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ICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

, 3 1293 00627 10

Ao 169184
“iebiesnn Aericultural

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THESIS
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This tiresis is wased vwron astudv Ff the votanical ecnsrecturistics
oF so e oF tre iwwost destructive ypsrasitébe diseases cof the aprle. In one
or two casus drawings were mace from srecimens ~reviously trepared and
mounted, but in all others, fresn material was available and was taken
directly from diseased fruits in the laboratory. Besidos giving the
potanical cnaracteristics -f the diseases studied, a more sencvcral auscrirt-
ion and nistory of nearly all -s given, including also re..edies for

their destruction, Owing to the ract that the work was done curing the

©

winter Whon there was n nanee for ovservation as tc time of aypesrance

cf diseasvus, rayidity

cA
C
rty

their developoauent, destructiveness ete,, the
general descriytions are lareely siven as a result of investisaticns of

=~

reyorts of ex.eriment stations, the United States Dpartiuent of Aericul-

ture, tiie Aierican Journal of “veolosy ana other reliable refercnces,

96338
{
a

Plote

= . , . - ”~ - we ya <7 ,
Aryles are LYreevently Fo

Su Ts “era 7

- C.
mm _—~ qn

(ates

- & o--

," Naas oan ZY 7...
Os Ledoe Gray e )

I.

he

s n_ ~~ a 2. 7 vas. a . ~ ’
LM evi Pvaiiies ui.cer trees of the

q4 > 74 . . 7 3 MA~ 44 4 4 :
yolar Cd soeolore roan A ae : 4 m4 noi 3s -
orenadr Oy CLSCOLCPeGa eV aeecaVv, ote ul ef UoLs alSeoicoravion S Seen ii
s. “ - . . Pan = i- e- - 2 ° - ~- c- 4% . .
‘ on “Ae —. oF A vr. | : - 2%, oe so. ane eo ‘ . *y.
Cflenn aS 3 roa es rare tou WO we Lie ee ro Wi & Oe. ey Day bie t+ 2S, It
a t avy g a. * -* m~ ohm ae s . Nyt “Oxy x7 sym 7 q ty Yan . - “* Lo ° 1 7-~~ * oo ~
is AL ‘ me de SO 4. t 2285115 CO ai Cle. Zeit: toes dun 4 Cll Lar Can aClk ul,
HAs TTD De nt SN mr yy Cleo Coy A te moe Meyer t cw tte ° - Boo ocean 7m we
~ JC ~ Coe Lok e L (. we Ole SB a be kee a. 6 ~~. i> i ay am wa bf — L A bowed dis Co. Wo are
~ --;- - . . a - ” . ” . - - - ” - 7 - fe . -. = a -q «+
« \ oo @ ”~ . . oc, a ‘ .¢ « . qa 4 ’ a 7} . '
eC eek, ae ~ oH Off oe © FS. Lea 1: Co}. ay Loe Coal Sue LU Lie eaereee uv, «t SD hey
se . > 4%. Vows - .3 -- - - age 7 ee - . = ~ 4 -! 43.
cys . 3 a \ ~~ 4" —w ye 8 os
we a ak od eh ac s vv L Clo t ee ® iui > ‘ » ¢ i CU. sa Lo BO, Ur a vs £0

ertire evrrece co tre fruit ie

turns to black and then ar:ear

pustules wiichn in tneir

arrle crics out and the

is Tormed by a

rus’. dad its wey throucnh the ski

™

duced tre si: ores the “uneus,

> rustule snowing now it wreaks

4

s.ort stalks which

SLOT. rire

seare

are at Tirst yale or colorless,

bplackish-bLrowi., T.ev are ovlong

30 into-inillimeters

glass “clis, tne spores readily

A
warner of

to three sertate,

ecvcrec,
on the
Soruation ruiture the skin.

