A DIMEN S IONAL COMPARISON OF SELECTED JAPANESE GARDENS, CLASSICAL CHINESE GARDENS AND MODERN CHINESE GARDENS By Yige Qu A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Environmental Design - Master of Arts 201 9 ii ABSTRACT A DIMEN S IONAL COMPARISON OF SELECTED JAPANESE GARDENS, CLASSICAL CHINESE GARDENS AND MODERN CHINESE GARDENS By Yige Qu Keywords: Landscape Architecture, Environmental Design, Asian Studies , Garden Design, Aesthetic Principles, Cultural Context, Oriental Gardens , Garden Hist ory iii iv ................................ ......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... ................................ ................................ ................. ................................ ................................ ................. ................................ ................................ ................ ................................ ................. ................................ ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. ................................ ................................ ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... ................................ .......... ................................ ................................ ....... ................................ ................................ ................. ................................ ................................ ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... ................................ ................................ .... v ................................ ................................ ... ................................ .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... vi L IST OF TABLES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... ................................ ........................ ................................ ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... ................................ ................................ ................ ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ ..................... vii L IST OF FIGURES ............................ Figure 2: A stroll garden, Genkyu - en, in Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). ................................ ................................ .................... 7 ................................ ............ ............................... ................................ ............ ................................ ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ ................................ ................................ ................... ................. ................................ ............................... viii ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... ................................ ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ................................ ................................ ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... ................................ ................................ ........... ................................ ................................ ........... ................................ ................................ ......................... ................................ ................................ ................... ................................ ................................ ................... ................................ ................................ .............................. .... ix .... .... ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ................................ ........................... CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 1: A Zen garden in Kogonbu - ji, Wagayama Prefecture representing a d ragon flying among the clouds. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 7 Figure 2 : A stroll garden , Genkyu - en, in Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 8 9 10 11 p! 12 Figure 3 : An architect with natural wood color, and rustic rocks presenting wabi - sabi concept . (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all r ight reserved used by permission). 13 Figure 4: The Zen garden at Ryotan - ji following the three, five, and seven arrangement of rock clusters (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 14 Figure 5 : The rock arrangement at Seigan - ji representing a waterfall and the ocean beneath. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 15 16 17 Japanese gardens share common characteristics with Chinese gardens, as the huge continental influence s shed to Japan from China in centuries. At the same time, Japanese garden has its own unique features and beauty being developed based on the condition of itself as an island country . Because of that, the similarities and differences between Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens have huge research potential , and is always a huge interests for both scholars and common people. The re are many existing literatures about Japa nese garden focusing on its charming designs, 18 including different aspects like techniques, elements, and concepts. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the designs of Japanese garden are examined and interpreted by different researchers detaill y. The results and explanations of these existing literatures are ideal background information for garden designers and researchers. Further study, including the comparison analysis between Japanese gardens and Chinese gardens, can be conducted more smoothly based on these existing studies. After reviewing the exiting literature about the method, Principal Component Analysis, it is clear to see that this method i s applicable for this study. It can reduce the data size, showing the important information, which makes the study more efficient. The existing studies about gardens in different cultures show the detailed procedure of applying this study. A previous study about Japanese gardens and Chinese gardens u tilized PCA method . But the study is considered to have limitation s about the study sites , which are all located in one place, Kyoto City . Thus, a continued study of Japanese gardens, both inside and outside Kyoto City , and Chinese gardens is necessary. 19 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 20 Ten Japanese gardens in Kyoto C ity in an existing study conducted by Chen are selected as study sites for this study with permissions , including eight traditional Japanese gardens and two Shinto Shrines (Chen, 2018). (Chen, 2018) 21 Gyokudo Art Museum is located along the Tama River at Ome City. It is sitting quietly among the numerous mountains in the Okutama area near Tokyo City , which is the capital of the country. The building was initially Gyokudo Kawai (1873 - 1957) , where he spent the last decade of his life at. He was one of the masters of traditional Japanese painting. To commemorate his achievements and contributions to traditional Japanese culture, the art museum was built in 1961 (Shinji, 2008) . The garden in the art museum was designed by the world - known outstanding landscape architect Ken Nakajima in 1961 . Located at the north of the buildings, it is a flat area of dry landscape style garden. The gravels and large rocks are carefully selected from the Valley of River Tama in front of the art museum , and then being raked and arranged to represent the water flow of the River Tama. The plants in the garden blend in to the natural wood land in front of the art museum. In the distance, Mitake Mountain becomes the backg (Figure 6) , which is a way to enhance the view by external elements without disturbing the arrangement in the garden (Shinji, 1986) . The rocks, gravels, and plants in the garden are extended and expanded into the natural 22 woodland , River Tama, and the mountains outside . The design achieved the concept of by blending the elements inside and the surrounding environment (Shinji, 2008). Figure 6 : The garden of Gyokudo Art Museum with Mitake Mountain i n the distance. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 23 Figure 7 : The entrance of Gyokudo Art Museum. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). Jomyo - ji is located in Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture near Tokyo City . It is one of the This Bud dhism temple was built by priest Taiko Gyoyu in 1188 as Gokuraku - ji and was changed into Jomyo - ji in between 1257 - 1259. This name has been used since then (Harada, 2007) . Currently, the tea house, Kisen - an, in the temple is one of the main points of interest on the site (Figure 8) . As many other tea houses in Japan, the architect features wide eaves, making a dark, dim environment with shadows (Bullen, 2015) . It is said that this tea house was the place where monks and priests used to hold meetings an d enjoy tea 24 back to 16 th century. The restoration was conducted in 1991. After that, Kisen - an was opened to the public. Apart from the buzz of the Kamakura City, people can enjoy Matcha and Japanese style dessert in this quiet and calm space. The dry lands cape garden in the front of the tea house provides elegant view for the visitors while enjoying their time sitting on the viewing terrace in Jomyo - ji (Figure 9) . Figure 8 : The entrance to the tea house in Jomyo - ji. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 25 Figure 9 : The viewing terrace and the garden in Jomyo - ji. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission) Me igetsu - in, located in Kamakura City, was founded in 1160. (Mutsu, 2002) . The concept of moon can be found in many places on the site. (Figure 11) in the main building is a window framing the view of the pond and gardens in the back courtyard . The round shape of the window is considered to be from the concept of moon. Furthermore, the stone statues of rabbits (Figure 10) can be found at a lot of places around the temple. The r abbit is a symbol of moon based on the fairy tale in Asian area. The temple itself is a huge garden with numerous flowers, emphasizing the seasonal view: 26 Peach, and magnolia in spring, hydrangeas, and irises in summer, Osmanthus , and chrysanthemum in fall, plums, and camellias in winter. Especially in summer, Meigetsu - in is famous for thousands beautiful flowers in summer attract vis itors from all over the world. Figure 10 : The rabbit statues can be found everywhere in Meigetsu - in. