HM ti | +4 ~ HO Ais hey ie MU aime wea ae Eh} nee CEG) A. IDDLES oye ne THESIS « N STATE UNIVERS! TY LIB EE EM i 3 1293 00585 0239 AI an in This thesis was contributed by “ir. E. E. Hotchin under the date indicated by the department stamp, to replace the original which was destroyed in the fire of Maroh 5, 1919. THESIS PRESENT PRACPICE in PROPORTIONS os POWER GAS APPARATUS Ee Ee Hotchin Alfred Iddles Michigan Agricultural Colic-e Department of Hechanical Encineering. 45128 THESIS i. Praface The objeat of this Tiesis is to determine tiie Stundard Practice in the Operation and Preportions of Gus Producer Ap; aratus. The yur; ose was to find out actual coniitions oxisting in tho sodorn use and construction of produccrs, rclations cxisting between @iffcrent varying details of construction anu to csteblish emcviricil forme Ulac showing thes: relaticns for use in cesign. Letters asking for infor:.ation wdre sent to forty six different cozjpanies whe advertised Gas Producers in the various Urgineering Vausasines. Incloscda in each lettor was alist of sixty one questions covering a: roxi: atcly avery detail rolative to the rroducers, economlzers, vap= orizcers, tar cxtractors, scrui-ers, purifiers, gas hole gars and tivir or: eration. Out cf the forty six lotiers sent, twenty four answers wore recsivod; of these , four returncd favorable anewers givirg us the data ashsou for, fourteen answered tiat they wore net ..anufucturing ; roe ducers any lonrer, three refused to discloses tioir in- formation and three manufactured provusers to orusr enly, and had no stanuara sises, It is interesting to note thc difficulty a, arcntly encountered in the ranufacture of efficient ras prouvoars, testificd to ty the fact that 14 cf the 2 answors roce1lv od stated that the comany hw diszeontinica tie nanulZacte a phe ation to give cr else were too oorservative to uisolos: it. ure while the Tera ning. v4. Abhiior hai no ausfinite inicorm to auobtiogoxs fae: sokterenG off «al eoltuatd tainheith leites. soar darth od agu epoyiny oat aUitderecyah toagboers anh pothdnitedce frin. oes mkeou gilt at giltetxc anaitiurnoo axieser dein th? heb Keiowsod gitimetxs enoltaios garsovhory to 223% En dtxhato @a@tidsies of pre xoidnira lation to elteioh Aplneh ob .caw tol exolisiow seold yniwaie sete Veet eo? sae0 exby agismatotat roo goides wetted Gi txecubext as beclincevbs otiw setanqnoe dretatkid ake metiol doce at Sdao lent ,sontiggal gnkroodlaet evotisy ad? Yivionlxeyiqs SeaIHT Se ansiIoaos one tints to dali a naw a ¢ « sree aedog titan: od tne Stetiel aor? o¢-frnet A nih pilin wees rm MB OG RES eee ee . —oliqgs steiquel rea eee E GELS Fe etd outane of? Shurtéenanaic acetenaatetinenatatel nied mame HAITI EK, ahweEe ov Pepprimcennne Rokdseroia: enakeath ad. brigades vane ate, RORTS oF Rtenw box Si tao inal Ay Pes . oe t * ‘ » : ee » YRUAAOOLINTE r “Tage at re “3 } ee “a v a. a> * TP et ' Te! “LIT a Senki “08nost “ag excite Bey bee see 2 “ + 7% oo - tte oe - are d er 2 ; ore ey ’ fr ke ie yd, ae ee | - DOS Some ig ie ee Nara é) ons ie antiel! ee esqed ,nenix fe orweatl ‘Meee ttenval afew nn Jaen’ E pad teorriocis SREC HOPiNY ad? ot P ites igs ‘ $ t aap § Fea a *% . i " eugieos"! Loo utwoh * ‘wr / il Pd ene edi oy; fa bays easel: laeaRaty $i Oe 2S OH nk axgteas felbtnsest rd ¢ som ‘apeakiut BHD .23560T To netseasgt kia : res y 2: A x8 3 , aa TOwquberl te aéetwudes ae ba a beishe) Saaaqolet< Fae lt yao ‘sh abo “ewe roar ses = eappeeaieen ao POLES H5 a Ayt IO. Mtlovevert! sot? atoas1 Nostgye #. to. atmo? seforks if Porig® . cw eee in, ‘Apeybort ; ‘ th al > 2 Bh ey £1 ies Vee = Speed - ay eee Je HESTORY . In dealing with the subject of fgas-;roducer: one should be thoroughly acquainted with the meaning of a cas- produser and the funotions it is designed to perforn, as understood in the world of industry. * A gase-rroducer ® as defined by Yaltezr O. Amsler, D. So. *® is a dovice fcr creat- ing a combustible cas from a carbonaceous fuel by incomplete corbustion.® A preduescr consists of a fire brick lined chai:ber of a size varying with the capacity desired. It is rrovided with means for feeding the fuel into the fire bed as required, for removing the ash oF solid ,rodusts of oomiustion, for inducigg a draft (usually a jet of steam, although in sore cascs they use a natural draft) and means for conveying the ras fron the produser to the gas main. The three main types are, nanely:; Sugtion, Pressure and Down-draft. Sustion Preducers « A suction cas-producer is one in whioh the ensine develops its charge of gas in the producer by means of its own suotion stroke, The essential parts cf a suction case produsar plant are the gas vzenerator or furnace, the stean rencrator or boiler ani the «as ocleuners or ecrut!:ers. The fuel used in this type io charcoal,coke or anthrucitce coal, no tarry