6U8Q#J8U,=,>R#U%,(#:8(=,>6,7#68#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#6%,#&>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:]#&(7#A-;%6#6>5:]# %&=,#?-)-A&>#=&A5,?Q#2 %-?#-?#',:&5?,#-(#4DJ*E#b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g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bFG#>,@8>6#-(6>875:,7#&(#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#B8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,#U%-:%#:&(#',# 7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#>&6-8#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&6#&("#9E/#=&A5,#U-6%#>,?@,:6#68#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# GHGGGFGGGYGGGaGGGWGGGGFa**M#V4X 9E/#V))X D&> K-;%6#6>5:] .>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:] GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GHFYa**D9E/#V))X D&> K-;%6#6>5:] .>6-:5A&6,7#6>5:] ##HYa#&6#&#' &?,#9E/Q#0(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#'&?,#@8-(6R#6%,>,B8>,#6%,# &+5?6),(6#B&:68>#-?#7,B-(,7#&?# **D9E/#h#T #g#**D 9E/#h#GQG Q#$-(:,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#-?# -)@8>6&(6#-(#6%-?#?,:6-8(R#6%,# 0*0#&(7#7,BA,:6-8( #=&A5,? #&>,#?,6# 68#Z,> 8Q####M-;5>,# WSFGQ#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6#B8># &#B5AA#:&>R #&(7#,C5-=&A,(6 #&>6-:5A&6,7# 6>5:]R#B>8)# 90*0.9#@>8+,:6 ##M-;5>,# WSFH#?%8U?#6%,#:8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#B8>#6%,#),(6- 8(,7#?657-,?Q #06#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#6%,#4DJ *E#bFG# >,@8>6#5(7,>,?6-)&6,?#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>#Z,>8#6,T65>,# :8(7-6-8(#V-(6,>:,@6#8B#6%,#A-(,X#&(7#6%,#,B B,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V?A8@,#8B#6%,#A-(,X# U%-A,#90*0.9#@>8+,:6#8=,>,?6-)&6,?#6%,)Q# #2%,#M1#>,?5A6?#&>,#?-)-A&>#68#!8,>,P?#>,?5A6?#&?#-6#U&?# ?6&6,7#',B8>, Q###M-;5>,# WSFHQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#>8AA-( ;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#90*0.9R#4DJ*E#bFGR# !8,>,# ?657"#&(7#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A# B8>#&# :&>#&6#=hdG#]) g%#0500100015002000250030000.5 11.5 22.5 3RRF (N) MPD(mm)Truck with trailer Car 00.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.5 11.5 22.5 3RRCMPD(mm)Truck with trailer Car "#h#GQGGHbT#r#GQGHGd "#h#GQGGGaT#r#GQGGad "#h#GQGGGcT#r#GQGGdb "#h#GQGGGbT#r#GQGGdd GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GQW HHQW FFQW Y**D9E/V))X90*0.9 4DJ*E#bFG !8,>, M1#)87,A ##HYW#M8>#%&=-(;#&#',66,>#:8)@&>-?8(R#6%,#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68>#-?#5?,7R#U%-:%#:8(?-7,>?#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#'86%# ?A8@,#&(7#-(6,>:,@6#8B#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@?R#'56#,A-) -(&6,?#6%,#86%,>#B&:68>?#-(=8A=,7#V?,,# M-;5>,# WSFFXQ#06#:&(#',#?,,(# 6%&6#:8(?-7,>-(;#'86%#-(-6-&A#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,R#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,?5A6?#&>,#:A8?,>#68#6%8?,#B>8)#!8,>,P?# ?657"#6%&(#6%,#90*0.9# @>8+,:6Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#M1#)87,A#>,?5A6?#&>,#)8>,#?-)-A&>#6 8#6%8?,#B>8)#!8,>,P?#?657"Q ##M-;5>,# WSFFQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&7+5?6),(6#B&:68> #8B#90*0.9R#4DJ*E#bFGR# !8,>,#?657"#&(7#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#B8>#&#:&>#&6#=hdG#])g% #B:a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bFG#>,@8>6#&(7#&#), :%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#'"# _&&'&> #,6#&AQ#VFGHdX# HHQH HQF HQY HQa HQW HQc GGQW HHQW FFQW Y.7+5?6),(6#B&:68> 9E/V))X90*0.9 4DJ*E#bFG !8,>, ##HYc#%&=,#',,(#:%8?,(#B8>#:8)@&>-?8(#-(#6%-?#?657"Q#.?#-6#U&?#),(6-8(,7#@>,=-85?A"R#6%,#4DJ*E#b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g])XQ#J8U,=,>R#B8>#%-;%,>#0*0#=&A5,?R#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#)87,A#?%8U?#&#(8( SA-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#&(7#7-=,>;,?#B>8)#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,?5A6 ?Q# ##M-;5>,# WSFYQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#, BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#&#:&># B8>#4DJ*EbFG# >,@8>6#&(7#),:%&(-?6-:#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A# &6#=hdG#])g%#V _&&'&> #,6#&AQ#FGHdX #2%,#@&>&),6,>?#5?,7#-(#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87,A#-(#6%-?#?657"#&>,#?-)-A&>#68#6%,# ),:%&(-:&A#)87,A#'"#_&&'&>#,6#&AQ#VFGHdXQ#J8U,=,>R#6%,>,#&>,#6%>,,#7-BB,>,(:,?#',6U,,(#6%,#6U8# ?657-,?f#V-X#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#)87,A#:8(?-7,>?#6%,#6->,#&?#&#:8)'-(&6-8 (#8B#&#?@>-(;#&(7#7&?%@86R#'56# -(#6%- ?#?657"#&#B5AA#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#)87,A#8B#6%,#6->,#-?#5?,7l#V--X#-(#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A# ,(=,A8@-(;#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#-?#78(,#68#,T:A57,#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%?#U-6%-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%R#U%-A,# 6%,#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#) 87,A#:&(#:8(?-7,>#6%,#B5AA#?5>B&:,#@> 8B-A,l#&(7#V---X#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&># )87,A#,(B8>:,?#B5AA#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#@>8B-A,R#U%-A,#6%,#M1#)87,A#&AA8U?#6%,#6->,#68# 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 123456Excess energy dissipation (%)IRI (m/km) NCHRP 720 Quarter-car model ##HYb#A8?,#:8(6&:6#U-6%#6%,#@>8B-A,R#-B#(,:,??&>"Q#2%,#-??5,#8B#A8??#8B#:8(6&:6#- ?#A88],7#&6#-(#&(#,T&)@A,# ?%8U(#&6#6% ,#,(7#8B#6%-?#?,:6-8(Q #/-BB,>,(6#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#=&>-85?#0*0#=&A5,?#%&=,#',,(#:%8?,(#B>8)#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,# 7&6&'&?,Q#2%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#-?#5?,7#B8>#6%,#,=&A5&6-8(#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,?,# @>8B-A,?Q#28#:8)@&>,#6%,?,#>,?5A6?#U-6%#6 %8?,#@>,?,(6,7#-(# M-;5>,# WSFYR#6%,#,T:,??#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#?%85A7#',#:&A:5A&6,7Q#M8>#6%-?#>,&?8(R#6%,#0*0hG#-?#:8(?-7,>,7# &?#6%,#'&?,#A-(,Q# M-;5>,# WSFa#?%8U?#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%-?#:8)@&>-?8(Q# ###M-;5>,# WSFaQD8)@&>-?8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #8B#&#:&># B8>#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1# )87,A#&(7#@>,=-85?#?657-,?Q# #06#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#6%,#6%>,,#)87,A?#&>,#-(#&#;887#&;>,,),(6Q#2%,#M1#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A #?%8U?#&# (8(SA-(,&>#6>,(7#U-6%#0*0#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#),:%&(-:& A#)87,AQ#2%,#>,?5A6?#B>8)#6%,#6%>,,#)87,A?#)&6:%# =,>"#U,AA #B8>#0*0#=&A5,? #A8U,>#6%&(#a)g]) Q##06#?%85A7#',#(86,7#6%&6#&A)8?6#IYQWn#8B#6%,#>8&7# ?5>B&:,?#-(#6%,#<(-6,7# $6&6,?#%&=,#0*0#=&A5,?#A,??#6%&( #a)g])R#U%,>,#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#&AA#6%>,,#?657-,?# &>,#-(#;887# &;>,,),(6#V?,,# M-;5>,# WSFWXQ#3(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7R#B8>#0*0#=&A5,?#%-;%,>#6%&(#a#)g])R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A# &(7#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#? 6&>6#7-=,>;-(;#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#>,?5A6?Q#06#:&(#',# %"@86%,?-Z,7#6%&6#6%-?#7-BB,>,(:,#)&"#',#75,#68#6%,#A 8??#8B#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,# GWHGHWFGFWYGYWGHFYaWc1T:,??#*8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# V4X0*0#V)g])X 4DJ*E#bFG 9,:%&(-:&A#e5&>6,>S:&> M1#e5&>6,>S:&> ##HYd#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,Q#28#-(=,?6-;&6,#6%-?#%"@86%,?-?R#6%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#&(7# 6%,#@>8 B-A,#&>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#,&:%#86%,>#B8>#0*0#=&A5,?#',A8U#&(7#&'8=,#a)g])#V M-;5>,# WSFc#&(7# M-;5>,# WSFbXQ#2%,#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#&6#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#&>,#&A?8#7,@-:6,7#-(# M-;5>,# WSFd#&(7# M-;5>,# WSFIQ##M-;5>,# WSFWQ#J-?68;>&)#8B#6%,#7-?6>-'56-8(#8B#0*0#-(#<(-6,7#?6&6,?#V_&&'&>R#FGHGX ##M-;5>,# WSFcQ#2%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#&(7#6%,#@>8B-A, #B8>#0*0hYQY#)g]) ##M-;5>,# WSFbQ#2%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#&(7#6%,#@>8B-A,#B8>#0*0h W#)g]) #SGQGF SGQGH GGQGH GQGF GWHGHWFGFWYGN,>6-:&A# /-?@A&:,),(6#V)X /-?6&(:,#V)X *-)#:,(6>8-7 E>8B-A, SGQGa SGQGF GGQGF GWHGHWFGFWYGN,>6-:&A# /-?@A&:,),(6#V)X /-?6&(:,V)X *-)#:,(6>8-7 E>8B-A, ##HYI##M-;5>,# WSFdQ#K8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?# B8>#0*0hYQY#)g]) ##M-;5>,# WSFIQ#K8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#B8>#0*0hW#)g]) #.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,( #-(# M-;5>,# WSFc#&(7# M-;5>,# WSFbR#B8>#6%,#@>8B-A,#U-6%# 0*0h#YQY#)g])#6%,#=,>6-:&A# 7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#>-)#:,(6>8-7#-?#=,> "#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#@>8B-A,Q#J 8U,=,>R#B8>#6%,# @>8B-A,#U-6%# 0*0hW#)g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dGG ScGG SaGG SFGG GFGGaGGcGGdGGGWHGHWFGFWYGK8(;-657-(&A#M8>:,# V4X/-?6&(:,#V)X SaGGG SFGGG GFGGGaGGGGWHGHWFGFWYGK8(;-657-(&A#M8>:,# V4X/-?6&(:,#V)X ##HaG#J8U,=,>R#? -(:,#(8#:8)@A ,6,#A8??#8B#:8(6&:6# -?#?,,(#-(#6%,?,#,T&)@A,?R#-6#-?#(86#,T@,:6,7#68#%&=, #&#>,75: 6-8(#-( #6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, #B8>:,?#75,#68#A8??#8B#:8(6&:6Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>,?5A6? #8B#6%,#M1# C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A #&>, #&;>,,-(;# )8>,# U-6%#6%,#),:%&(-:&A #)87,A#6%&(#6%,#,T@,>-),( 6?Q#06#?%85A7#',#(86,7#6%&6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#M1# C5&>6,> S:&># )87,A#-? #&#A-66A,#%-;%,> #6%&( #6%, #),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&># )87,A#V?,,# M-;5>,# WSFaXQ#2%-?#7-BB,>, (:,#-?#75,#68#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%#6%&6#-?#-(:A57,7#-(#6%,#M1#)87,A#&(7#,T:A57,7#B>8)#6%,#),:%&(-:&A# C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A #75,#68#6%,#,(=,A8@-(;#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q ###B:9b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b:9!#KKNSO!GK!>IIMLNH!MG>H!GP!OTN!LPKMRNPSN!GK!ONXORJN!GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!OTN!WNT LSMN!!.?#6%,#U,-;%6#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#8>#(8>)&A#A8&7#&@@A-,7#8(#6%,#6->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8(#7,:>,&?,?R#6%,#6->,# 7,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#7-?@A&:,),(6#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#7,:>,&?,?Q#.?#&#>,?5A6R#-6#-?#,T@,:6,7#6%&6#6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#7,:>,&?,?Q#0(#6%-?#?65 7"R#6% ,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#-?#B85(7#5(7,>#6U8#&TA,#A8&7?#8B#aHGG4#V?-)-A&>#68#!8,>,P?#?657"X#&(7#YaYY#4#V?-)-A&># 68#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AXR#U%-:%#&>,#U-6%-(#6%,#&::,@6&'A,#>&(;,#B8>#&#),7-5)#:&>Q#2%,# ,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,# 8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#?%8U(#B8>#'86%#8B#6%,?,#:&?,?#V?,,# M-;5>, #WSYGXQ###HaH#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#-(#6%,#B-;5>,R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#&6#Z,>8#*9$#7,:>,&?,?#'"# 7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#B>8)#aHGG4#68#YaYY4#V&#>,75:6-8(#8B#&'856#YQWnXQ#D8(?