132 aff THS THESIS A SANITARY SURVEY Ue Oe NH No A. H. JEWELL BoB Ee) WINE VILL RETURNING MATERIALS: MSU Place in book drop to LIBRARIES remove this checkout from yr. your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. This thesis was contributed by My. A. He. Jewell under the date indicated by the depart- ment stamp, to replace the original which was destroyed in the fire of Maroh 5, 1916. A Sanitary Survey of The Grand River A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGS By Albert H. Jewell qin Candidate for the Degrees of Bachelor of Science June, 191fF. THESIS INTRODUCTION. As the result of a larree number of human beings being concentrato’? upon a amall area, the fundsmental needs of individual life mist be met. by new means. Special measures must be adopted for setting food from a wide radius into *he conte: where s0 ruch of it is to be consumed. The spread of epidomics which always throaten crowded conminities must be guarded? arainst; and the vaste products which accompany all living procossen mst be removed. The magnitude and imvortance of these questions have been such that the State and Federal supervision are necess- ary, resultins in “ool and Dairy Commissions, and Boards of iealth. Thin last task, the removal of the city's wastes, is one of the most difficult which confronts a modern municipal- ity. irom every larro city there pours out a river of weste material which noluter streams, harbors, and sea shores, spoil- ine what should be the chief ploasure snots of the city and damaring pronvorty values, if it does not actually threaten human life and health. The simnlest. solution of the problem, where it is pere missible, ani tne one most frequently employed in this country, is to dischurre the sewage directly into some flowing strean, or lar-e body of fresh water, the ocean, or one of its estuaries. “18 18 callod "isp sal ov dilution". So far as chenpness is concerned this stanic easily first amons the methods of disse posal, since it requiree the purchase of no land and necds no (1200254 care to regulate its working. It 18 usually efficient also in removins the soware beyond the limita of the aren contributing to its volume. Looked at in a less selfish way, and consiécrins the food of the Stato and country as well as of the locality sewered, other and adverse arguments present themselvcs in some cases. Althouch the seware is removed to a distance from the contri- butine territory, it may be deposited in proximity to other communities, on banks or shores, or retained by dams, thus cresting a nuisance; or rav render unfit for drinking, house- hol?, or manaf:cturine mirvoses, water which woul’? otherwise be so upe%,. There are undoubtedly conditions unier which disposal by ‘“Lllution is much less objectionable than any other avail- able method. ‘ni in considering this it must be borne in mind that the liqui’l must ultimately be discharged into sore stream or bo’?y of water; the question being, therofore, to what extent, if :t all, must it be purified or modified. Under wht conlitions antl to what extent a water receiving gewero will purify itself is a question which hus recei: ed lera attention than hive rethods of treating servace, although it is mach the most cormon metho’? of disposal. In d&éscussins the problem of pollution of waterways man’ widely diverse oniniona are expressed. There are those On one hand who sneal of absolute prevention of pollution as thouvh it wer: foarible to effect, while the orn site view is held by some, that the streams should receive the unrestricted discheurre of scware from urban communities. Setween these two (2) extremes lisa the logical position held by students of the problem whose professional training and experience compels attention. This latter position is held by sanitarians an} sunitary ensineers in seneral, and consists in control of pollution, using the streama wherever possible without det- riment. to tho “~ublic health. ‘The pollution of rivers, streame and l:kea within a State may be controlled by State lnws. The probvlom of the -ontrol of great inter-state ani international lares an? rivers ts not so simple. The State of Michiran has a law Known as the “ater and Sewure lew, for the mirvose of establishing and maintainines a certein ‘erree of suporvisory control over public water supp'ios and over the discharre of