fuels can ve uscd because cf the fsurmins effoot the tarry products ave cn the piston uid cylincors of the engine when the cas containinz these yroducts is sucked into thie faw't 4 mem abr 4. After a fire his been started on the crate the fuel from which the sas is raie is craduaily charred into the vroducer,. Draft is furnished by ahand or power driven blower, at the bottom of the producer, until tiico sas is of Such a quality that it can be turned into the engine. The Quality is determined by a flwio test ty lightins the cas at au pall test cock. riot aff 22 xvideunbenon todd tel ac 16 Msgme 2elsAR 1) eGeXE selled aadte f r sail iat he a ee : aps AS Poa! ; =. a i — $9 tb pour om ett tasty ‘tebso at tedenehy wei aaceron” the gas to cone in contact with. As the fas ; asses urward thru this bed of dacp material it is Givided anu 6o-cs in Contact with ti:.e fine wator spgay which washes out rost of the i::urdties. The sus enters the scrulier at u courarae tively high tererature (LOO to 1,000 gegrecs Fahrenheit) and leaves it at uicut atocerherle tanperaturc, géing to th- envine is a corrarativeiy dry, clean, cool gave In some Plants the c2n alco ras @ tnru . afy serul.- er consisting of &a charter filled with excelsior, shavings or similar :aterial This further aids in drying the fas and renoving lit urities. Rocause of the high price of fuels that have to used in the suotion tyi3 preaucer the plants thovgh munerou are ef small power, few excecding «O00 horse power ;er unit and most of them nct excecaing 100 HePe PRESSURE FRODUCZER PLACTS. A vressure :rcducer develo:s its pas u:.der a slight yrensure duo to tig introuwtion of an alr and stoa: blast while ths ras is stored ina ¢.s holacr until r..:ulrea for nec. This terre cf ;@odne r ;lant consists of a rerocrator, an injector,fed by a loiler, a fun or compressor by : vans of which a rixture of g#@ air and stean is blown into the bottei of the frenerating furnace, ous p}urifying a; ;aratus aml @ pus holucte The senerator ccnsiats cf a retort of refractory ciay vertioally mounted and either cylinurioal cr conical in form. It is protseto. Le an extorior :etal jaczot with an internediate layor of sand te reduce ths diosa of heat by Yaciation. Fuci is chirzod tiwzu tne tep ani a woucso closure 6. is : rovided to prevent leakege, The generator rests urcn » crid at the base of the retort u,on which grid the ashed fall. The outlict of the injcetor pipe c>cns ikto the ush >it into Wuich a cixture cf steac and alr pusses. Orcnings arc usaily arranged in the ur:cr part thru rhich the fire may be poked and cilnlors dis lod::3d. liuch more care must be exercised in washing ard purify eing the gns in pressure ; lantc than in the suction ty 73e iecause the fuels ceneraliy used contain more tarry products and other impurities. Cufficient pressure id needed to drive the gas thrn the apparatus. The gases coming out ef the ceneragor are highly heated und this heat is used to war: ths injocted water or to ceneratoe steam fed into the furnace.The rases tlen enter theo washing apparatus consisting of a ooka filled sorubbor and continually sprayed with fine water simmys on the inside. From there to the tar extractor, quite often a centrifuga. j;urr, whieh extracts the tur that has een condensed in the water jatketcd maing and as the gas \ apses thru the oxtractor the t.r drips to a watur ssalea rit.. From l.zre the gas pas.es thro the purifier which is usually an iron box about 3.0 feet sqgyaro and 2 fort deep. This in fillea with oxide of iron end shaving by neans of whioh the sulphur is re.covade Fro: here the cas passes to the vater scaled cas holidera. s ‘iq asa0s robwreng: od .Ogsdee snowety of bante List pases ett tha dotiw move daote7 eay lo wend tit - atee, bey dae, oie orbs entege aut xatvognt pdt ro tol vhbnal: xe agmndo® non dee she eres saotu $0 atwtcze attest ant ee watt ‘wt eosin ueat Frey egg ald ak DB oReeWoiatd st6in. aii i st boeiorwxe 09 faye otpy ‘exon sees) “wom etm seat obael SEER ST] Sk say 0 . tnt ‘sen. Atenas ‘bean kaneacen, sfou't. oft : nae ee shisex * mmrenen spatorris = vole taneras bi fe: 1 — | ghee Ps te ghanetence ‘oudasba sae aia nan “mae oa dtin bexysrge vekewnbateg bre, aestdarvon oe - pias net edt of aes aert - sonnet udt 0 ae ue sink Mita Sabb ate a: at Seanobn ree? Boa reaum: * sat eda av tt edGaxtx0 elt vudé AE soni: aorta sa EAS neomed aay Bat @1dd riOr” eel tse ing ” bin po tos ee fuaGe xod acti oh ‘Sanibel Yo ebixe ttiw belisi 2 Rie od Ste Ont .bOveRmeT «i urtphws 31. «SBIGSign 2a, Sakase 16 : 4 - s a j ‘ r wz a it Se : pas ; See ee, " Ee pect res 2 ie ee ee 4 ie 7. DOWN) DRAFT PRODUCER FLATS. w dovredreft .rouucers Pix the tar ss a cer .nent fas and therefore co: iétcly utiliascs the volatile hydro- Carborsa in fucls such a) bitucinous coai, lignite ond jeate Ti@ @ssential Giffercacs Letwoou this aul the ethor ty es of produeers i3 tht the blast of air and ste: is drawn in at the to; of the retort thru tho oharcing dosrs uni down vara tina the fusl ted. CHEIISPRY OF PRODUCLR-GAS . Producerepis ds we mixture of a nunber of diffe.ont fasce. The chief consituent is CO. As funes can Le notice. Yising fron a cow fire vio: fresh fucl ds thereon tien the fire vhich readily vnite with air ang ure of a Blugish eolor likewise is it with « gas ;rcocaucer. The coul stove is a gas rroduccr for a fev minutes ocnlv, while the preaucer itself maintains this coniition continuous Ly kecping an abnormally thick fuel bed so that net a sufficient amount of air . asse thru the fuel to effect cornjpicte co. bustion. The result of this inoomplete combustion is tre zac of w blue color and knewn as CO. The steam used in the blast jacsing thru the fire is broken up into its two ele:-cnts, H. and 0. The O cc:nbines With the G of the fuel to for: CO and the H presses out as & valuable didition to the heatins value of ihe gas, The 0 of tho air unites with the C of tho fuel to fori the bulk of the ©O leaving the N to cntor the g.5 as xn harcless AqdVs:awnt &. A small -rorerticn of the fucl will he con. tuned to CO. GSralier the crount tho better the gas, Sere O will . ass thru the fusai bed vithout uniting wita any carson whieh tco should tea emall rroycertion. PYSLOPIe vy? OF PRADUCTRS. The use cf provucerezis ,lants for rever surcoses has been oenfinnd to recent cntas. A for egattercd rlants vere uscd 1ri0or to (200 in the Uritcd States but the ao: lication cf this tyro of rivwar dn any sonercd conre has develo: od nce that cute, Bring tie first Lov yoars ef ite d2velon \rert, antiracite coal, occohe an. Ch. reo. wers use. alreat exclusively on account of the celetertious effect cf the tar in the mora tarry fuclse The Gise;roducer is Gevelo, eu Lromn the recgoneraliv. furnace: such a3 were anriloyes by Siecons in the’ : recess Of stecl mehins. Rares ef Dewson and Dr. Vend are rention 7* e@i goong thoad eo teon on .cbive yurt in the cwcveloevscnt % of the early forms of yrovucsrs. The lattcr evolved a cas etroducer system suite. te the ubilisa.tion of acow gra. witucineus cosd yviththe rogevery ¢f tho Lyeprodusts in the for: of NH. 50; urel extensively in wcricultural .ursvitse Precducers are nev cosicnesn to utilises a cre.t many cificrent iinds of fuel. Theo rid: fuels arc, vias chorceoid, li-nite, onthreoire cosl, biterinous coil, cole, reset, voc oie: tue auat while exverdirents have been rene vihure y Beolfece 1 clak» cnlm, coal washery refuse, hoy, tanvarh, etrav, cornccis, Cornstslks snd even seru,: of Leathers hove Loen used as Tuels De but they have not come into feneral usec. The developrent of tho gas ;roducor by making ime Provenents in tho preauetion of cheap gas cuirectly from the fuel has made possible a rapid advufe in the use of large gas engines and has consequently becn a gecat aid to the use of fas for rower ,arposes. Pollowir; are the questions submitt:d to thu mane ufacturers and from the answers to which the deta hercin veo. has been obtuined. QUESTIONS. Gag YroavecukS anu accesnorleae PROD Clie (1) Tyre. (Suction or Prensuso) (2) Pated oa: agity-- HP. (3) Kind of fuel uscd. (4) Method of charsing. (5) Dirensions cf charging :.aciidine (SC) Type of crate.(Conical or flat: Stationary or revolving) es (7) [Cis censions of cratce (f) Uoan dia eter ef fuel bed. (°) Depth of fuol ved. (10) A. roximate width of air e accs in the crats. (11) Arca of air opaccs in fy. Ft. (12) Depth of ash bode (15) Outaide dia eter of shell of | rouucer. (14) Height of diesharce pi;e above grutce (15) Lencth of shell from base to top of the macuzine. (16) Dia-eter of discharge 31, @. 10. €17) Height of fire trick lining. (18) Thickness of fire brich lining. PCONOMIZL Zi: VAPORT Zine (45) Typos(Af uny used). (20) Tater heating surface in 54.fte (22) Sumber ef cas tubes(4f gas is passca thru tuics). (22) Dimensions of gus tubes. (75) Point cf entrunca of gas (top or bottom). (c4) Air blast heating surfuccee sq.ft. (25) Point of cntrance of air for blast. TAN EXTRACTORS. (°c) Type (57) Dincnsiona. (28) If centrifugale Dia -oter and RP. PURLFICR (For Cul, hur eto.) (29) Typo ( If any uscd.) (30) Designad to reneve what in; urities. (31) Contents cf Purificre purifying agont. (323) Volume of purifying ;ateriale= cu.ft. (43) Dircnsicns of ;urificre (34) How often are coitonts to \e changed uncer nor..al load. CRUD EN. (35) Type. (Sc) Height. (57) Din ctere (28) Plller for ths serulb.cre (35) Depth cf ied for tia filier. (40) Ucthod of introducing tha vash wator. (41) Arount of vuter used per 1000 cu.ft. of cas. - 42. (4) Mumber of cu.ft. of gas ucsigned to :ass thru scrubler por minute. CAD HOLD. (43) Tyre. (44) Diasetor. (45) Heicht. (4°) Maxdowm