a rle bec

spores preax
vurousn the orenine at the toy as

put when

in ther lonesest Gianeteor

eormuination and arrecrance

hyaline serm-tubes

Arter c tiie the brovir ecicr

surface muucrous little elevated

The tissue of the

snes wrinkled,

black, thick-walicd body, which “as

oyrile, In its

-—

Fivure 1, represents a cross section of

tiv ueh the epideriis, The snores are

crdiase Pron all vrarts of t e interior

aay from this support and

-ndicated in the figure, They

mature, they vecoiie black or

in snepe and cou.paratively large

sown in water

-
2

nr
Ve il en

geriuliate, Fissure 2 represents

fPLer weinem sown 485 hours, Frou cne

e

are sent out frou eacn spore which
ae.
=e

st RS

STE

=e

=

. EN ;
wy

ZA
fy

\ 3245
Saag 4) Cm
A

 
(2)
soon cive rise to nmuscrous branenes, A fev spores are snow whieh failed
to suoruwinante, (a@) Fic. 2 represents a Lroken srore wit anular cornte:.ts.
Srores of this Puneud, as well as those of others srow imen ure raridcly

and with sreater visor wnen sown in (le Juice, In fisure 3 spores

»

grown in tris wav are shown, Thes were srown for the sa..e leneth of tic
2s tnose in fisure 2,

Surrcapuicize eneh of tre fruitine vodies of the fuses and avundant-
ly srrensins evervy tere in the diseas d tissue or thre arvtoceted aryle is
the .veelivuii or the funsus, nearly colorless and thin-walled in tre
tissve tnuat is simply brown, but very dark and thick-wniled in the parts
diz .ediately surroundings the pustules and in the black streaks and bloten
es consricuous in the decci.cd ra:ts.Fi-eure 4 revresents t°’e waver or
erowth ord arveara.cea of the iyeeliwa, a. shows tne mveelims yenetratineg
& cell of tic nost; b. snows the a .y;esrance or the older iwuveeliwua,

Bleck Rot of aprles is eco.mon on both sices of the Atl ntic, but no
estimate of the losses occasioned by it nas been i.acge, The yrorer use or

the sul

C9

nte of ecorrer coneouncs hes trove: a suceesPul treatiient,

Seab, (Pusiclaciunm doncritievn).

Of the two Muidred sr more funei vhiech uveclosists have faunc on te

aivtle tree or its fruit. this funsus is te test Known and by fer tro

Lost injurious. The distrivution of the disease is almost co-vextensive
with tre cultivation or the fruit which it at. acks, there beoine but for
localitivs where it has not vet arrpearod, Cinee tie disease is favored
by a cool atinosrnere, it is more yvrreval@it in northern than in southern
resions,

Leaves aid youns shoots are attackug oy ti.e seno as weil as toe
fruit, On the leaves tye frst .anifestations or tre yresentbe of the

fo am 4tn -- - - Ya on) eye ~ “5 5 <A
paresi.ie is tre ay vvarance on tre surface, of Guoky, Glive-gsreen spots,

rounc:-a in cutline, They are for the 1. est rart conrined to the weer

ve

a)

ide of tie leaf which often becowes iue!:. distorted tnroush the unequal
aevelorcuent oF tne two surfaces, The @olor of tne oldur spots is nearly
black and the surface souewnat velvety, Figure 1 shows tie aprearanes of
an affected leaf, The srowth of the young shnocts is often seriously
checked torovwen tre dircet action cf this funsus won them, anc ven the
foliase of 2 tree is imich effected its nutrition must tLe seriously

9

inpaired, Tre cevelope.ct of the spots on the fruit is quite Similar to
thet voien takes -~lace on tne follage, As tney inerease in size, the

rurtured cuticle er ears as 1 lient colored rings around tye boraurs, anid

linapart to tres

ms

frequently fliskes of cuticle adrere t5 their surraces ai
om yore or less sroyish s:.earance, Figure #2 rv resents an afPeeted ar. le
The erozth o° the funeus does not extend ints the deerer tissues,
put is limited between the cuticle and eridornuis yroper, The cells
compcsinsg the latter are turned brown or are vven daestroyed cv the
perasite, as are also occasionally 2 few of the uncerlying yulf eells.