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 27 F igure 1 1 : The framed view of the back courtyard in Meigetsu - in , which is called . (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). Genkyu - en is located in Hikone City , Shiga Prefecture. It was originally a part of a private residence owned by the Ii family, who we re the lord of the area. In 1677, the fourth lord of the Hikone area, Ii Naoki, started the construction of Genkyun - en. The garden was named after a Chinese imperial building . It was designed base d on the concept of p! Eight Views in Xiaoxiang, ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . Genkyu - en is a stroll garden, which is typically a lake with circular walkway around it. When people are strolling around the garden, the view is also changing. From the garden, the beautiful 28 white building of the Hikone Castle standing high up on the hill can be seen (Figure 12) . The view of the the background of the garden . There is a boat house on the site , indicating that the family used to enjoy the boat around the lake ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . Figure 1 2 : Genkuyu - en is borrowing the view of Hikone Castel in the distance. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 29 Figure 1 3 : The tea house by the lake at Genkuyu - en. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). The temple called Ryotan - ji was built in 733. It is located in Hikone City. The family grave of the lord of the area, Ii family, locates in the temple. There are one dry landscape garden and one stroll garden on the site , both borrowed the view of Mountain Sawa . The dry landscape garden was designed based on a Buddhism fairy tale (Figure 15) . The stroll garden is a small scale one, features a small pond and the pathway around it , representing the Buddhism world with sacred animals like cranes an d turtles ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . The temple used to serve as a dormitory for monks to gather for Zen Buddhism culture 30 studying - ji, a special department of gardening was formed. The courtyard for students to practice gardening techniques still exis ts on the site. It is believed that the monks studie d gardening in Ryotan - ji were participat ing in constructions of gardens all around Japan. Because of that, Ryotan - le of ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . Figure 1 4 : The entrance to Ryotan - ji. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 31 Figure 1 5 : The dry landscape garden in Ryotan - ji is presenting the scenes in Buddhism stories . (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). Seigan - ji, being located in Maibara City, can be traced back to more than 600 years ago. It is famous for the garden in the temple. The garden features many structures of rock groups and a large area of moss. In the rainy seasons, the garden is a stroll garden with the pond , bridges, and paths around the garden. In dry seasons, lack of water makes the garden into a dry landscape garden (Figure 16) . The type of the garden changes based on the climate. This characteristic makes the garden at Seigan - ji a rare one . The pattern of the moss 32 on the bottom of the pond is representing the flow of the water. The garden is representing the view of the Buddhism world waterfall (Figure 17) . The arrangement of the rocks was designed to intimate the waterfall in the nature. The and forms a river that runs through the mountain valley created by rocks, and finally feeds into the sea. Figure 1 6 : The garden in Seigan - ji in dry season s . (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 33 Fi gure 1 7 : The in Seigan - ji representing the scene of a waterfall . (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 34 The temple was originall y built in 1593. It is the head temple of a group of large number of temples in the area of Mount Koya. Banryu - tei on the site was the largest dry landscape garden in Japan (Figure 18) . The dry landscape garden was constructed in 1984. It shows a pair of dragons flying up and down from the sea to the clouds. The two dragons surrounding the main temple building were represented by huge granite stones . The white gravels, taken from Kyoto C ity, are designed to show sea waves and clouds ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . The temple also includes several other gardens varies from small courtyard garden between the buildings (Figure 19) , and stroll gardens. Figure 1 8 : The Banryu - tei in Kongobu - ji. (Copyr ight ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 35 Figure 1 9 : A small courtyard garden in between the buildings in Kongobu - ji. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 36 Kishiwada is a town located at the southern Osaka, Japan. The original castle on the site was built in 1 6 th century as a private residence (Figure 20) . The garden was constructed in 1953. Mirei Shigemori, a famous Japanese landscape architect, designed the garden based on the concept of moats and ancient Chinese battle camps ( Tschumi, 2007) . The site is enclosed by a moat and a stone wall. As Mirei Shigemori mentioned in his notes, the main reason he designed a rock garden is durability. Because castles are supposed to be stab le and last forever, the garden related to a castle should also be durable. The garden s lopes up toward the central point in three levels . The boarders of each level consist of sharp - angled lines made by stone enclosing the edge of th ese different levels of gravels and rocks. According to Mirei - groups of rocks, representing the eight different camps, surround the central group of rocks as the main camp for the c aptain in the battle . The name of the camps are sky, ground, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird, and snake ( Tschumi, 2007) . The visitors can not only view this garden from a controlled viewpoint like other dry landscape garden, but can also walk around the g arden along the pathway surrounding the garden. 37 Figure 20 : The building of Kishiwada Castle and the garden in front of it. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). Fi gure 2 1 : The view of the garden from the top of the castle building. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 38 The shrine was constructed in memory of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was the famous landlord , warrior, and politician in Japan during the Sengoku Period. Japanese people worship him as a god in traditional religion, Shintoism . The shrine was built after he died in 1 59 8, yet being destroyed as moved to its current location in 1964 ( Tschumi, 2007) . The garden on the site was designed by Mirei Shigemori in 1972. Gourd, which was the representation of the warriors, is the main concept of this dry landscape garden. The garden is a rectangular s hape and is enclosed by white walls (Figure 22) . The large gourd shape in the surface consisting by rocks and moss spread ing among the concrete gourd surface and the gravel area. The concrete viewing terrace is also carved in gourd shapes ( Tschumi, 2007) (Figure 23) . Figure 2 2 : The garden of Hokoku Shrine with the red concrete gourd. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 39 Figure 2 3 : The gourds on the viewing terrace in the front of the garden. (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). Nanshu - ji was located at a city near Osaka City called Sakai. The origin of it can be traced back to 1526 . The dry landscape garden on the site consists of groups of rocks in the back, and a 40 flat area with white gravels in front of the temple building. Figure 2 4 : A stone lantern and a handwash basin in Nanshu - ji (Copyright ©2019 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). 41 A Cluster Analysis Comparison of Classical Chinese Gardens with Modern Chinese Gardens by Yiwen Xu and other a uthors (2015) . The other of sixty variables (version: 9.4 TS Level 1M2, 42 X64_8PRO platform, English, Copyright© 2002 - 2012 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.) version: 9.4 TS Level 1M2, X64_8PRO platform, English, Copyright© 2002 - 2012 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.) is then utilized to calculate the standard score of eac h variable in the following step. Standard score of a variable = In the equation, X = Each Value of Variable = Mean of the Variable SD = Standard Deviation of the Variable T he next step is the calculation of the site scores with the scores of variables. In this step, site scores of all twenty - eight sites in each principal is generated. The equation (Equation 2) is: Site Score = 43 In the equation, X # = Each Value of Variable # = Mean of the Variable SD # = Standard Deviation of the Variable k # = Each Principal Component Coefficient of the Variable Excel (Microsoft® Excel® for Office 365 MSO, version: 16.0.11629.20238) . After the site scores of each principal component is calculated, scatter graphs are created for clu ster analysis. In this study, the first three principal components with the highest eigenvalues cover more than half of the total variances of the original data. Thus, the site scores of the first three principals are going to be the focus of this study. T he scatter graphs locate the site scores in different principal components on horizontal and vertical axes, forming a visualized relationship between these gardens. Closer sites on the graph present more similarities. The axis meaning and definition of the dimensions can be defined by the varieties with the largest and smallest principal component coefficients. In that way, the pattern of the sites, and their similarity and differences can be detailly explained and interpreted. 