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THESIS

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~__MSU|Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Instituti

 

 

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University

 

 

 

 
THESIS

STUDIES IN THE CONTROL OF CUCUMBER DISEASES
AND THE EFFECT OF SPRAYING IN BLOON ON THT SETTING OF FRUIT.

cubmitted by
P.S.Armstrong H.J.Buell D.A.Stron
—p

to
The Horticultural Department

Michigan Agriculturel College

June ,1915.
THESIS

 

‘ll

CT

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PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove thie checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES retum on or before date due.

 

DATE DUE

DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

MAR 2 11995'
, Ss.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MSU Is An Affirmative Acti

 

 

LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

 

 
LY

THESIS

i

. STUDIES IN THE CONTROL OF CUCUMBER DISEASES
AND THE EFFECT OF SPRAYING IN BLOON ON THT SETTING OF FRUIT.

submitted by
P.S.Armstrong H.J.Buell D.A.Stron
—

to
The Horticultural Department

Michigan Agricultural College

June ,1915.
 

FSIS

~

 
ff
Y : OUTLINE

Cucumber Disease Control
Fart I

General Method

Cultural Methods Used
Experiments at Princeton

hethods Employed

Patch Records

Nisease Lescription

Prevalence of [Tisease in Region

Summary Table

/Ceneral =ffect of Spraying and Recommendations
mxperiments at Big Rapids

Apparatus and Materials Used

Records of Individual Patches

Recommendations

Summary Table

Conclusions

Costs, Temperature,and Rainfall Charts
mxperiments at Plymouth

Plan of the Work

Methods Employed

Individual Fatch Records

summary

Summary Table

CLiseases and Their Control

Costs

Recommendations

Conclusions

Spraying in Bloom
‘Fart ITI

Introduction
Experimental Fecords
Summary

Conclusion

Summary Table

Spraying in Bloom in the frield
Part III

Methods “mployed
Summary

He YA IE I 969 SE 8 Ot Be oe
General Summary

General Recommencations
Bibliography

LAOFO1L

120
122
156
137
159.

144
145

140
141
146.
l.
- Outline. -
Part No. 1. Iffeot of Spraying on Cucumber Piseases.
GENERAL METHOD.

The work desoribed herein was oarried on under the
general direotion of the He J. Heing Company in an endeavor
to determine a practical , efficient, and economical method
of controlling the several diseases of cucumbers which had
Been a source of serious loss to the growers and to the
Company in the past few years. With a view to determine the
influence of regional conditions suoh as soil and olimate,
the experiments were conducted simultaneously in three
states by P. 8. Armstrong, at Princeton, Wisconsin; H.J. Buell
at Big Rapids, Michigan; and D. A. Stroh at Plymouth, Indiana.
The apparatus , methods, and materials employed were the
same in all oases.

The apparatus was a fifty gallon barrel spray outfit
manufactured by the Morril and Moreley Company, of Benton
Harbor, Michigan. This consisted of a fifty gallon oak
barrel mounted on 88 inoh iron wheels. This was equipped
with a No. 8 hand force pump with a oapacity of 185 and 150
gallons per hour; seamless brags oylinder, brass valve cage
and valves, steel air ohamber , steel agitator, maleable
handle, barrel plate, and head, brass discharge oross for
$/4 inoh male hose threads. Designed for the side of the
barrel. An additional feature of a pressure gage register-
ing 300 lbs. An eight foot bamboo rod brass lined,with
shut off attached to fifteen feet extra heavy hose, and
fitted with a double Vermorel nozzle. Stook and dilution
barrels with necessary materials for preparing Bordeaux

mixture were provided.
Be

With a very few exceptions all of the spraying was done
with Bordeaux at a strength of 3-6—50 supplemented in a few
oases with a nicotine spray for aphis applied either in
combination with the Bordeaux or separate from it.

It might be yell in this conneotion to consider briefly
the system under which the oucumbers were produced and in a
general way the ovltural methods employed. The Heinz Company
maintains a number of salting stations in each of the states
mentioned looated in a favorable pickle distriots and along
good lines of transportation, to which the pickles , grown
under contract are delivered by the individual growers. This
contract agrees to furnish sufficient seed for their ocontract-
ed acreage. (3) The company agrees to purchase all pickles
of a specified grade at oontract prices delivered in crates
at the salting station on the day of pioking. (3) The
grower agrees to plant and give proper attention as regards
cultural methods to the contracted acreage. (4) The grower
agrees to deliver all pickles of the acceptable grades to
the Heinz Company. (5) The Company reserves the right of
final sorting into the specified grades.

The Growers Service Department has recently been
oreated to furnish the growers with free expert advice as
regards the best cultural methods to be employed. The men
essigned to this work have from one to several salting
stations in their distriot comprising a total under their
direction of 100 to 3200 acres. They endeavor to visit
at intervals of from one to two weeks every grower in their
distriot, giving to each advice on oultural methods applicable,
at that partioular time, They give detailed instruotions as
 

 

Se

to preparation of the seed bed, planting, thinning, oultiv-
ation, insect oontrol, training of vines, picking, sorting
and any other necessary advice. These men used their in-
fluence as far as possible to influence the growers in favor
of spraying.

We will now take up in detail the cultural methods used
under this system in the different regions. The seeds whioh
are furnished by the Company are planted directly in the
field either in drilled rows or in hills. The time of plant-e
ing varied from the 325th of May to the lst of July, depending
upon the léocality and the growers preference, but in the
majority of cases the planting was done between the lst and
lLOth of June. The Company recommended a distance of seven
feet between the rows although in many instances the growers
planted at distances of from four to eight feet. The Company
also advocated the drilled row system of planting and thinning
the plants to a distance of two feet apart just before they
began to run. This advioe was also disregarded in most oases
to the great detriment of the plants. Although olean oul-
tivation is advised the methods employed by the growers
vary ina great degree . Shallow oultivation is obviously
the best as the roots come quite near the surface and extend
in a network between the rows when the plants have reached
maturity. Cultivation should be done following a rain to
conserve moisture the aim being to keep a constant dust
muloh and should be continued untit the running of the vines
makes it impracticable . Per haps the best tool to use is
the spike tooth harrow or any other type giving shallow

cultivation.
 

4.

It was advised to train the vines in winrows as soon as
they began to run sufficiently in order to facillitate piok-
ing, oultivation and spraying, ordinarily this was followed,
the vines being lifted and laid along the row. This will
leave in the seven foot rows a space of approximately three
feet between the rows to permit the passage of a spray barrel
or a gam of pickers. |

To obtain the maximum number of first grade pickings ,
it should be done early or daily when the growth is good
although picking every other day will ordinarily suffice.
fhe aim is also to prevent the development of large pickles,

which bring much less in price and more than anything else
seriously saps the strength of the vines. The maximum limit
@llowed for the first grade, whioh were purchased at the
salting station during season of 1914 at one dollar per
bushel, was three and one quarter inches in lengthe The next
grade consisted of unmature pickles exceeding this length,
and were contracted for at thirty-five cents per bushel.

The lowest grade oonsisted of nubs and crooks, perohased

at twenty-five cents per bushel. _t was of course to the
advantage of the grower to deliver all first grade picklos,
and this could only be accomplished by frequent and oareful
picking.

The company urges the grower to sort oarefully in the
field and furnishes instructions for oonstruotion of a
sorting table. This table is of simple design the table
being hinged to its standards near the middte so that it
can be easily tilted, the pickles running from the lower
end into the basket. The table top is made of slats so that
dirt and refuse will not, collect. This sorting table is
kept at the end of the field and the pickles sorted as they
ere brought in. Under ideal conditions this system would be
sufficient but in practice it is found necessary to cheok
the sorting on a similar table at the salting station.

On the same day on which the pickles are received at the
salting station the first and third grade pickles are vatted
in a strong brine solution and are carried through the
various stages of fermentation. The second grade of pickles
or dills are washed immediately and put direotly into barrels
with brine, dillweed , and spices, Baume tests are run on
the vats and the brine kept up to the requisite strength by
the addition of salt as needed. In this oondition the pickles

may be held from six months to several years.
 

Cuoumber Spraying Experiments at Princeton Wisoonsin.

The town of Princeton is in ane of the older settled
regions of Wisconsin and at the present time is a thriving
town of about 1600 inhabitants the majority of whom are of
foreign bitth or parentage. It is located upon the Fox
River, which is a small stream , but with a ten foot channel
connecting by navigatable waters the Great Lakes and the

Mississippi River through the Wisconsin River. Princeton
has good Railroad facilities being on an important branch
line of the Chicago and Northwestern R.R., 36 miles Northwest
of Fond du Lac. As before mentioned there is a large foreign
element in the population fully two thirds being either Polish
or German. Most of the farming consequently is done upon @
very small , but extensive soale,hand labor and the simpler
implements being ohiefly used. The families are usually large:
and all of the ohdildren are oommonly employed in picking the
cucumbers on their farms, it being unusual for a grower to
employ pickers. Almost without exception the growers seem to
dislike the ocrtép , but they oontinue to contract as it furnisn
es a reliable source of ready money as a cash crop and also

as it gives very good returns for the amount of land used,
whioh is an important factor on a small farm, Contracts were
drawn for as little as 1/4 acre and as much as two aores ,the
former type being in or near town and latter being on the
larger farms from one to eight miles from the salting station.
Experience proved that for the particular conditicns existing
this season that the larger acreages were the more successful .-

The general character of the Imd is very sandy although
there is some heavier land of the clay loam type on the upland

and some land of the muck type on the lower levels. practically
7°
@ll of the land devoted to the growing of cucumbers, however,
was sandy , some being almost a pure blow sand which seemed
inoapable of supporting plant life in time of drought. Very
often it happens especially in the smaller patohes that no
rotation of crops is practiced. The common plan of planting
in this region is the winrow the rows being seven feet apart
as advised by the Company , but often muoh less than that. It
ocoasionally happened that interplanted crops were used such
as beans or corn in the small garden patches in town, to the
great detriment of the cucumbers in times of dry weather, At
the next salting station at Ripon many plantings were made
under the hill system, but this was not true of the patches
around Prinoeton,

The general crops grown in the vicinity were beans,
corn, and potatoes, the first named being the staple. Most
of the farming and dairy industry is done on a small scale
and under rather crude old fashioned methods according to
comparison with modern implements, The country in general
is very rolling. Beoause of the foreign oharacter of the
population and on account of the fact that no fruit is grown
in the region spraying is practically unknown, and so t he
introduction of theexperiment exoited much comment and some
distrust and suspicion _ Very few of the growers realized
the presence of a disease and attributed most of the failures
to the weather so it was very difficult to obtain any authentdo
information as to the history or appearance of any disease in

the region Two troubles were recognized by some, firat,

the blight which was the general term applied to all leaf
spot troubles, and seoond the rather new trouble which we

term the white piokle, but which had no oommon term among the
gsOWer sg.

With these oonditions in mind it will be reoognized
that the attitude of the growers toward the experiment was
not helpful or encouraging, but rather for the most part
oritical and suspicious and in some cases ourious , but.
rather skeptical.

In a few oases, however, there was some attempt at real
cooperation by the grower in furthering the interests of the
experiment. This was a oritioal year for the pickle business
in that vicinity for the orops had been a decided failure
for the past two years and farmers were living in the memory
of the days of plenty four years before when profits of from
$150.00 to $200.00 per acre were not uncommon. That was the
first year of piokle growing around princeton and the yields
reported that year have not been approached since. Whether
this much reduced yield is due to coincident weather conditions
or whether it is on account of the increased amount of disease
remains to be seen, but what ever the cause a satisfactory
explanation of it would have an important influence upon the
location of stations.

This general survey of the conditions around Prinoeton
will serve to aoquaint the reader with the conditions under
which the work ws done both as to the oultural methods
employed, and the attitude and cooperation of the growers
in experimental work of this nature, With this general
outlock 1 will ncw proceed to a detailed description of the
different patches which oame under the experiment, the ocon-
ditions of soil and oulture, the prevalence of diseases,
and the amount and methods of treatment in each ease In
addition there will be given brief accounts of various diseases

present, their symptoms and spread, and also weather report and
9
otner items of interest to the experiment.
Methods Employed .

In most bulletins concerning the control of the fungus
diseases of cucumbers it is stated as almost essentid or at
least very desirable that both the upper and under sides of
the leaves be coated with the spray ooluticn in order to afford
full protection to the vine. With the type of spray apparatus
used this method was rather impracticable because the highest
efficienoy of the misty spray from the vermorel nozzle is
reached at a distanoe of eighteen inches from the nozzle ,and
if this distance of application be made less the solution
puddles on the leaf, and much runs off which is neither
economical or efficient. In addition the experiment was carr-
ied on to determine the advisability of recommending spraying
as a practice to the grower and it is certain that the majority
of growers would never take the pains to -run the nozzle on
the under side of each runner. There is also amother point
to be considered in this relation and that is the spray
iqury to the blossoms. Although no very definite figures
ere at hand to prove this statement indications point to the
fact that Bordeaux has a very injurious effeot on the fert-
iligation of the flower. YFxperiments are to be conducted
in the greenhouse to determine the effect of the fungicide
on the pollen and on fertilization, If this injurious effeot
is true in any appreciable measure as it would seem, then the
practice of spraying under the vines would subject many more
flowers to the effect of the fungioide and reduce the yield
accondingly. This is a factor worth ocnsideration and if the

diseases can be oontrblled approximately as well by only
10+

spraying the upper surface then for many reasons this
would be the best practice.

owing to the scattered location of the patohes treated
it was necessary to establish several filling stations. The
equipment at each of the five places consisted of four barrels,
two for stock soluticn and two for dilution barrels, and seaks
in which to suspend the copper sulphate. his was always
located as near as possible to a convenient water supply.
Enough of the stock solution was made up at a time to make ab ow
200 gallons of spray solution, the lime being fieshly slacked
as needed. In order that the stock solution would not become
more concentrated by evaporation the depth of the solution
in the barrel after eaoh filling was measured and water added
at the next time to equal this measurement. The Bordeaux
was made freshly each time and poured into the barrel
alternately lime and copper sulphate from the dilution barrels,
being tested each time with potassium ferro-ocyanide to insure

the absence of free copper.
il.

Patoh Records.

PATCH No. 1. Mr. FE. Hennig.

Soil: Very sandy, used for cucumbers the previous year.
Cultivation: Not cleanly oultivated.

Acreage: .4 acre,amount sprayed .8 acre.

Remarks: Not much insect injury had oocured and the vines
were vigorous though quite small. Grower was willing that
the experiment be carried on,but in a passive way.
Treatment: Sprayed July 20th, 40 gallons. No diseases
apparent. Sprayed July 28th, 25 gallons. Some leaves in
both the sprayed and unsprayed parts are yellowing somewhat
but the damage is not much as yet although the plants remain
very small, No insect . Sprayed August 4th, vines remain
very small with misshapen fruit showing plainly the effect
of drought and lack of oultivation, A number of vines in
both portions are yellowing, but not many have completely
wilted. Aphis on a few of the vines, there are a few spots
of anthraonose on the unsprayed side. August 20th, tip burn
and a general lack of vigor in the vines whichare very small
and not yielding Regular spraying discontinued because the
vines are valueless for experimental purposes.

PATCH Ho. @ Mr. Michealowski.

Soil: Very sandy, same orop the last season.

Acreage: -5 acre in two patches. Sprayed .1 acre in the
accessible patoh.

' Cultivation: Olean but the rows are only four feet apart,
and vines are too close in the row. In the larger patch
there is an interplanting of corn.

Remarks: Not muoh insect injury had oocurred to the vines,

but owing to the drought and the light soil and olose rows
13.

the vines are in very poor oonditicn,wilting in the sun.
Treatment: July 89th, sprayed portion of the smaller patch,
25 gallons. No diseases or insects present but the vines are
wilting badly in the heat of the day from lack of moisture.
July 28th, visited but did not spray on account of the
extreme weakness of the vines. Yellowing and effect cf
dought was very pronounced. & number of the vines are dead
about equally in the sprayed and unsprayed part. Aphis are
becoming abundant. August 20th, tip burn and general lack
of vigor. Pioking discontinued and only the one spraying was
given. White Pickle appeared later in the season.

PATCH No. Se Mr. Geise.-
Soil : Sandy, used for same orop the previous year.

Acreage: -5 acre, amount sprayed -25 acre.

Cultivation: Clean and the rows are seven feet apart.
Remarks: Entire patch had to be replanted because of injury
by the out worm and striped beetle. he vines are vigorous
and of a healthy appearance and good growth.

Treatment: July 2oth, sprayed 45 gallons, wo diseases
apparent but some insect injury to leaves, Vines appear in
good condition July 28th, sprayed 55 gallons. Remarkable
Change in appearance of the patch. Many vines dying and a
few dead showing a yellowing of the 0914 leaves with a dry
brown at the top. Very few of the leaves are spotted, but
the aphis are very abundant on the yellowing heaves. Vines
are dying on both sides of the patch. August 4th, sprayed
a few gallons-. Parts of whole rows are dead , the trouble
progressing oonseoutively from vine to vine . Aphis are very
bad and are undoubtedly the oause of the shriveling and the
death of the vines. Spraying does not oheck eithrthe aphis
13,
or the tip burn. Anthracnose is spreading in the unsprayed
portion and although a few spots appear on the sprayed side
it is marked worse on the unsprayed. August 6th, visited
but did not spray as the leaves are still well coated and
about half of the patoh is now dead and in two of the
sprayed rows particularly the dead portion is solid. The
aphis actually seem to prefer the sprayed leaves. Grower
reports the same conditicn was present in the same place
last year. The tip burn is fully as bad in the sprayed
area. The white pickle is also present but seems to me more
serious as a leaf infection in this case for although fully
85% of the leaves have the oharacteristio yellowing, the
fruit symptoms are relatively small. August 13th, vines
are practioally all dead and have ceased to bear , and
picking has been discontinued. August 20th. Disease

survey shows white pickle, tip burn, aphis , and anthracnose.

PATCH No. 4. Mr, Siepert.

Soil: Varying from a very light sand to a sand somewhat
heavier.

Acreage: 1 acre, sprayed ,8 acre on the average type of soil.
Cultivation: Clean , but the rows were about five feet
apart and the vines much too thick in the row. Readily
affected by drcught on the light sand.

Remarks: Vines are quite vigorous but the rows are mach

too close , running together in some oases.

Treatment: July 22nd, sprayed 25 gallons, No leaf diseases
are present, but occasionally a vine shows symptoms of baote
erial wilt. July 28th, aprayed 25 gallons. A yellowing of
the leaves is apparent in a limited degree. A few vines are

dead on both sides probably from the wilt, The patch is
14.
beginning to show the effect of drought especially on the
lighter soil. August 4th, sprayed a few gallons. The vines
have made so little growth that spraying seems useless as the
leaves are still well oovered. Was afraid to spray much on
account of the detrimental effect of the heat. A number of
the vines are dead pro'ably from drought. Anthracnose is
just starting and is noticeably more serious on the un-
sprayed side although present in some cases on the sprayed
leaves.

August 15th, did not apray because the vines were so badly
whlted,many dead or nearly so and have made no appreciable
growth. Diseases have mot spread much, death is due to lack
of rain.

Sugust 3,th, survey, showed tip burn.

PATCH No. 5 ur F. Oelke.

Soil: Clay loam and sandy loam Rotation practiced.

Acreage: 1.5 acre, sprayed -5 acre.

Cultivation: Quite clean for large paroch. Rows seven fest
apart.

Remarks: This was the first of the farm patches sprayed and
Was very well adapted to experimentation , the rows being far
apart and the vines thinned. The striped beetle had given
some trouble and had thinned the vines so the rows were not
full and regular. The vines were planted later than usual
and were small although vigorous,

Treatment: July 22nd, sprayed 45 gallons, no disease present,
but there is some insect injury to the leaves from the stripped
Beetle. Sprayed also 5 gallons on a small home patoh on new

ground , but near some vines showing white pickle and anthraonog&e

July °8th, yo injury from spray, vines muoh the same.
L5

July SOth, Vines muoh the same , no disease apparent.

August lst, 100 gallons. Vines still emall, but healthy
exoept for a few aphis and an aocasional leaf spot.

Kugust llth, Sprayed 100 gallons. A number of the vines

are suffering from the aphis especially in the sprayed area.
There is also a slight attaok of both the anthracnose and the
white pickle , but neither of these is spreading rapidly as
yet. The pickle pickers report a slight decrease in yield on
the sprayed side. |

August 17th, sprayed 100 gallons, Diseases are not prevalent
yet although the white pickle is noticeable in places. Aphis
are the chief cause of conoern , and thegare spreading
rapidly especially in the sprayed areae The small garden
patch is almost wholly affected with the white pickle.
Spraying on the small patoh discontinued.

August 20th, the aphis have spread with a remarkable reapidity
killing many of the vines in large areas chiefly on the
sprayed side. An attempt was made to oheok then before they
had such a start by spraying with nicotine solution from a
small had potato sprayer , but this proved entirely inadequate
to check. A large number of the vines remaining are not
affected by the white pickle.

August 24th, patoh practically destroyed, spraying and picking
discontinued, Aphis have rapidly destroyed the patch assisted
by the white pickle. The aphis seemed to kill the vines
almost over night when the time of rapid spread was on,all

leaves being completely destroyed.

PATCH No. 6, Mr, Behm. ( three patches)

Boil: Patoh (a) zight blow sand to considerable depth.
Patoh (b) wedium sand.
16.

Patoh (o) ,;ight springy muok.
Aoreage: 1 aore about equally divided between the three.
Sprayed -1 acre of patoh on light sand, and started on the
patoh on the medium sand.
Cultivation: Good in all cases, except that rows were only
three or four feet apart, and the vines were too thick. This
crowded oconditiow proved very detrimental in the dry period.
The patoh upon the light sand drying up completely, and that
on the medium sand suffering to some extent. The patoh on
the muck survived the drought much better than the other two,
and the vines were more vigorous.
Remarks: This patoh was one of the most interesting experiment-
ed upon because of the different types of soil, and the fact
that a severe wilting oocurred after the first spraying, after
whioh the grower refused to have his other patohes treated.
Treatment: July 2lst, sprayed half of the patoh upon light
sand, and a small portion of the patch on the medium sand
early in the morning of a very hot day- The vines in the
first patch had begun to wilt before the spraying was com-
peted from the heat of the sun. The patch had been badly
wilted during the heat of the day for several days previous
but had recovered under the stimulus of the dew and cocler
weather at night. On the next day after the spraying how-
ever , the sprayed plants did not revive as did the plants
in the check rows. There seemed to be no burning effeot ,
merely a wilting of the vines and in some oases a drying
in the heat of the day following. A fact to corroborate
the belief that the wilting was due to the intenee heat
coupled with the application of water in the sun was app-
arent in that two vines whioh were protected from the sun

by the shade of a straw stack were as normal as the unsprayed -
17.

