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THESIS

AN INVESTIGATION

OF

PAVEMENTS

OF

CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS

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E.F. PERKINS MeAeR? REEVES
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MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

JUNE 1920
THES!§

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
FOR
Investigation of Pavements in the city

Grand Rapids,Michigan.

le Highway Magazine November 1919,

Le Highway Magazine February 1920.

Se Review of Thesis "Pavements in Lansiyg,Mich.
4 The Construction of Roads and Pavements,

Chap. 9 = Concrete Roads and Pavements.

Se Highway Engineering Handbook, Blanchard
Chap. 19.
6. Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced
\ Concrete - J. Cochran,
Te Concrete Roads and Pavements,

E. S. Hansone
Se Street Pavements and Paving Materials,

Chape 12. - G. W. Tillsone

De Highway Engineering Handbook, Section 31,
Blancherd,.
10. City Roads and Pavements Judson.

400329
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PAVEMESTS
OF
THE CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS.

The object of this investigation is to study the
pavements of the streets in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and from
their construction, present condition, and the amount of
traffic passing over them, to present some conclusions as to
the relative merits of different forms of pavements, and the
different methods of paving construction as found in the city.

There arecapproximately three hundred miles of
pavements in this city at the present time. All data con-
cerning the cost, dimensions, different types of sketches
etce, were obtained from the records of the City Ingineer.
We are showing along with these records a map of the city
together with different types of streets in their own
distinctive coloring on this same map and blueprint.

Grand Rapids is a city which has great number of
streets with a per centage of grade of more than five, which
is the usual grade allowed in all highway work and paving
work, as @ maximum. The brick furnishes a very good toe-
hold in climbing up them, and so we find a great deal of
brick used. One of the streets which we examined had a
grade of thirteen per cent., and two others had grades
Tespectively of eight and seventy-one hundredths, and nine
and nine-hundredths per cent. These last two grades are

found on Michigan Avenue from Ottawa
Street west to Barclay Avenue, and have big hand cut
Medina blocks with considerable space between them to
prevent slipping. The price for such a pavement

is prohibitive now, however,
A HISTORY OF THE CITY'S PAVEMENTS.

The statistics which follow were taken from the
records of the city engineer, Mr.Page, who was very kind
in offering every kind of assistance.
From the report of April 18735 to May 1875:
Improvements of streets and alleys:
Streets grading and paving - ~ - - =- = 1526 Lin.Ft.
Grading, graveling and puving gutters-34994 " ",

Grading and graveling - - - = - = = - 23357 " ",
Alleys grading and graveling - - - - - 2186 "_— ",
Alleys grading - ---+-+-+-e-+-+--+e--s- 4u0 " *®,

 

Total length of improvements - - - - 62465 " — ",
Miles - = - 11,85

Total costs of these pavements was $134,766.19.

The streets paved were Monroe St., from thewest lire
of Waterloo to the south line of Pearl St., Ottawa,St., from
the north line of Monroe Ste, to the center line of Pearl St.,
and Pearl St., fromthe center of Ottawa Ste, to thewest line
of Canal St.

‘Pavement used is what is known as Chicago Free pave-
ment which consists of pine blocks four inches think and six
inches long, set on end in rows running diagonally across the
street with one inch space between rows,which are filled with
gravel weil rammed. The foundation is six inches or more
of sand or fine gravel weil rammed and shaped tothe c rown of

the street,

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The reasons for preferring tnis form of pavement
were its cheapness, its simplicity, and the rapidity with
which it can be laid, and the ease with which it can be
taken upand relaid when necessary for laying or repairing
sewers, gas or water pipes.

Gutters were paved with Joliet Stone flagging four
inches thick by sighteen inchea wide.

Space between the rails of car tracks on Monroe and
Pearl Sts., was paved with cobble stones.

On Ottawa and Pearl Sts., the experiment was tried
of paving only sixteen feet in width in the center with wood
blocks, and the sides with cobble stones set in gravel.
Economy in this as stone paving cost less than half as much as
wood, end being practically indestructible, while the wood wiil
probably not last more than ten years at the moste

On a street sixty feet wide, the cost of such a pave-
ment with sixteen feet of wood and the balance of stone, would
at present prices, not exceed $3.70 per running foot.

Total length of streets now opened in the city is
about 129 miles, of which counting those in progress of con-
struction as finished are,

Graded and paved with wood - - = = Q.15 miles.
" " "oo" " & stone 6.27 "*
" " "  "  gtone = - - 3.25 "
" " graveled with
paved gutters - -----*+-+-+-+ - 18.55

Graded and Grevelea - ---+---° - 28.69 iH
Graded = = © = =e & © = ese ee & - = 8.12 milvwa
Unimproved - -----.*-+-+-+e+-+--s. 10e20 ~2S"

 

Total = -©--+*-*+e-r+er22+27 20 129.21 Miles.

Report of May 1,1876: «=
The following street improvements have been completed:
Grading and paving = =-=--+--+-+-+-e---s. 18.85 Lin.Fte

" graveling & puving gutters - - 12737 " i"

 

tf oe er 2- ee ee ww © o@ _ 10317 tt 1?
Paving Gutters = --+--+-e*#-+-+-e---. 1282 1 n
Total = --2+2-e©e# © 2©= 25 © = & = = - 26221 ++" "

Miles - 4,86
Contracts were let for
Grading and paving = - - === -+e-e-e- 11552 Lin.Ft.
" ,Graveling & paving gutters - - 16590 " "™,

r" t @ = a ge ee @ga se eS: ae « 9 24 " nt

=)

Mm fe ee ee ee ee ee eee 1556 "

Total = -2«-+=-+-+-+-e-+e-+ 2+. = - 30222 " "*
Miles - 5.72

The paving is all of the kind adopted by the Board in
1874, wood blocks in the center and cobble stones on the side
of the street which so far appears successful and popular,

Total length of streets now opened in the city is over
131 miles, of which counting those now under improvement as
finished are:

Graded and paved with wood - --=--+-e- = 0.L5 miles

n i" " tt " & stone - - = 2,68 "
oe

 
Graded and paved with stone - - - = - «~ 1.55 miles

" ,graveled & gutters paved ~-- -21.56 "

 

wom UM le ee eee ee 29.50 +="
tog we eee ee ee ee ee ee 8,02 "
Unimproved = = == <2 --5-«-=-+=+- = - 67.66 "
Total ~--=-2« 82+ -2+ «+--+ - = = 9131.12 ="

In 1877 few improvements were made,

The same is true for 1880, altho the total estimated
length of the streets now opened in the city is 132.57 miles,
unimproved 67.28 miles.

In 1889 the mileage of streets had been increasea by
platting and street opening 5.45 miles, making the total miles
of streets on April 30,1889, 148.462 miles.

The number of miles of improved streets had been ine
creased by 51,218 lineal feet, making theaggregate of improvea
streets 92.508 miles.

In 1897, while thé total expenditure $105,420.00
has not been as much as usual, it is gratifying to know that
the greater part of it has been expended on the higher grades
of work. The total length of the improved streets is
150.726 miles.

In 1898:-=

Mileage of the streets in the city is shown by the
follq@ ing table which gives the lengths of the verious kinds
of pavements ;

Graded and paved with asphalt - --.«-+--. 4.221 mibes
ea

”
Graded and paved with brick on concrete - - - - = 5512 miles

Graded and macadamised - - - ---+-+-+-+-+-+-+-- 1.260 *
" " paved with tar concrete - = - - ---= 0,282 "
" " " " cedar blocks on concrete - 6.254 "
" re " " planks -- 528 *
" mm OM " " " " gravel = = 2.973 "
rr " & cobble - - - 90.785 "
" " " " cobbles on gravel - = - - 6958 "

"  ,g@raveled and gutters paved with brick - - 4,556 "

 

Mop ee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee -31.049 "
Unimproved - - --2<-2+-+-e#-e2# ©=-= es ee = = - 129.071 "
Total = -----2+---+-+-e2+2e-2-+--22- - = 283.698 "

In 1900 adaed improvement brought the total mileage to
286.265 reported a year ago. 174.110 miles have been improved
leaving 11,087 miles or about 359 per cent of the total mileage
still unimproved.

Bituminous macadam improvement on the north side of North
Lafayette Ste, was completed and presents a pleasing appearance
and is entirely satisfactory, except for the hardness of the
bitumen used in the surface. If this had been softer it would
have given a better foothold for the horses and had greater 1B.
This defect can be remedied when the street has had more wear,
by the application of a flush coat of bitumen and stone chips
or coarse sand rolled in.

North Union Ste, wus improved with asphalt blocks on a

Bravel and cobble stone foundation. Under protest from this
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department the above foundation was used. All possible
precautions were used to secure a good foundation but the
vibration of the rails makes it difficult to hold the
blocks in position. The contractor has relaia some portions
several times and will be to some expense and trouble dur-
ing the life of the guarantee, The old cobble stone com-
bined with grave; and properly rolied makes an excellent
foundation on residence streets. Only a concrete founda-
tion should be used in streets having street car tracks.

Hocking Valley and Wooster biocks were chiefly used
during the past year. Hocking Valley proved very satis-~
factory but so much trouble with Wooster that they were
finally barred from the streets and work completed with
Metropolitan blocks,

Testing each car load of blocks was practiced.

Total milegge of streets to date increased to

287.197 miles.

In 1910 ~ = = 2.9 miles of streets have been added
to the total mileage of 296.37 reported a year ago, making
a total of 299.27 miles. 187.758 miles have been im-
proved, 10.738 miles of which have been improved this year,
leaving 111.532 miles, or about 57 per cent of total miles
still unimproved,

In brick paved streets the type of construction employed
during the previous year was followed, all brick used being

Metwopolitan, except in the paving of Monroe Ste, This
street west of Division was repaved outside the Street
Railway tracks with Bessemer blocks. Repuiring be-
tween the outer rails of the tracks was done by the Grand
Rapids Railway Company, using grooved granite railblocks
‘along the rails and Metropolitan blocks for the balance of
of that portion of the pavement.

On all brick pavements cement grout filler was used
as a filler, expansion being provided for by pouring a
Single wide joint cross-wise of the street about every
fifty feet, aiso the joints along the curbs with Pioneer
Asphalt filler. Expansion joints across the roadway were
omitted in the repaving of Monroe Ste, and joint full depth
of the brick and an inch and one half in thickness was formed
along the curbs by inserting a wooden strip which was drawn
efter the brick were laid, and the mace thus left was filled
with the asphalt filler.

Tar-filled macadam was locaily employed for the first
time in the improvement of North College Avenge, between
East Fulton St., and Lyon Ste

The second stretch of creosoted wood biock pavement
put down in this city was laia on North Lafayette St.,
between Fountain and Lyon Sts., the construction being
similar to that previously employed in the paving of a part
of Fountain St.

In investigating the different types of pavement now
in use in this city, we found the brick pavement predomin-e
ating and giving the best wearing satisfaction with least

cost of maintenance.

la
oo

«
CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS.

Location of Concrete Pavements:

1. On Apline Ave., north from North St., fine
condition, residence district. (1909)

2. On Tamarack Ave., from Leonard St., to North Ste,
good condition, slightly wavy, residence district. (1917).

Se On Davis Ave., from Seventh St., to Leonard Ste,
Monolithic gutter and pavement, fair condition, slightly
pitted, some cracks, curb breaking off considerably. (1916).

4. On National Ave., from Shawmut St., to Bridge St.,
Monolithic gutter and pavement, fair condition, curb break~
ing off considerably. (1916).

5. On Straight Ave., from Fulton to Shawmut Ste, the
two streets are in good condition, two street car tracks
with brick pavement therein. (1916).

6e On Union Ave., north to city limits from Leonard
Ste, in very good condition. (1916)

7. On Burr Oak St., east from Monroe Ave., excellent
condition. (1926).

8. On Cleveland Ave., from Franklin to Alexander,
good condition, (1919).

9. On Liberty St., off Granville Ave., excellent
type of concrete pavement, perfect condition.(1919).

10. On Madison Ave., south from Crawford Ste, to the
city limits, fair condition. (1919).
e ¢

4s

« 4

ve
ll. On Hastings St., from Ionia to Fairview, excell-
ent condition, steep grade, (fifteen per cent) little on

no travel, residence district, put in in 19135.

One of the main and first things to think of in the
design, is the sub-drain. This does not apply alone to
cement concrete pavements but should be carefully consider-
ead in any type. If sub-drains are put in properly, the
imminent trouble of freezing (meaning heaving and cracking)
will be avoided.

For the specifications for the one course cement
concrete see the standard specifications which follow:

" Materials: The cement snall meet the requiree
ments of the Standard Specifications and Tests for Porte
land Cement, adopted by the American Society for Testirg
Materials, September 1, 1916. ’

‘Pine aggregate shall consist of natural sand or
screenings from hard, tough, durable crushed rock or gravel
consisting of quartzite, grains or other equally hard mate
erial graded from fine to course with the course particles
predominating. Fine aggregates, when dry, shall pass a
screen having four (4) meshes per linear inch; not more
than twenty-five (35) per cent. Shall pass having fifty
(50) meshes per linear inch and not more than five per cent.
shall pass a sieve having one hundred (100) meshes per
linear inch. Fine aggregate shall not contain vegetable
or other deleterious matter. ”

“Pine aggregate shall be of such quality that moter
sed
composed of one part Portland cement and three parts fine
aggregate, by weight, when made into briquettes, shall
show a tensile strength ( at seven (7) and twenty eight
days) equal or greater than the strength of briquettes
composed of one part of the same cement and three parts of
standard Ottawa sand by weight.”