seware into the vaters of the State, this control being exercised throvzgh the medium of tho State Board of Health. In brief, the law outlines the duties of both the Yoard and the municip lity, makins certain restrictions on the Board's power, and provisions for the re- view and enforcoment of the orders of the S3oard by any court of chancery or other court having jurisdiction. The main ro- striction beinz that no power is grante?l “to prevent = any muinicinality now disposing of ita soware into any river, from continuing go to do". O: first sieht this seers to be repurnant to the renor:l soirit of the law, but if construel literally anc strictly, does not arpear to be inconsistent With the idea of rondcrings the sev age innocuous previous to its fin.1 disvosition in a river. All doubt or fear of such a situation was cust aside when th: Wichirgan Supreme Court hande”? down the decision in (3) the Grand Rapids stream pollution case, May £Bth, 1913. "Tnis was c proc:ce'ing in equity +o ‘leclare and to abate and resctruin a public maisance clamed to result from the dis- charge of seware and ni-v-ht soil from the city of Grand Rapids into Grund Kivor. Tre decision declares that the acts con- Plaino’? of :io create a public nuisance below the city, and that the continuation or creation of that nuisance may prop- erly be restruined dy injunction, and that the Attorney “eneral is a v~roper commlainant." "This decision is bared unon the doctrine o” rivarian ownershi», and not rrimarily upos considerations of public health such = form the broad foundation of the Vater and Seraze law. The rirht of the city, as a rinvarian proprietor, to make reasonable use of the waters of tho river is clearly a‘firmed; but the ricvht of the city to use the water of the river for the purpose of currying away the seware in an une renasonuble renner, or in such a way as to destroy the useful- nees of the rivor to lower riparian provorietors or to impair their riects or to unreasonably increase their burdens, is as Clearly ’efined.”" ‘Thus the question of what is roasonable or MMreasonablo use of a stream is a quertion of fact, to bo determined as other facto ure cretermined. In ormicr that these facte mav be determine’), 1t is necess- ary to make a thorourh investirgstion and study of the stroam in question. Guch investigations and studies have been ‘ermed "Sanitary Surveys." “ith the incressing population (and correspondine ine crease in amount. of waste raterials) of lansing questions (4) arise as to the effect or result of disposil of her wastes by dilution in the Grand River. It was with this idea that "A Sanitary Survev of the Grand River"was started. ' Such surveys are usually carried on by the State Board of Vealth or special commissions, in co-operation with munic- ipal boards of health, and should cover at least a year's oxarmination. Thus it @vident that oving to the lact of time, anrarstus, and a -sistents, this survey is only preliminury an’? shows what. may be “one in the future. The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks for the many helpful surgestions and co-operation given by Professor .D.Rich and Mr. H.G.McGee of the l'ichiran State Board of Nealth, Professor A.J.Clark of the 6heristrv de- partrent of tne Vichigan Arricultural Colleze, and iss Zae Northrop of the “acteriological department cf the ‘‘ichican frricultural Collere. TRIEA'CHIENT The object thorefore, of this survey is to determine as far as ‘ossible (1) whether or not thore is a local nuis- ance, (£) the effect of this pollution on the stream, and to what extent the stream is able to purify itself. In order that these determinations misht be made in the short time allotted, only a few of the many methods were used. It is evident thet all results would depen’? on tho ‘lischerce of the stre:m, therefore the first. problem was to gage the "ith the lischarre dete-mined, the next vroblem is These could be Physical, river. to make the necessary examin: tions. Chemical, "icroscopical, and Bacteriolosical if the necessary apparatus, time and assistance were available, but as these were limited, only ‘he following were considered. Under {OChemical”" it was decided that Dissolved Oxygen would probably be the best adapted to the problem under consideration. Under "Bacteriological" it wus -‘lecided that Total Counts on Litmus Lactos