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The Relation Retweea1 Ouantity of .anure,

by

C } eo, Ce
' TYE! _@
Dern eae

1906
 

\Z2
Qo’
THs

 

 
Contents.

Introduetcry.

otde Lights.

The Thermoelectric Sounle.
Thernoeslectrie Thermoreter.
Preliminary hxparirent.

Parfecting the wetnod.

Second (or first real) Experiment.

Surrnmaryv and Conclusion.

L03S5¢

 

Para

li.
18.
a7 6

37.

58.
 

 

 
Introductory.

This investigation started with the spring term of 19C5.
It has been a gradual unfolding from beginning to end. Prof.
Jeffery had tried the ordinary thermometers and methods of
reading temperature in trying to carry out this investigation
for a number of years, but found them too slow and very un-
satisfactory. The first task was to select a method. Mr. H.
Le Surtis had been using an electric method depending upon
the prineiple of the thermopyle, to measure the waves of temp-
erature through snow. This plan was adopted for this work and
a series of readings was taken in May and June. Many apparently
unaccountable variations crept in and made them unsatisfactory.
It was evident that the method was not under perfect control.
The connections showed a constantly varying resistance, ali the
hhermo-couples were not at Known temperatures; and it was found
difficult to maintain a constant freezing point.

The fall term was spent experinenting on method and in
scanning the electrical and physical literature in the library
for ideas. Mr. Curtis referred us to an article ( See page 65,
Vol. XXI of the Physical Review) that helped freatly. During
SChristinas Holidays, a method was developed that was found
reliable when reading to twentieths of a derree Fahrenheit.
With it, 40 readings can be made in 45 minutes. This is but
little over one minute to a reading. The ordinary glass ther-
mometer takes five minutes and then only reads to half degrees.
This electrical method is therefore five times as rapid and

ten times as accurate,
 

 

 

—
>

Knowine that the heat produced in fermenting manure comes
from the bodies of bacteria, it was desired to know how many
bacteria were present in fresh horse manure, and how many at
the end of 7 days and 14 days. When a chemist wishes to deter-
mine the sugar content of a plant, he determines the moisture
in a part of the pulp and analyzes some juice pressed from the
remainder. For every gram of moisture present, the plant
contained a cubic centimeter of juice. Then with the percent
of sugar in the juice known, he is able to compute the percent
of sugar in the plant. It was in just this way that it was
undertaken to determine the germ content of horse’ manure.

A lot of horse manure was obtained from the stable fresh.
Some of it was taken to determine moisture. Cut of another
portion, through a steril cloth into a steamed dish, some of
the juice was pressed out. Accurate dilutions of this juice
was made by the same means as empioyed in bacterial water
analysis. The dilutions used were! 1 to 100,000, 1 to 1,006,000,
and 1 to 10,00C,CO0C. One cubic centimeter was plated out from
each dilution in duplicate. As each germ produces a colony,
the colonies were counted when large enouch, and from this data
the number of germs in a cubic centimeter of the original
extract was computed. With the moisture content known, it was
possible to compute the number of germs in a pram and from this
the number in a pound of the horse manure.

A jar was filled with manure, like that used in the first
determination. It was covered to prevent excessive evaporation,
and allowed to ferment. at the end of 7 days and at the end

of 14 days, the moisture was determined, similar counts were
—-4—

made, and the bacterial content computed.

The number of germs found in a pound of the fresh manure,
if placed side by side, would make a tape 1/50C¢ of an inch
wide and 17 miles iong. By the end of a week, the number of
pacteria in a pound would make a similar tape 21.65 milss lone.
During the second week, the death rate was so great that the
living bacteria at the end would make a similar tape only
2213 miles lone.

These results were checksd up in another way. another
lot of the same fresh horse manure was put ina jar, a ther-
mometer inserted, and covered with air-dry soil to prevent
evaporation. The temperature was read from day to day. It
started from room temperature and rose approximately 2.5 degrees
eeantigrade each day for four days. The temperature was then
about stationary for a few days, and by the end of the second
week was back nearly to room temperature. This very nicely
confirns the results of the counts, and emphasizes the importance.

of using fresh manure if an increase of temperature is desired.

Side Lirhts.

A soil may obtain heat,(1) by the direct absorption of the
sun's rays, (2) by warm water passing down into it, and (3) by
changes that result in the decay of organic matter in the soil.
In the last case the same quantity of heat is developed as though
the material had been burned in the fire, for really, it is a
fire. It is the oxidation of this organic matter in the bodies
of multitudes of bacteria. <A soil may lose temperature, (1)

by radiation, (2) by conduction, and (3) by the evaporation of
water from its surface.

In esach experinent in this investigation, a soil in good
tilth was used, containing, as near as can be judged, the
proper amounts of air and moisture for maximm plant growth.
The object is to determine the effect of different quantities
of manure on the temperature of the soil, where the land is
plowed six inches deep and the manure is well mixed with the
soil. The jars used were six inches deep and eleven inches
inside diameter. The soil was placed in these jars and treated
with different quantities of manure, in proportion to tons
per acre. The surface of a jar equalled .659954 square feet
or .00001515 of an acre. Five tons are equal to 10,000 pounds.
A jar that represents this amount must therefore contain .1515
pounds of manure. This manure was carefully mixed with the
whole. A Thermo-ecouple was then planted so that the junction
was not far from half the distances between the surface and the
pottom of the jar. The soil was carefully packed around the
glass tube through which the wires passed out. The surface of
the soil was frequently cultivated, to produce a dust blanket
and prevent evanvcration, thus reducing the loss of heat. We
wished to determine whether the heat penerated by fermentation
maintains a perceptibly higher temperature.

AS we approach a consideration of the soil, we must think
of it as a laboratory through which the material and forces of
nature pass. In order that this laboratory may do its best
work in supplying food for the plant, it needs a sufficient
supply of raw material; it requires physical properties that

Will supply proper amounts of air and moisture and retain
Cr

—5-
proper temusratures; and besides these it must have millions

upon millions of the right kind of workers. These workers are
microscopic organisms, and while they are digesting the raw
material for the use of plants, they give off heat. If it

were not for them, manure would lie in the soil unehanged and

the present investigation could show no increase of temperature.

Prof. F. H. King states that "the nitrates of a soil do not
develope until the temperature has risen above 41° F.; the
action of the germs is extremely feeble at 54°; and they do not
attain their maximum activity until a soil temperature of 96°
has been reached." In another piace under the head of "Best
Soil Temperature for Germination", he gives a table of observed
temperatures and remarks; "The two important facts fixed by
these data are: (1) The soil temperature at which the seeds of
most cultivated crops germinate best lie between 70° and 100° F.
with an average of about 85° F. (2) The soil temperature below
whieh germination does not take place are between 41° and 54° F."
From this data, we see that when we get a soil temperature that
will allow plants to grow, the workers of our "soil laboratory”
begin to produce food for those plants. It is also evident
that the temperatures for most rapid growth is much higher
than we ordinarily get.

Some claim that by the addition of manure, crops, for
example corn, can be grown on land that would otherwise be too
cold. It is true in the case of the hot-bed. Is it true under
field conditions? There appears to be almost no investigation
along this line. Prof. King thinks that it is true, but he

has probably not investigated it himself.
——— ne
ee —

 

—~6§—

The agricultural literature of the library, has been
searched for any: investigation along this line. The Experiment
Station Record appears to be silent on the subject. All that
has been found is contained in pages 148-151 of Warington's
"Physical Properties of the Soil". Half of this is hot—bed
investigation. The only experiment directly on this subject
was carried on by "Georgeson at the Imperial Coliere at Tokota".
The boxes, filled with his mixture, were set down in the soil.
No mention is made of his running duplicates or repeating
his experiment to verify results. His readings were probably
made with a glass thermometer, inserted for each reading.
Prof. Jeffery gave up that plan after two or three years of
investigation here at the college. He found that the filass
thermometer, that had to be inserted for each reading, was so
Slow and the sun changed the temperature of the plot so
rapidly that it was not possible to reach definite and

accurate conclusions.

The Thermoelectric Couple.

Volta's law teaches that there is a contact difference of.
potential between two metals. This force lies dormant in an
insQlating medium like air, but manifests itself as current
when those metals are plunged into an electrolyte, as sulphuric
acid. This contact potential difference varies with tempera-
ture. The amount of variabion for one degree is known as the
thermoelectric power of those metals at that temperature.

Thus at 18° the contact potential difference between iron and
copper, is 146,000 microvolts, but at 18° the thermoelectric

power of these metals is -13.7 microvolts. Therefore at 19°

their contact potential difference would be 146,0C0 -13.7

=e
 

Np, ees. )

Ae oe

microvolts, or at 26° 146,000 -27.4 microvolts.

Volta's law further teaches us that no current flows
through a circuit of dissimilar metals when all the Junctions
are at the same temperature. In 1821 Seebeck found that a
current flows in such a circuit, when one of the junctions
differs in temperature from the other or others. Thus if a
closed circuit be formed of iron and copper wires, one couple
being at 18° and the other at 19°, the potential difference
between the couples we have seen would be 13.7 microvolts.

This would cause a current flow between the compiles.

Cumming (1823) observed that an increasing the mean temper-
ature, even with a constant temperature-difference, the potential
difference between the junctions decreases, becomes zero, and
finally increases in the other direction. fTfhus the thermoeléec-
tric power of copper and iron, which has been seen to be 13.7
microvolts at 19°, disappears at 274.5°. At higher temperatures,
their relative position is reversed, the iron being now positive
to the copper. If the temperature of one of the couples be
530° and the other 19°, their potential difference will be equal
and opposite, and their algebraic sum will be zero. No current
will flow. A temperature like 274.5°, at which the thermo-
electric power of two metals disappeags, is called the neutral
point. ina thermoelectric diagram, lead is considered the
axis of x. The thermoelectric powers with respect to lead,
given in microvolts, are represented as ordinates and the
temperatures as abscissas. All the metals are represented
as straight lines. The points at which they cross each

Other and the lead line are the neutral points. At a given

 
—8—
temperature, the algebraic difference of ordinates of two
metals gives their thermoelectric power, or the potential
difference for one degree. In order to find tie total
potential difference of two couples at different temperatures,

it is only necessary to multiply their difference of tempera-

ture by the thermoelectric power of their mean temperature.

 

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-9—
Thermoelectric Thermometer.

In this work, the "contact potential difference" lies
dormant, as each couple is surrounded by an insolator or at
least a medium that does not act upon it chemically. Use is
however made of the "thermoelectric power". As this varies with
the elements selected for the couple, the aim has been to select
two that would be as far apart potentially as possible and yet
be practical and obtainable at reasonable prices. Iron has been
used as one of the elements throughout the investigation. In
the preliminary experiment conducted in the spring of 1905,
German-silver was the other element. In this kind of work, the
Germans have gotten their best results with an alloy know as
constantan. constantan has two advantages over German-silver.
(a) It is further from iron potentially, and (b) when iron-

constantan couples are used, the curve between centimeters on

the scale and temperature is nearly a straight line. On inves-

tigation, it was not found possible to obtain constantan in this
country. <A firm down in New Jersey makes wire that they call
"advance". It has similar thermoelectric properties to con-
stantan. During the fall of 1905 Mr. H. L. Curtis obtained

some of this "advance" for his work and Kindly let us have some.
It was used in our later work.

For the elements of the couples, it is necessary that the
wires be as near homogeneous as possible. An electromotive
force may be generated at two dissimilar parts of the same wire.
Outside of the temperature couples, there should be as few
changes of metal as possible. Fach change of metal constitutes

a couple, and if they are at uncertain temperatures, parasitic
-10—
electromotive forces are set up.

In a circuit including several different junctions, the
total electromotive force is equal to their algebraic sum.

In a closed circuit, there is produced a current equal to the
quotient of the resultant electromotive force by the resistance.
As we have seen above, in order to get a current, we must have
couples at different temperature, They should be at definite
temperatures. Freezing point is convenient for the cold junc-—
tions. Then the other junction may be at the temperature being
measured. Into this circuit is then introduced a sensitive
galvanometer and the thermoelectric thermometer is complete.

The most convenient form of galvanometer has a powerful
permanent magnet, between whose poles is suspended a moveable
coil through which the current passes. The metalic suspending
wires are parts of the circuit, and the swinging parts carry a
mirror to reflect some part of a stationarg scale through a
telescope. As the mirror swings, different parts of the scale
are indicated, and the cross-hairs in the telescope allow
fine reading.

In order to do accurate work, the following points should
be looked into. The moveable coil should be of German-silver |
or other low-temperature-coefficient wire, and should have a
resistance of about 200 ohms. The coil must swing free. Not even
filaments of silk, which stand out from the insolating covering
of the metalic wires, should be allowed to rub on the poles of
the magnet. The suspending wires must not be twisted. If they
are, the zero point will be moveable. The suspending wires

must also have a high elastic limit. For that it is necessary
-li-
that the metal should be hardened. German-silver is very
commonly used. Phosphor-bronze aiso gives good reshite. When
the poles of the galvanometer are connected by. a short piece
of copper wire, there should be no deflection. If a deflection
is noticed in this way, it indicates that the instrument itself
contains powerful thermoelectric couples and is af little or
no value in this class of work. Finally, but not least, the
instrument must be installed on a firm support. Very slight

jars will swing the coil and make the readings uncertain.

Preliminary Experiment. ( Spring 1905)

In this experiment, 14 jars were used. There were two
jars with no manure, two with the equivalent of five tons to
the acre, two with a ten tons equivalent, and so on down to the
two jars containing an amount equal to a dressing of thirty
tons to the acre. These jars were arranged on the floor in
two rows, in such a manner as to place the duplicates as far
apart as possible. At the opening of the experiment, each
jar contained on an average of 3.37 pounds of moisture.

A dust blanket was maintained on the surface, yet during
the experiment they lost on an average .74 pounds of moisture.

The following is the arrangement on the floor.