Another fact which bears out this statement is that the
patoh on the medium sand where more moisture was available
80 that the wilt was not as pronounced showed no ill effects
or difference from the unsprayed on the few plants which
were treated. These were sprayed from the same solution and
on the same marning. The conclusive faot drawn is, that
vines oannot stand the physical effect of a cold spray when
in a wilted and much weakened conditicn.

Anthracnose is showing on a few leaves in patoh (b)
and (c) being confined to a few vines.
July 28th, visited; some of the vines in the side injured
by the spraying have recovered and these and many others
on the unsprayed side show very yellow leaves with brown
tips. yany of the vines are dead and all are small and
weak in the light sandy patoh, The other patohes look
well &though some bacterial wilt is evident, and the spray
seemed to check the anthracncese somewhat in the small
portion sprayed where the disease was already present.
July 80th, vines still dying badly; anthracnose spreading
to the lower patch cn the muck soil.
August 8th, vines in the light sandy patch through bearing.
In the patoh on the medium sand the anthracnose has spread
steadily from the corner in which it started July 2lst,
nearly 60% showing some infection and 4 or 5% having died
from this cause. A drying cf the leaves is plainly notice-
able at a distance and vines show lesicns on the stems
almost girdling in some cases.

August 20th, Survey. Tip burn and white pickle are prevalent
in the upper patch (a), which has storped bearing entirely.

In the middle patch (b) anthracnose is prevalent and some
18.

angular spot. mhe lower spot (c) shows considerable yellow-
ing of the leaves and some leaf spot.
August 28th, White pickle has come on rapidly since the rain
and the two lower patohes are badly infected one being almost
finished from this cause. Anthracnose has spread rapidly
since the rain and practically every leaf in the two patches
is yellowing. . large amount of this infeotion has developed
since August 20th. <A number of specimens were oollected

from this patch and the progress of the various deseases was

watched carefully.

PATCH No. 7. Mr. Klawitter.

Boil: Sandy loam, fairly heavy. Planted to cucumbers last
year.

Acreage: .5 acre, sprayed «8 acre.

Cultivaticn : Clean , rows seven feet apart, and vines are
still too close in the rows.

Remarks: This is a small garden patch and has been under
intense cultivation for years. <A few trees in one end has
kept the growth small in that part. Vines are vigorous and
well attended.

Treatment: July 23rd, sprayed 25 gallons No diseases are
apparent, and the vines are vigorous and in good health.

July 28th, visited, patoh much the same. Few cases of wilting
and dying and a few vines are yellow. One suspected of white
riokle found.

july Soth, sprayed 35 gallons. A number of vines are suffering
badly from aphis which causes a yellowing. These vines were
removed from the patoh and burned. A small amount of bacte
erial wit is also present, but in isolated oases. Vines

quite vigorous.
 

19.
August 7th, Sprayed 5 gallons, Vines were so badly wilted
from the heat and the coat from the previous spraying so
well preserved that 7 considered it useless as well as
dangerous to spray under the conditions, The white pickle
symptoms have appeared in a few more places rather isolated
from the first and have spread from these spots as oenters.
August 10th, fully 25% of the patoh is affected with the
white pickle. The plants first affedted have ceased to
bear - A number of vines are wilted from some other cause.
Aphis seemed to have been checked by removing and burning the
vines , but still are present in some numbers.
August 18th, fully 909% of the vines are affeoted with
white pickle, and practically all of the fruits are diseased
so that the patch is finished and picking has been die-
continued. Ceased to spray for these reasons.

August 20th, vines have all been pulled up by owner.

PATCH No. 8. ‘Mr. Kalupa.

Soil : Clay loam, planted last year and had a very serious
outbreak late in the season.

Cultivaticn: Clean and rows are only about five feet apart.
The vines are not thinned sufficiently in the row.

Acreage: .8 acre, sprayed .3 acre.

Remarks: mfhis patoh is about the most vigorous one in the
experiment, Although the vines are very thick in the row
the plants are very healthy and show a strong growth probably
due to the thorough cultivaticn, the rich soil, and better
moisture conditions in the heavier soil.

Treatment: July 33rd, sprayed 50 gallons, M¥hite pickle
has been reported by the pickers in isolated oases. Insect

injury slight. Vines very vigorous and making a strong growth.
 

 

20
“uly 28th, visited, vines in good oonditicn and very thick.
Several vines are dead from the bacterial wilt, Several
vines show a yellowing of the leaves, One suspeoted white
pickle found. |

July Slst, sprayed 65 gallons, vines on the whole are very
vigorous , thick and green, but with a few cases of yellow-
ing. Rows are closing together because of the strong growth?
No diseases are apparent and only slight inseot injury. Have
marked the vine where the white pickle was found to watoh
developments.

August lst: Visited, several cases of white pickle noted

by the yellowing of the leaves and the fruit showing green
warts on an abnormally white and smooth surface.

August 7th: Sprayed 55 gallons. Vines had made very little
growth and were well covered from the last spraying, White
piokle becoming quite general about 15% of vines being
affected. Vines although standing up much better than

most patch under the lcng continued dry heat are beginning
to dry scmewhat,

August loth: white pickle is spreading generally in both

the sprayed and unsprayed parts, but so far is worse in the
unsprayed part around the center where it first started, It
presents two types of injury , one a mottled yellowing of the
leaves with the fruit hard and whitened and with green warts,
and second a dwarfing of the foliage, the leaves being very
dark green with whitened veins, yf fruit grows on this type
of vine it does nct whiten as on the other but is mottled
with dark green warts. The leaves become rather crinkly.

I believe the second type to be a later stage of the disease.
After eighteen days from the first signs of this disease the

pickers report and observations indicate that fully 35% of the
 

 

ee ee ee

 

piokles are white and diseased.

PATCH No. 9. MR. A. Ooelke.

Soil: Sandy loam, and clay loam in the lowland and rather
heavy. Not planted to cuoumbers before.

Acreage: 38. acres. Sprayed .75 aore.

Cultivation: Well cultivated, with rows futi seven feet
apart . Vines are small especially in the parts overlaid

with sand.

Remarks: This is the largest patch in the experiment and

is well adapted to the work as the rows are far apart and

will permit of the driving of a horse in the rows. Grower

is muoh interested in the outcome of the experiment.

Treatment: July 35 - 27th, sprayed 100 gallons, Vines are

not very large, but no diseasesare apparent and insect injury

only light.

July 28th, visited, Vines in good condition but small, No

diseases or insects save the cucumber beetle.

August Srd, sprayed 15, gallons. Vines in good condition,

but small No diseases or insects except that a very few

leaves are spotted in the unsprayed part and a few runners

affected with the bacterial wiit.

August 4th, visited, Vines are making a fairly good growth,

but are showing the effeots of the drought, and nearly all
of the leaves are covered from the previcus spraying. A

few vines on the unsprayed side have anthraonose slightly,

a few aphis are also present on the sandy area. The spray

has caused no visible injury to the vines , but the pickers
report that the yield which was formeraly higher in now

lower on the sprayed area, and that the fruit are mostly nubs.

Claimed that the spray aad injured the blossoms. Grower
28,

will not allow to spray again until a rain comes for these
reasons.

August llth, Vines growing well under the oonditions. A few
vines of white piokle, a few of anthracnose, and a number
affected with aphis. These three troubles seem to be
confined principally to the higher ground whioh is sandy,
althéugh the aphis are quite generally distributed, The
anthracnose does not seem to be spreading much.

August 14th, sprayed 100 galloss. “he white pickle is now
more noticeable , and now about 20 - 25% of the vines are
affected . The anthracnose has not spread much but the
aphis are very serious, Gave 25 gallons of nicotine water
to the owner who is spraying with a small potato sprayer,
but the infecticn is so general that do not expect to check.
Sprayed rows are not very vigorous and have not made much
growth since the last sprayiftg.

August 20th, disease survey. White pickle, anthracnose, and
serious infestation of aphis which are killing many vines.
August 28nd, sprayed 65 gallons. Aphis have killed fully

a 15% of the patch and have damaged much more and are ‘still
epreading rapidly, White pickle has claimed about a°h and
the anthracnose is bearly noticeable. The white pickle and
lice together up to this time have damaged the yield about
50% . The patoh is wished badly from the rain in several
places, In spite of the rain the lice are beginning to work
badly again, and the infestaticn is very general. Both the
white pickle and the lice are at present worse on the un-
sprayed side, but there is not muoh choice.
August Slst, the patch has been entirely destroyed due
principally to the aphis , but also to the white pickle to
considerable degree. These two troubles have ruined the patoh
for experimental purpose as far as fungus troubles are
concerned because the Bordeaux seems to have no inhibiting
effect whatever upon the lice or the white pickle, in fact
lice seem to prefer weakened leaves or leaves ooated with
Bordeaux. One attempt was made to check the lice in the
later stages by the application of 40 gallons of nicotine
water to the sprayed side in order to save them and test
their immunity to fungi, but althought many lice were
killed the spread was so rapid from the unsprayed side the
work was unavailing, |

PATCH No. 10 Mr Kalupa.

Soil. Heavy dark loam on lowland Not planted before to
cucumbers.

Acreage: 1. acre, sprayed .3 acre, |

Cultivated: clean oulture , but the rows are only about four
feet apart, and the vines are thick in the row.
Remarks: This is a very vigorous and although the ground
is very thickly planted and intensely oultivated the plants
are extremely vigorcus with dense foliage.

Treatment: July 35th, sprayed 5, gallons, No disease apparet
and the inset injury from the beetle but slight. Foliage
very dense and olose. Rows almost grown together.

August lst, sprayed 50 gallons, Vines very vigorous , Some
leaf spots appearing on isolated leaves , but no serious
injury.

August 7th, Vines still vigorous but yellowing in places.
Anthraonose is not spreading noticeably.

August llth, sprayed 50 gallons. Vines on the high end of

patch have not grown much but on the lower part are doing well.
 

, 84
Anthraonose is not spreading much. White nickle becoming
apparent in several places as indicated by the leaves. A
number of the leaves do not look vigouous in the oenter of
the vines, _Not very many aphis.
August 20th, whitepickle,slight tip burn, vines growing well.
Diseased areas caused by the anthracnose have been washed
out by the rain leaving a hot hole effect.
August 324th, sprayed 49 gallons, White pickle olaims about
15% of the vines. Few aphis present. anthracnose not
noticeable Vines quite vigorous in the lower half but are
not setting many blossoms. Weather not favorable to growth.
September lst, sprayed 35 gallons of Bordeaux and also |
previously 385 gallons of nicotine water to oheok the aphis,
Nicotine seemed to kill a large percentage of the lice, The
unsprayed rows are showing an attack of the anthracnose and
the angular spot, White piokle has spread slightly.
September 7 th, sprayed 25 gallons, Sprayed rows are now
noticeably more healthy than the unsprayed and are yielding
more, The white pickle is increasing, and also the
anthraonose and angular leaf spot, but the nicotine seems to
successfully checked the lice. The yields are quite small
now, however, and the patch is about finished, . This patoh
has been peculiarl, resistant to all kinds of troubles even
resisting white pickle for a long time The lice never
became serious, nor did the fungous roubles. Although the
patoh ceased to bear before it should , it outlived all of
its enemies while other patches in the near vicinity were

completely destroyed.
 

PATCH No. 11, Mr_ yeuk.

Soil. Medium sandy soil, Planted to cucumbers previous year.
Koreage: +3 acre, sprayed .15 aore.

Cultivation: Clean, rows close , 4 feet, and vines thick,

Remarks: This was a small garden patoh in town and easily

accessible.

Treatment: July 29th, sprayed 8, gallons, Some of the

Characteristic yellowing is present and a few of the vines

are dead showing also the effeot of the drought. Inseot
injury slight.

August 4th, srrayed 55 gallons, anthraonose has started in

both parts slightly worse on the unsprayed. Suffering badly
from drought and man y of the vines are yellowed.

August 7th, about 5% of the sprayed vines have some anthracnose
and 15% of the unsprayed, Hill first affected on both sides

are now practically dead.

August 15th, requested not to spray anymore because the
sprayed rows were yielding so many less than the undprayed
onese Vines look about the same in both parts, but the
anthracnose is much more general in the unsprayed part although
on account of the dry weather it is not spreading enough to

materially injure many vines, White pickle is noted in many

places.

September 2nd, practically entire patch is dead partly from the

white pickle but chiefly by the anthraonose. rhe sprayed

rows survived the best but neither woudl afford a pioking

as most of the fruits are affected with white pickle.

PATCH No. 18, Mr, Sohry.
Soil : ~edium sand, the first year in cucumber.

Acreage: .5 acre, sprayed .& acre.
26-6

Cultivation: Clean, but the vities are much too thick in the
row, and the rows only four feet apart.

Remarks: Vines show some insect injury as well as a general
yellowing,

Treatment: July 20th, sprayed 29 gallons, Vines show the
effect of drought, and are yellowing with the typical signs.
In good oultivatim, A few leaves are apotted as if with an-
thracnose in both parts.

August 5th, sprayed 85 gallons, vines are very badly wilted
from the heat and many leaves are yellow Anthracnose is
present in both parts. August 6th, Same as above.

August 15th, too badly wilted to spray and most of the

leaves are already covered, Disease is not spreading much
but the vines are drying up from the heat, |
August 18th, sprayed 15 gallons. Vines have revived consider~
ablly since the rain. Disease is not spreading much but the
vines are drying up from the heat,

August 2oth, Disease survey, tip burn and the leaf spot,
Later not serious now. Few oases of white pickle,

August 24th, white pickle abcut the same. Angular leaf

spot is showing up after- the rain,

August 28th, sprayed 15 gallons, white pickle the same.
Anthracnose the same. Angular leaf spot shows a bad infeot-
lon on about every vine on the unsprayed side giving a
yellowedappearanoe along the center of the row. This
condition is noticeably different on the sprayed side, very
few leaves being affected, Yield also reported much better
on the sprayed side.

September 3rd, sprayed 29 gallons. White pickle the same.
Angular spot inoreasing and the difference between the sides
a7

is even more noticeable A few lioe were noted on some of
the vines, but too late in the season to do muoh harm A
few gallons of nicotine were applied at the end of the

Bordeaux treatment to kill these.

PATCH No. 18. Mr. Krafjaok.

Soil : Medium sand, Not planted before.

Acreage: .6 acre , sprayed .% aore,

Cultivation: Good and the vines are vigorous, showing no
injury at all.

Remarks: patoh easily accessible and the vines seem well
adapted for the experiment, Rows full seven feet apart.
Trea tment: July 29th, sprayed 40 gallons. Vines in very
good condition. No injury apparent. |
August 5th, sprayed 25 gallons. Vines in a pretty good con-
dition considering the heat. Anthracnose shows in a very
few places on the unsprayed side.

August 6th, vines remain much more healthy than those in the
wioinity. There is very little anthracnose and the disease
is not sprexnding.

August 15th, too little growth and too weak to spray. Disease
not spreading. A few white piokle symptoms are present.
Yield reported slightly better on the sprayed side.

August 18th, sprayed 20 gallons. Vines plainly show the
effect of drought. The plants are in fairly good condition
and the diseases have not spread.

August 8,th, disease survey- Tip turn, white pickle slight,
the shot hole appearance oaused by the beating out of the
diseased areas of leaf spot by the rain.

August 34th, white pickle slight, Angular spot coming again.
28 «
August 28th, white pickle present, Sprayed 25 gallons.
White plokle about 10% worse on the sprayed side. Angular
spot is quite prevalent on the unsprayed side, but on only
a few leaves on the sprayed side, Bifference is readily
apparent from a distance.
September Srd, sprayed 30 gallons. White pickle has now
inoreased so that about 30% of the patch is affected. The
angular spot and the anthraonose have inorsased over the
unsprayed side, so that the differenod become more apparent.
Lice have been observed in a few cases on the leaves.
September 8th, sprayed 35 gallons, and also nicotine water
for lice. Vines after being sprayed were left rolled over

for the day .

PATCH No. 14. Mr Soberalske.

Soil: Medium sand. Not planted before although oucumbers
were planted in an adjoining plot the previous year.
Aoreage: 1 acre, sprayed -5 acre.

Cultivated: Well cultivated. Rows about six feet apart
and plants rather too close in the row.

Remarks: Vines quite vigorous. Trceuble with out worms
earlier in the season. Some beetle injury. <A few aphis.
Treatment: July 30th, sprayed 75 gallons. Some yellowing
present probably the effect of the drought whioh has been
generally serious on the sandy land, but the vines are
quite vigorous.

August 5th, sprayed 50 gallons, vines are wilting quite
badly from the heat and have made scarcely any growth.
Anthraonose present and is worse on the unsprayed side. A

few vines are drying from other oauses.

August 7th, A marked difference in the early stages of
a9

infeotion of the anthracnose in the sprayed and unsprayed
sides, the former showing relatively few spotted leaves.

Kll vines are wilted badly by the heat. Yield reported

the same on both sides.

August 15th, too little new growth and too wilted to spray.
Disease is apparently not sprea@ing muoh.

August 18th, sprayed 45 gallons. Vines have made scareely
any growth , but are revived from the rain, Leaves are still
well covered with spray and the diseases have not spread.

Ru gust 20th, disease survey- Old anthraonose infection shcwn
By the shot hole appearance of the leaves. Slight yellowing
and tip burn. Plants are now setting many blossoms.

} August 28th, sprayed 50 gallons. The angular spot seems to
have come on sinoe the rain and there is a very noticeable
difference between the sprayed and unsprayed sides, the
unsprayed showing about 75% infection and a very slight
amount on the sprayed side. Anthracnose seems to be also
present but not to the degree of the angular spot. White
pickle has now shown up in this patch and is evident in the
picking. About 10% of yield affected.

September Srd, sprayed 60 gallons. Anthraonose and angular
spot inoreasing. White pickle abou t the same- Anthraonose
noted in a few places on the sprayed side and is very appar-
ent on the unsprayed vines. .
September 9th, sprayed 50 gallons. Used some Bordeaux
oontaining nicotine for the lice and funfus in the same
spraying. Lice are quite general, but not serious. Very
noticeable difference between the sprayed and unsprayed sides
as to the angular spot and anthracnose. White piokle has
increased slightly and the vines are about through bearing in
 

 

any quantity.

PATCH No. 15. Mr, Witt.

Soil: A medium light sand. planted to cucumbers previous year.
Adreage: 1 acre, sprayed very small portion onoe.

Gultivation: Good. Rows six feet apart.

Remarks: This patoh is not one in the regular treatment , but
presents some very interesting facts concerning the experiment
An agreement was made with the grower to spray 5 gallons, the
grower appeared and refused to let any further work be done.
The patch was therefore abandoned from July 29th, until the

ist of September. At this latter date I again visited the
patoh and found that the vines had suffered severely with an
attack of anthraonose and that all of the vines with the
exception of the few in the small sprayed area were entirely
destroyed. The vines in the sprayed area were still green and
quite healthy for the season of year and were still in bloesoais
In this oase the one application of Rordeauw afforded a very
remarkable protection, and this proteotion was very readily
apparent. The vines were still somewhat white from the

spray although the Bordeaux had been applied five weexs
previously.- This was the most striking instance of protection

in the whole experiment.

PATCH No. 16. Mr. Redman.

Boil: Quite sandy, not planted to oucumbers before.

Aoreage: -5 acre, sprayed .& aore.

Cultivation: Good. Rows only four feet apart and plants too
lose in the row. Vines vigorous at upper end, but very

small at the lower end near the row of shade trees.

Remarks: This patch was sprayed upon the request of the grower
who had heard of the treatment to other patches.
 

—— —_— =
ee te

Ble
Treatment: July Slet, sprayed 45 gallons. Vines quite
vigorouse Inseots not serious except a few aphis. Anthra-
Onose apparently starting in places on both portions. Some
effect of drought and some yellowed leaves.

Have not srrayed since the first application because on
aocount of the dry weather vines would not need it or stand it
Diseases have not spread to any noticeable extent but many
of the vines are yellowing badly. White pickle has started
in this patch.

August 3lst, there are a number of dead vines due to the

aphis and vines had practically oeased bearing during the

dry spell. White pickle is now quite prevalent, and since so
few healthy vines remain have ceased spraying.

August S3lst, Entire patoh is practically dead from aphis,
white pictle, and tip burn. Some anthracnose and angular

spot present but got as an important factor in the destruction
of the patohe This is but another instance of the case where
the fungicide was applied, but was useless as far as the
experiment was conoerned for the patch was destroyed by other

agneoies.

PATCH No. 172 Mr. Yalka.

Soils: Heavy sand, some loam. Not planted before nor has any
patoh been nearer than a quarter mile.

Acreage: 1.5 acres. Sprayed entire patoh for lice and .7
acre with bordeaux for the fungus.

Cultivation: Good . Rows seven feet apart but are slightly
too thick in the row.

Remarks: This patoh was taken on late in the season prin-
cipally for the purpose of experimentation in the control of

aphis, with the commercial nicotine solutions, both in water
Sar,
as a medium and also Rordeaux- The results obtained were
probably the most thorough and conolusive in the whole
experiment as the patoh remained alive until the end of the
season, long enough so that definite conclusions could be
drawn without so many disturbing factors.
Treatment: August 7th, visited and made arrangements to spray.
Shows a small amount of anthracnose , a little white pickle
and a number of aphis,
August 12th, sprayed 100 gallons for aphis , using Commeroial
30% niootine 1 to 500. The vines were rolled over and the
spray applied to the under side and then the vines rolled back.
This was necessary because the licé areon the under side of
the leaves. Used at about the same rate per acre as the
Bordeaux.
Augustl3th, sprayed 225 gallons on the rest of the patoh of
which the last 8 rows were treated with bordeaux solution
containing nicotine using in all 100 gallons of this kind.
August 15th, vines yellowing in plaoes. Spray has killed
a large number of the lice, but a few remain and it remains
to be seen how rapidly they will spread. The vines sprayed
with the Bordeaux all look well, but all are in need of rain.
AK few vines look to have the white pickle. All of the water
for these sprayings is hauled from the house by the grower
a distance of a half mile The grower also funishes a boy to
assist in pumping and manifests his interest in other ways.