Agar and Presurptive Tests for B. Coli would show the condition of the atream and the self purification effect the best. "4th the above nroblems solved the next step would be in the “orm of a conclusion, embracing those results and -11 available data, torether with the necesansry assumptions. All vor’ of taking, samples was done with a canoe, cove erine ss mach territor: as vossible during the day and camp- ing out along the bent at night. Much bad weather Was cnoounter- ed which m:’e the work vory ‘(isagreecable at tires and rade ace curacy more diffia:lt. (6) DISCHARGE. One of the United States Geological Survey gaging stations is located at the Seymour Street Bridge at North | Lansing. Daily readings are taken with a chain faze suse pende’ from the west end of the bridge, and are recorde'} upon the daily reports of “Weather Bureau of the U.S. Departe- ment of Agriculture. With the aid of a ratimg table of this station it would be an easy matter to determine the discharge on any Darticular day. The last rating table on record w:s made in 190. [{f any change in the bed of the stream had taken place it is evident that the cross sectional area woul chanee and henoe of the discharge for any particular gage heirht. Therefore it was decided to survey and plot the cross section vith reference to the chain gago. The elevation of zero on the This was done by means of a level and level rod. tTaze beins known, the elevation of the line of sisht could be found from sighitinrm on the rare. The rod was extended and a weigeht tied at the base, ani a lonsr pole fastened near the ton. This vas let dow: at five foot intervals alonr the west edre of the bridge, and the rod reading taken. The cross section was then plottod torether with the gage. Then with the use of a planimeter the area at any mare height could be determined very readily. A small Price Current Veter was used in determining the velocity of the ctream. It was Jecided to take readings at the ritcle of ten foot sections and 81x tenths of the depth of the water below the surface. These depths were easily ob- tained from the cross sectional drewiner. (7) (8) =a As time vas very limited the purpose of these ragings was simply to checlt up the present discharge with that given On the following pares will be found by the table for 1905. The points this table and the r-sults of the writer's marin. check clone enough for the end in view, and since the reatings on which the fable was based, were made with a larre Price eter, they are nrobsbly more reliable, and hence the rating table could he used in the survey. (8) 9 ee a PAP" Ct hee Bee ol eet Re Ets sbavyrsicr i ee) oko) Diseh r Vet 7 i] ue Ca yim Pr 7 PC i oO Peon o o cea decks OCS 4011990 fo vaay M z r oh a 2707 3 7 cs 6s sed o. Velocity / Computations Pie) omputed 697. 4 ERR Oraee Fee os 2 S vk, i F ae a ri 3 eal 2) oP Ores rd Weel ES ULE) 1.14 | 2 eri. ae oe 2 Observations for er i Wi eiaa] 3.0 0 Pre) 0 | 282 ia sae 50 ek v4 ra Sy ie ol + Py - Fidel Cee » 52 |: *; hehe ial aes i ie Oe >) ip OT) 24 Pee ae a F cS eee La der Blt de aL 1 eB) fo yyclorr cA aes ei L1G] ply uz weig artaegst rr ane ~ ee | | Ge * er i ie be ae eh ee te eae URE ore reo 2 Pa ee ee i eae ee Sos) Sa a i eee Sh icotce A RE ap pScm mea. area! Po. (ee on. ee, 25 Be | pas b ee 1% 6 yA 55 ro Re 5 is » 89 ae ae ya 6 45}. 2:8 )2.7 4.137 | 27,31 32.0 55 KP be 1 or 2949 oie 2 65| 3.6) 22 2,41 | 35,81 50,5 y hoy ee ee ee ee ae ae 65! 3.9123 1.90 | 37,8 | 68,0 > ae ie PL) 57 |} %21 12 Xe) 8 ae See ee Pee eo bel bi 8S ie hy ee) po) oe ae eS 1265) 4,212.5 1.41 | 40,4 | 57%, 0 138) 3,8 | 23 1.27 | 39,0 | 49,5 eit. oe Oe Be ee) 1,27 | 37.8 | 48,06 165 |.3.2/1.9 pT eee ae 2751 261145 BPS + ee 185} £1 )2.3 «83 |} 19,6 | 162 192} 0.3 | O62 Computed 6&7, 3 S Rating Table 672.0 3200 1255 13510 2365 1475 1530 1565 1640 ps8 1760 5370 5610 5870 6230 6680 CHIYMICAL MAAMINATION, Let us first gzlanse at the diagram of cycles for carbon, nitroRen and sulphur. “e@ are particularly interestcd in that part known as "*Deatrmiction". In every case ve find that it is a process of oxidat‘on or burning up, aided by the action of bacterin. ‘rhat is, changing, unstable, petrefying, organic matter to stable compounds. In order to do this the organic ma’tor mart have oxyren, which it takes out of the water. As long as there is saufficient dilution the “equired