After tte fungus has grow. for some time bencath tne cuticle, it breaks

through this csvering and veeso..:s exposed te the air, It is ten ready
to ~rcduce s ores, The sjores are born on snort upri:nt stalks as shown

~=

in figure 3, They are oval or rear-snaped and cark olive-vrovn in color,
like tne fila@uwents wileh suprort thes, They are produced in esre:t niikers
throvenout tie season of growth and to souweextent on stored fruit, and
ore rendyv to serminate as soon as mature, Fissure 4 snows th manner in
whieh the ser..-tubes are pushed out in serminetion. The drawings were
mace g# hours acter the srores were placed in water, Firure S shows a
nunver of gferii-tuves, 24 hours later, or ati tie end of 428 hours from tne
time of sowing the spores, One of these eernm-tuves from as ore rostins
vpon tre surface of an aryple penetrates the cuticle, vetween which ane
the evider.ls further srowth is continued, resulting finally in the
rupture of the cuticie and the prodaiction of a new cr + of spores

The funsus a pears t~ be retardvud in its developement by the neat
of sumicr, Its most rapide growth taxes place during iioist, cool weather
sucn as usually «revails durins tre early months of springs and autuiuun, &
The varasite doubiless retains its vitality duri:s tue winter, both on
the twigs in the orenard anda on tre fruit which it infests, From the
former it aoubtless spreads tc tne nev growtns of the followine scason
and thus tice yest is perpetuated from year to yeor,

Some varieties of avrles are wore licble to te affected wits scah |
than others and in selecting varieties for culture tne fruit-vsrower
should taie this fact into consideration, Direct treatirneit Ly the use of

7 ,

fungicides is te only inethod by which tre disease wav be overecodu.e, and

Por this purrose there is nothings pervers which proves wore effective

thanbBoreéeaux wixture, The trees should first .c syreved in early sz: ring
v ’

fof ee goa
R420

  

CoS

    

        

Ges WSR eee
NESS eae ees

 
LePore the vucs have commenced
there snoulid be at least three
one Wien tire Pruit is set, ane
first sepravi.e aimeh stron r

trertmenis,

to exyand, J

. one ah
treated S

so tlutic 1 hac

~~
CT
~—w

wring tne growing season,

Pear Blisnt, (“Micrococcus anylovorus,

Plate IT.

Tris bacteria is tre cavse

year tree (fire blisnt) and of
The orssonisi eains entrance to

Tunetures and rroduces butyric

cells (7), The disvase is transi:

of "plies

WU

crore vlosconing,

=urrill),

it: ylants, cesrectaliv of th

the arvle tree (twis

the livine tissues t:

ferinentation

ccable vy

Tne cel s,rerresented in figure 6, are

pairs, rarely in fours, never in elongated

ant mwucilase whien is very soluble in water}

leneth :f a septate cell ,OCOO4 to ,O0OO56

Extract frois resort of J.C. Artnur, (4

The disease is readily co.aunicavle
introducing a dror of vateyy solution or

oxudétion, Exyvcriient nas yvroven tnatv

+

will not tnduees the discase in

teria, The bacteria sains entrance to tiie

surface tissues cf the expanding buc, The trees

: a a je My “24 . e-
serving, and the Gdisvase yasees

to suitavle

»

GC

blient an. G Su71 scald

VA,
shed

*

Oucn wounds or

£ the stareh stored in the

artific

oval,

c..aliis,

.34
Cu

al

inoculation,

Sinsle or united in

listbedaded in an abpuna-

woversaents osceclliatory;

d0.; width, .0o°0028,. Burrill

oY ner

Fax
ane
e ayn

a dis:ased

neeltiy pvronenes, by

~otatiion),

.