   
 

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4
id

Couple inthe Soil with Connections.
-~1]2—

The principles and theory of the thermoelectric couple
have been given. Mr. H. L. Curtis of the Physics Department
had been using this method for the measurement of temperature
in snow. He Kindly gave us the general principles and lent us
@ galvanometer. He has also been very Kind in making sugges—
tions from time to time. Using iron and German-silver as the
elements of the couples, we set up the apparatus according to

ft, the following diagram only that

A
AON any the line wires were vastly longer.
sy ee A is the galvanometer. B is a
sia A mM ° @ic
7! p | dish containing a mixture of ice
iif .

and water surrounding the freezing-
point or reference couple. c is a thermoelectric couple,
placed in the soil. a, b, ec, and d are mercury cups, used as
connections. The line wires were all of copper.

In the light of the data given onypage 3, it is evident
that this method is defective. It contains two junctions of
copper with iron and two junctions of copper with German-silver
in the air at uncertain temperatures. In all the later work,
the line wires were made of the same material as the elements
of the couples to which they are attached, and where a couple
existed in the air it was balanced by another like couple at —
the same temperature.

As this experinent was the beginning, many stumbling blocks
naturally came in the way and had to be overcome by later work.
During the experiment, it was found difficult to get the ends
of the wires amalgamated, and on this account a varying resis-—
tance was introduced at the mereury connections. In later work,

it was found that by coating the tips of the wires with solder
—~13—

they were then easily amalgamated, with acid and mercury.

Throughout the entire investigation, the freezing point has

been used as the point of reference, but in the preliminary

experiment, no reliable method was discovered for maintaining

a constant absolute freezing point. Two freshly mixed lots

of ice and water may easily be a degree apart.

In such a

mixture, the ice is always below freezing and the water above.

This difficulty was temporarily overcome by boring a hole in

a block of ice and surrounding the thermoelectric couplé with

the water in this hole.

left things as bad as ever.

The biock of ice soon melted away and

In later work, it was found that

the different couples gave slightly different reading at the

same temperature and had to be standardized, or the relation

petween them determined.

liminary experiment.

This was not discovered in the pre-

Using the method as outlined above, the following readings

were taken in centimeters of deflection.

were taken, the one

order.

The averare

Date 5/18 5/19

NI NTO) 0) OF 01 > i 0169 09 OW EH

a.12.25
be11.95
@e12.15
be11.-85
ae11.70
be11.92
a.11.75
b-11.90
48.11.45
bp.11.80
ae12.10
be12-20
a.l12.25
b.12.40

12.14
11.78
12.05
11.84
11.97
11.87
11.91
11.94
11.92
12.02
12.01
12.11
12.04
12.22

5 /20

11.04
10.89
10.93
10.97
10.83
11.02
10.85
11.01
10.85
11.15
11.95
11.29
11.06
11.43

Usually two series

just after the other and in the reverse

petween these were then recorded as below.

1 st. period.

5/21

10.60
10.70
10.60
10.70
10.76
10.73
10.67
10.81
10.45
10.95
10.81
11.03
11.80
11.33

5/22 5/23 5/24

10.17
10.00
10.19

9.96
10.20

9.73

9.86
10.03
10.14
10.14
10.19
10.21
10.30

9.69
9.52
9.80
9.350
9.63
9.70
9.60
9.72
9.52
9.93
9.50
10,40
9.54

10.29 10.19

8.60
8.23
8.24
8.30
8.48
8.72
8.43
8.57
8.40
8.80
8.20
8.90
8.07
9-10

5/25

11.58
11.40
11.68
11.50
11.68
11.59
11.67
11.63
11.70

(11.63

11.72
11.70
11.71
11.80

5 /26

11.46
11.16
11.58
11.18
11.45
11.30
11.42
11.43
11.35
11.53
11.34
11.63
11.39
11.70

5/27

10.31
10.60
10.30
10.24
10.26
10.37
10.28
10.30
10.33
10.44
10.32
10.47
10.24
10,50
lae
1b.
Lae
2D.
3a6
3D.
4a.
4D.
5a.
5D.
6a.
6D.
7A
vor

5 /29

11.50
11.30
11.51
11.39
11.56
11.38
11.55
11.41
11.55
11.48
11.47
11.54
11.49
11.59

On account of the light from a window passing

5/30

11.50
11.20
11.54
11.28
11.50
11.38
11.52
11.48
11.51
11.55
11.48
11.58
11.41
11.72

5/31

11.69
11.18
11.65
11.18
11.56
11.18
11.45
11.26
11.43
11.38
11.40
11.48
11.40
11.62

~~ tA

——_—-

Second period.

6/1

11.30
10.96
11.31
11.00
11.29
11.10
11.28
11.12
13.24
11.22
11.24
11.32
11.17
11.42

6/2

11.67
11.5

11.67
11.53
11.67
11.60
11.68
11.60
11.68
11.68
11.68
11.77
11.70
11.88

6/3

11.70
11.22
11.57
11.24
11.42
11.24
11.38
11.26
11.58
11.29
11.38
11.44
11.39
11.44

6/5

12.29
12.13
12.25
12.11
12.20
12.11
12.17
12.09
12.18
12.12
12.23
12.21
12 .37
12.30

6/6

13.30
13.25
135.28
13.20
13.30
13.20
13.18
13.00
13.30
13-55
13.32
15.35
13.21
13.36

6/7

12.66
12.50
12.61
12.50
12.60
12.58
12.60
12.62
12.58
12.67
12.60
12.70
12.65
13.77

6/8

11.98
11.56
11.95
11.61
11.86
11.67
11.85
11.74
11.735
11.89
11.71
11.93
11.62
12.01

di agonally

across the block of jars, and because of other influences, it

was found necessary to correct all the readings according to

position, i.e. to determine what the temperature of each jar

would have been, if it had occupied the position of some par-—

rhLeular jar.

puted for each period separately.

This was determined in the following way, and com

The average difference between

a pair of check jars gave us the difference of temperature in

those jars "according to position".

This was determined for

each pair, and after a study of the sources of temperature

radiated from the outside, it was possible to determine the

average amount that each jar was warmer or colder than 4b, taken

as the point of reference.

Beginning with the correction for la,

and giving them in the order that the jars are given in the

table, the corrections for the first period are as follows:-

“~l2, -04,-.10, 08, -.09, O01, ~08, 0, -~04,-.04, O, 08, 004, and
-~12.

The corresponding corrections for the second period, given

in the same order, are: 20, .07, .17, .06, .14, .01, -.11, 0,

O,-.01, .04,-.04, .07 and .07. The readings in the table
—~15-

"Corrected according to Position" vary from the original

readings by these amounts.

Date

la.
1b.
28-6
ZDe
S5Ge
3D.
48.
4D.
Dae
5D.
6a.
6D.
7A.
7D.

Date

la.
1b.
2A.
RDe
Sao
3D.
&a.
4D.
Sale
SD.
6a.
6b.
78-6
7D.

5/18

12.13
11.99
12.05
11.88
11.61
11.93
11.67
11.90
11.41
11.76
12.10
12.02
12.29
12.28

5/29

11.30
11.357
11.54
11.45
11.42
11.39
11.44
11.41
11.55
11.47
11.51
11.50
11.56
11.52

Corrected According to Position. (1st period)

5/22 5/23 5/24 5/25

5/19

12.02
11.82
11.95
11.87
11.88
11.88
11.83
11.94
11.88
11.98
12.01
12.03
12.08
12.10

5/30

11.30
11.27
11.37
11.54
11.36
11.389
11.31
11.48
11.51
11.44
11.52
11.54
11.48
1 .65

5 /20

10.90
10.93
10.83
11.00
10.74
11.03
10.77
11.01
10.81
11.11
11.95
11.21
11.10
11.31

5 /31

11.49
11.25
11.48
11.24
11.42
11.20
11.34
11.26
11.43
11.38
11.44
11.44
11.47
11.55

5/21

10.48
10.74
10.50
10.73
10.65
10.74
10.59
10.81
10741
10.91
10.81
10.95
10,84
11.21

6/1

11.10
11.03
11.14
11.06
11.15
li.ell
11.17
11.12
11.24
11.21
11.28
11.28
11.24
11.35

10.05
10.04
10.09

9.99
10.11

9.74

9.78
10.03
10.10
10.10
10.19
10.13
10.354
10.17

6/2

11.47
11.65
11.50
11.59
11.53
11.61
11.57
11.20
11.68
11.68
11.72
11.73
11.74
11.81

9.57
9.56
9.70
9.33
9.54
9.71
9.52
9.72
9.48
9.89
9.50
10.32
9.58
10.07

6/3

11.50
11.29
11.40
11.30
11.28
11.25
11.27
11.26
11.38
11.28
11.42
11.40
11.46
11.37

8.48
8.27
8.14
8.33
8.39
8.73
8.35
8.57
8.56
8.76
8.20
8.82
8.11
8.88

6/5

12.09
12.20
12.08
12.17
12.06
11.12
12.06
12.09
12.18
12.41
12.27
12.17
12.34
12.23

11.46
11.44
11.58
11.53
11.59
11.60
11.59
11.63
11.66
11.59
11.72
11.62
11.74
11.68

6/6

13.10
13.32
13.11
13.26
13.16
13.21
13.07
13.00
13.30
13.54
13.36
13.351
13.28
1329

5/26

11.54
11.20
11.48
11.21
11.36
11.31
11.54
11.43
11.31
11.49
11.34
11.54
11.41
11.58

6/7

12.46
12.57
12.44
12.56
12 .46
12.59
12.49
12.62
13.58
12.66
12.64
12.66
12.72
12.70

5/27

10.19
10.64
10.20
10.27
10.17
10.38
10.20
10.30
10.29
10.40
10.32
10.89
10.28
10.38

Corrected According to Position. ( Ssacond period)

6 /8

11.78
11.63
11.78
11.67
11.72
11.68
11.74
11.74
11.73
11.88 .
11.75
11.89
11.69
11.94
~16-

The columns for the different days differ considerably,
in some cases. But, that is to be expected, as the mean temp-
erature of the different days ‘are sure to differ. What we are
concerned with primarily, is the relation of the figures in a
column, and whether the presence of manure causes a higher
temperature to be maintained. One of the most apparent things
about the figures in this preliminary experiment is the way in
which they vary. We have applied corrections that these read-
ings may be on the same basis with regard to heat radiated
from the outside, but it does not appear to have improved
Matters. We hada sensitive instrument, and the telescope.
made it possible to read to a tenth of a millimeter, yet the
method as used in this experiment has been shown to be defective.
One of two things is evident. Either the temperatures are con-
tinually changing and do not conform to any definite law, or the
apparatus as used did not read temperatures any more accurately
than. the common glass thermometer. The former is very improbable.

The following results are derived from the tables of

corrected readings, by striking an average between those of

the checks each day.
-17-

Total Average.

No!Tons. 5 tons. 10 tons. 15 tons. 20 tons. 25 tons. 30 tons.

12.06 11.96 11.77 11.78 11.78 12.11 12.28
11.92 11.91 11.88 11.88 11.93 12.02 12.09
10.92 10.91 10.88 10.89 10.96 11.58 11.20
10.61 10.61 10.69 10.70 10.66 10.88 11.02
10.04 10.04 9.92 9.90 10.10 10.16 10.25

9.56 9.51 9.62 9.62 9.68 9.91 9.82

8.37 8.835 8.56 8.46 8.56 8.52 8.54
11.45 11.55 11.59 11.61 11.62 11.67 11.71
11.27 11.34 11.33 11.48 11.40 11.44 11.49
10.42 10.23 10.27 10.25 10.34 11.35 11.33
11.33 11.39 11.40 11.42 11.51 11.50 11.54
11.28 11.55 11.357 11.44 11.47 11.53 11.56
11.37 11.36 11.51 11.30 11.40 11.44 11.52
11.06 11.10 11.13 11.14 11.22 11.28 11.29
11.56 11.54 11.57 11.38 11.68 11.72 11.77
11.39 11.35 11.26 11.26 11-33 11.41 11.41
12.14 12.14 12.09 12.07 12.14 12 22 12.28
13 -6A1 13.18 13.18 13.03 13.52 13.33 13.28
12.51 12.50 15.52 12.55 12.62 12.65 12.71
11.70 11.72 11.70 11.74 11.80 11.82 11.83

° B23 .928 ° ° “pedeon  2e0.88 228.91
11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11-26 11.42 11.44
62.5°FR.

61.79 FP Bl.7°F. G1L.7°F. G1.7°F. 61.9°F. 62.2°F.

Below the line we have the total, the average readings
in centimeters and the corresponding temperature. The corres-
ponding temperatures were worked out for the entire range from
freezing point up. They were determined for points about five
degrees apart. In determining a point, a good glass thermometer
and one of the couples were placed together in a well mixed
lot of water so handled as to be of constant temperature for
two or three minutes. During that time, the readings of galva-
nometer and of the glass thermometer were carefully taken.

With this data at hand, a curve was plotted between centimeters
of deflection and temperature on cross-section paper. The

eorresponding temperatures given above were taken from the curve.
-Ti—
In the later work, a temperature scale was worked out and the
readings were temperatures.

These results show no rise of temperature due to the
presence of five, ten or fifteen tons of fresh horse manure to
the acre over that maintained by the soil that had no manure
added to it. With quantities equal to twenty, twenty-five and
thirty tons to the acre, there has been a slightly higher
temperature maintained.

In the face of all imperfections, this experiment was an
experience that made the feliowing work possible. In itself,
it is only valuable in so far as it confirms the later and

more accurate work.

Perfecting the Method.

From the results of the preliminary experiment, it was
evident that the method was not under perfect control.
Accurate work must be done, and therefore the method must be
perfected. accordingly, our time for the next six months was
employed in studying the method, and seeking to eliminate fran
our apparatus all factors of error. The result was the apparatus
according to the following outiine, going into use during the

last week of 1905.

Our Apparatus.
The galvanometer used in the remainder of this investiga-—
tion was manufactured by Leeds and Northrup Co., Philadelphia,
Pa. It has an internal resistance of 134 ohms. This resistance

is below the ideal, but as the instrument has been very carefully
——e Bn 00d AE it
--

—~tg-
made, no error was detected that could be assigned to low
resistance. Its sensitiveness was tested as follows: The

diagram shows the set up of apparatus. G is the galvanometer.