-7,>-(;#6%,# &'?8A56,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#=&A5,?R#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#A8&7# '"#&'856#HcQYnR#&#>,75:6-8(#8B#&'856# HIn#-?#8'?,>=,7#-(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?Q##2%-?#>,?5A6#-?#-(#& ;>,,),(6#U-6%#86%,>#?657-,?#U%-:%# ?5;;,?6#?-)-A&>#:%&(;,?#-(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#U-6%#>,?@,:6#68#=&>-&6-8(?#-(#(8>)&A#A8&7# VJ,>(&(7,ZR#FGHWXQ #J8U,=, >R#:8)@&>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,P?#*9$#8(#**D#-(#6%,?,#6U8#:&?,?R#-6#:&(#',#?,,(# 6%&6#7,:>,&?-( ;#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#'"#HcQYn#8(A"#:&5?,?#&#=,>"#?)&AA#:%&(;,#-(#*9$ S**D#>,A&6-8(?%-@?R#?-(:,#6%,#?A8@,#8B#6%,#6U8#>,A&6-8(?%-@?#&>,#=,>"#?-)-A&>Q# ##M-;5>, #WSYGQ#1BB,:6#8B#&@@A-,7#A8&7#8(#=&>-&6-8(#8B# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#?5>B&:,#)&:>8 S6,T65>, ##2%,>,B8>,R#-6#:&(#',#:8(:A57,7#6%&6#&A6%85;%#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#&BB,:6?#6%,#&'?8A56,#**D#=&A5,R#-6# 78,?#(86#&BB,:6#6% ,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#6,T65>,#V-Q,QR#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&( :,XQ #B:9b:;!#KKNSO!GK!WNMGSLOZ !GP!OTN!LPKMRNPSN!GK!ONXORJN!GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!OTN!WNTLSMN !2%,#>,?5A6?#@>,?,(6,7#?8#B&>#:8>>,?@8(7#68#&#=,%-:A,#=,A8:-6"#8B#dG])g%Q #.?#6%,#=,A8:-6"#7,:>,&?,?R# 6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#&A?8#,T@,:6,7#68#7,:> ,&?,Q#2%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#**D#-?# &??5),7#68#',#%-;%,>#B8>#%-;%,>#?@,,7?#V?,,# M-;5>,# WSYHXQ#0(#6%-?#?,:6-8(R#6%,#**D#-?#8'6&-(,7#B8># "#h#GQGGHHT#r#GQGGdW "#h#GQGGHFT#r#GQGGdd GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GQGHF GGQW HHQW FFQW **D*9$V))XYaYY#4 aHGG4##HaF#=,%-:A,#=,A8:-6-,?#8B#FGR#WWR#&(7#dG#]) g%#8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#V?,,# M-;5>,# WSYFXQ#.#?-)-A&>#6>,(7#-?# 8'?,>=,7Q ##M-;5>,# WSYHQ#1BB,:6 #8B#?@,,7#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6 &(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#V98Z%&>8=?]--#,6#&AQ#FGGbX ##M-;5>,# WSYFQ#N&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#'"#=,A8:-6"#8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:, #0(#@>,=-85?#?,:6-8(?R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T6 5>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U &?#B85(7#68#',#)8>,# @>8(85(:,7#6%&(#6%,#86%,>#6U8#?:&A,?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#,=&A5&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#=,A8:-6"#8(#6%,# >,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#&(7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#),;& S6,T65>,#?5>B&:,?#U-6%#*9$#=&A5,?# 8B#HQHR#aQaR#&(7#cQc #))#&>,#5?,7Q# #GGQGGF GQGGa GQGGc GQGGd GQGH GFGaGcGdGHGG**DN,A8:-6"#V])g%X ##HaY#2%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#-?#>8AA,7#8=,>#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#&#=,A8:-6"#8B#WW])g%#VHWQFbbd# )g?X#&(7#6%,#>,?5A6?#&>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%8?,#&6#dG])g%#VFFQFFa)g?XQ# M-;5>,# WSYY#?%8U?#6%,#,BB,:6# 8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#**D#B8>#6%,#6->,#&(7#C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#&6#WW])g%#=,A8:-6"Q# ##M-;5>,# WSYYQ#1BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#>8A A-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6# &6#NhWW])g% #D8)@&>-(;#6%,?,#> ,?5A6?#U-6%#6%8?,#B>8)# M-;5>,# WSWR#-6#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#'"#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#=,%-:A,# =,A8:-6"R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#),;& S6,T65>,#8(#6->,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#7,:>,&?,7R#U%-A,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# ?5?@,(?-8(#-?#-(:>,&?,7Q#2%,#-(:>,&?,#-(#6%,#?5?@,( ?-8(P?#,BB,:6#-?#',:&5?,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-(# 6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#V R;,#%&?#&#>,=,>?,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#=,%-:A,#=,A8:-6"#VNXf #R;#ž¬®¯S°;%±#######################################################,CQ# WSI#U%,>, #S°;-?#6%,#>,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6"#-(#?5?@,(?-8(Q ##2%,>,B8>,R#&A6%85;%#6%,#&=,>&;,#>,A&6-=,#=,A8:-6"#-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-?#7,:>,&?,7R#B8>#6%,#;-=,(# ),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?R#6%-?#>,75:6-8(#-?#A,??#6%&(#6%,#>,75:6-8(#:&5?,7#'"#6%,#=,%-:A,#=, A8:-6"Q# M-;5>,# WSYa#?%8U?#6%,#:8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&># M1#)87,A#&6#WW#&(7#dG#])g%#=,A8:-6-,?Q# #06#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#6%,#**D#&6#WW])g%#-?#A8U,>#6%&(#6%&6#&6#dG])g%R#'56#6%,#?A8@,#8B#6 %,#A-(,# -?#=,>"# ?-)-A&>Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-6#:&(#',#:8(:A57,7#6%&(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#>,75:,7#'"# "#h#GQGGFT#r#GQGGca "#h#GQGGHYT#r#GQGGca GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GFacd**D*9$#V))X 2->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8( 2->, ##Haa#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#=,%-:A,#?@,,7l#%8U,=,>R#=,%-:A,#?@,,7# 78,?#(86#&BB,:6#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#6,T65>,#V-Q,QR#6%,#,BB,:6#8B #6,T65>, #8(#>8AA -(;#>,?-?6&(:,XQ ##M-;5>,# WSYaQ#1BB,:6#8B# =,%-:A,#=,A8:-6" #8(#=&>-&6-8(# 8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# U-6%#*9$#8B# ?5>B&:,# ),;& S6,T65>, #B:9b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aQFQHR#B8>#-(:A57-(; #6%,#6,)@,>&65>,P?#,BB,:6#8(#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?R# 6%,#:8,BB-:-,(6?#8B#6%,#E>8("#?,>-,?#:&(#',#:%&(;,7Q#2%,#8>-;-(&A#:8,BB-:-,(6?#&>,#8'6&-(,7#B>8 )#,T@,>-),(6?#@,>B8>),7#&6#FY ¡DQ#D8(?-7,>-(;#6%&6#'"#-(:>,&?-(;#6%,#=,A8:-6"#68#dG#])g%#6%,# 6,)@,>&65>,#U-6%-(#6%,#6->,#:&(#>-?,#68# ba¡D#V,T@A&-(,7#-(#?,:6-8( #aQFQHRXR#6%, #E>8("#?,> -,?#:8,BB-:-,(6?#&>,#:%&(;,7#& ::8>7-(;A"Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?# U&?#-(=,?6-;&6,7#B8>#6U8#@>8B-A,?f#VHX#?)886%#?5>B&:,#U-6%#*9$hG#))#&(7#VFX#),;& S6,T65>,# "#h#GQGGFT#r#GQGGca "#h#GQGGHIT#r#GQGGdb GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GFacd**D*9$#V))X NhWW])g% NhdG])g% ##HaW#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#U-6%#*9$haQa#))Q# 2&'A,# WSW#?%8U?#&#?5))&>"#8B#6%,#=&>- &6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6#U-6%#:%&(;,?#-(#6,)@,>&65>,#B8>#6%,?,#6U8#@>8B-A,?Q #2&'A,# WSWQ#$5 ))&>"#8B#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#6->, #E>8B-A, #*9$# V))X #2,)@#V ¡DX#**M#V4X #**D##/-BB,>,(:, #H#G#FY#YGQb#GQGGdb#Yn#7,:>,&?, #H#G#ba#FIQbd#GQGGdc#F#aQa#FY#aIQaF#GQGGHaa#GQFn#7,:>,&?, #F#aQa#ba#aIQYG#GQGGHaY#.?#-6#U&?#,T@,:6,7R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#?A-;%6A"#7,:>,&?,?#'"#-(:>,&?-(;#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,Q#2%,# >,?5A6?#?%8U#6%&6# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,)@,>&65>,#8(#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#)8>,#6%&(#8(#6%,#6,T65>,7# ?5>B&:,#B8>#6%,#;-=,(#@>8B-A,Q#N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#&A? 8#&BB,:6?#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8B#6%,# 6->,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#&("#:8(?-7,>&6-8(?#B8>#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,#?%85A7#&A?8#-(:A57, #6%,#:%&(;,?#-(#6%,# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q# #B:9b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dGXQ ###Hac##M-;5 >,# WSYWQ#0(BA&6,7#&->#6,)@,>&65>,#=&>-&6-8(#U-6%#6->,#?%85A7,>#6,) @,>&65>,#V[&(??,(#&(7#J&AAR# HIdGX#2%,#?5;;,?6,7#6,)@,>&65>,#B8>#6%,#6->,#?%85A7,>#-(#7-BB,>,(6#?657-,?#-?#&>85(7#WG# 8D#V4-,A?,(#&(7# $&(7',>;R #FGGFl#K-(#&(7#JU&(;R#FGGaXQ#$8),#?657-,?#?5;;,?6,7#&#HG#^@&#-(:>,&?,#-(#6->,#-(BA&6-8(# @>,??5>,#B8>#,=,>"#HG# ¡D#-( :>,&?,#-(#6%,#&->#6,)@,>&65>,#V $:%5>-(; R#HIdWXQ##.?#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#-(:>,&?,?R#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,#7,:>, &?,?R#&(7# 6%,#?6-BB(,??#8B#6%,#6->,#-(:>,&?,?R#U%-:%#>,75:,?#6%,#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(Q#2%,>,B8>,R#A,??#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&( :,#-?#,T@,:6,7#U-6%-(#6%,#6->,Q# M-;5>, #WSYc#7,@-:6?#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%# 6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&6#&#=,A8:-6"#8B#cG#)@%#V $:%5>-(;R #HIdWXQ##.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#-?#(8( SA-(,&>#U%,(#U,#:&(#:8(?-7,> #6%,#,(6->,#>&(;,#B8>#-(BA&6-8(# @>,??5>,?#V:%&(;-(;#B>8)#HG#@?-#68#cW#@?-XQ#J8U,=,>R#6%,#:8))8(#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#B8>#@&??,(;,># :&>#6->,?#-?#5?5&AA"#',6U,,(#YG#68#YW#@?-#VFGG#68#FaG#]E& X#&(7#@>,??5>,?#&?#%-;%#&?#cW@?-#8>#&?#A8U# &?#HG@?-#78#(86#8::5>#-(#(8 >)&A#:8(7-6-8(?Q#2%,>,B8>,R#-(#6%-?#?,:6-8(R#8(A"#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#6%,# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#U-6%-(#6%,#:8))8(#>&(;,#8B#FGG#]ED#FaG#]E&#-?#:8(?-7,>,7Q# M-;5>, #WSYc#?%8U?#&(#&=,>&;,#7,:>,&?,#8B#&'856#bn#-(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>#&#HGn#-(:>,&?,#B8>#6%-?#>&(;,#8B# 6->,#@>,??5>,#&6#cG#)@%Q# #0(#6%-?#?657"R#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,?#8B#FGGR#FHGR#&(7#FaG#]E&#&>, #:8(?-7,>,7#&(7#6%,#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#-(#,&:%#:8(7-6-8(#-? #:&A:5A&6,7#8(#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#&6#dG])g%#=,A8:-6"Q# M-;5>,# WSYb#?%8U?#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8 >:,?#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6?#'"#:%&(;-(;#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,# ##Hab#B>8)#FGG#]ED#FaG#]E(#&#?)886%#@>8B-A,#V*9$hGXQ#2%,#>,?5A6?# ?%8U#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@R# U%-:%#:&(#',#75,#68#6%,#(&>>8U#>&(;,#6%&6#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#B8>#6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q# #0(#M-;5>, #WSYcR#&A?8R#&A6%85;%#6%,#U%8A,#6>,(7#-?#(8(A-(,&>R#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#:&(#',#&??5),7# ',6U,,(#YG#&(7#YW#@?-#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,?Q#0(#&77-6-8(R#-(#6%,#M1#)87,AR# 6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-:-,(6#7,:>,&?,?#'"#dQWn#B8>#&#HGn#-(:>,&?,#-(#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,R#U%-:%#-?#:A8?,#68#6%,#>,?5A6?# ?%8U(#-( #M-;5>, #WSYcQ#!M-;5>, #WSYcQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&(7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V $:%5>-(;R #HIdWX!#M-;5>,# WSYbQ1BB,:6#8B#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8 (#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# B8>:,#&(7#:8,BB-:-,(6# 8(#&#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#&6#dG])g% #0(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,R#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,?#U-6%#*9$#8B#HQHR#aQa#&(7#cQc#))#5?,7# -(#6%,#@>,=-85?#?,:6-8(?#&>,# ?,A,:6,7#68#-(=,?6-;&6,# 6%, #=&>-&6-8(#8B# 6,T65>, S-(75:,7#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#U -6%#=&>-&6-8(#8B# 6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q #28#8'?,>=,#6%,#,BB,:6#',66,>R# 6%,#)&T-)5)# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8B#FaG#]E&#-?#:8(?