cacaolitye (47) Pressure in tic holder. BLAST. (38) Foroo of tiast furnished to the produccr, (4°) Hethod of distrivution of biast under tho grate. (30) Do you use steam in the proaucer? (52) Ratio of oir to steam in tic biact, (52) How is tle steam introduccd? (53) Pounds of stcam per pound of fuel. OPCRATION e« (54) At norial load. Pounts: of fuel fired per hour per sq.ft. of grutc surface, (35) Ca: acity for overload. (56) Nhat arrangenent for ciaking the fire (57) Do you advise "barring"? (S58) To what extent? How often? (S9)Is there any provision for poking? From sido? From to:? (30) Nov often shoulda producer be charged? (21) That thers.al efficiency should the proaucor give? Following is a cory of tie detter which wis sent with the above guestions to the ranufacturcrs SD GP SP Sr SD OF) OD 6 OD EE EO OBO Gentlicmens Undsr the Girection ef the Kechanical En:incoring Dap artinont of Hichican State Coliege tro of our senior atudents, wire Hotchin and kr. Idules, are working vw: a thes is on the *Standard fruotice in Gus Power Ap aratus Proe rortions®. The Producers, Seri: crs and othor accessories, orittins the engines, are being investicateda, with the obe jet of determining dinensions and general s;.ccifications rerardins the cdifterscnt sises and ty;es. te thercfore are sending you a set of questions hwrewith which we ask you to kindly f111 out and return to us. fre information thus cbtaincd from severai commanies will bo tabvlatod, correlated and arranzed, if possibia, in the form of em:irioal fcrmulaec for uss in instruction in the study and deosicn of Gas Producers. The na:es of the conranies giving the infor: .ation will not be aivulred und neither will the data in it's origina form be sade publics. If the results wre sufficicntiy satisfactory, the deauctions regarding standard dirensions, which can be obtained from the data may be published. If so due credit will be givon and if not published the results will be sent to you upon requcst.e Kindly give us tho infor: ation revarding as many Gifferont tyjes ana sizes aa cossivic so that the results may be representative. ve fool suro that you a:preciato the ne:d of coe operation betwecn the manufacturer and the Teshnical Collece in such nattcrs and trust that you will make a favorable reply. Thanking vou in advance we beg to remain, Yours truly, Meghanical Enginecring Lepartuent, LAC. Pere REGULTS« Ye found tro gcaneral classes of produccrse Anthradge ite and Bituninouse,. In looking over the data obtaingd thore were two intcride.endent variables which were im ediate ly noticcd. There were the rated Horse Power and the ciame eter of the fuel tcod. The former determining the capuwwity and the latter being the prineipal dinension of the gas gencrator and perhaps the first one to be determined, Ze then undertook to express the rclation betwoen these two varieLles by an enuation. First the points were plotted as shown in Plate l., the diametor of tho fucl bed in inches as abscissa and the rated hors: power as ordinate Upon drawing the ap; roxinate curve thru these pointe it was evident thet the curve was net a struight line and we judyed that an equation of the folicvwing gencral form: would most likely fit the curves Let H = rated horse ; ower N= dianeter of fuel bed in inches Then the ~eneral form of cquation would be \ ‘ D 1 eet ptr tr He K D”’ # Ktp? This cetermined re concsicerca the theory of leust snares “wg armeans of determining the equation of the most pre_able curve for the:e given :01..05-6 By the theory cf least sauare. wo have the foilowings Given tie ccneral fers I= K BY # Ktp” Them K and i" are the canstants for which wa are solve ing and the wnknovns in the equation. Multiily cach side the equation Ly the coefficient of Kor Dh and wo Lave ay . ey Hip’ = Kp* + Kip’ and by too coefficient cf K* or . wy ond) abd ' ang we have AD’ «2 ED + Kent e This cives us tre vine taneons equutions. Take suioatiens on cach side and we hava, "2 & > HD" # K BY + kf . b . m eK D +k! G7 a Those sureccations were caloulibou as shown in the following table. ( A log dec slice rule was used in Galoulating thees valucs.) TABL[ OF VALDO. aman ee os ~—- oecae H . . we TW . DOH . DH 50 a” o "9 w 5100 OihOO Ob »L00 % 3165 O21 51000 4000 345 °5,000 50 3. } fo 4 BC OOD G4600 é. 5 pe “O »000 7D AD 1750-74000 15/000 bb. 000 100 4g 2300 120000 SS0000 11,000,000 lew ue HAG 167000 SC1000 1, G00 ,000 130 € 00 52-000 40000 35° 200,000 170 6. 