! | R is a constant additional resistance

OR
| 4 in the gaivanometer circuit of 100,000
pp! |
Py a ohms. The battery had an internal
é E.M.F. of about two volts. P and Q
battery

were resistance boxes with P+Q always
equal to 1,000 ohms. The scale on the galvanometer was set
so that the zero point was exactly in the center and over the
bar. The seale was then made rigidly perpendicular with the
telescope. The parallax was marked out of the telescope, and
the scale and telescope were together turned so that the mirror
appeared exactly in the center when looking through the tele-
scope. The suspension was now turned so that zero would coin-
cide with the cross hairs inthe telescope. Beginning with a
resistance of 10 ohms in @ the resistance in Q was increased
10 ohms at each reading, also changing P so that P+Q was always
equal to 1,000 ohms. The E.M.F. in the galvanometer circuit
pegan with Q times 2 = .02 of a volt. In the following

+
readings, it was multiplied by 2, 3, 4 ete. The results were:

Resistance
in Q EMF. Current strength. Deflection.
10. 02 »00000197 8.5 mm.
206 204 00000394 17.0 *
30. 06 e00000592 25.6 "*
40. 08 00000789 33.8 "
50. ‘.10 e000C0986 42-5 "*"
60. 12 -00002184 50.9 *
70.6 14 ©00001381 59.2 *
80, ol6 -00001578 67.7 *®
90. 18 e©00001775 76.3 *

100.. 20 © 00001972 84.9
gee

A close examination of the readings shows that they do
not vary more than .3 mm. from a regular series with 8.5 mn.
as the difference. At 100 ohms resistance in Q, the reading
is 84.9. This is almost exactly 10 times 8.5. The personal
factor in reading may amount to as much as .3 mm. From these
figures, it is seen that a current of .0000023 will move the
swinging parts so as to indicate 1 om. on the scale.

When it came time to calibrate the instrument, it was
found that nearly the whole scale was needed to fret the range
of temperature desired. Taking out the lower suspending parts,
the unver suspending wire with the swing parts were turned to
the left 20 em. on the scale. The lower suspending parts were
then replaced and adjusted until the swinging parts were once
more at 20. This took the twist out of the suspending parts,
and gave us a zero at 20. This also gave a range on the tempera-—
ture scale from freezing point to 87° F.

After the scale was worked out and the couples standardized,
it was desired to detérmine thelimit of accuracy. The electric
thermometer was then found sensitive to .02° F and reliable
to .05° F. Then all the reading in the experiments that

followed were taken, making no attempt to read closer than .05° F.
—-21-

oT re
a : Gu Ad F a
* Ou ! i

)
‘The arrangement of parts as finally |

"| adapted is accoriing to the diarran, os “4
only that the line wires are vastly | !

longer. A is the galivanometer. B is

 

 

 

a test tube corked and filled with
! goal oil. GC is a can having a cover

fitting over it. It was filied nearly
full of distiiled water and frozen. Then a _
hole was melted out of the center of the ice with a hot iron,
a little larger than the test tube B. The hole in the ice was
filled with distilled water, the cover placed on the can, and
the can packed in ice in the jar D. Any ice will do to pack
the can in, as it simply keeps the distilled water ice on the
inside from thawing out. The jar D can noW be packed in a snow
bank, if the experiment is running during the winter, or in the
summer it may be packed in ice in a Piber pail and set ina
well: iced refrigerator when not in use. By this means, ow
standard freezing point is kept from day to day. When it comes
tine to take a set of readings, the jar is set on a shelf near
the test tube B, which is always in the circuit. The lid is
taken off the can, and B is inserted in the distilled water
surrounded by distilled-water ics. It will now take 20 minutes
for the kerosene in the tube to take the freezing point. (Our

practice has been to set the couples before breakfast and take

the readings after. )
—-~o~

It will be noticed that two thermocouples are located in B. |
The line wires from A to B are both copper. The intention
here is to have the junctions with the galvanometer so related,
that where there is a thermocauple giving a certain electro-
motive force, there will be another of equal power set against
it, so that the resultant electromotive force will be zero.
Then if the temperature of the different parts of the galva-
nometer is the same, there is no error from this source. At B,
the end of one of the copper line wires is carefully twisted
and soldered to the end of an iron line wire. The end of the
other copper line wire is likewise secured to the end of an
"advance" line wire. Through the cork in the test tube B,
there are two glass tubes passing down into the coal oil. The
copper-iron couple is passed down through one, and the copper-
advance couple is passed down through the other. The wires
in the tubes are held apart by slivers of wood, thus preventing
any connection except at the soldered junctions. The iron and
advance line wires have their other ends amalgamated, and dip
into mercury cups on E. F is a thermocouple like those located
in the experiment jars. The ends of the elements are carefully
amalgamated and dip into the mercury cups. The iron line wire
and iron element dip into the same cup, likewise the "advance"
line wire and the "“advance® element dip into the other mercury
Cup. Be this means, two equal but opposite eouples are pro-
duced in a mercury cup, and for example the electromotive
force generated in the iron-mercury couple will be neutralized
by that produced by the mercury-iron couple.

considering the circuit as a whole, all the electromotive
—-235=
force that effects to produce current is generated by the
temperature couple F, as contrasted with the two couples in B.
Because the mercury cups are moved from place to place and
connected up with one temperature couple at a time, the length
of the line wires remain the same and therefore the resistance
of the circuit is a constant. As the temperature of the
couples in B is constant, the resultant electromotive force
of the circuit depends solely upon the temperature of the
temperature couple F, and since the current equals the E.M.F.
divided by the resistance, the currerkh is also dependent upon
the temperature of F. The defiection of the galvanometer
depends upon the current, and therefore depends entirely upon
the temperature of the temperature couple.

Forty iron-advance couples were made each like any other,
so far as could be told. To make a couple, about eight inches
of iron and the same length of "advance" wire were taken. One
end of each of the two wires were carefully twisted together
and soldered. This junction was passed down through a four-
ineh piece of glass tube, so that the soldered junction was just
outside. This end of the tube was filled with sealing wax.
The wires in the tube were held apart by slivers of wood and
the tuve was filled with paraffin. The loose ends of the
elements were bent so that, when the glass tube is inserted
in the soil, the tips of the elements would be just right to
dip into the mercury cups as described above. A giued strip
of paper reached between the wires and held them at the right
distance apart. The tips were now carefully amalgamated and

the couple is finished.
—24—

The next task is to calibrate the instrument and determine
the relationship between deflection and temperature. To do
this, one of the couples was taken as a standard. It was put
in water in a beaker which was surrounded by water, and with
the thermocouple was placed the best glass thermometer in the
laboratory. Before proceeding, the accuracy of this glass
thermometer was tested. The temperature of the water in the
beaker was so regulated as to be constant for two minutes, and
during that time the deflection of the galvanometer was watched.
In this way a definite galvanometer reading was obtained for
temperatures about five degrees apart. If not certain, the
experiment was repeated until sure of results. From these
results, a curve was plotted between centimeters on the scale
and temperature. With the curve and other data at hand, a
temperature scale was made ona strip of drawing paper. This
paper was then glued to a piece of wood of the same size as
the original scale, and took its place on the palvanometer.
Results were now checked by comparing these readings with those
on our standard glass thermometer. When properly adjusted,
the next step is to standardize the remaining 39 couples, i.e.
to determine how much higher or lower a reading with one of them
would be than with the couple originally taken as the standard.
It was found that eight of the 40 couples were exactly
together, and that the others needed slight corredétions. This
correction was determined as follows: Twenty of the couples,
including the standard, were placed in a jar of water at room

temperature, and held in position by a large cork. The jar
—-25-
was surrounded by water also at room temperature. Four
series of temperatures were taken with this lot in the same
order, and an average of the four readings was considered
the temperature as indicated by each couple under question.
The experiment was repeated with the remaining twenty couples
and the standard. (21 couples) On another day when the
room temperature was considerably different, the experiment
was repeated to determine whether the correction was a con-
stant at different temperatures. It was found to be practi-
cally so. For convenience, the correction was then placed on
the paper portion of the couple. Then in the future when
reading with one of these couples, the standardized reading

could be obtained directly from the apparent reading.

 
~26—

Table of corrections.

No. Core No. cor. No. Gore No. Cor.
le 20 li. +,05 le —..25 31. -.05
De -.l 12. -.05 RRe -.05 3h —el
Se +.1 13. -.05 Lde —e1l5 53 +.15
A. -—.05 14. oO 246 —.25 54-6 +o2
5 20 15. -.55 2D —-.15 356 +,05
6. 0 16. 20 26. -—..15 356-6 -ei5
7. +1 17. —-.05. O76 -—.05 S57 -el
8. —25 18. —e& 28 6 +.05 38. +.15
9. —-.20 19. 00 296 —.05 39. -e15
10. +.05 20. +.05 30 —e& 40. oO

The corrections just given are expressed in degrees F.
and carry the proper sign. No. 1. was taken as the standard
couple and used to work out the temperature scale on the galva-
nometer. The readings of all other couples are refsrred to
its readings, hence the corrections. It will be noticed that
numbers 5, 6, 14, 16, 19 and 40 needed no correction. i.e.
the temperatures indicated by them were the same as those
indicated by No.1. On the other hand No. 2 reads a tenth of
a degree too high. The standardized readings in the experiments
that follow are the apparent readings with the corrections
applied. YFhat puts all the readings on the same basis as though
they had been made by couple number one, but it enables us to
have a couple in each jar that has the temperature of the jar

at all times and can be read at any time.
 

ih
—27=—
Second Experiment.
In this and the following experiments, the measuring
apparatus is as has just been outlined. The jars in this

experiment were set on a basement floor against the wall.

7 : - “

7 , 9G f 19 { TR Cod 197 / 16 15
‘. i by tons, § $6C0ns. ' 3g,C015. - Ko tons, . a8! \ Aton. | Fo. (ete)

“|

te > oo —
Y L

“ a : see
\

18, 12 \ i \ lo

: &. tons, \ go.tons. Ae Ecns. 40,.t0NS,
n . % ~- ” N - 4 aa —. 7 _- -

  

| ¥0.E0n5, sotans ‘otons, i
\ 7
ve / oy ee oe ~

\ / 6 ( 4 3 2 \!
abe | 70. Fons | ( 30.Cons. } 20,ConS. Uo Cons. Je sta J
\ a L /

——_ a me Ss ‘
~~. , a ~~" ~ 7” .

d-d is the wail of the room. a, b andc are supports for
a@case of glassware. eis a window set on the Plioor on edge
to shield the jars from the radiated heat of the steam pipes
in the direction of h. The numbers of the jars in the diagram
' ghow the arrangement on the floor and will aid in explaining
a number of points in the following tables. In this set there
are ten different experiments. Jars 1 and 11, are duplicates
and contain no manure. The numbers having the same unit's
figure in each case are the duplicate jars.

After the jars were made up and the couples planted,

a dust blanket was maintained on the surface to help in

preventing evaporation and therefore loss of temperature.
—-28—
General Conditions.

In this experiment, the weight of the soil was in each
case eighteen pounds, and it contained 2.79 pounds of moisture
per jar at the opening of the experiment. Horse manure was
used. In all the jars except 9, 10, 19 and 20 it was fresh
from the stables. In 9 and 19, the manure had been fermented
7 days, and in the case of 10 and 20 the manure had been
allowed to ferment 14 days. The manure was mixed with the
soil in all cases except 8 and 18. In these two cases it was
put in a single layer just under the junction of the couple.
The following table sets forth the other features.

No. Wt. of Wt. of Tons Moisture Total wt. Total Total wt. Loss

@

jar. manure. per A. in manure. of mois— at of
jar. ture. end. moisture.

le 8.9 0.0 0. 0.00 26.9 2.79 25.50 1.40
2- 8.3 0.3 10. 0.22 26.6 3.01 25.00 1.60
3. 8.3 0.6 20. 0.45 26.9 5eA4 24.285 205
4. 9.1 0.9 30. 0.67 22.20 3246 26.10 1.90
5. 9.1 1.28 40. 0.80 28.3 3.68 26.30 2200
6. 8.7 1.5 50. 1.12 2867 3.91 26.00 220
7. 8.6 1.8 60. 1.34 28.4 4.13 26.40 2-00
8. 8.2 0.9 30, 0.67 271 3.46 25.65 1.45
9. 8.7 1.2 40. 0.91 279 3.70 26.25 1.65
10. 8.2 12 40. 276 27.4 3-55 25.70 1.70
11. 8.8 0.0 0. 0.00 26.8 2-79 25.240 1.40
12. 8.9 6.3 10. 0.22 2708 3.01 25.55 1.65
135. 8.4 0.6 20 0.45 27 0 5.24 25.25 1.75
14. 8.5 0.9 350. 0.67 27 4 53-46 25275 1.65
15. 8.1 1.2 40. 0.87 27-3 3.68 254 1.90
16. 8.7 1.5 50. 1.12 28.2 3.91 26.3 1.90
17. 9.0 1.8 60. 1.354 28.8 4.13 26.85 1.95
18. 8.4 0.9 30. 0.67 27-3 3.46 25.80 1.50
19. 8.5 1.2 40. 0.91 27.7 5-70 26.00 1.70
20. 8.6 1.2 40. 0.76 27.8 3.55 26.25 1.55
-29—°
standardizied Readings. (First week )

No. 12/27/05 12/28/05 12/29/05 12/30/05 12/31/05

1. 70.80 69.40 70.95 73.10 71.90
Qe 70.80 70.80 71.15 73.70 72.20
36 70.95 71.00 71.25 74.210 172230
Ae 70.90 70.85 70.90 74.85 13625
5. 70.85 70.75 70.80 75.15 73.70
6. 70.70 70.90 71.00 75.20 73.60
". 73.60 13.40 73.25 73.70 72.25
8. 73.25 73.05 73.15 73,10 71.65
9. 71.55 71.70 72.50 72.95 71.35
10. 71.95 72.05 72.85 73.45 71.95
ll. 70.85 70.75 71.30 72.75 71.35
12. 70.50 70.45 71.00 72.95 71.55
13. 70.60 70.55 71.15 73.45 71.75
14. 74.15 73.90 73.95 72.00 70.60
15. 73.70 73.80 73.50 72.45 70.85
16. 73.45 73.45 73.90 73.10 71.40
17. 74.55 72-70 74.20 73.20 71.50
18. 74.40 73.75 73.95 13240 71.30
19. 70.95 72.30 72.75 72.65 71.10
20. 72.20 72.25 73.75 73210 71.30

Second week.