-7,>,7Q# #SbG SWG SYG SHG HGYGWGGFGaG**M#V4X /-?6&(,#V)X FaG#]E& FGG#]E& FHG##]E& GQGGb GQGGbW GQGGd GQGGdW GQGGI HdGFGGFFGFaGFcG**D0(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#V]E&X ##Had#M-;5>,# WSYd#?%8U?#6%,#:8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6# B8>#6U8#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,?#8B#FGG#&(7#FaG]E&Q#.?#-6#:&(#',#?,,(R#6%,#?A8@,#8B#6%,#**D S*9$# >,A&6-8(?%-@#%&? #(86#:%&(;,7#'"#:%&(;-(;#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,Q#2%,>,B8> ,R#-6#:&(#',#:8(:A57,7# 6%&6#&A6%85;%#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&BB,:6?#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6,7#U-6%-(#6%,#6->,#-(#6%,#?)886%# ?5>B&:,#:8(7-6-8(R#-6#78,?(P6#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6 &(:,Q# !!M-;5>,# WSYdQ#1BB,:6#8B# -(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>, #8(#=&>-&6-8(# 8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#'"#?5>B&:,# ),;& S6,T65>, #&6#dG])g% ##"#h#GQGGHIT#r#GQGGbW "#h#GQGGHIT#r#GQGGdc GGQGGW GQGH GQGHW GQGF GQGFW GHFYaWcb**D*9$#V))X FaG#]E& FGG#]E& ##HaI#$%&0*#3!C! !!)2""&38d!$+'$-2)(+')d!&',!/2*23#!7+36 !C:9!)2""&38!E&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#-?#8(,#8B#6%,#B&:68>?#6%&6#:&(#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,# =,%-:A,Q#2%,>,#&>,#7-BB,>,(6#),:%&(-?)?#-(=8A=,7#-(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#(&),A"R#=,%-:A,# 7"(&)-:?R#6->,#',(7-(;#&(7#7,B8>)&6-8(R#&(7#6>,&7#7,B8>)&6-8(Q#2%,#? 5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#:&(#',#7-=-7,7# -(68#B85>#?:&A,?#8B#>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#)&:>8 SR#&(7#)-:>8 S6,T65>,Q#2 %,?,#?:&A,?#-(BA5,(:,#7-BB,>,(6# ),:%&(-?)?#8B#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,R#U%-:%#-(:A57,?#U&=,A,(;6%?# ?)&AA,>#6%&(#GQW#))R#-?#](8U(#68#' ,#(,;A-;-'A,#8(#=,%-:A,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#'56#-)@8>6&(6#-(# ?5>B&:,#B>-:6-8(#&(7#>8&7#?&B,6"Q#2 %,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U&=,A,(;6%#',6U,,(#GQW#))#&(7#WG#))R# &BB,:6?#6%,#6>,&7#7,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#6->,#',(7-(;Q#2%,#),;& S6,T65>,#?:&A,R#U&=,A,(;6%?#',6U,,(#WG# ))#& (7#WGG#))R#-(:A57,?#'86%#U&=,A,(;6%?#U-6%-(#&(7#',"8(7#6%,#6->,#:8(6&:6#@&6:%Q#2%,>,B8>,R# -(#&77 -6-8(#68#6%,#6->,#7,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#',(7-(;R#-6#&A?8#&BB,:6?#6%,#=,%-:A,#7"(&)-:?#&(7# 7,B8>)&6-8(#-(#6%,#=,%-:A,P?#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)Q#2%,#>85;%(,??#?:&A,#:8(?-?6? #8B#&("#U&=,A,(;6%?# A&>;,>#6%&(#WGG#))Q#J,(:,#-6#-?#,T@,:6,7#68#)8?6A"#&BB,:6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6 &(:,#U-6%-(#6%,# ?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,Q#2%,#)&-(#@5>@8?,#8B#6%,#?657"#-?#68#7,6,>)-(,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,?,#?:&A,?# 8B#@>8B-A,#V>85;%(,??R#),;& SR#&(7#)&:>8 S6,T6 5>,X#8(#6%,#=,%-:A,P?#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q# #28#:&@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#8(#6->,#7,B8>)&6 -8(R#-(:A57-(;#6->,#',(7-(;#&(7#6>,&7# 7,B8>)&6-8(R#&#B5AA#Y/#B-(-6,#,A,),(6#6->,#)87,A#-?#7,=,A8@,7#&(7#=,>-B-,7Q#M8>#-(=,?6-;&6-(;#6%,# -(BA5,(:,#8B#6%,#@>8B-A, #8(#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-(#6%,#=,%-:A,#?5?@,(?-8(#?"?6,)R#6%,#6->,#)87,A# -?#:8)'-(,7#U-6%#&#C 5&>6,> S:&>#),:%&(-:&A#)87,AQ#$5:%#&#)87,A#-?#&#?-)@A-B-,7#=,%-:A,#?5?@,(?-8(# ?"?6,)R#:8)@>-?,7#8B#&#?@>-(;#&(7#&?%@86 #-(#@&>&AA,AQ#2%,?,#6U8#)87,A?#&>,#:&@&' A,#8B# ##HWG#,=&A5&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#?@,:6>5)#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-? 6&(:,#8B#6%,# =,%-:A,Q# #2%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#-?#7,:8)@8?,7#-(68#6%,# &'8=, S),(6-8(,7 #?:&A,?Q#M8>#&#>8'5?6#:8)@&>-?8(#8B# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,?,#?:&A,?R#&#:8))8(#@&>&), 6,>#?%85A7#',#:8(?-7,>,7#B8>#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,# :%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(#',6U,,(#6%,?,#?:&A,?Q#M8>#?5>B&:,# 6,T65>,#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(R#6%,#),&(#@>8B-A,#7,@6%# V9E/X#-?#5?5&AA"#5?,7R#U%-:%#-?#'&?,7#8(#6%,#6,T65>,#=&>-&6-8(#U-6%-(#&#HG#:)#A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,Q# J8U,=,>R#? -(:,#6%,#>85;%(,??#&BB,:6?#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,R#B8>#-6?#:%&>&:6,>-Z&6-8(R#0*0# -(7,T#-? #5?,7Q#2%-?#-(7,T#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#=,>6-:&A#7-?@A&:,),(6#U-6%-(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-(75:,7#'"# 6%,#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,Q#$-(:,#6%,#),:%&(-?)?#-(=8A=,7#-(#6%,#7,B-(-6-8(# 8B#6%,?,#6U8#@&>&),6,>?#&>,# 686&AA"#7-BB,>,(6#&(7#(86#&@@A-:&'A,#B8>#8(,#&(86%,>R#6%,#>886#),&(# ?C5&>,#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#&6#,&:%# ?:&A,#-?#:8(?-7,>,7#&?#6%,#:8))8(#@&>&),6,>Q# #.#M1#6->,#)87,A#-?#5?,7#B8>#,=&A5&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6 &(:,R#U%-A,#6%,# C5&>6,> S:&>#M1#)87,A#-?#5?,7#B8>#6%,#),;& S6,T65>,#&(7#>85;%(,??#?:&A,?Q# #0(#&77- 6-8(#68#,=&A5&6-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,R#?8),#8B# 6%,#?%8>6:8)-(;?#-(#6%,#:5>>,(6#?6&6,#8B#6%,#&>6#&>,#&A?8#&77>,? ?,7#5?-(;#6%,#7,=,A8@,7#)87,A?Q #98>,8=,>R#6%,#-(BA5,(:,?#8B#=,%-:A,#8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?#-(:A57- (;#&@@A-,7#A8&7R#7>-=-(;#=,A8:-6"R# &(7#6->,#6,)@,>&65>,#&(7#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#?5>B&:,#@>8B-A,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&>,# -(=,?6-;&6,7Q #C:;!$+'$-2)( +')!2%,#B8AA8U-(;#:8(:A5?-8(?#&>,#7>&U(#'&?,7#8(#6%,#@>,?,(6,7#&(&A"?-?#&(7#>,?5A6?Q #C:;:9!#KKNSO!GK!L PHLWLHR>M!?S>MN ?!GK!OTN!?RJK>SN!IJGKLMN !GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN !2%,#,BB,:6?#8B#,&:%#-(7-=-75&A#?:&A,#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#@>8B-A,#V)&:>8 S6,T65>,R# ),;& S6,T65>,R#&(7# >85;%(,??X#&>,#-(=,?6-;&6,7#&(7#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#:8(:A5?-8(?#&>,#8'6&-(,7f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n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aWn#8B#6%,#686&A#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q #S!*85;%(,?? S-(75:,7#**D#-?#B85(7#68#%&=,#&#?6>8(;#(8( SA-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#0*0Q# #C:;:;!$GVI>JL?GP!GK!OTN! JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN!GK!HLKKNJNPO!?S>MN?!! !2%,#>,?5A6?#B8>#6%,#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#&>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#,&:%#86%,>f #S!M8>#A8U#* 9$#=&A5,?#VA,??#6%&(#F#))X R#-Q,QR# A8U#&)@A-657,? R#&AA#8B#6%,#?:&A,?#?%8U#?-)-A&># >,?5A6? #&(7#6%,>,#-?#(86#&#'-;#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#7-BB,>,(6# U&=,A,(;6%? Q#.A?8R# 6%,#@>8B-A,?#8B#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A,?#-(#6%-?#>&(;,# '&>,A" #&BB,:6#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(Q#J8U,= ,>R#B8># %-;%,>#*9$#=&A5,?R #),;& S6,T65>,#?%8U?#&#%-;%,>#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#6%&(#>85;%(,?? Q#2%-?# ),&(?#6%&6#B8>#%-;%,>#&)@A-657,?R# A8U,>#U&=,A,(;6%? #&BB,:6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#)8>,Q #S!9,;& S6,T65>,#@>8B-A,#&BB,:6?#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6%,#6->,#)5:%#)8>, #6%&(#6%,# ?5?@,(?-8(Q#J8U,=,>R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-(#6%,#?5?@ ,(?-8(#:&(# ',#-(#6%,#?&),#8>7,>#&?#6%&6#-(#6%,#6->,Q #S!J-;%#=&A5,?#8B#*9$#B8>#),;& S6,T65>,#:&(#',#>,A&6,7#68#A8:&A#,=,(6?#-(#6%,#>8&7#@>8B-A, #&(7# 6%,>,B8>,#6%,"# 8(A"#&@@, &>#&#B,U#6-),?#U-6%-(#&#A8(;,>#@>8B-A,#A,(;6% Q#0(#&(#-(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B# 6%,#-)@8>6&(:,#8B# 6%,#B>,C5,(:"#8B#8::5>>,(:,#8B#%-;%#),;& S6,T65>,#U-6%-(#6%,#@>8B-A,R#-6#-?# B85(7#6%&6#6%,# ),;& S6,T65>,#:&(#&BB,:6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,R# ,=,(# U%,(#6%,# ,=,(6?#&>,#-?8A&6,7Q #C:;:=!$GVI>JL?GP!GK!OTN!KLPLON!NMNVNPO!JN?RMO?!]LOT!NVILJLS>M!?ORHLN? !2%, #-(BA5,(:,#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&?#@>,7-:6,7#'"#6%,#M1#)87,A#-?#:8)@&>,7# U-6%# &#B,U#,)@->-:&A# ?657-,?R#(&),A"#6%,# 4DJ*E#bFG #>,@8>6 R#6%,# 90*0.9#@>8+ ,:6R#&(7# 6%,#>,?5A6?# >,@8>6,7#'"# !8,>,Q#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#&(7 #6%,# 90*0.9#@>8+,:6 #&>,#'&?, 7#8(#6%,#,(,>;"# ##HWY#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#6%,#=,%-:A,#&(7#6%,>,#-?#&#?-;(-B-:&(6#7-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,->#>,?5A6?Q# !8,>, P?#?657" #8(#6%,#86%,>#%&(7#),&?5>,7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#7->, :6A"#5?-(;#>&-A,>Q#J,>,R#6%,#6%>,,#?657-,?#&>,# :8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#7,=,A8@,7#M1#)87,Af #S!2%,#>,?5A6?# ?%8U#6%&6#:8(?-7,>-(;#'86%#6%,#-(-6-&A#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#V8(#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,X# &(7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,R#6%,#4DJ*E#bFG#>,?5A6?#&>, #:A8?,>#68#6%8?,# B>8)#!8,>,P?#?657"#6%&(#6%,#90*0.9#@>8+,:6Q# #S!2%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,#7,=,A8@ ,7#M1#)87,A#-(#6%-?#?657"#&>,#:A8?,>#68#6%8?,#B>8)#!8,>,P?#?657"# 6%&(#6%,#86%,>#6U8#?657-,?Q #98?6#8B#6%,#&=&-A&'A,#?657-,?# 8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#>85;%(,??# %&=,#(86#7-BB,>,(6 -&6,7#',6U,,(# >85;%(,??# &(7#),;& S6,T65>, #?:&A,?#&(7 #,=&A5&6,7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#0*0#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q# 2%,#,)@->-:&A#)87,A# @>,?,(6,7#-(#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6#&(7#&#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#'"# _&&'&> #,6#&AQ#VFGHdX#&>,# :8)@&>,7#U-6%#6%,#>,?5A6?#8B#6%,#M1#)87, AQ# #S!2%,#M1#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,A#&(7#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#)87, A#?%8U#&#(8( SA-(,&>#6>,(7#U-6%#0*0R# U%-A,#4DJ*E#bFG#%&?#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@Q# #S!2%,#,T:,??#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#B>8)#6%,#6%>,,#)87,A?#)&6:%#=,>"#U,AA #B8>#6%,#A8U,># 0*0#=&A5,? #V0*0qa)g]) XR#U%-:%#>,@>, ?,(6?#6%,#)&+8>-6"#8B#6%,#0*0#=&A5,?#B8>#@&=,),(6# ?5>B&:,?#-(#6%,#<$ Q#M8>#0*0#=&A5,?#%-;%,>#6%&(#a)g]) #V&'856#cQWn#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,?# -(#6%,#<$X R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,?#8B#6%,#M1#)87,A#7-=,>;,?#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#>,@8>6# >,?5A6?R#U%-A,#',-(;#>,&?8( &'A"#:A8?,#68#6%8?,#B>8)#6%,#),:%&(-:&A#C5&>6,> S:&># )87,AQ #C:;:A!(VIGJO>PSN!GK!WNTLSMN!GINJ>OLPQ!SGPHLOLGP?!GP!JGMMLPQ!JN?L?O>PSN !!,?-7,?#6%,#;,8),6>"#&(7#)&6,>-&A#@>8@,>6-,?#8B#6%,#6->,#&(7#?5?@,(?-8(R#86%,>#B&:68>?#>,A&6,7#68# 6%,#=,%-:A,#8@,>&6-(;#:8(7-6-8(?R# ?5:%#&?#6%,#=,%-:A,P?#)&??#&(7#=,A8:-6"R#&(7#6%,#6-> ,P?#-(BA&6-8(# ##HWa#@>,??5>,#&(7#6,)@,>&65>,#&BB,:6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,?,#B&:68>?#8(#6%,#6,T65>, S-(75:,7#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#-?#-(=,?6-;&6,7#-(#6%-?#?657"#&(7#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#:8(:A5?-8(?#&>,# 8'6&-(,7f #S!2%,#=,%-:A,#U,-;%6#8>#6%,#(8>)&A#A8&7#&@@A -,7#8(#6%,#C5&>6,> S:&>#)87,AR#&BB,:6?#6%,#&'?8A56,# =&A5,#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#/,:>,&?-(;#6%,#A8&7R#>,75:,7#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q#J8U,=,>R# 6%,#=&>-&6-8(#8B#6%,#A8&7#78,?