amount. of oxygen can be furnished, but as soon as the available oxygen 1s exhausted, putrefactive changes will take nlace. In other words, it is simnly a question of a balance between the avail- able oxysen of the stroam and the oxysen which the organic matter will require. Thus if we could measure th: amount of availnuble or dissolved oxvgeen in a samvle of water, we could vet a relative Lica of the condition of tho stream. It. was decided to use the “Nin’lor ‘ethod for Dissolved Oxygen as recommended in "Stendard \ethods of Water Anolysis" published by the Am- erican Public Health Aassociation, which is as follows:- Winkler othod rescents. - 1. Fanganous sulnhate sol- ution: Dissolve 4A wrrars of maneanous sulphate in 100 e.c. of distitled weter. ~ oe Solution of sodium hydrate and votassium iodide: Diszolve 360 erams of sodium hvdrate and 100 grams of potase sium iodide in one liter of distilled water. %. Sulphuric acid. Specific gravity 1.4 (dilution 1:1). (12) he! -0 CARBON « ¢ CYCLE vVJ ty ” & o ee a = Cee: ‘eB a soe AO STMNTCILE =) a cine CYCLE uv 2 are ee TY oad ye eee Q r eA Fo i r 4 ¢ neath ys cor ree a al o on a 2 o—Anmats = Sh ea 6 AE SULPHUR Oa mo 4. Sodium thiosulpnate solution. Dissolve 6.° rrams of chemically pure recrystallized sodium thiosulphate in one liter of distilled wster. This gives a N_ solution each c.c. of which is equivalent to 0.2 mr. of oxy sen or 0.139F c.c. of oxyzen at 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure. Inasmuch as t':is solution is »ot nermaneht it should be standardized occusion- ally aguinst an N_ solution of potassium bichromote as dese cribedl in almost any work on volumetric analysis. ‘The keep- ing qualities of the thiosulphate solution are improved by adding to each liter 5 c.c. of chloroform and 1.5% srams of ammonium carbonate before making up to the prescribed volume. F. Starch solution. ix a small amount of clean stare with cold wato7 until it becomes a thin paste, stir this into 150 to ©9090 times its weirht of polling water. Boil for e few minutes, then sterilize. It may be preserved by aiding a far drops o” chloroform. Collection of the semn’ae. =- The sarmnie shall be collact- ed with extreme care in order to avoid entrainment or absorpt- ion of any oxyren from the atmosphere. The sample bottle shall be preferably a plass-stopvered bottle with a narrow neck an‘ which holds at least 250 c.c. The exact cavacity of the bottle shall be determined and for convenient reference this may bo scratched upon the glass with a dimond. If a sample is to be collected from a tap the water shall be made to enter the bottle through a glars or rubber tube which reaches to the bottom of the bottle, the water being alloved to overflow for neveral minutes, after which the rlass stonner is careMailly reptaced seo that no bubble of (14) air in caumh*+ Hane th it. If the samrle is to be enliected from the surface of a pond or tank two bottl?s shall bo vsed, the ordinary sample and a second bottle of four times tho cap city. Both bottles shall be provided with temporary stopvers of double perforation and in both cases a elxass tube shall extend throurh one hole of the stopper to the bebtom of the bottle and a short rlass tube shall enter the other hole of the stopper but not proe ject into the bottle. ‘The short tube of the sample bottle sali be connected with the long tube of the larrcr bottle. In cole lecting the samplo the sample bottle shall be tmmersed in che water and suction annlicd to the short tube of the large bottl and enouzh water drawn through the hole to fill the larsre bottle. In thins vay the water in tho amo Ller bottle will be chanred sev- eral times and a fair samnrie secured. If the sample is to be ‘aken at a depth below the aurface both bottles may be connected, lowered to the desired depth, end ifthe smaller bottle is placed beneath the larger one the water will enter the amall bottle and pass from that into the larger bottle, the air escuping from the short tube of the large bottle. As soon as the small bottle has been felled remove the temporary stopper and insert the permanent glass stopper using care not to entrain any bubblea of air. Procedure. =- remove the stopper from the bottle and add anproximately two c.c. of the manganous sulphate solution and two c.c. Of the sodium-hydrate potassium iodide solution del- livering