cart or of the mummy

guices accompanving the blisnt

any form when Freed from tie vblisit vac-

tnrouesn a teriod or

4

ineuvation of a wonth

interior throurh the delicate

are usualiy ateackeda in

-)
(3)

or more before becoming sufficiently conspicuous to attract attention,
however, in exceptional cases where the snoots stilt continue to rush
out vigourously, or throusnthe agsenev of insects, the attack is later in
the season, pTossicly as late as inidsuiier, Careful exreriients have
shovn thet the danser of spreading tne disease with the pruning knife

is not srect cnough to warrant the extra trouble of keering the blace
Gisinfceted, Germs vill grow in dead organic matcer outside the theo, 3
long as tnésfact as not recoPmizedc, tre wode of transmission of the
Cisease rewained obscure, A mwarsn or any wet land rien in oreanie inattor
nay sustain tre disease, presusably for years, end aided py ravoravlie
vines and other eonditions, be the origin of an e,idemic., Direct infect-
jon froi. 2 neisnboringe tree or vranch, even thoush tne diseased branches
may touc>. tne rnealthy ones, rarely, if ever occurs; the bucteria are
lrrriscned by bork, or escave in viscid suvstance tinat oriles into a hare

mui, and hence do »zot passe directly Tras tive treo into the airs lastly

it hes tecn snovn that the gerus entcr tic tree in carly spring then ‘cut

is to be net with. The substance wien is

cr

little living year blir:
obtained tv the action of the blie mt bactvuria on the sterch, unlignifiec
cell-walls and other suvstances of tne yinnt tissue, is a vorv viscic,
ereay uatter, soluble in water, and a@rying to « hard mus on exrosure to
the air, This seeiis to be one of tie viscous Perientations, a class
°

whose vhysiolory and echeuistry nas seen but little studied, and the
investisstion of wnichn is besct with wnusual aifticulties

Division of Vesetable Patholosv, U.S.Nepartuent of Asriculture,

by MIR Waite .(mxvract ),

Pear Liisiit not unfrequently <lavs sad iavoe with the vblossous,
(7)
esyecialiy in tne South, The disease srprea frou Plower to flower bv

mieans cf insects, It isultiriies in the L.ectar, ard the insect visitors

thet dir their mouth rarts in the infected flow carry the intrection
to those whieh they afterwsords visit. In this wav, vnole orchards of

Leccute and “wierfer pears, especially the latter, have tad their Tlovers

destroyed,

eitter Rot, (Gleosyecriv fructigenun, Berk? )
Plate III,

ritter

oO

re v.?

r ri.e rot is causee Lv a funeus erowtr wnich confines
itself to the fruit and has no other host ;lant than tre arvle, It
occurs only after tne fruit is quite well grovn, usualiy wien arproacn-
ing ucturity, but continues to develoy in tre stored fruit, Infection
crises largely from fruit left upon tne ground and the refuse froi the
rit or storasre cellar
Tne rot insy ce identified by external a: .ecarances, Rrownisn s: ots

first avvcar on any fart of the surface; as these ereaually enlarge
their sna e beccnes more or less circular and tneir vordurs souew sat

ari ly defined, Sometimes the spots coalesce, and tne entire ayyle is

soon arfected, Toward the center of the discased sjot there is usualiy

je?

& very dark, frequently almost black, discoloration, Usuailyv, by tne
tirie the diseased srot has reacned the size of a silver nalf dolinr, the
funevus begins to mature srores, Tnese are born in small rustules whic

occur tiichkly over tne disvascd area ana pusnes tne cridaerulis upward,

fincl-ly cruyting it in inuserous siwall openines, at wWhien tne spores

esesre, These spores way una.r -rorer conditions, spread the disvcase
(3)
raridly,. (The wanncr of spore formation is not snorm becaus we have

ween wievle to << .tain fruitine srecimens),.

The wyceeliui consists cf slencacer tureads, whien rush their way

43 .