#(86#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T 65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q #S!\%-A,#6%,#6->,#>8AA-(;#> ,?-?6&(:,#-?#>,75:,7#'"#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#=,A8:-6"R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# -(#6%,#?5?@,(?-8(#-?#-(:>,&?,7#B8>#6%,#>&(;,#:8(?-7,>,7Q#!56#6%,#686&AR#:8)'-(,7#>8AA-(;# >,?-?6&(:,#-?#>,75:,7#'"#7,:>,&?-(;#6%,#=,A 8:-6"Q#0(#&77-6-8(R#6%,#=,A8:-6"# 78,?#(86#&BB,:6# 6%, #=&>-&6-8(#8B#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#U-6%#6,T65>, Q#S!2%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#?A-;%6A"#7,:>,&?,?#'"#-(:>,&?-(;#6%,#6,)@,>&65>,Q#2%,#,BB,:6#8B# 6,)@,>&65>,#8(#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-?#B85(7#68#',#)8>,#6%&(#6%,#6,T65>, 7#?5>B&:,#B8>#6%,# ;-=,(#@>8B-A,Q# #S!N&>-&6-8(#8B#6->,# 6,)@,>&65>,#&BB,:6?#6%,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#8B#6%,#6->,Q#0(:>,&?-(;# 6,)@,>&65>,#-(:>,&?,?#6%,#6->,#-(BA&6-8(#@>,??5>,#&(7#>,75:,?#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&#',6U,,(#6%,# 6->,#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,#&?#U,AA#&?#6%,#6->,#7,B8> )&6-8(R#&(7#&?#&#>,?5A6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q# J8U, =,>R# -6#78,?#(86#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,Q# #C:=!/2*23#!7+36e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c############!!&00#',( $#) !####HWb#&00#',(4!& Y!-(*#3&*23#!3#1(#7!+' !#//#$*!+/!0&1#"#'*! )23/&$#! "($3+Y*#4*23#!+'!/3( $*(+' !M>-:6-8(#-?#&#) &:>8 S?:&A,#,)@->-:&A#>,@>,?,(6&6-8(#8B#&# )5A6- S?:&A,#7,B8>)&6-8(#),:%&(-?)#U%-:%# >,?5A6?#B>8)#6%>,,#@&>&AA,A#@%,(8),(&l#&7%,?-8(R#%"?6,>,?-?R#&(7#?%,&>#V M-;5>,#. HSHXQ###M-;5>,#. HSHQ#M>-:6-8(#),:%&(-?) #.7%,?-8(#-?#-(75:,7#'"#-(6,>A8:]-(;#&(7#'8(7-(;#8B#>5' ',>#:8)@85(7#68#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,Q#0(#6%,# ,T@8?5>,#8B#)-:>8 S&?@,>-6-,?#&(7#->>,;5A&>-6-,?#8B#6->,#&(7#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,?#68#,&:%#86 %,>R#&(# &66>&:6-=,#B8>:,#75,#68#N&(#7,>#\&&A?#8>#7-@8A,#B8>:,?#],,@?#6%,#6U8#)&6,>-&A?#68;,6%,>#&(7#@>,=,(6?# 6%,->#)8=,),(6?#V/ ,U,"#,6#&AQR#FGGHR#E,>??8(R#HIId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aR#K-(7(,>#,6#&AQR#FGGaXQ ###HWd#/,B-(-(;#6%,#:&?:&7,#8B#%"?6,>,?-?#-(#6->, S@&=,),( 6#:8(6&:6R#6%>,,#?,@&>&6,#A,(;6% S?:&A,?#:&(#',# -7,(6-B-,7#&(7#&??8:-&6,7#68#V-X#6->,#7,BA,:6-8(#&(7#',(7-(;R#V--X#6>,&7#?A-@R#& (7#V---X#6>,&7#?5>B&:,# 7,B8>)&6-8(#V!,(76?,(R#FGGaR#O-8(;#&(7#258(8(,(R#FGHYXQ# #2%,#?%,&>#B8>:,#8B#&#>-;-7#?5>B&:,#-(#:8(6&:6#U-6 %#&(86%,>#)&6,>-&A#-?#?)&AAR#&(7#6%5?#(,;A-;-'A,Q# J8U,=,>R#-(#6%,#@>,?,(:,#8B#&#BA5-7#?:&66,>,7#',6U,,(#6%,#6U8#?5>B&:,?R#6%,#? %,&>#B8>:,R#U%-:%#-?# )&-(A"#-(75:,7#'"#6%,#=-?:8?-6"#8B#6%,#BA5-7R#-?#)8>,#?-;(-B-:&(6Q#2%,#=-?:8?-6"#8B#U&6,>#-?#A,??#6%&(# ?(8UR #U%-:%#A,&7?#68#V-X#A8U,>#?%,&>#B8>:,?#-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&R#&(7#V--X#B&?6,>#,?:&@-(;#>&6,#8B#U&6,># B>8)#U-6%-(#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,& #&(7#:8>>,?@8(7-(;A"#?)&AA,>#?%,&>-(;#:8(6&:6#&>,&#-(#:8)@&>-?8(#68# 6%,#@>,?,(:,#8B#?(8UQ#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>8A,#8B#?%,&>#-(#B>-:6-8 (#',6U,,(#6->,#&(7#>-;-7#@&=,),(6#-?# 5?5&AA"#(,;A,:6,7#,T:,@6#-(#6%,#,T-?6,(:,#8B#?(8U#VJ&AA#,6#&AQR#FGGIXQ#2%,#:8(6>-'56-8(#8B #B>-:6-8(# :8)@8(,(6?#&6#7-BB,>,(6#,(=->8(),(6&A#:8(7-6-8(?#-?#7,@-:6,7#-(# M-;5>,#. HSF#VJ&AA#,6#&AQR#FGGIXQ# ##M-;5>,#. HSFQ#D8)@8?-6-8(?#8B#9&+8>#-(BA5,(:,?#8(#'>&]-(;#?A-@#:8(7-6-8(?#VJ&AAR#FGGIX #J"?6,>,?-?#-?#:8>>,A&6,7#68#6%,# =8A5),#8B#6%,#7,B8>),7#)&6,> -&A#&(7#&7%,?-8(#68#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&# V^5)),>R#HIccR#/8#&(7#9&>?&:R#FGHWXQ#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,?,#@%,(8),(&#&>,#;8=,>(,7#'"# :%&>&:6,>-?6-:?#8B#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,R#6%,#6->,#@>8@,>6-,?R#&(7#6%,#A8&7-(;#:8(7-6-8(?#75,#68# ,(=->8(),(6&A#B &:68>?#&(7#=,%-:A,#@,>B8>)&( :,#V?,, #2&'A,#.H SHXQ#0(#:8(6>&?6#68#)&:>8 S6,T65>,R#6%,#:8(6>-'56-8(#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#68#&7%,?-8(#-?#)8>,#?-;(-B-:&(6#6%&(# 68#%"?6,>,?-?#VK,5#&(7#J,(>"R#HIbdR#J,(7,>?8(#,6#&AQR#FGGcR#J&AA#,6#&AR#FGGIXQ#4,=,>6%,A,??R#6%,>,# -?#-BB,>,(:,#',6U,,(#6%,#%"?6,>, ?-?#8B#6%,?,#6U8#6,T65>,?Q#2%,#%"?6,>,?-?#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,# ##HWI#:8(6>-'56,?#68#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#(8-?,R#-(#&77-6-8(#68#B>-: 6-8(#V!,(76?,(R#FGGa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d!J >LPK>MM!>PH! SGPHNP?>OLGPd!)PG]!>PH! (SN\#FQ$GPO>VLP>PO?! A-],f !.(6- S?]-7#)&6,>-&A#V?&A6R#?&(7XR# /->6R#)57R#7,'>-?X ######486,f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c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a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dR#E,>??8(R#FGGHR#E,>??8(R#FGGFR#^A5@@A,#&(7# J,-(>-:%R#FGGGXQ#98?6#8B#6%,#&=& -A&'A,#6%,8>-,?#7,B-(,#6%-?#>,A&6- 8(?%-@#68#',#A-(,&>#U%,(#6%,#:8(6&:6# &>,&#-(#:8)@&>-?8(#68#(8)-(&A#:8(6&:6#&>,&#-?#?)&AAQ#.?#6%,#A8&7#-(:>,&?,?#6%,#&>,&#&@@>8&:%,?#68# 6%,#(8)-(&A#:8(6&:6#&>,&#-(#&#:8(6-(585?#)&((,>#VE,>??8(R#FGGcXQ #J8U,=,>R#>,@>,?,(6-(;# 6%,#:8(6&:6#68#',#?-)-A&>#68#6%,#> ,&A#:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#&#?8A-7#&(7#&#>85;%# ?5>B&:,R#&(7#&A?8#:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#:85@A-(;#8B#&7+&:,(6#&?@,>-6-,?#5(7,>#&#>,&?8(&'A,#A8&7#%&?#',,(# ##HcH#&#:%&AA,(;,#V.>:%&>7R#HIWbR#L>,,(U887R#HIccR#!5?%#,6#&AQR#HIbWR#E,>??8(R#FGGcXQ#$5: %#&# >,A&6-8(?%-@#%&?#',,(#7,=,A8@, 7#'"#E,>??8(#VE,>??8(R#FGGHXQ# #D8(6&)-(&6-8(?#&A?8#-(BA5,(:,#6%,#>8A,#8B#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#-(#B>-:6-8(Q#.?#&(#,T&)@A,R#-(#6%,#@>,?,(:,# 8B#U&6,>#6%,#:8(6&:6#Z8(,#-?#7-=-7,7#-(68#6%>,,#Z8(,?f#V-X#6->,#A-B6-(;#Z8(,R#V--X#6%-(#U &6,>#B-A)#Z8(,R# &(7#V---X#B5AA#:8( 6&:6#Z8(,#V M-;5>,#. HSYX#V988>,R#HIb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cF#&(7#>,A&6-=,A" #?)886%#?5>B&:,?#VE,>??8(R#FGGHXQ#06#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#-(#@>,?,(:,#8B#7,6,>;,(6?# 6%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#-?#,=,(#A,??#?-(:,#6%," #@>,=,(6#6%,#7->,:6#:8(6&:6#&6#6%,#-(6,>B&:,Q #L>8?:%#VL>8?:%R#HIcYX#-(=,?6-;&6,7#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#75?6R#U&6,>#&(7#7,6,>;,(6#8( #B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6# &?#7,@-:6,7#-( #M-;5>,#. HSaQ###M-;5>,#. HSaQ#2%,#]-(,6-:#B>-:6-8(# :8,BB-:-,(6#B8>#>5'',>#?A-7-(;#8(#&#:&>'8>5(75 )#?5>B&:,#5(7,># 7-BB,>,(6#:8(7-6-8(?#VL>8?:%HIcYX #¥!/JLSOLGP!"N>?RJNVNPO? !M>-:6-8(#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,?#&>,#B85(7,7#8(#6%,#@>-(:-@A,#8B#>5'',>#?A-7-(;#8=,>#6%,#U,6#?5>B&:,# &(7#6%,#),&?5>,),(6#8B#6%,#>,?-?6&(:,#B8> :,Q#2%,?,#7,=-:,?#B8AA8U#7-BB,>,(6#),&?5>,),(6 #),:%&(-?)?#7,@,(7-(;#8(#6%,#6"@,#8B#6%,#),&?5>,7#B>-:6-8(#B8>:,R#6%,#@,>B8>)&(:,#?@,,7R#&(7#6%,# ?A-@#>&6-8#8B#6%,#6->,Q#2%,#6U8#7-BB,>,(6#B>-:6-8(&A#B8>:,?#),&?5>,7#U-6%#6%,?,#7,=-:,?#&>,#V-X# A8(;-657-(&A#&(7# V--X#A&6,>&A#B>-:6-8(&A#B8>:,?R#U%-:%#%,A@#6%, #7>-=,>#68#:8(6>8A#&(7#)&(,5=,>#6%,# =,%-:A,#?&B,A"Q#2%,#A8(;-657-(&A#B8>:,?#8::5>#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#U%,(#-6#-?# )8=-(;#-(#6%,#A8(;-657-(&A#7->,:6-8(#-(#6%,#B>,,#>8AA-(;#8>#:8(?6&(6 S'>&],7 #)87,Q#2%,#A&6,>&A#B>-:6-8(# ##Hc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bd#8>#.$29#1#YGYX#&(7#6%,# /"(&)-:#M>-:6-8(#2,?6,>#V/M2X#V.$29#1#HIHHXQ#0(# 6%,?,#7,=-:,?R#&#?A-7,>#V@,(75A5)#8>#>86&6-(;# 7-?:X#?A-7,?#8=,>#6%,#@&=,),(6 #?5>B&:,#&6#&#?@,:-B-:#?@,,7Q#2%,#B>-:6-8(#',6U,,(#6%,#?A-7,>#&(7#6%,# ?5>B&:,#B8>:,?#6%,#?A-7,>#68#?A8U#78U(Q#2%-?#B>-:6-8(#-?#6%,(#),&?5>,7#6>&:-(;#6%,#7-??-@&6-8(#8B#6%,# ]-(,6-:# ,(,>;"#8B#6%,#?A-7,>#U%-:%#-?#;8=,>(,7#'"#,:>,&?,#-(#6%,#)8),(65)#8B#6%,# @,(75A5)#8># 6%,#7-?:#VJ&AA#,6#&AQRFGGIXQ#.#;887#&;>,,),(6#%&?#',,(#B85(7#',6U,,(#6%,#:8,BB-:-,(6#8B#B>-:6-8(#8B# 6%,#/M2#&(7#6%,#!>-6-?%#E,(75A5)#45)',>#V!E4X#&6#7-BB,>,(6#?@,,7?#V$ &-68#,6#&AQR#HIIcXQ#2%,# >,?5A6?#8B#6%,?,#),6%87?#&>,#5?5&AA"#&66>-'56,7#68#) -:>8 S6,T65>,#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#',:&5?,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# )-:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#B>-:6-8(#-?#)8>,#78)-(&(6#&6#A8U,>#?@,,7?Q #!LL:!0RMMLPQ!HNWLSN? !2%,#B>-:6-8(#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,?#U%-:%#:&(#U8>]#& 6#%-;%,>#?@,,7?#&>,#)8?6A"#:&6,;8>-Z,7#-(#B85># ;>85@?#8B#A8:],7 SU%,,AR#B-T,7 S?A-@R#=&>-&'A, S?A-@#&(7#?-7,U&" SB8>:,#8>#:8>(,>-(;#)87,Q#2%,# ##Hca#A8:],7 SU%,,A#7,=-:,?#),&?5>,#6%,#B>-:6-8(#U%,(#6%,#6->,#-?#)8=-(;#-(#6%,#=,%-:A,#7->,:6-8(R#6%,# U%,,A?#&>,#A8:],7R#&(7 #6%,#?A-@#>&6-8#-?#HGGnQ#2%,#B>-:6-8(#-(#B-T,7 S?A-@#7,=-:,?#-?#),&?5>,7#-(# =,%-:A,#7->,:6-8(#&(7#:8(?6&(6#?A-@#>&6-8#5@#68#FGnR#?-)-A&>#68#&(6- SA8:]#'>&]-(;#:8(7-6-8(Q#2%,# =&>-&'A, S?A-@#7,=-:,?#&>,#:&@&'A,#8B#),&?5>-(;#6%,#B>-:6-8(&A#B8>:,#&6#@>,7,6,>)-(,7 #?A-@#>&6-8?#-(# =,%-:A,#7->,:6-8(Q#0(#?-7,U&" SB8>:,#7,=-:,?R#6%,>,#-?#&#:8(? 6&(6#&(;A,#',6U,,(#6%,#6->,#&(7#6%,# =,%-:A,#7->,:6-8(#U%-:%#-?#(,:,??&>"#68#&??,??#6%,#>86&6-8(&A#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#6%,#:8(6>8AA-(;#&'-A-6"# 8B#6%,#=,%-:A,?#-(#:5>=,?#&6#:8(?6&(6#?A-@# >&6-8#V48>7?6>8,)R#HIIdXQ# #.)8(;#6%,?,#7,=-:,?#A8:],7 SU%,,A#V.$29#1#Fba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aGX#&?#?A-@ SU%,,A#7,=-:,?#VB-T,7 S?A-@#8>#=&> -&'A, S?A-@X#&>,#)8>,# @>,B,>&'A,R#,Q;Q#L>-@#6,?6,>#V4&+&B-#,6#&AQR#FGHYXQ#2%, ?,#7,=-:,?#:&(#),&?5>,#6%,#B>-:6-8(#-(#%-;%,># B>,C5,(:-,?#&(7#8@,>&6,#?-)-A&>A"#68#6%,#.!$#?"?6,)?#U-6%#&#:>-6-:&A#?A-@#>&6-8#8B#HG SFGnQ#J8U,=,>R# ?6-AAR#6%,#:5>>,(6#DM91#7,=-:,?#&> ,#(86#&'A,#68#),&?5>,#6%,#A&6,>&A#B>-:6-8(#&6#:5>=,?Q #2%,#&'-A-6"#8B#6%,?,#7 ,=-:,?#68#),&?5>,#6%,#B>-:6-8(#&6#=&>-85?#?@,,7?R#-?#5?,B5A#B8>#-(=,?6-;&6-(;# 6%,#,BB,:6#8B#=,A8:-6"#8(#B>-:6-8(#VJ8;,>=8>?6R#HIbaR#48":,#,6#&AQR#FGGWR#9&6-A&-(,(#&(7#258(8(,(R# FGHFXQ#.6#%-;%,>#?@,,7?R#B>-:6-8(#-?#)&-(A"#;8=,>(,7#'"#%"?6,>,?-?#U%-A,#&6#A8U ,>#?@,,7?R#-6#-?# ;8=,>(,7#'"#&7%,?-8(#V9&?&7#,6#&AQR#FGGIXQ#.::8>7-(;A"R#-6#:85A7#',#@8??-'A,#68#B-(7#6%,# :8(6>-'56-8(#8B#%"?6,>,?-?#&(7#&7%,?-8(#'"#@,>B8>)-(;#B>-:6-8(#6,?6#&6#7-B B,>,(6#?@,,7?Q# ###Hc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d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cc#2&'A, #.HSFQ#D8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#7-BB,>,(6#B>-:6-8(#6,?6#>,?5A6? #/JLSOLGP!SGNKKLSLNP O?!$GJJNM>OLGP !1>MLH>OLGP !&ROTGJ !50'!>PH!,/* !/M2hGQGGbd#!E4 #!E4hWbQI#/M2rFYQH #*hGQIb#*hGQdc#$6,=,(z SFGGI#%,(>"FGGG #50'!>PH!)' !$4aGh#GQdcF#!E4# x#IQcI#$4GhHQYF#!E4 SYa#SSSSS#*hGQIW#^-??8BBHIdd #%,(>"HIdY #50'!>PH!$)* !!E4hHbIQcb#D$2 #*hGQII#$6,=,(z SFGGI#)'!>P H!"R !95aGhHQFH#$4 aG&SHaQI#95aGhFQHa#$4 aG'SHbQd#*hGQII#*hGQIF#'5>(?HIbY #'5>(?HIbY #)'!>PH!)/$ !$MDWGhGQYdd#$4 dGHQaFW##: #$MDWGhHQWF#$4 dG7SHQa#*hGQIY#*hGQI#J,(>"HIdc #J,(>"HIdc #!E4f#!>-6-?%#@,(75A5)#6,?6,>R#/M2f#/"(&)-:#B>-:6-8(#6,?6,>R#$4f#K8:],7 SU%,,A#V ,U #9,T-:8#K8:],7 S\%,,AR# '#D&A-B8>(-&#K8:],7 S\%,,AR# :#$6566;&>6,>#*,-'5(;?),??,>R# 7#$]-778),6,>#!N#dXR#D$2f#D&A-B8>(-&# $]-7#6,?6,>#V$6&6-8(&>"#7,=-:,XR#95f#95#9,6,>#V$-7, SB8>:,XR#$MDf#$D*09#6,?6,>#V$-7, SB8>:,X ##M-;5>,#. HSWQ#M>-:6-8(#),&?5>,),(6#7,=-:,?f#V&X# !E2#V'X#/M2#V:X#DM91#V7X#K8:],7 SU%,,A#V,X# M-T,7 S?A-@#VBX#N&>-&'A, S?A-@#V;X#$-7, SB8>:, !¥!*NXORJN Y/JLSOLGP!3NM>OLGP?TLI !M>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6R# ¶f#%&?#A8(;#',,(#](8U(#68#',#&#B5(:6-8(#8B#6%,#6,T65 >,#&(7#&7%,?