August 2lst, lice which exoaped the spray have mostly been
killed by the heavy rains which fell while the vines were
Tolled over. ft will be interesting to obsezve how soon they
will again give trouble, The leaf spot is not apparent as
yet as a new infection after the raine The white pickle is
53.

spreading quite noticeably . Last week only a few vines were
affected as evidenoed by the leaves, and at a picking then
only one or two diseased fruits were found. Now about ten
times as many vines show signs of infeotion and 25 or 30 fruits
were found to be affected. This condition was true on both
the side untreated with Bordeaux and the side sprayed. The
sprayed vines are the most vigorous.

August 2lst, sprayed 80 gallons of Rordeaux taking on four
new rows at the request of the grower. Vines are in good
Oondition and are setting many blossoms. The sprayed rows
are looking much the better and are yielding more. White
rickle is present in spots in all of the sprayed rows. An
example of the way in which the white pickle is noted in the
yield may be seen from the following record.

Saturday picking,10O guarts, white pickle; ,onday 32 guarts
and Thkrsday 1, quarts; Saturday 5 quarts.

August 29th, sprayed the patch with 80 gallons. Vines on
the sprayed rows are in good condition. Sprayed these rows
separately also for lice usitig 50 gallons of nicotine sol=
ution. Turned over all of the rows and will apply niootine
after they have been exposed to the sun for awhile. Leaf
spot becoming prevalent on the unsprayed area, and a number
of vines have been destreyed. Only a few leaves are affected
on the sprayed side and all of these on the last few rows
sprayed a week later than the others and adajacent to the
unsprayed area.

August Slst, sprayed 100 gallons for aphis on the area not
covered by the Rordeaux. Lice are quite bad there again and

that portion of the patch has been damaged 75% by the lice
 

white pickle, and anthracnose, so that a spraying for lice
is valueless except as a means of preserving the patoh to
observe the progress of the anthraonosee yice in this portion
were exposed for two days as the vines were rolled over and
@aso had a heavy rain while in this condition which must have
killed a great many.

September 4th, ;ioe are very scarce now but a number of vines
are suspected of being killed by them on the side unsprayed
by Bordeaux. Anthraonose and white pickle have also killed

a great number of vines on the unsprayed side, On the sprayed
side , partioularly in the last four rows treated the white
pickle is present and the anthraoncse in a much lesser degree.
Blight frost had turned some of the blossoms white the night
before.

September 5th, started spraying but the rain prevented.
Seotember 7th, sprayed 70 gallons on the eight original

rows treated. Picking has practically ceased on the
remainder of the patch due to injury chiefly from the white
pickle, anthracnose, and lice. Sprayed rows although, not
bearing heavily on account of the oold are still quite green
and show relatively few anthracnose spots. The yield of
white pickles is increasing one bushel affeoted fruits being
obtained September 5th. This patch bore out the expectations

of the experiment in a great measure.
35.
Disease Desoription.

The following descriptions are the summary of a number
of field conditions taken at a time when it is not definitely
known by the observer what the correct diagnosis was. The
aim in this desoription is to tell just how the symptoms
appeared and to follow the progress of the trouble in such a
way that the untrained observer would be able to identify his
observations in the field with some specific trouble desoribed
herein.

Disease No.1 Called for convenience "Tip Burn”.

woticeable July 38th, The leaves yellow gradually and
then the margins of the leaves turn brown and die back from
the tip. Later in the season, the vines wilt down entirely
and dry up, but this does not cocur for sometime. The effect
on the general health and yield of the vine however,is notice
able from the first. The fruit is not affeoted except ina |
secondary way. It appears in isolated sections of a patoh
and seems to spread usually along a row rather than froma
center, but it alse appears in isolated oases. tn the last
stages the vine drys up entirely. Same trouble was present in

the vioinity last season.

Disease No. 2. Anthracnose (Colletotrioum p,agenarium)
Kvidenced in the first stages by small yellowish oocas-

ional spots on the leaf. These later turn brown in the

center surrounded by a yellowish green ring indicating the

extent cof infection, These spots rapidly enlarge under favore

able conditicns, and become confluent on the leaf. The older

leaves are usually the first to be attacked and the vine dies

from the center. It takes perhaps eight or tem days from the
 

36.

time of initial infection to spoil the vine although the
time may be longer if the weather is very dry, or shorter
if it is damp and muggy. Although anthracnose is olaimed
in disease desoriptions to affect the fruit seriously
with decayed and sunken spots probably this type of injury
does not appear on oucumbers that are picked as young as they
are for pickles and this was not observed. The fruit is
only affected secondarily in that the vine loses its pro-
ductive power. This is spreading at present at a very rapid
rate oonsidering the dryness of the weather and it is general
on nearly all of the patches, thove on the sandy soils being
affected first. The sprayed portions resist successfully ser~
lous infecticn although a number of leaves are some times
spotted slightly.

The first signs of this disease were noted on a patoh
July 2lst in one corner on a few vines. This spread steadily
and in spite of the. dry weather by August 8th fully 50% of
the vines show a spotting of the leaves and in the corner
where it started about 5% of the patch was destroyed in that
time. On all of the badly infeoted vines the stems also
show lesions from a spot up to an inch in length, even in
some dases almost girdling the stem, In the final stages
the leaf spots become confluent and the affected leaves die
beginning with the older thus giving the appearance from the
center of the hill outward. Moist mugsy weather seems to

be the most favorable for its spread.
 

 

37.
Disease No, 3. White pickle.

Primarily a disease of the fruit although the foliage
shows typical symptoms, The leaves turn a mottled yellow
gradually and often the leaves have yellow margins, There
seems to be two distinct types of foliage effeot. In the
first the leaves merely turn yellowish gradually as describe
ed above and the vine shows a general weakness as if from
malnutrition. The vine may remain in this way for a long tims
without further effect except that the vine showly loses its
productive power and the few fruits that are borne are
typically diseased. In the second type of foliage injury
the leaves become thicker a darker green and more crinkly
with sometimes veins and margins tinged with yellow, These
kind of vines very soon become unproductive and the plant
remains dwarfed and green. There is a difference in the app-
earance of the diseased fruits on these two types of vines.
In the first type the fruits are usually quite smooth and
white with prominent green warts scattered on the surface,
while in the second type of foliage symptoms the fruits
become mare knarled and malformed with very large and numerous
dark green warts and not so much of a tendency to whiten.
This type could scarcely be truthfully be called a white
pickle. No definite cause is known for this trouble nor has
any satié@factory explanaticn been advanced. Professor Jones
of Wisconsin indicated that it might te the physiological
result , but it remains to be discovered what condition
induoes this physiological result, and to advance some logi-~

cal explanation for the reason of its virulent oontagious

nature, The nammer of its dissemination unknown, but there

ig no question but that it spreads with great rapidity in some
a mare ce — . ee ee — +
"3%

Cases and seems to have an epidemio nature in some regions
appearing again the following season at about the same time

and place It appears on all types of soil and under all
types of cultivation 80 it is diffioult to associate it with
any cultural practice, Bordeaux proved to be no factor what«
ever in the control of white pickle. It appears on new land
never before planted to cucumbers and far removed from any
patches the previous year Seed, hcwefer, is all supplied
from the same sources and yet relatively few of the regions
have had the trouble as yet. The trouble seems most analy-
hous to the description of peach yellows, having the same
mysterious and unexplanable methods cf dissemination, yt is
a trouble much to be feared and whether it is pathogenetic
cr not it exerts a serious effect or the pickle business in
the regions affected reducing the yield more and more each
year. The trcuble rnct only reduces the yield, but the so
called white pickles do not take the trine and are therefore
worth nothing and rejected by the salting station. There is

an apportunity for much careful experimentation on the white

pickle.

Rphide Injury.

The green aphis were very prevalent around prinoeton in
the season of 1914, and did a vast amount of damage. In fact
they made it almost impossible to obtain any oonclusive
results cn the fungous ccntrol experiments on account of the
damage they did to the experimental patches. ;nfestatiocn is
not commonly nctioed at first until a badly infested leaf
shows a curl and a darkening. The ground underneath often
is covered with the sticky exudation homey dew and usually

ants are present and may be a factor in their rapid spread
59.

to other leaves and patches. yn the advanced stages the
entire under side of the leaf is covered, with adult winged
insects, lighter green wingless young and light yellow eggs.
The spread is very rapid and usually when a few vines show

a badly infestation it is evidence enough that they are present
in a slighter amount throughout the entire patch. They can

be controlled by a thorough spraying of nicotine solution in
the proper strength, quite successfully. As it is necessary

to touch each insect with the spray the vines must be rolled
Over s0 as to expose the under surface of the leaves where

the insects alwaysare. Of cource it is impossible to expose
all of the leaves at any one application but by this method
with 80 to 100 potnds pressure about 75% ot 80% of the aphis
can be killed at the first application and by careful attention
can be held in cheok.

They seem to be specially prevalent in dry weather and
on vines weakened by drought or other causes, They are
apparently partly controlled naturally by continued oold or
heavy rains, Rordeaux is not a cheok or even a repellent.
In fact they seem to prefer the Rordeaux coated leaves, The
effect on the vines is very disastrous. In the first stages
they weaken the vine and reduce the yield by sucking the
juices. Later the badly affected vines die very suddenly

giving a shriveled blackened appearance as of a heavy frost.

Spray Injury.

The amount of spray injury done by Rordeaux is an open
question, Some authorities clain a deeided injury, and some
assert none at all. It is difficult outside of experimental
plots to get accurate record of relative yield,whioh do not

become affected by the numerous other factors mentioned above.
Since the many factors do not act equally, one would not

be justified in making oonolusions without partioular
experimentation. From the observations of this summer I do
believe that Bordeaux 3-6-50 does cause some injury to the
blossoms either in its effect on the pollen or stigma, or in
an action as a repellent to fertilizing insects. I have no
statistics on this point to prove it but growers generally
have complained that after srraying the yield fell off
noticeably on that side for a few days. In a count made

of five vines on each side 7 found that there were two more
cucumbers on the sprayed vines and I append a table showing
the yield varies scarcely at alle Neither of these results
prove anything definitely however, and theroretically it
would certainly seem that spraying in bloom would have a
detrimental influence. There are so many varying factors
affecting the yield that many experiments would have to be
made to justify a definite statement.

Spray injury is relatively slight at the most oompared
with the effect of the disease, and undoubtedly would be
offset many times by the preventitive effect of the spray
in the case of anthracnose or angular spot being present in
the patoh in sufficient. amount to deorsase the yield, but
where the troubles which are present cannot be ocontrolled by
spraying such as the white pickle or if no measures are
taken against the lice which are even rore destructive, the
result of spraying nct considering its cost is a loss or at
the best a draw. In this event it must be charged as a form
of insurance. The mechanical injury from spraying compels
attention in certain cases, When the weather is hot and dary

the effect of spraying wilted plants whioh are already suffer-
41.

ing from want of water is very harmful Whether this is due
to the foroe of the spray, to the cold water, or to the in»
creased transpiration is a question, but the fact remains that

it is unsafe and unpracticabla to spray vines in this conditi Me
prevalence of pisease in the Region.

The diseases observed in the course of the season were:-
White Pickle, Anthracnose, Angular Leaf Spot, and the insect
Green Aphis. . will take these up in the order of their
importance and give a short sketch of the conditions under
which they existed.

White Pickle.

 

This is by far the most sericus disease of the region,
both in its destructiveness on the crop , but also on account
of the mysterious nature of its appearance and laok of any
control measure. Out of the 17 patches experimented upon
white pickle was present and was an importance in the death
of 15 patches. In the survey made of the conditions around
Raraboo about fifty miles South of princeton white pickle was
found to be present in almost every patoh and a very serious
factor in many of these . The disease had become more serious
every year and was practically making a successful season
impossible.

Green Aphis.

 

These insects certainly deserve at least a second place
among the most important troubles They were so sudden in
their effect and so rapid in their spread that in the patches
in whioh they were serious they were much mere destructive.
than all of the other diseases ocmbined, They were an

important factor in the destruction of 7 of the 17 patches,
and in several cases were the sole factor of their destruction
60 early in the season, Careful watch should be kept on the
patch and when they first appear cover the infested vines with
soil without pulling it up. If the lice have a start however,
a thorough spraying with nicotine repeated if necessary is

an efficient contrl. yt ie necessary to roll over the vines

in order to reach the insects on the under side of the leaves .

Anthracnose.

 

This is the only truly fungus disease which appeared
in the regicn and it was toward this type of trouble that
Bordeaux is a remedy, Anthracnose was only serious in the
destruction of nine, but in cnly two of these was it the
most important factor, When the other agenoies of destruc~
tion permitted of a comparison between the sprayed and un=
sprayed rows it was found that Bordeaux affected almost a
complete control a few sprayed leaves being spotted, but not
of sufficient amount to effect eccnomic damage. This
disease was also present in some degree around Raraboo.

Angular Leaf 8pot.

Experiment stations have not as yet definitely outlined
the oause of this disease. It is very difficult at first to
distinguish it from anthracnose as the spots are very similar

in appearance, The angular spot has a tnedenog to follow the

veins and the spots are smaller and do not beoore confluent.
| whey usually are more white in color. In many patches this
disease existed at the same time and often on the same leaves
as the anthracnose, It does not spread as rapidly but has 4
serious effect on the nutrition of the vine especially at

the center cf the hill. Bordeaux seems to control it to

about the same degree that it does anthractose. It was very
43.

prevalent around Princeton, Ripon, and Baraboo, and althcugh
only totally destructive in a few cases , itsdfeot direct,

and indirectly are worthy of consideration.

Key to Pach Reoord Summary.
A - Anthracnose, W.P. - White Pickle. A.8. = Angular Spot.
Aphis refers to the plant lice, drought to the long continued
dry period in July, and Cold to the low temperature in early
September, In addition to the Rordeaux 700 gallons of

nicotine were used to ocntrol aphis.

Cost of Spraying will be shown

in a separate table.

- General Effeots of Spraying and Recommendations. -
1. Bordeaux &-6-50 proved to be an effectual ecomic control
for the anthracnose and angular leaf spot. It is not an
absolute preventitive but if applied to the vines before
the disease appears it will prevent any serious infeotion.
If applied after the disease has appeared on the vines it
will check its spread in large measures. In oase the check
rows were not in the patch and the entire patoh were
syrayed the rate of control probably would be almost complete.
e. Bordeaux 2-6-5650 will control angular leaf spot in the
same degree as it will anthracnose.
S. When either or both of these diseases appear in the
vicinity spraying begun at that time will protect the patoh.
4. Jt is necessary to keep the leaves covered in order to
insure protection. The intervals of spraying shculd be
regulated by the growth of the vine. _sually sprayings

should be made at intervals of a week or ten days.
5, Do not spray when the vines are in a very wilted oondi-
tion in a time co drought. |
6. Bordeaux is not a repellent nor will it in any way
protect the vines against the green aphis.

7. Nicotine solution applied acoording to directions is an
efficient control for aphis, The vines must he rolled over
in order to reach the insects on the under side of the leaf
with the spray. The spray must hit an insect to kill it.

Be Watch for the first appearance of the aphis and begin
control measures as soon as they appear. This may be done

at first by covering the infested vines with soil in the row.
9. White nickle is nct controlled or checked by the
application of Rordeaux in any way. It does not pay to spray
@ white piokle infected patoh.

10. White pickle seems to be contagious.

lle gpraying does not need to begin unti& the disease appears
in the vicinity, and that in some seasons may result in no
spraying at all,

13. Spraying is a good insurance against fungus diseases

and will pay in all oases where there are only controllable
diseases to deal with, considering it as insurance, and in
seasons when such diseases are sericus will amply repay the
cost.

18. When no disease is present in the patch the sprayed vines
will undoubtedly yield less than the unsprayed and not con-
sidering the cost involved the operation would be at a loss.
14. In order to secure the best results experimental plots
should be owned or absolutely controlled by the partiy oon-

ducting the eryperimentation.
45.
15. Spraying can be done by the individual grower or better
by a combination of several growers, dividing the cost of
the outfit at a cost of approximately $25.00 per aore per
season, inoluding labor over a full period of eight sprayings .
mhis amount would be materially reduced if the patch only
required four or five sprayings, which is more nearly the
average.
16. From 150 to 300 gallons per acre should be applied per
acre under average oconditicns.
17. <A good day's work for two men using a barrel sprayer
drawn by a horse, and operating cne lead of hose, will be

on the average nct rore than two acres a day.
46-.

Big Rapids » Michigan, is located in Meocosta County ,
about 75 miles morth of Grand Rapids, It is the center of a#
former lumbering district. While this industry was in progress
the size of the town inoreased to about 15,000. However,
since lumbering was necessarily stopped, the town has remain-
the same size, It seemed to be fairly prosperous due to
the other industries it has taken ups

Farming is almost entirely the oocupaticn of all sides
of Rig Rapids, The type of farming in most all of the cases
is of a low grade, although some cf the farmers were quite
intelligent and successful . The majority of the farms were
small, ranging from five to ten acres to 30 or 40 acres. The
main crops raised were ccrn, oats, rye, scme potatoes and
cucumbers. The orop yields in practically all cases were
very low partly due to the poor methods of farming and partly
to the character of the soil- It might be said here that
there were a very few farmers that understood the principals
of farming and were making a good success of the business.
This class of farmers were mostly Germans, while the remain-
der consisted of nearly all nationalities.

Back about eleven years ago, the H.J. Heinz Company,
built a salting station at this town and started oontraoting
for aoreages of cuoumbers. It did not take long to show the
farmers in the viginity that there were big possibilities
in this crop, For the first six or seven years the productions
were enormous and the profit to the farmers was large. The
price paid the farmer was about $0.50 per bushel for the
first grade pickles, At this time most of the farmers within

a radius of 10 or 12 miles grew cucumbers, some of them making
 

 

 

47,

it their only crop. Very often those growing pickles yet,
would remark about what large crops they used to raise and
Bay that they made more money by far then with the price
at $0.50 per bushel than they do now with the price at $1.00
per bushel, The reason for this is almost entirely due to
lack of production per acre. The company will not accept as
many pickles as they did with the price low, in other words
they sort very olose.

The reason for the price being advanced was the fact
that four or five years ago the production per acre began
to decrease and the acreage also deoreased due to this cause.
In these last few years referred to so many of the growers
gave up growing cucumbers that the oompany did not use more
than 1/8 the capacity of the salting station, Why the same
number of acres would not produce as many cucurbers as
formerly is hard to account fore It possibility might be
due to the general light soil conditions. MQuring this time,
there had been poor rotation of crops and possibilly growing
cucumbers in succession might give tonio conditions to the
soll. Several growers gave what they considered very muoh
better culture to the crep in these years and yet would be
able to get only perhaps 1/2 or 1/3 the former yield. This
was naturally a problem that perplexed the conscientious
grower, the grower that wanted to raise cucumbers, and liked
the orope

Another thing that tended to lose growers for the
company was the appearance of disease three or four years

ago in this district. Although not as serious as in some
1s.

sections it was the souroe of more unoertainty in the growing
ofthis crop, The term used by the grower for all diseases
was in all oases “light” They were not observing enough
to tell that there were different kinds of disease. jn
talking with the majority of growers in the summer of 1914

it was evident that they did not regard disease as serious as
the lack of production. They thought that if they could get
as large yields as they did when the business first started
they could afford to have some disease. Disease, however, in
the season of 1914 was more serious than it had been in the
past years and probably will be the cause of a large number
of the 1914 growers giving up growing this crop.

In other secticns where the Heinz Company has cucumber
growing districts the disease was oausing large amounts of
damage and so for this reason they desired to find out the
control for the various cucumber diseases. As has already
been stated they desired to have as many climatical regions
included inthe experiments as possible, hence the carrying
on of the experiments at Big Rapids.

Spraying was a very new thing for the majority of the
growers, but when they were informed that the Company was
advocating the operation they were willing to try it, It
seemed to be the general feding that anything the yeinz
Company did was all right. Many of them said in requesting
them to let us conduct spraying experiments on their patches,
that if it proved a damage to their crops the Company would
pay for any loss willingly. It was a striking thing that
in all cases it would have not been possible to conduct the
experiment in their patches if it would cause them any expense.

It was necessary before starting the spraying to go to
 

 

49.

& doen growers on all sides of the town and get their permiss
ion to spray their patches. They were to funish water and to
pump the sprayer. Some were somewhat enthusiatic over the
spraying while others were rather skeptical but finally
consented to try cut the plan. The total number of patches
that were given at least one spraying were seventeen.

The #pparatus used was the same as is listed in the
introduction of this thesis, with the exception of a move-
able arm 5" long attached to the cylinder of the pump and
serving to hold the hose over the wheel and also to prevent
it from injuring the vines. The ground was very lightsand
in a large number of cases and to prevent the filled barrel
from causing the ground support to sink into the soil a wide
shoe was attached.

The Bordeaux used in the experiment was made in the
following way. The stome lime of a high grade as obtainable
was slaked before the time to spray, usually enough to make
four or five barrels being slaked at one time. Very much
oare was used in slaking in order to prevent burning or
drowning " This soluticn was the concentrated lime solution.
“he copper solution was dissolved in a concentrated solution
before the time of spraying When ready to spray enough
of the concentrated solutions of both the lime and the
copper sulphate were separately diluted to make 25 gallons of
each This done, the two were poured into the sprayer at
the same time to give as gcod Rordeaux as possible. With
the exception of a very few cases the Bordeaux was used the
same day as prepared. Water for the dilutions was pumped as
long as possible before it was wanted for use, thus preventing

any chance fo ohilling the plants with cold water.
 §U
Bo

Spraying was done as olose as possible every week or
ten days, Ina few instances it was impossible to get the
farmer to spray when that spraying should have been put on.
The upper surfaces of the vines were well sprayed. It was
found impractical and almost impossible to spray the under

surface of the vines.