both of these solutions beneath the surface of the ligq- uid by means of a pivette. Replace the stopper and mix the (15) DISSOLVED OXYGEN FIELD APPARATUS ‘ — Fe Ps a > (16) APPARATUS FOR COLLECTION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN SAMPLES MADE BY 2 Ps t he A tf Perret % “2” Large bottle ur TS two liters. Smai\ “disselved oxygen” bottle holding 290-300 c.c. Small brass tube Smali\| brass tuve Larger brass tule. en ee | ee Nit Ame i A aa Cast iron base, for weighting eae = Metal clamp fe) Support B 4H rOopnpowpe = Two holed rubber stoppers. at tae contents of the bottle by shaving. Allow the vnercinitate to settle. Remove the stonvper, aid ? co.c. of sulphuric acid and mix thoroughlv. Up to this voint the procedure shall be care ried on in the field but after the sulphuric arid has heen adied and the stopver replaced there has been no further change and the rest of the operation may be conducted at leisure. lor accurute work thore are a number of corrections necessary to be made, but in actual practice it is seldom necessary to take them into account as they are ordinarily much less than the errors of sumnling. Rinse the contents of the bottle into a flask, titrate with N solution of sodium thiosulphate using a 40 of the starch solution towards the end of titration. few c.c. Do not. adi the starch until the color has become a faint yellow; titrate until the bluo color ‘isanvears. If nitrites be present, correction must bo made. Calculution of results. - These standard method of expreas- ing results shall be by vrarts per million of oxy7ten by weicht. It is sometimes convenient to know the number of 6.9. of the gas per liter at 0° C. terperature and 760 mm. pressure and ulso to know the percentage which the amount of gas present is of the maximum amount. capable of being dissolved by distilled All three methods water at the same temperature and pressure. of calculation are therefore here given. Oxvmren in parts rer million = 0.90002 N x 1,000,009 = 200 4 V y Oxyren in c.c. per liter =z 0.1395 N x 1,000 =z 2390°-4 Vv V Ovyyren in “* of saturation = 200 N x 100 = 20,000 N VxO VxoO VYhore N = number of c.c. of a (rhosulphate solution. (18) Vz capacity of the bottle in c.c. less the volume of the raneanous sulphate and potassium fodide solution aided (i.e., less 4 o.c.). O = the amount of oxygen in parts per million in water saturated at the s:me temperathre and pressure. Soe Table (19) |} Oxyren eal : hs a > 0 ELEVATION WHEN LVEDD 4 oR Mes. SATURATED AT DIF?T- at Sea Level | Oxygen at 810 Ft, Elev, it 1) on Yh) Ah ae Pak pra, by Weicht. é : 14. 70 14, 26 rl pe ee. pe bl Ps Bae ols 1a, 46 c | 1 Se 50 pes rt 13.14 rem. | a | 12, 80 12,42 6 12,47 1210 12,16 11, 80 if 11, 86 11, 50 9 11, 58 be eX pee) 11, 31 ph ePa a, >! 12,05 phoma 12 10, 80 pee) pe) ph OPaey 4 10, 25 rT oe) oar Be) 10,14 Per ries 9, 94 aor! 17 9,75 9, 46 Na] bP + id 19 9, 37 bP 1) 20 9,19 & 92 21 + Pees ie ey Peon} ao w i yd ve yas &, 51 eh) 25 B, 35 8.10 26 8,19 eT ad 8,03 7,79 29 Pe y Pat ROM LANSING TO IONI“¢, APRIL 30th fo DISCHARGE oP in mee «| oe por 5, 27 Mier | ae | 9473 be Ps] 7, 28 ems) 8, 46 10, 38 12, 32 oad ~ Pod ead ae eee os H I Mi K bf oI N ) p 8 R S pS Ly uv ¥ x ¥ eo bre Cs C4 a DISSOLVED OXYGEN TESTS ABOVE LANSING MAY 14th 1915 bo) Glo E Red Rekae SEC. PTs Patent a sloacts ARE. LF ~ - ots | 2 bet _ ta taal ; lh Ss 6 aE: ee ae Liter fe y rh 2s ee ORE Pet Bh ae Me, o ve 225, 7 Ls 18.5 2335/1420) 916/21, 32 Pele) 123, 5 rt re) 296/15, 85| 9, 27/10, 73 ees) eee a yy; Odeo el mh: me tee At ye) vere ) 113, 0 on i? 2 2p ee tee ee ee ee be 95 105, 0 1 ye.) 262/10, 20| 9,87) %23 5 Pak 6h ve. Pig) Me yi aoe ee ole Pe toe a! 6, 45 + FA) ro i7 263/13.15| 9.46] 9430 a bt ane DISSOLVED OXYGEN TESTS! FROM. LANSING To PORTLAND MAY 17th TO 20th 1915 / beeGcles st Ot) Met ed em bi P Te 280| 9.45/ 9,95] 695] 4,42 Ta, ie 140 263| 9.95/10, 27] 7,57 bd «| 73,2 H 11,5 Aca yd ele 5, 45 \ a I 12, 5 10, 38] &, 2? 5e 78 ye Peg J :e mo) 10, 50/ 5, 95 “tS lg K 14,5 Pa ek mel. ee hed 66,0 L 13,0 10, 27/12, 30 oe ph Pa) of pa) 10, 38| 8, 28 4 79,8 y reo) CAC a eg cr 0 2% 5 pRePe a ene) May 966 2 Bs pea.) 10, 38} 8 56 8 pe ] 13 phere yee me 2 93,7 Rk Be Baey oli be 6, 60 91, 7 Yiere N = number -of oe of ie Esmee ta ee Era | ¥ = Gapactty of thei bottle in c.