-8(#8B#6%,# :8(6&:6#?5>B&:,Q#3(#6%,#?)886%#?5>B&:,?R#6 %,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#:&(#',#&66>-'56,7#68#&7%,?-8(Q# #3(#6%,#>85;%#?5>B&:,?R# ¶#-?#&66>-'56,7#68#7,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#%"?6,>,?-?Q#0(#)8?6#8B#6%,#,T-?6-(;#?657-,?# 6%,#&7%,?-8(#&(7#%"?6,>,?-?#:8)@ 8(,(6?#8B#B>-:6-8(#%&=,#',,(#?657-,7#?,@&>&6,A"Q#\%-A,#6%,#?5>B&: ,###Hcb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dR#E ,>??8(R#FGHWXQ#.)8(;#6%,#,T-?6-(;#,A&?6-:# 6%,8>-,?#B8>#&7%,?-8(R#/92#6%,8>"#V/,>+&;5-(R#HIYaX#&(7#[^*#6%,8>"#V[8%(?8(#,6#&AQR#HIbHX#%&=,# ',,(#5?,7#B8>#6%-?#:8(6&:6Q#0(#/92#6%,8>"R#&7%,?-8(#-? #:8(?-7,>,7#&?#&#B8>:,#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#?8A-7# ##Hcd#-(#&77-6-8(#68#6%,#(8 >)&A#B8>:,Q#2%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&#-?#6%,(#7,B-(,7#'"#6%,#:A&??-:#6%,8>"#8B#J,>6Z# VJ,>6ZR#HddHXQ#2%-?#6%,8>"#-(:A57,?#6%,#&7%,?-8(#-(#(8( S:8(6&:6#Z8(,?#(,&>#68#6%,#:8(6&:6#Z8(,#&?# U,AA#&?#6%,#:8(6& :6#&>,&#&(7#-?#=&A-7#B8>#,A&?6-:&AA"#%&>7#?8A-7?#U%-:%#&>,#U,&]A" #-(6,>&:6-(;#U-6%# ,&:%#86%,>Q#J8U,=,>R#-(#[^*#6%,8>"R#6%,#&7%,?-8(#-?#8(A"#A-)-6,7#68#6%,#,T6,(6#8B#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&# &(7#6%,#&7%,?-8(&A#,(,>;"#-?#7,B-(,7#&?# øTÚH#^lL]#0(#U%-:%# l0-?#6%,# U8>]#8B#&7%,?-8(R#U%-:%# >,@>,?,(6?#6%,#>,C5->,7#,(,>;"#B8>#?,@&>&6-8(#8B#(-6#&>,B#6%,#-(6,>B&:,#',6U,,(#6U8#)&6,>-&A?Q# 2%-?#6%,8>"#-?#=&A-7#B8>#,A&?6-:&AA"#?8B6#?8A-7?#U%-:%#&>,#?6>8(;A"#-(6,>&:6-(;#U-6%#,&:%#86%,> Q#J,>,R# 6%,#7,B8>),7#?%&@,#8B#6%,#?8 A-7?#&B6,>#6%,#:8(6&:6#:&(#',#:&A:5A&6,7#'"#)-(-)-Z-(;#6%,#686&A#,(,>;"R# ?5)#8B#&7%,?-8(&A#&(7#,A&?6-:#,(,>;-,?# øTÚHuø=FQ#$>J_GPN!VGHNM #VD&>'8(,#,6#&AQR#FGHWX#-?#'&?,7#8(#[^*#6%,8>"#&(7#-6#:8(?-7,>,7#6%,#@,(, 6>&6-8(# 8B#&(#,A&?6-:#>5'',>#A&",>#-(68#&# B>&:6&A#>-;-7#?5>B&:,Q#2%,#%"?6,>,?-?#A88@#-(75:,7#'"#&#>&(78)A"# >85;%#&7%,?-=,#:8(6&:6#U&?#-(=,?6-;&6,7Q#2%,#686&A#,(,>;"#U&?#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#?5)#8B#&7%,?-8(# &(7#,A&?6-:#,(,>;-,?Q#2%,#&7%,?-8(#,(,>;"#U&?#8'6&-(,7#B >8)#øTÚH#3lX;'?Z$#U%,>,# l#-?#6%,#U8>]#8B#&7%,?-8(Q# SÆ*+,#S3S>0-?#6%,#%,-;%6#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#),&?5>,7#B>8)#-6?#),&(# @A&(,Q# W5#-?#6%,#(5)',>#8B#:8(6&:6#>,;-8(?#&(7# n?0&(7# ??0&>,#6%, #A-)-6#A,(;6%?#8B#,&:%#:8(6&:6Q#2%,"# B85(7#6%&6#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&#%&?#&#A-(,&># >,A&6-8(?%-@#U-6%#6%,#U8>]#8B#&7%,?-8(#VD&>'8(,#,6#&AQR# FGHWXQ#!5??,#)87,A#V!5??,R#FGHGX#7,?:>-',7#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#&?#6%,#?5))&6-8(#8B#-(7-=-75&A# :8(6>-'56-8(#8B#%"?6,>,?-?R #¶Hj;R#&(7#&7%,?-8(#),:%&(-?)?R# ¶TÚHQ#.::8>7-(;A"R# #¶#¶Hj;u¶TÚH###HcI#J,>,R#6%,#%"?6,>,?-?#B>-:6-8(#-?#;-=,(#'"#7,?:>-'-(;#6%,#?5>B&:,#'"#6U8#7-BB,>,(6#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(?R# 7-=-7-(;#-6#-(68#6U8#?:&A-(;#>&(;,?R#,T@>,??,7#&? #¶Hj;#x(@MQK*;®º¿Ÿ¿»flÀ *Ç,v$*Ç,Ç01Çu0;®º¿»¼½ ¿Ÿ*Ç,v%*Ç,Ç01Ç#U%,>,# (#?]S<#-?#6%,#),&( #,T:-6&6-8(#7,@6%#-(#U%-:%#'#-?#&#B-66-(;#@&>&),6,>Q# v$#&(7# v%0&>,#6%,# E$/?#-(#6U8#7-BB,>,(6#?:&A-(;#>&(;,?R#(&),A"#{ ÇA?> SÇ%|#&(7#{ Ç%SÇAT- |Q#.7%,?-8(#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#U&?#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%,#&7%,?-8(#B8>:,# ¦TÚH0&(7#(8>)&A# B8>:,# ¦'Q#¶TÚH#¦TÚH¦'#Ë;L=EEQL>@A fË;#Ë“*Vu®?>E h®“*Vu§K5K¨,>#U%,>,# Ë;#&(7# Ë“#&>,#6%,#-(6,>B&:-&A#?%,&>#?6>,??#&6# K#&(7#G#=,A8:-6-,?R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q# ®?>E 0&(7# ®“0&>,# A8(;#6,>)#&(7#-(?6&(6&(,85?#,A&?6-:#)875A-Q#J,>,R# K50-?#6%,#:>-6-:&A#=,A8:-6"#U%,>,#6%,# ?%,&>#?6>,??# -?#&6#)&T-)5)R#&(7#(#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#,T@8(,(6#8B#6%,#>,A&T&6-8(#6-),#?@,:6>B#6%,#,A&?68),>Q #E,>??8(#&(7#$:&>&;;-#VFGHa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bG#0(#HIbdR#/&%->#&(7#J,(>"# @>8@8?,7#6%,#B->?6#,)@->-:&A#)87,A#6%&6#-(:8>@8>&6,7#)-:>8#6,T65>,#-(68# B>-:6-8(#'"#5?-(;#!E4#=&A5,?#&?#&#?5>>8;&6,#B8>#)-:>8 S6,T65>,Q#\%-A,#6%,->#?657"#?5;;,?6?#6%,# ,T-?6,(:,#8B#&#:8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#B>-:6-8(#&(7#)-:>8 S6,T65>,R#6%,"#:85A7#(86#B8>)5A&6,#-6 #VK5:,R# FGGcXQ#2%,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#!E4#&(7#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#%&?#',,(#6%,#B8:5?#8B#?,=,>&A#?657-,?# VM8>?6,>R#HIdIR#9:K,&(#&(7#M8A,"R#HIIdR#/8R#FGGGR#1>;5(R#,6#&AQ#FGGWR#$,>-;8?#,6#&AQRFGHa|R#&(7# !E4#U&?#B85(7#68#',#;8 =,>(,7#'"#'86%#)-:>8 S#&(7#)&:>8 S6,T6 5>,#V?,, #M-;5>,#. HScX#V$,>-;8?#,6# &AQR#FGHaXQ ##M-;5>,#. HScQ#*,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#$]-7#>,?-?6&(:,#&(7#9&:>8 S#&(7#9-:>8 S6,T65>,#V$,>-;8?#,6#&AQR# FGHaX#0(#&(86%,>#&@ @>8&:%R#^8]]&A-?#&(7#E&(&;85A-#VHIIdX#7,?:>-',7#6%,#B>-:6-8(#&6#aG#)-g%#$4 aGR#U-6%# >,?@,:6#68 #)-:>8 S6,T65>,#&? #_Ad“#B]piÍS>3÷:p]M.Í1T“]$%*“]$dJ>»¼' , ×ÿ]CŸ,#U%,>,# S>AT5D@ 0-?#6%,#&=,>&;,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#7,@6%#,T@>,??,7#-(#)-AA-),6,>?#&(7# 1T#-?#6%,#7-?6&(:,# ',6U,,(#&7+&:,(6#&?@,>-6-,?Q#K&6,>R#^8]]&A-?#,6#&AQ#VFGGFX#?5;;,?6 ,7#6%&6#$4#=&A5,?#&>,#7->,:6A"# :8>>,A&6,7#68#6%,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#V M-;5>,#. HSbXQ####HbH##M-;5>,#. HSbQ#D8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#6%,#B>&:6&A#7-),(?-8(#&(7#6%,#B>-:6-8(#B8>#7>-,7#&(7#U,6# ?5>B&:,?#V^8]]&A-?#,6#&AQR#FGGFX #1>;5(#,6#&AQ#V1>;5(#,6#&AQR#FGGWX#@>,?,(6,7#&#)8 7,A#68#:8>>,A&6,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#&(7# ?5>B&:,# 6,T65>,#&?#B8AA8U? #¶*`,#*w]÷-uw]VVPQRAT5 uw]V.\nA?5 ,Í%*;$dD.D$ƒ… E*8Ô€ »¼' ,.F“ƒ… E*)[»fl' ,,#U%,>,#?#-?#6%,#?A-@#?@,,7#&(7# PQRAT5 0-?#6%,#),&(#@>8B-A,#7,@6%#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,Q#J,>,R# \nA?5 #&(7# 7ÌA?5 #&>,# 6%,#&=,>&;,#U&=,A,(;6%#&(7#6%,#>886 S),&(S?C5&>,#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,R#>,?@,:6-=,A"Q#2%,"# ?5;;,?6,7#6%,#&=,>&;,#U&=,A,(;6%#8B#6%,#@>8B-A,#&?#6%,#)8?6#>,A-&'A,#6,T65>,#@&>&),6,>#B8># @>,7-:6-(;#6%,#B>-:6-8(#:8,BB-:-,(6#&6#(8#?A-@@-(;Q #*,:,(6A"R#^&(&B-#,6#&AQ#VFGH aX#%&=,#,T6,(?-=,A"#?657-,7#6%,#:8>>,A&6-8(#',6U,,(#B>-:6-8(#&(7#6%,# B>&:6&A#&(7#(8( SB>&:6&A#?5>B&:,#@&>&),6,>?Q#2%,"#B85(7#6%&6#(8(,#8B#6%,#:5>>,(6#B>&:6&A#@&>&),6,>?# :&(#',#: 8(?-7,>,7#68#',#7->,:6A"#:8>>,A&6,7#U-6%#6%,#B>-:6-8(#V?,, #M-;5>,#. HSdXQ###HbF##M-;5> ,#. HSd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bY#9-:>8 S6,T65>,#@A&"?#&#?-;(-B-:&(6#>8A,#-(#6->, S@&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(#@&>6-:5A&>A"#-(#A8U#?@,,7?R#&(7#%&? #68#',#5(7,>?6887#VM8>?6,>R#HIdIR#$,>-;8?#,6#&AQR#FGHaXQ#98>,8=,>R#6%,>,#%&?#',,(#=,>"#A-)-6,7#,BB8>6?# 8(#:85@A-(;#8B#,T-?6-( ;#6->,#&(7#?5>B&:,#)87,A?#68;,6%,>Q#$-(:,#6%,#-(BA5,(:,#8B#'86%#,A,),(6?#8(# B>-:6-8(#-?#,=-7,(6R#?5:%#,BB8>6?#&>,#(,:,??&>"#B8>#6%8 >85;%#5(7,>?6&(7-(;#8B#B>-:6-8(#),:%&(-?)Q ####!##Hba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l#%8U,=,>R#6 %,#B5AA#@>8:,75>,#-?#,T@A&-(,7Q #D'-%"9"<"$J )9-:>8 S6,T65>,# -?#>,B,>>,7#68# U&=,A,(;6% ?#B>8)#GQGGH#68#GQW#))Q#/5,# 68#6%,#?)&AA#?-Z,#8B#6%,#6,T65>,?# &6#6%-?#A,=,AR#6%,->#,BB,:6#-?#8(A"#,=-7,(6#8(#6->,#6>,&7#7,B8>)&6-8(Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#@>8'A,)#:&(#',# 7,B-(,7#&? #:8(6&:6#',6U,,(#&#>5'',>#'A8:]#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,R#U%-:%#:&(#',#&@@>8&:%,7#'"# B-(-6,#,A,),(6#&(&A"?-?#5?- (;#.!.e<$#?8B6U&>,Q# #D8(?-7,>-(;#6%&6#6%,#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#;8,?#78U(#68#GQGGH#))#U&=,A,(;6%?R#;,(,>&6-8(#8B#&#:8(6&:6# U-6%#6%,#U%8A,#?@,:6>5)#:&(#', #:8)@56&6-8(&AA"#=,>"#,T@,(?-=,#&(7#?8),6-),?#,=,(#(86#@8??-'A,Q# 2%,>,B8>,R#-(#6%-?#?657"#&#)5A6- S?:&A,#&@@>8&:%#-?# :8(?-7,>,7 R#-(#U %-:%#6%,#?5>B&:,#-?#7-=-7,7#-(68# &#>,&?8(&'A,#(5)',>#8B#?:&A,?#8B#?-(5?#U&=,?l#&??5)-(;#6%&6#6%,#B-(&A#?5>B&:,#-?#6%,#?5))&6 -8(#8B# 6%,?,#?-(5?#U&=,?R#?,, #M-;5>,#.F SHQ###Hb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bc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e<$R#6%,#:88>7-(&6,?#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#&>,#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#&# 9.2K.!#: 87,R#6%,#?5>B&:,#-?#:8(?6>5:6,7#-(#.568 S:&7R#&(7#6%,(# -)@8>6,7#-(68#6%,#.!.e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gFQ#.#?:%,) &6-:#=-,U#8B#6%,#@>8'A,)#&6#,&:%#?:&A,#-?#?%8U(#-( #M-;5>,#.F SYQ#M8>#:8)@A,6,A"#7,B-(-(;#6%,#@>8'A,)#6%,#B8AA8U-(;#'85(7&>"#:8(7- 6-8(?#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7f #S!.?#&#>-;-7#,A,),(6R#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#>,C5->,?#6%,#'85(7&>"#:8( 7-6-8(#7,B-(,7#&6#8(A"#8(,# @8-(6Q#2%,>,B8>,R#&#>,B,>,(:,#@8-(6#?%85A7#',#7,B-(,7#B8>#6%,#@&>6Q#$-(:,#-(#6%,#)87,AR#6%,#>5'',># 'A8:]#-?#?A-7-(;#8(#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&: ,R#6%,#@&=,),(6#?5>B&:,#V>,B,>,( :,#@8-(6X#-?#:8(?-7,>,7# B-T,7#-(#&AA#7->,:6-8(?Q #S!0(#$A-7-(; R#6%,#68@#?5>B&:,#8B#>5'',>#-?#:8(?6>&-(,7#68#)8=,#@,>B,:6A"#%8>-Z8(6&AA"Q# ###Hbb###M-;5>,#.F SYQ#$:%,)&6-:#=-,U#8B#6%,#M1# )87,A#&(7#&@@A-,7#A8&7?#B8>#,&:%#)-:>8 S?:&A,#S!\%,(#&#A&>;,#?"?6,)#-?#-(#:8(6&:6#U-6%#>,@,&6,7#,=,(6?R#-6#-?#@8??-'A,#68#:&@65>,#6%,#,BB,:6#8B# 6%,#,=,(6?#'"#:8(?-7,>-(; #6%,#?"?6,)#&?#8(, #B-(-6,#>,@>,?,(6&6-=,#,A,),(6 R#5?-(; #@,>-87-:# '85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(?#VE!D?XQ#2%,>,B8>,R#E!D?#%&=,#',,(#&@@A-,7#68#6%,#(87 ,?#8(#6%,#6U8#U&AA?# 8B#6%,#>5'',>#'A8:]R#&?#B8AA8U?f #cF=EC #30cD?G HC#U%,>,R#5#-?#6%,#7-?@A&:,),(6#8B#6%,#(87,#V?,, #M-;5>,#.F SaXQ###M-;5>,#.F SaQ#E,>-87-:#!85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8( #2%-?#E!D#?%85A7#',#&@@A-,7#-(#'86%#%8>-Z8(6&A#&(7#=,>6-:&A#7->,:6-8(?Q#M8>#-)@A,),(6-(;#E!D?# ,C5&6-8(#:8(?6>&-(?#%&=,#',,( #5?,7Q#-87-:#'85(7&>"#:8(7-6-8(#8(#6%,#?-7,?R#&AA#8B#6%,# *5'',> #E>,??5>, #$A-7-(; #E>,??5>,#V9E&X #2-),#V?X #GQF #N,A8:-6"#V)g?X #2-),#V?X #6H#=H#6H#&#E&=,),(6 #*5'',> #cF=EC #3cD?GHC#&gF###Hbd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f#M->?6#&#F/#M1#)87,A#U&?# 7,=,A8@,7R#U%-:%#U&?#6%,(#:8(=,>6,7#68#&#Y/#)87,A#B8>#:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#-(#'86%# 7->,:6-8(?Q#2%,# B->?6#?6,@#&B6,>#;,(,>&6-8(#8B#6%,#)87,A#-?#B-(7-(;#6%,#>,C5->,7#?-Z,#8B#6%,#'A8:] l#-Q,QR #6%,#'A8:]# %,-;%6# &B6,>#U%-:% #6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#8(#6>,&7#7,B8>)&6-8(#-?#(,;A-;-'A,Q#M8>#6%-?# @5>@8?,R#&#?,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#-?#@,>B8>),7R#&(7#-6?#>,?5A6?#&>,# ?%8U(#-( #M-;5>,#.F ScQ#.?#-6#:&(#',# ?,,(R#B8>#%,-;%6#A,??#6%&(#GQW# k#Vkh#U&=,A,(;6%#8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#&(7#U-76%#8B#6%,#'A8:]X R#6%,#,(,>;"# 7-??-@&6-8(#7,:> ,&?,?#U %-:%#-(7-:&6,?#6%&6#6%,#%,-;%6#8B#6%,#'A8:]# 6%&6#-?#-(BA5,(:,7#'"#6%,#6,T65>,# -?#GQW#kQ###HbI##M-;5>,#.F ScQ#$,(?-6-=-6"#&(&A"?-?#B8>#B-(7-(;#6%,#8@6-)5)#>5'',>#'A8:]#%,-;%6 #.A?8R#6%,#@,>B8>)&(:,#8B#6%,#F/#&(7#Y/#)87,A ?#&>,#:8)@&>,7#U-6%#,&:%#86%,>Q# M8>#6%-?#@5>@8?,R# 6%,#@,(,6>&6-8(#7,@6%#5(7,>#&#:,>6&-(#A8&7#-?#:8)@&>,7#',6U,,(#6%,#6U8#)87,A?R#?,, #M-;5>,#.F SbQ##M-;5>,#.F SbQ#D8)@&>-?8(#8B#@,(,6>&6-8(#7,@6%#',6U,,(#F/#&(7#Y/#)87,A? #06#:&(#',#?,,(#6%&6#'86%#)87,A?#;,(,>&6,#?-)-A&>#>,?5A6?Q #D"9'<):+<.9+-."& )M8>#=&A-7&6-8(#8B#6%,#)87,AR# ?8),#8B#6%,#&??5)@6-8(? #8B#6%,#:8(6&:6#6%,8>"#@>,?,(6,7#'"#E,>??8(# VFGGHX#B8>#%"?6,>,?-?#B>-:6-8( #&>,#&??,??,7#B8>#6%,#F/#)87,A #-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;f ####Hd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d#7,)8(?6>&6,?# 6%-?#>,A&6-8(?%-@Q#L>&@%?#8(#6%,#A,B6#?