“The percentage of water used in mixing the briquettes
of cement and fine aggregate shall be suchas to produce
a motar of the same consistency as that of the Ottawa sand
briquettes of standard consistency. In other respects
other briquettes shall be made in accordance with thse methods
outlined in the Standard Specifications and Tests for Pate
land Cement, adopted by the American Society for Testing
Materials,September lst, 1916."

” coarse aggregate shall consist of clean, hard, tough,
durable crushed rock or pebbles, graded in size, free from
vegetable of other deleterious matter, and shall contain no
soft, flat or elongated particles. The size of coarse
aggregate shall be such as to pass a one and one-half (1l-#)
inches down, not more than five (5) per centepassing a screen
having four (4) meshes per linear inch, and no intermediate
sizes shall be removed. ”

“crasher-run stone, bankerun gravel or artisicially
prepared mixtures shall not be used,”

“Geter shall be clean, free from oil, acid, alkali
or vegetable matter. 4

“Grading: "Grading" shall include all cuts, fills,

492
approaches and earth or rock moving for whatever purposes,

where such work is an essential part of, or necessary to
the prosecution of the contract. 7”

“Stakes will be set by the engineer for the center line,
finished grades and other necessary pointse

‘When the material excavated from the cuts is not suff-
icient to make the fills, the contractor shall furnish the
necessary extra materials, to bring the fills to the proper
width and grade. When the earthwork is completed, the
cross-section of the roadbed shall conform to the cross-
sectional drawings and profile attached hereto.

“ali approaches connecting the specified pavement with
other streets or alleys intersecting, shall also be cut or
filled and secured from settlement, to form a slope of not
more than one (1) vertical to ten (10) horizontal as shown
on profile and plans attached hereto.

“rhe Sub-grade shall be brought to density by rolling
the entire area with a self-propelled roller. All portions
of the surface of the sub-grade which are inaccessible to
the roller, shall be thoroughly tamped with a hand tamp
weighing not less than fifty (50) pounds, the face of which
shall not exceed one hundred (100) square inches in area.
All soft, spongy or yielding matter shall be entirely re-
moved and the space reftlled with suitable materiale”

“When considered necessary or of assistance in pro~
ducing a compact, solid surface, a sub-grade, before being

a
rolled, shall be well sprinkled with water.
ea

ee

t dnl
“When the cement is to be constructed over an old
pavement composed of gravel or macadam, the latter shall
be entirely loosened and spread for the width of the pave-
ment and rolled. All interstices shall be filled with
fine mate:ial and rolled to make a dense, tight surface.

Drainage: All the catch basins and manhole tops and
all covers of openings of any kind shall be adjusted to the
grade. by the contractor at the price shown under this iten,
in his bid,

Under drains shall be constructed as shown on the
street plan and as directed by the Engineer. These drains
shall be connected with sewer or catch-basinse Each con-
tractor shall submit a price per lineal foot for under-drain
work. In case no bid for under-drain has been submitted
and the Engineer shall order same constructed, the contractor
ahall construct same for the actual cost plus ten per cent
as provided by the contract, paragraph Noe 8-.

No concrete shall be deposited until the sub-grade is
checked and accepted by the Engineer,

Pavement Sections: The concrete shall have the
thickness shown on the planse Contractor shall shape sub-
grade to the exact contour as shown by plane

Joints: Transverse shall be three eighths (3/8)
of an inch wide and shall be placed across the pavement
perpendicular to the center line, not more than forty-five
feet apart. When the pavement is laid adjacent to build-
ings or other masonry structures, a joint shall be con-
structed between the pavement and the structure.

{47
A jointing tool as shown on the attached detail will
be used on all joints.

All catch basins, manhole tops, poles or other fixed
objects, which project through the pacement, shall be se-
parated from the concrete by joint filler at least one-half
of an inche

All joints shall be formed by inserting during the con-
struction the required thickness, end leaving in place, pre-
pared strips of fiber matrix and bitumen, or other similar
material of approved quality ,which shall extend through
the entire thickness of the pavement.

The longitudinal joints shall extend through the thick-
ness of the pavement, and the filler shall project not less
then one-half (#) inch above the finished surface, Before
the pavement is opened to traffic, joint filler shall be
cut off to the height of one quarter (2) inch above the
surface of the pavement.

Measuring Material and Mixing Concrete: The
method of measuring the materials for the concrete, including
water, shall be one which will insure separate and uniform
proportions of each of the materials at all times, A sack
of Portland Cement (94 pounds net) shall be considered one
(1) cubic foot.

The material g@merT-pemtxed in a batch mixer approved
by the Engineer, and irrespective of the size of the batch
and rate of speed used, mixing shall continue after all
materials are in the drum for at least one (1) minute be-

fore any part of the batch is discharged from the drum,
“4
The drum shall be completely emptied before receiving any
material mz for the succeeding batch, The volume of the
mixed material used per batch shall not exceed the man-
ufacturers rated capacity of the drumm in cubic feet of the
mixed material.

Re-tempering of mortar or concrete which has partly
hardened , that is, reemixing it with or without additional
materials or water, shall not be permitted.

The concrete shall be mixed in the proportions of
one 91) sack of Portland Cement to not more than two (2)
cubic feet of the fine aggregate, and not more than four
(4) cubic feet of the course aggregate, and in no case shall
the volume of the fine aggregate be less than one haif (#)
of the volume of the course aggregate.

A cubic yard of concrete in place shall contain not
less than one and three quarters (12%) barrels of cement.

The inspector shall compare the caicu.latea amount
of cement required according to the specifications with
the amounts used in each section of concrete between succ-
essive transverse joints, as determined by actual count of
the number of sacks of cement used in each s ection, If
the amount of cement used in any three (3) adjacent sections
(between transverse joints) is lessthan 2 per cent, or if
the amount of cement used in any one section is less by
more than five (5) per cent of the amount hereinbefore
required, the contractor shall remove all such sections,
and replace the same with new materials, according to

these specifications, at his own expense.

17
=a-&
The materials shall be mixed with only sufficient
water to produce a concrete which will hold its shape
when struck off with a template. The consistency shall
note be such as to cause a separation of the moter from
the coarse aggregate in handling.

Placing Concrete: Immediately prior to placing
the concrete the sub-grade shall be brought to an evan
surface. The surface of the sub-grade shall be thorough-
ly wet, but shall show no pools of water when the concrete
is placed,

Aftor mixing,the concrete shall be deposited rapidly
upon the subegrade, to the required depth and on the entire
width of the pacement in successive batches, and in a contin-
uous operation without the use of intermediate forms or
pulkheads between the expansion joints. Any concrete in
excess of that needed to complete a section at the stopp-
ing of work, shall not be used,

Re-Inforcements: The pavement shall be re-inforced
with wire fabric. The cross-section area of the metal
shall amount to at least 0.066 square inches per foot,
measured parallel to the axis of the street, and weigh not
less than 25 pounds per 100 square feet. The re-inforcing
steel shall be placed two (2) inches low the finished sur-
face of the pavement. It shais not cross expansion
joints, and shall be mlapped about six (6) inches suffic-
iently to develop the full length of t he material.

Finishing: The surtace of the concrete small be
struck off for the entire width of the pavement by means

of a template or strike-bosara,. Any holes left by removing
any material or device used in constructing the joint shall
be immediately filled with mortar composed of one (1) part
cement and two (2) parts of fine aggregate.

As soon as possible after the concrete has been struck
offj it shall be rolled with an approved metal roller, having
a@ smooth, even surface, approximately six (6) feet in length
not less than eight (8) inches, nor more than twelve (12(
inches in diameter, and weighing not more than one hundred
(100) pounds. On pavements less than twenty (20) feet in
width the roller may be operated with a handle, which shall
pe at least two (2) feet longer than the width of the pave-
ment and all rolling shail be done from one side of the
slab. On pavements twenty (20) feet or more in width,
the roller shall be provided with two (2) bails to which
ropes shall be attached, and the roller pulled across the
pavement. The roller shall be operated at such an angle
with the center line of the pavement, that it advmces along
the pavement about two (2) feet for each time across. The
roller shall pass from edge of the pavement to the other.
After the roller has covered a given area in the manner des-
cribed, the same area shall be similarly covered by the
roller as many times as may be necessary to remove excess
water.

After the rolling has been completed, the pavement

shall be finished by two applications of a belt made of

17
canvas or rubber belting, nor less than six (6) inches
wide and not less than two (2) feet longer than the

width of the pavement. The belt shall be applied

with a combined cross-wise and longitudinal motion. For
the first application, vigorous strokes of at least twelve
(12) inches long shall be used, and the longitudinal move-
ment of the belt along the pavement shall be very slight.
The second application of the belt shall be immediately
after the water glaze or sheen disappears, the stroke

of the belt shall be not more than four (4) inches, and
the longitudinal movement shall be much greater than the
first belting.

Curing and Protection: Excepting as hereinafter
specified, the surface of the pavement shall be spraged
with water as soon as the concrete is sufficiently harden-~
ed to prevent pitting, and shall be kept wet until an
earth or other improved covering is placed, As soon as
it can be done without demaging the concrete, the surface
of the pavement shall be covered with not less than two
(2) inches of earth or other material approved by the
Engineer, which covers hall be kept wet for at least ten
(10) days. When deemed necessary or ddvismable by the
Engineer, freshly laid concrete shall be protected by
canvas until such covering can be placed,

Under the most favorable conditions for hardening
in hot weather, the pavement shall be closed to traffic

for at least fourteen (14) days, and in cool weather for

Dt
an additional time, to be determined by the Engineer,

At the season of the year when the average temper-
ature is below 50 degrees Fahrenheit sprinkling and
covering of the pavements may be omitted at the direction
of the Engineer.

Liability of Contractor: The contractor shall erect
suitable barriers to protect the concrete from traffic, and
any part of the pavement damaged from traffic or other
causes, occurring prior to its official acceptance, shall
be repaired or replaced by the contractor at his expense,
in manner satisfactory to the Engineer. Before the pavee-
ment is thrown open to traffic the covering shall be removed
and disposed of as directed by the Engineer,

All loss and demage arising from the nature of the
work to be done, or from any unforseen or unusual obstruction
or difficulty, which may be encountered in the prosecution
of the work undertaken by him, or from the actions of the
@lements, shall be sustained and borne by the contractor.

Defects Before Acceptance: All depressions, defects
and imperfections in any portion of the pavement, whether
due to public traffic, rain, snow, ice, frost, or other
causes, shall be repaired and made good by the contractor
at his own expense before final acceptance of the work by
the Engineer. All rubbish which may accumulate during
and by reason of the work herein provided, shall be removed
by the contractor as fast as the pavement is laid and the

street left clean and in good condition.
Temperature Below 55 Degrees Fahrenheit: Concrete
shall not be mixed when the temperature is below freezing.

If at any time during the progress of the work, the
temperature is, or in the opinion of the Engineer will,
within twenty-four (24) hours drop to thirty-five (35)
degrees Fahrenheit, the water and aggregates shall be heate
ed, and precautions taken to protect the work from freezing
for at least ten (10) days. In no case shall concrete
be deposited upon a frozen sub-grade.

The curbing is to be combined curb and gutter on all

straight work, and straight curb and alley intersections.

MAINTENANCE AND GUARANTY,

“The contractor shall give good and sufficient bond,
running for a period of three years (3) after the completion
of the work and its acceptance by the City Manager.

To keep and maintain the concrete roadway, walks,
curbs, gutters, etc., constructed under this contract, in
repair, and turn the same over to the city at the end of
the guarantee period in good condition so that the city shall
not be at any expense for repairs made necessary by defective
work or material.

The contractor agrees that he will, within ten days
after having been notified in writing, make such repairs
as the City Engineer may direct, such repairs to be made
in the presence of the Inspector, appointed by the Engineer

and paid by the contractor; and the contractor further agrees

J.
to notify the Engineer when ready to make such repairs,
and in case the repairs are not made in the time specified
the city may make such repairs at the expense of the con-
tractor.

The walk and curb work shall be considered out of
repair whenever the works show hair cracks or defects
due to poor workmanship or the use of faulty materials;
the breaking down of edges of stones, the development of
double joints not being marked where templates were with-
drawn, or where stones have broken and settled from the
line of grade.

No walk, or curd stones shall be patched in making
repairs, but shall be entirely removed and replaced with
NeW e Only new material of the quality called for ain
the original specifications shall be used. The worknan-
ship shall be of the quality specified under this contract.

The bond shall apply to all work repair during its
life. Before the expiration of the guarantee period the
work will be inspected by the city manager, and any imper-
fections as measured by the above standard shall be correct-
ed before the release from the bond will be granted,

The concrete roudway shall be considered out of ree
pair whenever the surface becomes uneven, holding water
one fourth (+) of an inch in depth in a distance of four
(4) feet or less, or when the pavement has settled over
trenches or fills, or when the surface has disintegrated

or shows defects due to poor workmanship or the use of
faulty materiais or whenever there are crazks in the

VLD
“
 

Picture No. l.
Qn Stanley Court at Union

 

Picture No. 3
On Liberty St. off Granville

 

Picture Noe 8.
On Waverly Ave. at Cherry

 

 

 

 

Picture No.4
On Liberty St. off
Granville
pavement or the expansion joints are chipped or the

edges broken off.

From the experience as shown in some of the
accompanying pictures, expansion joints are absolutely
necessary. Pictures Noe 1 and No. 2 show the effect
of no expansion joints. The expanding has caused the
concrete to break and flake off, leaving a hole as shown.
Pictures Noe 3 and No. 4 show three-fourths (2) inch
Carry preformed expansion joint, as was used in the cone
struction in the last three years. Note that it is
used around the manholes ana well as around the gutter
line, and transversely every forty-five (45) feet.