- i. 7 4 . - 4. ~~ ta] . « ~ -- J. ° wee e a = -
throvg, tre tissy ant and aestroyv tho varts with whicn they

ey
}
r+
c+
a
~Y
}4

«

eccrine 1: centact. These tnreacs vary uch in size and color, Upon tne
tirs c* closely coinracted threacs sjcres are born, These are colorless
or nearly so, ecylindrical in sha ec, rounded at each end end oceasioualy
eoowrat curves, Bach thread develoys a siugle spore, nut tke fori.er arc
go trichly eca.ypacted that an inmense ruber of the latter are develoted
in each ~ustule,. Figure 1 shows a :ortion of a fruit cell into wien the
mycelium has grown, Starch granules are found in abundance oy the action
of the mycelivwn and are found in connection with it as revresented in
the figure, Figure 2 rerresents a spore growth found in comnection with
a prepared slide of the rot, It is quite provavcle, however, that it is
not a growth of some fom of this fungus, but of spores of soie other
disease, whien accidentally gained access wnile tne slice was in fpreprr-
ation,

The funsus nas been known on the arrle for a long time, Berkeley's
first description of it dating vack to 1856, It has of late years froved
very destructive in certain localities esrecially in the South and South-
vest,

Since a diseased fruit iay affect the healtny ones that lie in
contact with it, it is of great imrortance to carefully cull all fruit
among which the presence of the discase is suspected, The discase can be

almost wholly avoided by the use of fungicides, potassiwi suly ide (one-

hal@ ounce to a gallon of water) and the assioniacal co. ver carbozate,
 
 

% Joo

 

    
    

Pad Fal 2 Te 75

 

+ ar a
_> Pare bere iad am “Crp ae a4 . : an se rn
tet aoe Ser vane we a ONT LEP ene epic SEI re eae
4 y bod RD Oe oA Oe se - eee ee =
Ly ae ea ad Se res a eC ee ak ee

Plate I
 
(2)

Arple Speck, (Leptothyrium poi. )

p-'-

This discase affects the skin of the arvle by covering it with

patenes of minute black stots as rerresented in figure 3, Since the

Y

Gisease does not extenc below the eridemsais as s ovn by cross sections
of two sz eei:s in figure 4, the internal tissucs are not impaired as is
the case in wost other funsus discascs, However, the fruit is rendered
unnattractive in arrearance and seriously injured so far as market value
is coneernud,

Fieure 5 is a cross section of a zterithecium drayn on a large
scale, In th: interior, a munber of asci are represented, These asci are
enlarged teriuinal cells containing free spores, When the yeritheciiun is
fully develojyed it bursts at the uyryer extremity and the syjores csceare,

Tre following is translated frou Saccaraoi-

“Perithecivm almost black, in the shave of a flattened heniszhere,
slightly dertressed in tne center, plossy. wlature aseci and spores not
seen in wy stecimens, Found on skin of the artfle.

Tne drawings were made from discased fruits of wild arples growing
in the Arboretun,

I know of no treatment having been reconu.ended,
(10)

Powdery “illdew, (Podospnuaera o .@ (D.0C.) D By).

™
°
B 3

Plate IV,

This srecies velonss to the fanily Known as Mrvsipnae, all of which

ore known as mildews, The rarasite is entirely surerficial excert for

haustoria whien barely penetrete tiie eriden.al celis, The peritneciwu
has dicnitcuously forked ar:enagages as snown in figure 1, a; b shows an
arvendase iuich enlarged; ec snows an aseus vnien contains cight spores,
Tre ciscase is esz;ecially destructive te secdlings in tne nursery

4

throvecovt the erowing eccson, mak’one it im.cssihle to bud them with eny

“~~

Coeeree of csuceess, It usvaellyv orvecrs ote in Sertun.er, wren the yrin-

. _ = 1, - Ls y . -- oy age aon . - (oO. ol. :
eitl«o erowthn nee been meade, anc selcoui 22 ever cl rc’ as to vigourousl