44 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 45 Table 1 : First 30 Principal Components and eigenvalues, difference, proportion, and cumulative proportion. P rincipal Component # Eigenvalue Difference Proportion Cumulative 1 44.91344 22.52547 0.3455 0.3455 2 22.38797 13.31546 0.1722 0.5177 3 9.072514 1.835227 0.0698 0.5875 4 7.237287 1.351587 0.0557 0.6432 5 5.8857 0.73476 0.0453 0.6884 6 5.15094 1.003206 0.0396 0.7281 7 4.147734 0.53393 0.0319 0.76 8 3.613804 0.384544 0.0278 0.7878 9 3.22926 0.483316 0.0248 0.8126 10 2.745944 0.303271 0.0211 0.8337 11 2.442673 0.06968 0.0188 0.8525 12 2.372993 0.424323 0.0183 0.8708 13 1.94867 0.056212 0.015 0.8858 14 1.892458 0.187707 0.0146 0.9003 15 1.704752 0.10737 0.0131 0.9134 16 1.597382 0.164519 0.0123 0.9257 17 1.432863 0.101617 0.011 0.9367 18 1.331246 0.129935 0.0102 0.947 19 1.201311 0.092727 0.0092 0.9562 20 1.108584 0.076025 0.0085 0.9648 21 1.032559 0.173367 0.0079 0.9727 22 0.859192 0.031671 0.0066 0.9793 23 0.827521 0.115972 0.0064 0.9857 24 0.711549 0.154772 0.0055 0.9911 25 0.556777 0.091034 0.0043 0.9954 26 0.465743 0.336607 0.0036 0.999 27 0.129136 0.129136 0.001 1 28 0 0 0 1 29 0 0 0 1 30 0 0 0 1 46 version: 9.4 TS Level 1M2, X64_8PRO platform, English, Copyright© 2002 - 2012 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.) As shown in Table 12 . The eigenvalues are then utilized to calculate t he site scores with the scores of variables. S ite scores of all twenty - eight sites in each principal is generated in the following step by Equation 2 (Y. Xu, 2015). For example, the s ite s core of Gyukodo Art Museum in the firs t principal component is calculated as below (Equation 2): Site Score of Gyukodo Art Museum = (Microsoft® Excel® for Office 365 MSO, version: 16.0.11629.20238) . In Table 2 , the site scores calculated by the first three principals are listed. Table 2 : Site scores in the first three principal components. prin1 prin2 prin3 Humble Administrator's Garden 1.099225 13.93055 - 0.20355 Master of the Nets Garden 0.408826 12.14849 - 0.62904 Lingering Garden 0.595506 13.34179 - 0.47936 Bamboo Garden - 12.7816 - 0.5911 0.135453 Net. Wet. Garden - 15.9341 - 1.40374 5.958755 Learning Garden - 11.8559 - 0.5624 - 0.86791 Sugar Cane Garden - 14.6674 - 2.10095 2.262445 Landscape New Wave - 12.1296 - 0.59069 - 1.80235 Daitoku - ji 4.840268 - 0.27288 1.906672 Ryoan - ji 5.720583 - 1.35097 3.526236 Kinkaku - ji 4.975652 - 1.87753 2.872103 47 Table 2 Tenryu - ji 5.08117 - 1.48044 3.27892 Shisen - do 3.318796 - 1.0816 2.332396 Kiyomizu - dera 4.70918 - 1.35928 3.02236 Daikaku - ji 5.799463 - 1.48816 3.186605 Byodo - in 5.197441 - 0.02241 2.539527 Yasaka Shrine 1.368454 - 2.62 - 1.04153 Fushimi - Inari Taisha 3.30766 - 2.44705 1.837666 Gyokudo Museum - 0.42382 - 2.27549 - 5.10426 Jomyo - ji 2.097221 - 3.23076 - 3.4062 Meigestu - in 4.564651 - 2.45759 1.295698 Genkyu - en 1.85958 0.512173 - 1.85268 Ryotan - ji 3.876863 - 1.79533 - 0.235 Seigan - ji 2.648257 - 2.80397 - 3.71158 Kongobu - ji 3.834583 - 2.03688 - 0.85241 Kishiwada Castle - 1.41892 - 0.87693 - 6.33375 0.906099 - 2.95599 - 4.9007 Nanshu - ji 3.001852 - 2.25088 - 2.73451 48 C HAPTER 4: DISCUSSION To visualize the result, three two - dimensional charts are created . Each chart show s two of the three sets of site scores calculated by the previous steps. Each point in the scatter charts represent s one site in th is study. As the final step of cluster analysis, these charts visualized the cluster s of the points, showing the group s of similar sites. The first chart is created to show the principal 1 and 2 site scores. The second chart is showing principal 2 and 3 site scores , while the third one is showing scores in principal 1 and 3. The se charts was created using the insert - chart function in Excel (Microsoft® Excel ® for Office 365 MSO , version: 16.0.11629.20238 ) . In , the scatter charts created are shown for further discussions. The abbreviations in the scatter graphs are indicated in Table 3 . Table 3 : Abbreviation s of the s tudy sites shown in the graphs Name of the Study Site A bbreviation Humble Administrator's Garden hasg Master of the Nets Garden mast Lingering Garden ling Bamboo Garden bamb Net. Wet. Garden netw Learning Garden lear Sugar Cane Garden Suga Landscape New Wave Land Daitoku - ji Dait Ryoan - ji Ryoa Kinkaku - ji Kink Tenryu - ji Tenr 49 Table 3 Shisen - do Shis Kiyomizu - dera Kiyo Daikaku - ji Daik Byodo - in Byod Yasaka Shrine Yasa Fushimi - Inari Taisha Fush Gyokudo Museum GKD Jomyo - ji JMJ Meigestu - in MGT Genkyu - en GKE Ryotan - ji RTJ Seigan - ji SGJ Kongobu - ji KGB Kishiwada Castle KSW HKK Nanshu - ji NSJ Figure 2 5 : A scatter graph showing the relationship among all twenty - eight sites based on the 50 site scores of p rincipal c omponent 1 (horizontal axis) and principal c omponent 2 (vertical axis). Figure 2 6 : A scatter graph showing the relationship among all twenty - eight sites based on the site scores of principal c omponent 1 (horizontal axis) and principal c omponent 3 (vertical axis). 51 Figure 2 7 : A scatter graph showing the relationship among all twenty - eight sit es based on the site scores of principal c omponent 2 (horizontal axis) and princi pal c omponent 3 (vertical axis). The se scatter charts are generated by the site scores calculated by Equation 2 . In the following step, the meaning s of both vertical and horizontal axis are determined by the variables with the highest and the lowest eigenvalue coefficients in each principal component. The higher absolute value of the coefficient means that the variable distinguishes more from the other in terms of locating the sites on t he charts. For the first principal component, the highest and the lowest coefficients are approximately 0.14 and - 0.09. For principle 2, the numbers are 0.21 and - 0.21. For principle 3, they are 0.23 and - 0.14 . The lists of the most distinctive variables are presented in Table 4 , Table 5 , and Table 6 . These design elem e nts significantly influence the site 52 scores , and the pattern of the scatter graphs Table 4 : List of the distinctive variables with the largest and the smallest coefficients in principal component 1. Distinctive Variables with the Largest Coefficients Distinctive Variables with the Smallest Coefficients The great halls (ting tang) Unpainted structures or elements Fall color of plant mat erial Plaque Lifted base of building Japanese Maple Multiple layers of entry sequence Multiple layers of edges Foreground, Midground, and Background Chinese characters Animistic believes Tranquility Harmony Openwork brick walls Glass carvings Wetland Small scale Table 5 : List of the distinctive variables with the largest and the smallest coefficients in principal component 2. Distinctive Variables with the Largest Coefficients Distinctive Variables with the Smallest Coefficients Zigzag wall Meandering walls Zigzag Bridge Moon Gate Brick carvings Willow Confucianism Viewing terrace Pebbles area Abstract geometrical composition Bronze components Stairs Signage stone Wabi - sabi 53 Table 6 : List of the distinctive variables with the largest and the smallest coefficients in principal component 3. Distinctive Variables with the Largest Coefficients Distinctive Variables with the Smallest Coefficients Reflecting Pond Fish pond Shadow Borrowed scenery Straight Pathway Trees Located in urban Varied spaces with visual devices Opposite scenery Ophiopogon japonicus Trimmed plant material The first scatter gr aph (Figure 2 5 ) is sh owing the site scores of each site in principal component 1 and 2. In the graph, the traditional Chinese gardens, modern Chinese gardens, and Japanese gardens form clusters of dots indicating each site. The horizontal axis show s the site scores in first principal compone nt. The site scores calculated by the second principal component is shown on the vertical axis. Traditional Chinese gardens, which are Garden, Lingering Garden, and Master of the Nets Garden are located within the positive dimension of both horizontal and vertical ax e s. Modern Chinese gardens ( Bamboo Garden, Learning Garden, Net.Wet. Garden, Sugar Cane Garden, and Landscape New Wave Garden ) are all located within the negative dimension of bot h ax e s . Most of the Japanese gardens are located in the part with positive dimension of principal 1, and negative dimension of principal 2. In this chart , a clear cluster pattern of three different types of gardens is generated. 54 Accord ing to Table 4 and 5 , t he meaning of the axes of the first scatter gra ph can be defined. The distinctive variables for principal component 1 are including the general design elements in traditional oriental architecture s (The great halls, P laque, L ifted ba se of the building , Multiple layers ) and general des ign elements in modern gardens like Wetland, S mall scale, and Glass carvings. As for principal component 2 , it can be defined as design elements in both Chinese (Moon gate, Taihu rocks, Zigzag bridge) and Japanese (Pebbles area, Signage stone) gardens ( Chen, 2018). The variables with the large st eigenvalue coefficient are distinguishable desi gn elements that bring the dot representing the site to the positive dimension, and the ones with the smallest eigenvalue coefficients distributes the dots to negative dimension. Considering the axes meaning, the pattern of the first scatter graph (Figure 2 5 ) can be explained. The traditional oriental design elements bring the traditional Chinese and Japanese gardens to the positive dimension of the horizontal axis. Meanwhile, modern gardens design elements locate the modern Chinese gardens to the left side. Traditional Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens are separated by the principal component 2 , and locate on each side of the vertical dimension. In the first scatter graph, it is easy to notice that the modern Chinese gardens are in the same dimension with Japanese gardens on the vertical axis, which means that there are many same varieties sh a red by these two kinds of gardens. In the previous research, the authors mentioned that modern Chinese garde ns reflect the result of global sharing and global cultural influences . In that way, these modern Chinese gardens display similarities with these 55 Japanese gardens belonging to foreign culture. Moreover, these modern Chinese gardens are mostly built to be public place s for people to enjoy their time. Most classical Chinese gardens was originally private residential projects designed for highly social - ranked people. In Table 5 , element s with the largest eigenvalue coefficients , such as brick carvings, Taihu rocks, and Moon gate, illustrate the decoration emphasizing the aesthetic value and presents of wealth. In contrary, Japanese gardens, which are often associate with religious s ites l ike shrines and templ es, are usually open to public for religious related activities , thus closer related to the modern Chinese gardens with the consideration of functions . 56 Figure 28: Geometrical design in Kishiwada Castle . (Copyright ©201 9 Yige Qu all right reserved used by permission). F igure 29 : . (Copyright ©2014 Jon Burley all right reserved used by permission). 57 However, being different from the modern Chinese gardens serving a s public open spaces with less architectures , both Gyokudo Art Museum and Kishiwada Castle were served as private residences originally before the gardens were built. Therefore, these sites contain more traditional architecture elements like Lifted base and Plaque , which locate the site to the right of the modern Chinese gardens on the horizontal axis. As mentioned in the study sites in chapter 2, Genkyu - en is considered to be designed with the concept of . It is named after an imperial villa in China during Tang Dynasty ( Main, & Platten, 2002) . Based on the intent of creating a garden with the yearning for Chinese style, the design elements like Pavilion and Boating pond are main elements in the garden. Additionally, the style of Genkyu - en is a stroll garden, which is also called Shinden - zukuri style. This kind of garden s was firstly created under the huge influence of Chinese culture in Heian period. Water fe atures like boating ponds can usually be found in these kind of gardens (Burley , & Machemer, 2016). Many traditional Chinese garden design elements can be found in Genkyu - en . Therefore, the dot representing Genkyu - en is loca ted within the dimension of trad itional Chinese gardens. The cluster pattern of the first scatter graph (Figure 25) showing the site scores of principal components 1 and 2 is similar to the same One crucial reason is that the variables in this study used the same list generated by Yiwen Xu (2015) and Dexin Chen (2018). There are no new varieties added to the list of elements . Therefore, the original data set collected by Dexin Chen remains the same as the on e in the previous study . 