This aLlows for free expansion and contraction with the
result that not a crack or a flaw was found in the whole
four blocks on Liberty Ste, on which pictures %‘o. 3 and
No. 4 were taken. Transverse joints are a bit of
trouble for contractors to put in so he will avoid them if
possible. In finishing up an expansion joint a split-
strike must be used, then an edger with the result that
unless consider& le is taken one side of the joint will be
enough higher to be quite noticeable; this was the effect
on Cleveland Ave., otherwise, it was in perfect condition.

Another point in the failure of cement concrete
pavements is the effect that the mix is not thorough and

complete, this can be avoided as is shown in the specific-
ation requiring the batch to mix for at least one minute
Lt
 

 

 

Picture Noe 6 =-- On Cleveland Ave. north from
Franklin Ste

 

 

Picture No. 7 -= On Hastings St. off Ionia Ave.
Concrete with Toe-hold

 
irpespective of the size of the batch or the speed of the
drum. An example of poor mix is shown in picture No. 5
which illustrates how the surface is wearing unevenly
although the pavement had been in but a short time,

Cement concrete pavements are used in the steepest
grades in this city, one of the fourteen and ninety-eight
hundredths per cent built in 1915 on Hastings St.,
PicturesNo. 7 and Noe 8 show how the surface was corrugated
which served as a tow-hold. This being such a steep grade
thirty-seven ( 37 degrees) there is little traffic on it,
so little can be said about its wearing qualities, the
grade being so steep that the expansion joints tend to run
out. Doublé® catch-basins were used at either side at
the foot of the hill.

In conclusion we wish to state that the pavements
that have been laid within the last three years are prove
ing very satisfactory and any puvements laid in the future
will give as good results if the above dpecifications are
carefully adhered to. Altho the cement concrete pavee
ment is rather a new type of pavement certain conclusions
have already been made and certain points found nefessary
to follow. These points are measurement of all ingred-
fence know the proper proportions, have the ingredience
thoroughly mixed, have plenty of sub-drains properly placed,
see that the proper grades have been established and have a
competent inspector to see that these points are fulfilled
by the contractor,
| Costs; Average cost per square yard $0.99 to $1.16.

25
vx
«

 

 

 

 

. .

Picture No.5 Picture No.8.
On Madison Ave. out at city On Hastings St. off
limits. Ionia Ave.

 

 

Jd

Picture No.9
On Plainfield Ave. near
city limits.
 

ryt)

 

le ae cs eee lg

 

6

ry

easel (eee)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|
|
a
ah | .
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a
Fe eo oki ae) /
Ry A
iN - v7 <) :
he BS ook '
,eombhyt re (ol gf a cae
is res ’ T f
oe — Jepuarate ea cae \
ot t NK 2 >_> “
| oH
ae “
||
; | - é
ime Oa do eat

aia ss.

 

 

 

N/T F
V/s hed

-

DETA/L OF STREET L)

| Ge
an

ae)
a M4

a

QOARDWAY

INCRE T.

fy)

 
ASPHALT BLOCK,

Asphait biock pavement makes an exceilent street
for residence sections. It is laid on a good concrete
foundation, as shown in pictures Noe lz and Noe lo but
it is of little value if laid on a dirt or gravel base
as in Picture No. 14.

This type of pavement is slightly more expensive
than other kinds except wooa or Medina biock.

The city engineer advises that the company manufact-
uring the biocks shoula be in charge of luying this pave-
ment, as it takes an expert to have the one (1) inch
cement=-concrete cushion with the proper amount of water;
the block placed right, etc.

We found in our investigation that Union Ave., from
Fulton to Lyon Stse, was in very bad condition because the
blocks hada been laia on a gravel base. Sheidaon Ave., from
Buckley Ste, to Wealthy st., was the same waye

We also found two streets where the concrete base had
been used. On Madison &ve., from Weaithy Ste, to Cherry
Ste, there was a very fine stretch of this pavement. It
is in fine residence district, md re an expensive pavee
ment. On Paris Ave., from Cherry Ste, south to Thomas
Ste, was the same kind of pavement and concrete base, This
was put down in 1910 and still is in excellent condition
in a fine residence district.

This pavement on Paris Ave., was layed on an old

26.
 

      

Picture No.

as No.

12.

 

~-- On Paris / Ave. off Cherry St.
Asphalt Block in fine condition.

PY

ot

 

13. Sam

Ave. north from Fulton.

    

 
concrete road which was pitted some. The two and one-half
(2%) inch asphalt biocks were laid in a one-half (#") inch
layer of cement mortar, fresh. The old concrete bed was
smoothed off, and the blocks laid one-half (#") inch above
the gutter level.

We would recommend here that the blocks were laid
Slightly high above the gutter and only should have been
about one-quarter (4+) inch as they were on Paris Avée,
from Wealthy Ste, to Thomas Ste, built in 1913. Here the
blocks were set in a new concrete bed made six (6") inches
deep, with the gutter the depth of the concrete five (5")
inches and the blocks only one quarter (4) of an inch above
the gutter.

Cost: Average cost per square yard $1.46 to $1.65.

In conclusion we wish to say that this kind of a pave-
ment certainly gives fine service and has a good appearance.
Its wearing qualities are excellent and the cost for main-
tenance is practically low, if the blocks are laid properly
in the concrete base, The blocks cost slightly more than
wood blocks or most other types of pavement but give excell-

ent satisfaction.

2 7,
ft?
COBBL= STONE PAViILHNTS.

The cobble stone pavements have been abandoned
for several years as they proved to be far too rough
for modern vehicles.

In picture No. 25 is show a bit.of old cobble
stone pavement still left on one block of Browbridge
St.Phis one block has little or no travel as the grade is
very steep. Pictures No.'s 26 and 27 show a cobble
stone paving on Mason Ste The total length is about
one-hundred-fifty (150) feet up a steep grade ending in
the side of a hill. This last named street is used
for delivery only.

Cost: The average cost per square yard $2.00 to
$2 e306

In conclusion it can be said that this type of
pavement is not satisfactory and therefore is of little
use except in rare cases where a short length of cheap

pavement is very necessary.

2h,
 

 

      

cture No. 25. ure No. 87.--
On Trowbridge off On Hastings St. off Ionia
Clancy. Showing cobble Ave. Type of cobble stone.
ston

 

 

 
SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMBNT,

This city has about seven and four-tenths 7.4
miles of this type of pavement, located in different
sections; all of it getting considerable traffic. This
gives an excellent opportunity to determine its durability.

We have come to the conélusion that there should be
a good foundation of four inches (4") or more of concrete;
one (1") inch of binder, and two (2") inches of tope An
excellent example of this type is on Cherry St., from
Madison Avee, to Sheldon Ave., or on Sheldon Ave., from
Fulton Ste, to Wealthy Ste; Cherry St., which was laid in
1902 with Trinidad Pitch Lake, is in as nearly as good con-~
dition as when laid, even though it is a much travelled
street. The same can be said for Sheldon Ave.

For a top of less than two (2") inches the effect is
shown on both Crescent and Prospect Sts. These pavements
were laid similar to the two mentioned above only the top
was only one and one-half (1$") inch thick. They are pitted
and rough, most of the surface worn away and are sadly in
need of repair,

We will have to take into consideration that the last
two mentioned are a few years old, but they have been in
need of repair at least that long, while Cherry St., and
Sheldon Ave., will apparently, under similar conditions,
last at least tqice their present age,

Sheet asphalt pavement in this city is located on

LF.
fe
Monroe Ave., from Pearl St., to Michigan St. (laid in
1913) and from Newberry St. (laid in 1910) to Coldbrook
Ste On Crescent St., from Bostwick Ave. to Union Ave.
This street is in fair condition but the surface was
pitted and wearing away. On Sheldon Ave., from Wealthy
Ste, to Fulton Ste, pavement in good condition in spite
of the heavy traffic. On Jefferson Ave., from Wealthy
Ste, to State St., in fine condition. The two (2") inch
wearing surface was put in in 1906. On Cherry St., from
Sheldon to Madison Ave., in fine condition, of very good
type and eighteen (18) years old. On Prospect Ave., from
Washington St. to Fountain Ste And on College Ave., from
Wealthy to Pleasant St. This pavement was laid in 1913.
One of the most destructive agents or actions on
pavements is the taring up of them, after they have been
properly laid, to put in some new underground work, as
sewers, water mains, etc. This can be avoided by proper
action of the city officials taken in advance. The water
pipes and sewers can be planned on a big enough scale in
the first place and in advance of the city's need. As
the old saying goes " An ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure". After a cut into the pavement has been
made it is very necessary that the refill be well tamped

into place either by hand or machine tamps.

FO
 

 

Picture No. 28.--
On Crescent St. off Bostwick.

 

 

Picture No. 29. <=
On Washington 28t. at Lafayette.
Sheet asphalt in excellent condition.
 

 

 

Picture Noi 30. On Sheldon ‘Ave. at
Oak St. Sheet asphalt in fine
condition.

 

 

Madison Ave. Eighteen year old sheet
asphalt in fine condition.
Extract from contract for paving sheet asphalt
on concrete base, Sheldon Ave., from Fulton to Wealthy
Ste Contract price $23,739.88. August 10th,1917.

“Sheet Asphalt Pavement Binder one and one half
(1%) inch in thickness when compressed. Wearing sur-
face one and one half (14) inch. Penetrations are
expressed in hundredths of a centimeter and are to be
taken with a No. 2 needle acting as follows: at thirty-
two (32) degrees Fahrenheit, two hundred (200) grams for
one (1) minute, not less than ten; at seventy seven (77)
degrees Fahrenheit, one hundred (100) grams for five (5)
seconds, not less than sixty three (63); at one hundred
and fifteen (115) degrees Fahrenheit, fifty (50) grams
for five (5) seconds, not less than two hundred and fifty
(250).

Binder Stone: This shail be clean hard stone free
from any particles that have been weathered or soft mat-
erial. It shall pass a one and one fourth (12) /sereen
and what is generally termed a close binder and shall con-
form to the following:

Bitumen not less than 5%.

Passing 200 screen 3% e

" 10 " 30%
tt 8 tt 2%
r + 1? 1 10%
1 2" ft 2 5%
1? on t! 10%
#9 1 ! ! 10%

J/ Retained 1" i 5%
o@
sand ; Shall be hard, clean gravel and moderately

 

sharp. On sifting it shall have the following mesh
compositions:

ptandard top mxitures

 

Bitumen 103%
Passing 200 13 %

" 100 13

" 80 15

" 50 24

" 40 11

" 50 8

" 20 4.5

" 1O 500
Total 100%

Filler: This shall be Lime stone dust or dust from
other satisfactory stone. The whole of which shall pass
a 50 mesh per linear inch screen and at least sixty-six
(66) per cent of which shall pass a two hundred (200) mesh
screen. Surface maxture shall contain from six (6) to
twenty (20) per cent of this filler, depending upon kind of
sand and asphalt used and traffic conditions,

Asphaltic Cement: (a) Shall have a penetration of

 

sixty three (63) at seventy seven (77) degrees Fahrenheit
any asphalt which varies more than three (35) points either
way from sixty three (63) will be rejected. (bob) It shall
not flush below three hundred and fifty (350) degrees

when tested in a New York closed oil tester.

Asphaltic cement at a penetration of sixty three (65)
I2
shall have a of not less than thirty (350)

 

centimeters at seventy seven (77) degrees Fahrenheit.
Test shall be made with a briquette of a cross-section of
one of cembimeter. This material being elongated at the
rate of five (5) centimeters per minute, Finished part
to conform to established grade and have a thickness of not
less than three (3) inches.

Guarantees for this class of pavement shall be five
(5) years. Plant and equipment must be sufficient to
normally turn out and lay one hundred (100) sq.yas. of wear-

ing surface per hour.

Length of street = - - - - cols feete
Width § Nee ee s6 ",
" ou roadway - - - = 40 "

i" Sidewalk and lawn <= = 23 tt
Foundation concrete 11,500 Sq.Yds. @ .65
Asphalt Sheet Pavement 11,300 " " 1,24 7
ve
VITRIFIED BRICK PAVEMANT.

This type of pavement has been used most extensive-
ly throughout the city. The total number of mile is
about fofty-five (45). Being laid where the traffic is
heavier it has met with the severest tests that a pave-
ment has to undergo, but in spite of this condition, the
prick pavements are in fine condition today.

In the accompanying photographs are several typical
illustrations of the effect and resulting condition of the
brick pavements in street car tracks, This is undoubtedly
the effect of the street car traffic, but in general the
company helps keep their part in repair. Due to many hand-
icaps, such as shortage of material, etc., the company has
not been able to make the ordinary repairs it shoudd. Al-
though the car tracks help to break up a pavement, it was
noticed that everywhere there were car tracks there was a
good pavement. The street car company has to bear a con-
siderable portion of the paving expense, and this makes a
cheaper pavement for the taxpayer.

One of the new features in the laying of brick pave-
ment is the placing of preformed joints every fifty (50)
feet at right angles to the curbing, as well as along the
CUYD e Also a joint is placed around all manholes and
catch-basins. This precaution is claimed to be unnecess-
ary by many good engineers, but from experience the city
engineer here claims that considerable heaving of the

bricks is prevented in this way, as well as preventing the

S4E
 

  

icturé No. 16.

On Granville Ave. On Fulton 8t at
Showing expansion joint Dwight Ave.