2020 28°00 25900 0,000 ,000 2L50 208 22°°.4 12 70000 LUT CC800 1717, 0090 ,OQ0 150 55 3150 17.000 AVOOQQ =. L450 ,000 Table of values (Cont.) 1s. De pe ps 4400 #35608 38,400 526 3000 7,520,000 550,000 1,440,000 387,000 ,000 SEO ,000 S ,100,000 270 ,000 ,C00 1,670,000 60,000,000 — 2,180,000,000 5 4110 ,600 130,000,000 5,500,000,000 5950 5000 soadis 3000 »000 12 . £00 2,000 2,000 § 500,000 460,000,000 £4,400,000,000 13,000,000 772,000,000 46,00,000,000 19,000,000 1,240,600,;000 82,000,000,000 156,000,000 14 +00 5000 40001 45424000 4000 000 9,850,000 820 ,0007000 30,£00,000,000 168,028,400 18,165,078,000 1791,504,520,000 Substituti&g these values in tho two equatiens and solving as foliows we haves: DoH = K pe+xK? wp Pa sk Port or 18,447,640 @ K 108,028,400 # K* 16,078,000 1,866,564,500 = K 12,165,078 ,060 + rs L7oi ee, t 200 »CcO Divide thru by 1,000,000 and we haves 18 = 198 K+ 18,165 kK (2) 1,867 =18,165 K # 1,791,500 K* 2 Wultiply (1) by °87 and we heve 3s 17,760 = 195,200 K + 1,791,500 Ke 1,667 @ 18,165 K # 1,761,500 K® subtract 15,695 # 177,155 K Therefore Kx @ .0&58 Substitute value of K in equation (1) and K* # 9.00001101 Whonce the most provable equation of this general forn is H® 0.0608 D” + 0.00001101 D® Calculating values from this equation anc 5 ere Lay the curve thru these plotted points ene obtains Cure = Plate 1. Curve A Plate 1 is an a;. roximate ourve drawn tin @ll the points «xce t the one representing 1350 HP, aa 108 inch diarcter. It can be sesn at a glance that there is considerable (ifference tctw n Curve B and Curve A. It i@ evident that this equation for curve B (H = 0.0898 n° 4 0.00001101 & ) cannot give vaiues for H which correspond in any way with knorn dutnu. It is therefcre evident that this one point , 1550 H.?. and 102 inch Gliameter, effects the calculations so greatly and in the wrong dirocticn that it would be wice to leave it cut. Drop, ing this point by subtracting its horizontal oolunn from the table on pages 15 and 16 we have summations for ali thc 'oints which we can readily substitute in the general cquation as follows: DH = 2,697, 000 DPPH = 149,000 ,000 DH = 62,000 ,000 wD « & 4,475, 000,000 DP =305 ,000,000,000 Dividing beth sides by 1,000,000 ze have twe simul- taneous equations , 5e7 @ G2 K + S475 K! 14°) 2 3475 K # 205 000 K? Whence K #0.04565 and K* = Q,000001°6 Whence the equation desircd is 3 H = 9.04355 D” + 0.00000126 DP Values for H ani D computea from this equation and tlotted eive Curve A Piate =. It will be notcd that this we ee oe 7 rot Curve vorres: onds very "2r reo: er whew be ab the s:anufastur sa 7 ules wl.ded wet od wh wa? Mi deeb od rdil give r tics ,. For vides up to Gleoely to et cas ’ the peints ilotted frer “A up to tiree hundrea horse eeorren, Or. Very bLorely with | race About 1oO Here the second torn, pg Cam Lo nessact.d whithe & u rooduble errors in fact “y ~~ thea opeaticor H= O.0ioo G ds vlooe enough for aid pyuce tiovd wire cS. Tt poy Ve weld to mete host une hasis Tor W.5. ratig let Fa 3 p f uy ee $ 4 Cs ee . iL . re 1 ka a ' q 2... yt + asa 1Q Les ’ dati, i da wsik 3 wh ete Ce a nh C oN ole she. JANG SS Ran ha Li: :. Oo Seow To ay t ir. Portis iW Le reunds @f fuel wheoiok BiteLlte cf COTES eryt sta oe The yda.er 2 Gs pescalble to cacify per hour ace bs Gotergninod by e¢pericncve and Virics conedoscvally whith adifvsorent elacscas of Pusia. Ront piven @. am averoct yvalea ten pews rer tiefte of erais ourfaeo yer he go for tlt... dieus Coal with LO). anh ona PP mR ay . Pim kb da erie 4 and, me see 4 YL, eat “i ) ao wl! UP aM for C290 OO BI Lea sab Woo. £00G 648 -. au. Cool , vise high vols valie i656 bol pu hav. Obtaboed this au + oh osc @ #“ @ provucersA were of garss Here and the scnaruntcea oti PGT ove Lise © yes vie. ALL : oe fo i ‘: Car lov ashy, an averaye . 2. - ~ .%. 7a é aep® £ wd! Liaw. le Ti: tii lle wlan wiich we 24 ed , , * %.. ~ - we tity verica batween t lis. _ sf rer eee toons a4 7 to *, ~2@ . Sake PLO. \ ue d. ‘ “uz Li 12 du i f e ciojg dd ace. had OVA a Ova CG wi ea 4 by te ame. cOvercd mreater rungs of ree ee) ow, fo r t* Xt ° f° é . ~ ~ : f ~*. 4. : em + . ° , ° “ 2 ite ‘ a n° Ge vet Pees 8 ©. Re oes kad GubaLiicuy vO Sskeu wie bng Git ' 8 — t ns al ~ ™. a 7 3 7 oo? , -s ae Overlome Gavi. Oy» Vang LGD LO Lite or hiwr ivi Syei-e ratine is toe mtorr of s ‘ ary , *. ~ 4 wen om . rok ‘ 0) Fit ‘Ceres Om. wed a Od Mm calcu mod tre divde 2 Rent gives 1} lus. us on average . Following ar: the cule culations for this vuluc from the .uta obtained( rcfarring to anthracit:). TAG uYesa Of grave was culeuiatoa fron the cia eter Wii tis peoult ulti, idea by the nustver of lbs. of coul ver oyelt. cre hour as given in tic cata. This diviucd by tie > Va a a. , T ee Ne - Sot gs e . 