58 Additionally, sites newly selecte d for this study are Japanese gardens outside Kyoto C ity , which are the same type of garden as the ones in the previous study . The new study sites and previous ones share many design elements in c ommon. The new site scores do not significantly influence the original relationship among the classical Chinese gardens, modern Chinese gardens, and Japanese gardens. Consequently , the cluster showing the similarity and differences do not change to great e xtent . The second scatter graph (Figure 2 6 ) present s the site scores of principal components 1 and 3 , with site scores of principal components 1 on the horizontal axis and the scores of 3 on the vertical one. In this graph, three classical Chinese gardens are located in the dimension of positive dimension of horizontal axis, and the negative dimension of the vertical axis, but are gathered close to the point of 0 . Modern Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens both form a stripe shape . All modern Chinese gardens are located at the negative dimension of horizontal axis representing principal 1. Most of the dots representing Japanese gardens are at the positive dimension of the horizontal axis. A s discussed above, the principal component 1, which is on the horizontal axis in this scatter graph, divide modern gardens and traditional gardens. Looking at the pattern of the scatter graph on the vertical axis, it can be interpreted by analyzing the distinctive varieties in principal 3. According to the table of distinctive ele ments (Table 6 ), th e meaning of the vertical axis can be defined as , large water features , and plants The positive dimension represents the 59 large w ater features, and the location in Kyoto City. Outside Kyoto City, less water features, Trees, and Ophiopogon japonicus , are the meaning for the negative dimension. The Japanese gardens located outside Kyoto City are mostly at the negative dimension of the principal component 3. Kyoto City is now a major city in Japan , and one of the most popular destinations . A large number of visitors from all over the wor ld visit the city every day. The urban area in the city , nowadays, are mainly business buildings and hospitality infrastructures. These areas are the evidence of economy growth for the huge city , and they accommodate the large number of visitors. In that way, most famous gardens in Kyoto City, are speedy process of urbanization and urban crawl. Due to the fact of that, the location of the gardens in Kyoto City are often in suburban. Being in the suburban, the scales of the gardens are usually larger. In that way, larger water features like reflecting ponds and fishponds can be included. Borrowed Scenery technique is also commonly used, because of the fact that these gardens are located in the suburban area, more natural sceneries and views , like mountains, to the garden for better views. The dot of Yasa ka Shrine is located closer to the dots of Japanese gardens outside Kyoto City. The reason s are the absent of the water feature elements , and the location in urban. Similarly, Meigetsu - in is closer to Japanese gardens in Kyoto City than to the ones outside the city, due to the water features and the location in suburban. Classical Chinese gardens, b eing located at the same dimension of the Japanese gardens outside Kyoto City, can be explained by the location. All three classical Chinese gardens are 60 located inside the urban area in Suzhou City . Also, f rom Tabl e 6 c an be found in all Classical Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens , but being absent from some of the modern Chinese gardens. Ophiopogon japonicus , being absent from all modern Chinese gardens, is planted in all classical Chinese gardens and many Japan ese gardens outside Kyoto City. Third scatter graph (Figure 2 7 ) presents the site score s of principal components 2 (horizontal axis) and 3 (vertical axis) . The classical Chinese gardens and modern Chinese gardens are divided by the principal 2, which is defines as design elements in Chinese and Japanese gardens. Modern Chinese gardens are in the same dimension of Japanese gardens . Most of the Japanese gardens located in the Kyoto City ar e in the positive dimension of principal 3 , which is . The Japanese gardens and modern Chinese gardens are mixed in one cluster, which means they are similar to each other. The explanation of this pattern is explained above when the distinctive variables in principal 2 and 3 are discussed , because the first t wo scatter graphs cover the information of site scores and distinctive variables in all three principal components. 61 C HAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION p! 62 63 64 65 66 1. The Great Halls (ting tang) 2. Covered Stone Boat (fang) 3. Viewing Towers (lou ge) 4. Studies (shufang) 5. Covered Walkways (lang) 6. Pavilions (ting xie) 7. Viewing terrace 8. Black tile pavement 9. Brick paving 10. Cracked Ice Stone paving 11. Pebbles area 12. Mosaic pave with special pattern 13. Whitewashed walls 14. Grey Stone Walls 15. Openwork Brick walls 16. Curved top walls 17. Zigzag wall 18. Meandering walls 19. Bamboo paved pathway 20. Boardwalk 21. Curved Pathway 22. Straight Pathway 23. Zigzag Bridge 24. Semi - circular Bridge 25. Straight Bridge 26. Wall holes with symbolized shape 27. Lattice window 28. Moon Gate 29. Wood carvings 30. Glass carvings 31. Brick carvings 32. Reflecting Pond 33. Stream 34. Fish pond 35. Wetland 36. Island 67 Table 7 37. Artificial mountains 38. Sculptural rocks 39. Pond bank rocks 40. Taihu Rocks 41. Trees 42. Shrubs 43. Ground covers 44. Turf area 45. Pine 46. Bamboo 47. Plum 48. Magnolias 49. Camellia 50. Crepe myrtles 51. Sweet osmanthus 52. Peony 53. Willow 54. Lotus 55. Reed 56. Sugar cane 57. Moon 58. Clouds 59. Rain 60. Wind 61. Shadow 62. Originally private 63. Public 64. Located in suburban 65. Located in urban 66. Design concept 67. Poem and painting concept 68. Naturalness 69. Varied spaces with visual devices 70. Borrowed scenery 71. Enframed scenery 72. Opposite scenery 73. Contrast 68 Table 7 74. Deep implication 75. Abstract geometrical composition 76. Miniature of natural landscapes 77. Boating pond 78. Stepping stones 79. Yellow painted wall 80. Unpainted structures or elements 81. Fall color of plant material 82. Metal components in wooden structures 83. Courtyard/atrium 84. Wooden / bamboo fences and railings 85. Bench 86. Pagoda 87. Adjacent to burial site 88. Stairs 89. Geomancy rules/Fengshui 90. Stone lanterns 91. Wooden lanterns 92. Trellis/pergola 93. Obviously exposed drainage ditch/gutter 94. Signage stone 95. Elevation change 96. Plaque 97. Lifted base of building 98. Building partially painted in red 99. Strings implied enchantment boundary 100. Raked sand design 101. Stone hand wash basin 102. Well 103. Bell 104. Shishiodoshi 105. Grouping stones 106. Ophiopogon japonicas 107. Hydrangea 108. Japanese maple 109. Moss 110. Azalea 69 Table 7 111. Trimmed plant material 112. Weeping form plant material 113. Multiple layers of entry sequence 114. Multiple layers of edges 115. Control view point 116. Foreground, Midground and Background (visual technique) 117. Large scale 118. Small scale 119. Located on the foot of mountain 120. Location adjacent to Shinto shrine 121. Curved roof 122. Chinese characters 123. Wabi - sabi 124. Religious property 125. Tea 126. Sense of sacred place 127. Animistic believes 128. Buddhism 129. Shinto 130. Confucianism 131. Imperial background 132. Simplicity 133. Tranquility 134. Harmony 70 Classical Chinese Gardens Modern Chinese Gardens Design elements Humble Administrator's Garden Master of the Nets Garden Lingering Garden Bamboo Garden Net. Wet. Garden Learning Garden Sugar Cane Garden Landscape New Wave The great halls (ting tang) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Covered stone boat (fang) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viewing towers (lou ge) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Studies (shufang) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Covered walkways (lang) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pavillions (ting xie) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Viewing terrace 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Black tile pavement 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Brick paving 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cracked ice stone paving 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Pebbles area 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Mosaic pave with special pattern 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Whitewashed walls 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Grey stone walls 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Openwork brick walls 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Curved top walls 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zigzag wall 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Meandering walls 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Bamboo paved pathway 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Boardwalk 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Curved Pathway 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Straight Pathway 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Zigzag Bridge 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 71 Table 8 Semi - circular bridge 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Straight Bridge 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Wall holes with symbolized shape 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Lattice window 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Moon Gate 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wood carvings 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Glass carvings 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Brick carvings 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Reflecting Pond 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Stream 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fish pond 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Island 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Artificial mountains 