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'Inclement 
T?;EH?B
!GF>@=E=F>K
, defined based on 
its type (rain
, snow
, etc.
), duration, and 
intensity, affect the driving be
havior and consequently the traffic flow characteristics 
(Hou et al., 
2013). Depending on the network size and specification, the network
-wide traffic flow 
relationships are influenced by the fluctuation in weather indexes. According to 
Maze et al. 
(2006), !R_!traffic demand, safety and flow relationships are all affected by the 
prevailing 
weather
 conditions
. Drastic increase in the collision rate is reported for the networks experiencing inclement weather 
in comparison to clear weather condition 
(Andrey et al., 2003; Eisenberg and Warner, 2005; 
Khattak et 
al., 2000)
. The network average speed also 
reduces
 as a result of
 harsh weather 
condition
s (Maze et al., 2006)
. The adverse
 weather has a direct impact on traffic demand volume. 
Based on the 
adversity 
type, e.g. snow versus rain 
(Ibrahim and Hall, 1994)
, trip type, 
e.g. commute 
versus recreational 
(Datla and Sharma, 2008)
, and hour of the day, e.g. off
-peak versus peak 
periods 
(Datla and Sharma, 2008)
, the severity of the impact is different. Using the traffic data 
collected on freeways, it has been shown that the slope of the flow
-occupancy curve is red
uced by 
inclement weather conditions 
(Hall and Barrow, 1988)
. Highways maximum flow rate also 
decrease
s by adverse
 weather
 conditions
 (Ibrahim and Hall, 1994)
. In order to control the detrimental impact
s of inclement weather on traffic flow and safety 
characteristics, different efforts have been made. Several statistical models are created to quantify 
the 
=<L;GEK
 of adverse weather on traffic flow specifications 
(Hranac et al., 2006)
. These models 
are then exploited in developing 
decision support systems
 and w
eather
-responsive traffic 
management strategies
 with the main objective of system control for different scenarios of weather 
severity 
(Hou et al., 2013; Mahmassani et al., 2009)
. I
n order to characterize this in greater depth
 (Hou et al., 2013)
 presented a systematic fram
ework to consider the weather impact in 
the 
traffic 
state estimation
 problem
. Traffic flow models are initially calibrated for different weather 
scenarios. Then, the calibrated models are incorporated in 
a mesoscopic dynamic traffic 
assignment (DTA) framew
ork to estimate the weather
-sensitive traffic flow
 measures
. Different 
KE;E=KE=G;M procedures are adopted to quantify the weather impact
s on traffic flow 
relationships. Using the data collected by loop detectors in several 
metropolitan areas in the United 
!Rc!States, weather adjustment factors (WAFs)
 are developed to incorporate the impact of weather 
condition in traffic flow characteristics 
(Rakha et al., 2008)
. Calibrating 
weather sensitive 
DTA models for different specifications of road networks is another procedure adopted in the literature 
to 
capture
 the 
impacts of 
inclement weather 
conditions
 in 
the 
traffic flow estimation
 process
 (Dong 
et al., 2010; Mahmassani et al., 2012b)
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