Record of Individual Patches.-

Mr. Vandenburg - patch No, l. ~
Acreage: Total 1.25 acres, sprayed .625 aore.
Planted: About yay 387th.
Soil: Sandy, mostly new ground,
Culture: Good.
lst spraying.
Dates July 320th, 1914.
Conditions: The patoh was in very good shape, Plants were
healthy with the exception of a few that had bacterical wilt.
Weather: Very clear and hot.
epray: S-6-50 Bordeaux, amount 75 gallons.

Vandenburg refused to allow the second spray to be put
on. He was a very queer old man, and imagined that one
Spraying ought to be sufficient for the season.

Disease: August 35, 1914 , patch was abandoned on account
of cucumber scab. This man gave the patoh very good culture,

but he neglected to keep the cucumbers from getting large.

W. Je Roades, Patch No, 32.

Acreage: Total .37 acre, srrayed -l8acre.
Planted: About June 20th.

Soil: Sandy, new ground that season,

Culture: Fair.

_. ——. oe ————— a =a
 

51

lst spraying.
Date: July 20, 1914.
Conditions: Late planting caused very small plants, most of
them had not started to run. The row on the baok furrow was
large due to the presence of more available plant food.
Weather: Clear , hot.
Spray: S-6-50 , amount 25 gallons.

and spraying.
Date . July 29, 1914.
Conditions: Normal growth. Did not show any bad effect of
the previcus spraying.
Weather: Clear, but not hot.
Spray : z-6-50, amount 3, gallons.

. Srd spraying.

Date: Aupust 6, 1°14.
Conditions: Vines had made a very good growth, The sprayed
side seemed to make a better growth than the unsprayed.
Weather: Partly cloudy, warm.
Spray: Z-6-50, amount 25 gallons,

4th spraying,
Dates August 17, 1°14.
Conditions: The vines appeared in better health and had
grown better than the unsprayed. It is probable that the
6011 conditions were responsible for this, as I can see
no reason for the spray causing a better growth.
Weather Clear, warm,
Spray: S-6-50 , amount 5, gallons,

This patch was dropped becatse of lack of time, and no

more spraying were applied.

Disease: No disease was observed until 8/29/14, when scab
was found . st was not possible to get the peroent of
disease present at this time. On 9/3/14, the patoh was
abandoned on account of soab.- Mr, Roades stopped pioking
the unsprayed portion of the patch before the sprayed
about a week, which showed that the sprayed had been continued,
it would probably have prevented the disease longer.

No shortage of yield was reported in this patoh, although

the leaves were somewhat yellowed at times during the season.

Mr Ee Ge Moore — Patoh No, 3.
Acreage: Total 1.07 acre, sprayed .53 acre,
Planted: About way 28th,
Soil: Light sandy loam.
Culture: Excellent.
let spraying.
Dates: July 2, and 21, 1914.
Conditions: The vines in this patoh had made a very good
growth, and appeared in very good health except for a slight
attack of bacterial wilt.
Weather: Clear, and warm on the first day; cool on the second.
Spray: S-6-50 , amount 90 gallons.
and spraying.
Dates: July 87 and 28, 1914.
Conditions: Spraying was done just after the leaves had had
time to dry after a hard rain. Pickles were picked after
spraying. Finished the next day,
Weather: Cloudy the first day; clear the second day.
Spray: S-6-50, amount 100 gallons.
—-« Srd_ spraying.
Date: August 4, 1914.

Conditions: The sprayed vines have not made as good a growth
g'

 

 

 

 
ae poe = =—6—
5S.

as the unsprayed, neither do they look as healthy. Onlg the
upper surface was sprayed at this time.
Weather: Clear, hot.
Spray: 5-6-50, amount 80 gallons.
4th spraying.
Date: August 14, 1914 and August 15, 1914,
Conditions: The vines that were not sprayed oontinued to
show better growth and appeared healthier.
Weather: Clear, cool and clear.

Spray: S-6-50, amount 130 gallons,

Disease:
8/7/14 - 6 to 7 oucumbers affected with scab were found, but
it was not known from which side they came fron.
8/8/14 - found 8 affected with scab.
8/15/14 - % of scab on the sprayed 13 to 15%.
._ "8 * #* unsprayed 89% (Prom 298 pickles)
8/19/14 - " #9 6 " © sprayed 282%
hme " unsprayed 86% ( actual count)

8/24/14 - Unsprayed abandoned. |
8/36/14 - Sprayed " .
| Moore would not spray the 4th time when I wanted him
to and thus between the Srd and 4th sprayings there was lapse
of 10 and 11 days, followed by very heavy rains If this
spraying had been made the 7 days after the previous one I
think the disease would have been controlled to a greater
extent. It is probable that the very damp weather had a
large part to do in the loss of the patch.

During the entire season this patoh showed muoh better

condition of vines regarding growth especially on the unspray=

ed side. whe stunted condition of the vines was borne out by
54.

the fact that the unsprayed yielded less.

Mr° M. Nels barson. Patoh No, 4.
Koreage: Total 1 28 acres, sprayed .65 acres.
Planted : jyune 6 or 7th.
Boil: Sandy.
Culture: Fair.

lst spraying,
Pate: July alst, 1914,
Conditions: Fair plants. Small growth due to slowness of
coming up, Said to have been three weeks ooming up,
Weather: Clear, warn,
Spray : 3-6-50, Amount 65 gallons.

and spraying.
Date: July 28, 1914.
Conditions: Vines have made a normal growth during the week,
the unsprayed are probably a little larger.
Weather: Clear, windy, warm.
Spray: 8-6-50, 56 gallons.

4th spraying.

Date: August 13, 1914,
Conditions: Growth normal. No difference insprayed and
unsprayed plants.
Weather: partly Cloudy, warm.
Spray: S-6—-50, amount 14, gallons,

Srd spraying,
Date: kugust 5; 1914,
Conditions: Very large growth during the weok.
Weather : | Clear, hot.
Spray: $-6-50, amount 70 gallons.
 

 

55.
Sth spraying.
Date: August 324, 1914.
Conditions: Growth normal, and equal for both sides.

Weather: Partly oloudy, warn,
Spray: S-6-50, amount 13, gallons.
Disease:

No scab was noticed until 8/17 when about 1/3 dozen
piokles were found affected with the soab. On 8/24 the
following determinations were made:-

% of scab on the unsprayed side - 65%

G* j.@ © ® gprayed * = 45%.
ur Larsin said at this time that he would not piok the
unsprayed if they oontinued as bad as they were on this date.
When next observed, 8/27 the soab was getting very serious
on the whole patch with the following peroents.

% on the unsprayed side --- 70%

Ge e sprayed “* --- 40% to 50%.

This shows that the scab on this date was nearly as bad on
the sprayed as on the unsprayed, When this disease first
appeared Mr. Larson took much pains to remove all the
affeoted pickles from the patoh, but this means of oontrol
was not successful. «The-spread of disease to the sprayed
in this patoh is accounted for in the fact that the undprayed
was very badly infected and for two days previous to the
worst infection on the sprayed the wind blew oontinously
from the unsprayed side, Spraying, however, partially
controlled for when he stopped picking the sprayed portion
nine days after he stopped picking the unsprayed the % of
disease on the sprayed did not equal the unsprayed side.
56.

Mr*® Wn- Libby - patoh No. 5.
Aoreage: Total .25 aore, sprayed .125 acre.
Planted: May 28th.
Soil: Dark sandy loan,
Culture: Good.
lst spraying.
Dates: July 31 and 328, 1914.
Conditions: Very fine grwwth and apparently healthy.
Weather: Clear and very warm on the 2lst and olear
and warm on the 22nd.
Spray: $-6-50, amount 25 gallons.
and spraying.
Date: July 329, 1914.
Conditions: Vines in very good conditions and growth good.
Weather: Clear, coool.
Spray: %-6-650, amount So gallons.
Srd spraying. .
Date: Mugust 8, 1914.
Conditions: Normal , sprayed vines have made as good growth
as the unsprayed.
Weather: Partly cloudy , warm,
Spray: 5-6-5650, amount 3, gallons.
4th spraying.

This patch was dropped as there was a laok of time and
its distance from the souroe of supply was so great.
Disease:

This patch even tho it was within 1/4 mileof one ; 1/4
mile southwest of another; and 1/4 mile southeast of still
another, all of which were heavily infected with soab remain-

ed free until September 3, when it first began to appear.
 
7.
Frost killed the patch Ithad continued to get good yields
until this time.

The sprayed portion seemed to have a greener appearance,

although the leaves of the sprayed seemed stiffer.

Mr. Canaan. Patch No. 6.
Koreage: Total .25 aore, sprayed .125 acre.
Planted: About June 30th. |
Soil: Light sand.
Culture: Good.
lst spraying.
Date: July 31, 1914.
Conditions: This patch showed the lack of plant food. The
plants were very amall and spindling. The scuth end vines
were the most vigorous.
Weather: Clear , hot.
Spray: $-6-50, amount 15 gallons.
and spraying.
Date: July 28, 1914.
Conditions: Growth normal through the week. The Plants that
were weak and backward seem to be making a better growth.
Weather: Clear and oool.
Spray: 8-6-50, amount 15 gallons.
Srd spraying.
Date: August 5, 1914.
Conditions: Some of the vines especially on the south end
have made a good growth. No pickles have been picked from
this patoh yet.
Weather: Clear and hot.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 15 gallons.
4th spraying.
 

Date: August 14, 1914.
Conditions: Fair growth and about equal on both sides.
Weather: Clear and cool.
Spray: S-6-50, amount 35 gallons.

5th spraying.
Date: August 24, 1914.
Conditions: The sprayed half made during the week a much better
growth then the unsprayed. This fact is probably due to more
fertilizer on this part of the patoh.
Weather : Clear and cool | }
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 49 gallons.

6th spraying,
Date: Deptember 3,.1914,
Conditions: The sprayed half was greener and more vigorous
in appearanoe.e. Growth for the same reasons as given under
the 5th spraying.
Weather: Partly cloudy, cold.

Spray: 4—6-50, amount 4, gallons.

Disease: Scab sppeared on this patoh on 8/24, when two
affected pickles were found. Canaan was instructed to remove
all diseased pickles from the patch, which he did. On 9/8
@oab was present on both sides to the extent of 40 or 50%.
The vines were very thiok and partly account for the spread
of the scab to the sprayed. The patoh was abandoned on 9/5
on account of the disease and the lack of production. This
patch was located nearly directly west of Larson's patch,
which wasabout 40 rods distant. At the time disease appeared

seriously a strong wind blew from Larson's . This may partly

account for the infection.
59

Martin - Gruntz - Patch No. 7.
Acreage: June 4 or 5th.
Soils: Sandy loam,
Culture: Very good.
let spraying.
Pate: July 21, 1914.
Conditions: This patch was déveloped very well, probably
have as well advanced vines as any in the locality. Hada
very healthy appearance.
Weather: Clear and hot.
Spray: 3-6-50, amcunt 49 gallons.
end spraying.
Date: July 28, 1°14.
Conditions: Vines still making an excellent growth, No
Signs of poor resiits from the previous spraying.
Weather: Clear and cool.
Spray: z-6-50, amount 45 gallons.
. Srd spraying.
Date: August 7, 1914.
Conditions: Vines still continued to make a very good growth
and the sprayed appeired in as good oonditions as the unspray-—
ed, regarding results from spraying.
Weather: Clear and hot.
Spray: %-6-50, Amount 50 gallons.
4th spraying.
Date: August 14, 1914.
Conditions: Growth equal on both sides.
Weather: Clear and cool.
Spray: %-6-50, amount 70 gallons.
5th spraying.
 

 

Date: August 25, 1914.
Conditions: Normal growth of vines on both sides.
Weather: Clear and coool.
Spray : 5-6-50, amount 90 gallons.
6th spraying.
Date: September 8, 1914.
Conditions: The unsprayed was abandoned at this time. The
sprayed portion was beginning to show effects of the seasons
produotion. This patch producted very good during the season.
Weather: Partly cloudy and coool.
Spray: 4-6-50, amount 80 gallons.

Disease: On 8/15 the scab appeared on 4 or 5 hills on the
unsprayed. It inoreased on the unsprayed until on the 8/27
when the % on the unsprayed was 75% while the % of scab on
the soab sprayed side was 5%. The unsprayed sides ware
not picked after this date an account of the disease. The
sprayed side continued oomparatively free from soab (9/3

lo% ) until the frost stopped picking on 9/7¢

irs. E. J. Smith — Patoh No. 8.
Acreage: Total .41 aore, sprayed «8, acre.
Plated: About June 5th.
Boil : Light sandy.
Culture: Fair.
lst spraying.
Date: July 22, 1914.
Conditiéns: Growth of plants fair. The south end was the best
part of the patoh.
Weather: Clear and partly oloudy.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 35 gallons.
6l.
| end spraying.
Dates July 30, 1914.
Conditions: Growth of vines still continues to be very good.
There Was no apparent injury from the previous spraying.
Weather: Clear and ween.
Spr ay =: 3-6-50 , amount 40 gallons.
Srd spraying.
Date: August 7th, 1914.
Conditions: Growth on the sprayed and the unsprayed seemed
about the same, however, the sprayed portion seemed healthier .
Weather: Clear and hot.
Spray: 36-50, amount 35 gallons.
| 4th spraying.
Date: August 18, 1914.
Conditions: The sprayed still remained better in vigor and
seemed to indicate more growth than the unsprayed.
Weather: Partly cloudy and warm,
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 45 gallons.
5th spraying.
Tate: August 26, and 37 , 1914.
Conditions: Growth fair and abcut equal for the two sides.
Weather: Bartly cloudy, coool, threatening, and partly cloudy
and 0001 the second day.
Spray: 3-6-5650, amount 62 gallons,
6th spraying.
Date: September 3, 1914.
Conditions: The sprayed vines looked greener and more vigorous
then the unsprayed,
Weather: Cloudy and cold.
Spray : 4—6-50, amount 50 gallons.
62.
Disease: The first that disease was noted was on 8/13 when
two or three pickles affected with soab were noted. The scab
on the unsprayed side inoreased ta 15% on 8/86 and 33% on 9/8
while on 8/18 the % scab on the sprayed was 3 to 5% whioh
increased to 10% on 9/8. The frost was the cause of stopping

Mr. A. Re Irish. — Patoh No. 9.
Koreage: Total .14 acre, sprayed .06 acre.
Planted: May 33rd:
Boil: Sandy loam previously an cld hog lot.
Culture: Good.

lst spraying.
Date: July 33, 1914,
Conditions: This was a very small patoh but in excellent
stage of growth and apparently very healthy . Had started
to pick cucumbers at this date.
Weather: Clear.
Bpray: 3-6-50, amount 16 gallons.

and spraying.
Date: July 30, 1914.
Conditions: Growth continued excellent and no shortage in the
yield of the sprayed side reported.
Weather: Clear and warn.
Spray: § 3-6-50, amougt 3, gallons.

. ord spraying.

Date: August 7, 1914,
Conditions: Vines continued to make a very good growth, hogs
in the patoh did some damage to the sprayed portion.
Weather: Clear, coool.

Spray: 3-6-50, amount 2. gallons.
 

6S.
4th spraying.
Tate: August 14, 1914,
Conditions: The sprayed vines have made a good growth as the
uspsprayed.
Weather: Clear and cool,

Spray: S-6-50, amount 39 gallons.

Disease: Stopped picking on 8/24 due to scab. The % on the
sprayed was 15% while on the unsprayed it was 60%, This
showed very much more on unsprayed, but due to the smallness

of the size of the patch it did not pay to pick the sprayed side.

Mr. Schramm ~ Patoh No. 10,
Acreage: Total .51 acre, sprayed .24 aore.
Planted: about June 5th.
Boil: Light sandy.
Culture: Fair.
lst spraying.
Date: July 322, 1914.
Conditions: &mall plants and very uniform. The poorest half
Was sprayed.
Weather: Partly cloudy.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 15 gallons.
and spraying.
Date: July 28, 1914.
Condition: Fair growth.
Weather: Partly cloudy, hot.
Sprays 3-6-50, 26 gallons.
Srd spraying.
Date: Mugust 8, 1914.

Conditions: Vines oontinued to make a fair growth.
64.

Weather: Partly oloudy,, hot,
Spray: 5-6—-50, amount 25 gallons.

4th spraying.
Date: August 19, 1914.
Conditions: The lower or the sprayed half was not as vigorous
as the upper half. Poor soil was the oause for the lack of
growth in this patoh.
Weather: Cloudy, warm, threathening.
Spray: 76-50, amount 49 gallons.

Disease: Scab was said to have appeared in this patch as
early as 8/8 as reported by a neighbor, On 8/19 the % of
soab on the unsprayed was 13% while there was none on the
sprayed. The patch was abandoned on 8/37. % scab on unsprayed
75% and on the sprayed less than 15%, Shramm stopped picking
because it did not pay to pick only the sprayed side as this

patch was very unproductive in the first place.

Le Je Stokes. — Patch No. ll.
Acreage: Total .42 acre, sprayed .22 acre.
Planted : June 7th.
Boil: Light and sandy.
Culture: Fair.
lst spraying.
Date: July 23, 1914.
Conditions; Vines were fairly vigorous at this date. Stokes
said wind bothered him in presious years and so this year
he planted beans between the rows to protect them.
Weather: Hot and sultry.
Spray: %-6=-50, amount 40 gallons.
65-~

} end spraying.
Pete: July 30, 1914.
Conditions: Groth very good during the week. Appeared health
WSather: Clear and warm. |
Spray: 3-6-5B, Amount 49 gallons.

| 3rd spraying.
Dete: August 8, 1914,
Conditions: Vines on this were very badly wilted due probably

to the beans planted in the rows.
Weather: 3-6-50, amount 4, gallons. ~°
4th spraying.
Date: August 19, 1914.
Conditions: Spraying was made from two different barrels of
Bordeaux, Growth normal, and equal on both sides.
Weather: Cloudy, hot, and sultry.
. 5th spraying.
~ Petes ugust 27, 1914.
/ Conditions: Growth normal and equal on both sides.
Weather: Partly oloudly.
Sprays . 86-50, amount 45 gallons.
: 6th spraying.
September 3, 1914.0 | se
Conditions: Growth has practically stopped. The vines on the
sprayed seemed greener and contained more water than the
unsprayed.
Weather: Partly oloudy, oold.
Spray: 4-6-502 amnount 45 gallons.

Disease: When 4 or 5 pickles infected with the scab were

found 8/23 the vines and pickles were destroyed. However, on
 

66-

8/27 the % of scab on the unsprayed was 30% and on the sprayed
was 10%. The unsprayed continued to get worse until 75% were
infected while on this same date 9/1, the sprayed showed

only 5% infected with this disease, Picking was stopred by
the frost 9/8.

Dwight — Lily - Patoh No. 12.
Aoreage: Total .88 aore, sprayed .46 acre.
Planted : About June 5th.
Soil: Sandy loam, quite fertile.
Culture: Good the first part of the season, but weedy dur-
ing the last part of the season.
lst spraying.
Date: July 383, 1914.
Conditions: Plants in very gocd condition as to health and
growth.
Weather: Very warm, olear.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 75 gallons.
and spraying.
Pate: July 31, 1914.
Conditions: The growth seemed to be equal on both sides.
Weather: Clear, warm.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 50 gallons.
rd spraying.
Pate: August 11, 1914.
Conditions: Vines have made a normal growth. Sprayed were
equal to the unsprayed in growth.
Weather: Cloudy and cool.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 110 gallons.
 

67.

4th spraying.
Date: August 20, 1914. and 2l, 1914.
Conditions: The vines seemed to have made asmuch growth on
the sprayed as on the unsprayed. Patoh at this date was
extremely weedy .
Weather: Cloudy, warm and clear and warm.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 1285 gallons.

5th spraying.
Date: August 28, 1914.
Conditions: Growth very good and about equal on both sides.
Weather: Cloudy , and cool.
Spray: Z-6-50, amount 125 gallons.

6th spraying.
Date: September: 4, 1914.
Conditions: Growth not rapid and best on the sprayed side.
Weather: clear and coool.

Spray: 4-6-50, amount 110 gallons.

Disease: Scab did not gain a foothold on this patoh. On
8/23, one pickle infected with scab was found and on 8 /28
| less then 1/2 dozen were found that had soab. On 9/4, the
soab on the unsprayed side was 5%, while on the sprayed
side it was .1%. The frost killed the patoh,

There was considerable “Angular yeaf Spot" in this
patch. Observation showed that this disease was controlled
by Bordeaux spray. On 9/4 about 30 or 409% of the plants
were affected with this trouble while there were only 3 or4
plants affected which showed signs of it.

Mr, A. Langworthy, —- Patoh No. 13.

Aoreage: Total .316 acre, sprayed .14 acre.
 

Planted: May 35th,
Soil: Bandy olay loam, very rich.
Culture: Very hood, plants too thick.
lst spraying.
Date: July 23, 1914 and 24th, 1914.
Conditions: Plants very vigorous and of large growth. Far
too thiok. Picking had already begun.
Waather: Cloudy on first day and clear on the second.
Spray - 3-6-50, amount 89 gallons.
end spraying.
Dates August 3, 1914.
Conditions: No difference could be observed between the
sprayed and the unsprayed as to growth.
Weather: Clear and warn. |
Sprg: 3-6-50, amount 39 gallons.
pangworthy took the Bacterial Wilt present in the patch
for Bordeaux and refused to make the third spraying.

Disease: The unhsprayed side on 9/1 showed 40% of the pickles
affeoted with scab. There was a very slight differenoe in
on the sprayed aide This patoh showed that it was necessary
to Meep up spraying in order to even cheok the scab fungus.
Langworthy said on 8/1l that he was not getting as many
pickles from the sprayed as the unsprayed. However, on

8/22 the sprayed vines looked greener and more healthy than

the unsprayed.

Mrs. Troupe, Patch No, 14.

Kordage. Total .47 aore, sprayed .23 acre.
Planted: June 10th.

Soil: Clay, sandy loam, quite rich,
69-

Culture: Fair.

lst spraying.
Tate: July 24, 1914.
Conditions: Vines were somewhat eaten by insects. Growth
was fair.
Weather: Partly cloudy, sultry.
Spray: Z-6-50, amount 39 gallons.

end spraying.
Date: July 31, 1914.
Conditions: The sprayed vines were smaller than the sprayed
to start with and still smaller at this date.
Weather: CGlear and cool,
Spray: Z-6—-50, amount 30 gallons.