No. 1/i/oe i/2/oe 1/3/06 1/4/06 1/5/06 1/6/06 1/7/06
1. 73.00 72.90 7530 71.75 70.95 70.70 71.50
2. 73.75 73.70 76 20 72.30 71.75 71.15 172.40
3. «73.75 = 7370 76.70 71.90 71.40 71.65 72.50
4. 74.85 74.85 77.90 75.15 72.55 72.70 73.20
5. «=«s- 75.35 = 75.20 78.30 73.50 72.75 72.85 73.50
6. 75.35 75420 78.30 73.60 72.50 72.65 73.40
7 73.60 73,40 75.70 72.40 71.10 70.75 71.30
8. 73.30 73.00 75.35 72.05 71.00 70.70 71.55
9. 72.70 72.75 75.20 72.25 71.05 70.75 71.55
10. 73.30 73.45 75.85 72.75 71.85 71.35 172.15
11. . 72.90 72.95 75.55 78.25 71.25 71.15 71.85
12. 73.25 73.25 75.85 72.50 71.25 71.30 72.25
13. 73.65 73.65 76.55 72.65 71.35 71.35 72.15
14. 71.55 71.50 74.10 70.50 69.70 69.40 70.00
15. 71.70 71.95 74.35 70.65 69.75 69.70 70.15
16, 72.40 72.40 74.70 71.40 70.40 70.00 70.60
17. 72675 = 7275 75.05 71.90 70.85 70.40 70.85
18. 72.60 72.60 75.20 71.95 71.40 71.10 71.40
19, 72.55 72.80 75.30 72.40 71.75 71.10 71.20
20. 73.05 73.05 75.95 78.55 71.10 70.85 71.05
~Z0—
Standardized Readings.

Third Week.

No. 1/8/06 1/9/06 1/10/06 1/11/06 1/12/06 1/13/06 1/14/06
1. 73.75 69.50 69.10 70.60 73.40 72.95 74.00
2. 74655 70.40 69.855 71.20 73.90 73.60 74.70
3. 74.90 70.40 69.80 71.60 74.60 74.05 75.35
4. 75.55 70.95 70.35 72.10 74.95 74.65 73.85
5. 75.90 71.05 70.30 72.25 75.30 74.95 76024
6. 75.80 71.05 70.40 72.30 (75.25 75.10 76 630
7. 73.70 69.50 69.20 70.35 73.00 72675 73.70
8. 73.75 69.95 69.50 70.70 73.15 72.95 73.85
9. 73.65 69.95 69.60 70.45 72,695 72.95 73.75
10. 74.40 70.55 70.15 £71.05 73.65 73.70 74.55
11. 74.00 70.15 69.55 70.95 73.55 73.35 74.35
12. 74.35 70.25 69.65 71.15 73.85 73475 74.85
13. 74.60 69.65 69.30 71.20 74.15 73.85 75.25
14. 73.25 67.90 67.65 68.95 71.65 70.50 72.40
15. 72.55 68.35 67.85 69.80 71.75 70.85 72.35
16. 72.95 69.00 68.70 69.60 72.00 71.50 72.70
17. 73.30 69.35 69.05 69.85 72.15 71.80 72.95
18. 73.50 69.90 69.50 # 70.70 73210 72.60 73.70
19. 73.50 69.75 69.30 70.40 72.80 72.65 73.70
20. 73.85 69.05 69.80 70.45 73.35 72.95 74.30
Fourth Week

No. 1/15/06 1/16/06 1/17/06 1/18/06 1/19/06 1/20/06 1/21/06

1. 75210 72290 73.10 72245 ‘72215 75.20
Be 75240 75250 75-60 73.200 7270 75.70
Se 76.35 73675 73295 7540 73220 76.30
4. 76.75 74. 00 74.35 73270 73.55 76.65
De 77.15 78.25 74.60 73.90 7380 77.05
6. 7725 74.40 74.65 74.00 73.80 77.15
Te 74.60 72-60 72.80 783.30 71.80 74.65
8. 74.55 72.85 73.05 7250 72205 74.65
9. 7425 72-65 72290 72.50 72.200 74.80
10. 75.05 75230 75-70 73.25 72-70 73.35
il. 75.05 735.10 735235 72.285 72250 75.30
12 75.50 75.45 75-60 75015 72285 75.65
13. 76.05 73245 735 35 75210 7290 76.05
14. 73.250 71.40 71.50 71.05 70,65 75245
15. 735 050 71.55 71.65 71.25 70.85 75250
16. 73.40 71.80 71.90 71.60 78.20 735265
17. 73250 71.95 72015 71.90 71.25 73.85
18. 74.30 72-80 72 2-80 72260 72205 74.65
19. 74.50 72075 7280 72250 72205 74.70
206 75205 72.75 72460 72-50 72025 78.25
No. 1/22 /06 1/25/06 1/24 [06 1/25/06 1 26/06 1/27 [06 1/28/06
1. 9.10 6.60 -74.10 73.1 738 7305 75.1
2. 79.55 76.90 74.50 73.50 74.10 73.70 74.80
3. 80.10 77.30 74.85 73.90 174.65 74.15 175.70
4, 80.30 77.70 75.15 74210 74.90 74.40 75.80
5. 80.80 77.90 75.35 74.25 75.10 74.70 176.20
6. 81.10 78.30 175.45 74.40 75.50 74.90 76.20
7. 78.40 76.45 73.70 72.50 73.30 72.95 174.10
8. 78.75 76.45 74.10 73.05 73.65 74.25 74.40
9. 78.50 76.45 74.10 73.00 173.70 73.05 174.05
10. 79625 77.10 74.70 73.65 74.55 73.80 74.85
ll. 79.10 76.75 74.45 73.55 74.25 73'80 75.10
12. 79.70 77.15 74.70 73.75 74.55 74.05 175.25
13. 79.95 77.40 74.65 73.75 74.80 74.05 173.35
14. 77.20 74.95 72.45 71.15 71.90 171.65 72.95
15. 77.35 175.20 72.75 71.75 72.30 71.65 172.75
16. 77.50 85.35 73.20 72.20 72.80 72.26 173.10
17. 77.65 75.75 73.45 72.40 73.10 172.35 73.35
18. 78.35 76.630 74.10 73.25 73.80 173.15 74.10
19. 78.55 76.50 74.00 73.15 73.80 73.25 74.15
20. 79.10 76.85 74.10 73.20 74.05 73.45 74.55

-31—

Standardized Readings.

Fifth Week.

 

The readings just given are the actural temperatures at the
center of each jar each day at about 7-30 A.M. They are in the
rough, but a number of things can be observed from them as they are.
The arrangement of the jars is given on page 27. It was noted that
there is a radiation coming from the direction of "h*®. For this
reason, the jars at this end of the line should be warmer. They
are. If the increase of temperature was entirely due to increas-
ing quantities of manure, No. 7 would be warmer than No. 6, and

No. 14 would be warmer than No. 13. The

The reverse is true.
jars in the front row have two reasons for being continuously
warmer, vis. increasing quantities of manure, and coming nearer

the source of radiated heat. In the second row, 7 to 10 have

irregular quantities of manure, but jar No. 11 has no manure.
Although nearer the source of radiation, No. 11 is in general

not warmer but colder than No. 10. This shows that there is an
-32-
influences due to the manure. In order to determine how
great this effect is, it is first necessary to determine what
the temperatures of the jars would have been could they have
occupied the same position. This was worked out for each
week, and No. 10 was taken as the point of reference. The
average difference of temperature for the week between each
patr of check jars was taken as the difference of temperature
between them according to position. With this data, and the
nearness to the source of radiation it is possible to find the
average amount that each jar is warmer or colder than No. 10
during the week. When these corrections are applied to the
"standardized readings*® the results become those "corrected

according to position”.

corrected According to Position.
First Week.

No. 12/27/05 12/28/05 12/29/05 12/30/05 12/31/05

le 71.90 70.50 72205 74.20 73.00
Be 71.45 71.45 71.80 74.35 72485
Se 71.45 71.45 71.75 74.60 72-480
4. 71.20 71.15 71.20 75.15 75.65
De 71.15 71.05 71.10 75245 74.00
6. 70.95 71.15 71.25 75245 73.85
7 735.00 72-80 72275 735.10 71.65
8. 72285 72.65 - 72675 72670 71.25
9 72200 72.15 72295 73.60 71.80
10. 71.95 72205 72.85 75.45 71.95
li. 71.80 71.70 72.25 73.70 71.30
12. 71.60 71.55 72.10 74.05 72.65
I3- °71.50 71.45 72.05 74.35 72265
14. 73.70 735245 75.250 71.55 70.15
15. 75-50 75.15 73.25 72 e20 70.60
16. 72.90 72-90 73.235 72295 71.15
17. 74.00 72.15 735.65 72.65 70.95
18, 73550 73.285 73.05 7£ 50 70.40
19, 71.45 72 «80 73.25 73215 71.60
206 72240 72.90 73.25 71.45

72255
—~3 Zu

Second Week.

No. 1/1/o6 1/a/o6 1/3/06 1/4/06 1/5/06 i/6/o6 1/7/06
1. 73.15 73.05 75.45 71.90 71.10 70.85 71.65
2. 73.55 73.50 76.00 72.10 71.55 70.95 72.20
3. 73.55 73.50 76.50 71.70 71.20 71.45 72.30
4. 74.10 74.10 77.15 72.40 71.80 71.95 172.45
5. 75.60 74.45 77.55 72.75 72.00 72.10 172.55
6. 75.60 74.45 77.55 72.85 71.75 71.90 72.65
7. 74.90 74.70 77,00 73.70 72.40 72.05 172.60
8. 73.85 73.80 76.15 72.85 71.80 71.50 72.35
9. 73.00 73.05 75.50 72.55 71.35 71.05 71.85

10. 73.40 73.45 75.88 72.75 71.85 71.35 72.15

11. 72.90 72.95 75.55 72.25 71.25 71.15 71.85

12. 73.25 73.25 75.85 72.55 71.25 71.30 72.25

13. 73.45 73.45 76.35 72.45 71.15 71.15 71.95

14, 74.05 74.00 76.50 73.00 72.20 71.90 72.50

15. 73.80 74.05 76.45 72.75 71.85 71.80 72.20

16. 74.30 74.30 76.60 73.30 72.30 72.00 72.50

17. 74.35 74.35 76.65 72.50 72.45 72.00 72.45

18. 73.55 73.55 76.15 72.90 72.35 72.05 72.35

19. 72.90 73.15 75.65 72.75 72.10 71.45 71.55

20. 73.50 73.50 76.40 73.00 71.55 71.30 71.50

No.

1.
Re
Se
4
De
6.
7.
8.
De
10.
li.
12.
13.
t4,.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
a0.

74.00
74 25
74.50
74.70
75.05
75-15
75.00
74.55

- 735-95

74.40
74.00
74.10
74.40
74.60
74.60
74.60
74.90

74.45

74.10
74.230

1/8/06 1/9/06

69.75
70.10
70.00
70.10
76.20
70.50
70.80
70.75
70.25
70.55
70.15
70.00
69.45
70.25
70.40
70.65
70.95
70.85
70.35

69.50

Third Week.

69.35
69.55
69.40
69.50
69.45
69.85
70.50
70.70
69.90
70.15
69.55
69.40
69.10
70.00
69.90
70.35
¥0.65
70,45
70.16
70.25

70.85
70.90
71220
71.25
71.40
71.75
71.65
71.50
70.75
71.05
70.95
70.90
71.00

71.30

71.35
71.25
71.45
71.65
72.00
70.90

73.65
75.60
74.20
74.10
74.45
74.70
74.30
73.95
73025
73-65
76.55
73.60
735.95
74.00
73.80
73.65
7380
74.05
73 40
74.80

75220
735230
76.65
75.80
74.210
74.55
74.05
73275
73025
70.70
73035
73.50
7365
72285
72.90
73.215
73.50
73.65
73625
735240

1/10/06 1/11/06 1/12/06 1/13/06 1/14/06

74-25
74.40
74.95

75.00

75.40
75-75
75.00
74.65
74.05
74.55
74.35
74.60
75.05
74.75
74.240
74.235
74.55
74.65
73-30
74.75
No.

1.
Ze
3
4
5e
6.
Te
8.
9.
10.
li.

12.

135.
14.
15.
16.
17.
is.
19.

20 0-

No.

le
De

4e
De
Ge
Te
8.
De
10.
ll.