Showing poor repai

 

 

 

eee Saeaen w SS ae

On Logan St.
at Morris Ave.
Fine strip of brick.
 

   

Picture No. 19
On Jefferson and
Island St.

   

 

 

q . No. y

On Division , at Cherry St. On Cherry St. at Eastern
smashing up of the catch-basins and the manholes.

In comparing cement grout with tar filler it should
be noted that the cement grout is more durable, but in a
very busy section where a street cannot be kept closed
without great loss to the merchants, the tar filler can
be poured in one day, and the street opened to traffic
the next. This is not desira@le with the cement grout
filler.

In the following paragraphs are given the specif-
ications as used in Grand Rapids:

7 le All brick shall be laid on a six (6) inch
concrete base with sand cushion.

Le Over the foundation shall be spread to a uniform
depth of not less than one (1) inch, nor greater than one and
one-half (1#) inches (after rolling), a cushion of clean,
sharp sand, free from foreign matter, except that it may con-
tain not to exceed 10% of loan. The sand must be fairly
well graded from one-quarter (+) inch to that which will be
retained on a Noe 50 standard mesh sieve. $$The cushion shall
be carefully shaped to a true cross-section of the raodway by
means of a template having a steel faced edge, covering at
least one-half (#4) the width of the brick work, and so fitted
with rollers as to be easily drawn on the curb and guide
timbers of rail.

Se The template for shaping the sand cushion shall
be constructed in accordance with the general detail drawing

for a prick pavement template on file in the office of the
SKS
City Engineer.

4. Guide timbers shall be one and one-half (14)
inches by four (4) inches by sixteen (16) feet, dressed on
the two sides, laid to a true surface in the center of the
street, and next to the curb, if curbcannot be used.

5e Before shaping the cushion a one-half (#) inch
strip shall be laid on the curb, and guide timbers or rail,
and the template drawn over the same, after which the one-
half (#) inch strip shall be removed, the cushion slightly
moistened and rolled over its entire surface with a hand
roller. The roller shall be not less than thirty-six (36)
inches in diameter, twenty four (24) inches in width, and
woighing not less than ten (10) pounds per inch in width, and
having a handle twelve (12) feet in length. After robling,
the template shall be drawn over the curb and guide timbers
or rail, to compete the cushion. The ctshion shall be pre-
pared at least fifty (50) feet in advance of the brick paying.

6 - The brick shall be laid in straight lines on
edge, at right angles to the curb. At intersections they
shall be laid as directed. Brick shall be laid with the
lug side in the same direction. Brick must be placed close
together, breaking joints at least three (3) inches. At
every fourth course the brick shall be driven together to
secure tight joints and straight courses, and all thick
brick shall be removed. Brick shall be used with best
edge up. Broken, chipped or warped brick, not suitable

as a whole, may be used for batting.

IL
When any section shall contain more than ten (10)
per cent. of culls, the brick shall be taken up and the
cushion adjusted. Brick shall be laid from curb to
curb, or car track to curb.

No bats or broken brick shall be used except at curbs
or at the street car tracks. After the brick are laid and
immediately before batting the end joints are to be made
close by use of a bar applied at the end next the curb.
Batting for closures shall immediately follow the laying.

Joints shall be cut square with the top and sides of
brick, and all joints must be kept clean and oven to the
pottom until filled as specified.

Te Along the street car tracks, the brick must
not be laid within one-quarter (+) of an inch of the rail,
and when rolled shall be one-quarter (+) inch below the
top of the rail.

The space between the web of rail and the brick shall
be filled with cement mortar consisting of two (2) parts
sand, and one (1) part Portland cement. The mortar s hall
be in proper condition and the edge constructed to a straight
line before the brick ars laid.

8. Where "girder" raiis are used case iron blocks
shall be set, as shown on the detail drawnings, across inter-
secting streets andfor a distance of twenty (20) feet each
side thereof. The blocks will be furnished by the Grand
Rapids Railway Company. Where the "T" rail is used a
groove for the flange of the wheels shall be made by use
of a specially moulded and pressed paving brick of the form

oa-s+
shown on the detail plan on file in the office of the
City sngineer. Alternate bricks shall be half the
length of the whole block made and pressed to this
dimension.

Ge When granite blocks are used to form a
groove for the flange of wheels along "T" rails, the
granite shall be of a durable, sound, uniform quality of
granite, and shall be of uniform color. Blocks shall be
cut to lay with two courses of brick paving blocks, and
alternate blocks shall have a length at right angles to
the rails of from eight (8) inches for the shorter to
twelve (12) inches for the longer. Blocks shall have a
depth of from 3% to 4% inches and shall have parallel
sides and ends with the vertical faces at right angles
to the top fave. When set in place they shall have
joints as close together as possible, not exceeding 3/8
of an inch in the top 3% inches. Tops of blocks shall
show no projections or depressions greater than 4 of an
inch. The groove for wheei flange shall be dressed
to the forms shown on detail pian with no irregularity
exceeding 1/8 of an inch. The stone block shall be
laid, rolled and grouted in the same manner as the brick,
biocks breaking joints with each other and the brick at
least three (3) inches.

LO. Expansion joints shall be placed parallel
with and at each of the curb lines, and shall be at right

angles to the curb lines at intervals of 50 feet, and a

77
pre-formed expansion strip made of a material unaffected
by the action of water or street liquids, provided it
meets all the requirements. The strips parallel to the
curb lines shall not be less than three quarters (£) of an
inch in width for a thirty (30) foot roadway or under, in-
creasing proportionately in width to one and one (1%) inches
in width for a fifty (50) foot roadway or over. The trans-~
verse joints shall be three-eights (3/8) inch in width.
Three-quarters (#) inch expansion strips shall be placed
around all catch basin and man-hole castings.

lle After the brick in the pavement have been passed
for rolling and the surface swept clean, the pavement shall
be rolled with a roller weighing not less than three (3)
nor more than five (5) tons in the following manner, The
brick next to the curb shall be tamped with a hardwood tamper,
to the proper grade. The rolling will then commence near
the eurb at a very slow pace, end continue back and forth
toward the center until the center of the street is reached,
then passing to the opposite curb, and repeat in the same
manner to the center of the street. After this first pass-
ing of the roller, the pace may be quickened, and the rolling
continued until the brick pavement has a smooth surface.
The pavement shall be rolled transversely at an angle of
forty five (45) degrees from curb to curb, repeating the
rolling in opposite forty-five (45) degrees direction. Be-
fore and after this transverse rolling has taken place,
all broken or injured brick must be taken up and replaced

with perfect ones. The substitute brick must be brought

4
-

ees

et
to the true surface by tamping.

After final rolling the pavement shall be tastea
with a ten (10) foot straight edge, laid paraiiel with the
curb, and any depression exceeding one quarter (+) of an
inch must be taken out. If necessary the pavement shall
be again rolled,

lee The filler shall be composed of one part each
of fine, clean, sharp sand and Portland Cement. All cement
usea for this work mst stand the test as approved and adopt-e
ed by the American Society for Testing Materiais, August 17,
1916, with subsequent amendments. The sand shall be clean
and sharp, fairly well graded from that passing a Noe 20
standard sieve to that retained on a No» 100 standard sieve.
Sand shall be measured in a box having the same cubical con-
tents as one sack of cenente

LS Before any grouting is done, a sufficient
amount of cement and an equal amount of sand, to complete
the work prepared for grouting at that time but not to
exceed one-half (#) days run, shall be thoroughly mixed
dry until the mass assumes a uniform color. From this
mixture an amount, not exceeding two (2) cubic feet, shall
be taken and placed in the grouting box and enough clean
water added to obtain a grout that will penetrate to the
bottom of the brick.

The water shall be added to this dry mixture in a box
preferably aout four (4) feet, eight (8) inches long, thirty
(30) inches wide and fourteen (14) inches deep, resting on
legs different lengths, so that the mixture will rapidly

lLn
.
‘
saw?
flow to the lower corner of the box, the bottom of which
shall be about three (3) inches above the pavement. One
box shall be used for each fourteen (14) feet in width
of roadway, and at least two (2) boxes must be used in
all cases. From the time the water is applied until all
is removed and floated into the joints of the pavements
the mixture must be kept in a constant motion. Before
the grout is applied the brick shall be thoroughly wet

by being gently sprayed.

The grout mist be removed from the box with scopp
shovels and applied to the brick in front of the sweepers,
who shall rapidly sweep it lengthwise of the brick into
the unfilled joints until the joints are filled towithin
not more than one (1) inch of the top of the brick. After
the grout has had a chance to settle into the joint, and
before the initial set develops, the balance of the joints
shall be filled with a thicker grout, and if necessary re-
filled, until the joints remain full to the top. In no
case is the mixture in the box to be dumped onto the pave-
ment.

After this last application has had time to settle
and before the initial set takes place, the pavement shall
be finished to a smooth surface, with a squegee or wooden
scraper, having a rubber edge which shall be worked over
the brick at an angle with the brick.

When completed and the cement has received its initial

set, the pavement shall be covered with a one-half (%) inch
“@

«2?
layer of sand, which shall be frequently springled in
warm weather, No travel shall be permitted on the
pavement for a period of seven (7) days after grouting
or longer as the Director of Public Service may require
on account of weather conditions.

Ample Barricades and watchmen shall be provided
by the contractor for the proper protection of the grout-

y
ing.

VITRIFI“D BRICK
FOR PAVING STREETS, ALLEYS AND CROSSWsaLKS.

L. ~ Whenever the word "brick" is used in these
specifications it shall mean strickly No. 1 pavers of the
size commercially known as “vitrified block", the widths
of which must /yary more than one-eighth (1/8) of an inch.
They must be thoroughly annealed, tough, and durable,
regular in size, shape and evenly burned,

When broken, the brick shall show a dense stone-like
body free from lime, air pockets, cracks or marked lamin-
ations . They must not be fire-flashed, smoked or treat-e
ed in any manner tending to give artificially a uniform
color outsides. Kiln marks must not exceed three-six-
teenths (3-16) of an inch , one edge at least to show but
Slight kiln marks. All brick so distorted in burning

as to lay unevenly in the pavement shall be rejected.

The standard size of brick shall be three and one-
ge
half (34) inches in width; four (4) inches in depth;

and eight and one-half (8%) inches in length. They
shall not vary from these dimensions to exceed one-eight
(1/8) of an inch: in width end depth, and not more than
one-half (4) inch in length. If the edges of the brick
are rounded, the radius should not exceed three-sixteen-
ths (3-16) of an inch. Only brick with raised lugs on
one side, not to exceed one-fourth (+) of an inch in
heighth shall be used.

ee All brick shall be subject to thorough ine
spection before and after laying and rolling, and all
rejected material shall be immediately removed from the
street.

Factory inspection of brick, including the rattler
test, shall be made, if in the judgmmnt of the Director
of Public Service, it be expedient. This test shall,
however, in no wise prevent further tests of the brick
after they have been received upont he improvement if,
in the judgment of the Director, such is warranted.

Se The brick shall be hauled, carefully un-
loaded by hand and neatly piled onthe walks or outside
of the curb before the grading is finished, and in lay-
ing shall be carried from there to the pavement.

4e The brick shall not lose more than 10
per cent. of their weight after being submitted to the
following tests; provided, however, that brick from any

one factory and used in any one improvement shall not

vary more than eight (8) points. Samples of brick of
8

at
uniform shape and appearance shall be taken from each
car tested (estimated at 10,000 bricks). Brick having
a defect that would cull them, shall not be used. Three
grades of samples shall be tested, one of the softest
one of the medium, and one of the hardest burned. If
all the tests overrun the above percentage of loss, the
car shall be rejected. If one or two of the tests
overrun, another test of said grade or grades shall be
made, Should only one of these tests overrun the
specified percentage of loss, the Contractor may cull
said grade, provided they do not exceed ten (10) per
cent. of the amount of brick in the car, and deliver the
balance on the improvement. Otherwise the whole car
will be rejected.

In order to prevent the continued shipment of ine
ferior brick only two cars of two separate shipments of
any make of brick will be tested. Should they fail to
meet the reqiirements stated above, said make of brick will
be rejected for this improvement.

De Ten paving brick shall constitute the number
to be used in a single test. The brick shall be thoroughly
dried for at least three (3) hours, in a tomperature of
one hundred (100) degrees F. before testing.

Be The Contractor shall notity the Director of
Public Service ot the location and car number of each Care
load of brick received so that samples, if deemed necessary,
may be taken and testea, by the City, md no brick shai.

be delivered on or adjacent to any improvement on which

Lou
oe
the brick are to be used until in receipt of a written
statement from the Director or his authorized represen-
tative that they have been superficlaily inspected or
have passed the required tests. Decision resutive to
each car load will be made withint wenty-four (24) hours
of notice. Permission to deliver brick on the line of
work shall not be considered a finai acceptance in any
respecte

7. The rattler empioyea in testing the brick
and the abrasive charge of spherica1s shot usea in connect-
ion therewith shall conform in als respects to the spec-
ifications for the same as approved and adopted by the
Organization or City Officiass for Standeraizing Paving
Specirications, January, 1914, and ain tests shall be
conducted and records kept in accordance therewith. Copies
of the above specifications are on file in the office of
the city Engineer.

8 The rattler shail be rotated at a rate of
not less than 29% nor more than 30% revolutions per
minute, and 1800 revolutions shall constitute the stand-
ard teste

A counting machine shall be attached to the rattler
for counting the revolutions.