27. + ; vs i738 rutec Here cave thea musner cof dbs. of co: rer H.f.licur as ee aly GE i Gh Caw GED GPU AD GD A ID > OF EE CGS EE OF EE HS AE GSF O IO O O E OO @& OF bot Uint Lie Diare grate. area, ateou H, P. fcoul/oqeft, focal/hy. $/HPhr. goa et uO E TO’ 3.037 “5% Led Fis € ico 220035 “4M 1. ef86 100 & LBG66E 1.266 GOH ® di ohh 12 u & LV ek 1626 c ® uel Luv & SEU CE dei 78 PBA 17 c (80) ge! 1.28 14% ston. ie de. 16 1.067 “qe Se. 50 LS it eA 1.19 oiew ® Ve: 2 Ts dar cd 1208 7d 150 40 471 1.14 eee w ere re ee oe ee Re Ree meet meee ne meee ene Averazso ™ 1,242 In looking over tiic tabis the question arises; Vhat i: the relation ictwoun tne ara of the grato, the HP. of the gonerutor and the nunber of :ounus of fucl fireu ver HeP,. nour. Using tic values us Lcunu in the table avove and riottans pouncs of fuel per HP. hour as abscisva and urca of crate in o7-ft~. as crdinate3; the points as shown in Piate o vere found, These :cints evidenti; lie on no ,artice ular for. of curve so ticir uverucse value wis tuxen (leaving cut as bLofere the vaive obtaince. ror the 13460 HP. : rouuer, which Giffered widely fre: the cther.). A vertical line aQrarn cown thru tiis average .olnt seciieu ito u;..roxi:aute the law followedA vy the plotted .oints. The averice vaiue for Goal .er HePehour, ss seen in the tusie, is 1.248 lbe. It i: te ve noted here that for the larze produ:ers cf 1550 HEP. Capacity tne jounus of coal fired .or HP. hour is very ~ugh below this value being .405 lbse., ;ointing to tha probe avle fact that in large unite the efficiency can Le l.rgely imorcased and tat coul ceonavution rer HY. hour corresronde ingly decreasid. Taking this vuauc for could connune. ,er HP. hour and Souvining with the munvucs cf pounds of coal firad .or aq. ft. ef crate surfuse, i: ceternine: above, (10 lbs. per sq.ft.) Vs Obtain a basis for HP. ratinge The «7.ft. of grate sure fuce mubtiplied by 10 lbsh ( ibs. of coal por sq.ft. yer hous) divided by 1) (ius. of coal per HP. hour) gives th: rated HP. RELATION GETWOOE HePe 2D cLANETER CF DESCHANCE TI-kb. In lookine over the data r-litirg to the cig: of the Qischarge ripe thru which the gas is tsi.eon to the gis helde Gr o@8 cngine, it was cvident that its giac sheuld und rrobe ably vould vary with the amount of gas produe;d jor hour, while uron this factor deoyonds the HP. cf the proiucer. Henoc we have deciucd to investigate the relation tetween the rated AH.P. ani the sectional area of ths dischagyo :ipe. Since the sectional area of the discharge pip: vwaries die reotly as the -uare of the dLameter, ve drew an aryroxie mate curve A Plats No. 4 thm the points found by : letting values of ratec Her. as crdinates anu viriurts of cluneter cf » a ¥, > . Fy re . az vt. - J _ * wv owe t: 1 . f roy a. . ~ ubtonharre yaips as ancsdinesa ac oc utadne.. Peon the data sent by tre runufacturers. Trade evry. oo ye, eo a . Some ops “ ] A cove ot aL IL oda in ier: one - - ry hovac we took the gonersl form cf o:sation for a :aurcbola, eee . : a 1 H= KD’ , vwnerein Uv = rate: HP. ani kh = a con -tunte viALuc: 43, Ree ve 4 + wo “yt f- =e 7 ? % « fu. bd o % Ler the 13.0 liele POS ID wcadin, e5 hue For co Poet “9 aN oer. 1. - # . mas ® « vy ~ oN vo, -% 1 ° = -7@ 2 @ le ie vrbyes will & hte aon £3 os @i.¢- «a "4 ‘ 40h CT tOw 3 _%. a wa Poe gy ae é trom _— ; - oe bho poabatocn hetevsen tho rite. Hebe Cf prouvescrs ami tha wie. ay % “> abr wcie 3 ~“y +, > yn tay? nS ao 3 . 71 te 422083 Wo TL via .: re | rf $s -1 #® oy ?. ~ the diceuarca ewan . vw é. t. saurva B Pints Qe ‘ke TY? Vas nedynor woiirer ity ner any a, arent icw Lor grates viion werd oo, Ab Out ald wore 1rovided Foor tae * on. wots. Bae $: ' , o aoe: ‘box “yy - 54 jv “ rhdti reim3 fer fhaskntp 2 50) 8, €8 SOluady tac omaile;r ecnec, tha chois grate eouk. bs kash Gn wotae bv dias od) rou, ones the ' he . 7 ey bog . 3 mk at ‘ e* a coaouper mart ont‘ V7 3 G it) badd e ay hk: aot} * edt nd d Cyat {, FX a: m . ~ + r. Qrte @ova- ’ “ ° 4 au 4 v ‘. of? a% - 4 Yered Llit, Gne Ca waste. } 4, AG Bow | . lk ilde Lea ba A bal. Lt TOALaY aan, | a a | FY my \ ‘BLo ’ Pe lk :+ rm per tm. Fh gy o8 va us MA TRS mri ww @ fide " vO 2 Oh ie & nu brt te me cat wool ae RAD 'r c epee oc ty tr ; reyes aoe weoryarag, PF Pen oy Gn gh vo wl pean ti * 8 aU ek eatS URI EEE wD OD Le ¥en fd Ie), ‘ \ Ses . 1 ¢ ,oe0L ie 8. . . . "~ ‘ one e on Cf Cw MMR ne ts an 7 -{ 4, nx vadgd the ayvoraen ee C i. ve La Pe TORT ad voi AF O89. on . goed rf tt te teed ve 4° ok pdt cs t? l-95, { ~.,& Aaah. Male tra whe ome aes i vale he te se JT 6 he 1:4: No 3h _ & weg Ul’ =? & fs ~ * % ra oe & nd .* yu. ef ota) as ly e oud ~av we Ms ? *, xoct ws . ~ ed. cid Aa H ary 4 o-, ui ae Lia ° « a 4. ~ 3 ji Be Sen a= 5 rat. 4 2f. 7 - “ . ” | ¢. . ~*~ & +. 