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sculptural rocks 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Pond bank rocks 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Taihu rocks 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Trees 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Shrubs 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Ground covers 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Turf area 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Pine 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bamboo 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Plum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Magnolias 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Camellia 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Crepe myrtles 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sweet osmanthus 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Peony 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Willow 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lotus 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Reed 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Sugar cane 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Moon 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Clouds 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 72 Table 8 Rain 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wind 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Shadow 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Originally private 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Public 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Located in suburban 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Located in urban 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Design concept 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poem and painting concept 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Naturainess 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Varied spaces with visual devices 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Borrowed scenery 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Enframed scenery 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Opposite scenery 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Contrast 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Deep implication 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abstract geometrical composition 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Miniature of natural landscapes 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Boating pond 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Stepping stones 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yellow painted wall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unpainted structures or elements 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Fall colour of plant material 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Bronze components 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Courtyard/atrium 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wooden /bamboo fence/railings 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Bench 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Pagoda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Adjacent to burial site 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 Table 8 Stairs 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Geomancy rules/Fengshui 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Stone lanterns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wooden lanterns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trellis/pergola 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Obviouly exposed drainage ditch/gutter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Signage stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elevation change 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Plaque 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lifted base of building 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Building partially painted in red 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Strings implied enchantment boundary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raked sand design 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stone hand wash basin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Well 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Bell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shishiodoshi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grouping stones 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ophiopogon japonicus 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrangea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Japanese Maple 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Azalea 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 Trimmed plant material 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Weeping form plant material 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Multiple layers of entry sequence 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 74 Table 8 Multiple layers of edges 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Control view point 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Foreground, Midground, and Background 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Large scale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small scale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Located on the foot of mountain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Location adjacent to Shinto Shrine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Curved roof 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Chinese characters 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wabi - sabi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Religious property 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Teaism 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sense of sacred place 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Animistic believes 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Buddhism 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Shinto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Confucianism 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Imperial background 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Simplicity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tranquility 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Harmony 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 75 Tradition Japanese Gardens Shinto Shrines Design elements Daitoku - ji Ryoan - ji Kinkaku - ji Tenryu - ji Shisen - do Kiyomizu - dera Daikaku - ji Byodo - in Yasaka Shrine Fushimi - Inari Taisha The great halls (ting tang) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Covered stone boat (fang) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viewing towers (lou ge) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Studies (shufang) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Covered walkways (lang) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Pavillions (ting xie) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Viewing terrace 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Black tile pavement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brick paving 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cracked ice stone paving 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pebbles area 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mosaic pave with special pattern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Whitewashed walls 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Grey stone walls 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Openwork brick walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Curved top walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zigzag wall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meandering walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bamboo paved pathway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Boardwalk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Curved Pathway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Straight Pathway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zigzag Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semi - circular bridge 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Straight Bridge 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 76 Table 9 Wall holes with symbolized shape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lattice window 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Moon Gate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood carvings 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Glass carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brick carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Reflecting Pond 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Stream 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fish pond 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Wetland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Island 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Artificial mountains 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sculptural rocks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pond bank rocks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trees 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Shrubs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ground covers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Turf area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bamboo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Magnolias 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Camellia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Crepe myrtles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sweet osmanthus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peony 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Willow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lotus 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Reed 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Sugar cane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moon 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Clouds 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rain 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 Wind 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 77 Table 9 Shadow 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Originally private 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Located in suburban 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Located