A Margin of not to exceed ten (10) revolutions will
be allowed for stopping, In case a charge is allowea
to run several minutes beyond its proper termination, and
the loss incurred is stiil within the prescribed limits,

then the test shals hot be discarded, but the fact shais
fe
be entered on the record.

Only one (1) start and stop per test is regular and
acceptable, If from any accidental causes, a test is
stopped and started tic? extra, and the loss exceeds the
maximum permissible, the test shail be disqualified and
another made,

9. The loss shall be calculated in percentage of
the original weight of the driea brick composing the charge,
In weighing the rattler brick, any piece weighing less than

one (1) pouna shall be rejected.

BRICK FOR GUTTERS ON GRAVEL STREETS.

LO. The brick usea for paving gutters shall be
of the character specified above for street paving brick,
and shall be of uniform size, free from cracks and other
defects, and shall lose not more than 10 per cent. of

their weight when subjected to the standard Rattler testewv
 

   
  
      
 
   
  
  

DETAILS OF PAVING ALONG CAR TRACKS,
DRAIN UNDER CURBS, FLAT GRATE
CONNECTION TO SEWER,
SIDEWALKS AT TURNS

 
 

rowan TTA ES a

SECTION SHOWING BRICK PAVING /NCAR TRACKS

he Pye ae

aa CHM TE |

    

 

 

 

Fortlona were, 4) Ta
MernHop of PLACING Ran Biack iba:
lal P24) 2a) Bo | pe VP ee 1 i ee te ed Cy fe al, et ee eee 2)
ALONG AROER RA/L SPACING OF STAY. TIES

Be ite
Pe dal

 

VWEW SHOWING CONNECTION OF FLAT GRATE TOSGEVWELE

 

SECTION SHOW! val TILE DRAIN
UNDER CVAB

mt.
AE eae eee Er. hibistint

  

 

 

— “5 s : ie v7
SS KE DETA/LS OF BR/CX BLOCK

ALONG BAIL WITH BITALUNOUS FAVELTENT

 
OL .of exutoLld
eOvA moinU a0

dayo fugetial galwodd
eto yaltosro
DETAILS OF PAVING ALONG CAR TRACKS
AND DRAIN UNDER CURBS

po
fret iit
7

1G

SECTION

GRANITE BLOCK ALONG CAR TRACKS

 

SECTION OF NEW
ee delet. 1
AREA WALA
SEOTION SHOWING TILE DRAIN
NOE? COVPIBIINEP COUVRSB

 
CL eof extol

ef VA mola a0
dtiyo fe jettakl gatrcile

otto withiouro
CONCRSTE FOUNDATION FOR PAVENENTS,

As experience has made the engineer wiser he has
come to know that a good pavement means a good founda-
tion, and a good foundation means one that will not
break up and go to pieces in one year, or two years ,or
a dozen years, if it has been properly put in, but one
that will last year after year and require little or no
repair.

The concrete foundation, which was first used in
Grand Rapids in 1892, has come to be the foundation that
so far has come nearest to the ideals of the engineer.

As was stated under the topic of cement concrete
pavements, one of the most importent things to think
about is the sub-drain. This applies to the foundation
of all pavements, as the foundation is the support of
backbone of the whole pavement. One part is dependent
upon the other, so to have the sub-drains function pro-
perly the grades must be so arranged to take care of this.
In this city of many hills plenty of grade can be obtained
for the great part, which cuts down a great deal of this
aifficulty.

In the preservation of a good foundation all water
mains and sewers should, as far as possible, be installed
vefore the pavement is laid, which will avoid tearing up
at some future date, These precautions can be observed

in a greater number of cases, rendering a longer life and

a better pavement.
OL .of saytold
eOvA molnU a0

disyo L[ajertat gafwoda
etto oalitosiz0
 

 

Picture No. 10

On Union Ave.
Showing intregal curb

oracking off.
21

The specifications following, have been used
since 1916, and the investigation which we have carried

out permits us to criticise them most favorably.

CONCR:TE FOUNDATION FOR PAVasenTS.

if

L 1. The cement shall meet the requirements
of the specifications for cement as adopted by the
Association for Standardizing Paving Specifications
January, 1911 a copy of which is on file in the office
of the City “ngineer.

Ze The fine aggrepate shall consist of any
material of siliceous or igneous origin, free from mica
in excess of five per cent, and other impurities, uniformly
graded, the particles ranging in size from one-fourth (24)
inch to that which will pass a No. 100 Standard steve.

Se The coarse aggregate shall be sound gravel,
or broken stone, having a specific gravity of not less than
2e5e It shall be free from all foreign matter, uniformly
graded, and shall range in size from one-fourth (2) inch
up, the largest particles not to exceed in any dimension
one-half (4%) the Pickness of the concrete in place,

4. In preparing the concrete, the cement and
acgregate shall be measured separately and then mixed
in such proportions that the resulting concrete shall con-
tain fine aggregate amounting to oneehalf of the volume
of the coarse apgregate; and that seven cubic feet of con-

crete in place will contain ninety-four pounds of cement.
\
L4si a

De The ingredients of the concrete shall be
thoroughly mixed, sufficient water being added to obtain
the desired consistency, and the mixing continued until
the materials are uniformly distributed, and each particle
of the fine aggregate is thoroughly coated with cement,
and each particle of the coarse aggregate is thoroughly
coated with mortar.

If mixed by hand the materials shall be spread upon
a plank platform, and the runners under the mixing plate
form shall be of sufficient width to prevent their cutting
into the subgrade, as the platform is drawn ahead in advmce
of the p&acing of the foundation, An amount of omncrete
requiring more than the volume of one barrel of cement shall
not be mixed by hand at any one timo.

be Where a mechanical concrete mixer is used,
the materials must be proportioned dry, and then depos ited
in tthe mixer all at the same time, The mixer must produce
a concrete of uniform consistency and color, with the stone
thoroughly mixed with the water, sand and cemente cContine
uous mixers will not be allowed.

Te The materials shall be mixed wet enough to
produce a concrete of a consistency that will flush readily
under light tamping, but which can be handled without caus-
ing a separation of the coarse aggregate from the mortar.

Re-tempering, that is, remixing with additional water,

mortar or concrete that has partially hardened, will not

be permitted,
47

Be The concrete shall be deposited in a layer
on the subgrade in such quantities that, after being thor-
oughly rammed in place, it will be of the required thick-
ness, and the upper surface shall be true, uniform and
parallel with the surface of the finished pavement,

In conveying the concrete from the place of mixing
to the place of deposit the operation must be conducted
in such a manner that no mortar will be lost and the con-
crete must be so handled that the foundation will be of
uniform composition throughout, showing no excess nor lack
of mortar in any place.

Ve This foundation shall be inches in
thickness, with its upper surface finished parallel to
and _—s inches below the grade of the finished pavemente

10.6 When complete the foundation shall be kept
moist for not less than two (2) days and it shall be pro-
tected from traffic until the concrete has thoroughly set.

Lie No concrete shall be mixed while the air
temperature is below Se degrees F., and if this temper-
ature is reached at any time before the foundation shall
have been thoroughiy set, it shall be immediately provided
with such covering as will protect it from all damage.

In no event shall a concrete foundation be laid on

a frozen sub-grade. py

CONCRETE WHERE REPAVING.

uM 12. In repaving streets which have an old cone
crete foundation, Item (55) in the proposal items
shall be construed as including ail concrete for re-
placing that disturbed in building or rebuiiding basins,
manholes, intakes and basin connections, or for replace
ing those portions of the original foundation which for
any reason the Engineer shall consider necessary to
entirely remove. The cost of concrete replaced in water
service and house lateral trenches shall be included in the
item price bid for such water services and house laterals
respectively. Under Item (53) shall be included the
replacing of all concrete disturbed in replaying the tracks
and ties of the Grand Rapids Railway Company. All con-
crete replaced shall be six (6) inches in thickness. Where
the old foundation is too high md must be entirely removed
and replaced with new the cost of removing the old concrete
shall be included in the price bid under Item (53). Under
this item the Contractor shall, if required, replace the
concrete over sewer or water trenches within the lines of
the improvement.

lise Under item (56) for concrete foundation shal
be included all batch concrete used for shaping up or rais-
ing the existing foundation where the same is not entirely
replaced as specified above under surface measurements.
One batch of concrete shall be the amount resulting from
the use of one (1) barrel of Portland cement together with
the proportions of sand and screened gravel specified.
Bank gravel shall not be used. ‘he Contractor shall check

with the Inspector daily as to the amount used each day,
and the Inspector shall enter the same on his weekly report.
The particles of the gravel shall not exceed in any

dimension one-half the thickness of the layer of con-

crete to be placed. Where the concrete is to be less

than one (1) inch in thickness a mortar consisting of

one (1) part Portland cement and four (4) parts of clean

sharp sand shall be used.

14. The surface and edges of the old concrete

where new concrete is to be added, shall be thoroughly

cleaned by flushing with
with a wire push broom, t
old and new concrete.

156 The top of

water, accompanied by sweeping

o secure a good bond between the

the old concrete surface shall be

picked off where necessary to secure the proper grade at

the price per square yard under item (57).v/

C

11
Le The Contrac

bond, running for a perio

ONCRETE GUARANTY.

tor shall give good and sufficient

ad of five years after the complete

ion of the work and its acceptance by the Board of Public

Works.

To keep and maintain allt Portland cement concrete work -

walks, curbs, gutters, et
tract, in repair, and to
the end of the Buarantee
of traffic not excepted,
expense for repairs made

work or material,

Ce, - - constructed under this con-
turn the same over to the city at
period in good condition, the result
so that the city shall not be at any

necessary by either wear, defective
Ze The Contractor agrees that he will, within
ten days after having been notified in writing, make such
repairs as the City Engineer may direct, such rewmirs to
be made in the presence of an Inspector, appointed by the
Engineer and paid by the Contractor; and the Contractor
further agrees to notify the Engineer when ready to make such
repairs and in case the repairs are not made in the time
specified, the City may make such repairs at the expense of
the Contractor.

Se The Portland censnt concrete work shall be
considered out of repair whenever the work shows hair crackz
or defects due to poor workmanship or the use of faulty
materials; the breaking down of edges of stone, the develope-~
ment of double joints due to joints not being marked where

templates were withdrawn, or where stones have broken and

‘settled from the line of grade,

4e No stones shall be patched in making repairs,
but shall be entirely removed and replaced with new. Only
new material of the quality called for in the original
specifications shall be used, The workmanship shall be
of the quality specified under this contract,

The bond shall apply to all work repaired during its
Life, Before the expiration of the guarantee period the
work will be inspected by the Board of Public Works and
any imperfections as measured by the above standard, shal

be corrected before release from the bond will be granted.
Aa

Advantages of Concrete Foundations:

le It gives a smooth uniform surface upon
which to lay the pavement.

Le It prevents the surface waters from per-
colating to the subgrade.

Se By its thickness and resistance to flexure,
it distributes the concentrated load over a considerable
area of subgrade.

4. Concrete acts as a bridge to support the
pavement in case of a settlement of the subgrade.

De Being impervious to water and a non-conductor
of heat, concrete protects pipes from freezing.

There has always been considerable discussion among
road bullders about coarse and fine aggregate, In Bakers
"Roads and Pavements" he says that concrete made of gravel
is only 70 to 90 per cente as strong as broken stone con-
crete, which is proven by experimente But as is show
by the specification, a certain per cent. of the proper
kind of fine aggregate can be used to satisfaction,

Building foundations in the late fall when freezing
takes place is a risky thing to do, and often means com-
plete rebuilding. A fair example of this type of failure
took place under the car tracks of the Grand Rapids Street
Railway Coe, on lower Monroe Ave., at the city Filtration
Plant. Here late in the fall of 1919 a concrete foundation
was put on a permeable sub-soll, and in the spring of 1920
it all had to be taken up and a new one laid.

1. The curd work inci@uded in this contract con-
sists in redressing and resetting the old sandstone
curb, constructing five (5) inch by twenty (20 inch
concrete curb at corners and intersections or where
shown on the plan ; the construction of concrete come
bination curb and gutter; the furnishing and setting
of five (5) inch bytwenty (20) inch Medina sandstone
circular turns at streets and alleys; the furnishing and
setting of Berea five (5) inches by twenty (20) inches
sandstone curb, for approaches or intersecting streets;
the furnishing and setting of four (4) inch by twelve
(12) inch Medina sandstone headers; the furnishing and
setting of private driveway turns.

Ce Payment will be made in accordance with
the item as listed under proposal items. Basin stones
shall be included in the measurement of the Curb. Where
alleys are paved with concrete the Contractor will be
paid for the curbing on the basis of the straight and
circular curb and for the concrete paving at the item
price per square yard including the foundation.

Private driveway turns will be paid for per corner
of + circular and the straight part as straight curbe
Drievway turns with combined curb, gutter and aprén will
be paid for per iineal foot from and to end of turn.

Se The cement shall meet the requirements of
the standard specifications for Portland cement as adopted
in 1916 by the American Society for testing materials,

4 The fine aggregate shall consist of any mat-

erial of siliceous, granitic or igneous origin, free from
mica in excess of five per cent., and other impurities,

and shall be of graded sizes, ranging from 1/8 inch dow
to that which will be retained on a No. 80 Standard sieve
for the top or wearing surface; and from + inch down to
that which will pass a Noe 100 Standard sieve for the base.

De The coarse aggregate shall be sound gravel
or broken stone having specific gravity of not less than
Lee It shall be free from all foreign matter, uniformly
graded and of sizes that will pass a one (1) inch screen
and be retained on a one-quarter (4) inch screen.