4 - . Pan peas co ue rsh -A ds Oe woke nes T ae Weak Ye as i .oulhawt ob. Te: ~ °F ® tion the ditocater ¢f the fusl Goeadous: te ubeut five fe t or the apvroxinnee axis: depth for anv fuel bec, THICKNESS OF LINING . Tn ail p;rooucers cescralbca b, : anufacturers the lining wae ef Lire brick an. had w thickness: ef nine inches e¢xce;'t for ene very crall rowucer ef do HEP. O62: a@ity wios: fire urieh Giring vaso 4; dnchese In were mention was mude of a Jecner of cand cf cus incon. thickness, xj:-arently fer jinseulae tion. This vos 68 cf gosu secced te be preferreu in the larger gisep, ulove seven or cigh? hundred HF, VA, MARTON ae bitsae ECONO. sehen? @ In nla the prevuetrs netea thor was .rowlsion for eemopiting steam and introvicins Lt with the air biatt or Gir cvetion ss gv, This steas tordn te near tie te. eraé ture of the fusl bed within pousbuda verhins licites an. also fBersg to lescwen the: ubdivtion cf the urewsscsca cast, sactene ive the polative cereestass of nitrovan. Tho atean ic vecene osei inte Hand O vaish S:.o ale cets trite -caimsco: the nag An usec an the envine. Yierve Leno heah cudnes cxstyt insefip as the steanwrn ir its cle uwssottiation cborBbha 1:26 ag’. - -4 2} ose ° ~ & : ~ ral Ne ~ .$ - . % e moe ks , whieh ethervise -aeh$ bo loot uy raniutice , Ptaay uote , . . ro a er ae ? eS cars £ ‘or 70 ~ yr so. Nhe Moe tio 2 oe’ ,. vis ak bg 33 aa it ey. w | af, ’ _ 3 [tas # c eo - +4? Tree ie mm Oy es . 2 ae . ery sy. Ca~cney cr vest TIPOC MUP TIT: bivcaly wae SGod &8 ¢2 rj ~~ .2 a w t Ae ain oO a rt, ty pie Lee eo, i 2. % wm : gsorvines the very uceessary Puneticn .foa0 ins the fuoi bed 3 ®. :. ° . 2 . s 4a - oe .- ao ee 4 + ne 3 . -.¢ : -« , ~ oy ty { 4 . 2M : o, F .- , . . . a ' . ' a Tr: er ae . wo LT o* C: - , oN ane a. ea. uw ve ott ot a. . Than Bich Ai — - — Ge Aa an Gono: Pver of Va OTises ple. In fis: ten of 4he +roe CuGar.e The eoncibiea heat fron the fuel vec Lelen ona ti. hot paseo pausiins thru una uscdr wWuy to fue ougine, fueciches the sans Woheresy the vater as vaporiged, Te wore uneble to fine * "9 et ee, x . . . col 4 . f 4. Spey 7 hy 1) Pen iatad: aA: - dane LOVES 2or Lice. VF 7 CPTaScToe Lt oy, cara . ; = tite gb bogs ey i, 7 7 MA, 6eyt re La a tint rwevinion G6 tusveday macs Puce cufvielsent heatin; curfase A wees a ‘ 2. ¢ sy ge & po . 4 : a ~ % % “ty ” . . > ‘ to s€8terate fie ingerins oir although the vwhoie irc: ocsition ra ye. . 7° “yy & + . - & . . Ee we ft . ey ,- + = Sub ts , 4 LC wm Ae Oy ~s, d aoe View. Alia cilak dail u (ae Ae tle e4.2 Cul Pare en a aA af ae cit TADS e TAR UXTRACTORS In anthradite j;rouuccrs tay oxtractors ere not neooced In these usine bivuivinous coal centrifugal tar extractors are usade Gnu tyre ucea is the hind whercin t:'0 rotors ree volve ist cjposita wirections and close togethcr. Vc obtuined no dofinite ingvornation regaracing almensionsa excerpt that the uverare specd Tor she eontrifursal returs was ai cut 1200 RPM. PURIPIERS . bi o ame . wot Seb gk a Pag np ar Pes 9° te > Nag Puri PS fetes tse. LUGO eM elk Vr Usa tire 7 . _ y 7 ; ot i. So. tt. poof. . Leen . an a3 vey : »* *. . PeoalhA eect GQ te ta te Gace vag Of Das vei fur an ‘(he cneap . . . oy id . r os, s om vel. . os a: : 2 , rsoew ~~ o a ecr eyaaass el osice A Waseer cL trays eentadudns ircn cxdiax ‘4 . e . > ee a a, 74 e 2 c eo. r- ls wk at ef? . . era \ ‘ : dee ° t _% ; 3 Peal wat NAVARA S gy ChMsaddar is .eecrda fuga to owe bis 0 ‘ ,- ’ ‘ * ~ . ~ an ws we ee eer ‘ 1 >” ‘ ° : , .- "7t* . .* ed ° . . try Pat me OUR. ae Holt eke thee ge ALO PPL Lt) td ‘ “me a”. eo, . oy Pa : 1.7%. * ose ge e a , . , _ . ° - soul metheds wore a ehlividar boo une me" Lfiers ise Gas oruinary “py a . 4 “sso ® as : ry a- 70 4 2 figweriasting pau rractlose OCRUBUTRG e Tuere sea. to be teo kinca cf serublers in une, one woiny coke fLller and the other using either wood or ircn Laffles. In Peth tr:es water is introvwucea at the te: und mo DR taaces aounvard Lt ects te: ul coining pas nad «washes it, To sig: varies circctly as tus Hep. cf the vwreduecr arn rorhars a littia with the kina of fuel used. Over uata ? ‘ gocoved that they were desi acd ta hardle avout 1.3 cuerte CPFovus 2: Or rated HP. :;@r nin. There Bec ead to Le no stand eari yvolation betwoon tie Cinwtar ana heinsnt, tia rutic varying from lo: See te ao 3 JO - Tae woount cf eater vaed e a « & - s . " we ¢ * o* es -7 & i " 2 a i: . ‘ ° ’ -1 °° ‘ . Vethied widely, fro. tee vty sauiionsy $9 ¢ne hundred calions . , 2: a Y- a «4 Ww ° ~3 & > ep se. -. 1a “ a A 4 ~ c e a’? . -; . ws i L eke bai wedveon ces wue ~ # @ OO de Lathe! a in wom oh, €or eh ~ 30 Qu. ure ‘ * « a. 1% +t or roe. rte se ee ow ° AL gs . *, e : vos *% oe ry, Tha roading Lucter is tr co lL tie g.5 to avout 10 Goerrous rahrenhoit (.efore it is celivere: to the ensina om tha fyevonns of ecelbing neces ary Tor Uhis resclt do; snus dare ely uion hew much rtean is dotrouue.d vith th. Laest ani the censejuent teopurature ef tho gas precvusede This «count ef ptea: varios widely also, froai: O.G divs, yer 1b. cf f:.e1 te de. ais. ef stean por pound of fucl pivins an averazga voiding cf avout 2 db. ef stean ,er ib. ef fuel. LEFICIOVOY « a eo Few Om BE Say Ree ee en pe Yee pop tin 0 dhe eR 1. beat e hei ban a. ~ bre do dots y 12 ate “ee we EF. Vora a.. é¢ bt we: &.. a $ $-to tor. oo aoe re, acer 4 es er ee reef ee 4tcc: Yt gs - ve rect a: Mey , 2 tee ee tL a4 } Bee de Nh ak ‘FON ad L: id \. ti eee ¢ . 