, ad. .. eo tue wom, +: S nn Tow Ge w- - rae gs 4. - at > ° ; os th 7 ‘ .
erowiog stcek, even when in elese pre xinity vo Giseased seccodlings, The
s 2 ad ot ~ a 4 7. . . : -- - 7 7 - } al ’ a . . - 7. ° e. 7
£ LSeAas. Cow 2tiC: S br ih) VO 7 a g t, Ly S whe CL Los ‘ oS > C 4 vis © VUE Lb Le £5 ti Se Frrr 0" rt 4 Ch
& TV. . - 7-7 -- yee ry - tt 45 - pe 4 .: Waa ne ' fone ts . ~ = 4 wT OT : . ae...
PPO eevcaiiues auc vrevevtlie toe. Cre. ¢. (Site G& eviitavie SLT tre

first eccccn,
Tre cis.oriacal sclution res yroved tre encéeyest end most effective

reiedy for tre ciscace, and five evrevires sem te co reoviried, The

first a.vliesticn should be mece Fuct a@s vhe Loaves start in the siring.
At locst tirree ctier syravilme erovic Leurce ¢ couvel intervals votveen
tro Gly ef tie Piret treatient c te Ud OL? LOGan Ten cp trolve
erre advor weuccing tre ice. sireri eg es. oulc wo .ece,
 

     
  
     
  
    
 

    

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i Be hte hey, ries
ARE EYP ) y _ Q VA o Ss CO aides bof ra De
SL pont fy if Ge OPER Peon 0059 OF bo Pune so Lili teh, Db Tore SL epee Les

4
Miyle vet cre Cecer Ayrles.
(Cynnesrpcranediva wecrcrue <1 ec Necetclia rirsata,)
Fiervre Iv,
fh rert cr the life cf this Purp. ec is cleent upon ire Pec cecer, ane
4° ~ Us _ - 2... -. - a ss 4 ~ “ «
Vrorever wti.G hed Cecer orcve, tle iv oie reset le dilels te te fevre., Te
etteeis ef tre tvreve Piret eopeir curling vo fetlor part er Mex or
eeriv in dune in t>e Porm. cP pvierevse Leip lu. rel lowish-orsnee crote on
the leeves, Jt trece yolnic cP Cise Loveviet woe BR oS tissves cre toiek-
elec cs Cvevir ih fr erces seetic: SY EO Ay IP atter es Pew
Cove, (oo £L evs Le en ire Cleric ty it wee DUS BEG? PCD VS ..08
COQ Fer em we Utero evr toce., Toot ee DAD) Oki eyo Poco wo Clos
Wontar oc tere er vere a ipe eo. i Dee EGR e sor eb
Moo ermeet ces lee er Pv eticr 2. ol. oe : we C8 SQ Le wy we
PMOMT Poe 2 eee EL La ad oo a OO ae OO
er Orr eke La Poeemyy € 20.80, Viol? a So yp eee Le POV CODY bv
eterce, tre excres cf the hoestclia,is foure, Figure z b, reyreserte che
ef treee clucster-euws shiwing tre wenm.cr in vrich thev burst trreve! uc
eurfree cf the leoof and hew the sveres :re bern. A ysecucorenéivm, 2
e-ctich cr wricr is represented t:. ¢, PFern.s tlhe cu Ver vesting case cL
tre ecicics, ores, Iv is eciyposed of aterite cel c,

Tree ¢ooer Tc 1 le aL. errs Cab Delb.Gia f vo Lvle eecaor ag a round
brown cr yeliow Jelly-like iass, swelling out to sreatly inereasced size
cfter a rain, devel ying a maucsbocr cf syrenslineg a... encases of similar
svbectance, raciating in ell Cireeticns Crew its evrtace, Its srowt.,
however, Cous net eosin in the eyrine, we. fil tie Susaer or Sat serore,
weor Vr ¢lonce o.s rvation, it piel t Ve sme ch o siall Lrovn siiore,
(12 )
Tris wey sveli to a consid: raoble seize bkerore virter, wut net until syring

js it cons;icuous enourn te attract arttenticn., In the springs it errors

cr
5
5
3
a
A
f-
c
i?
ctr
CD
ty
tw
rs )
O
c+

- - tg as . . 4. J. as “| -\, sae 7 7. =. ,7 "77
exceeclineg en ime, ve ai ine: rc a pralf, ape sisall

surface, Terese Lev Leeciwe Olcres lo, The viele bell svel ls, pvi the
rretructe ts owell west, Ge bee we lobe, cppesihass ere or a pright
ssoldde aa Loy, rp J2LCPOSCS L 2 ecd Ct : ‘ ‘ 6 wa tbe Celie Lia tv. i? ae Liv
repress oLevus, eer Civicec cerc.., the aleclioe Ur oe vertitic: :