Se The water used in mixing the concrete shall
be clean, free from o11, acid, strong alkalies or vegetable
matter .e

Te In preparing the concrete base, the cement
and agpregate shall be measured separately, and then mixed
in such propogstions that the resulting concrete shall con-
tain fine aggregate amounting to one-half (4) of the volume
of the coarse aggregate; and that 5¢ cubic feet of concrete
in place will contain ninety-four (94) pounds of cement.

Be The curb of combined curb and gutter shall con-
form to the plans for same attached, The curbing shall be
five inches thick by twenty inches deep. Curb and gutter
shall show a curb 5 inches thick, with face as shown on
plans. The gutter shall be 18 inches wide and 5 inches
and due allowance shall be made in placing to allow for the
facing or wearing surface ,which shall be 1 inch thick, as

hereinafter stated. The top of the curb shall have a # inch
bevel toward the roadway. The face of the curb shall have
an inclination outward from the roadway at the rate of
one (1) inch for each foot in depth of curb. The back
of the curb shall be vertical.

9 The ingredients of the concrete shall be
thoroughly mixed, sufficient water being added to obtain
the desired consistency, and the mixing continued until
the materials are uniformly distributed and each particle of
the fine aggregate is thoroughly coated with cement and each
particle of the coarse aggregate is thoroughly coated with
mortar, Materials for concrete shall be mixed upon a suite
able smooth, level platform.

10. The materials shall be mixed to produce a con-
crete of such consistency that the water will flush to the
surface under heavy tamping.e. Re-tampering, that is, remix-
ing with additional water, mobptar, or concrete that has
partially hardned, will not be permitted.

ll. The forms shall be smooth, free from warp, of
sufficient strength to resist springing out of shape, and
of a depth to conform to the depth of the proposed work.
Mortar and dirt shall be removed from the forms that have
been previously used. The forms shall be well staked and
thoroughly braced and set to the established lines, their
upped edge conforming to the grade of the finished mig curb.
The work shall be blocked out in sections which shall not
measure more than six (6) feet in length. The cross forms
shall be of 2 inch metal, of a depth to correspond to the
depth of the proposed work, and shall extend full width of

the work. They shall be left in place until the wearing

3/7
SF

surface is floated. Wood forms shall be moistened
before concrete is placed.

l2e The concrete shall be deposited in the
forms and tamped into place, so that the supper surface
shall be true, unffpvm and parallel with the surface of
the finished work. In conveying the concrete from the
place of mixing to the place of deposit, the operation
must be conducted in such manner that no mortar will be
lost and the concrete must be so handled that the found-
ation will be of uniform composition throughout, showing
no excess nor lack of mortar in any place.

156 The facing or wearing surface shall be com-
posed of one part of Portland cement and two parts of fine
aggregate, mixed with sufficient water to produce mortar
of a consistency which will not require tamping, and which
can be easily spread into position with a straight edge.

The mortar for the facing shall be mixed in a mortar
box and spread in place immediately after mixing. The
facing or wearing surface of the curb shall be placed on
the inside of the forms as the body of the curb is being
built upe In no case shall the facing be placed after the
base has set. After the facing has been worked to an
approximately true plan, the section marking shall be direct-
ly over the joint in the base, Such marking shall be made
with a tool which will cut entirely through and completely
separate the surface of adjacent sections.

14. The facing or wearing surface shall be of the

théckness shown on the detail plans.
15. The surface shall be troweled smooth. The
application of neat cement to the surface in order to
hasten hardening is prohbbited.

166 When completed, the work shall be kept
moist for four days, and protected from traffic and the
elements for at least ten days.

17. No concrete shall be mixed when the air tem-
perature is below 52 degrees F., and if this temperature
is reached at any time before the wearing surface is laid,
the foundation or other concrete shall be inmedtiately pro-
vided with such covering as will protect it from damage.

In no event shall a concrete curb and gutter be laid on a
frozen foundatione

18. The curb shall be built on a bed of course
bank gravel six (6) inches deep unless the sub-grade is
solid, well drained sand. The filling back of the curbs
where the sub-soil is not coarse sand shall be coarse
bank gravel well tamped to within four (4) inches from the
top of the curb. Gravel where required shall be included
in the item price for curb.

19 « Combination curb and gutter of the dimensions
shown and specified shall be constructed on a four (4) inch
bed of screened gravel unless otherwise noted. The gravel
shall be rolled with a City steam roller. Provision shall
be made for carrying depth of gutter as’ such points as may
be directed and without additional compensation.

206 A one-quarter (4) inch by two (2) inch strip
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of bend iron shall tbe inserted in the top portionof tie
face of the concrete curb at turns. This band shall

be fastened by 3/8 inch by 4 inch bolts with countersunk
heads placed every two feet . The ends of ths band shall
be turned into the curbs eat tne ends of the turns for a
depth of at leest four (4) inches,

el, New sandstone curbing sreil be of the best
Quality obtainable ot the kind specified. Berea stones
Shaii not be less than thirty six (36) inches in length
and Medina not less than thirty (350) inches in length, and
of the sectional dimensions noted above for each.

22 e Curb stones shall be tool dressed, true and
smooth, and out of wind, at least ten (10) inches down on
face and ends, the top to be dressed to a straight line,
and to such a bevel as to give a slope of one-fourth (+)
of an inch toward the rouaway when set and to a uniform
thickness of five inches. The upper cormer next to the
roadway shall be rounded with proper tools to a curve of ors
inch rudius. No depressions or projections greater than
one-eighth of an inch will be allowed onthe top, nor great-
er than one-fourth (4) of an inch on the face, for seven (7)
inches down from the top. Where silaewalk approaches at
street intersections or in front of private property wiil
extend to the curb, the curb shail be dressea to a uniform
thickness down four inches from the tope

206 The buse of ali stones shall be rectangular
end have an area of not less than four-fifths (4-5) of the

top area of the stone, when dressea. At least fifty per
e

rt

ec
cent. of the stones must have a base as long as the top.
Short stones must not be set together, and stones with
short bases must adjoin those with full length of base,
the ends of new curb and curb reset shall be so dressed as
to give, when set, joints not to exceed one-eighth (1/8)
inch wide on top and face, and one-fourth (+) inch on the
back, for at least ten inches down from t he Lope

246 All new curb shall, when set, have an in-
clination with the top outward from the roadway at the
rate of one (1) inch for each foot in depth of curb. The
old curb shall be reset with a vertical face,

256 Circular curb set at intersecting streets
and alleys shall be of &éhe radius noted on the plan, the
ends, face and top to be dressed as described above, the
back of the stones to be finished so as to show a uniform
thickness throughout the curve, and to have a smooth and
vertical back for four (4) inches down from the top.

266 Medina retaining curb of the sectional
dimensions shown on the detail sheet shall be set at the
ends of the pavement, at cross streets, alleys and where
noted on the plan, Stone shall not be less than thirty
(30) inches long, tool dressea true and smooth to a uniform
thickness of four (4) incnes. The ends and faces, adjacent
to pavements, shall be dressed six (6) inches down from the
top so tha there shall be no despressions or projections
greater than one-fourth (+) of an inch. A face when not
adjacent to a pavement may be dressed down only one (1)

inch, but shail have no depression greater than specified
ge

yr
above. The stone when set, shall show a joint not exceed-
ing three-sixteenths (3-16) of an inch in width. Whenever
it is provided on the plan for setting headers or retaining
curd, the same shall fill the above requirements.

27 e Retaining curb or headers shail be set verticaily
with the top of the curb at the surface of the pavements, on
a bed of concrete as shown on detail sheet, The trench
for the neader shall be excavated of sufficient width to
properly construct the concrete bea sixteen (16) inches
wide, md to a depth to permit six (6) inches of compact
concrete being placed beiow the header, and bring the same
to grade. The concrete shall extend six (6) inches in
front and back of the header and be carried up to the pave-e
ment or bottom of concrete ftoundation when used. When no
psvement is laid back of the header, the concrete shail be
carried up six (6) inches thick to four (4) inches below the
top of the header, The header shall be adjusted to line
and grade when the concrete is fresh by the use of wooden
mauls or iron sledges used on a timber laid lengthwise of
the curb. The concrete used shall conform to the require-
ments specified for paving foundations.

28 « Where shown on the plan on unimproved streets
the heaager shall be backed up by three (3) feet of cobble
paving. The paving shall be set as close together as
possible in a welt ballusted bed of fine gravel possessing
some binding qualities. $tone shall be set with their
longest axis vertical. The puving shall be ranmed with

an 80 pound tamper and coverea with gravel as specified on
the plan.

2D e All old curb shall be reset in accordance with
the above specifications exaspt where walks are built on top
of curb. Where full width walks are built adjacent to the
curb the general line of the curb shall not be disturbed but
shals be released as specified above, Any stone less than
24 inches long shall not be reset or left in the work. When
the upper front edge or ends of stone are chipped out they
shall be reset and dressea or repiuced with new stone. New
stone required to make good any shortage under the above re-
quirements will be paid for at the item price for new curb stone
in place, Openings where basins or other castings are removed
shall be closed. Where the condition of the curb is such
as not to req.ire resetting, the old curb shall be redressed
as specified above, except that no depressions or project-
ions greater than 1/4 of an inch wiil be allowed on top nor
greater than 1/4 of an inch on the face for a depth of 7 incites
from the top. When reqired at intersecting streets new
5 inch by 20 inch curb corresponding in quality with that
on the street and dressed and set as specified above in
paragraphs (22) to (24) shail be set from the circuier turns
to the street lines or catch basins when these are beyonde
30 « Where specified onthe plan or where deemed

necessary by the Engineer three (3) inch vitrifid sewer
tile shall be luid under the curb in coarse screenea gravel

of the quality used on the surface of gravel streets. The
tile shall be connected to sewer laterals or catch basins

as directed and paid for at the item price bid.
Sle Private driveway turns of two foot radius
shall be constructed where desired by property owners,
and shall correspond in quality and workmanship to the
adjacent curb. On re-improved streets having sand stone
curbing, private driveways turns of concrete shall be re-
placed by two (2) foot radius curb of sand stone, corres-
ponding to that for new drives. Existing sand stone
circular turns shall be redressed and set the same as the
balance of the old curbing.

Where private driveways occur on brick paved streets
@ row of header brick corresponding in quality to those in
the pavement shall be set on end along the outer edge of
the paWemente They shall be set in concrete as shewm in
the detail sheet. In private driveways on gravel or macadan
streets with brick paved gutters, header brick shall be set
on end dong the inner edge of the gutter on a six (6) inch
bed of coarse gravel, and backed up by the same, In drive-
ways with combination curb and gutter shall be carried back
as an apron two (2) feet from the face of the curb and the
edge faced two (2) inches deep with top mortar, as shown on
the detail sheet. On all concrete turns a one-fourth (+)
inch by two (2) inch strip of band iron shall be inserted
and archored.

52 « On streets having combination curb and gutter
alley approaches shall be paved with concrete from the brick
border to the street line, in accordance with the detail
plan and sections, The circular turns and straight curb

to the street lines shall be built independent of the con-
crete paving and as specified for concrete curb. The
pavement shall be laid upon a four (4) inch gravel base
constructed as specified under gravel streets.
On the gravel foundation shall be constructed a
base five (5) inches thick as specified above for curbing.
This base shall be struck with a template to a depth of one
(1) inch below the finished surface, except at the street
line, where allowance shall be made for thickening the top
as shown on the detail. The pavement shall be constructed
in two (2) separate blocks with a center point extending
full depth. The facing mortar shall consist of one (1)
part Portland cement and one and one-half (1%) parts granite
screenings together with such proportions of sand as may be
required to fill the voids in the screenings. The total
of fine aggregate shall not exceed two parts, The facing
mortar shall be placed as specified for curbing, struck off
level with the forms, and corrugated as shown on the de~
tail sheet by means of a marker, made in accordance with
the standard drawning on file in the office of the City
Engineer. This marker shall be placed in the proper pos-
ition and tamped sufficiently to force the brass jointer
into the facing mortar the required depth. It shall then
be removed and any roughness or tool markes removed by a
trowel.
Expansion joints shall be provided along each curb.

The joints shall be formed by inserting a strip of four

(4) siding covered with tarred paper, ®hen the concrete
has become sufficiently hard this strip and paper shall

be removed andthe joints immediately filled the full depth
with hot paving filler of the quality specified for brick -
pavement expansion joints, which shall be heated according
to the directions furnished by the manufacturers and applied
with cans suitable for pouring the joints.

De Crosswalks shall be laid where shown on the
plans, Crosswalk. brick shall conform to the requirements
for crosswalk brick elsewhere specified. The brick shall
be laid on a coarse sand bed and thoroughly rolled and tamped
to secure a smooth surface. All brick disturbed or broken
by rollers shall be relaid or replaced with new at the ex-
pense of the Contractor.

546 Where shown on the plan flagstons cross-walks
shall be relaid in straight lines in accordance with the
detail sheet. Stone shall be thoroughly imbedded and the
surface even with the pavement when completed. Space between
the flagstone shall be paved with crosswalk brick unless other-

wise provided. y

GUTTERS,
“4. All stones for Gutters must be sound, tough
and durable. Limestone shall not be usede Stone set for
the course next the roadway shall be not less than 9 inches
nor more than 12 inches in their longest diameter, nor pre-
sent a face more than 7 inches wide when laid.

Ce In V shaped gutters, the stone set for the

bottom line and in the line next: the sidewalk shall not
be less than 8 inches nor more than 12 inches in their

longest diameter, and three courses must be set in a straight

line, except where otherwise shown on plans. All other stones
{>
used in the gutters shall not be less than 4 inches, nor
more than 7 inches in their greatest length.