Srd spraying.
Date: August 11, 1914.
Conditions: Excellent growth of vine during the previous
week. Did not show many signs of preeeeding sprays.
Weather: Clear and cool.
Spray: Z-6-50, amount 35 gallons,

4th spraying.
Date: August 21, 1914.
Conditions: Equal growth on both sides. Vines at this date
were making excellent progress.
Weather: Clear and cool,
Spray: S-6-50, amount 45 gallons.

5th spraying.
Date: August 29, 1914.
Conditions: Growth very good and apparently equal.
Weather: clear and cool,

Sprays S-6-50, amount 59 gallons.
 

70
6th spraying.
Date: September 4th, 1914.
Cofditions: Growth good and sprayed vines were a little

more vigorous than the unsprayed.

Spray: 4-6-50, amount 4q gallons.

Disease: No scab was found in this patoh until 8/29, when
two or three pickles were found on the unsprayed side, On
9/4 the % of scab on the unsprayed was 1% and only .1% on
the sprayed. This patch was probably about 1/3 mile from
any other patch that had very much soab, which possibly
accounts for the fact this patoh did not have much of an

infection.

Mr. George Gorden, - Patoh No. 15.
Acreage: Total 1.11 acre, sprayed .47 acre.
Planted : June 5 and 6th.
Soil: Clay loam.
Culture: Fair , some weeds.
ist spraying.
Date: July a4th,
Conditions: Vines were fairly vizorous but somewhat uneven
in growth.
Weather. Cloudy , threatening.
Spray: 3-6-50, amount 80 gallons.
and spraying.
Date: August 1, 1914.
Conditions: Good growth during the week.
Weather: Clear and warn,
Spr ay: %-6-50, amount 75 gallons.
3rd spraying.
- we <n aa

| 71.
Date: August 12, 1914.
Conditions: Normal. |
Weather: Clear and warn.
Spray: 3-6—-50 , amount 90 gallons.
4th spraying.
Date. August 22, 1914.
Conditions: Vines continued to make a good growth, and no
difference between the sprayed and the unsprayed.
Weather: partly cloudy, and warm.
Spray . 3-6-50, amount 90 gallons.
5th spraying.
Date: September 3, 1914.
Conditions: Very gcod growth, The vines in this patch are
allowed to run at random as far as is possible. The two
Sides appear equal in growth.
Weather: Partly cloudy, cool.
Spray: 4-6-50, amount 100 gallons.

Disease: The first case of scab appeared on 8/23, when two
or three pickles affected with this trouble were found, These
were taken from the patoh and destroyed. On 9/1 the un-
sprayed half showed 1o% affected with scab while on the
following day the sprayed side had only 3 or 4 pickles aff-
ected with this trouble. The same proportions were found

on 9/6 when the unsprayed showed 20% scab as against 2%

on the sprayed.

Miss Hary Weloome, Patch Wo. 16.

Acreage: S8stimated total 1 acre, sprayed .5 acre.
Planted: About June 5th.

Boils Sandy loam,

Culture: Poor.
 

— =—__ BO ———

 

lst spraying: 78.
Date: August 4, 1914.
Conditions: This patoh will possibly serve as an experiment
to see whether spraying later than the other patohes in this
esperiment will have the same effect.
Weather: Clear and hot.
Spray: 5-6-50, amount 50 gallons.

2nd spraying.
Date: August 17, 1914.
Conditions: Patoh very weedy and the growth of the vines
not up to normal.
Weather: Clear and warm.

Spray: 3 -6-50, amount 90 gallons.

Disease: This patch was abandoned about 8/86 on account of

ecab. The sprayed side did not seem to be controlled at all
by the two sprayings given it.
 

74

- Conclusions. -

Cucumber soab which is caused by Cladosporium Cuocumerinum
was very prevalent throughout the entire cucumber growing
district about Big Rapids, There were only two patches which
did not have serious attack of the disease, among those
experimented upon. yany of the patches to the east of the.
‘town were abandoned as early as 8/22. This disease does the
most damage on the pickles, although it works on the vines

“causing lesions. On the pickles scab gives more the appearance
of rot. In case of very serious attacks the entire cucumber

will be covered with the scab though usually it appears only

in spots on the pickle. As the pickle matures the scab
spots tend to dry up and it is at this time that the disease

gives the appearanoe of scab.

From the results on the various patch conducted at
Big Rapids it is evident that the cucumber scab was not com
pletely controligd but was held in check in all instances, —
where the proper number of sprayings were given. However,
the oontroll in some cases was not sufficient to make it
a paying proposition. This high inorease of scab on the
sprayed was due in the case of patch No. 3 to default
of spraying at the proper time, The high rise of disease
on Patch Np. 4 on the sprayed vines was probably due to
the heavy infection on the unsprayed combined with a strong
wind blowing aoross the sprayed.

Patches as No. 7, 11, and 15 which were average patches
in all respects show very plainly the way this disease can
be controlled by 2-6-50 Bordeaux applied at the proper
times. Results on these patches compared to results on

patohes that were sprayed only once or twice (1 and 18)
 

show distinctly that this spray will oontrol soab.

In some cases, it was reported that the spraying
decreased the yield while others showed no difference either
as to shortage of yield or as to stunting of growth.
Vandenburg , Patch No, 1, reported shortage , but did not
take any accurate methods to substantiate this statement. |
Moore Patoh No. 3, had shortage as shown by actual measure~
ment and count on test rows. The vines on the sprayed showed
a decrease in growth, In Patchess, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12
13, 14, and 15 no shortage was reported from the sprayed.

In fact the majority showed better condition of vines.

It is noticeable that wet weather correlates with the
appearance of heavy infection in practicall all cases.
During five days from August 16 until 2lst, the amount
of rainfall was 1.83 inohes, and warm weather accompanied
this heavy fall of rain, In nearly all cases the heaviest
infection appeared from August 22, in most cases, to
August 29 and 30.

| - Recommends. -

Tt would be advisable for the Company to own their own
acreage for the purrose of conducting more accurate experin-
ents, By doing this they would be able to keep acourate
accounts of all operations and have a knowledge cf all
operations, and have better data as a result. yt is very
hard to do scientific work on slots that belong to people
that know nothing of what is being done and suspioion all
operations.

Experiments for the @mntrol of scab should be conducted
where the whcle patch was sprayed. yt is a personal belief
that if the entire patoh were sprayed the control would be

nearly absolute.
 

6.
Spraying Fxperiments at Plymouth.

The spraying experiments in Indiana were conducted in
the vicinity of Plymouth, a prosperous town of same five
thousand inhabitants about twenty-three miles south of South
Bend, in Marshall County. While the town itself is moderately
thrifty, the surrcunding oountry is not well adapted to
agricultura, the farmers there raising but very mediocre
crops, both in quantity and quality. The land as a whole is
light, and their principal products are cow peas, wheat, corn,
and oats, The farms are usually small, not many of them being
above forty or fifty acres in extent, and their owners are |
not as energetic or up to date as the farmers further south
in the state. Orchards are a very great rarity, and the
few that are located in the vicinity of Plymouth are in very
bad condition through lack of care. Spraying is an unknown
art with the great majority of the land owners, which added
considerably to the difficulty experienced in obtaining
permission from them to conduct sprayifg experiments in their
cucumber patches.

The ywenig Company has maintained a salting station in
the town for something over twenty years, and when it was
first established, the farmers cf the community grew almost
ricoh off thier pickle yields, although receiving only one
half as much per bushel as they do at presente It was not
an uncommon occurrence at that time for the growers to del-
iver frox two thousand tc three thousands bushels of first
grade pickles per day. Since then, however, the yields and
consequent receipts at the station have been steadily diminishe

ing until the low mark was set during the season of 1914 ,
when but a trifle over three thousand bushels of first grade
 

77

pickles were delivered during the entire season, and but
350 barrels of dill piokles were put up. _t was during
this Beason that the following experiments were conducted,
and it is unfortunate that they should have been made during
such @a particularly bad year, for although it was shown that
disease cculd be effectively controlled by spray, the yields
Were so small in the majority of cases that a very conclusive
proof from the growers’ standpoint was impossible. In other
words, the sprayed plants did not die from disease, but they
did not produce enough more thant hose which were killed to
make spraying practical, or a paying proposition. It remains
to be proved whether it would be so in a successful growing
season.

The cause of this tremenduous deorease in yields was
a source of great uneasiness to the company. It appears that
diseases of various kinds have been prevalent in that region
for many years, and have been gradually increasing in
severity until the present time, with a consequent decrease
in yields, While other factors, such as change in climatic
conditions, eto., may have had some influenoe on this decreas:
in yield, the company believed that it was mainly due to the
killing or weakening of the vines by disease, and the following
experiments were attempted to show that these diseases could
be eff,siently controlled, and the yield consequently inoreaged
The poor yield of the last season was due primarily to
unfavorable weather conditicns, although several kinds of -
fungus diseases were very prevalent in the neighborhood, and
a disastrous attaot of aphis killed many patches in the latter
part of August. <A scientific study of the diseases found here

had never before been made, and for this reason it was diff-
 

78

ioult to ascertain the exact nature of the troubles which had
been affenting the vines in former years. Anything which
made the vines die was popularly called “blight” by the farm
ers, while any inseot injury was oaused by “lice” , accord-
Ing to the growers. After careful questioning , however,
it was pretty well decided that the same diseases, which
were found there during the last season had been threr for
several years.

It was necessary, first of all, to obtain the good will
and ocoperation of the growers themselves, to make a
satisfactory test of the value of commercial spraying. Some
Beventeen growers , altogether, were interviewed , and after

a oareful explanation had been made to each of the exact

nature of the work, and what was to be required of then,
each, more or less grudgingly gave permission to have work
carried on in his patoh. Some were very enthusiastic from
the first, but the majority were rore or less skeptical,
being entirely ignorant on the subject of spraying in general
and of cucumber spraying in particular. Some of the latter
refused to spray after the first attempt, on discovering

that the yields did not double immediately on the sprayed
portion. Others decided that the spray hurt the vines,
decreased the yield, or hurt the hands of the pickers, and
refused to spray more than once. only a minority continued
the work during the entire season, and to these faithful ones
is due the thanks of the writer. The best results were found
of course, on the patches which had been srrayed several

times, although those which had to be discontinued were not

without their value to the experiment, as several of these

showed the beneficial effects of even one application of spray.
79.

The plan of work was as follows:-— Heinz Gompany agreed
to furnish the apparatus , material, and operator, to spray
one half of each grower's patch with Bordeaus mixture cnce
every week or tem days throughout the growing season, that is,
from the middle of July until the first cf September of middle
of September, In return for this, the grower was to give his
time during the application of the spray, by working at the
pump, and to give any other assistance required, as well as
to furnish the necessary water for mixing the spray. fhis
plan proved to be not entirely advantageous either to the
writer, who mixed the spray and handled the spray rod, or to
the grower, The latter was cften busy at some other work
when the time arrived to apply the spray, and naturally
disliked to leave it for something which he usually regarded
with considerable skepticism. At some times it was necessary
to hire a man to do the pumping, and on such occassions it
was found that the work was done more quickly and efficiently.

The patches were purposely selected to lie in all
directions from the town, so as tc offer the greatest selecti cn
of soils and other oonditicns, including the prevalence of
disease. Dilution barrels, and another of stock lime
eoluticn, were left mear the water supply at each patoh. A
barrel of stock copper sulphate soluticn was carried ina
spring wagon from patch to patch, the Rordeaux , made at the
strength of 3-6-50 in all cases, being made at each patoh just
before applying it. The spray oart, rod, nozzles, and other
necessary paraphernalia, were towed behind the wagon from
patch to patch. As far as poccible, a schedule was adopted
whioh brought the sprayings at each patoh a week apart,
although climate conditions and inability of the grower to
 

80.

help at oertain times, made necessary the slight changing
of this schedule, although no rore than ten days were ever

allowed to elapse between sprayings.

The stock solutionswere prepared by dissolving fifty
pounds of oopper sulphate in a fifty gallon barrel full of
watter, in case of the copper stock, and of slaking fifty
pounds of stone lime , and diluting to fifty gallons of water,

in case of the lime stock. Great care was taken in using
only fresh, pure materials in the preparation of these
soluticns. On arriving at a patoh, three gallons of the stoox
copper soluticn were acourately measured out, and poured into
one dilution barrel, each cf which held fifty gallons. This
quantity of copper was then diluted to twenty-five gallons
with water. Six gallons of stock lime were then poured in

to the other dilution barrel, and this diluted to twenty

five sallons with water, wpsing the spray rig as a miging
barrel, and filtering through a fine mesh copper strainer,

the two Miluticns were poured simultaneously together, making
an exceklent mixture , whioh was afterwards tested with a
drop or two of ferrcus cyanide. In spraying, an endeavor

was made to keep the pressure at eighty pounds, and this aver-
ave was well maintained, although it sometimes varied above
or below the mark.

The front of the spray rig was fitted with a single
tree, to which a horse was hitohed, making it very convenient
to drive through the patche In all cases the rows were
planted sufficiently far apart to enable the spray rig to
pass between them. Three rows were sprayed at onoe. For

example, suppose the spraying was started on the left of the
patoh. The rig was driven between the third and fourth rows
- ——— ee A

8l.

from the left, and the horse stopped about ten feet from the
end of the row. The three rows on the left of the cart were
then sprayed as far behind and in front of the cart as it was
possible to reach with the hose, the man at the pump mean-
while keeping up a steady pressure. When that area had been
thoroughly oovered, the pumping was stopped, the cut-off
turned, and the horse driven ahead another fifteen or twenty
feet, when the process was repeated, pumping was stopped
when ever the rig was being moved. In this way, great
thoroughness was possible, and an eandeavor was ocnstantly
made to get under the leaves as far as possible, the two parts
of the Vermorel nozzle being turned upward at an angle of
forty five degrees for this reason. As the season advanced,
and the vines began to spread over the gpound between the
rows, it was sometimes necessary to lay them aside before
advancing with the horse and rig, Spraying three rows at
once had the advantage of sreater speed, and in necessitating
a minimum number of trips through the patoh, and therefore
fewer vines injured by the wheels of the cart. On arriving
at the end cf the row, the cart was turned, and retraced

ite path in the same tracks, spraying the three rows on the
other side. In this way, six rows were sprayed with but s
Single track of the cart. As mentioned before, only one

half of each patoh was sprayed, the other being left for a
check.

Patoh No. 1

This was located about three miles and a half south

 

west of town, and was owned by Mr. N. Snyder. It was of
one acre on rather light sandy scil, on a gentle slope from

south to north, the rows running east and west. The pre-
) hp @ ———— sen

32
vailing winds in this region being from the southwest, the
south half of the patoh , of nine rows, were sprayed with
75 gallons of Rordeaux on July a0th, for the first time. On
this date, the plants were rather small, but appeared healthy
and had just begun to bear. The weather was very hot and
sultry , with practically nc wind. The plants were planted
in drilled rows.

On July 27th, the second and last spraying was made
on this patch. MQDuring the week between sprayings, a heavy
rain had relieved the drought, but washed most of the spray
from the leaves. On this date, there was no appreciable
difference to be noted between the sprayed and the unsprayed
sides, as no disease was evident on either. The application
of water to the plants under a soorching sun wilted them
temporarily, but did not burn them to any extent. This
feature, however, alarmed Mr. Snyder, who also declared that
the yield was lower on the sprayed side, that the rows were
too olose together for effective work, and that the lime hurt
the hands of the pickers. For these reasons, he decided to
abandon the spraying.

On September 4th, a survey was made over all the patches,
noting the prevalence cf disease, and the effect of the spray
A summary af the diseases , as well as weather table will
be found later in the artiole - On this date, Patch No. l
was found to be affected mostly with downy mildew, and to
some extent with a more or less uncertain disease, described
later as fusarium wilt. Aphis were also very bad, and had
destroyed some plants. Even at that date, with only two
sprayings at the beginning of the season six weeks before, the

sprayed side was healthier then the other. The last riocking
83.

had been made on August 3lst.

Patch No. §&.

This was on an adjoining farm to Patch No. l,and was
of one acre, owned by yr, G &. Eleinsmith. It was on sandy
loam soil, on level ground, the rows running east and west.
The first spraying was made on July 20th, with 75 gallons,
the plants being at that time of good size and just coming
into bearing. They were planted in hills, and were slightly
too thick. The southern half of ten rows was sprayed ?

Some of the vines appeared at that time to be affected with
@ peculiar wilt, which was probably due to the attacks of the
larvae of the striped cucumber beetle, the gnawings cf which
could be plainly seen on the main root of the plant, just
below the surface cf the ground. This caused the death

of a few plants, but did not appreciably injure the value of
the patch.

On July 37th, the second and last spraying was done,
requiring this time about 125 gallons for the half acre. The
plants were growing fast, and none were as yet affected by
disease. Although Mr. Kliensmith was more progressive
than his neighbors, and believed in spraying, he received
such poor returns from his patch that he decided to not
continue the work, and the spraying was discontinued.

On September 4th, it was noted that the patoh was affected
with downy mildew principally , and also to some extent by
fusarium wilt. Aphis had killed many plants. An appreciable
difference was to noted between the two sides, much in favor
of the sprayed, even after long neglect. The last picking
was made on Aupust 14th.
 

84.
Patoh No. 4.

 

This patoh, also of one acre, was about cne and one half
miles further to the southwest, and was owned by Er. G. H.
Towle. The latter had owned a peach orchard in Michigan, and
was therefore acquainted with, and in favor of spraying. The
patoh was on rather heavy, level soil, the rows running

north and south. They were planted eight fet apart , in
hills, so that there were comparatively few plants on the
ground. The first spraying of 75 gallons was made on July
22rd, Most of the plants were healthy, but not very vigorous
except in scattered porticns of the patch. The western half
of the twelve rows were sprayed.

The second spraying was made on July 29th, The plants
at this time showed some 4iscolored leaves, which I believe
to have been caused by excessive fertilization, Mr . Towle
being an amateur at cucumber growing, and admitting an
over fertilization. No disease was apparent on any of the
plants. The plants were growing fast, and required 100
gallons to cover them. They had not yielded heavily as yet.

On August 4th the third spraying was made with 125
gallons . The sprayed side at this time looked much better
than the unsprayed portion, fusarium wilt having started in
the patoh; the unsprayed plants were suffering badly from
this disease, and a few were attacked on the sprayed side,
but they were comparatively few.

The fouth spraying was made on August 18th, with 90
gallons. The patoh at this time was in bad shape, due
primarily to the attacks of aphis, which were equally
severe on both the sprayed and unsprayed portions, having
Completely killed some plants. Fungous diseases, on the

other hand , were completely under control on the sprayed
vines, although they were not bearing well. The unsprayed
plants were almost dead from the combined attacks of aphis
and fusarium wilt.

The fifth spraying was made on August 18th. The returns
up until that time had been very poor, as but $12.00 had
been taken off of Mr. Towle's patch, while an adjoining
patch of one acre, on practically the same sort of ground
had yielded $39.00 during the same period, although all of the
plants on this latter acerage were badly diseased with
fusarium , and suffering from aphis attaoks. The plants on
the sprayed side were almost totally free from fungous
attacks, but many of them had been killed by aphis. Neither
side yielded more than 30 pounds of first grade pickles
in three days.

On August 25th the last spraying was made, using this
time , for testing purposes, a "Standard" outfit , a
knapsack sprayer, using about thirty gallons on the few
plants which had not been killed by aphis, but whioh were
still free from fungous disease of all kinds. The unsprayed
vines were very badly diseased. The "Standard * outfit
proved little better than a toy, and could never be
successfully used for spraying cucumbers on a commercial scale
at least without an improvement in the nozzle used. With
the one furnished, it was found impossible to get under
the leaves without excessive stooping . With a longer nozzle
this might have been acoomplished. It threw a fairly fine
spray, but required tem minutes to pump out four gallons,
its capacity , and to this is added the difficulty of fre=-
quent filting, which is especially objectionable if the patoh
ia at a considerable distance from the water supply. It has

no compressed air supply, is difficult to operate, and heavy
to oarry around.

On September 4th, it was noted that the entire patch
had been killed by aphis , together with fusarium wilt on
the unsprayed portion. & very little downy mildew was
present at that time on the few remaining plants. Up until
their extinction by aphis, the sprayed plants remained free

from fungus.

Patch No. 5.

This was one of the largest patches, being of one and ons
half acres, about one half mile south of Patch No. 4 It
Was owned by Mr. P. F. Mc Creary, who rendered valuable aid
throughout the summer. The rows had been drilled, and ran
north and south over a hill cf almost pure yellow blown sand.
When the first spraying was made, on July 24th, with 100
gallons, the plants were vigorous, fairly thick and uniforn.
The western half of nine rows were sprayed. The eastern
half seemed to be suffering quite severely from drought.

The seccnd spraying was made on July 29th, at whioh
time 125 gallons were required. The plants showed the first
effects of the attack of the fusarium wilt, which was equally
prevalent on both sides of the patoh.

On August 4th and 5th, the third spray treatment was
given, again using 125 gallons. At this time, it was found
that the patch was suffering badly from drought, many of the
leaves being turned down like closed umbrellas, making it |
difficult to reach the lower surfaces with the spray. The
sprayed side was muah healthier than the other, which was
suffering quite severely from the fusarium wilt, which the
vines on the sprayed portion were comparatively free fron.

The fcurth treatment was given on August leth and 13th,
87's

with 115 gallons, A great difference was noticeable between
the two sides, much in favor of the sprayed portion, the
plants of which are healthy and green,while the rest are
yellow and sickly. Neither side, however, was bearing well.

On August 18th and 19th, when the fifth spraying was dono
with 115 gallons, it was noted that the first attacks of the
lice or aphis had commenced, while the fungous cecnditions
Were abcut the same as those cf the previcus week. rhe
entire patch yielded, but two pecks of first grade pickles
in @ day, which was very remarkable considering the good
appearance of the vines on the sprayed side.

The sixth spraying was made on August 25th and 26th,

Only 85 gallons were required, due to the fact that many of
the vines were being killed by the aphis, but were free from
fungous attacks, while the unsprayed plants were without
exception yellow and diseased with fusarium wilt, and a very
little bacterial spot.