%8U#6%,# =&>-&6-8(#8B#:8(6&:6#&>,&# B8>#7-BB,>,(6#A8&7?#U-6%# 6-),#&(7#6%,#;>&@%?#8(#6%,#>-;%6#?%8U#6%,#A-(,&># >,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#A8&7# &(7#:8(6&:6#&>,&Q #.A?8R#6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,&#B8>#&#:,>6&-(#A8&7#-?#](8U(# 68#',#)8>,#B8>#&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#-(#:8)@&>-?8(#68#&#>85;%#8(,Q# ###M-;5>,# .FSdQ#K8&7 S:8(6&:6#>,A&6-8(?%-@#V&X#B8>#kha))#V'X#B8>#:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#kha))R#khH))# &(7#khGQFW))Q #M-;5>, #.FSI#?%8U?#&#:8)@&>-?8(#',6U,,( #6%,#:8(6&:6#&>,B #&#?)886%#?5>B&:,#V&#?-(5?#U&=, #U-6%# U&=,A,(;6%#8B#a)) X#&(7#&#>85;%#?5>B&:,#V?5))&6-8(#8B#6%>,,#?-(5?#U&=,?# U-6%#U&=,A,(;6%,?#8B# GGQGGGW GQGGH GQGGHW GQGGF GQGGFW GQGGY GGQW HHQW FD8(6&:6#&>,&V)}FX 2-),#V?X EhGQa#9E& EhGQY#9E. EhGQF#9E. EhGQHW#9E. EhGQH#9E. V&X *s#h#GQIIWH GGQGGH GQGGF GQGGY GFGGaGGD8(6&:6#.>,&#V)}FX E>,??5>,#V^E&X GGQGGGF GQGGGa GQGGGc GQGGGd GQGGH GQGGHF GQGGHa GGQW HHQW FD8(6&:6#&>,&V)}FX 2-),V?X HGGFGGYGGaGGV'X *s#h#GQIWIH GGQGGGF GQGGGa GQGGGc GQGGGd GQGGH GQGGHF GQGGHa GQGGHc GFGGaGGD8(6&:6#.>,&#V)}FX E>,??5>,#V^E&X ##HdH#a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kha))#&(7#V'X#:8)'-(&6-8(#8B#kha))R# H))R#&(7#GQFW#)) !(PWN?OLQ>OLGP!GK!OTN!JNM>OLGP?TLI!_NO]NNP!Tf g!>PH!>IIMLNH!IJN??RJN !06#-?#&??5),7#6%&6#-B#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%,#&) @A-657,#&(7#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#-?#>,A&6,7#68#6%,#>&6-8# ',6U,,(#6%,#&@@A-,7#@>,??5>,#&(7#6%,#,A&?6-:#)875A5?#8B#6%,#>5'',>#V%g k#~# g1XR#6%,#B5AA#:8(6&:6# *s#h#GQIIFY GGQGGGH GQGGGF GQGGGY GQGGGa HGGFGGYGGaGGE,(,6>&6-8(#V))X E>,??5>,#V]E&X K8&7 SE,(,6>&6-8(#>,A&6-8(?%-@ V&X *s#h#GQIIbb GGQGGGH GQGGGF GQGGGY GQGGGa HGGFGGYGGaGG@,(,6>&6-8(#7,@6%#V)X E>,??5>,#V]E&X K8&7 SE,(,6>&6-8(#>,A&6-8(?%-@ V'X ##HdF#',6U,,(#6%,#>5'',>#&(7#6%,#?5>B&:,#?%85 A7#',#>,&:%,7Q #.A?8R#-B#%g k#-?#6%,#?&),#B 8>#6U8#7-BB,>,(6# ?5>B&:,?R#6 %,#A8&7#>,C5->,7#B8>#6%,#B5AA#:8(6&:6#U85A7#',# 6%,#?&),Q#.B6,>#>5((-(;#6%,#)87,AR#-6#:&(# ',#?,,(#6%&6#6%,?,#&??5)@6-8(?#&>,#=&A-7#V?,, #M-;5>,#.F SHHV&XX Q#0(#&77-6-8(R#&#A-(,&>#>,A&6-8(?%-@# %&?#',,(#B85(7#',6U,,(#6%,# >,C5->,7#@>,??5>,#B8>#B5AA#:8(6&:6#&(7#%g k#>&6-8#V ?,,#M-;5>,#.F SHH#V'XXQ#D"9'<)7,'<.4.&+,J),'(#<-( )M8>#@,>B8>)-(;#6%,#)5A6- S?:&A,#)87,A-(;#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#8(#6%,#,(,>;"#A8??#-(#&#>5'',># 'A8:]R#6%,#:8(6&:6#B8>:,?#&>,#>,C5->,7#B>8)#6%,# )&:>8 S6,T65>, #?:&A,Q#2%,>,B8>,R# %,>, R#6%,#)87,A#-?# '5-A6#V?,, #M-;5>,#.F SHFXl#%8U,=,>R# 6%,#@>,?,(6,7#>,?5A6?#&>,#@>,A-)-(&>"#>,?5A6?#',:&5?,# @,>B8>)-(;# 6%,#B-(&A#?-)5A&6-8(#U-6%856#6%,#:8>>,:6#:8(6&:6#B8>:,#&(7#@>,??5>,#-?# (86#@8??-'A, Q###M-;5>,#.F SHHQ#V&X#k SE>,??5>,#>,A&6-8(?%-@#B8>#7-BB,>,(6#?5>B&:,?#U-6%# 6%,#?&),#%gk#>&6-8#U%,(#6%,"# >,&:%#6%,#B5AA#:8(6&:6R#V'X#>,A&6-8(?%-@#',6U,,(#6%,#>,C5->,7#@>,??5>,#B8>#B5AA#:8(6&:6#&(7#%gk#>&6-8Q ###M-;5>,#.F SHFQ#Y/#>5'',>#'A8:]#)87,A#-(# :8(6&:6#U-6%#&#?-(5?8-7&A#?5>B&:, #GFGGaGGcGGHFYaE>,??5>,#V]E&X kV))X *s#h#GQIIWb GFGGaGGcGGdGGGGQH GQF @>,??5>,V]E&X %gk##HdY#2%,>,B8>,R#-(#6%,#B8AA8U-(;R# ?8), #=,>"# @>,A-)-( &>"#>,?5A6 ?#8(#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#&)@A-657,#8(# ,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(# &>, #@>8=-7,7#V M-;5>,#.F SHYXQ##M-;5>,#.F SHYQ!1(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(#-(#&#>5'',>#'A8:]#U-6%#a))#U-76%#B8>#&#>85;%#&(7#?)886%# ?5>B&:, #M-;5>,#.F SHY#?%8U?#6%,#7-??-@&6,7#,(,>;"# =&>-&6-8(# B8>#&#>85;%#&(7#&#?)886%#?5>B&:, Q#2%,# &)@A-657, #>&6-8#8B#6%,#6U8#?5>B&:,?#V. >85;% g.?)886% X#-?#Fl#%8U,=,>R#6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6,7#-(#6%,# >85;%,>#?5>B&:,#-?#)8>,#6%&(#6U-:,#8B#6%,#?)886%,>#?5>B&:,Q#2%-?#-?#&(#-(7-:&6-8(#8B#6%,#-)@8>6&(:,# 8B#6%,#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#&)@A-6 57,#8(#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8(Q# #J,>,R#B8>#,=&A5&6-(;#6%,#=&A-7-6"#8B#6%,#@>8@8?,7#&@@ >8&:%R#&#?-)@A-B-,7#:8(:,@65&A#,T&)@A,#-?# ;-=,(Q#0(#6%-?#,T&)@A,R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#6,T65>,#&6#6%,#A8U,>#>&(;,#8B#6%,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#VH SW#))X#-?# ?-)5A&6,7#U-6%#6%,#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#&@ @>8&:%#@>,?,(6,7#%,>,#VU-6%856#:8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#)5A6- S?:&A,#)87,A-(;XQ#2%,>,B8>,R# &#",-./-01%2 #,?6-)&6,#8B#6%,# ,BB,:6#8B# &#:8(6-(585?#?-(5?8-7&A# 6,T65>,#8(#6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#8B#6%,#>5'',>#'A8:]#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7Q#2%-?#>,?5A6#:&(#',#6%,(#:8)@&>,7# U-6%#6%, #4DJ*E#bFG# )87,A#B8>#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:, Q#M8>#6%-?# :8)@&>-?8(R# 6%,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#:8,BB-:-,(6#7,B-(,7#&?#6%,#>&6-8#',6U,,(#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#&(7# 6%,# (8>)&A#B8>:,#-?#5?,7Q #4DJ*E#bFG#@>8=-7,?#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(: ,#B8>:,Q#M8>#&(#9E/#8B#GQW))R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# 00.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 01234Energy dissipation (J) Time (s) Smoother Rough surface ##Hda#:8,BB-:-,(6#V>8AA-(;#>,?-?6& (:,#B8>:,g(8>)&A#B8>:,X#B8>#&#:&>#-?#&A)8?6#GQGH#4g4Q #M8>#6%,#>5'',> S6,T65>,#-(6,>&:6-8(#)87,AR#6 %,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#:&(#',#8'6&-(,7#'"#7-=-7-(;# 6%,#,(,>;"#7-??-@&6-8( #'"#6%,# ?A-7-(;#7-?6&(:,#8B #6%,#>5'',>Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# :8,BB-: -,(6#B8>#&#>5'',>#'A8:]#U-6%#U-76%#8B#Y#))#V)8=-(;#U-6%#GQGH#)g?#?@,,7#&(7#?A-7-(;#&# 7-?6&(:,#8B#HW#))X#-?#,C5&A#68#GQGGb#4g4Q#J8U,=,>R#6%-?#)87,A#:8(?-7,>?#&#:8(6-(585?#?-(5? 8-7&A# ?5>B&:,#6%>85;%856#6%,#?A-7-(;#7-?6&(:,#V-(#6%-?#:&?,#8=,>#W#:":A,?l#-Q,QR# U-6%#W#:8(6&:6#@8-(6?XQ# D8(?-7,>-(;#6%,#7-?6>-'56-8(#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#@,&]?#-(#M-;5>,#Y SY#V 8(A"#W#@,&]?#-(#HG G#) )XR#&#)8>,# >,&?8(&'A,# >8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#B8>#6%-?#)87,A#: &(#',#&>85(7#VHWgHGGXVGQGGb#4g4X#h# GQGGHH#4g4R#8>#&'856#HWn#8B#6%,#)&:>8 S?:&A,#>8 AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,#8'6&-(,7#B>8)#4DJ*E#bFG#)87,AQ# D8(?-7,>-(;#6%&6#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#-(#6%,#M1#)87,A#-?#8(A"#Y))R#U%-A,#)&:>8 S6,T65>,#-(#6%,#4DJ*E# bFG#)87,A#-(:A57,?#U&=,A,(; 6%#5@#68#WG#))R#6%,#>,?5A6#8B#6%,#@>8@8?,7#)87,A#-?#>,&?8(&'A,Q #06#-?#U8>6%#),(6-8(-(;#6%&6#6%,#U&=,A,(;6%#8B#Y#))#5?,7#-(#6%-?#,T&)@A,#-?#)8>,#6%&(#W#6-),?# A&>;,>#6%&(#6%,#5@@,>#A-)-6#8B#6%,#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#>&(;,Q#2%,>,B8>,R#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#U-AA #',#,=,(#?)&AA,>#6%&(#U%&6#-?#,?6-)&6,7#%,>,R#?-(:,#6%,#>,?5A6?# ?%8U#6%&6#6%,#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#B8>:,# 7,:>,&?,?#U-6%#7,:>,&?-(;#U&=,A,(;6%Q# !2%,?,#>,?5A6?#;-=,#&#>85;%#,?6-)&6,#8B#%8U#?)&AA#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,# 8B#6%,#6->,#-?Q #$-(:,#7,=,A8@),(6#8B#6%,#B5AA#)5A6- S?:&A,#)87,A#-?#:8)@56&6-8(& AA"#=,>"#,T@,(?-=,R# B5>6%,>#-(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#6%,#,BB,:6#8B#)-:>8 S6,T65>,#8(#>8AA-(;#>,?-?6&(:,#7,,),7#68#',#5((,:,??&>"Q ##!!!!##HdW#!!!!!!!!!!5(5-(+.3&0%8 !#!##Hdc#5(5-(+.3&0%8 !#S!Aavik, A., Kaal, T. & Jents on, M. (2013). "Use ofpavement surface texture characteristics measurement results in Estonia." The XXVIII International Baltic Road Conference. Vilnius, Lithuania. S!ABAQUS manual. S!.),>-:&(#.??8:-&6-8(#8B#$6&6,#J-;%U&"#&(7#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#3BB-:-&A?#V..$J23XQ #HIbcQ#L5-7,A-(,?#B8># $]-7 S*,?-?6&(6#E&=,),(6#/,?-;(R#2&?]#M8>:,#B8>#E&=,),(6#/,?-;(R#..$J23R# \&?%-(;68(R#/QDQ S!Andersen, L. G., Larsen, J. K., Fraser, E. S., Schmidt, B., & Dyre, J. C. (2014). Rolling Resistance Measurement and Model Development. Journal o f Transportation Engin eering, 141(2). S!.>:%&>7R#[Q#MQ#VHIWbXR#•1A&?6-:#/,B8>)&6-8(#&(7#6%,#K&U?#8B#M>-:6-8(R†#E>8:,,7-(;?#8B#6%,#*8"&A# $8:-,6"#8B#K8(78(#.R#FaYR#@@#HIG SFGWQ S!!&ZA&)-6R#$Q#9QR#w#*,Z&R#MQ#VFGGWXQ#D%&(;,?#-(#&?@%&A6#@&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(#:8)@8(,(6?# &(7# &7+5?6),(6#8B#?]-7 #(5)',>#B8>#6,)@,>&65>,Q #[85>(&A#8B#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#1(;-(,,>-(;R #HYHVcXR#abGSabcQ S!Bendtsen, H. (2004). Rolling resistance, fuel consumption -a literature review. Rolling resistance, fuel consumption -a literature review, (23). S!Bester, C. J. (1984). Effect of pavement type and condition on the fuel consumption of vehicles (No. HS -039 023). S!Bennett, C. R. & Greenwood, I. D. (2003b). Volume 7: Modeling Road User and Environmental Effects in HDM -4, Version 3.0, International Study of Highway Development and Manage ment Tools (ISOHDM), World Road Association (PIARC), ISBN 2 -84060-103-6. S!Bitelli, G., Simone, A., Girardi, F., & Lantieri, C. (2012). Laser scanning on road pavements: A new approach for characterizing surface texture. Sensors, 12(7), 9110-9128. S!Boere, S. (2009). ÒPrediction of road texture influence on rolling resistance.Ó M.S. thesis, Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands. S!Bhushan, B. (1992). Tribology of magnetic storage systems. S!Bush, A. W., Gibson, R. D., and Thoma s, T. R. (19 75), ÒThe Elastic Contact of Rough Surfaces,Ó Wear, 35, pp 87 -111. ##Hdb#S!Busse, L., Le Gal, A., & Kll, M. (2010). Modelling of dry and wet friction of silica filled elastomers on self -affine road surfaces. In Elastomere Friction (pp. 1 -26). Sprin ger, Berlin, Heidelberg. S!Carbone, G., & Bottiglione, F. (2008). Asperity contact theories: Do they predict linearity between contact area and load. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56(8), 2555 -2572. S!Carbone G., Pierro, E., and Recchia, G. Lo ading -unload ing hysteresis loop of randomly rough adhesive contacts. Physical Review E, 92(6):062404, 2015 S!Carlson, C. R., & Gerdes, J. C. (2002, September). Identifying tire pressure variation by nonlinear estimation of longitudinal stiffness and effectiv e radius. In Proceedings of AVEC 2002 6th International Symposium of Advanced Vehicle Control. S!Chang, J. R., Chang, K. T., & Chen, D. H. (2005). Application of 3D laser scanning on measuring pavement roughness. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 34(2), 83 -91. S!Chatti, K. & Zaabar, I. (2012). Estimating the effects of pavement condition on vehicle operating costs. NCHRP Report 720. Transportation Research Board. # S!D%85'&(,R#!QR#J8AZ?:%5%,>R#DQ#*QR#w#L8]%&A,R#$Q#VFGGaXQ#E>,:-?-8(#8B#A8:],7 SU%,,A#6,?6,>?#B8># ),&?5>,),(6#8B#>8&7U&"#?5>B&:,#B>-:6-8(#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:?Q2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#*,:8>7f# [85>(&A#8B#6%,#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#!8&>7R #HdcIVHXR#HaWSHWHQ S!Corollaro, A., Russo, M., & Ciaravola, V. (2014). Essentiality of temperature management while modeling and analyzing tires contact forces. S!Delanne, Y. (1994). The influence of pavement evenness and macrotexture on fuel consumption. ASTM special technical publication, 1225, 240-240. S!Derjaguin , B V. (1934). Untersuchungen u %ber die reibung und adha %sion, iv . Colloid & Polymer Science, 69(2):155 Ð164. S!Descornet, G. (1990). Road -surface influence on tire rolling resistance. Surface characteristics of roadways: International research and technologies, ASTM STP, 1031, 401-415. S!