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!!""!The list of 
planning 
factors 
and overview of planning process is available at:  
https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tsp/fhwasa16116/mod2.cfm
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!14 Nashville Area MPO 
Act
ive Transportation Program was retrieved on April 18, 2017 from 
http://www.nashvillempo.org/plans_programs/tip/ATP.aspx
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'''Smart Growth America
2016 rank
Metro area
Pedestrian 
deaths  (2005-2014)Annual pedestrian fatalities per 100,0002016  Pedestrian 
Danger Index35Greensboro-High Point, NC
1061.4496.036Fresno, CA
1902.0095.437Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN
2091.2192.938New Orleans-Metairie, LA2722.2288.739El Paso, TX1581.9186.840Oklahoma City, OK
1801.3986.741Knoxville, TN871.0385.542Tucson, AZ
1971.9882.643Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA
3751.7181.344Richmond, VA
1501.2281.045Kansas City, MO-KS
2101.0379.246Charleston-North Charleston, SC1522.1877.947Austin-Round Rock, TX2571.4077.848San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA2711.4375.149Ogden-ClearÞeld, UT641.0474.450Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN2161.1269.951Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA2,3701.8169.852St. Louis, MO-IL3511.2569.753Wichita, KS
610.9668.554Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA
641.1467.355Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD
4701.7165.756San Diego-Carlsbad, CA5591.7662.757Columbia, SC1622.0662.658Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO
3271.2358.759Chattanooga, TN-GA581.0856.860Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA
911.0954.4National total31,7011.5153.861Salt Lake City, UT
1251.1153.062Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI1031.0251.163Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA
470.8049.764Toledo, OH
761.2548.065Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ
1021.2347.566Columbus, OH1981.0246.267Akron, OH
550.7846.068Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD
9791.6344.069Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV
8171.3943.570Durham-Chapel Hill, NC721.3742.971Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, PA
841.4942.772Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY
1341.1840.773Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT
1301.0739.66!c`!$CMDA'6@'
Y>;89c<Z
''Dangerous by Design | 2016
2016 rank
Metro area
Pedestrian 
deaths  (2005-2014)Annual pedestrian fatalities per 100,0002016  Pedestrian 
Danger Index74Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI
1691.0838.675Providence-Warwick, RI-MA
1951.2238.076Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN
1680.7937.577Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC
1891.1137.178Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA
691.2435.579Dayton, OH710.8935.480Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI1,0431.1034.281Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT
860.9234.182Urban Honolulu, HI1721.7633.983New Haven-Milford, CT
1031.1933.184Worcester, MA-CT
820.8931.785San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA
6181.3831.486Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA
2511.1031.387Boise City, ID
400.6331.388Cleveland-Elyria, OH1380.6730.389Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA
480.9030.090Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA
470.5329.591Rochester, NY
1131.0429.092SpringÞeld, MA711.1328.393Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI2220.6528.294Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY
901.0327.895New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA
3,2161.6227.096Pittsburgh, PA
2130.9026.697Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA
3160.8924.798Lancaster, PA
450.8524.499Syracuse, NY701.0623.0100Provo-Orem, UT
440.8019.5101Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH4440.9518.0102Madison, WI530.8516.4103Portland-South Portland, ME300.5814.8104Colorado Springs, CO370.5513.5Twenty most dangerous metro areas based on PDI are high
-lighted in red; middle rankings are highlighted in blue; 20 least dangerous metro areas based on PDI are highlighted in green.7!ca!!'!55-).1a'&
J'0A9:;L;D?9C8'5DC88?8B'*:BC8?QC9?;8'#=:OAR
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'!CLOSUP Metropolitan Planning Organization SurveyUniversity of Michigan Ford School of Public Policy  Metropolitan Planning Organization Survey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`%%!"#$%&'()*2,)-./)345#%G$%-"#$%FJ^%/'))%$-,02#04A%.'%#$%#-%+,'-%./%,%')4#.0,5%1.&01#5%.'%1.&0-*a5.1,5%4.()'03)0-%-',0$+.'-,-#.0%2)+,'-3)0-b%!%%%%%%9'))%$-,02#04%FJ^!%%%%%%[)4#.0,5%1.&01#5!%%%%%%M.&0-*a5.1,5%-',0$+.'-,-#.0%2)+,'-3)0-!%%%%%%K.0L-%<0.B!%%%%%%^-")'%O+5),$)%$+)1#/*Y`%!"#$%&'()6+,)7#+8)-./)9$%+2:&$;#<%c",-%*),'%B,$%-")%FJ^%)$-,65#$")2b%!"#$%&'()62,)7#+8)=#>&'(+:)?'"(@&:)9$%+2:&$;#<%G/%*.&'%FJ^%#$%+,'-%./%,%')4#.0,5%1.&01#5A%#0%B",-%*),'%B,$%-")%')4#.0,5%1.&01#5%)$-,65#$")2b%ON),()%65,0<%#/%0.-%,++5#1,65):Yfile:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/ergerber/My%20...0Metropolitan%20Planning%20Organization%20Survey.htm (1 of 6)5/30/2007 2:38:31 PM!cc!2?B=:A'