in urban 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Design concept 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poem and painting concept 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Naturainess 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Varied spaces with visual devices 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Borrowed scenery 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Enframed scenery 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Opposite scenery 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Contrast 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Deep implication 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abstract geometrical composition 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Miniature of natural landscapes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Boating pond 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Stepping stones 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Yellow painted wall 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Unpainted structures or elements 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fall colour of plant material 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bronze components 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Courtyard/atrium 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Wooden /bamboo fence/railings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bench 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pagoda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Adjacent to burial site 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Stairs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Geomancy rules/Fengshui 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78 Table 9 Stone lanterns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wooden lanterns 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Trellis/pergola 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Obviouly exposed drainage ditch/gutter 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Signage stone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elevation change 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plaque 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lifted base of building 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Building partially painted in red 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Strings implied enchantment boundary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Raked sand design 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Stone hand wash basin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bell 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Shishiodoshi 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Grouping stones 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Ophiopogon japonicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Hydrangea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Japanese Maple 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Moss 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Azalea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Trimmed plant material 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Weeping form plant material 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Multiple layers of entry sequence 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Multiple layers of edges 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Control view point 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Foreground, Midground, and Background 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Large scale 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Small scale 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 79 Table 9 Located on the foot of mountain 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Location adjacent to Shinto Shrine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Curved roof 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Chinese characters 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wabi - sabi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Religious property 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Teaism 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Sense of sacred place 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Animistic believes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Buddhism 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Shinto 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Confucianism 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Imperial background 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Simplicity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tranquility 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Harmony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 80 Design elements Gyokudo Museum Jomyo - ji Meigestu - in Genkyu - en Ryotan - ji Seigan - ji Kongobu - ji Kishiwada Castle Nanshu - ji The great halls (ting tang) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Covered stone boat (fang) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viewing towers (lou ge) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Studies (shufang) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Covered walkways (lang) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Pavillions (ting xie) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Viewing terrace 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Black tile pavement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Brick paving 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cracked ice stone paving 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pebbles area 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mosaic pave with special pattern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Whitewashed walls 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Grey stone walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Openwork brick walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Curved top walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Zigzag wall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meandering walls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bamboo paved pathway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Boardwalk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Curved Pathway 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 81 Table 10 Straight Pathway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zigzag Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Semi - circular bridge 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Straight Bridge 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Wall holes with symbolized shape 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lattice window 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Moon Gate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood carvings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Glass carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brick carvings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reflecting Pond 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Stream 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Fish pond 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Wetland 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Island 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Artificial mountains 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Sculptural rocks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pond bank rocks 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Taihu rocks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trees 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Shrubs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ground covers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Turf area 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bamboo 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Plum 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Magnolias 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Camellia 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Crepe myrtles 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Sweet osmanthus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Peony 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Willow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lotus 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 82 Table 10 Reed 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sugar cane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moon 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Clouds 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Rain 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Wind 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Shadow 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Originally private 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Public 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Located in suburban 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Located in urban 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Design concept 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poem and painting concept 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Naturainess 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Varied spaces with visual devices 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Borrowed scenery 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Enframed scenery 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Opposite scenery 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Contrast 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Deep implication 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abstract geometrical composition 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Miniature of natural landscapes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Boating pond 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stepping stones 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Yellow painted wall 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Unpainted structures or elements 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83 Table 10 Fall colour of plant material 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bronze components 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Courtyard/atrium 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Wooden /bamboo fence/railings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bench 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Pagoda 