13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

75.25
75.20
75.95
76.15
76.40
76.50
75.95
75.60
74.80
75.05
75.00
75.45
76.00
75.85
75.70
75.60
75.55
75.40
74.80
75.50

79.30
79.50
79.75
79.75
79.90
80.15
79.60
79.90
79.05
79.25
79.05
79.35
79.70
79.50
79.40
79.30
79.15
79.35
79.00

79,40

735.05
735.10
73055
73.240
73.50
73-65
73.95
73 e90
73 20
73650
75205
7545
73240
73.75
73.95
74.00
74.00
73.90
735-55
73.20

76.80
76.B5
76.95
77.15
77.00
77.35
77.50
77.60
77.00
77.10
76.70
76.80
77.15
77.25
77 B5
77.15
77 235
77930
76.95
77.15

—-34—
Fourth Week
1/15/06 1/16/06 1/17/06 1/18/06 1/19/06 1/20/06 1/21/06

73625

73240
73.55
73-75
73.85
73296
74.15
74 e 1G
73.45
73.70
73.30
73.55
73.350
73.85
74.05
74.10
74.240
735-90
73250
73.05

74.30
74.45
74.50
74.60
74.45
74.50
74.90
75.25
74.65
74.70
74.40
74.55
74.40
74.75
74.80
75.00
74.95
75.210

74245

74.240

72260
72-80
73.00
735.10
73.15
75025
73.65
73.55
73.05
73025
72280
73.10
73.05
73240
73.65
73.80
73.95
735.70
73200
72295

Fifth Week.
1/22/06 1/23/06 1/24/06 1/25/06 1/26/06 1/27/06 1/28/06

73230
75245
73.55
73265
74.35
73.45
73.70
74.20
73255
73.65
75990
73.40
73.50
75245
73.80
74.00
73.90
74.25
73.60
73.50

7250
72450
72.80
72.295
73.05
75.05
73.15
73.10
760099
72.70

— 72445

72-80
72.85
73.00
735 A5
73240
7330
735.15
72255
72470

74.05
74.05
74.30
74.55
74.20
74235
74.50
74.80
74.25
74.95
74.20
74.10
74.55
74.20
74.35
74.60
74.60
74.80
74.25
74.35

75035
75.50
75.90
76.05
76.230
76.40
76.00
75.270
75255
75255
7545
85.60
76.00
75.80
75.70
75.85
75.90
75.75
75.20
7570

735.75
75-65
73.80
73-85
73.80
735.95
74.15
74.40
73.60
73-80
75275
73270
73.80
73295
73.70
74.00
73.85
74.15
73.70
735-75

75.30
74.75
75.55
75.25
75.30
75.25
75-30
75055
74.60
74.85
75.05
74.90
75-10
75.15
74.80
74.90
74.85
75.210
74.60
74.85
we
—345—

The temperatures just given are the calculated results
that the jars should have shown if all parts of the room could
have been constantly at the same temperature. Besides the
constant influence due to the fermentation of the manure, there
are a few irregularities dus to accidental causes. To overcome
these, an average is taken between the checks each day.
Besides this, the average temperature of the jars as a whole
varies from day to day. Now in order to get the average effect
of the manure maintained throughout the experiment, a "total
average" is struck. That is an average of the daily averages
for each pair of jars.

In the table that follows, the results in a column are the
daily averages of the corrected temperatures for the check jars
at the head of the column. fhe first column at the left are
the jars with no manure. Following are those with 10, 20, etc.
tons per acre according to the experiment outlined on page :28.

The results show: an increase of .15° F. for the first

ten tons of fresh horse manure per acre, an increase of .1° F.
for the fourth ten tons, and an increase of .05° F. for the
sixth ten tons. Those seven columns represent conditions
where the manure is mixed with the surface six inches. In the

eighth column, we have thirty tons plowed under, and the
results show it to be equal to forty tons mixed in. In the
remaining two columns, the manure had been fermented 7 and 14
days before use. The results show the heating of 40 tons to be
less than that of twefiity tons of fresh manure. This is also
vividly shown in the introduction. The first eight columns all
come from the same liot of manure. as the other two are collected

at different times, they are different lots.
1 & il

71.85
71.10
7HeL5
73.95
72.15
74.02
74200
75.250
7° 207
71.17
71.00
71.75
E995
G9.45
70.90
73.60
73 27
74.50
75.17
74205
TE 0aT7
Teed

Tied?

75.350
79.17
76.75
74.35
75240
74.46
73.75
75.17

L£&12

71.52
71.50
71.95
74 FU
TA67D
TEe40
TOT
75292
Teed”
71.40
71.12
Thnk
74.17
70.05
69.47
70.90
75260
FAAG
73250
75477
Tee 57
TAA
72295
TPES
75 255
79.42
75,82
74.40
735.40
TAU
76 8°
74.82

5*%13

71.47
71.47
71.9%
T4477
Teel
742590
TA
76647
TP 07
71.17

71.30

~~ @@)

-
elk

74.45
69.728
OHI0e65
71.10
74.07
TAD
75 eG
75.97
Fe eT
mR AD

fe et &

75208
Te aE?
75095
79278
77,05
TA.49
73252
74,4)
735280
Det

4&14

77.045
WA 0d0
Te DD
75255
7ILOC
7A,07
Tha GS
76082
TH 070
72200
71.97
Tee AT
74.65
7617

Ea'75

Tle?
74.05
T5060?
74.87
766G0
TA D7
FHEC
7S oD
Te 97
75098
79262
77 70
74,67
75 e9U
TAT
78.90

750A

-—-56—

Total Averace.

5

¥°
ow
On

e
ey

A. AD NI
e

e e
“Poo: My i ke
COmMmaonrnrten

I Qn ywaygn
+e op ™) WN

e e

7-5 N

“NI
J

I
2
®

4

“I
bd
O
wo

71.95
Tee dT
74,82;
70.30
6A .75
71.57
74612
79
74.90
7U6GH
730 Te
74.95
7 H5e4G
72215
76604
75.65
77.17
74.68
74.07

T4687

T5075
79095

6X16

71.92
72002
77250
T4600
Te OD
74.95
74.07
77 07
HOT
72.92
71.95
7057
TALET
TUT
Tuell’
71.50
74.17
74.85
7O0UD
70.05
TA e?

TA LCS
75e0r
TAP
7OelLs
79677.
TT AD
7408 TD
Toe Tk
74,47
Toe G7?
TOT

7&1?

75.50
PRAT
73 020
72.85
PLEO
7A ..62
74.52
76.82
73.10
72.42
72.02

2.52
74.95
70.87
70.57
71.55
74.05
T5677
TA,77
75675
73.97
74.17
75.80
73 .P2
75.95
73.57
77.37
TA GA
3.80

74.55

74.00

TO0 UT

S&LE

7Ae1L7
T5enD
77.299
720650
74285

yo Ne
feref

73.87
7 Oe LS
7.287
72.07
71.997
72435
74.50
T7Ge8O
70.57
71.57
74.60
74265

TA LOG,

7h) .0G
74.90

ry ae
PA ee

7? 68
T5012
Aer was
79.62

745

75.17

74. er

74.80

74.27
Tee.

9%19

” wy
 TLe 12

Te 047
7Ae LO
Toeel
TL. 7G
Tee ID
7210
Foe?
702265
72.82
71.25
71.70
74.07
70. 8U
70.209
TOeET
Toe dE
75025
7.17
7A EG
7037

7 Kr

Co

«eloeef

o fc as
Ve) ry wd Ls

Tee DD

Veer ras
79.02
76.97
T4255
Teen?

74.85

75.65
74.60

 

 

 

2245 VOZSAT 6596352 .052355. 552561. 0885B4 oe

 

T3e6P1 73.36 73.50

106&29

Teel
Thee
72.87
73 .95
71.
TB AC

73.47

rer nen
SCyegia

TO 57
71.70
71.88
71.82
74.65
7G
7Uer’
75297
TABS
7h e¢DD
7A .65
TO ee?
7d
TAT
7HeLOU
Pee TU
75052
723038)
77 ele
74.255
TOO?
74.45
75277
74 .0D

2365 .832361.7722348.177351.89

 

75.69 73.78 72.88 75.9%

72.80

73.58

73.69
—27—

Third Fxperinent.

With the excepticn of numbers -C and 4G, ali the thermo-

couples that

were orivrinaliy made un were rut into use. Tris

experiment is realiy three being run at the eamea tire. The one

is on horse manure, a second on cow manure, and a trird on si.sap

Manure. The

nunibers of the ereeck jars differ from one éenotrer

by twenty. hos. 1 and ?1 are the gars with no manure. Following

comes lo +9 BO tons of Ffresn horse wmanire per acre. Then eccmes

2c to 100 tons of fresh cow manure ner acre. Following comes

10 to 690 tons of fresh shesc manure rer aere. Thea Jast yar in

each series,

namely 19 and 39, are strairsht cow manure covered

over with a little dust to Lessen evavoration.

 

~

fo NN . | Of
\ 2B 27 6 P5 ) pa \ pz pe Nea
oe totis, “bOCons, F0tons, *£ons, * gatos, | LOtons, 10.tons. yeh }
_ NO oa rane NL a ON | x o
, \ . ;, . ¢ 3
h tors | ope VMS 85 BR 37 4 R39
7 00.CONS, 1 9, LOS, 20. Cuts BOLOnS, § #0TONS, °° Fut: 60 tons, ‘ 00° |
Woe SUTTON a ee BN es fm.
19 18 | 17 Vo 3¢@ ( 1 \f aa VB, 4192 JV, 49
180 % Yo, + 0, “Fos \F0. tons. A ¥0.tonS. , Bo.tons. | £0.tons. 10, T0nS, (00, tons. | 0. tons. A 60T9/16 '
IND ZN YN oe ENN hoe re |
: . . ’ Nem - . _~ 4 eS
\ oc y a / 8 ( 4 (5 \ 6 VY 7 y¥ BY 9
0.605, Js [0,b0nS. \ 20 boH3. ; 3¢. tons, Agetene, 5OtOnS. ¢ 6d,t0ns. {20 COhS, | £a,tons,

Tre above is the arrancement of the jars on tne floor,

2

heing set cut as near tne center of ti.e room as nossible, but

still receiving radiated heat from the direction of h. I[t will

be noticed that the arrancement Lleees the eneck jars as far

apart as possible and therefore gives a basis for determining

differences of temnerature on account of uosition. The tatle

that follows

sets forth the cotlor features cf the exuveriment.

The method and steus for the caluclation of results are the

Same as was used jin the last experiment, and therefore are not

outlined here
“quawisadxy pay 4! dn-jas jn

-

  
 
No.

1.

Ke

Se
4.
De
Ge
Te
Se
Se
10.
li.
Lf.
13.
14.
15.6
16.6
17.
18.
19.
ole
Lee
eae
246
2D 6
26 «
“7 e
7286
2G
350.
Sl.
326
335 6
54.
b5-6
56.6
57
38.
39.

3 Se

‘tonditions at OGrenines of Pxuerirent. (2/8/66 )

Wt.of Wt.of

jar.

8.55
8.35
6.30

9.00

9.10
8.80
8.55
B28
8.45
8.20
8.80
7.290
8.40
8.70
8.50
6.30
8.50

—— «ge om a

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uw

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ons Kind of Tctal tt.

per Manuree of Jane

27285
27 65U
27 230
Poe CO
PEC
27255
67 er 5
oT aD
27,66
07 ep
27.70
27.90
27 eed
27 650
£7.75
27275
27.80
27.50

27.60
27255
27255
O76 dO
£8 .GO
£8.10
m7 e GU
P7655
r7 62H
27.45
27.20
£7 BC
7629G
77.40
a7 .7C
27.50
27039
£7.50

Joisture

moisture
in manure.

 

imn soll.
ed4 0.0
re dC O.22
Pend 0.434
P ne C.65
Pe 1D O.87
215 1.G9
rell 1.31
PO O.50
Held 1.00
fell 1.51
r 204 re eOL
1.96 HeDL
£230 ward
Def 0.44
Lela 0.66
DelI O.88
eeld 1.10
ee ld 1232
peed O.C0
£630 beeen
2.2356 0.43
Pele 0.65
2elI 0.85
eld 1.09
Pell 1.31
peed 0.50
£19 1.00
fell 1.51
£204 2.01
1.96 £edl1
£edV O.22F
206 0.44
Lee O.66
rei9 0.88
£215 1.10
2ell 1.32
—Z9~
Standardized Readilgs.

No. 2/12/06 2/13/06 2/14/06 2/15/06 2/16/06 2/17/06

First Week.

1. 73.30 77.75 73.85 70.80 62,60 72.85
2. 71.90 76.50 72.90 69.15 68.00 71.10

3. 71.90 76.05 72.95 69.20 68.40 71.45
4. 71.85 75.55 73.15 70.20 68.90 71.80
5. 71.35 75.00 72.80 70.35 69.05 71.55
6. 71.90 75.75 72.90 70.80 69.10 71.60
7. 70.70 74.60 72.30 70.40 69.00 70.80
8, 69.00 73.05 70.65 68.55 68.00 69.40
9. 68.75 73.15 70.40 67.85 66.65 69.00
10, 70.85 75.75 72.45 69.35 88.00 70.65
il, 71.70 76.50 73'40 70.75 69.25 71.55
12. 72.35 76.75 7%.90 71.25 69.95 72.35
13, 72.95 76.00 73.35 71.15 70.10 72.10
14, 73.05 77.00 74.20 71.40 70.40 73.00
15. 75.95 77.50 74.65 71.65 70.65 75.70
16. 74.00 78.25 75.00 71.40 70.70 73.85
17, 74.15 78.60 74.90 71.00 70.85 73.45
18, 74.65 79.00 75.00 71.50 71.00 73.95
19, 76.80 81.65 77.90 75.45 74.60 77.10
el. 72.45 77.65 73.70 69.95 69.55 72.55
22, 73.15 78.45 74.45 70.40 70.25 73.20
23. 74.10 79,20 75.30 70.95 70.95 74.10
24. 74.90 79.70 75.85 71.50 70.75 74.55
25. 75,80 £0.80 76.65 71.65 71.10 75.25
26, 77.05 82.45 77.55 71.80 71.20 76.20
27. 718.25 83.40 78°35 73.00 72.00 16.95
28. 77.05 823.60 77.65 72.80 72.10 76.80
29. 78.05 83.60 78.50 73.30 73.00 77.70
30. 80.55 86.00. 80.50 75.45 74.70 719.80
31, 78.35 83.30 78.55 74.50 73.65 77.55
32, 76.60 81.60 77.05 72.50 72.00 76.00
2, 75.65 79'60 75.85 72.00 70.80 74.95
34, 75.25 79.75 76,00 72.20 70.60 75.10
35, T4.75 79.40 75.90 72.00 70.55 74,85
36, 74.50 79.10 75.80 72.55 71.00 74.60
37. 74.45 78.60 75.25 72.15 70.70 73.90
38. 73.25 78.05 74.65 71.40 70.25 73.10
39, 73.50 78.35 73.90 70.05 68.85 72.60
—-40—.
Standardized Readings. Second Week.