The seventh and last spraying was done on September
ist with 70 gallons. The patch at this time was bearing as
well as at any time during the season, while most of the other
growers had stopped picking. The plants on the unsprayed
side showed for the first time a few leaves bearing the effects
of downy mildew. In an effort to control the aphis , 50 pounds
of tobacco dust was applied to about one quarter of the patoh ,
including those sprayed rows most affected by their ravages.
They seemed to be more numerous on the sprayed plants than
on the ussprayed » probably because the former were healthier,
greener, and more succulent. The dust was strewm lightly
over the plants. On being examined the next day, it was

found that practically every insect had been destroyed by the
8-6

nicotine on those plants to which it had been applied. If
such a remedy had been tried on other patches, the results
would have shown much better, as without exception , the
plants on the sprayed side were destroyed by aphis and not
by fungus.

On the final inspection of September 4th, it was found
that the plants on the unsprayed side had been killed mostly
by the attacks of fusarium wilt and bacterial spot, with
some small evidences of downy mildew. Some effects of
white pickle were also seen here , both on the sprayed
and the unsprayed sides, although the other disease had been
confined to the unsprayed half. The sprayed half at that time
was producing as well as at any time during the season, while

the untreated side had stcpped a week previcusly.

Patch No. 6.

This was a emall patch of one half acre , between
patches 4 and 5. It was owned by Mr. W. 8S. Hartman, and was
planted on the same ground on which a patch a year previously
had been destroyed by a disease, probably fromHs description,
caused by the white pickle. The patch was on sandy soil, on
a sliht slope from east to west, the rows running in the
same directicn. The first spraying, with 4, gallons, was
made on July 22rd, using the southern half of four rows. The
plants were at that time healthy , but suffering from lack
of water.

Forty gallons more were required at the second spraying
on July 30th. The plants which had been sprayed looked far
healthier than the others, although no specific diseases, with
the possible exception of the beginning of the fusarium wilt,
89-6

Gould be noted on any of then.

The third spraying was made on August 4th, using 50
gallons, The sprayed side at this time looked far better
than the other, and Mr. Hartman reported it to be yielding
better. The unsprayed side by this time was suffering badly
from the attacks of fusarium wilt, this disease having aotual ly
killed some at one end, and the entire portion was very badly
Giseased. Some plants were also suffering from this in the
sprayed porticn, but these were comparatively few. The fact
that it was planted on the same ground as a similarily affeot-
ed patch of the previcus season, made it especially hard to
combat. There were also some slight indications of the
appearance of white pickle on both sides.

On August 12th the fourth spraying was made, with 35
gallons. As a whole, the plants on the sprayed side were in
good shape, as far as fungous disease went, but the plants
on both sides were infected with aphis, which were not, howevey,
@s prevalent in this patch as in others in the vicinity. rhe
plants on the unsprayed side were nearly dead, and thee on
the other side, while apparently healthy were bearing very
poorly, and yielding some white pickle, although the vines
themselves showed very little evidence of disease.

Forty gallons ¢ epray were used on this patoh on August
18th. At this time, probably induced by recent rains, the
entire patch looked better, the plants on both sides having
put on new runners, which had not as yet had a chance to
blossom.

The final treatment was given on August eb5th, using
$O gallons. The improvement noted the week previous proved

to be but the final effort of the dying plants. The aphis
ae — - —— en as
90

had increased in severity, and had nearly killed all the vines
on both sides, although those on the sprayed side looked to

be free from disease, although still yielding white pickles

to some extent.

On September 4th, it was noted that the plants were not
completely dead , but nearly all of them,inoluding a good
percentage of those on the sprayed side, were affeoted with
white pickle. While the foliage of those plants looked to
be healthy, the plants produced deformed fruits nearly all
season. A little anthracnose was also observed at this time

and aphis were prevalent. Last picking was made on August 2& .

Patoh No. 7.

This patch was located on the outskirts of the town, and
was planted and managed by an amateur, who was not very
enthusiastic about spraying from the beginning, and became
less so after the first aprlication, It was owned by
Mr. William White, and was planted on light, sandy soil on
top of a slight rise, sloping somewhat from east to west,
grading into darker and heavier soil at the base of the slope.
When the first and only spraying was made, on July 2lst, the
plants were vigorous only in spots, some of them seeming to
suffer from drought. A little less than half the patch was
treated with 50 gallons. The rows, running east and west,
were drilled. The southern six rows or a little less than
half the patch of one half acre were sprayed.

On September 4th, it was found that the plants at that

time were affected mostly with fusarium wilt and bacterial
leaf spot. Some downy mildew ana aphis were also present.
The plants were not entirely dead, and no difference could

be noted between the sprayed and unsprayed sides, although
rr ee i - ot —wee -

|
when this patch was visited on August llth, oonsiderable

difference in the health of the two sides was noticed, in
favor of the sprayed portion, The last picking was made on
August 15th.

Patoh No. 8.
This patch was also sprayed but onoe, Mr. Frank Sebelj,

the owner, becoming alarmed when he found that the plants
had temporarily wilted after the first application, and fear-
ing that they would be permanently injured. The water |
supply also for this patch was almost a mile away , necessita
ting @ long haul in the spray oart, and making it very
inconvenient to reach it in a short time. The patch was of
one acre in extent , laid out in the middle of a patoh of
woods, which had been oleared only two years before, and
planted to oorn once. Many of the original stumps still
remained. High trees were on the south and west, outting off
much of the wind, and open fields surrounded the other two
sides. The rows ran east and west, and the northern half
of eight rows was sprayed on July Slist. The soil was a light
Bandy loam, and the plants were all very think and vigorous.
In fact , they showed to a marked degree the abscenoe of
thinning, and at that early date were matted in the rows,
requiring 100 gallons to the half acre. No diseasesof amy
nature were evidence.

On the final inspeotion trip, September 4th, it was founa
that this patoh had been badly infested with downy mildew
and to some extent with fusarium wilt. As these plants had
been planted on new ground, never before planted to oucumbers,
and the patoh was at least a mile away from any neighboring

patohes, the fact of this bad disease inoculation is all the
 

 

 

 

 

: 9B —

more remarkable. The vines in the southern end were
particularly bad in this respect, many of them having been
killed. Those in the northern end, especially those on the
sprayed Were quite free from disease, although the effect
of the spray was not very noticeable. A very little
anthracnose and bacterial spot were also found at this

time , and aphis were present in considerable numbers. The

last picking had been made on August 17th.

Patoh No. 9.

oe

 

This was one of the most successful patches with which
I had to deal, and many good results Game from the work upon
it. It was almost in the center of the town, on rented land,,.
ahd grown by an amateur. The owner,Mr. Frank Cullison, was
very much interested in the spraying work, and rendered
much help during the summer. fhe first spraying was made
on July eand, using 75 gallons. The patch was of one and
one half acres, on rather heavy soil. At this time, the
plants were not as far along as those grown on lighter soil,
but before the end of the season they had outstripped any
of the patohes in the vicinity. The plants were small » but
healthy, and well distributed, without overcrowding. The
best plants were about in the oenter of the patoh, shading
off at both ends to smaller plants, where the drainage was
somewhat poor. The rows ran east andwest, and the northern
half of eleven rows was sprayed.

The second spraying was made on July Slst, using this
time 125 gallons, due to the increased size of the plants.
The patch was doing very well, all of the smaller plants
at the ends having enlarged greatly and the
| 93.

larger ,plants having become matted together. No appreciable
difference as to disease on the two sides could be noticed.

On August 5 - 6th, the third spraying was made, with
1490 gallons. The sprayed side on these dates looked far
improved over the other, fusarium wilt having set in to a
considerable extent. As it was on heavier land, it was with
standing the drought better than some neighboring patonhes.
Mr, Cullison also reported that the sprayed side was yielding
better than the other |

One hundred and sivty gallons were used on the fourth
spraying, made on Ausust 14th. The plants by this time were
of large size, and looked very well. Those on the unsprayed
side were badly affected with fusarium wilt, while the
sprayed vines were green and healthy.

The fifth sprayitg was made on August eoth, with 165
gallons. Following the rain of one or two days before, the
plants were covered with blossoms, and gave evidenoss of
producing well in the next few dayse On that day, the yield
from the sprayed and unsprayed side was wbighed. jt was
found that 30 pounds of first grade pickles had been gathered
from the sprayed half, and 17 pounds from the unsprayed half.
The following day, the pickles on two representative rows
of the two sides, less than one inoh in length , were counted
to ascertain something of the relative yields of the two sides.
In the two rows of the sprayed side there were found to be
928 small pickles, while in the two rows of the same length
on the unsprayed side were found 768 small pickles. On an
average , this should give approximately 5104 pickles on
the entire sprayed side, and 4224 on the unsprayed side, or
a gain of about twenty percent. On this date, the sprayed
 

94.

side looked very well, but was beginning to be infected
with lice. On this date also, the first indication of downy
mildew put in its appearance on the uneprayed side.

The sixth spraying was made on August B6 — 27th. On
these days, two suocessive sprayings were made, the first witn
Bordeaux at normal strength, and the second with niootine,
or Black "40" , diluted 1-800, and put on with the regular
spray rige The vines on the sprayed side only were treated
with nicotine, in an endeavor to control the lice , which
were pecoming more numerous , and had already killed some
plants. In order to make the work more effective, the indivi-
dual vines were carefully turned over by hand, sprayed on the
under surfaces, and turned back again. Downy mildew at
this time was spreading rather slowly over the unsprayed
Side, the plants of the other showing no indication that they
had been attacked by the disease. About 149 gallons of
Bordeaux were used at this time. Immediately upon the
completion of this spray , 150 gallons of nicotine solution
were applied. Upom being examined the foloowing day, the
plants were found to be practically free from aphis, the
latter having been almost exterminated, and falling from the
Leaves like dust when the latter were shaken. It is unfort-
unate that either this spray or tobacco dust had not been
applied to this and other patohes at an earlier date. If had
been done, there is every probability that the vines would
have continued to bear much longer than they did.

On September &nd, the last spraying was made, with
100 gallons. The patch was practically done bearing, the
entire unsprayed half being killed by downy mildew. The
sprayed side was still green and healthy. Some few leaves

on that side were beginning to be affected with bacterial
 

95.
spot, but none could be found which showed signs of
mildew, even on that row which was adjacent to the unsprayed
half , killed by the disease. Aphis had reappeared in small
numbers. A portion of this spraying. was.done with the
*"Perfection™ sprayer. mhis is a air tight tank, holding three
gallons, fitted with three feet of hose, and a single Vermore l
nozzle, with cut-off. The handle, resembling that of a
bicycle pump, is used to compress the air in the tank, which
forces the liquid out through the ncezzle. he spray continues
for a considerable time after the pumping has ceased, making
it unnecessary for the operator to pump continuously. This
apparatus worked fairly well, but gives hardly encugh pressure
and it is very difficult to get under the leaves with it. It
would probably work well with nicotine, after the plants had
been turned over, and only scattering cnes needed to be sprayed.
The final inspeoticn, on Sertember 4th, showed the
following: “The unsprayed side had been entirely killed by
downy mildew. Althcugh other diseases had been present earli-
er in the season, this had crowded them out in two weeks after
its first appearamoe, on August 20th. With the exception
of one or two plants on the sprayed row next to the unsprayed
side, the disease could not be found on that sidee. A few
leaves were affected with the bacterial spot. Aphis had
been very bad on the sprayed side, more so than on the other,
but had been thoroughly controlled by nicotine spray, not
however, without killing many plants, and spoiling to some
extent the value of the experiment, as far as the farmers in
the vicinity were conoerned, who were as unfamilar with a
fungical spray and a insecticide spray to be unable to

distinguish between them .
 

96.

Patoh No 10.

 

This patch was only a few rods from patoh No. 9, but
under radically diffenent management, and on totally different
soil. Mr, Jacob Franois, its owner, was interested in
spraying at the outset, but his enthusiasm rapidly waned
after the first applicaticn, although he admitted that the
sprayed side locked better than the unsprayed, and actually
yielded better. He decided after the second spraying, tc
discontinue it. His patch was of threes quarters of an aore,
on light sandy soil. The plants were in hills, three feet
apart in the row, and the rows six feet apart. The rows
ran east and west, and as the patch was triangular, it
was difficult to judge its half. At the first spraying,
on July 22nd, the northern seven and one half rows were
sprayed with 25 gallons. The plants at the western end
had been reset, and were c-nsequently small, but healthy.
Most of the plants were strong and vigorous.

On July 3lst, the time 6f the last spraying, about
50 gallons to the quarter aore were applied. The unsprapged
side particularly was suffering quite badly from the attack
of @ungus fusarium wilt, which was also present to a small
extent on the sprayed side, which, however, looks much the
better of the two, and was reported to be yeilding better.

On September 4th, it was found the patch had been plowed
under, but during the season, the plants had been attacked
by fusarium wilt, and later had teen killed by downy mildew.
Up until the tireof its remcval, the sprayed side was by
far the better. The last picking was mad@ on August 2lst.
97.

Patoh No lil.
lr. Fred Buok was the owner of this patoh, and he also

 

bécame alarmed at the wilting of the plants after the first
spraying, refusing to oarry the experiment further. His
patch was of one and one half acres, on heavy ground on the
bank a river, about a quarter of a mile from patch 7. The
rows were short, anc raneast and west. The land had Deen
well Pertiliged, and the plants were growing well, when the
first spraying was done on July 21 - 22, although they

seemed to be suffering scmewhat from drought, sven on that
heavy soil. They were in drilled rows, and needed thinning
vadly. The southern half of twenty-three rows were sprayed
with 75 gallons.

On September 4th, when this patch wis examined , it was
found that it had been totally killed by anthracnose. There
were also sane few evidences of bacterial spot, fusarium
wilt , and white pickle, althcugh the first mentioned
disease was by far the most seriouse Aphis were also fairly
abundant, and there was no aypreoiable difference between the
unsprayed and sprayed portions, The picking had been finished
August 17th.

Patch No. 13.

Mr, Fairbanks, who owned this patoh,, was probably the
best piokle grower with whom I had to deal Although his
plants had not been set cut untia July 4th, almost a month
later than the other patches, they were almost as large as
any of the neighboring patches, and were very vigorous. The
first spraying was put on July 25th, about one o'clock in
the aftermoon, A hard rain had fallen the night previous,
 
 

98.

it had been cloudy all the morning, and the sun came out

very bright and hot at the time the spray was applied. The
ground and plants were wet, and upon examining them a week later
it was found that the spray had burned the foliage to some
extent. This was the only case of burning which I noticed
during the s@ason, and was undoubtedly caused by the

peculiar climatic conditicnswhich prevailed at the time, This
fact, however, prejucided Mr. Fairbanks against spraying, and
it was discontinued. This patch was a few rods from Patoh

No, 11, on very good, rich loam soil, and the plants without
exception wers vigorous and healthy, in Kills, the rows
running north and south. The eastern half of five long rows
was sprayed with 100 gallons. The patch was on land formerly
planted to a vineyard, and the s-uthern half of the five
sprayed rows, tozether with the same half of the adjacent
unsprayed rows, was planted the previous year to pickles

which had been killed by “blight™ probably downy mildew.

On August 2°, upon examining this patch it was found that
it was at that time practically dead from aphis and downy mildew
the latter having started six days before, and spread with
almost inconceivable rapidity, converting a patch whioh
was be aring splendidly into a mass of dead vines, On Sept-
ember 4th these observations were confirmed, and this seemed
to be the only fungus disease present, with the possible
exoeption of a very little white pickle No difference
was noticeable between the sprayed and unsprayed portions,

The last picking had been made on August 34th.
 

patoh. No. 13.

Permission to spray this patch was obtained somewhat
later than the foregoing, and it was sprayed but onoe, the
owner, Mr. Armington, receiving such poor returns from it,
that he decided to abandon all work upon it. It was of one
half acre, on sandy loam soil on the top of a hill. The
patoh was triangular in shape so it was difficult to judge
at the half. The plants were in hills, about eight feet
apart one way, and five the other. They appeared quite
vigorous at the tire cf the first and last srraying, on
July 28th, although there were some slight possiblilities
of the start of fusarium wilt. The eastern half of the
patoh was sprayed with 275 gallons.

On September 4th, it was found that the patch had
practically been destroyed by aphis, only a few plants
remaining at that time. The worst fungus disease had been
the fusarium wilt, with downy mildew and anthracnose also
present in small amounts. There was no appreciable differ-—
ence between the two sides. The last pioking had been made

on August 34th.

Patoh No. 14

This patch, together with the next three, was obtained
abcut. two weeks later than the first twelve, in order to
test the advisability of beginning spraying later in the
Season, and to find whe ther disease, already started ina
patoh, could be successfully combated. This patoh was about
half a mile west of town, a short distanoe from patches 3

and 10, owned by Mr. Huffner. It was of one acre , only
a eee - avue + a,
| oO

one quarter of which, however, was sprayed, for the first
and only time cn August 6th. The patch was sprayed only
once since disease had already overtaking the plants to

such as extent to make it imrractical. The patch was on
light soil,.on a slope from south to north, the rows, with
plants in hills , running in the same direction. The plants
were poorly cared for, being checked with weeds, and allowed
to run wild... Very severe indications of white pickle and
fusarium wilt had already developed over the entire patch at
this time.

On Septemrer 4th it was nected that the plants had been
damaged mostly by fusarium wilt and white pickle , together
with a very little downy mildew. There was no distinguishable
difference between the two sides. No lice were found on

this patch.

Patoh No. 15.

This was another of those which were started late, but
Was probably the best of that group. It was owned by Mr.
Clinger, and was looated about a quarter mile from Patch
No. 14. It was of cne acre in extent, on a licht soil,
situated on a slight slope from scuth to north, the rows,
with plants in hills running east and west. The southern
Quarter of the patch was sprayed for the first time on August
7the The plants at that time were small, and were scuewhat
suffering from drought. In the extreme corner, on the sprayed
side a few leaves were. beginning to show the first indications
of an attack from anthracnose. Owing to the fact that the
water supply was very poor here, only a quarter of the patoh

of twelve rows were sprayed with 50 gallons.
ggg _

The second spraying was made on August 14th, with
65 gallons. At this time the plants had increased a third
in sige, but it was noticed that the anthraonose, which
began the previous weel, had increased on the affected plants
and spread to new ones, even those which had been sprayed.

A few plants on the unsprayed side were beginning to be
affected with fusarium wilt, but none as yeat with anthraono se.
On August 20th, the third spraying was made, with 60
gallons. The plants were found to be covered with blossoms,
and gave promise of bearing heavily within the next few days.

The entire patch lookedfairly well, there bcing no increase
in anthracnose , although the fusarium wilt was spreading
slowly on the unsprayed side.

The last spraying was put on on August Slat, using
60 gallons. Ths plants all over the patoh were found to be
covered with anthracn-se, which was almost as prevalent
on the sprayed as on the unsprayed side, al though the latter
was slightly worse cff in this respect. In addition, the
plants cn the unsprayed side were becoming badly infected
with downy mildew, and between the two diseases, there app-
eared little chance that that side would survive. There
was no downy mildew found on the sprayed portion.

At the final insrection on September 4th it was determined
that the entire unsprayed side had been destroyed by anthracnose
and mildew, principally the former. The plants on the sprayed
side were also badly affected with anthraonose, but showed
no signs of mildew. Lioe had also appeared on both sides to
add to the destruction . The patch had gone down quickly
when disease started, the last piokins being made on Aug, 31st
103.

Patch No. 16-

 

This patch was located on the opposite side of the town
to Patches 9, 10, 14, and 15, and was not within a mile of
any other. It was owned by Kr. Knappen, and was of one and
one half acres . The water supply being poor here also,
only a quarter of the patch was sprayed. It was on moderately
heavy land, almost black, and seemed to hold the moisture
fairly well, the sprayed end being the better in that respect .
The rows ran north and south, fourteen rows on the east end
being sprayed with 100 gallons for the first time on August
Sth, There was no evidence of disease present at this time,
and the plants appeared fairly healthy. The second spray
was made on Ausust 15th, with 100 gallons. The patch locked
fairly well on the sprayed end, but very poorly on the other,
although a gocd crop was promised for the next few days as
a result of a recent rain. Fusarium wilt had started on the
unsprayed portion and was spreading rapidly, although none han
appeared on the sprayed portion. Despite the application of
nicotine solution with the "Perfeotion"™ sprayer described
above, about two weeks before by the owner, aphis were gain-
ing a dangerous foothold, and had atready killed some plants
on both sides.

On August 2lst the last spraying was made with 80
gallons. The plants on the sprayed side looked quite pro-
mising, and were free from fungous disease, but the vines
on the other end were about almost dead from fusarium wilt.
Aphis were destroying the plants on both sides, which was the
ocoasicn for the abandonment of the patoh.

Upon inspecting it on September 4th, it was found that
downy mildew had obtained a foothold on the unsprayed side,
mee ee ee TT Oe ee a Be

103.

and had oompleted its destruction. The sprayed end, on the
other end, was almost totally free from fungus attacks,
although most of the plants there had suwoumbed to aphis
attaoks. The last picking had been made on August 18th.

Patoh No, 17.

 

This was located between Patches 9 and 15, and vas owned
by Mr. Mann. It was located on moderately heavy soil, whioh
had been well fertilized. The plants were in drilled rows
running cast and west. The first spraying was made with 85
gallons for the first time on August 6th, treating the south
half of 21 rows. The plants were large, but were badly affeot-
ed with fusarium wilt, which was present in great abundance
throughout the patch, No other disease was apparent on that
date.

The second and last srraying was made on August 14th,
with 85 gallons. There waw no appreciable improvement in the
diseased plants , and as they were not growing with sufficient
rapidity to send out new runners, there was no opportunity
to judge the effectiveness of control of the spread of the
disease to new leaves. As the aphis were appearing here also,
it was decided to abandon this patch. Mr. Mann reported that
the yield had been reduced on the sprayed portion.

On September 4th, it was found that the patoh had been
plowed under.- Up until the time of its removal, it was noticed
that the entire patch was badly infested with fusarium wilt,
bacterial spot, and white pickle, the last being probably the
most abundant. While there may have been some slight difference
of appearance in favor of the sprayed side, there certainly

was none in the amount of yield, which on the other hand, was

in the opposite directicn The last picking was on August 10th.
104.
A summary of the conditions described above would
probably yield the following main oardinal points.

1. patohes sprayed all seasoh show complete control of all
diseases, with the possible exception of white pickle,
patches No. 9, 4, 5, 6.