Oe All paving stones shall be set with their
longest axis normal to the surface of the finished pave-
ment, as close together as possible, in a well ballasted
bed of fine gravel possessing some binding qualities, The
bottom of the paving ,ravel shall not be less than twelve
(12) inches below the surface of the finished pavement.
When the sub-grade is well dreined sand tne paving gravel
may be omitted.

4 All pavement shall be lightly tamped before
any gravel is pleced thereon, and when made smooth, a light
dressing of fine gravel, as specified above, shall be spread
over it, and the pavement shall then be thoroughly tamped
over its entire surface with an 80 pound tamp. When the
tamping is completed, the pavement must conform exactly to
the cross-section on the plan or the lines given by the
Engineer. The pavement shall then be covered with one-
half (4%) inch more of fine gravel, the same as specified
abOVG.

De Upon the foundation as described under the
gravel pavement, shall be spread a layer of coarse sand
one inch deep, upon which the brick shall be laid, on
edge, with their longest axis at right angles to the
curb, and breaking Joints as shown on the drawings. At
turns of the curbs bricks shall be laid as indicated en
the detall drawings.

Bats may be used only at the curbs or at the edge of
the gutter to fill out the course, and then shall be care-
fully cut to fit the space. The brick shall be driven
together with a sledge every six courses,

Ge After the bricks are laid, and the raod
material is banked up against the outer line of bricks to
hold them in position, the gutters shall be rolled with
& hand roller weighing not less than 50 pounds per inch of
roller, The pavement at the curb shell be made true to
grade by means of a straight edge. The gravel or macadam
roadway shall be completed as far as possible befdre the
bricks are laid and the gravel or macadam shall lap a
trifle on the line of the proposed gutters. This shall
be excavated by the contracter when laying the gutters,
so as to disturb the gravel or madadam as little as possible
beyond the line of the gutter, and all spaces between the
brick and gravel or macadam shall be filled with suitable
material and thoroughly tamped with a narrow tamp.

After the rolling is nearly completed, the contractor
shall relay and adjust the gutters as necessary to bring them

to a true line, grade and unfform surface, and remove all
defective or broken bricke

var After the rolling or tamping, as specified
above, has besn completed, and the pavement has been finished
the gutters shall be covered with coarse sand, and the rolil-
ing or tamping continued until the joints are completely fill-
ed, sand being added us long as necessary to accomplish this
object.

Se Concrete gutters, not combined with curb, shall

be constructed where called for on the plan five inches in
depth by inches in width, and in accordance with

 

the requirements for concrets curb and gutter as elsewhere
svecified. The top shall have a thickness of one inch
except a& the outer edge where it shall be thickened as
snown on the plan. The gutters shall be constructed on a
bed of gravel four (4) inches deep unless otherwise shown on
plans, Gutters disturbed in either grade or alignment by
rolling snall be adjusted or repaired by the Contractor at
his expense,

All brick used for crosswalks snall be of the cheracter,
size and quality specified under brick pavements, and shall
not lose more than 10 per cent of their weight when subjected
to the standard rattler test therein provided.

Brick used in mving gutters shall be of standard size
and shall conform to the requirements as to material and
manufacture specified under brick pavements. They shall
have one straight face and shall be free from makred defects
and snall not lose more than 10 per cent. of their weight

when subjected to the standard rattler test.»
CRaOSOTED WOOD BLOCK PAVZiANT,

This type of pavement was found to be on: Fountain
Ste, From Lafayette Ave., to Union Ave.3 it is in fine
condition, but heaves every sming. On Lafayette Avse,
from Foutain St., to Lyon St.ej it is aiso in good con-
dition now but «eaves in the spring. This type of pave-
ment is also found to be in use on Ann St., bridge for
the bridge floor . However, right now is in bad shape,

This city has not had, what one would say, complete
success with wood block pavements. Considerable money
was spent on the old cedar block type of pavement, but
this has long since been abandonea,. There is only about
one-half of a mile of Long Leaf Yellow Pine blocks on
Fountain Ste, by the Central High School, and one tenth of
a mile on Lafayette Ave., of Norway Pine blocks, just off
Fountain Ste, from the school.

Tnese two streets are not subject to heavy traffic
so little can be said how it would act if subjected to a
severe test, but at the time of the present investigation
was carried on this pavement was in very good shape. |

The difficulty which the engineer has to overcome
is the bleeding of the blocks, then the expanding and the
heaving, which soon means repair. From all reports the
City of Minneapolis has been very successful with the wood
block pavement. They have overcome the above difficulties
by laying the blocks at right angles to the curb, instead
of an angle nearly forty-five degrees, and at intervals of

about fifty feet they place a one and one-half (14) inch
ve

ve
 

 

 

Picture No. 11 == On Fountain St. off
College. Fine appearance of
creosote wood block
pavement.

 

 
De

preformed expansion jolnt and another at either curb
of about one and one-quarter (1¢) inch,

The following specifications were used in this
city in laying the creosoted wood block pavements

CRHOSOTSD HOOD BLOCK PAVING.

Ay, The wood to be treated shall consist of long
leaf yellow pine, Norway pine, black gum end tamarack, only
one Kind fof wood, however, to be used in any one contract.

Yellow pine blocks shall be cut from what is known
as prime timber, namely, all timber must be sound, commer-
cial along leaf yellow pine, well manufactured, full size,
saw butted, all square edge, and shall be free from the
following defects: Unsouna, loose and hallow knots, worm
holes and knot holes ,through shakes and round shakes that
show on the surface. In yellow pine timber the annual rings
Shall average not less than six to the inch measured radially
from the center of the heart.

Norway pine block, gum and tamarack blocks shall be
cut from timber that is first class in every respect and
shall be of the same grade as that defined for the yellow
pine.

Le The blocks shall be from five to ten inches
long, but shall average eight inches; they shall be
inches in depth; they shall be __ inches in width.

A variation of oneesixteenth of an inch shall be
allowed in the depth and one-eighth of an inch in the
width of the blocks.

Oe The blocks shall be treated with a preservative
oil elsewhere described, so that the pine and tamarack
blocks shall contain not less than twenty (20) and the
gum blocks not less than twenty-two (22) pounds per cubic
foot.

4. The oil used shall be of a coal tar product,
free from adulteration of any kind whatever, and shall
comply with the following requirementss

(a) The specific gravity shai be at leust

1-10 at a temperature of 38 degrees C.

(bd) Not more than tnree (3) per cent of the oii
shasit be insoluble by hot continuous extraction with benzol
and chloroform,

(c) On distissution, which shall be made exactly
as described in Pulletin No. 65 ot the American Railway
Engineering and Maintenance of Yay Association, the dis-=
tiliate shali not exceed two (2) per cent up to 150 degrees
Ce and 55 per cent up to 315 degrees C. The mean of three
determinations to be taken.

The manufacturer of the oil snali permit fuil and come
plete inspection and sampling at the factory at which the
oil is produced, of all materiais, either crude or refinea,
entering into the manufacture of the finished product, as
well as the finished product itseif, in order that tne mae
terieis usea can be determined to be in accoraance with the
foregoing requirements. He shais also submit satisfactory
proof of the origin of aii materixuis entering into the com-
position of the finished product.

Oil samples taken by the inspector from the treating
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tank during progress of the work shall at no time be allowed
to show an accumulation of more than two per cent of foreign
matter, such as sawdust and dirt.

Due allowance shall be made for such accumulation of
foreign matter by injecting an additional quantity of oil
into the blocks.

De The party manufacturing the bDiocks shait equip
his plant with all the necessary guages, appliances and
facilities to enable the inspector to satisfy himself that
the requirements of the specifications are fulfitled.

Se Over the concrete foundation shall be spread
to a uniform depth of one inch a cushion of coarse screened
concrete sand passing a No. 4 mesh. The sand shall be shaped
true and parallei to the finished cross-section of the street
by experienced bed makers, and where such experienced bed
makers cannot be secured, the cushion sand shall be shaped
by means of a template covering at least one-half the width
of the roadway and so fitted with rollers as to be easily
and steadily drawn on gutter or guide timbers.

Te The blocks shall be leia in straight lines,
with the grain vertical, and at an angle of a out 22% degrees
with the curb. At street intersections they shall be laid
as the Engineer shall direct. The biocks shall be laia in
paraliel courses, close together and blocks in adjoining
courses shall break joints two (2) inches. The blocks
shall be driven together as necessary to secure strai ght
courses at the proper angle, which angle shall be laid out

and maintained by means of a template furnished by the
 

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contractor. They shail be laid from one haif (4) to
five-sighths (5/8) of an inch from the gutter and castings
and with a three-eights (3/8) inch strip laid adjoining
the gutter. After the street is rolled readyfor pitching
the strips shall be removed and the joints filled with a
bituminous cement filler nereinafter specified.

The work of batting snall immediately follow the luy-
inge Joints shall be cut square with the top and at the
proper angle. The work must be done by experienced men with
proper tools. All joints must be kept clean and open to the
bottom until filled as specified.

Be As soon as the blocks are laid and batted they
shall be swept clean and thoroughiy inspected and culled by
tne contractor. The inspector shall then inspect and mark
the block, and all defective block shall be removed. Any
individual block or section of the pavement varying mater-
ijally from the proper elevation or cross-section shall be
adjusted before rolling. After the above conditions have
been camplied with, the upper surface shall be made smooth
by rolling with a hand roller weighing not less than seventy-
five (75) pounds per lineal inch of roller, and tamped where
impossible to roll, as may be necessary. The tamping shall
be done on a two (2) inch plank ten (10) or twelve (12) inches
wiae and not less than four (4) feet long, with a ranmer weigh-
ing not less than eighty (80) pounds. After the above roli-
ing and tamping, the pavement shall be roiited with a city
steam roller of the tandem type, as the wngineer may direct.

The pavement shall be thoroughly inspected and all defecti ve
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block removed and replaced with suitable block. As far

as possible the block shall be re placed while the roller
is workinge All block above or below those adjacent shall
have the cushion under them adjusted. On completion of the
work, the surface of the pavement must be even and smooth
throughout and shaped to conform to all street and alley in-
tersections, drainage, detrails, manholes, etc. During
the final rolling the pavement shall be tested with a ten
(10) foot straight edge, to be furnished by the contractor,
and any unevenness must be taken oute iihen the snginser
considers it necessary, the surface shall be rolled again
to bring all block to a uniform bearinge Such hand roller
snall be furnished and operated by the contractor. The
engineer shall determine, when, where and to what extent
the steam roller shall be operated,

Ge All cracks, crevices and holes in the pavee
ment shall bs filled with Barrett's bituminous cement filler
made for creosoted block pavements and shall be of such cone
sistency as the Hngineer shall direct. The filler shall be
applied as hot as the blocks will permit and only in such
quantities as to be immediately worked into joints. The
bitumen shall be pushed forward with scraper having heavy
rubber edges , that as kittle as possible of the bitumen
snail remain on top of the pavement. Immediately while
the bitumen is hot, the surface shall be covered with a
one-half (%) inch coat of cushion sand.

LO. Contractor shall place additional sand on

tne gurface of the block as necessary from time to time

to absorb the excess of tar. At such time as consider-=
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ed necessary by the isngineer, the surplus sand and all
accumulations must be removed from street, and pavement
swept with horse sweeper and left clean before the accepte
ance of the work by the Board of Public Works.

The Contractor shall give a good and sufficient bond,
running £mas for a period of five (5) years after the com-
pletion of the work and its acceptance by the Board.

To keep and maintain the pavement, and all appurten-
ances thereto forming a part of this contract, in repair,
and to turn the same over to the city at the end of the
guarantee period in good condition, so that the City shall
be at no expense for repairs made necessary by either wear,
defective work, or material.

That he will at any time during the period of the
guarantee within ten days after having been notified in
writing make such repairs as the City #ngineer may direct,
such repsirs to be made in the presence of and satisfactory
to an inspector appointed by the ungineer and paid by the
Contractor, end will notify the tngineer when ready to mals
such repairs, and in case the repuirs are not made within
the time specified, the City may make the repairs at the
expense of the contractor.

That the pavement shall be considered out of repair
whenever the surface shows indications of abnormal weer,
rot, disintegration or decay of the material ; whenever any
portion of the pavement shall have a thickness above the
base of less than ninety (90) per cent thinner than the

contract thickness, such portion shall be reluia as the

Engineer directs.
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That only new material shall be used in making
repairs and that the bond shall continue in force until
such repairs are made, If at any time during the con-
tinuance of this guarantee the pavement shall be opened
for the purpose of constructing sewer, or luying gus or
water mains, or repairs of the same, or for any other pur-
pose, the contract shail on request of the City Engineer,
relay said puvement at a cost of twenty (20) per cent above
the original cost, and when said pavement is relaia, and
restored, said guurantee shail extend to the pavement so
reluid and restored for the basange of the time for which
said guarantee is to bontinue, and in no cage wnere it shall
become necessary to disturb said pavement for any of the
purposes above mentioned and the pavement is reluia by said
contractor, shall it be deemea us releasing said contractor
from said guar antee,.

The rortland cement concrete work shail be considerea
out of repair wnerever places snow cracks or defects of any
kind, growing out of the imperfection or unsuitability of
material or workmanship; the breaking down of edges of
stones, the development of double joints due to joints not
being marked where templates were withdrawn, where stones
have broken or settled from line or grade.

No stones shall be patched in making repairs, but shall
be entirely removed and replaced with new. Only new material
approved by tithe Engineer shall be used. The workmanship
shall be of the quality specified under this contract.