@s tees the ¥oliMie of the % Hancanous sulphate and potassium bodi de® aclution Patt) (i.es, Ve yr: er Dae ae ae a QO = amount of oxyrten in parts per million in water sat- urated at the same temperature and’ pressure. Sse Table BCoV RTOLOGICAT, BXAMINATION, In consi‘lering this ~hase of the work many difficulties presente? therselves. The samples should be examined within six hours of the time of taking. It would be imrossible to collect very many samples, pack them in ice, and get back to the laboratopy within six hours, especially at any distance from Lansing. It was, therefore, decided to take such apparatus and media as coul’ be used in the field. The tests decided upon included total count and red col- onies on litmus lactose agar, and presumptive tests for B. Coli using litmus lactos bile. The prevaration of media was accord- ing to "Staniord Methods of Vater Analysis". Litmus Lactose Arar. 1. Boil 19 or 18 g. thread agar in 500 c.c. water for half an hour amd make up weight uv to 600 g. or ‘iligest for 15 minutes in the antoclave. Let this cool to about 60° C. fe Infuse 500 g. lean meat 24 hours with &00 c.c. water (distilled) in refrigerator. 4“. vake up any loss by evaporation. 4, Strain infusion through cotton flannel. —&. Veigh Tiltored infusion. 6. Add two per cent of Yitte's peptone. 7. arm o7 water beth, stirring till neptone is dissolved and not allow the temmerature to rise above 60° C. 2, To £00 we. of the rest infusion sdd 500 g.o. of the three percent arap, keoning the temperatur? below 80° C, 9. Titrato, after boiling on minute, to exnel carbonic acid. (23) BACTERIOLOGICAL FIELD APRARATUS (24) 10. Adjust reaction to neutral by addin™ normal hydro- chlerie acid or sodium hvdrate as required, usins Phenolph- thelein as an indicatces. 11. Heat over boiling water (or steam) bath for 49 minutos. 12. Restore loss by evanoration. 13. Readjust to normal, if necessiry, and boil 5 minutes over free flame, constantly stirrineg. 14. Make up loss by evaporation. EF. Filter throush absorbent cotton and cotton flannel, passing the filtrate throurh the filter until clear. 16. Titrate and record the final reaction. 17. Add one percent of lactose and one rercent of azolitmin solution. 18. Tube, using 10 c.c. of medium in each tube. 19. Sterilize 15 mimites in the antoclave at 120°, or for 30 minutes in satresnine steam on three successive ‘avs. °O. Store in the ice chest in a moiat atrospvhere to prevent evaporation. Litmus Lactose Bile. This medium consists of sterilized, undiluted fresh ox gall (or a ten per cent solution of dry fresh ox gall) to which has been a‘icd one ner cent of peptone and one rpercent of lactose. (25) Gas in Litmus |Acid in Litmue Lactese Bile| Lacterze Bila el ala * o8) a go a kU Ch fk i co Uo oO oD a aa a = oe + + a os we ee + 7 + + whe aa = 2 + coal re be Bacteriological: Teste from. Landing to Portland, May 17 - £0, 191 fs a ~ a" ~. Dischares 250. sec. ft. mee) ATV Ae | / x (ATE SCALE , —— DE ORE FA ann tem 7/7/77 PA 2, DISCUSSION, In solving th: first problem, (1), whether or not, there is a local muisance, use is made of the tentative standard for dicsolved oxygen in New York harbor established by the New York Ketropolitan Sewerage Commission. There must be at least 3 c.c. of dissolved OxXxyfen gas per liter of water. Since 1 c.c. of oxygen weighs 1.434 milligrams. 3 CeO. Of Oxygen weirhs 4.302 " 1 pep. K = 1 milligram per liter or the N.Y¥.M.f.C. standard = 4.302 p.p. PH. The water in the Nev Yor! harbor 41s considered as containing 60 7% of sea water (chlorine in sea water = 18,000 p.p. Lh.) ani 40 % of fresh water. Using 15° C.,the temperaturc found in the worst cause of dissolved oxygen at station F on April 50, 1918, and referring to table 12, page 62 of Standards Methods of Vater Analysis we can find the amount of oxyren at saturation. 18,000 v.p.M x 60 % = 10,800 9,p.M. of chlorine. 10,800 B,B.M at 18° C. = 9.06 B,p.M.D. 0. at saturation. 