Be patches left unsprayed until the diseases had gained a
foothold showed little or Ho control, ( 14, 15, 17 )

5S. Patches where no spraying had been done at the beginning

of the season , but which had been sprayed before disease

commenced, showed complete control. ( 16 )

4. patches sprayed once at the beginning of the season,and.
then dropped shcwed no control ( 7, 8, 11, 18, 138 )

5. Patches sprayed twice at the beginnings of the season and

then abandoned, showed partial oontrol, (1, 3, 10 )

This may be summarized in the following table.
 

No. Times Begum Disease al- Control Disease Culture Soil

—. Spray... ready start.

1.
Be
S.
4.
5.
6.
7
Se

Ge

10.
ll.
r3.
15.
14.
15.
16.
17.

2

nak YF YF YP wD NY YP HY OD BD BD

7/20

Never

7/30
7/38
1/34
7/33
7/81
7/22
7/22
7/22

7/21-22

7/25
7/28
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/6

No

No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Yes

Yes
No

Yes

_. End Season Methods

 

Partial OM, FW

Partial TM, FW

Complete FW
Complete FW, BS, IN, WPGood
Partial WP,A

None

None

FV, BS,
mM,A, BS

Complete IM, 38, FW
Partial FW, ii

A, 38, ¥W, WP Fair
,WP. Excellent khavy

None
None
None

None

Partial &, DM, FW
Complete IM, FW

None

Good

Good
Fair

Pair
Fair
Good
Good
Fair

FW, A, Dal Fair
FW, WP, Dv Yair
Good
Good
If, WP,BS,FWRir

Light

Light
Heavy
Light
Light
Light
Light
Heavy
Light
Heavy

Light
Light
Light
Light
Light

Report
YfEeld.

Decrease

Decrease
No Biff.
Inorease
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Increase

Inorease

Deoreagse
No Diff.
No Diff.
Decrease
No Diff.
Inorease

Decor ease
“6.

In the above table, the diseases which were found on the
patches at the final inspection , either all over the patoh
in oase of no control, or on the unsprayed side in the case
of control or partial control, are designated by initials.
Fusarium wilt - "FW", Downy Mildew - "DM", Bacterial Spot
- "RS", White Pickle - "WP", and Anthracnose by “A". The
control refers to the control of fungus and bacterial
disease only, and has nothing to do with aphis , which,
however, were proved to be easily controllable by either
spraying with nicotine, or treating with tobacco dust.

- other Inspection Trips. =

That the diseases described below were not confined to
the vininity cf Plymcuth, but were scattered more or less
throughout the surrounding oounty at least was proved oy two
insrection trips whioh the writer made to two neighboring
towns. On July 26th a trip was made to Walkerton, about .
twelve miles north of Plymouth, where a patoh was examined
which was already affected to a serious degree with fusarium
wilt, in all parts of the patoh. This trouble was found to
be identical with that later found on the experimental patohes.
Later in the season, on September 5th a trip was taken to
patches about twenty miles to the south of Plymouth, where it
was found that the great majority of the vines in that looatity

had been destroyed by downy mildew.

- Biseases and their Control. -
Some difficulty was encountered throughout the season in
a rapid identification of the diseases encountered, due ina
great degree to the lack of any appartus , with the exception
of a hand magnifying lens, which would aid in determining therr

nature. However, by this aid, and by sending samples to var-
 
107
ious experiment stations for identifications, the five
principal diseases encountered were quite aocurately determined
and in the case of three of them at least there oan be no

doubt that they were the diseases desoribed below.

~ Downy Mildew. -

Probably the one which oaused the most damage was the
downy mildew, Plasmopara cubensis. This first appeared on
August 20th, following the wet weather of several days
previous, which may be observed by reference to the weather
and rain fall charts at the end of this artiole There
followed sool weather for the next three or four days, and
it spread moderately slcwly, but the hot wave of August 24th
‘gent it ahead again, and it scon destroyed those patches
which it attacked. The dissase first manifested itself by
mottling of the leaves, green and yellow,tu&e latter appearing
in confluent, indistinctly angular spots, more moticeable
on the upper sides of the leaves than on the lower. Later,
distinctly angular dead spots appear in the center of the
angular nottlings, and in most cases these spots are covered
on the under sides of the leaves by a fugz-like growth of
conidiaphores and spores, which are present in such numbers
that they could be distinguished with the hand lens. This
dissase was so manifestly downy mildew that specimens were
sent only to Michigan Station, and to. Mr. C. & Carsner, who
was working on similar diseases in Wisconsin, both of whom
replied in the affirmative. Further evidenoes were gained
by myself, by examining scrapings from the under sides of
affected leaves under a compound microsoope, at which time
typical mildew conidkphores were found in abundange. The

control of this disease was perfect throughcut the season,
—_—_
~——--- a  ,

}o8
hardly a leaf on the entire sprayed portions of the patches
being affected with the disease, thouch many of them were

but a few feet from plants which were dying from the disease.

- Anthracnose. -

The second disease of importance was anthracnose,
Colletotrichum lagenarium, which was not as prevalent as
downy mildew, but proved harder to combat, and was not
controlled so successfplly. This was first noticed about
August 5th, and spread over the entire patoh in the course
of the next three weeks, spreading almost as rapidly over the
sprayed, as over the unsprayed area. The disease showed
itself in round, dead spots, on the leaves, from one eighth
to one half an inch in dtameter. As these grow they finally
cause the death of the leaf, beccming confluent. No injury
to the stems or fruits was found. The Stations at Geneva and
Cornell reported this disease to be anthracnose, as did also
Mr, Doolittle, in Michigan, and-Mr. Carsner in Wisconsin,
both of whom were sent samples of the disease. The Indiana
Station reported it as Macrosporium cucumerinum. Although

the writer had no facikities for determining the organism

himself, the disease was undoubtedly as stated.

- White Pickle. -

The third disease of which there is no doubt as to its
nature was white pickle, the cause of which is as yet undeter-
mined. This disease was characterized chiefly by its deformed
and whitened fruits, whioh gives it its name. The pickles
were usually oovered with large, irregular warts usually green

in colzor, with the remainder of the fruit turning white,

hard and sometimes more or less glossy. The plants which
es

10.

109
produced them either remained greatly stunted with thick,
small, green,leaves or grew to a normal size, the leaves turn
ing first yellow and later brown and dead. For this latter
reason, it may be possible that there is some relation between
this disease and the so-called fusarium wilt, which will be
desoribed later. It was noticed thit white pickles came
from vines affeoted with the fusarium wilt, although on the
other hand such plants also produced normal fruits. This
relationship was suggested by Dr. Donald Reddick , of Cornell
Station, although it is as yet still a very mooted question.

The white pickle disease was the hardest to control of

any of those encountered, and indeed it may almost be stated
that Bordeaux mixture,at least at the strength employed , wil.

not bring about control of this disease.

- Racterial Spot -

This was the least serious disease encountered, and its
exact nature could not be determined, as the various sources
to which specimens were sent varied greatly in the diagnosis
Geneva reported it to be caused by the striped beetle, Doo-
little was unable to ascertain its cause, Cornell called it
a Bacterial Leaf Spot of unknown cause, yichigan aoquiesced
in this opinion, as did Carsner, While Indiana reported it
to be the same as downy mildew. In my own opinion , I
believe it to be similar to the angular leaf spot of cottom,
Pseudomonas malvacearum, if not the identical disease. It
oocured as distinotly angular dead spots on the leaves ,
without yellowing of the surrounding tissues, wherein it
differed from those caused by downy mildew, which were
invariably in the center of yellowish areas. Another difference

between the two lies in the fact that the spots caused by the
wee eee

 

110.

bacterial disease are qually apparent on both sides of the
leaf, while those of downy mildew are more conspicious on
the under surface. This disease, although caused by bacteria
was fairly well controlled by spraying, although its damage
was very slight.

- Fusarium Wilt. -

This disease, which had been called by this name through-
out this article , for want of a better one, was by far the
most prevalent, although not the not the most serious with
which I had to deal. It started as early as the twentyieth
of July, and persisted throughout the summer, being still
present when the work was stopped in September. It began
by a generally yellowing of the foliage of the plants, whioh
remained as stiff as usual, and did not show any of the ohar-
acteristic wilting of bacterial wilt. Neither did the stems
when examined at various experiment stations, show the
presence of bacterial wilt orzaniems. As the disease
progressed, the leaves began to show dead areas about their
margins, which spread very slowly until the entire leaf had
been killed, Finally all the leaves of the plant were killed
but so slow was its spread, that a very small percentage of
vines were killed by this disease all season, although nearly
every plant in nearly every patch was affected. It seemed
to flourish on all sorts of soil,under all sorts of cultural
conditions, and without regard to weather conditions.

Although the disease did not kill the vines, it
materially decreased the yblds. As has been mentioned above
there may be some relation between this disease and the
white pickle disease, as some vines affected by symptons

characteristic of the fusarium wilt grew white pickles. On
 

111.
the other hand , similarly affected plants produced perfeotly
normal pickles, though in reduced quantities, throughout the
growing season. Spraying was almost entirely swocessful

in preventing this disease. That is, the plants sprayed look-
ed far healthier and greener than those left unsprayed, althow gh

the yield was not materially increased. The latter condition
may have been due either to spraying in bloom , and thus
injuring the blossoms , or to the action of the disease.

Plants affected with this disease were sent to various
experiment staticns for identification, and the replies
received varied greatly as to the diagnosis. Geneva reported
that that its determination was not certain , but that it
looked like "RLIGHT® | Hr. Doolittle replied that he was
unable to ascertain its nature. Cornell reported that it was
a wilt disease of fungous origin, but that it was not certain
just what fungus it was, although it appeared to be some
species of fusarium , from which the name in this article
was taken. Michigan reported it to be anthracncse, which
it most certainly was not. Connecticutt reported it to a
fungus disease of some unknown species in the trachery tissues.
Mr. Garsner also reported it to be a fungous disease of the
tracheary system.

From these evidences, it appears rather definitely to
be fungus and of the tracheary tissues. Since it was oon
trolled so effectually by spraying, it must be some disease
which was disseminated by spores- With a view of determining
more of its exact nature , correspondence was taken up with
Dootor Reddick of the Cornell Station. Plants affeoted with
this disease were dug up and stripped of their leaves, and

forwarded to him for examinaticn, with the stems, fruits, and

root intaot. These fruits appeared to be affected with the
 

11286

White pickle disease, and Doctor Reddick forwarded them to ,
Professor Jagger of Rochester University, who was at that
time making investigations ooncerning the white pickle
disease. YDootor Reddick kept the remainder of the plants for
the purpose of making inoculation esperiments, and if
possible of determining the nature of the trouble.

In early correspondence with him, he stated that in
his opinion, the disease did not penetrate from the outside,
and that the apparent success with spraying was not due
to a checking of the disease, tut to the checking of trans
piration of the plant, thus keeping the leaves green, This
view seems to be borne out by the fact that the sprayed
plants, though appearing healty , bore no better than the
unsprayed plants, which appeared diseased. As many of the
Bpecies of Fusarium are saprophgtio, much work was necessary
to determine whether the Fusarium aotually found in the
tissues of the plants both at the Cornell and the Connectiout
stations, was there as a parasite.

Six months after this correspondenoe was carried on,
a. letter was addressed to Dootor Reddick, requesting any
further results which he had gained in connecticn with
working with the disease. At this time, he seems to have
oome to the c-nolusion that this disease and the white
pickle disease were one and the same thing, as he Bays,"
I regret to say that 7 am as yet unable to state definitely
whether a species of Fusarium is responsible for the white
pickle diseae or not, Some of the strains of Fusarium taken
from the vasoular bundles of affected plants are oapable of
producing a wilt of cuomber seedlings .... Professor Jaggeris

of the opinion that the treuble is not of fungous origin
113.

 

although he admits that he had not exhausted the possibilities
along this line,

It is necessary to leave this disease in this present
unsettled state. There seems to be nothing definite that
can be said concerning it, except that there is apparent
control with bordeaux spraying, and that it is spread very
Slowly but surely. When the causesof white pickle are
definitely settled, the cause of this é@o-called fusarium
wilt may also be found, and they will possibly be the same

organism.
_ —_

114.
_ Costs. -

These experiments were undertaken by the Heinz Company
primarily to demonstrate to the farmers a practical and cheap
method to fight the diseases of their pickles which were so
decreasing their yields. The cost cf the methods employed
Would therefore be a prime requisite of the value of the
experiment. /

The greater part of the writer's time was taken up in
driving from patch to patch, and in pumping the water to
prepare the spray. Only a small percentage was utilized in
actually nixing and applying the spray. On the average , it
may be stated that to fill the fifty gallon spray outfit,
and to spray out that quantity , will require one hour with
the water supply relatively mear tc the patch. About two
hundred gallons tc the acre were required for the average
patoh which would necessitate the filling of the apparatus
four times tc the acre. Taken all in all, spraying with the
outfit used in these erperiments, would require the services
of two men and a horse for a half day of five hours, per acre .
Under very favorable circumstances, perhaps an acre and a
half may be covered in this time. Figuring the wages of a man
at two dollars per day, with one dollar per day for the horse,
it would cost$3.50 per acre for labor, for each applicaticn.
In a normal season, eight suoh applications would probably
be necessary , which would figure up to $20.00 for labor. For
200 gallons of 36-50 Rordeaux, with copper sulphate at six
cents per pound, and lime at about a half cent, the cost of
the materials would come to $0.84. For eight applications,
the materials would come to $6.72 per acre, or a total cost

of $26.72 per acre per season for labor and materials.
~1215-.—

kn outfit such as was used in listed at $30.00 complete.
However, the pump costs but eight dollars, the axles about a
dcllar and a half, and the hose and rod about two dollars and

seventy-five cents. Any farmer could purchase these

accessories and mount them on a barrel and buggy or cultivator
wheels, and have a complete outfit, which would work as well
as a commercial one, for a cost cf not over fifteen dollars.
The individual patches are usually of small size, and close
together. As spraying meed only be done once a week, and as
it takes but a day to spray two acres, as many as five farmers
could combine in buying an outfit, which could be used in
spraying their several patches for many years. Under this
plan, the expense to each would be almcst negligible, and the
interest on the investment practically nothing. Under this
plan therefore, it may be safely assumed that spraying can

be done with high priced labor for approximately twenty-five
dollars per season per acree In many instances, this figure
could be cut in half, as four fifths of it is for labor,, whion
could be just as well done by boys on the farm, with cnly a
third the earning capacity as men.

In a good growing season, therefore, when yields of from
one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre oan be
expected if the orop is protected from disease, an expenditure
from fifteen to twenty-five dollars in this insurance is
certainly justifiable.

- Recommendations. -

Although results were quite satisfactory oonducted
under conditions described above, too much is left to the
individual grower to make it extremely valuable. Such exp-—

eriments should be carried out on an experiment plot, planted,
ewer eee ee ok — 7 — 7—

116.

growm , and managed by the person oonducting the experiment.
In this way the plants could be grown under ideal conditicns, |
experiments could be tried under a greater variety of con-
ditions relative to different methods of applications,
strengths and kinds of sprays to be employed, etc.
One of the greatest disadvantages encountered in oonducting tie
experiments on private patches was the inability to measure
the yields from the sprayed and the unsprayed portions. This
could be accurately done in a company-owned patoh. Much time
would be saved in traveling from patch to patch, and in pump-
ing water. The patch could be located near the salting station,
or at any other central point, where the growers could see the
benefits derived from the spraying when they passed. Another
disadvantage of the private patch is the fact that spraying
has to be done when it is convenient to the farmer, usually
in the middle of the day, when the sun is hot, and the
applicaticn of the spray tends to wilt or burn the foliage.
In such a plot as was suggested, spraying could be done at the
best times of the day. Spraying could be berun at any time
cf the season, and discontinued at any time, without relying
on the prejudices of the individual growers.

The use of hand or other small sprayers is not recommended.
As has been pointed out above , an efficient cart sprayer ,
such as was employed can be obtained very cheaply , and will
last for years. The emaller sprayers require infinitely more
time to operate, easily get out of order, and do not perform
a first class job.

- Conclusions -

The cause of the rapid decrease in the yields of pickles
in the vicinity of Plynouth was the prevalence of fungus, insect,
117.

—--

and bacterial disease.

All fungus diseases with the possible exception of
"white piokle® can be controlled by spraying the vines, at
intervals of a week or ten days through out the season ,
with S-6-A0 Bordeaux mixture.

Spraying for fungus does not need to begin untia the
@iseases are found in the vicinity. That is, in some
seasons it may not be necessary to spray at all. Spraying
is the cheapest form of insurance.

The spray has to be on the plants by the time the disease
hits the patch.

Spraying while in bloom probably decreases the yield
provided that no disease is present. That is, healthy vines
without spray produce better than healthy vines with spray.

Spraying in very hot weather is liable to wilt or burn
the foliage.

Spraying with niootine , cr scattering tobacco dust on
the plants will effectually kill aphis, and this is best
done when the insects first appear.

In disease years, it pays to spray for fungus and insect
pests.

The safe way is to spray every year.
 
118.
- Spraying in Blocm. -

~The Effect of Various Funicides on the
Fertilization

of the Cherry, peach, Plum, and Cumoumber .

INTRO DUCTION.

During the summers experiments as narrated above it
was observed that spraying apparently decreased the yield
probably due to some injury to the blossom or its action
as a repellent to the insect pollinators, Bordeaux may have
caused an injury to the pollen, to the stigma or to both,
and in order to ascertain if this supposition were oorreoct
experiments were conducted in the greenhouse on the various
types of flowers which were available, using not only
Bordeaux in several strengths but also some of the other
more important fungicides.

We were fortunate in being able to seoure as material
for the work, a number cf dwarf fruit trees in large pots
whioh were brcught into the greenhouse from out of doors
and foroed into bloom.’ On January 6th, the trees were given
& general cleanup spray of strong lime sulphur for scale and
then brought into the greenhouse. These trees were fertilized
once with liquid sheep manure and were watered as needed. In
all there were, two peaches, one cherry, and two plums which
came into flower, and in addition there were two apples,
two pears, and one aprioot which failed to flower, having
however borne heavily the previous year. Besides the fruit
trees fifteen plants of cucumbers were raised from seed
planted in pots yanuary Sth.

The apparatus used was as follows:- A DeVilbiss atom

izer No, 8, a small inseot duster, brushes for collecting polien
em ee ee eee

 

119
Petri dishes, glass cells and cover glasses for making hanging
drop cultures, and a compound microscope. The materials used
were Bordeaux &4-50; §-6-50; and 44-50 , self boiled
lime-sulphur 8-8-5; Commeroial lime-sulphur 1-40; soluble
sulphur 1 pound to 50 gallons nicotine 40% 1 to 800; and
sulphur dust. Cane sugar soluticn 3% strength was used as the
media for the drop cultures.

The cherry tree was the first to bloom, the first blossoms
appearing on the 6th.of February and these blooms were fully
opened on the 8th. Other blossoms on the same tree followed
rapidly until the 14th when the last flower beoame full
blowm . As each blossom became full blown it was given a
thorough spraying with one of the above mentioned fungicides,
with the exception of a few clusters which were hand pollinated
and left as ohecks, On the day after spraying pollen was
collected with a brush from each of the sprayed flowers
the stigma at the same time being pollinated with sprayed
pollen, and the pollen is placed immediately in duplicate
hanging drop cultures. These cultures were examined three
times at intervals of twenty-four hours , estimates of the
percent of germination being recorded at each examination.
Sprayed and cheok flowers were carefully tagged to avoid
all chance of error, The flowers were examined to note the
effect cf the spray on the stigma, and later the percent of

fruit set was recorded.
 

120

- Experimental Records -—

Tree No. l. Cherry.

Cluster No. l.

Culture Sa.
24 hours.

48 hours.

Yo hours.
Culture Sb.
24 hours.

48 hours.

7s hours.

Cluster No, 9, Cheok.

Culture 13a.

24 hours.

48 hours.

72 hours.

Culture 12b.
B24 hours.

48 hours.
73 hours.

Cluster No, 3,

Culture la.
24 hours.

Check

Pollinated 3/8/15.

20% germination. Most tubes short.

70% germination. Most tubes short
but appear healthy and normal.

75% germination. Tubes as above.

15% germination. Most tubes short,
some 6 to 8 times length of grain.
Granular masses appeared about grains -

50% germination. All tubes short,
but healthy and normal.

75% germination. All tubes short but
geem normal,

Pollinated 3/14/15.
Plated 12a =- 12b, 3/14/15.

About 75% germination, long healthy
tubes.

No further germination.

Impurity of culture prevented further
germination,

Koout 50% germination, tubes not as
long as in léa.

No further germination,

Culture showed same results as lda.

Sprayed with 4-4-5650 Bordeausz,
3/8/15.

pollinated 3/8/15
Plated la and lb, 3/9/15.

& to 10% germination, tubes very

short, but one or two fo them ten
times the width of the grain,
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture lb.
a4 hours.
48 hours.
78 hours.

Cluster No. S.

Culture 2a.
24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours.

Culture 2b.
24 hours.

48 hours.

72 hours.
Cluster No. 5.

Chiture 7a.
24 hours.

48 hours.
723 hours,

Culture 7b.
84 hours,

 

12l.

20% germinaticn, tubes very short.
No further germination,

No germination.
About 5% germ. with very short tubes.

25% just starting.

Sprayed with self boiled lime and
sulphur. 2/8/15.

Pollinated 3/8/15.

Plated 3a and 8b, 3/9/15,

No germination,

No germination,

No germination, About 2% show appearance
of starting t&ubes.

About 10% have started to send out
tubes ohly one tenth of which have
tubes longer than the width of the
grain, This small percentage of
tubes seems normal.

No further germination noticeable.
Those alréady germinated appear
normal,

No further germinaticn.

Sprayed with soluble lime and sulphur.
3/9/15.

Pollinated and plated 7a - 7b,
3/10/15.

About 5% germination, with long
healthy tubes.

About 10% germination, tubes longer
than in any other oulture.

At least 30% have germinated with
very long tubes.

About 4 — 5% germ. with long healthy
tubes.
48 hours.
72 hours,
Note:
Cluster No. 4.
Culture 6a.
24 hours.

48 hours.

73 hours.
Culture 6b.
24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hours.

Cluster No. 6,

Culture 9a.
24 hours.