4° e@ L4An om we. C4 A. s * Qan- a? a AD = 3 7 2 we oe . . 4 . r- / “* oe a _- i : . . rf on - “4 : ‘ % a 3 Alan Oo a. d Dew 4, raleee a das: a es 7 a' i ia : A ti.) of A. tld cive ~ a e * a . yO Oe nn eee ee OF aT mate Cee hOB OD ade a 1’ whe bee) 6 OPER Che VOR Lit Ui ds: ctnmnade b-: rs 4 - mw ww a&*.. y ae . : o me . os +4 oe . .? fe. . . ns oe - es. a « « eo fe. . 7 tice. ba im we L..06-6 die ees z Wued Licin waa We Cox ail. Ga iL Fides ¢ f aiid oF a. a elade we =h wae tr. oa ba F> »r+ee a f wt . 4 Coun wdy be vididesc. » The prodwosr will hurmcia any Meld ut -e % weer. * ~% Loe . thay ub, sten. Le dies Weslh 22407 2 ii i hee cthor csparatus at all, ® we hi 4 ie hi! 6 ouer effisis fucle Tie vended of charging varios with thie kind of fPuol ewrd the size of wc rcdvoecr {re:ens huif hour tse twelve hours. The th: is te heop a culfliciontiy constant ao: th ef fuel bed ard this Cerendas uvon the rate cf contustion aad the ash con eibort of the fuci, Tz: @)d micavacrs there wo ovovisicn macs fer ;oking the firs fren the te: and in os..8 ulcso fren. the side, This a Go. is neceseury ouay when elimniers or ¢cther causes wring “icut a coniition shercin the fucl Lou is not ucifer in “ s *%) ve Geri,esiticen and consitye Chi reys cr forisca thru which tic cir -cosen an a air iL or Sak, {Gus aacLlO wincN the exygen theo. poise + ~ . B® 4., gwen. 48. ye ~ or Ai Ete, +. ! 6 py ‘ tc “ sb ee tL Gi trates Ginte the prowuccr fac Vibe COsane ante contact wien “ar a% pa e+ rons . “; * “oy : ¢. , o> * “Pp £ spss are bee . di: te CO 4 an T: tc 7 . i iad .e ania HOSTS LiilGte oe ys Pekin 2o ld: phe vd 4 Ne wa* "® bates 2 uke . a F e %. * a . . ¥ 1 ‘ ¢*. -e ° 7 . owt “ue 74 “% 1 - eM : 1. O.. 2 tt t Cli Yo tee . C. ve One ila U thie ase A s JA. wai d wo wld Bh GO -~ Re _- ft, Roem ce un ee -€° ra | j ; f >} wra tha resistance to tao sucia7t % lb d es undfLer:, turoughe we ob ore Ot. 4 ¢ - Fh 4 > - jl: . tc . os {, sy ye cR ps C -£ t: ay gcrotic ic @ Mods edd tree ~ wo 4 J.) v8 rede os Bol aod ‘- 6 OO, ~ 1; ™ ° a 4 + 4 ww. % aes L £ howe Ges oo CONCLUSTAN At the close wa wish to aall attention to the kimitations imrosed upon this thesis, to draw a fow cone Glusions andi to rm.ka a fw observations. Tho data obtained fron the ranufacturers was larrely in referanoe to Anthracite Proluccars and their accomraning apparatus « Most of these Anthracite Producers are of the :uction type. Henes our Gata and results a-ly more ;articularly te suction anthrue cite producers and very little was learned about the jrese suce tyzse or those types using ohcap bituminous coal, lirnite and rofuse. This is but natural when one consiciers that the ereator number of ylants now in use burn pea anthracite, a fuel which is comparatively casy to procure in the United States and which when used at its markot cost will rfenerato power at less cost than can a steum plant burning any steaming fuele In surope, however, whcre fuel of this hich quality is not easy to ;:rovure, more attcntion has been paid to the develojiient cf Lituminous and lignite provucors and it is from there that one luaurns abcut tuose tyvese It so:rs fro: the data returned from tic manufucte urers that for very high grauus of Liturinci::s coal the gare type of jy roducer gan be used as for anthrucito, tiic only aiditie:al a. aratua nevued Using 4 tar extructore Uotever this voes not a.;urantly joint to the fact tiat he two ty es are the sane in their cost cffisicst form. The bitusinous j,rowuuEcr J vustise sce. 5 to point to bic pressure prourcers ard so.etincs to the wevn draft ana double flow tr.cs. The formulas found in this ticcis apy; ly 50. thus particularily to suction anthracite pro:iucers and may be apr lied to sation bitundinous producers proviasd the bituninous coal is of high quality 1.2. low in ash and oul; hure Tie table showing tne muiber of ranuf .cturers vritton to, those who answered and those who no ionrver nanufacture power producers seons to point to the fact that fewer comro:nies are engarscd in muking gas producers now than in former days: that 16 is a difficult taok to rate a commercially successfull producer and that the rroe ducer business is settling cown to a more conservative basisthin when radical olaims were vont to te made for it and many conanies were entering the field of manufact re of fas j; rovwcers.Its introdiction is taking on a mere ctcady grewth and as tice progresses the chances are that the sise and nuxcher cf units will inorcase and the producer wil) £431 a constantly widening field of usefilincss. fra as a : a oe “ whe ww oe moe ya = | wes oat we Le ble o nO ¢ z » os a vue on ° 5 ad s weg z CP we AN STATE UNIV LIBRARIES OI 630058 SOY SAK parma" dene ayn tet Wm meas A Be rea Ree i Seca Eins SP act tse