4.302 + 9.06 = 47.4 “% of saturation allowable. Compxrring our worst case which was 63.6 % we find that it is within th: allowable limit. Considcrins the question from the standpoint of dilution of seware r-quired to prevent nuisance, use of the formla as found on pare 78P of the American C. i. Hand Book is made. D= x = fm 2 ii B oO 8060 dilution rcauirel to prevent nuisance. oO iT) (27) x = volume of water. s = volume of sewage. o = amount of dissolved oxymen in the wuter. m= the result of the "oxygen consumed" te:t in p.p.!. f = factor = 4 for F minute test. If the water ia considered as having 100 % saturation then o = 9.84 at 15° C. Assuming the volume of seware = 100 sallons per capita daily, then for an average city sewazce the amount of oxyren consumed as shown by the & mimute test is 5&8 pepe. or I! = 23P, D=x 2 232 2 23.5 B 9.84 Lansing has a population of about 38,000, pf whbdch about 30,000 are connected with the sewers. itast Lansing and the College have a combined population of probably about f,000 most of which are connected with the sewers. This makes a total of 35,000 peuple or 83,500,000 gallons per day. 3,600,000 gallons per day = 5.35 cu.ft. per second. Substitutins in D = x we have 23.5 = % 8 5.35 x z= 1°6 sec. ft. The rating table sives 187 sec. ft. for a sare heirht of 1.6 fcet, which: is ubout the lowest that the water ever gets as shown by the records of the U.S. Department of Ag- riculture. If wo were to figure a worse condition, sy a temperature of £8° C. and the water only 70 % s:turation, then o = 7.94 and D2x #2 es2 = 29S qutnee-sceaeb 8 7.94 ©9,.Pf 2 x 5; or x = 156 sec. ft. &.35 (28) Euen in this case there wold be enough dilution, al- though it would be approachine the limit. In the case of the Chicage Drainage Canal, Rudolph Nerinzs provided for at least 3.33 cu. ft. per second of water for the cilution of the sewave of each 1,000 persons. xX. H. Goodnough Ylaces the limits for Massachusetts conditions be- tween 3.5 and 6 cu. ft. per second. Rafter used 4 cu. ft. per secon? for certai "ev York conditions. Usine tho diferent factors in this case we would have 6 x 3% = 210 asec. ft. 6&6 x SF 2 17F!. " " 4x 3% = 140 "* " 3.353 x 35 = 117 sec. ft. Using the average of these, we find there is plenty of flow as long «s the gage remains at or above 1.f. If it. drops below this there is likely to be trouble. If any trouble :t all is caused, it will probably be during the month of July, Ausust, and September, when the temp- erature is the hirredét and the discharge is the least. Therefore results obtained in April and Yay of a normal year would not PRive the worst conditions. This spring has been an unusually dry one as is chown by the accompanying Monthly Meteorological Summaries. ‘There are on record only two years when the rain-e fall for tiarch and April has been below that for this year. Ths t was in 1875 and in 1896,and now in 1915 we have anothor ary ise “dua qsaMol use, oe 0” dura, say at UVOK “wer ours NOMLV Lda SuOLVUIdhaL “Ut “soyouy “UIST “sayoUT 76°08 “SoyoUt 90°08 UALANKOUV AYVNIOS *duray, “rt SI6t “T1¥ay NYDTHOUN "ONE AYVWWOS TVOIOOTOUOULAN ATHINOW ‘JOUD ‘NIMIVIN “a SATAVHO Cia (30) age readiness of the ruge for May 19158 was 1.9 fect while tie average for the lnst F years is 3.° fert showing the lack of flow feor tie normal. In solving the other problem, (2) the effect of this pollution on the streom, and to what extent the stream is able to purify itself, no exact standards ca: be uscd. The results o° the dicrcolved oxygen tests show a feneral increane in dissolved oxygen as the river continues on its way, after being laien heavil¥ at Lansiv:. The total counts of bacteria shor verv nicely the manner in which the purification tales Place. Tho vresumptive tests for B. Coli show that the water is not sefe to use for drinking purposes, even down as far ac Portiand without treatment. Better resnlits would have been obtained if greater dilutions had been used in testing. These tests simply sive ao preliminary idea of what could be done. Some of the results on dissolved oxygen show over 100 “% saturation. This et first may look erroneous, but on further consideration it looks very probable that these results might be obtained. This is due to several reasons, the vater above these stations had bee: running over a shallov stony bed full of rocks an? hal absorded considerable oxygen from the air until it “asc close to 100 ~* saturated, then if thore were rrowing nNilants, whicn rive out oxygen into the water, more riv-ht be siven out than could be diffused and liberated at the surface. There*oro any coneiceration of the questio: should involve a study of plankton forms and also of the de- tached growt s on the shores of the river. _ (31) CONCTUSION. from what observations 2nd determinations I have been able to make, I would say that the