No. 2/19/06 2/20/06 2/21/06 2/22/06 2/23/06 2/24/06

1. 80.00 81.05 83,00 Window 78.95 82.40
Re 75.65 80.95 82.95 opened 78.55 82.15
3. 78.85 80.35 82.20 and left 77.80 81.35
4. 78.30 79.75 81.75 so for 77.25 80.%5
Be 77.70 79.00 80.90 seme 86.45 80.00
6. 77.30 78.60 80.55 reason. 76.10 79.65
7. 76.70 78.05 79.90 Readings 75.30 78.80
Se 75.25 76.70 78.85 not 74.15 77.75
9, 74. 45 75.90 78.00 safe to 73.45 77.10
10. 74.75 76.60 78.20 araw 74.10 77.45
ll. 75.90 77.30 79.30 conclu- 74.35 78.10
12. 76.90 78.00 80.00 sions 74.90 78.65
13. 76.45 77.60 79.40 from. 74.75 78.25
14. 76.20 78.20 79.95 75.25 78.80
15. 77.80 79,00 80.85 75.85 79.60
16. 78.60 79.85 81.75 76.60 80.45
17. 79,60 70.80 82.80 77.20 81.25
i8, 80,00 81.10 83.20 77.60 81.85
19. 80,80 81.90 84.40 77.60 83.25
21. 74.90 76.25 78.25 73.85 77.65
Pe 75.65 77.10 79.05 74.45 78.25
23. 76.50 . 77.70 79.55 74.95 78.80
D464 76.85 ~—6©78.00 79.85 75.05 78.90
256 77.45 78.55 ‘80.50 75.65 79.65
26. 78.15 79.40 81.50 76.35 80.40
27. 78.95 80.30 2.40 77.05 81.15
28. 78.70 79.85 82.15 76.75 81.05
29. 79.25 80.45 82.75 77.35 81.85
30. 80,00 7S'80 83.30 78.05 82.60
31. 50.50 81.35 83.70 77.60 82.40
2. 80.05 81,00 83.15 77105 81.70
32. 78.65 79.65 81.55 76.05 79.90
ZA. 78.35 79.40 81.20 75.95 79.55
ZB , 77.85 78.85 80.60 75.55 79.40
36, 77.70 78.65 80.50 75.50 78.80
27. 77.20 78.20 80.10 74,90 78.80
Oe | 76.45 77.65 9.55 74,60 78.45
39. 75.75 77,40 794.60 74.65 78.85
14.

17.

19,
21.
Rae
Roe
24.
25-6
26.
Ri «
28.
29,
30,

. 31.

S26
53-6
34.
55

3B.
37.
38.
39.

2/26/06

82.20
81.70
81.20
80.95
80.30
79.80
79.25
78.30
77.45
77.65
78.45
79.10
78.75
79.25
80.10
80.70
81.75
82,00
84.50
77.70
78.30
18.85
79.00
79.60
80.30
81.00
80.95
81.60
82.35
82.75
82.00
81.45
80.35
79.75
79.70
79.20
78.75
79.40

-41-

Standardized Readings.

2/27/06 2/28/06

81.80
81.10
80.05
79.45
78.45
78,00
77.10
76.15
75.40
75.55
76.15
76.70
76.60
77.00
77.75
78.55
79:10
79.90
81.75
76.00
76.55

77,00

77,00
77.75
78.45
79.20
79.25
79.80

80,40

80.20
79,40
78.15
78.00

. 77.45
77.30

86.65
76,30
77.55

73.30
73.10
72.70
72.55
72.10
71.60
79.75
869.75
62.05
69.10
69.75
70.35
70.55
70.95
71.40
71.70
71.80
71.75
61.20
69.45
69.85
70.35
70.55
76.85
71.25
71.60
71.40
71.70
72.20
70.65
71.40
71.05
70.25
71.15
71.20
70.60
70,00
70.05

3/1/06

77.80
77.40
76.70
76.30
75.50
75.10
74,35
735.50
72.60
72.80
73.40
735.90
73.85
74.40
74,95
75.70
76.20
76,80
78,80
73.20
75.65
74.05
74.20
84.85
75.50
76.15
$6.15
76.75
77.40
77.20
76.45
75.55
75.40
74.85
74.70
74,00
73.70
74.45

Third Week,

3/2/06

82.00
81.60
80.55
79.90
79.10
78.55
77.80
76.65
75.95
76.15
76.90
77.35
77.25
77.680
78.50
79.25

80.08

80.80
83.40
76,40
77.15
77.45
77.60
78.20
78.90
79.75
79.75
80.25
81.00
81.15
80.25
79.10
78.75
78.10
77.80
77.15
76.95
78.10

3/3/06

82.15
81.20
80.35
79.75
79.10
78.50
17.75
76.90
76.10
76.35
77.10
77.70
77.35
78.10
78.65
79.30
80.05
81.20
83.45
76.55
77.25
77.55
77.50
78.15
78.85
79.45
79.15
79.60
30 045
80,85
50.10
79.00
78.65
78.20
78.20
77.50
77-225
77.85
—~49—

Standardized Readings. Fourth Week.

No. 2/5/06 3/6/o6 3/7/o6 3/8/06 3/9/06 3/10/06
1. 68.00 70.25 71.10 70.10 70.55 70.20
2. 67.75 69.75 70.65 69.50 70.20 69.85
3. 67.40 69.60 70.40 69.20 70.00 69.85
4, 67.20 69.30 70.15 68.95 69.65 69.55
5. 66.90 69.35 70.10 68.95 69.40 69.45
6. 66.30 68.75 69.45 68.25 68.75 68.75
7. 66.10 68.35 69.10 67.90 68.40. 68.40
8. 65.20 67.45 68.20 66.95 67.35 67.45
19, 64.40 66.95 67.65 66.35 66.50 66.58
10. 64.10 67.05 68.00 66.35 66.80 67.45
11. 65.20 67.70 68.60 67.55 67.55 67.85
12. 66.25 68.50 69.40 68.30 68.40 68.95
13. 66.30 68.70 69.65 68.70 68.75 69.45
14, 66,60 69.20 70.25 69.30 69.88 70.05
15. 66.70 69.60 70.65 69.55 69.65 70.55
16, 66.60 69.65 70.75 69.80 70.10 70.55
19. 66.75 70.20 71.45 70.55 70.80 71.45
18, 66,75 70.25 71.50 70.50 70.95 71.40
19, 63.70 71.95 73.90 73.20 73.10 74.30
21. 63.25 67.20 67.95 66.95 67.05 66.90
22. 63.75 67.60 68.50 67.45 67.55 67.45
23. 63.95 63.35 69.28 68.20 68.45 68.45
24. 64,30 68.70 69.65 68.60 68.70 69.00
25. 64.00 69.10 70.10 69.05 69.15 69.50
26. 63.75 69.45 70.50 69.35 69.60 70,00
27. 63.90 69.90 71.00 70.00 70.25 70.70
28. 63.50 70.05 71.10 70.15 £70.55 170.95
29. 63.15 70.45 71.70 70.55 71.05 171.45
30, 63.00 70.95 72.10 70.95 1.65 71.80
31, 64.65 71.05 72.45 $71.70 72.00 72.45
32. 64.75 70.00 72.10 71.30 71.50 172.35
33. 65.65 70.15 71.45 70.55 70.85 71.65
34, 65.65 69.90 71.05 70.35 70.45 71.10
35. 65.75 69.65 70.70 689.95 70,00 70.70
36. 65.95 69.85 70.70 70100 69,90 70.60
37, 65.60 69.25 70,00 69.35 69.25 69.90
38, 65.15 69.25 69.15 68.35 68.30 68.50
39, 63.90 69.25 69.30 68.20 68.10 68.20
Standardized Readines. Fifth week,

No. 3/12/06 3/13/06 3/14/66 3/15/06 3/16 /C6 3/17 /.6
l. 67.15 67.95 68.90 66.30 67.15 72.95
2. 66.90 B7.00 68.40 65.90 66.80 75.80
3. 66.75 68.50 68.20 65.85 66.65 72.05
4. 66.60 66.55 67.85 G5.65 65.20 71.45
5. 66.35 66.40 67.45 65.50 65.90 70.85
6. 65.40 65.70 64.70 64.55 65.05 75.40
7. 64.95 65.00 66.05 64.10 64.60 69.75
8B. 63.90 64.05 65.85 63.15 63.55 69.00
9. 63.25 63.60 64.55 62.30 63.05 68.60
10, 62.90 64.55 65.15 63.00 63.65 68.80
ll. 64.45 64.85 65.70 63.75 BA.P5 69.25
12. 65.45 65.65 66.45 64.75 65.10 69.50
13. 66.05 66.15 SG.R5 65.86 65.60 69.60
14. 66.90 66.95 67.60 63.35 66.35 76.10
15. 67.55 67.40 68.25 66.90 66.90 70.50
16. 67.60 67.50 68.5 66.95 67.30 71.10
17. 68.50 68.30 69.35 67.90 68.00 71.75
18. 68.45 66.60 69.40 67.65 68.15 72.60
19. 70.6C 70.50 72.60 70.80 70.60 75.25
21. 62.90 64.65 75.20 63.05 64.85 69.15
£2, 64.45 65.15 65.85 64.60 74.45 69.65
OZ, 65.40 63.85 66.55 64.706 65.25 69.95
24. 66.C0 77.35 66.95 65.35 65.70 70.10
25. 66.45 66.75 67.45 65.75 68.20 70.65
25. 66.85 67.35 67.90 68.10 66.75 71.20
27. 67.60 67.75 68.55 66.85 67.55 71.8C
28. 67.80 68.05 66.95 67.25 67.85 72.25
29. 68.35 68.55 69.590 67.75 68.55 73.05
30. 68.85 69.30 75.15 68.20 69.25 74.60
31. 69.75 69.80 70.80 69.30 69.75 73480
32. 69.20 69.20 70.00 68.80 69.10 72.35
3Z. 68.80 68.66 69. 45 68.35 68.55 71.45
34. 68.25 68.10 RE.85 67.80 67 95 71.05
35. 67.£0 67.80 68.30 67.25 67.45 70.55
36. 67.75 57.65 68.25 67.10 67.55 76630
37. 66.9C 67.00 67.50 66.40 66.60 69.65
Ze. 65.45 65.75 65.45 64.90 65.55 69.45
39. 64.95 65.35 66.65 64.25 65.15 70.20
a

 
~-A4—

Sorrectet Accordine to Position. First Weaex.

No. 2/12/06 2/23 /C6 2/14/66 2 /15( 66 2/16/06 2/17 /C6
l. 75.10 79.55 75.65 7° .6G 71.40 74.65
2. 75.15 79.75 76.15 72,40 74.85 74.35
3. 75.00 79.25 76.15 TO 49 71.60 74.65
A. 74.80 78.50 76.10 72.15 71.85 74.95
5e 74.50 78.15 75.95 73.50 TEL TA .7G
6. 74.80 78.65 75,60 73.70 72.090 WA .5O
7. 74.5 78.15 75.85 73.95 72.55 74.35
8. 74.05 78.10 75.70 73.60 73.05 74.45
9, 74.20 78.60 75.85 73.30 72.10 TA.45
10. 74.4C 79.30 7.00 3.90 71.55 74.20
li. 74.35 79.15 76.05 73.40 71.90 74.620
12. 74.55 78.95 76.10 3.45 77.15 74.55
13. 75.15 78.20 75.55 72.55 PEO .SO PASO
14. 74.70 728.65 75.85 73. 05 72.05 74.65
15. 75.10 78.65 75.80 72.80 71.80 74.85
16. 74.85 73.10 75.85 72.25 71.55 74.70
17. 75.15 79.60 75,90 72.00 71.85 74.45
18. 75 .3C 86.65 76.65 72.15 72.65 75.60
19. 74.95 79.80 76.05 73.60 72.75 75.25
21. 74.65 73.85 75.90 72.15 71.75 74.75
Doe 74.76 BO .6C 76,00 71.95 71.80 74.75
23. 74.85 79.95 76.05 71.70 71.70 74.85
OA. 75.20 BC.CO 76.15 71.86 71.05 74.85
25. 754 80.45 76.30 71.20 70.75 74.9C
26. 75 .9° 81.30 76.40 70.65 70.05 70.05
oO”, 76.16 81.25 76.20 70.85 69.85 74.80
8. 75.45 81.00. 76.05 70.70 76.50 75.20
29, 75.45 81.CC 75 .9C 70,7 70.40 75.10
30. 75.85 81.40 75.80 70.75 70.09 75.10
31. 75.55 81.50 75.75 71.670 70.85 74.75
32, 75.60 E50 .60 76.05 71.50 71.00 75.00
33. 75.65 79.60 75.75 72.00 70.80 74.95
3A. 75.25 79.75 76.00 72.20 70.50 75.10
25. 75.00 79.65 76.15 75.95 70.80 75.10
36. 74.80 79.40 76.10 72,85 71.30 74.90
27.. 5.10 79.25 75.90 72.86 71.35 77..55
Zz 75.65 86.45 77.05 72.80 72.65 75.50
39. 74.95 79.80 75.55 71.50 70.30 74.05
No.

1.

3.

4.

De

6.

Te

8.

De
10.
il.
lee
li.
14,
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
21.
Ree
LS.
24.
2D
c6e6
27.
28.
296
306
jl.
326
55-6
34.
55.
36.
37.
38.
39.

2/19/06

77 40
7745
79.35
77.80
78.00
78.00
76.30
77.55
77.70
77.80
78.50
78.85
77.75
77.45
77.95
78.05
78.30
78.35
78.50
77.20
77.30
77.60
78.10
78.20
78.25
78.35
77.85
77.95
78.50
79.00
79.10
78.10
78.35
78.20
78.35
78.45
78.20
77.60

AC / 06

78.45
78.75
78.85
79.15
79.30
79.50
73.65
79.00
79.15
79.65
79.90
79.95
78.90
80.45
79.15
79.230
79.59
79.45
73.60
76855
78.85
78.80
79025
79.30
79.50
79.70
79.00
79.15
78.30
79.85
80.05
79.10
79.40
79620
79.350
79.45
79.40
B9.25

—~45—

2/21/06

80.40
80.75
85.79
81.15
81.20
81.25
81.50
80.95
81.25
61.25
61.90
81.95
86.70
81.20
81.00
81.20
81.50
81.55
82.10
80.55
80.80
80.65
81.10
81.25
81.60
81.80
81.30
81.45
81.80
82.20
82.20
81.00
81.20
80.95
81.15
81.35
81.30
&1.45

Corrected According to Position.