U'Y>;89c<Z
'''CLOSUP Metropolitan Planning Organization Survey  Question 4f: MPO General Membership Does the voting membership of the body named in question 3 differ from the MPO general membership?!      YesIf yes, please explain: !      No!      Don't know Question 5a: Voting Rules What voting rule is used for final TIP approval?!      One vote per jurisdiction!      One vote per member, but some jurisdictions have more than one member!      One vote per member, but share a vote through rotating membership!      One vote per member, but some jurisdictions (e.g., counties) have multiple members that represent different sub-units within the jurisdiction (i.e., county-wide, cities, towns, school districts)!      Multiple votes per (some) members (i.e., weighted voting)!      Other (please specify): !      Don't know Question 5b: Counting Rules What counting rule is used for final TIP approval?!      Simple majority!      Bloc or multiple majority!      Supermajority!      Other (please specify): !      Don't know Question 6a: Initiation of TIP What is the name of the board or committee that initiates the TIP process?  Question 6b: Committees How many other MPO committees participate in the TIP process? Please indicate whether it is a standing or ad hoc committee:#Committee Name Standing    Committee   Ad Hoc    Committee  file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/ergerber/My%20...0Metropolitan%20Planning%20Organization%20Survey.htm (3 of 6)5/30/2007 2:38:31 PM!cd!2?B=:A'
U'Y>;89c<Z
'!'CLOSUP Metropolitan Planning Organization Survey1.     2.     3.     4.     5.      Question 7: Role of the State What role does your state department of transportation play throughout the TIP process, from initiation to final passage? Please check all that apply.!      Requests MPO input before developing state transportation policy!      Provides reliable estimates of available funding for TIP to MPO !      Suballocates federal STP funds by formula!      Suballocates federal CMAQ funds by formula!      Suballocates federal PL funds by formula!      Suballocates federal STP funds through competitive process!      Suballocates federal CMAQ funds through competitive process!      Suballocates federal PL funds through competitive process!      Mandates funding for specific uses. (i.e., highway versus transit)!      Creates project list for the MPO to include in the TIP!      Serves on MPO advisory committees!      Votes on MPO committee that has TIP approval authority!      Holds veto authority on MPO-approved TIP document!      Provides final TIP approval!      Provides direct GIS, engineering, and environmental impact technical assistance!      Other (please specify):  Question 8: Local government project proposals At the beginning of the TIP process, do local units of government submit project proposals directly to the MPO or do they submit projects through an intermediary?!      Submit directly to MPO!      Submit through an intermediary!      Other (please specify): !      Don't know Question 9: Staff file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/ergerber/My%20...0Metropolitan%20Planning%20Organization%20Survey.htm (4 of 6)5/30/2007 2:38:31 PM!dM!2?B=:A'
U'Y>;89c<Z
'''CLOSUP Metropolitan Planning Organization SurveyHow many staff FTE are dedicated to supporting the TIP process? Number of FTEs:   Question 10a: Total Budget What was the approximate total budget (in dollars) of the organization you are representing in this survey for fiscal year 2004-2005? $  Question 10b: Transportation Budget What was the approximate transportation budget (in dollars) of the organization you are representing in this survey for fiscal year 2004-2005?$  Question 10c: Administrative Budget What was the approximate administrative budget (in dollars) of the organization you are representing in this survey for fiscal year 2004-2005?$  Question 11: Process Please characterize the complexity of the TIP process in your organization from initiation to final approval on the scale below. !      5: Complex!      4  !      3  !      2  !      1: Streamlined!      "      Don't know Question 12: Influence How much influence does the structure of the MPO afford the Executive Director during the TIP process?!      5: A great deal of influence!      4  !      3 !      2  !      1: Very little influence!      "      Don't know file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/ergerber/My%20...0Metropolitan%20Planning%20Organization%20Survey.htm (5 of 6)5/30/2007 2:38:31 PM!dW!!55-).1a'.