/,U,"R#LQ#*QR#*8'8>7?R#.Q#DQR#.>)85> R#!Q#2QR#w#95,6%,AR#*Q#VFGGHR#[5A"XQ#.;;>,;&6,#U,&>#&(7# @&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(Q#0( #dG6%#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#!8&>7#.((5&A#9,,6-(; #V@Q#HWFX S!Dixon, J. C. (2008). The shock absorber handbook. John Wiley & Sons . S!/8R#9Q#2QR#_&%85&(-R#JQR#w#N&>;-8A5R#*Q# VFGGGXQ#.(;5A&>#@&>&),6,>#B8>#:%&>&:6,>-Z-(;#>8&7# ?5>B&:,#)-:>86,T65>,Q #2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#*,:8>7f#[85>(&A#8B#6%,#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%# !8&>7R #HbFYVHXR#ccSbFQ ##Hdd#S!Do, M. T., & Marsac, P. (2002). Assessment of th e polishing of the aggregate microtexture by means of geometric parameters. In TRB 81st Annual Meeting (Transportation Research Board) (pp. 19p-sch”mas). S!Do, M. T., Cerezo, V., Beautru, Y., & Kane, M. (2013). Modeling of the connection road surface microte xture/water depth/friction. Wear, 302(1-2), 1426-1435. S!/8R#9Q#2QR#w#D,>,Z8R#NQ#VFGHWXQ#*8&7#?5>B&:,#6,T65>,#&(7#?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,Q #$5>B&:,#28@8;>&@%"f# 9,6>8A8;"#&(7#E>8@,>6-,?R #YVaXR#GaYGGHQ S!/5(B8>7R#.QR#FGGdQ#9,&?5>-(;#$]-7#*,?-?6&(:,#U-6%856#D8(6&:6R#FGGc, FGGb#E>8;>,??#*,@8>6R# E5'A-?% ,7#E>8+,:6#*,@8>6#EE*#YHWQ#2>&(?@8>6#&(7#*,?,&>:%#K&'8>&68>"R#\8]-(;%&)Q## S!Ejsmont, Grzegorz Ronowski, Beata &wieczko -'urek & S ( awomir Sommer (2017) Road texture influence on tyre rolling resistance, Road Materials and Paveme nt Design, 18:1, 181 -198, DOI : 10.1080/14680629.2016.1160835 S!EPA, (2012) ÒGreenhouse Gas Inventory ReportÓ. S!Ergun, M., Iyinam, S., & Iyinam, A. F. (2005). Prediction of road surface friction coefficient using only macro -and microtexture measurements. Journ al of transportation engineer ing, 131(4), 311-319. S!Falk, K., Lang, R., & Kaliske, M. (2016). Multiscale simulation to determine rubber friction on asphalt surfaces. Tire Science And Technology, 44(4), 226-247.# S!MJ\.Q#HIdGQ#$]-7#.::-7,(6#*,75:6-8(#E>8;>&)Q# 2,:%(-:&A#.7=-?8>"#2WGaGQHbR# M,7,>&A# J-;%U&"#.7)-(-?6>&6-8(R#6),(6#8B#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(Q S!MA-(6?:%R#L,>&>78#\QR#,6#&AQ#‡2%,#A-66A,#'88]#8B#6->,#@&=,),(6#B>-:6-8(Q‡ #$5>B&:,#E>8@,>6-,?# D8(?8>6-5)#…8(A-(,—QFGHFQ S!Ford, I. J. (1993). Roughness effect on f riction for multi -asperity co ntact between surfaces. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 26(12), 2219. S!Forster, S. W. (1981). Aggregate microtexture: Profile measurement and related frictional levels (No. FHWA -RD-81-107 Final Rpt.). S!M8>?6,>R#$Q#\Q#VHIdI XQ#E&=,),(6#)-:>86,T65>,#&(7# -6?#>,A&6-8(#68#?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,Q #2>&(?@8>6&6-8(# *,?,&>:%#*,:8>7R#VHFHWX S!Ghoreishy, M. H. R. (2008). A state of the art review of the finite element modelling of rolling tyres. Iranian Polymer Journal, 17(8), 571-597. S!Gillespie, T. D., & Sayers, M. (1981). Role of road roughness in vehicle ride. Transportation Research Record, 836, 15-20. ##HdI#S!Greenwood, J. A., & Tabor, D. (1958). The friction of hard sliders on lubricated rubber: the importance of deformation losses. Proceedings of t he Physical Society, 71(6), 989. S! Golden. A (1981). theory of wet road -tyre friction. Wear, 71(3):307 Ð331. S!Greenwood, J. A., & Williamson, J. B. P. (1966). Contact of nominally flat surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathemati cal and Phys ical Sciences, 295(1442), 300-319. S!Grosch, K. A. (1963, June). The relation between the fricti on and visco -elastic properties of rubber. In Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A (Vol. 274, No. 1356, pp. 21 -39). The Royal Society. S!Hall, J. W., Smith, K. L., Tit us-Glover, L., Wambold, J. C., Yager, T. J., & Rado, Z. (2009). NCHRP web -only document 108: Guide for pav ement friction. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. S!Hammarstrım, U., Eriksson, J., Karlsson, R., & Yahya, M. R. (2012). Rolling resistance model, fuel consumption model and the traffic energy saving potential from chan ged road surface conditions. Statens v−g -och transportforskningsinstitut. S!Hai Huang and Jiaqiang Pan. (2006) Speech pitc h determination based on hilbe rt-huang transform. Signal Processing, 86(4):792 Ð803. S!Heinrich, Gert, and Manfred Kll. (2008) "Rubber friction, tread deformation and tire traction." Wear 265.7: 1052 -1060. S!Henderson, R. J., Cook, G., Cenek, P. D., Patric k, J. E., & Potter, S. M. (2006). The effect of crushing on the skid resistance of chipseal roads. Land Transport New Zealand. S!J,(>"R#[Q #[QR#w#/&%->R#$Q#JQ#VHIbIXQ#1BB,:6?#8B#2,T65>,?#&(7#6%,#.;;>,;&6,?#6%&6#@>875:,#6%,)# 8(#6%,#E,>B8>)&(:,#8B#!-65)-(85?#$5 >B&:,?Q #2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#*,:8>7R#VbHFXQ S!Henry, John Jewett (2000). Evaluatio n of pavement friction characteristics. Vol. 291. Tra nsportation Research Board S!Hernandez, Jaime Alberto (2015). Development of deformable tire -pavement interaction: contact stresses and rolling resistance prediction under various driving conditions. Diss. University of Illinois at Urbana -Champaign. S!Hertz, H . On the contact of elastic solids. J. reine angew. Math, 92(110):156 Ð171, 1881. S!J8;,>=8>?6R#/Q#VHIbaXQ#$8),# @>8@,>6-,?#8B#:>5?%,7#?68(,#B8>#>8&7#?5>B&:,?Q #!5AA,6-(#8B#6%,# 0(6,>(&6-8(&A#.??8:-&6-8(#8B#1 (;-(,,>-(;#L,8A8;" S!5AA,6-(#7,#Am.??8:-&6-8(#0(6,>(&6-8(&A,#7,# L–8A8;-,#7,#Am0(;–(-,5>R #HGVHXR#WIScaQ S!Holzapfel, Gerhard A. (1996)"On large strain viscoelasticity: continuum formulation and finite element applications to elastomeric structures." Internatio nal Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39.22: 3903 -3926. ##HIG#S!Horne, W. B., & Leland, T. J. (1962). Influence of tire tread patt ern and runway surface conditi on on braking friction and rolling resistance of a modern aircraft tire. S!Huang, J., Losa, M., & Leandri, P. (2018, July). Determining the effect of damping layers in flexible pavements on traffic induced vibrations. In Advance s in Materials and Pavement Prediction: Papers from the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Perf ormance Prediction (AM3P 2018), April 16 -18, 2018, Doha, Qatar (p. 255). CRC Press. S!Hudson, W. R. (1981). Road roughness: its element s and measurement. Center for Transportation Research. S!Hui, C. Y., Lin, Y. Y., & Baney, J. M. (2000). The mechanics of tack : viscoelastic contact on a rough surface. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38(11), 1485-1495. S!Jahn, R., & Trucken brodt, H. (2004). A simple fractal analysis method of the surface roughness. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 145(1), 40-45. S!Jamieson, N.J. and Cenek, P.D. (1999): ÒEffects of Pavement Construction on the Fuel Consumption of Trucks,Ó in Proceedi ngs of the Options f or Post Millenium Pavements Symposium, Wairekei Resort, Taupo, New Zealand, 17 -19 Oct.1999 S!Janssen, M. L., & Hall, G. L. (1980). Effect of ambient temperature on radial tire rolling resistance. SAE Transactions, 576 -580. S![8%(?8(R#^Q#KQR #^,(7&AAR#^QR#w#*8', >6?R#.Q#/Q#VHIbHXQ#$5>B&:,#,(,>;"#&(7#6%,#:8(6&:6#8B# ,A&?6-:#?8A-7?Q #E>8:,,7-(;?#8B#6%,#>8"&A#?8:-,6"#8 B#K8(78(Q#.Q#)&6%,)&6-:&A#&(7#@%"?-:&A# ?:-,(:,?R #YFaVHWWdXR#YGHSYHYQ S!Kane, M., Rado, Z., & Timmons, A. (2015). Exploring the texture Ðfriction relationshi p: from texture empirical decomposition to pavement friction. International Journal of Pavement Enginee ring, 16(10), 919-928. S!Karlsson, R., Hammarstrım, U., Sırensen, H. & Eriksson, O. (2011). ÒRoad surface influence on rolling resistan ce. Coastdown measur ements for a car and an HGVÓ. VTI Notat 24A. The Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute. Linkıpi ng. S!Kenis, W. (1995). Dynamic load effects on pavement primary response and future research. in dynamic loading of heavy vehicles and road wear mid -term seminar, Proceedings, 2 -3 February 1995, Parkroyal hotel at Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia. S!Kim, R. E., Kang, S., Spencer, B.F., Ozer, H. & Al -Qadi, I. L. (2017). ÒStochastic Analysis of Energy Dissipation of a Half -Car Model on Non -deformable Rough Pav ementÓ, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 143(4). S!Klppel, M., & Heinrich, G. (2000). Rubber friction on self -affine road tracks. Rubber chemistry and technology, 73(4), 578-606. ##HIH#S!^8]]&A-?R#.Q#LQR#w#E&(&;85A-R#3Q #^Q#VHIIdXQ# M>&:6&A#,=&A5&6-8(#8B#@&=,),(6#?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,# =&>-&6-8(?Q#0f#?5>B&:,#U,66-(;Q #D%&8?R#$8A-68(?#w#M>&:6&A?R #IVHHXR#HdbWSHdIGQ S!^8]]&A-?R#.Q#LQR#2?8%8?R#LQ#JQR#w#E&(&;85A-R#3Q#^Q#VFGGFXQ#D8(?-7,>&6-8(#8B#B>&:6&A?#@86,(6-&A# -(#@&=,),(6#?]-7#>,?-?6& (:,#,=&A5&6- 8(Q#[85>(&A#8B#6>&(?@8>6&6-8(#,(;-(,,>-(;R #HFdVcXR#WIH SWIWQ S!^5)),>#J\R#<(-B-,7#2%,8>"#8B#*5'',>#&(7#2->,#M>-:6- 8(R#1(;-(,,>-(;#*,?,&>:%#!5AA,6-(#! SIa#1(;-(,,>-(;#E5'A-:&6-8(?R#2%,#E,((?"A=&(-&#$6&6,#<(-=,>?-6"#VHIccX S!Leaderman, H. (1943). Elast ic and creep properties of filamentous materials and other high polymers. S!K,5R#9Q#DQR#w#J,(>"R#[Q#[Q#VHIbdXQ#E>,7-:6-8(#8B# ?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,#&?#&#B5(:6-8(#8B#?@,,7#B>8)# @&=,),(6#6,T65>,#),&?5>,),(6?Q #2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#*,:8>7R#VcccXQ S!Li, L., & Wang, K. C. (2016). G eometric texture indicators for safety on AC pavements with 1 mm 3D laser texture data. International Journal o f Pavement Research and Technology, 9(1), 49-62. S!Lin, Y. J., & Hwang, S. J. (2004). Temperature prediction of rolling tires by comput er simulatio n. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 67(3), 235-249.# S!K-(7(,>R#9QR#^>ƒ;,>R#9QR#E8@@R#^QR#w#!A5),R#JQ#VFG GaXQ#1T@,>-),(6&A#&(7#&(&A"6-:&A# -(=,?6-;&6-8(#8B#>5'',>#B>-:6-8(Q #$&B,6"R #FGGR#YGGQ S!Lopez, I., Blom, R. E. A., Roozen, N. B., & Nijm eijer, H. (2 007). Modelling vibrations on deformed rolling tyres Ña modal approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 307(3-5), 481 -494. S!Lorenz, B., Persson, B. N. J., Dieluweit, S., & Tada, T. (2011). Rubber friction: comparison of theory with experiment. The European P hysical Journal E, 34(12), 129. S!Lorenz, B., Persson, B. N. J., Fortunato, G., Giustiniano, M., & Baldoni, F. (2 013). Rubber friction for tire tread compound on road surfaces. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 25(9), 095007. S!Louhghalam, A., Akbarian, M. and Franz -Joseph Ulm, F -J. (2015) ÒRoughness -Induced Pavement ÐVehicle Interactions: Key Parameters and Impact on Vehicle Fuel ConsumptionÓ Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2525, Transportation R esearch Boar d, Washington, D.C., pp. 62 Ð70. S!K5:,R#.(6%8("#/&=-7Q #.(&A"?-?#8B#&;;>,;&6,#-)&;-(;#?"?6,)#V.09$X#),&?5>,),(6?#& (7#6%,-># >,A&6-8(?%-@#68#&?@%&A6#@&=,),(6#?]-7#>,?-?6&(:,Q#/-??Q#2,T&?#.w9#<(-=,>?-6"R#FGGcQ S!9&%'88'#^&(&B-R#9QR#^58?)&(,(R#.QR# E,AA-(,(R#2Q#^QR#w#258(8(,(R#.Q#[Q#VFGHWXQ#9&:>8 S&(7# )-:>8 S6,T65>,#,=8A56-8(#8B#>8&7#@&=,),(6?