2/22/06 2/23 /06
Some one 76.25
opened 76659
the 76.30
window 76.65
at one 76.75
end of 76.80
the block76.a6
of jars, 76.26
the day 76.70

or even- 77.15
ing peforg6.95
Readings 76.85

are out

76.05

of propor¥6 .50
tion and 76.00
tnerefore76.05

useless.

75.90
75.95
75.30
76.15
76.20
76.05
76.30
76.40
76.45
76245
75.90
76.05
76.55
76.10
76.10
75.50
75.95
75290
76.15
76.15
76.35
76.50

Second Wank,

2/24/06

78.80
79.95
7985
80.15
80.30
80.35
80.46
80.85
86.35
80.50
80.70
80.60
79.55
77.05
79.75
79.90
79.95
80.20
80.95
79.95
80.00
79.90
80.15
80.40
80.50
80.55
80.20
80.55
81.10
80.90
80.75
79.35
79.55
79.75
79,45
80.05
80.20
80.70
~AG6—

Corrected Aecording to Position. Third Yeek.

No. 2/26/06 2/27 [C6 2/28 /06 3/1/06 3/2/06 3/3/06
le 79.50 79.10 70.60 75.10 79.30 79.45
Qe 79.55 78.95 70.95 75.25 79.45 79.05
3. 79.85 78.70 71.35 75.35 79.20 79.00
Ae 80.10 78.60 71.70 75.45 79.05 78.90
5. 80.15 78.30 71.95 75.35 78.95 78.95
6, 80.10 78.30 71.90 75.40 78.35 78.80
7. 80.25 78.10 71.75 75.35 78.80 78.75
8. 8C.35 78.20 71.80 75.35 78.70 78.95
9. 80.30 78.25 71.90 75.45 78.80 76.95

10. 80.40 78.30 71.85 75.55 78.90 79.10

ll. 80.60 78.30 71.90 75.55 79.05 79.25

12. 80.75 78.35 72.00 75.55 79.00 79.35

13. 79.85 77.70 71.65 74.95 78.35 78.65

14. 79.90 77.65 71.60 75.05 78.45 78.75

15. 8C.25- 77.90 71.55 75.10 78.65 78.80

16. 80.10 77.95 71.10 75.10 78.65 78.70

17. 80.70 78.05 70.75 75.15 79.00 79.00

18. 80.50 78.50 70.25 75.30 79.30 79.70

19. 82.05 79.30 68.75 76.35 80.95 81.00

Pl. 80.00 76.30 71.75 75.50 78.70 78.85

22. £0.05 78.30 71.60 75.40 78.90 79.00

23. 80.20 78.35 71.70 75.40 78.80 78.906

24. 80.25 78.25 71.8C 75.45 78.85 78.75

25. 80.30 78.45 71.55 75.55 78.90 78.85

26. 80.40 78.55 71.35 75.60 79.00 78.95

27, 80.50 78.70 71.10 75.65 79.25 78.95

28. 80.40 78.40 70.85 75.60 79.20 78.60

29. 80.70 78.80 70.70 75.75 79.25 78.60

30. 80.75 78.80 70.60 75.80 78.40 78.85

31. 81.25 78.70 70.15 75.70 79.65 79.35

32. 81.25 78.65 70.65 75.70 79.50 79.35

336 80.90 77.60 70.50 75.00 78.55 78.45

34, 80.35 78.00 70625 75.40 78.75 78.65

356 80.10 77.80 71.50 75.20 78.45 78.55

36. 80.15 17.75 71.65 75.15 78.25 79.65

37. 80.45 77.90 71.85 75.25 78.40 78.75

38. 80.50 78.05 71.75 75.45 78.70 79.00

39, 81.25 73 ..BP 71.90 76.30 79.95 79.70
NO.

1.
Be
Se
46
De
6.
7 e
8.
Qe

10,
14

~~ am

1A.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Ale
DB
L360
2A.
2D
266
a7
2B.
796
30.
41.
326
336
54.
35.
56.6
37.
38.
39.6

corrected According

3/5/06

67.05
67.40
67.35
67.60
67.75
67.80
67.85
67.40
67.55
66.75
67.50
67.80
67.40
67.25
67.06
66.95
66.05
66.20
65.10
65.80
65.90
65.55
65.65
65.40
64.85
64.55
63.40
62.80
62.95
63.95
64.00
65.30
65.65
66.05
66.40
67.20
67.70
66.85

3/6/06

69.30
869.40
69.55
69.70
69.20
70.245
70,10
69.65
70.10
639.70
70.00
70.05
69.80
69.85
70.90
70.00
69.50
69.70
76.35
69.75
69.75
69.95
70.05
70.50

70.55,

70.55
69.95
70.10
70.90
70.35
70.00
69880
69.90
69.95
70.30
70.85
70.80
77220

3/7/06

70.30
70.35
70.55
70.95
70.95
70.85
70.40
70.80
70.65
70.90
70.95
70.75
70.90
70.95
72.10
70.75
70.95
7050
70.50
70.65
70.85
71.00
71.50
71.60
71.65
71.00
71.35
72.05
71.75
71.50
81.10
61.05
71.00
71.15
71.60
71.80
TA 025

to Position.

3/8/06

69.15
69.15
69.15
69.35
68,80
67.75
69.65
69.15
69.50
69.50
69.85
69.85
69.80
69.95
69.85
70.15
69.85
69.95
71.60
639.50
69.60
69.80
69.95
70.45
70.245
70.65
70.05
70.20
70.90
71.00
70.70
70.20
70.35
70.25
70.45
70.95
71.90
71.15

Fourth Wwesk.

69 60
89.85
69.95
70.05
70.25
70025
70.15
69.55
69.65
69.45
69.95
69.85
69.90
69.95
70235
76.10
70.40
71.50
639.60
69.70
70.05
70.05
70.55
70.270
70.90
70.45
70.70
71.80
71.30
70.90
70.50
70.45
70.30
70.35
70.85
70.85
71.05

3/9/06 3/10/06

69.25
69.50
69.80
69.95
70.30
70.25

70.15
-69.55

69.70
70.10
70.15
70.50
76255
70.70
76.85
70.90
70.75
70.85
72670
69'45
69.60
70.05
70.35
70.90
71210
71.35
70.55
71.10
71.75 -
71.75
71.75
71.30
71.10
71.00
71.05
71.50
71.05
71.15
~A8-—

Corrected according to Position. Fifth Week.

No. 3/12/06 3/13/06 3/14/06 3/15/06 3/16/06 3/17/06
1. 66.10 66.90 67,85 65.25 66.10 172.90
2. 66.75 66.85 68.85 67.75 66.60 72.65
3. 67.15 66.90 68.60 66.25 68.085  %2.85
4. 67.60 67.55 68.85 66.65 67.20 72.45
5. 67.95 68.00 69.05 67.10 67.50 172.45
6. 68.05 68.35 69.35 67.20 67.70 173.05
7. 68.50 68.55 69.60 67.65 68.10 73.30
8. 66.90 67.05 68.85 66.15 - 66.55 72.00
9. 67.35 67.60 68.55 66.30 67.05 72.60

10. 67.85 68.50 69.10 66.95 67.60 . 72.75

ll. 68.10 68.50 69.35 67.40 67.90 172.90

12. 68.45 68.65 69.45 67.75 68.10 172.50

13. 66.95 67.05 67.75 66.40 66.50 70.50

14. 67.25 67.30 68.05 66.70 66.70 70.45

15. 67.60 67.45 69.30 66.95 66,95 170.55

16. 67.75 67.65 68.65 67.10 67.10 71.25

17. 68.15 67.95 69.00 67.55 67.65 71.40

18. 68.20 68.35 69.15 67.30 67.90 172.35

19. 67.90 67.80 69.90 68.10 67.90 172.55

21. 66.45 67.20 67.75 65.60 66.40 71.70

226 66.60 67.30 68.00 65.75 66.60 171.80

23. 68.20 67.55 68.35 66.50 67.05 171.75

24. 67.65 68.00 68.60 67.00 67.35 71.75

25 67.85 68.15 68.85 68115 67.60 72.05

26. 68.10 68.60 69.15 67.35 68.00 72.45

27 68.55 68.70 69.50 70.80 68.50 72.75

28. 67.20 67.45 68.35 66.65 67.25 171.65

29. 67.30 67.50 68.45 68.70 67.50 72.70

30-6 67.60 68.05 68.90 66.95 68.00 173.35

31. 68.25 68.30 69.30 67.80 68.25 72.30

32. 68.60 68.60 69.40 68.20 68.50 171.75

3z. 67.15 66.95 67.80 66.70 66.90 69.70

34. 67.35 67.20 67.95 68.90 67.05 70.15

35. 67.60 67.60 68.10 67.05 67.25 70.35

36. 67.95 67.95 68.85 67.30 67.55 70.50

37. 68.00 68.10 68.60 67.50 67.70 70.75

38 . 67.90 68.20 68.90 67.35 68.00 71.90

39. 67.90 68.30 69.60 67.25 68.10 73.15
—~49~—

Total Averarve on Horse iianure Experiments

No Tons. 10 Tons. 20 Tons. 30 Tons. 40 Tons. 50 Tons. 60 Tons.

74.87 74.92 74.97 75.00 74.87 75255 75017
79.70 73.87 739.60 89.25 79.230 79.97 79.70
75.77 76.07 76.10 76.12 76.18 76.10 76.02
TA eST 7217 72.205 T2AT 72240 72.17 72490
71.57 71.52 71.65 71.45 71.47 71.02 71.20
74.70 74.55 74.75 74.80 74.80 74.89 74.37
77.30 77037 78.47 77.95 78.10 78.32 78.32
78.50 78.80 78.82 79.20 79.30 79'50 79.67
80.47 80.77 80.67 81.12 81.22 81.42 81.65
76.25 76.27 76.17 76.47 76.57 76.62 76.67
79.75 79.97 79.87 80.15 80.35 80.42 80.47
79.75 73.80 80.02 80.17 80.22 80.25 80.37
78.70 78.62 78.52 7t: 242 78.37 78.242 78.40
71.17 71.25 71.88 71.38 71.75 71.68 71.42
75230 75032 75.37 75245 75245 75.50 75.250
79.00 79.17 79.00 78.95 78.92 78.92 79.02
79.17 79.02 78.95 78.82 78.90 78.90 78.85
66.42 66.65 66.45 66.62 66.57 66.35 66.70
69.52 69.57 69.75 69.87 79.85 70.240 70632
76.324 70.47 76.60 70.77 71h .22 71.27 71.25
69.32 69.37 69.47 69.65 70.12 70.10 76415
69.60 69.77 70.00 70.05 70.40 70.47 70.52
69.35 69.55 70.07 70.15 70.60 70.67 70.75
66.27 66.67 67.17 67.62 67.90 68.07 68.52
67.05 67.07 67.22 67.77 68.07 68.47 68.67
67.80 68.12 68.47 68.72 68.95 69.25 69.55
65.42 66.75 66.37 66.82 67.12 67.27 67.72
65.57 66.62 67.05 67.28 67.55 67.87 68.32
72430 72.07 72.212 72210 TeA0eL9 72075 732028
2124.35 2128.14 B131.24 2134.95 2iz8.81 BI4e.15 2145.34
735225 735258 73.62 75275 735.86 73.97

73.69

This shows result even more constant than in the last
experiment. That is tne increase shown for thelast ten tons
is more nearlv tne same as that shown for the first ten tons.
The size of the results is almost identical, being an average

of .12°F. increase of temperature for each ten tons of manure.
9
¥
¢

Total averare for Sow Manure Fxperiment.

-~50—

No Tons. 20 Tons. 40 Tons. 60 Tons. 80 Tons. 100 ‘ons. 100%

74.87 74.75 74.82 75-12 74.95 75.07 74.95
79.70 79.55 79.80 80.30 80.34 79.77 79.85
75.77 75.87 75.88 75.90 75.90 76.07 75.70
722037 72215 72.50 72038 7° 455 TAe27 72099
71.57 71.77 71.20 70.77 71.37 71.37 71.52
74.70 74.82 74.75 74.65 74.47 74.77 74.65
77.30 77.70 77 82 78.15 78.75 78.97 78.05
78.50 79.00 79.15 78.97 79.87 650.00 78.92
80.47 81.12 81.35 61.52 8? .05 82.07 61.77
76.25 76.17 76.37 76.85 76.52 76.97 75290
79.85 80.12 80.45 80.80 80.80 80 .67 80.82
79.75 80.37 80.45 80.57 80.92 81.00 81.65
78.70 78.30 78.52 78.57 78.50 78.50 79625
71.17 71.32 71.30 71.22 71.02 71-55 70038
75-30 75.47 75.60 75.67 75.62 75262 76232
79.00 78.95 79.02 79.15 79.2355 792625 80.45
79.17 78.77 78.77 78.97 79.30 792345 80.35
66.42 65.40 65.17 64.85 65.72 65.90 65.97
69.52 79.80 70.10 70.30 70.17 70.02 70.77
70.32 70.70 71.07 71.235 71238 71LR2 TAT
69.32 69.60 69.85 70.20 69.92 70.27 71.37
69.60 70.00 70127 70.02 70.57 70.42 71.27
69.35 70.25 70.40 70.92 70.95 71.62 71.92
66.27 67.05 67.32 67.78 68.17 68.52 67.90
67.05 67.25 67.55 68.23 66.40 68.62 68.05
67.80 68.60 68.50 69.00 69.32 69.42 69.75

65.42 66.40 67.50 66.95 67.60 67.97 67.67
66 .57 66.90 67.27 67.80 68.07 68.30 68.00
72230 71.82 72230 72205 72.60 72215 76285

2124.35 2129.97 2124.94 ° ° L4a7. °
7350285 75253 73.62 735.79 73296 74.05 74.17

These results are a little more irregular thar those for

the horse manure, but still are quite constant. It is notice—

able that the results are not as high, for the horse manure.
The heating value of 60 tons is about equal to 40 tons of horse
manure, or of 80 tons to 60 tons of horse manure. One of the
surprising things is that the straight cow manure has maintained
a temperature but slightly above that of 100 tons, and it looks

like a member of the series,
 

 

Total Averave for Sheep Manure Experinent.