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'!Dangerous by Design | 2016
The Pedestrian Danger Index is a measure 
developed to account for raw pedestrian fatalities, relative populations of each place 
we measured and the most accurate source 
of pedestrian data we have Ð the US Census reported ÒTravel to WorkÓ data. The formula 
allows Dangerous by Design to compare data 
regarding pedestrian deaths, whether the count 
is measured in Wyoming or California, or in a 
place like New York City, where many people 
die each year on foot, but many more people 
are walking on a daily basis, too. The formula 
looks like this: Average annual pedestrian fatalities 
 (2009-2014) /total population (in 2014)X 100,000Percentage of commuters who walk to workWe chose to use the American Community 
Survey estimate for population from 2009 to 
2014 to ensure that the PDI was calculated 
with the most up-to-date population numbers. The measure called Relative Risk aims to com
-pare a population-adjusted look at the disparity 
among certain groups of people through a lens 
of age, race, or ethnicity. This measure looked 
to calculate the rate of in-group pedestrian 
deaths (i.e. population over 65 years old, popu-lation that identiÞed as non-white) as compared 
to that from outside the group (i.e. population 
not over 65 years old, and population that identiÞed as white). We are limited to the data 
that is actually reported, and some states have 
been more diligent than others since 2009. For 
example, HawaiiÕs population over 65 died at a 
rate of 4.96 people per 100,000, compared to 
its under-65 population, which died at a rate of 
1.22 people per 100,000. This number is 4.07 times lower, so we state that the 
relative risk for the over-65 population is 4.07, or: in HawaiÕi a 
person older than 65 is 4.07 times more likely to die as a pedestrian younger than 65. Wherever possible, complete records are used 
for Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) 
data and all trends are calculated using at least 
a 90 percent conÞdence interval. Trends are 
reported as descriptive statistics and are not 
necessarily validated for predictive modeling.
To calculate the number of pedestrian fatalities 
by state, we used the State designation as reported by FARS. We believe that these data 
are complete as reported. To calculate the 
number of fatalities by metropolitan statistical 
area (MSA), we performed a spatial join with 
the latitude/longitude as reported by FARS. 
Because not every entry into the database was fully completeÑincluding some missing spatial dataÑthere is a chance that the estimated 
deaths per MSA is conservative.Socio-economic data are presented at the 
MSA level to generalize geographic statistics in conjunction with the larger report themes. Jour
-ney to work data, as presented in calculating 
the Pedestrian Danger Index, is taken to mean that the pedestrian mode share is the primary 
mode from origin to destination.
A Point About Our DataThe 2014 edition of Dangerous by Design called for better data in future versions. Un
-fortunately, many of the same data challenges 
remain for this edition. 
The FARS database is often incomplete, and 
details on existing infrastructure are limited. We 
are also not sure how often people walkÑthe 
U.S. Census BureauÕs Travel to Work data is a 
close approximation but far from perfect.
Data on all these issues should be collected better, more frequently, be more open, and 
more interactive. State departments of trans
-portation can and should measure the impact 
of pedestrian, bicyclist, and Complete Streets 
projects, both in terms of dollars spent as 
well as crash, injury, and mortality rates both 
before and after project completion. This type 
of reporting would create a baseline national 
metric, allow agencies to share ideas, and most 
importantly, help reduce the number of people 
being killed while walking on AmericaÕs streets.
Methodology31!dL!'''''''''''''''''''''''"1",1*/%!54d
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