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Adjacent to burial site 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Stairs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Geomancy rules/Fengshui 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stone lanterns 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Wooden lanterns 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Trellis/pergola 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Obviouly exposed drainage ditch/gutter 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Signage stone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elevation change 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Plaque 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lifted base of building 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Building partially painted in red 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Strings implied enchantment boundary 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Raked sand design 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Stone hand wash basin 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Well 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Bell 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Shishiodoshi 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 84 Table 10 Grouping stones 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ophiopogon japonicus 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Hydrangea 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Japanese Maple 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Moss 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Azalea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Trimmed plant material 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Weeping form plant material 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Multiple layers of entry sequence 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Multiple layers of edges 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Control view point 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Foreground, Midground, and Background 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Large scale 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 Small scale 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Located on the foot of mountain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Location adjacent to Shinto Shrine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Curved roof 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chinese characters 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wabi - sabi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Religious property 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Teaism 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Sense of sacred place 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Animistic believes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85 Table 10 Buddhism 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Shinto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Confucianism 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Imperial background 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Simplicity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tranquility 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Harmony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 86 Design elements Mean St andard Dev iation The great halls (ting tang) 0.8214286 0.390021 Covered stone boat (fang) 0.0357143 0.1889822 Viewing towers (lou ge) 0.5 0.5091751 Studies (shufang) 0.75 0.4409586 Covered walkways (lang) 0.75 0.4409586 Pavillions (ting xie) 0.5 0.5091751 Viewing terrace 0.7857143 0.4178554 Black tile pavement 0.1785714 0.390021 Brick paving 0.1785714 0.390021 Cracked ice stone paving 0.3214286 0.4755949 Pebbles area 0.8214286 0.390021 Mosaic pave with special pattern 0.1785714 0.390021 Whitewashed walls 0.8214286 0.390021 Grey stone walls 0.3214286 0.4755949 Openwork brick walls 0.25 0.4409586 Curved top walls 0.1071429 0.3149704 Zigzag wall 0.1428571 0.3563483 Meandering walls 0.0714286 0.2622653 Bamboo paved pathway 0.0357143 0.1889822 Boardwalk 0.0357143 0.1889822 Curved Pathway 0.8214286 0.390021 Straight Pathway 0.9285714 0.2622653 Zigzag Bridge 0.1428571 0.3563483 Semi - circular bridge 0.3214286 0.4755949 Straight Bridge 0.6428571 0.48795 Wall holes with symbolized shape 0.2142857 0.4178554 Lattice window 0.7857143 0.4178554 Moon Gate 0.1071429 0.3149704 Wood carvings 0.7857143 0.4178554 Glass carvings 0.0714286 0.2622653 Brick carvings 0.1428571 0.3563483 Reflecting Pond 0.7142857 0.4600437 Stream 0.6071429 0.4973475 87 Table 11 Fish pond 0.6071429 0.4973475 Wetland 0.1071429 0.3149704 Island 0.5 0.5091751 Artificial mountains 0.2142857 0.4178554 Sculptural rocks 0.9642857 0.1889822 Pond bank rocks 0.5357143 0.5078745 0.1071429 0.3149704 Trees 0.9285714 0.2622653 Shrubs 0.8928571 0.3149704 Ground covers 0.8571429 0.3563483 Turf area 0.25 0.4409586 Pine 0.8571429 0.3563483 Bamboo 0.75 0.4409586 Plum 0.75 0.4409586 Magnolias 0.5714286 0.5039526 Camellia 0.6785714 0.4755949 Crepe myrtles 0.6785714 0.4755949 Sweet osmanthus 0.6071429 0.4973475 Peony 0.25 0.4409586 Willow 0.1071429 0.3149704 Lotus 0.4642857 0.5078745 Reed 0.3571429 0.48795 Sugar cane 0.0357143 0.1889822 Moon 0.4285714 0.5039526 Clouds 0.4285714 0.5039526 Rain 0.4642857 0.5078745 Wind 0.3571429 0.48795 Shadow 0.5714286 0.5039526 Originally private 0.5 0.5091751 Public 0.5 0.5091751 Located in suburban 0.6785714 0.4755949 Located in urban 0.3214286 0.4755949 Design concept 1 0 Poem and painting concept 0.8214286 0.390021 Naturainess 0.9285714 0.2622653 Varied spaces with visual devices 0.9642857 0.1889822 Borrowed scenery 0.6428571 0.48795 88 Table 11 Enframed scenery 0.7142857 0.4600437 Opposite scenery 0.9285714 0.2622653 Contrast 1 0 Deep implication 1 0 Abstract geometrical composition 0.8928571 0.3149704 Miniature of natural landscapes 0.75 0.4409586 Boating pond 0.25 0.4409586 Stepping stones 0.5714286 0.5039526 Yellow painted wall 0.3214286 0.4755949 Unpainted structures or elements 0.8214286 0.390021 Fall colour of plant material 0.8214286 0.390021 Bronze components 0.7142857 0.4600437 Courtyard/atrium 0.6785714 0.4755949 Wooden /bamboo fence/railings 0.8571429 0.3563483 Bench 0.4285714 0.5039526 Pagoda 0.5 0.5091751 Adjacent to burial site 0.5357143 0.5078745 Stairs 0.8214286 0.390021 Geomancy rules/Fengshui 0.8571429 0.3563483 Stone lanterns 0.6428571 0.48795 Wooden lanterns 0.5 0.5091751 Trellis/pergola 0.3214286 0.4755949 Obviouly exposed drainage ditch/gutter 0.6428571 0.48795 Signage stone 0.7142857 0.4600437 Elevation change 0.75 0.4409586 Plaque 0.8214286 0.390021 Lifted base of building 0.8214286 0.390021 Building partially painted in red 0.3571429 0.48795 Strings implied enchantment boundary 0.2142857 0.4178554 Raked sand design 0.5 0.5091751 Stone hand wash basin 0.6428571 0.48795 Well 0.6785714 0.4755949 Bell 0.5357143 0.5078745 Shishiodoshi 0.1428571 0.3563483 Grouping stones 0.75 0.4409586 Ophiopogon japonicus 0.4285714 0.5039526 Hydrangea 0.6428571 0.48795 89 Table 11 Japanese Maple 0.8214286 0.390021 Moss 0.6785714 0.4755949 Azalea 0.8928571 0.3149704 Trimmed plant material 0.9285714 0.2622653 Weeping form plant material 0.5 0.5091751 Multiple layers of entry sequence 0.8214286 0.390021 Multiple layers of edges 0.8214286 0.390021 Control view point 0.8928571 0.3149704 Foreground, Midground, and Background 0.8214286 0.390021 Large scale 0.4285714 0.5039526 Small scale 0.5714286 0.5039526 Located on the foot of mountain 0.6071429 0.4973475 Location adjacent to Shinto Shrine 0.3928571 0.4973475 Curved roof 0.7857143 0.4178554 Chinese characters 0.8214286 0.390021 Wabi - sabi 0.7142857 0.4600437 Religious property 0.6071429 0.4973475 Teaism 0.5714286 0.5039526 Sense of sacred place 0.7142857 0.4600437 Animistic believes 0.8214286 0.390021 Buddhism 0.5714286 0.5039526 Shinto 0.2142857 0.4178554 Confucianism 0.1428571 0.3563483 Imperial background 0.5 0.5091751 Simplicity 1 0 Tranquility 0.8214286 0.390021 Harmony 0.8214286 0.390021 90 Design elements Prin1 Prin2 Prin3 The great halls (ting tang) 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Covered stone boat (fang) 0.004797 0.121946 - 0.004397 Viewing towers (lou ge) 0.072885 0.079743 0.1268 Studies (shufang) 0.120369 0.042903 0.024261 Covered walkways (lang) 0.122432 0.02704 - 0.015599 Pavillions (ting xie) 0.07903 0.081152 0.137193 Viewing terrace 0.080178 - 0.139857 - 0.049893 Black tile pavement - 0.020217 0.14875 - 0.018673 Brick paving 0.022878 0.158436 0.003765 Cracked ice stone paving 0.024132 0.115878 0.102031 Pebbles area 0.054888 - 0.158749 - 0.029772 Mosaic pave with special pattern - 0.046266 0.162318 - 0.041682 Whitewashed walls 0.073679 0.032383 - 0.105161 Grey stone walls - 0.017728 0.008977 0.033632 Openwork brick walls - 0.094622 0.136084 0.019552 Curved top walls 0.012296 0.131421 - 0.044293 Zigzag wall - 0.02471 0.180265 - 0.013478 Meandering walls 0.005329 0.17203 - 0.01063 Bamboo paved pathway - 0.069529 - 0.012288 0.128719 Boardwalk - 0.069529 - 0.012288 0.128719 Curved Pathway 0.0468 0.038194 0.143573 Straight Pathway 0.096219 0.022107 - 0.127968 Zigzag Bridge - 0.02471 0.180265 - 0.013478 Semi - circular bridge 0.055724 0.063291 0.051999 Straight Bridge 0.039375 0.067477 - 0.008761 Wall holes with symbolized shape - 0.004414 0.136893 - 0.001131 Lattice window 0.135751 0.024253 0.006325 Moon Gate 0.005507 0.207051 - 0.017004 Wood carvings 0.126401 0.025063 - 0.078341 Glass carvings - 0.075417 - 0.007273 - 0.041565 Brick carvings 0.016895 0.182905 0.014063 Reflecting Pond 0.013901 0.066231 0.188779 Stream 0.098719 0.01339 0.130345 Fish pond 0.07172 0.069384 0.225766 Wetland - 0.070313 - 0.007787 0.054974 91 Table 12 Island 0.058934 0.042998 0.13328 Artificial mountains 0.014836 0.135294 - 0.115057 Sculptural rocks 0.064002 0.018391 - 0.048872 Pond bank rocks 0.090735 0.080489 0.158419 Taihu rocks 0.005507 0.207051 - 0.017004 Trees 0.096219 0.022107 - 0.127968 Shrubs 0.113582 0.021512 - 0.10831 Ground covers 0.090721 0.024035 - 0.04794 Turf area - 0.030065 0.034256 - 0.101129 Pine 0.128463 0.021757 - 0.075086 Bamboo 0.046856 0.054226 0.117404 Plum 0.129431 0.031519 0.053248 Magnolias 0.094687 0.062098 0.165862 Camellia 0.114408 0.036555 0.074213 Crepe myrtles 0.110132 0.034527 0.07259 Sweet osmanthus 0.071361 0.057191 0.122644 Peony 0.035306 0.118415 0.017146 Willow 0.005507 0.207051 - 0.017004 Lotus 0.014047 0.093387 0.003208 Reed 0.010882 - 0.044942 0.166331 Sugar cane - 0.064002 - 0.018391 0.048872 Moon 0.051613 0.031715 - 0.018894 Clouds 0.059048 0.026184 0.045606 Rain 0.067839 0.024041 0.019713 Wind 0.035739 0.099658 - 0.094354 Shadow 0.045701 - 0.018963 0.223223 Originally private 