#&(7#:8>>,A&6-8(#U-6%#B>-:6-8(Q #0(6,>(&6-8(&A#[85>(&A# 8B#E&=,),(6#1(;-(,,>-(;R #HcVFXR#HcdSHbIQ ##HIF#S!Mann, A. V., McManus, K. J., & Holden, J. C. (1997). Power spectral dens ity analysis of road profiles for road defect assessment. Road and Transport Research, 6(3). S!Mansura, Dmytro A., Nicholas H . Thom, and Hartmut J. Beckedahl. (2017) "A Novel Multiscale Numerical Model for Prediction of Texture -Related Impacts on Fuel Consum ption." Tire Science and Technology 45.1: 55 -70. S!Marcondes, J., Burgess, G. J., Harichandran, R., & Snyder, M. B. (1991). S pectral analysis of highway pavement roughness. Journal of Transportation engineering, 117(5), 540-549. S!Masad, E., Rezaei, A., C howdh ury, A., & Harris, P. (2009). Predicting asphalt mixture skid resistance based on aggregate characteristics. Texas Departme nt of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. S!9&6-A&-(,(R#9Q#[Q#w#258(8(,(R#.Q#[Q#VFGHFXR#m0(6,AA-;,(6#6->,#68#), &?5>, #:8(6&:6#A,(;6%#-(#7>"# &?@%&A6#&(7#U,6#:8(:>,6,#:8(7-6-8(?mR#$,85Af#.N1D#HFR#H SScQ S!McCool, J. I. (1986), ÒComparison of Mod els for the Contact of Rough Surfaces,Ó Wear, 107(1), pp 37-60. S!9:K,&(R#[QR#w#M8A,"R#LQ#VHIIdXQ #*8&7#?5>B&:,#:%&>&:6,>-?6-:?#&(7 #:8(7 -6-8(f#,BB,:6?#8(#>8&7# 5?,>? #V48Q#.**#YHaXQ S!Moore, D. F. (1975). The friction of pneumatic tyres. S!Mozharovskii, V. V., Shil Õko, S. V., Anfinogenov, S. B., & KhotÕko, A. V. (2007). Determination of resistance to rolling of tires in dependence on operat ing c onditions. part 1. method of multifactorial experiment. Journal of Friction and Wear, 28(2), 154-161. S!Najafi, S., Flintsch, G. W., & McGhee, K. K. (2013). Assessment of operational characteristics of continuous friction measuring equipment (CFME). Internat ional Journal of Pavement Engineering, 14(8), 706-714. S!Nielsen, L., & Sandberg, T. (2002). A new model for rolling resistan ce of pneumatic tires. SAE Transactions, 1572 -1579 S!Nordstrım, O. (1998). Development and validation of BV14, a new tw in track fixed s lip friction tester for winter road maintenance monitoring in Sweden. InXTH PIARC INTERNATIONAL WINTER ROAD CONGRESS 16 -19 MARCH 1998 IN LULEAA, SWEDEN (Vol. 3). S!Noyce, D. A., Bahia, H. U., YambŠ, J. M., & Kim, G. (2005). Incorporating road safety into pav ement management: maximizing asphalt pavement surface friction for road safety improvements. Midwest Regional University Tr ansportation Center Traffic Operations and Safety (TOPS) Laboratory. S!–berg G. V−drets och v−glagets inverkan p„ personbilshastighete n. VTI notat No. 62, Statens v−g - och transportforskningsinstitut, Linkıping, 1994. ##HIY#S!OÕBoy, D. J., & Dowling, A. P. (2009). Tyre/road interaction noise ÑNumerical noise prediction of a patterned tyre on a rough road surface. Journal of So und and Vibration, 323(1-2), 270-291. S!Pacheco, Juliana E. Lopes, Carlos Alberto Bavastri, and Juc”lio Tom⁄s Pereira. "Viscoelastic relaxation m odulus characterization using Prony series." Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 12.2 (2015): 420-445 S!BN Persson. J. on t he theory of rubber friction. Surface Science, 401(3):445 Ð454, 1998. S!Persson, B. N. J. (2001), ÒElastoplastic Contact betwe en Randomly Rough Surfaces,Ó Physical Review Letters, 87(11), p 116101. S!Persson, B. N. (2001), 'Theory of rubber friction and contact mechanics', The Journal of Chemical Physics 115(8), 3840 --3861. S!Persson, Bo NJ. (2006) "Contact mechanics for randomly rou gh surfaces." Surface Science Reports 61.4: 201 -227. S!Persson, B. N., & Scaraggi, M. (2014). Theory of adhe sion: Role of surface rough ness. The Journal of chemical physics, 141(12), 124701. S!Persson, B. N. J. (2015). Ice friction: Role of non -uniform frictio nal heating and ice premelting. The Journal of chemical physics, 143(22), 224701. S!E,>??8(R#!QR#D&>'8(,R#LQ R#$&)8-A8=R#NQ#4QR#$-=,'&,] R#0Q#9QR#2&>6&;A-(8R#-:6-8(#&(7#&7%,?-8(#U-6%#&@@A-:&6-8(#68# C5&?-:>"?6&A?Q# 0(#M5(7&),(6&A?#8B#M>-:6-8(#&(7#\,&>#8(#6%,#4&(8?:&A, #V@@Q#FaISFdbXQ#$@>-(;,>R#D%&)Q S!PIARC Technical Committee on Surf ace Characteristics (C1) (1995). International PIARC Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measur ements, Paris, France S!Pinnington, R. J. (2009). Rubber friction on rough and smooth surfaces. Wear, 267(9-10), 1653-1664. S!Preda, I., Covaciu, D., & Ciolan, G. (2010). Coast down test Ðtheoretical and experimental approach. S!Rado, Z. and Kane, M.(2014). An i nitial attempt to develop an empirical relation between texture and pavement friction using the hht approach. Wear, 309(1):233 Ð246. S!Narasimha Rao, K. V., Kumar, R. K., & Bohara, P. C. (2006). A sensitivity analysis of design attributes and operating condi tions on tyre operating temperatures and rolling resistance using finite element analysis. Proceedin gs of the Institution of Mechan ical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 220(5), 501 -517. ##HIa#S!Redrouthu, B. M., & Das, S. (2014). Tyre modellin g for rolling resistance. Chalmers University of Technology. S!Roylance, D. (2001). Engineering viscoe lasticity. Department of Materi als Science and Engineering ÐMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 2139, 1-37 S!Russ, J. (2013) Fractal surfaces. Springer Science & Business Media. S!Sabey, B. E. (1958). Pressure distributions beneath spherical and conical shapes pressed into a rubber plane, and their bearing on coefficients of friction under wet conditions. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 71(6), 979. S!$&-68R#^QR#J8>-;5:%-R#2QR#^ &?&%&>&R#.QR#.',R#JQR#w#J,(>"R#[Q#[Q#VHIIcXQ#/,=,A8@), (6#8B#@8>6&'A,# 6,?6,>#B8>#),&?5>-(;#?]-7#>,? -?6&(:,#&(7#-6?#?@,,7#7,@,(7,(:"#8(#@&=,),(6# ?5>B&:,?Q #2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&>:%#*,:8>7f#[85>(&A#8B#6%,#2>&(?@8>6&6-8(#*,?,&> :%# S!Sandberg, U., & Ejsmont, J. A. (2000). Noise Emission, Friction and Rolling Resistanc e of Car Tires: Summary of an Experimental S tudy. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute. S!Sandberg, U., Bergiers, A., Ejsmont, J. A., Goubert, L., Karl sson, R., & Zıller, M. (2011). Road surface influence on tyre/road rolling resistance. Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Prepared as part of the project MIRIAM, Models for rolling resistance in road infrastructure asset management system s. S!Sandberg, U.S.I., (1990) Road Ma cro and Mega Texture Influence on Fuel Consumption, in Surface Characteristics of Roadways: Intern ational Research and Technologies (Astm Stp 1031), W.E. Meyer and J. Reichert, Editors. American Society for Testing and Ma terials: Philadelphia. p. 460 -479. S!Santos, P. M., & Jœlio, E. N. (2013). A state -of-the -art review on roughness quantification method s for concrete surfaces. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 912-923. S!Sayers, M.W. and S.M. Karamihas, (1996). Interpr etation of Road Roughness Profile D ata. Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD -96/101, 177 p. S!Sayers, M. W., & Karamihas, S. M. (1998). The little book of profiling. University of Michigan. S!Scaraggi, M., & Persson, B. N. J. (2015). Friction and uni versal contact area law for randoml y rough viscoelastic contacts. Journal of Physics: Con densed Matter, 27(10), 105102. S!Scaraggi, M., & Persson, B. N. J. (2016). The effect of finite roughness size and bulk thickness on the prediction of rubber friction an d contact mechanics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Jour nal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 230(9), 1398 -1409. S!Serigos, P. A., Smit, A. D. F., & Prozzi, J. A. (2014). Incorporating Surface Micro -texture in the Prediction of Skid Resistance of Flexible Pav ements. InTransportation Research Board 93rd Annual Me eting (No. 14 -2278). ##HIW#S!Schwarzl, F., Staverman , A. J. (1952). Time temperature dependence of linear viscoelastic behavior. Journal of Applied Physics, 23: 838. S!Schuring , D. J., Siegfried, J. F., & Hall, G. L. (1985). Transient speed and temperature effects on rolling loss of passenger car tires. SAE Transactions, 515 -523. S!Slimane, A. B., Khoudeir, M., Brochard, J., & Do, M. T. (2008). Characterization of road microtextur e by means of image analysis. Wear, 264(5), 464-468. S!Srirangam, S. K. (2015)."Numerical Simulation of Tire -Pavement Interaction." S!Tou renq, C., & Fourmaintraux, D. (1971). Road surface roughness and the properties of aggregates. Bulletin de Liaison des labo ratoires des ponts et chauss”es, 51, 61-69. S!Ueckermann, A., Wang, D., Oeser, M., & Steinauer, B. (2015). Calculation of skid resistan ce from texture measurements. Journal of traffic and transportation engineering (English edition), 2(1), 3-16. S!Vorburger, T . V., Rhee, H. G., Renegar, T. B., Song, J. F., & Zheng, A. (2007). C omparison of optical and stylus methods for measurement of surfa ce texture. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 33(1-2), 110-118. S!Wallman C.G. Driver Behaviour on Winter Roads, a Driving Simulat or Study. VTI rapport 419A, Staten s v−g - och transportforskningsinstitut, Linkıping, 1995. S!\&AA)&(R#D&>A SL5?6&BR#&(7#J,(>-]#.?6>8)Q#‡M>-:6-8(#),&?5>,),(6#),6%87?#&(7#6%,#:8>>,A&6-8(# ',6U,,(#>8&7#B>-:6-8(#&(7#6>&BB-:#?&B, 6"Q‡ #.#A-6,>&65>,#>,=-,UQ#N20#),77, A&(7,#. #IHH#VFGGHXf# FGGHQ S!Wambold, J. C., Defrain, L. E., Hegmon, R. R., Macghee, K., Reichert, J. , & Spangler, E. B. (1981). State of the art of measurement and analysis of road roughness. Transportation research record, 836, 21-29. S!Wang, C., Caja, J., & GŠmez, E. (2018). Comparis on of methods for outlier identification in surface characterization. Measurement, 117, 312-325. S!Warren, T. L. and Krajcinovic, D. (1995), ÒFractal Models of Elastic ÐPerfectly Plastic Contact of Rough Surfaces Based on the Cantor Set,Ó International Journa l of Solids and Structures, 32(19), pp 2907-2922. S!Wei, C., Olatunbosun, O. A., & Behroozi, M. (2016). Simulation of tyre rolling resistance generated on uneven road. Int. J. Veh. Des, 70(2), 113-136. S!Wei, C., & Olatunbosun, O. A. (2014). Transient dynamic behaviour of finite element tire traversing obstacles with different hei ghts. Journal of Terramechanics, 56, 1-16. S!Wei, C., & Olatunbosun, O. A. (2016). The effects of tyre material and structure properties on relaxation length us ing finite element method. Materials & Design, 102, 14-20. ##HIc#S!Williams, M. L., Landel, R. F., & Ferry , J. D. (1955). The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass -forming liquids. Journal of the American Chemical so ciety, 77(14), 3701-3707. S!Wong, J. Y. (2008). Theory of ground vehicles. John Wiley & Sons. S!Wullens, F., & Kropp, W. (2004). A three -dimensional contact model for tyre/road interaction in rolling conditions. Acta Acustica united with Acustica,90(4), 702 -711. S!Xiong, Y., & Tuononen, A. (2013). Optical measurement of tread deformation for rolling resistance studies. In Qingdao: The 23rd International Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads (pp. 1-10). S!Yandell, W. O. (1971). A new theory of hysteretic sliding friction. Wear,17(4), 229 -244. S!Yandell, W. O., & Sawyer, S. (1994). Prediction of tire -road friction from texture measurements. Transportation Research Record, (1435). S!Yeoh, O. H. (1993)"Some forms of the strain energy function for rubber." Rubber Chemistr y and technology 66.5, 754 -771. S!Zaabar, I. (2010). Effect of pavement condition on vehicle operating costs including fuel consumption, vehicle durability and damage to transported goods. Michigan State University. S!Zaabar, I., Chatti, K., and Lajnef, N., (2 018). Evaluation of fuel consumption models for pavement surface roughness effect Submitte d to advances in materials and pavement performance prediction conference, Doha, Qatar. !