°€, Glerncer stalk, of wrhicn crily a very snall yorticn is
eremrn in the fiseure, The srores- fleure €- now feruinete, and cacn cell
rreevces che or iiere snort Fildiuentse, Orci which arise eyore=like vcdics
eolloc eycricia,

The fruit when attacked by the rust is rendered worthless, and the
ripening; cf the fruit is occasio ally preverted on account of the early
Testructicn cf the follare by the Pungeus, Trecs are sonctimes partially
Cefoliated py the Cirst 9° Avetist wr tunis cause.

Tre rust funei are the most aifficult to conurat; their habit of
yassing certain ~eriods of their lives on different nost plants ana of
occasionally becoming y;erennial in the vlants they attack, will account

for this,

I. mnere tiis fungus thrives remove from near the orenard all Red
cedars,

It, Re. ve badly infectcd trees anc in their places plant Knovn resist-

ant varieties.

IIT. In locaiivies where the rust occurs, srray all youns trecs and

these which have not becoiie too seriously diseased with Tordeaux wixture
(
(13)
manning the rirst a.plicaticon as socn as the leaves are fully forned,
The svores are carried a ereat distance, Aprle trees a wile or more fron

the cedar trees are sonetimes affected,

Crustaceous “old. (Penictliwa slauciuu, Grey.)

Soft decaying s: ots, of a reeuliar brovn color often niake their
arvrerrance on oyrles sta@ed in a warn rocn, Freauentlv a species of mold

Cevelovs on tiese spots, At Tirst minute white tufts arpercr, wut they

- -4 . ee n mis - : dag Od “ae 7 .
sorn aeavire a@ vale bluish-gsroon color, These tufts are usualiv avout cs
re oy Ae. wo. - - -- 3 7 ~ ae. pyead. J. £04 . : = a st 5
learcce Ce! wi GQ yibac. CL a a I ° is EN ¥4 a ros “SOS aA vue wOfTLLPL Gc. Wi tit a

we me as mt. rey ot 4.7% vee are - ] 7, v0- Jeg 25a “49 13 4 Nat ee US Cee Np ves
10)Yv. . toe. Com e on @rwner CA... @ ua QO nyvy ak S % Tek 1 me uo AG as. CC a hoab vei ab te dad Coa: wt CY CS

-n“ ‘ %. ~Ane
cw ¢ ww OLD oe

Mae PROCILVI. OF the wvigvis Cre Glieneer Curecic Pilewativs munii.ge in
QVORP6 Clrcevicohn, They are tre Laces Ste ec@vce vP toe pou, Yiinmre ww isia
DoyReca se el i cP & Lert er ene 20 fbece woop Say ¢ Piemre © Le @ cull
ep toe tone, wore viel tire iarveelivis bos ope. eey Toa vie iscelivs

Ochs To tye ourrace, fruiting stens are sent up, one of whien is reyre-
sented in figure 4, These ste..s are delicate, jointed threads which give
out neor the toy, one or more pairs of short orrosite brancnes which cre
themselves forked, Each alternate branchlet bears at its tir a string of
spores, Tne stores are globular, and range from twelve to twenty one
hundred-thnoudandths of an inen in diameter, They srow very readily in
ater, sencing out long, branching, hyaline threads, as snown in figures

whieh rey;resents a growth of 72 Rours, After 120 nours some of tne srores

gave rise to fruiting forus as shown in figure 6,
 
(14)
Yeast is found in abundance in connection with the penicelia
(figure 7) and is in fact necthing more tuan a peculiar condition of the
Peniceliwa glauewu, which is earable of almost endless proposation with-
out even wearing perfect fruit, The renicelium is the coi..on blue mold

on all sorts of decayins bodies,
 

7

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