No Tons. 10 Tons. 20 Tons. 30 Tons. 40 Tons. 50 Tons. 60 Tons.

 

74.87 75.40 74.97 75.05 74.82 75.12 75.97
79.70 78,90 79.20 79.15 79.25. 79.42 80.55
75.77 5.65 75.92 75.97 75.97 75.90 176.85
72.37 2.67 72.62 72.52 72.55 72.40 73.47
71.57 1.55 71.32 71.30 71.42 71.60 72.65
74.70 74.62 74.87 74.97 74.80 74.50 75.55
77.30 7.92 77,90 78.0% 78.20 78.37 78.27
78.50 79.00 79.92 79.17 79.30 79.47 79242
80.47 80.85 81.20 80.97 81.17 81.42 81.42
76.25 75.75 76.22 75.95 76.10 76.82 76.15
79.85 79.45 77.90 79.75 79.67 80.00 80.20
79.75 80.37 80.12 80.17 80.12 80.57 895.50
78.70 77.65 77.82 77.85 77.85 77.97 78.22
71.17 71.07 70.92 71.52 71.37 71.30 71.00
75.30 74.97 75.12 75.15 75412 75.20 75.37
79,00 78.45 78.60 78.55 78.45 78.70 79.00
79.17 78.55 78.70 78.67 79.17 78.87 79.35
66.42 66.35 66.45 66552 66.67 66.62 66.95
69.52 69:80 69.82 70.42 76.15 75.17 70.25
70.32 70.92 70.97 70.97 71.12 71617 71.32
69.32 70.00 70.15 70.05 70.30 76.40 70.92
69.60 70.17 70.17 70.12 70.40 70.47 70.62
69.35 70.92 70.90 70.92 70.97 71.12 70.95
66.27 67.05 67.30 67.60 67.85 68.07 68.05
68.05 67.00 67.25 67.52 67.75 68.02 68.27
68.80 67.77 68.00 68.70 68.55 68.80 69.0?
65.42 66.55 66.80 67.00 67.20 67.52 67.32
66.57 66.70 66.87 67.10 67.50 67.67 67.95
72.30 70.15 70.30 70.45 70.87 71.07 72.12
2124.35 2126.20 2128.35 2132.15 2134.66 2137.93 2147.68
73.25 73.31 75.39 73.52 73.61 73,72 74.05

Taken as a whole, these results are apvroxinately equal
to those under horse manure. With the exceptiom of the last
firure, they are slightly lower.

When one thinks of it, it is almost surprising to see

how cosely the results under the three manures check un.
—52-
The Fourth Fxperiment. (field).

Since the results of the different experiments conducted
in the laboratory eneck ur so nicely, it was desires to see how
they compared with actual field conditions. This experiment
was installed in the onen field entirely away from any large
buiicings that may break the winds and wnere the sun ws not
shut off at any time of the day’ <A small building (about five
by six feet ground space) was moved out there to shelter the |
instrument. Inside the buildins, a post was set three feet
in the grouné. Tris was to suxvyort the galvanometer and pre-
vent the :inds from shaking it. about a rod north of the
building, a barrel was set in the ground and covered with a
door. This contained the freezing-point couples and furnished
a place to set the standardout of the sunsiiine. A short dis-
tance and just north of the barrel the experirent boxes were
located. Ten incties of the field svil was sifted that it might
be uniform and four inches of it was put back for a uniform
base. Ineh boards divided the surface six inches into fourteen
compartments 17 by 17.5 inches inside measurement. Two were
filled with the sifted swil, two had at the rate of ten tons
of fresh horse manure per acre well mixed with the soil, and
the others had at the rate of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 tons
per acre in duplicate. . The eouples instalied in this experiment
were numbers 1 to 7 and 11 to 17, those with the same units
figure being placed in the check boxes. The arrangement of

the boxes was the same as in the »relininary experiment.
‘O10 7 PIDpuvrs 07 buysim Po, Wor 2euu0") ‘sojdno-7 FeO G burmoyc

 
eSnoy qua nsysuy bus moys ‘mal A 240}SI7] a4OUJ Y

 

 
=—54=—

The first problems that faced us was the sun effects, and
the best time of day at which to read the temperature. (It
was found that as soon as the sum was up the soil began to
be perceptibly warmed, and wiile reading the series, the tempera-
ture of the first member of the series was changed.) It was
finaily decided to read the temperatures at the maxirum each
day. That is when the absorption and raciation balanced each
other. To determine this tine, a number of readings was taken
each day, during the first week. The time of the maximum
was found to chances with the kind of day. If the sun had been
out during the forenocn and clouded up apout noon, the best
time to read was found to be abort 1 P. Me. If the sun shone
all day, this time was changed to about 32-30 to 4P. vw. If it
was cloudy in the forenoon and the sim shone in the afternoon,
the maximum was found to be about 5-30 P. Me These times are
not the maximums at the surface, but three inches beiow the
surface, With this data at hand, judgment was used in striking
the maximum during the remaining two wees of the experiment.

The foliowing ar: the maximum readings.
No.
box.

1.
2
Se
4.
5.
6
77°
li.
12.
13.
14.
i5.
16.
L7.

le

we
4.
Oe

Be

7
ie
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

of

Standardized Readings.

54.65
57.60
97.55
56.90
57.65
59.10
58.15
57.245
57.85
57 230
57.45
58.85
58,10
57.75

Standardized Reatinges.

4/30 /06

71.10
71.55
71.70
70.85
71.60
71.80
72045
70.70
71.15
71.15
71.40
75205
735210
T2670

62.35

63.90 ©

64.30
63.80

64.15.

66.35
66 eL5
64.15
64.55
68.85
64.25
65.10
64.60
64.90

5/1/06

64.20
64.20
64.5.0
63.65
64.60
67,40
65.00
64.5C
64.10
64.40
64,00
64,90
64,90
64.50

—~54—

“85
64.10
68.80
64.45
64.70
66.20
66.65
65.50
65.35
64.00
64.40
65.30
65.40
65.25

5/2/06

57.80
58.30
598.35
56.25
5¢@.50
57 680
598.20
07250
57.75
98.45
58.40
S€.15
5E.9C

5B.20

(1st Week. )

69.20
70.30
70.20
70625
76.50
71.65
71.15
68.55
68.70
69.65
70.00
71.50
72200
71.60

64.30
66.00
66.50
66.50
66.75
67.10
66.40
E6200
66.40
67.50
67.10
67.50
67.8C
67.10

4/24/o6e 4/25/06 4/26/06 4/27/06 4/28/06

67.70
67.70
68.10
68.05
68.10
69.05
69.30
67.35
67.70
67.30
68.05
69.00
69.00
68.80

(2nd. Week. )

5/3/06 5/4/06

67.80
68.50
6&.00
68.60
65.60
68.70
68.90
68.40
68.40
68.70
68.50
69.50
70.50
69.10

5/5/06

59.65
60.30
60.55
60.40
60.55
61.10
61.10
60.30
60.40
60.90
60.80
61.10
61.60
61.00
—-55—

Standardized Readings. (3rd. Week.)

5/7 /06 5/8/06 5/9 /c6 5/16 TCR 5/13/06 5/12/06

1. A755 50.35 48,45 57.26 67.10 71.220
a. 48,15 50.55 48.80 57 .4¢ 67.406 7120
he A8.66 50.45 26,95 E760 67.260 71.30
A, 48.70 50.60 AG,2£6 57.60 67 .9L 71.30
Be 48.50 5° .56 49.09 58.60 67.65 71380
Ge A846 50.20 AO .GL B77 0 67,76 71.30
7 48.65 50.86 48.90 57 «60 67.70 71.20
Ll. 8.15 49.96 493,10 210 66.90 73.10
1? 48.30 5O.50 A925 5720 67.15 71L.G0
13. 48.95 69D AQ,46 57.25 67.10 7.90
14. A295 A150 49.55 B70 67.50 Wood
15. AB LEC BO. GG AG,70 57.35 68.25 71.20
6. ASLEL BC.9u 49.75 57.50 63.40 71.20
—.L. AES 50.40 49.80 59.80 68 .40 71.20

—~y

Total Averare.

No Tonse i060 tons. £C tons. SC tons. 40 tons. £90 tons. 6C tors.

 

 

56.05 57.72 "” 42 57.17 58.25 56.60 57.95
62.25 64.07 BA,07 64.02 64.62 65.47 63.52
64.67 64.72 64.46 64.42 5.06 65.EC 65.95
383,987 69.50 69.97 70.12 77.CO 71.82 Tn
eras 67.70 67.70 6E.05 Ge.55 69.62 69.05
79.90 71.35 71.17 71.12 72,82 72.45 72.657
64.35 64.85 64.35 63.8° 64.25 64.65 64.75
57.55 52.C2 58.40 52,22 ° 58.22 58.35 58.25
65.15 65625 67.60 65.80 67.12 67.45 66.275
67.95 62.45 628.35 68.55 69.05 69.50 63.00
69,97 60.35 60.72 60.60 60.87 61.55 61.65
47.87 48.22 48.77 ASE? 48,59 A8.60 48,42
50.12 50.52 50.77 506.85 BOO 50.60 50.60
AST 49,62 A9.17 49.35 A9.35 49.35 A935
57.15 57.30 57.42 57.45 57.47 57.55 57.590
67.60 67.27 67.35 ever 67.95 68.05 68.05
71.15 71.10 71.10 ~1C 71.30 71.630 71.2C
1648.89 1055.6€6 TS5E.13 0 sts oP6 © 06 1054.62 1069.91 1077.33
61.66 65,09 62.24 62.25 6°.62 62.93 62,37
—56—
These results show about twice tiie effects that were
noticed in the laboratory. This was anticipated early in the
experiment and readin7s were taken ab or before sunrise on

April 24th., May 1 st., May And., and May 9th. The following

are the averaze of these early readings.

Total averare. (Early Horning)

No tons. 10 tons. 20 tons. SC tons. 40 tons. 5C tons. 6S tons.

 

38.97 28.82 59.00 39.47 $9.80 39 oF 29.20
52 30 52 65k 53.00 52.97 53.57 55670 54.25
56.52 56.62 56.92 56.8° 56.65 56.67 57.15
36.17 36.40 36.77 46.77 36640 46.60 36.80
1835.93 184.56 155.69 185.98 ~“185.322 ~“186.05 187.40
45.9& 46.09 46.42 46.49 46.43 46.52 46.85
f Theres were not enourh of these reaiiness taken to work the

irrerzularities out of the averare, but it is noticeable that

the early mornins effeets are almost exactly th: same as those
orsesrved in the laboratory. This shows tnat tie sun in some way
red an additional effect about equal to that of the manure or
possibly greater. Examinins the plots, i+ was noticed that
those with the ereater amounts of manure were somewhat darker.
Prof. mith susgeated color effect, and accordingly a color
experinent was tried. Two pbots were prepared of muck, and two
more were prepared of the soil in the field. The couples

placed in them were resvectively, 72, 27, 29 and 31. In the

wom

first part of the exusriment, these pilots were left with their

_ be

natural color. the first readings in the table were taken 27
hours: after the couples were installed and show that thé tempera-—

tures had had tine to adjust themselves. ‘The weather was cloudy
a 7 mee
ALL the time except on the last three days, vis. iiay 16th, Lith,
and 1fth. Cn the 12th, it was also very windy and tne colors

had been @ulied by sand drifting over them.

Solor Fxpneriment.

Kind of soil. Muck. Field soil.
No. of thermo-coupis Dee 27 29 oo

5/5/C6 4-270 P. Me 56,65 56.95 56.35 56.50
5/7/05 5-30 " A7.15 4°7,60 46.10 46.15

Uncovered. Lime cover. huck cover. Limes cover

5/8/C6 4-30 P. Me. 48.65 46.30 59.35 46.00
5/9 C6 5-30 A. Ne 59.55 40.00 36.55 36.30
1 P.M. 46.25 44.25 47.45 45.60

420) 3-30 54.00 47.25 56.30 52.50
5/31/06 A-PO 58.90 51.40 61990 58.20
5/18/06 2-20 1" 63.30 58.00 66.85 66.10

From this we see that the color of the surface hes a great
fFact on tenperature, even in cloudy weather. It undoubtedly
accounts for the additional effects obtained in the manure

experiment at thre time of the maximum daily temperature.
Curmary and Conelusion.

Takings an averare of all the
averares of the r

KD

of fresh manure ver aere causes th
of a desree warmer than the soil to
aided. That is 12/loco of a degres
In the introduction, it was pointed
the germ life in fresh horse manure
two wer2ks of Fermentation. When
the

but tie second exuerinent

results found in

suecn

snows that it takes 46

total

%i.e

different experinents, we find that 60 tons

soil to be but 72/166
whieh no manure has been
For each ton vor acre,
ut that about 9/10 of
dies off during the first

a manure is added to

SOLL, it nas a eranee to cet a sunuly of soil bacteria,

of such

Lois

ranurs to be enual in heating effect to 20 tons oF fresh marvre.

Fron these results it will avuear touat manur6 that has laid

in the tile for two weeks would maintain an increased tempera-

ture of 6/1000 of a a@egree only for
that
third exuerinsit siows the

errects

_

are votn lower ti.an that of horse inmanure,

of

each ton p2r aere. The

eccow and shesn manures

It wold be interast—.

ine to learn to what extent the ferinentation cf yell rotted

nanure wovld effect the termsrature

is added.

of a soil to which it
 

 

 

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