48 hours.
73 hours.
Culture 9b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Cluster No 7,

 

122.

No further germination.

No further change in germination —

The petals were badly burned by the spray solution.

Sprayed with nicotine 2/9/15.
Pollinated and plated 6a - 6b
. 2/10/15.

About 30% germination, tubes healthy
and normal.

No further germination, but tubes
are usually very Long, BO — 30
times the length of the grain, and
appear normal .

Conditions the same.

No indications of germination.

No indications of germeination.

No indications of germination.

Sprayed with 3-6-50 Bordeaux
2/11/15. |

Pollination and Plated 9a = 9b
3/12/15. .

Less than 1% germination, A very
small number show any indication
of germination.

No further germination.

No further germination.

No indication of germinaticn,

No indication of germination,
No indication of germination.

Sprayed with dilute commercial lime

and sulphur.

Pollinated and Plated 10a - 10b
2/12/15.
Culture loa.
24 hours.
48 hours.
738 hours.
Culture 10b.
24 hours.

48 hours.

72 hours.
Note:
Cluster No 8.

Culture lla.
B34 hours.
48 hours,
72 hours,
Culture llb.
g4 hours.
48 hours,
72 hours,
Cluster No. 8
Cheok.
Culture 5a.
24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hours.
Culture 5b.

24 hours.

48 hours.

No indication of germination.
No indication of germination,

Less than 1% germination,

Less than 1% show germinaticn of
moderately long tubes.

4-65 % germinaticn.

No further indication of germeination.

Blossoms badly burned in all cases.

Dusted with powder sulphur 2/13/15.
Pollinated and plated lla. — 11b,
2/14/15.

About 5% germination.
No further germination,

Same.

No germination.

Same.

Same.

Tree Number Two, peach ).

Pollinated and Plated 5a - 5b , 2/19/15.

About 80% germination.

No further indication of germination,

but the tubes still healthy but rather
short. Mostly not over the length of

width of the length of the grain.

No further indicaticn of germination.

About 50% germination. Tubes not very long.
Fully 90% germination, with very long tubes
72 hours.

Cluster No. 5.

Culture 15a.

24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hours.

Cluster No. l.

Culture 4a.

24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 4b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Cluster No. 3.

Culture 8a.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours,

Culture 8b.

24 hours.

48 hours.
73 hours.

16Se

which are 30 — 30 times the length

of the grain.

No further indication of germination.

Check. Pollinated and plated 15a —- 15b

3/16/15:

About 80% germination.

Kbout 95% germination, mostly with
short tubes,

No ohanges in germination.
Sprayed with Bordeaux 4-450,
3/8/15.

Pollinated and plated 4a — 4b,
2/9/15

No germination but some indioation
in some grains#

No further germination.

Sam 6

No indication of germinaticn.
Same.
Same.

Sprayed with 7-6—50 Bordeaux,
24/11/15...

Pollinated and plated 8a = 8b,
2/12/15.

No germinaticn.

Same.
Same,

Kbout 1% germination, several with
very long tubes.

Same conditions.
Cluster No. 4,

Culture 13a.

84 hours.

48 hours.

72 hours.

Culture 13b.

e4 hours.

48 hours.

78 hours.
PLUM.

Tree No. 3.

Cluster No, 3.

Culture 18a.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 18b.
24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hour 8.

Cluster No 1,

Culture l4a.
24 hours.
48 hours.
73 hours,
Culture 14b.
a4 hours.
48 hours.

Check

 

125-

Sprayed with self boiled L-5 2/13/15.
Pollinated and plated 18a - 13b,

2/15/15

No indicaticn of germination.
Same.
Same .

No indication of germination.
Kbout 1% germination.

No further germination,

, Pollinated and plated
18a -18b 3/18/15.

15% germination,
40% germination mostly short tubes.
75% germination, tubes very short.

25 - 80% germination,
60% germinaticn. yostly very short.

80% * . Little ohange in
length of tubes.

Sprayed with self boiled lime sulphur
2/15/15.

Pollinated and eprayed plated

l4a —- 14b, 2.16.15,

No germination.

15% germination.

no indication cf germination.
 

 

73 hours.

Tree No. 4. PEACH.

1266

10¢ germinaticn.

Cluster No. 8. Cheok- Pollinated and plated 17ai —- 17b

Culture 17a.
24 hours.

48 hours.
72a hours.

Culture 17b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
73 hours.
Cluster No. 1

Culture 16a.
24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 16b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
7% hours.

Tree No. 5. PLUM.

2/18/15.

60% germination just started.

76% germination none with tubes
longer than gaain.

No further change, mold contaminated
the culture.

50% germination.

No further change.

@0% germination, mostly short tubes.
self boiled lime-sulphur,

sprayed 3/16/15.

Pollinated and plated 16a - 16b,
2/17/15.

About 1% germination long healthy
tubes,

About 5% germinaticn

80% germination, short tubes.

Less than 1% germination,
About 1% germination,

No further germination,

Cluster No, 1 Check. pollinated and plated.

Culture 194.
24 hours.
48 hours.

738 hours.

19a - 19b, 3/17/15.

Kbout 85% to 90% germination.
95% germination,long healthy tubes.
No further changer
Culture 19b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
78 hours.
Cluster No, 3.

Culture Bla.
84 hours.
48 hours.
72 hourse
Culture 2lb.
24 hours,
48 hours.
72 hours.

Cluster No. §&.

Culture 28a.
24 hours,
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 22b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Cucumb er 8:

Series No. Ss. Check.

Culture 34a.
24 hours.

48 hours.

1376

50% germination.

80% germination medium length tubes
% same, tubes longer.

Sprayed 2-6-50 Bordeaux , 3/37/15.

Pollinated and plated dla — "BLD,
2/28/15.

No germination.
About 5% germination,yery short tubes.
No change.

1% germination very short tubes,
No further change.

No ohangee

Sprayed with self boiled L-8
2/87/15.

Pollinated and plated 22a - BaD,
2/28/15.

About 5% germination.
No change.

No change.

No germination,
No germination.

About 1% starting.

Pollinated and plated 2/1/15
24a —- 24b.

50% germination just starting.
80% germination not increased in length
Culture 24a.

73 hours.

Culture 24 Be

84 hours.
48 hours.
72 nhourse

Series No. 4. Check.

Culture 25a.
24 hours,
48 hours.
73 hours.
Culture 25b.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
15.

Series No. Check.

Culture 36a.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture S6b.
24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hours.

Series No. l

Culture 20a. —

24 fours.

128.

No change.

75% germination 10% long tubes.
90% , no inorease in length.
No change.

Pollinated and plated 25a — sbb,
$/2/15.

25 % germination just started.
75% germinated very short tulres.
80% germination.

No. germination.

10% just started.

Condidions the same.

Pollinated and plated 36a —- 36b.
2/10/15

About 60% with short tubes.
No change.

No change: Culture much contaminated.

About $0% germination with short tubes.
" 50% " " a "

No change in germination with a
slight budding.

Sprayed with S8-6-50 Bordeaux ,
3/26/15..

Pollinated and plated 20a — 380b,

3/27/15.

No germination.
 

48 hours.
738 hourse
Culture 30b.
ZA hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Series No. 2

Culture 38a.
84 hours.
48 hours.
73 hours.
Culture 33b.
e4 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Series No. 5.

Culture 26a.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture Z36b.
24 hours.

48 and 72

hours .-

 

129.
No germinaticn.

No germinaticn.

No germination.

No germination.

No germination.

Sprayed with 3-6-50 Bordeaux
- 2/27/15.

pollinated and plated 23a — 23b,
#“/1/15.

No germination.
No germination.

No germination.

No germination.

About 1% have just started.
No further germination.
Sprayed with 4-4-50 Bordeaux,
5/2/15.

Pollinated and plated 26a — 26b,
8/3/15.

About 5% have just started.
No further change.
Same.

Less than 1% have just started.
Same.
Series No, 6.

ems

 

130

Sprayed with 4-4-50 Bordeaux, 5/5/15.
2

Pollinated and plated 27a —-

Culture 27a.

24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 27b.
84 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Series No. 7.

$/4/15.

Germination less than 1% with very
short tubes.

No further change.

No germination.
About 10% have just started.

No further ohange.

Sprayed with self boiled L-8 3/4/15.

Pollinated and plated 2a = 8b,

5/5/15.
Culture 2a.
24 hours. About 1% have just started.
48 hours. 5% have just started, no more growth
than at 24 hours,
72 hourse No inorease in germination.
Culture 28b.
24 hours. Less than 1% germination.
48 hours. No inorease in germination.
72 hours. " " " " e
Series No. 8. Sprayed self boiled L-8 , 2/7/15.
_ Plated 29a and 29b, 3/8/15.
Culture 29a.
24 hours. 50% show first signs of germination.
48 hours. No further change in germination.
73 hours. Same.
Culture 39b.
24 hours. About 30% show first signs of germinaticn.
48 hours. No further change.
72 hours. Same.
Series No. 9.

Culture S0a,
24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 30b.
24 hours.

48 hours.
72 hours,

Series No- 10.

Culture Sla,

a4 hours. |

48 hours.
72 hours.

Culture 21lb.
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Series No. 13.

Culture 34a.
24 hours.

48 hours.

73 hourse

131.
Sprayed with dilute commercial

lime and sulphur , 3/8/15.
Plated 30a and 30b, 8/9/15.

50% show signs of germination, but
barely 1% show much growth.

All failed to germinate further.

No further germination.

25% show signs of germinaticn, but
barely 1% show muoh growth.

All failed to germinate further.
Same.

Sprayed with 24-50 Rordeaux ,3/8/15.
Plated Sla and.2Zlb, 38/9/15.

5% have just started to germinate.
5% have made a very weak growth.

S0% show apparent buds at extremities,
but no growth.

5% have just started to germinate.
No further change in germination.
Sam ee

Sprayed with 2-4-50 Bordeaux 3/9/15
Plated 34a and 34b, 3/10/15.

Less than 1% have germinated with
very short tubes.

Slicht budding in 50% , otherwise
no changes.

No further change.
Culture 34b.
24 hours.
48 hours.

72 hours.

Series No. 128.

Culture 35a.
24 hours.
45 heurs.
72 hours.
Culture 33b.
c4 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.

Series No. lil.

Culture 3a.
24 hours,

48 hours.
72 hours.

Cuzture 32b.
B4 hours,

48 hours.
72 hcurs.

Series No. 14.

Culture 35a,
24 hours.

48 hours.

 

133.

About 5% have just started to germinate.

No further change. There is muoh
impurity present in the culture.

ermination. Slight

No complete
nN sOme Cassese

budding
Sprayed with dilute commercial line

and sulphur, 38/9/15.
Plated 33a and 33b. 8/10/15.

No germinaticn.
Same.

Same, budding prominent.

No germination,

Dusted with dry sulphur , 2/8/15.
Plated 32a and 32b, 3/9/15.

No germinaticn , Much dust present in
the culture.

No germination,

No change except slight budding.

About 1% starting. Much sulphur
dust present in the culture.

No germination.
No change except slight budding.

Dusting with sulphur. 8/9/15.
Plated 25a and 35b, 3/10/15?

No germination.

Same.
 

73 hours.
Culture 35b.
24 hours.
48 hours,

72 hours.

Series No ° 15.

Culture 37a.
24 hours.

48 hcurs.

73 hours.
Culture 37b.

24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Culture 38a.
24 hours.

48 hours.

73 hours.
Culture 38b.
24 hours.

48 hours.

72 hours.

133.

1% have developed short tubes.

No germination.

Bamee

1% have develored short tubes. Some
sulphur dust present.

Sprayed with Nicotine 2/16/15.
Plated 87a, &7b, 38a, and Sb.
3/17/15.

About 60% have started to bud, but
none have made much growth.

Abcut 50% have developed short tubes.

No further change in germinaticn.

Abcut the sare condition as 37a.
About the same as 37a.

No further change in germination.

About 80% have budded and about 5%
have sent out tubes as long as the
grain is wide.

About 40% have germinated with short
tubes.

No further change in germination.

About 80% have budded but none have
short tubes.

About 60% have germinated with short
tubes.

No further change in germination,

In all cases a number of flowers were sprayed with each

solution, and the mixed pollen from all of them plated.

On February 26th, trees number 1, 8, and 8, were
 

L346

examined to ascertain the percent of fruit which had set on

the sprayed and the cheok blossoms. Trees number 4 and 5
Were similarily examined on Maroh 16th. Owing to the fact
that male blossoms only were sprayed on the cucumbers, there
Was no necessity or possiblity of obtaining data on the
setting of fruit. The following results were obtained:~

Tree Number 1. Cherry.

 

 

 

Spray Total Total Set. Per Cent.
Sprayed oo.
Check, 24 5 28.3
Nicotine 41 0 0.0
S$-6-50 Bordeaux 22 1 4.5
4-450 " 14 0 0.0
Dust 31 0 0.0
Soluble Sulphur 33 0 0.0
Dilute L*§ 18 O 0.0
Self Boiled L-S 15 QO 0.0
| Tree Number 3- Peach.
4-4..50 Bordeaux 8 5 63-5
Cheok 12 11 91.6
Self Boiled L-S 4 4 100.0
36-50 Rordeaux a 1 50.0
oS Tree Number 3. Plum.
Check 5 a 40.0
Self Boiled L-8S 3 0 0.0
Tree Number 4. Peach.

Self Boiled L-8 3 2 100.0
Cheok 6 5 83.3
' Tree Number 5- Plun.

5—-6-50 Bordeaux g 5 83.3
Self Roiled L-S 7 5 7124
Cheok 11 9 81-8

Owing to the fact that the experiment was carried on

under greenhouse conditions, we do not consider that muoch

importanoe should be placed on the data for fruit setting,

as itis, especially in the case of the last three trees,

rather inoonolusive.

The cherry tree, however,

substantiates,
135
frm the amount of fruit set, the results found in the
examination of the pollen. All blossoms were unprotected
from pollination from unsprayed flowers, and this is
doubtless the reason why , in the case of the other trees,
the results do not bear out the germinating powers of the
pollen. The sprayed blossoms which set fruit were doubtless
pollinated by wind or inseots by pollen from the unsprayed
tress. However, the fact that so many sprayed flowers set
fruit seems to indicate that the spray had no injurious effect
upon the stigma.

- Conolusion -

The results seem to indicate that all fungicidal sprays
have an inhibitive effect on the germination of pollen,
although the different fungicides vary in the degree of this
effect. The figures on the germination of cheok pollen bear
out this statement very strikingly, the checks germinating
from 28.5% in 34 hours in the oase of plum pollen, to 71.3%
in 24 hours in oase of the peaoh.e This percentage inoreased
in 48 hours from a minumim of 50.0% in oase of the plum, to
a. maximum of 88.7% in the peach. This probably is the extreme
limit of time for the usefulness of the pollen to the flower
as pollen germinating after this time will probably miss the
Best receptive period of the stigma. Between 48 hours and
72 hours we find that there is some increase in oertain
Cases, the mimumim percentage for this last period being
61.6% in the ououmber, and a maximum of 91.6% in oase of
the peaohe On the other hand, the best germination of sprayed
pollen was 15% in the case of cherry treated with nicotine,
not truly a fungicide, at the end of 24 hours , and 5% in
the oase of cherry sprayed with self boiled L-8 and 4—-4-50
OB 136%

Bordeaux at the end of the same period. The highest germina
tion attained by sprayed pollen for any period was 22.5%
in @ oulture of cherry pollen sprayed with 44-50 Bordeaux
after a period of 72 hours. Other results are much lower
than these oited, a number of them showing under 1% of
germination during the entire period.

The safest fungicide to use, everything else being
equal to obtain the largest yield, would be self boiled lime
and sulphur, followed closely by 4-4-50 Bordsaur. The
latter, however, seems to have an especially inhibitive effeot
on peach pollen, 8-6-50 Bordeaux and self boiled lime and
Sulphur being about equal for this tree. All sprays seem to
have an especially injurious effect on cucumbers, the best
percentage being obtained from 2-4-50 Bordeaux very nearly
the same. Spraying in bloom , however, can be expected to
redtioe the yield under the best of conditions, whatever the
fungicide used. With Reference to the spraying of cucumbers,
We could recommend the avoidance of bloosom spraying in so

far as it is compatible with the control of disease.
 

~ Summary ~-

1. This thesis reoords field observations and treatment of
the following diseases and insects: Downy Mildew, Scab,
Anthracnose, White Pickle, Angular or Bacterial Leaf Spot,
Fusarium Wilt, and Rlack and Green Aphis.

Experiments were also conducted on the fungicidal
effeot on the germination of pollen.
6. Bordeaux 3-s5-50 proved an absolute control for the
Downy Mildew.
Se Bordeaux 3-6-50 proved a decided check upom the develop
ment of scab.
4. Bordeaux S-6-50 proved to be an efficient economlo
control for anthracnose but it does not effect complete
prevention.
5+ Rordeaux 3-6-50 does not prevent, or check in anyway
the trouble called White Pickle.
6. Bordeaux 3-6-50 effects a partial oontrol of the
trouble called Angular or Bacterial Leaf Spot. .
7. Bordeaux 3-6-50 seems to effect an apparent oontrol of
a trouble called in the above desoription Fusarium Wilt.
8. Aphis are easily controlled by nicotine sprays of the
proper strength the @ffioculty being to reach all of the
insects on the under side of the leaves with the spray.
9. Field observations seemed to indicate that spraying
with Pungloides interferes with the setting of the fruit
in some oases.
10, This supposition is borne out by experiments in the
greenhouse.
ll. Further field experimentaticn is necessary in order to

substantiate the injurious effects of fungicides upon the

setting of the fruit.
139.

- Recommendations. =
1. In regions where the Downy Mildew, Scab, Anthracnose,
and Angular ' Bacterial ) z,eaf Spot, are present spraying
with Bordeaux will undoubtedly pay in most seasons.
Se For white pickle, and fusarium wilt spraying with
Bordeaux is not a good eoconomio practice.
Se In the cases of diseases that can be controlled by
spraying it is the best practice to have the plants protected
by the spray before the diseases appear in the patoh. This
becomes essential in the control of Downy Mildew and Soab.
4. In order to obtain acourate and complete results suoh

experiments should be conducted upon demonstration plots

owned by the company.
ET ee ee ee ee =

ee, ~

 

140

 

 

Name. NO of gals to ea. spray. Total A. Sp. Gal per ‘ve ou

ae A 8 38 4 5 6  ~— ._. | __ Spray.
1. Vandenburg 75 75.625
3. Rhoades 25 30 35 50 140 .18
5.Moore 90 100 80 120 $90 .535
4. Larson 75 65 70 140 130 480 .653
&. Libby 25 30 30 85 .125
6. Cannan 15 15 15 25 40 40125 .125 1160 193
7.Martin 40 45 50 70 90 80 385 .87 °#®&1425 337
8. Smith 35 40 35 45 60 50 265 .205 1297 215
9. Irish 15 20 30 30 65 .067
10.Schramm 15 30 25 40 95
11.Lilly 75 60 110 125185 110595 .464 1280 213
13.8tbkes 40 40 40 40 45 45 850 .228 1096 188
13.Langworthy 30 30 60 .14

14.Troupe 30 20 85 45 50 40 810.238 #882 143
18.Gordon 80 75 90 100 435 .473

16. Welcome 50 90 140 .50

Total -------------------------- 3710 5.068 1183 or

Average number of gals. per Aore on patches sprayed six

times in 197 gallons.

-Cost of spraying -

Lime for 60 gallons -------- $0.05
CuSO, for 50 gallons -------

0.21

ged terns 09

Cost per bbl. --

Cost per acre --

. 24

$ .96

=»

ave of 197 gals.
oo =

 

a

144,
PAF? ITI
spraying in Rloom in the fFrield.
vith a view of supplementing the work done in the greenhouse,

experiments were mece uncer field conditions,on apple,cherrry,
plum,peach,and pear trees in the orcharc, “hen these trees
were in full bloom,they were sprayec with five different
fungicides anc insecticides es follows:- Borceaux mixture,
4-4-50,soliible Jime sulfur,summer strength,commercial lime
sulfur,summer strength,self-boiledc lime sulfur,8-8-50,anc
nicotine sohution. The number of blossoms sprayed with each
of these Sprays were recorced anc the number of fruits set
~ere counted five to six weeks later. Check branches were
counted and left unspravec for each variety of fruit worked
with. Owing to the creat inclemency of the weather curing
the entire time of the experiment,many blossoms did not set
fruit which might have done so under more favorable weather

concitions,and for this reason the results shown below are

ov

nore nw taan San ew mee 7.

 

 

 
 

o* am!
 

oummary.
The results shown in the above table in Some measure prove
_the conclusions reachec from the work in the greenhouse, but
on account of the unfavorable weether conditions which inter-
fered with the normal setting of fruit, they cannot be stated as

being conclusive.
146,

Bibliography.
Humphrey,J.:. Cucumber Mildew. Rept. Mass.Ag.oxpt.Sta.8:210~+-2123;1890.
Selby,A.L. Tiseases of Cucurbits. Ohio Ag.lxpt.Sta.Bul.89,1897,
and 2ul.105,1899.
=tewart,>.C. Downey lildew of the Cucumber,‘7hat it is and How
to Prevent IT. N.Y. A@.Exp.Sta.Bul.119;pp.154-1855;1897.
Stobne,c.F. Downey hkildew of Cucumbers. bas.Ag.@xpt.Sta.Ccir.40,1914.

Corbett,L.cC. Cucumbers U.S. Farmers' Bulletin 254. 1906.

Orton,” .A. Vethods of Spraying Cucumbers and ‘.elons. S.C. Ag.
~xpt. Sta. Pul. 116. 1905.

Postiff,‘. Cucumbers as a Cash Crop. Wich.,ég.Expt.cta.cir.19.1913.

Jarvis,C.U. spraying Cucumbers and ielons, Storrs Ag.=xpt.Sta.
Bul. 72, 1912,

Hall,F.H. opraying “ill Save the Fickle Crop. N.Y. /g. Exp.

Orton, ”’.4. Spraying Experiments with Cucumbers. U.S. Farmers’
Bulletin 2351.

Corbett,1L.Cc. Garden ~arming. Fage 250

Beach,sS.A.,Bailey,L.H. | :
spraying in Ploom. N.Y. Ag. Fxp. Sta. Bul. 196.

 
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