present method of disposel of sewage by dilution at Lansing is satisfactory. The stream is an ideal one for that purrnoseas it con- tains stretches of rapid shallow water, separated by pools of back water. The former allowing absérption of oxyzen from the atmosphere, killing of bacteria by sunlight, and thorourh mixing of the orgabic matter witn the water an oxygen. The latter allowing chemical and bacterial action, tomether wit sedimentation. There is no ‘t*ngeer of polluting the water supplies of cities or towns below Lansing as they all obtain thoir sunvplies fror wells, wit’ tne exception of Grand Rapid, which has a modern rapid sand filtor. “Many comDlaints are made by far ers between Lansing and Grand Ledge about the condition of the water and banks of the stream. In warm weather offensive odors are civen off and the better class of fish have left for purer wator. any dead fish are te be see: in this locality. The bottom of the stream in many places looks somewhat like a sludge bed. One point whieh arises is there danger to the cattle or live stock alons the PFiverrfrom drinking the water or wading throughit? As re set on down belor Grand Ledge the water becomes much svifte-~ and better an’ before arriving in Portland you pass throurh 00d fishing srounds where brss may be caught. The presence of these fish shore to some extent the vnurification (32) that must have ta'’en place in the ater. Below Portland we find several large power dams which hold the river back, making it arvear more like a lake. General appearance and condition seemed to increase and good fishing abounds. No complaints are heard from the inhabitants of this district about the condition of the water. After completing the examination in the field the atten- tion of the writer was called to the report of the Committee at Havana meeting of 1911 in regard to dissolved oxygen which is as follows:- "It has been shown by Adeny and Letts (Sth Report of the Roynl Commission on Sewage Disposal) that the Winkler method tives unreliable results when it is applied to polluted waters. containing nitrites or considerable organic matte. The former causes high results vecause of the liberation of fodfne by ox- 1i-s of nitrogen inpoid solution, ané the latter oauses low resulte by ita reduction of iodine. These discrepancies are especially marked in tests of harbor waters polluted by sewage. Coneequently your committce recommends, pending investigation, that when polluted waters are analyzed for dissolved oxyszen, that corrections by means of a blank be made of that the Levy method be used. One pood modification of the latter is that used by the FYetropolitan Sewernre Commission of New York (Report “or 1910, page 401)." Dissolved Oxygen Method used in New York Harbor tiethod. (Yodification of Levy method, see Mason, page 110.) | Solutions. } Standard Fe SO, -- 144 er. (Kahlbaum's crystalized sulphate) and (33) 15 c.c. conc. H_SO,g all diluted to 5 liters. : Standard NaC. ~~ £00 rr. in 1] liter of water. Standard HSOg a- dilution, one part acid and one part water. Standar’? potassium vermanganate -- 26.4 gr. in water diluting to 4.5 liters. Standardized against especially prepared Yohz’*’s salt, one c.c. = 1 G.c. Oxyfen. Bottles. 500 c.c. recommende’ but 250 - 300 c.c. OK. Operation. Fill the vottle with the sample undor proper conditions. Remove the atopvrer add 6 c.c. of Fe S04 to the bottor, then & C.C. NaonCOe at the too. Set the stopper in and shake. Then remove the stoprer and ald 10 o.ca. H,SO, solution. this sets the sample and dissolves the percipitate allowins the titration to proceed with potassium permanRanate. Run a blank using the same water and the sxune proccedure only onfttinge the addition of the Na,,CO,, which gives an alkae line reaction, and @alows the D.O. to work. The number of c.c. of potassium permanganate used in this blank determination, minus tho number wesBed in the first or sample test, gives the number of o.c. of dissolved oxygen in the sample. lut the ~esult in terms of c.c. of oxygen per liter. It is therefore evident that this method should be used in any future consideration of this question. (34) ( Om ot ee $e 1c "HA g ® 9 May 29 58 ar 6 fF NIV. LIBRAR iin ae TA “yan 3 j f a Se es . ee ee TE UNIV. LIBRA WVU 015576543 “i i | , BE St 2 “on ee ee T NIV. 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