Just before the expiration of the guarantee period,
“”

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7

the work will be inspected by the Board and any imperfect-
ions in the surface of the pavement, alignment and grade
of tre curbs or other defects in the work, as measured by
the above standard, shall be corrected before a release

from the bond will be grented,.

MACADAM PAVEMENTS.

Investigation showed that there were macadam pavements
on Broadway Avéee, from Bridge Ste, to North Ste This pave-
ment has been in so long that it is worn out and absolutely
going to pieces and no good, On Turner Avee, the pavement
is in the same condition as on Broadway. There are nowW and
then a few depressions, and one really bad place about
twenty (<0) feet long. This street was rock dust bound
macadam, but was repaired and surfaced with tar. On Jeffer-
son Ave@ée, from Hall St., to Franklin Stes On Fountain Ste,
from Lafayette Ave.e, to Division Ave., the old surface was
dressed up and two and one-half (24) inches of bituminous
concrete put on. It is in very good condition and in a
residence district. On Ramson Ste, and Barclay Ave., cither
way from Fountain St., the pavement is fair, but pitted and
doesn't seem to stand the traffic.

Macadam tar-filled pavements were located: On College
Avee, from Fulton Ste, to Michigan St. This pavement is in
fine condition. On Ally, South from Michigan St., first one

west of Bostwick Avee, the grades are very steep, mech pitted

and washed out by rains.
ve

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Picture No. 15.
On Barkley Ave off
Fulton Ste
( Example of failure of
macadam )
4h
Le Upon the sub-grade shall be constructed

a foundation of broken stone, gravel or cobble stone,
as shown on the plans.

Le The bottom course, or layer, shall consist
of clean broken limestone of approved quality, free from
dirt, the particles of which may vary in size from 2 to
Oo inches in their greatest diameter. The stones shall
be raked into an even layer over the entire roadway, so
as to forn, after rolling to the satisfaction of the
Engineer, a uniform depth of six (6) inches,

Se The bottom course, or layer, shall consist
of clean, screened gravel, the particles of which may vary
in size from three-fourths (2% of an inch to four (4) inches
in theib greatest diameter. A small amount of binding mat-
erial, of a quality to be approved by the City Engineer,
shall be spread on the gravel, and the whole raked into an
even layer over the entire roadway, so as to form, after
rolling to the satisfaction of the Engineer, a uniform
depth of six (6) inches,

4 Cobble stone shall be laid by hand in regular
manner of paving, with their longest axes normal to the
finished surface of the street. The stones aaed shall not
be less than five (5) inches, norg more than nine (9)
inches in depth; stones of greater depth being set in the
center of roadway. The space between the stones shall then
be filled with gravel, or stone chips, and rolled with a

light roller. The paving shall then be rolled with city
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steam rollers to the satisfaction of the ingineer,.

De When that portion of the foundation lying
under the brick gutters has been partially rolled, it
shall be covered with a thin layer of limestone screen-
ings, or fine gravel, the particles of which shall vary
in size from + to $= of an inch in greatest diameter. The
proportions shall be such as to give the best results.
After thorough sprinkling, the rolling shall be continued
until a firm, smooth foundation has been secured for the
gutters.

Ge On the foundation specified abovs, shall be
laid a course of broken granite or tough and durable
boulders, free from dirt, and of such depth that the top,
when thoroughly rolled shall be parallel with and not less
than three (359 inches below the finished surface of the
roadway, as shown on plan. The stone shall be as near
cubical in form as practicable, and may vary from one(1)
ingh in their least, to two and one-half (8%) inches in
their greatest dimensions. The stones shall be raked into
a uniform surface, and rolled with a city steam roller until
the stone does not creep or weave ahead of the roller. The
surface shall then be covered with a thin layer of screened
granite chips and dust which shall be thoroughly settled
into the voids in the stones by means of rolling dry and
sweeping with steel brooms. The surface shall then be
springled by means of a sprinkling cart, and the rolling,
sprinkling, and adding of dust end chips continued until

the voids in the body of the stone are filled. Only enough
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chips and dust shall be used to fill the voids in the body
of the stone, leaving the top open to permit of the top
layer uniting therewith. |

Te On the above shall be spread a layer of broken
granite or tough and durable boulders, free from dirt, and
of such thickness that the top shall conform to the cross-
section shown on the plan, when the final rolling is complet-
ed. The particles of stone shall vary from three-fourths
({£) of an inch to one and one-half (14) inches in their
“greatest dimensions. The fine material shall only be
sufficient to fill the voids in the coarse. The surface
shall be rolled until the stone do not creep or weave
ahead of the roller. A layer about one-half (4) inch deep
of granite ehips and dust, one-half ($) granite, and one-
half (4) limestone, shall be spread over the surface and
thoroughly worked into the voids of the stone by rolling
dry and sweeping with steel brooms. More chips and dust
shall be added as necessary to fill the voids, the above
rolling and sweeping being continued, lihen the voids seem
to be filled, the surface shall be thoroughly flushed with
water applied by means of a sprinkling cart. The rolling,
sprinkling and addition of dust and chips shall mntinue
as the Engineer shall directe

Se The chips shall consist of all mrticles
passing a screen with three-fourths ({) inch mesh and
retained on a screen with one-fourth (4) inch mesh. Dust
shall be the portion passing the screen with one-quarter
(;) inch mesh. No chips or dust shall be dumped on the

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roadbed,

Ge nen the stone is carted upon the streets
in wacons and dumped, eacn wagon load shall be thoroughly
mixed by being shoveled over at least once before it is
spread, so that ths finer particles shall not be left in
the center where the load is dumped and the coarser particles
that roll to the outside of the pile,spread on the sides,

10. Depressions in any layer shall be filled as the
rolling progresses, the top being loozened with a pick if
necessary to secure a union of the new materlel. No sbone
will be allowed to remain which is not sound, strong, and
uniform in size and quality. The sprinkling and rolling
shall be continued until a piece of the road metal will
crush under the roller when placed on the road surface,
and until all voids are completely filled, and a wave flows
in front of the rollers.

li. Road metal must be crushed from stones larger
then three (3) inches in least diameter. Limestone snall be
crushed with the granite poulders in proportion of not to
exceed one (1) part limestone and fifteen (15) parts granite
boulders.

12. Hach section of the finished work shall be
barricaded and kept closed until thoroughly dry. If at
any time before the final acceptance of the street it
shows a tendency to disintegrate, the Contractor shall
sprinkle, tend roller, or add more dust, as the ungineer

shall direct, to secure a hard, firm surface. An excess

of dust on the street after opening to travel shall be

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Costs: Tne averegs cost per sqeyd for this
type of pavement is about $1.90.
block
The price of timber now would make a wood/pavement

almost prohibitive.
on
ry

BITUMINOUS CONCRsTH PaValia NT.

The bituminous materials which heve been used
successfully in the construction of bituminous pave-
ment built by penetration methods, including asphalt,
refined water-gas tars, refined coalegas tars, conbin-~
ations of refined tars, and combinations of refined
tars and asphalt.

The bituminous material used in the construction
of a bituminous pavement is the same for both applications
It may be @ comparatively soft petroleum asphalt, fluxed
native asphalt, or a heavy refined tar, The function of
@ bituminous cement is not so much to hold the wearing
course up as to keep the large stone fragments down under
traffis, The Keyed stone itself has sth8ficient besring
quality or mechanical stability to carry traffic, and
it is therefore possible to use a much softer cement than
for the same thickness of fine aggregate, which lack in-
herent mechanical stability. The cements most advantage-
ously used are, however, much nearer solid consistency
then those which it is possible to use in the construction
of a bituminous carpet alone. In general it is advisable
to use a softer tar product than petroleum or asphalt
producte |

Tne bituminous concrete is one composed of broken
stone, broken slag, gravel or shill, with or without sand,
Portland cement, fine material or combination thereof,

and a bituminous cement, incorporated together by a mixing

methode
 

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Picture No. 23. On Fountain St.
at Lafayette Ave. Bituminous
concrete on old macadam.

Fine condition. S

 

       

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at Lafayetee Ave. Similar to 323.
 

 

Picture No. 24.=— On Grand Ave. off
Fulton St. Bituminous concrete
in excellent condition.

   
IS

Bituminous concrete pavements may generally
be grouped in three classes;

le A bituminous concrete pavement having a
mineral aggregate composed of one product of a crush-
ing or screening plant.

2e A bituminous concrete pavement having a min-
eral aggregate composed of a certain mamber of parts
by weight or volume of one product of crushing or screen-
ing plant, and a certain number of parts by weight or volune of
sand, broekn stone screenings or similer materials with or
without a filler,

Oe A bituminous concrete pavement having a prede-
termined mechanically graded aceregate composed of broken
stone, broken slag or shell,with or without sand, Portland
cenent, fine tusexmaterial or combinations thereof.

Pavements of the first type have been constructed of
one or more courses of bituminous coated metal with and
without seal coats of bituminous meatcrials. “nen laid on
an ordinary foundation the conerete should be laid in two
layers or coets ana should be from 6 to 8 inches thick
when finished, Fine sand or any suitable fine hard sub-
stance may be sprinkled over the last coat just before or
after rolling, to give the pavement a smooth compact eur-
face.

The second type took asphalt 125 parts, petroleum
oil 25 parts, These substances were melted and thorough-
ly incorporated together, and to this mixture added, in a

heated state, sand or powdered stone, 750 parts end gravel
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or broken stone, also heated 1100 parts, The whole was
thoroughly mixed .

The third type specifies predetermined mechanically
graded agsregates, This means several sizes ars mixed to
form a closedmass without cavities. Broken stones are
preferred for the whole pavement, and should alone be used
for the covering. The greatest dimension of stones for the
base should be between three (3) inches and one-fourth (2)
inch, and for covering between two (2) inches and onee-twentieth
(1/20) inch; the sizes should be mixed in proportion varying
with the size to form a close mass, which when dry and cone-
pact, can absorb not more than twenty (20) per cent of water,

Bituminous concrete pavements are usually more stable
and durable than other bituminous pavements constructed with
broken stone, gravel or broken slag. The methods employed
in the construction of bituminous concrete pavements permit
the most suitable Kinds and grades of bituminous cements to
be used. The proper use of mixing methods insures homoge-
neous wearing courses huving all particles of the acgregates
uniformly coated with bituminous cernient,. As tne aggregate
is usually heated at a mixing plant, delays of construction,
due to wet weather, are not as prolonged as in the case of
bituminous macadam pevementsSe By tne use of modern mixing
plants, it is practicable to lay certain type of bituminous
conerets pavements of type one as economically as it is
possitle ordinarily to build bituminous macadam pavenents.

The disadvantages are that with seal coats slippsrines

may occur, Skilled labor is required and for some types
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expensive plant equipment is essential,

From 1909 to 1915, 7,364 miles, 125,555 sq.ydse,
of this kind of pavenent has been laid in this city
with the total cost of pavement °123,818,.22 ank average

cOSt per Sqeyde 7233 to Y1l.avd

RaLAVING rAVaweNTS - GR.aVaAL.

le All gravel, paving on the strset, and all culverts,
crossewalks, gutters, etce, that may be disturbed, are to be
carefully laid aside and replaced in their proper position
in the manner in which such pavement was originally laid,
new materials being used when the old is broken or damaged,
and the strect left in as good condition as before the com-
mencenent of the work. Should the weatner be unfavorable
for properly repairing the street, such temporary repairs
shall be made as the cngineer may require, until such time
as permanent repairs can be satisfactorily made,

a On gravel improvements the gravel shall be
screened with a double screen, in order to separates the
coarser from the finer materials and to remove dirt and sande
The cormrse material shall be placed in thetrench first and
where the original foundation consisted of cobble stone, they
shall be laid in by hand in the regular manner of paving,
with the longest axis perpendicular to the surface of the
street, A sufficient amount of binding materials, of a
quality to be approved by the Engineer, shall be mixed
with the broken stone or gravel, and the gravel or broken
stone, when replaced, shall not be more than six (6)

inches above the street before it is rolled.

 
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After the material has been carefully replaced,
the trench shall be thoroughly rolled with a steam roller
and springled by means of a sprinkling cart as directed,
Depressions shall be filled as the rolling progresses with
the same material as that in the trench, The rolling shall
be continued until the street is hard and smooth and conforms
to the same cross-section as before the comnencement of the

work e

Se Old gravel roadways shall have the backfilling
left not less than four (4) inches below the grede of the
street. The gravel shell be screened with a souble screen
to free it of sand and dirt and to separate the coarser from
the finer particles. New screened gravel shall be provided
and sufficient binding material of a quality to be approved
by the engineer, shall be mixed with both the old and moa new
gravel when it is placed in the trench. After the street nas
been replaced in a satisfactory manner, it shall be rolled with
a City steam roller. New material shall be furnished and placed
in all depressions as the rolling progresses, and the rolling
continued until the street is hard and smooth and conforms
to the same cross-section as before the comnencement of the

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MICHIGAN

STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
LANSING

NIGHT TRAFFIC RECORD

KIND OF VEHICLE

to
11:00 P. M.

11:00 P, MM,
to
1:00 A. M,

 

 

 

SINGLE HORSE

@eseaeveneverenaneeeune,

 

 

DOUBLE TEAM
(Light)

 

DOUBLE TEAM
(Loaded)

 

 

AUTOMOBILE
RUNABOUT

 

 

AUTOMOBILE
TOURING CAR

 

MOTOR TRUCK
(Light)

MOTOR TRUCK
(Loaded)

 

MOTOR CYCLE

 

TOTALS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
—

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