0.067637 0.090477 0.064639 Public - 0.067637 - 0.090477 - 0.064639 Located in suburban - 0.023397 - 0.108424 0.123487 Located in urban 0.023397 0.108424 - 0.123487 Design concept 0 0 0 Poem and painting concept 0.081839 0.038865 - 0.095802 Naturainess 0.077467 0.007276 0.011402 Varied spaces with visual devices 0.069529 0.012288 - 0.128719 Borrowed scenery 0.068217 0.061028 0.185828 Enframed scenery 0.008518 0.053936 0.158042 Opposite scenery 0.096219 0.022107 - 0.127968 92 Table 12 Contrast 0 0 0 Deep implication 0 0 0 Abstract geometrical composition - 0.005507 - 0.207051 0.017004 Miniature of natural landscapes 0.117241 0.038702 - 0.060014 Boating pond 0.042703 0.082347 0.07314 Stepping stones 0.089955 - 0.081377 - 0.026669 Yellow painted wall 0.070714 - 0.051655 0.118752 Unpainted structures or elements 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Fall colour of plant material 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Bronze components 0.116988 - 0.122883 - 0.038817 Courtyard/atrium 0.105508 0.033368 0.004457 Wooden /bamboo fence/railings 0.068491 - 0.102067 - 0.081484 Bench - 0.016525 - 0.05334 - 0.046574 Pagoda 0.096247 - 0.06422 0.116851 Adjacent to burial site 0.099083 - 0.089558 0.092314 Stairs 0.054309 - 0.158869 - 0.039553 Geomancy rules/Fengshui 0.121957 0.014614 - 0.039224 Stone lanterns 0.113412 - 0.105168 0.059096 Wooden lanterns 0.071707 - 0.087062 - 0.065834 Trellis/pergola 0.051405 0.117719 0.103643 Obviouly exposed drainage ditch/gutter 0.113412 - 0.105168 0.059096 Signage stone 0.116988 - 0.122883 - 0.038817 Elevation change 0.120369 0.042903 0.024261 Plaque 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Lifted base of building 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Building partially painted in red 0.045465 0.098102 0.042125 Strings implied enchantment boundary 0.033696 - 0.047662 - 0.033237 Raked sand design 0.074782 - 0.082628 - 0.041436 Stone hand wash basin 0.109553 - 0.114619 0.031893 Well 0.111712 0.04575 0.093453 Bell 0.099083 - 0.089558 0.092314 Shishiodoshi 0.029225 - 0.044446 - 0.039978 Grouping stones 0.117241 0.038702 - 0.060014 Ophiopogon japonicus 0.042582 0.07979 - 0.144126 Hydrangea 0.107871 - 0.109877 0.021606 93 Table 12 Japanese Maple 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Moss 0.11079 - 0.109752 - 0.028608 Azalea 0.113582 0.021512 - 0.10831 Trimmed plant material 0.096219 0.022107 - 0.127968 Weeping form plant material 0.084206 0.08168 0.155932 Multiple layers of entry sequence 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Multiple layers of edges 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Control view point 0.111159 0.021362 - 0.095306 Foreground, Midground, and Background 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Large scale 0.083412 - 0.070652 0.103984 Small scale - 0.083412 0.070652 - 0.103984 Located on the foot of mountain 0.101038 - 0.100009 0.040659 Location adjacent to Shinto Shrine 0.074985 - 0.056402 0.152347 Curved roof 0.126401 0.025063 - 0.078341 Chinese characters 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Wabi - sabi 0.116988 - 0.122883 - 0.038817 Religious property 0.108185 - 0.104884 0.073187 Teaism 0.090069 0.064272 0.057262 Sense of sacred place 0.120729 0.028369 0.067479 Animistic believes 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Buddhism 0.100406 0.012355 0.099945 Shinto 0.043045 - 0.048386 0.05501 Confucianism 0.012548 0.177988 0.01169 Imperial background 0.090243 - 0.080191 0.125053 Simplicity 0 0 0 Tranquility 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 Harmony 0.142439 0.022264 - 0.059519 94 95 Abdi, H., & Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2 (4), 433 - 459. doi:10.1002/wics.101 Burley, J. B. (2006). The Design Concept: Intellectual Landscapes in Michigan. The Burley, J. B., & Brown, T. J. (1995). Constructing interpretable environments from multidimensional data: GIS suitability overlays and pri ncipal component analysis. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 38 (4), 537 - 550. doi:10.1080/09640569512805 Burley, B. J., Fowler, G. W., Polakowski, K., & Brown, T. J. (2001). Soil based vegetation productivity model for the North Dakota coal mining region. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 15(4), 213 - 234. doi:10.1076/ijsm.15.4.213.7415 Burley, J. B., & Machemer, T. (2016). From eye to heart: Exterior spaces explored and explained. United States of America: C ognella academic publishing. Burley, J. B., Singhal, V. B., Burley, C. J., Fasser, D., Churchward, C., Hellekson, D., & Raharizafy, I. (2009). Citation Analysis of Transportation Research Literature: A Multi - Dimensional Map of the Roadside Universe. Landsc ape Research, 34(4), 481 - 495. Chen, D. (2018). A Cluster Analysis Comparison of Selected Traditional Japanese Gardens, Classical Chinese Gardens and Modern Chinese Gardens. Proquest Publishing. Chen, D., Burley, J. B. (2018). Japanese authenticity: gardens of simplicity and meaning. The Michigan Land scape. 96 Goto, S. (2007). The first Japanese garden in the Western world: the garden in the Louisiana Purehase Exposition. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes , 27 (3), 244 253. doi: 10.1080/14601176.2007.10435951 Goto, S., Ristovska, L., & Fujii, E. (2014). The Japanese garden at Sonnenberg: the first traditional private Japanese garden in North America. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes , 34 (4), 295 308. doi: 10.1080/14601176.2013.849053 Harada, H. . (2007). Kamakura no koji: Shiki no hana to butsuz o tazunete - [Old Temples in Kamakura: Visiting the Flowers of Four Seasons and the Buddha Statues]. JTB Publishing . Henderson, I. (2016). Gardens, history and the designer: Contributions to historiography. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 36 (1), 42 - 52. doi:10.1080/14601176.2015.1076670 Hida, N. . (1985). "Sakuteiki" kara mita z en ky : Kajima Shuppankai . Hisamatsu, S. (1982). Zen and the fine arts . New York: Kodansha International. #ã˙§ %Ê'2 Kishizuka, M. - ˚È [ Experimental Study on the Acoustic Structure of , 55 (5), 133 - 138. doi:10.5632/jila1934.55.5_133 Kobayashi, A. . , & Kunii, Y. . (2011). Kindai no Ishinomaki ni okeru jinja keidai no Iuchi ishisei shisetsu no tenkai [Development of Inaiishi - stone Facilities for Shinto Shrine Yards in Modern Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan]. %Ê'2 , 74 (5), 441 - 44 6. doi:10.5632/jila.74.441 3Æ.( 9×5˛ [ 97 Liu, C., Burley, J. B., & Partin, S. (2014). A metaphor for design: Fishing and Seclusion - the master - of - nets garden, Suzhou, China. The Michigan Landscapes , 32 - 33. Main, A., & Platten, N. (2002). The Lure of the Japanese garden . Kent Town, S. Aust.: Wakefield Press. Martin, A. (2015). The Magical World of Moss Gardening . Portland, OR: Timber Press. ˙Ò 5 7 9 %Ê'2 98 #. ˙ä %Ê'2 Mutsu, I. (2002). Kamakura: Fact and legend . Boston, MA: Tuttle Publishing. Nakajima, H. [Study on the Planting Transition in Koishikawa Kouraku - en]. Nippon Teien Gakkaishi ˆ¥ , 2007 (17), 13 - 38. doi:10.5982/jgarden.2007.17_13 Ono, K. . (2015). Nihon teien no rekishi to bunka [History and Culture of Japanese Gardens]. Yoshikawakobunkan . Ono, K., & Edwards, W. (2001). Bilingual dictionary of Japanese garden terms . Nara: Nara Nati onal Cultural Properties Research Inst. Kafka on the shore. Culture & Psychology, 23 (1), 52 73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X16650811 . (198 5 ). : [The Japanese Garden in Foreign Countries]. , 49 (3), 167 - 188. Seo, Y. . , & Morimoto, Y. . furakutaru - sei ni tsuite [Fractal on Design Elements of Japanese Garden]. , 60 (5), 615 - 618. doi:10.5632/jila.60.615 ˆ¥˙‘ 10 - 99 Shinji, I. . (1986). - ni miru shizen e no taido no nipponteki tokushitsu ni tsuite - [A study on Borrowed Scenery Especially on the Characteristics of Japanese Attitude toward the Nature Observed from the Landscape Structure of Borrowed Scenery and Its Philosophy]. , 50 (2), 77 - 88. doi:10.5632/jila1934.50.77 Shinji, I. . (1998). Nihon teien no tokushitsu: Y shiki, k kan, keikan "I 2A : [Characteristics of Japanese Gardens: Style, Sapce, and Landscape]. T ky : T ky N gy Daigaku Shuppankai : "' . Shinji, I. . (2008). Nihon no teien: Z kei no waza to kokoro ˆ¥˙‘ - ˘‘ /¡ [Japanese Gardens: Techniques and Minds of Landscaping]. T ky : Ch K ron Shinsha . Suzuki, M. ., Tazaki, K. ., & Shinji, I. . (1988). Gaikoku hito no Nihon teien - [A comparative study on the image of japanese garden in foreigners' mind]. , 52 (5), 25 - 30. doi:10.5632/jila1934.52.5_25 Taniguchi, S. . , Chang, K., Aida, A. %&#ãˆÂ . , & Suzuki, M. . (2003). Teien [Research on Image of Healing Received from Garden Landscape]. - - ,48 (3), 115 - 127. Tschumi, C. (2007). Mirei Shigemori - Rebel in the Garden: Modern Japanese Landscape Architecture . Basel: Birkhäuser Van Tonder, G. J., & Lyons, M. J. (2005). Visual perception in Japanese rock garden design. Axiomathes, 15 (3), 353 - 371. doi:10.1007/s10516 - 004 - 5448 - 8 Van Tonder, G. J., Lyons, M. J., & Ejima, Y. (2002). Visual structure of a Japanese Zen garden. Nature, 419 (6905), 359. Weiss, A. S. (2010). On the circulation of metaphors in the Zen garden. AA Files, (60), 89 - 93. 100 Xu, H. (2017). Cross - Cultural Comparative Study of Burial Sites. Proquest Publishing. Xu, H., Burley, J. B., Crawford, P., Wang, Y., Yue, Z., & Schutzki, R. (2017). An ordination of western and Chinese burial sites. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 13:452 - 469. Xu, H., Burley, J. B., Crawford, P., Wang, Y., Yue, Z., & Schutzki, R. (2017). Cross - cultural ordination of burial sites. International Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2:92 - 104. Xu, Y. (2015). A cluster analysis comparison of classical Chinese gardens with modern Xu, Y., Burley, J. B., Machemer, P., and Allen, A. (2015). A cluster analysis comparison of classical Chinese gardens with modern Chinese gardens. WSEAS, Energy, Environmental and Structural Engineering Series, 41:13 - 23. Xu, Y., Burley, J. B., Machemer, P. , and Allen, A. (2016). A dimensional comparison between classical Chinese gardens and modern Chinese gardens. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 12(2016):200 - 213. Yi, W. (1998). Interior d isplay a nd its relation t o external spaces i n traditional C hinese gardens . Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 18 (3), 232 - 247. doi:10.1080/14601176.1998.10435548 Young, D., Young, M., & Yew, T. H. (2019). The art of Japanese architecture: History, culture, des ign . North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing . Zhang, Y., Yamaguchi, K., & Kawasaki, M. (2017). A spatial analysis of the pond design to create Okufukasa, a sense of depth: A case study of Katsura Imperial Villa. Landscape Research,43 (3), 380 - 399. doi:10.1080/01426397.2017.1315385