DOC TORAL D ISSERTATION SERIES

TheDiseases Of New-Born
lam bs With SpecialEmphasis
On ftacierio- Tafhology__
ChinqJiwi Cheng

TITLE

DATE

AUTHOR

ms

UNIVERSITY
DEGREE

JL 2

PUBLICATION NO.
mi n i

7QZ

1111111 1111111

3

y

UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS

H

A N N ARBOR

■

MICHIGAN

THE DISEASES OE NEWBORN LAMBS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS
ON BACTERIOPATHOLOG-Y

C hing-tuan Cheng, T h e s is (Ph.B . )
F i f t y - f i v e newborn lambs a f f e c t e d w ith a v a r ie t y o f d is e a s e s were
in c lu d e d in t h i s stu d y and th e problem was a tta c k e d h e m a to lo g ic a lly ,
b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l l y and p a t h o lo g ic a lly .
The h e m a to lo g ic a l in v e s t ig a t io n c o n s is t e d o f stu d y in g th e b lo o d
from both normal sheep and p a t h o lo g ic a l lam bs.
from normal sheep served a s a c o n t r o l.

The b lo o d v a lu e s o b ta in e d

The r e s u l t s were b r i e f l y summarized

i n th r e e t a b le s and d is c u s s e d in d e t a il i n c o n n ectio n w ith th e in d iv id u a l
ca ses.

The a verage b lo o d v a lu e s o f normal lambs were - red b lood c e l l s

1 0 .UUU.2S6 per cram, hem oglobin 1 0 .9 gm. p e r 100 cc» w h ite b lo o d c e l l s
7 ,9 7 9 per cmra w ith d i f f e r e n t i a l count o f 28# n e u t r o p h ils , 70# lym p h ocytes,
1$ m onocytes and 1# e o s in o p h ils , w h ile th o s e o f normal ewes were - red
b lo o d c e l l s 8 , 607*000 p er cmm, hem oglobin 10. D8 gm p er 100 c c , w h ite b lo o d
c e l l s 8 ,2 6 3 w ith d i f f e r e n t i a l count o f 30$ n e u t r o p h ils , 65. 25# lym p h ocytes,
.^.1# m onocytes and U# e o s in o p h i ls .

.. ............ ............

In th e b a c t e r i o l o c r 1 s t u d ie s , U l c u ltu r e s o f a e r o b e s and J
anerobes were i s o l a t e d from v a r io u s c a s e s .

By means o f m o rp h o lo g ica l,

b io c h e m ic a l, and p a t h o g e n ic it y t e s t s , th e s e c u ltu r e s w ere i d e n t i f i e d and
grouped under 9 g en era.

They were - S ta p h y lo co ccu s, D ip lo c o c c u s, N e is s e r ia ,

E s c h e r ic h ia , B acterium , P a s t e u r e lla , C orynebacterium , A ctinom yces and
C lo strid iu m .

Two c u ltu r e s were undeterm ined.

Twenty (U8 . 78# ) o f th e U l

o r i g i n a l a e r o b ic c u ltu r e s w ere recovered from in o c u la te d m ic e, 13 (3 1 * 7 # )
o f which were d e f i n i t e l y v i r u le n t .

R ab b its were found to b e q u ite r e s i s t a n t

to th e c u ltu r e s and were not s u it a b le fo r p a t h o g e n ic it y t e s t s .
As. a r e s u l t o f p a t h o lo g ic a l and b a c t e r i o l o g ic a l s t u d ie s , 15 d i f f e r e n t
d is e a s e s were diagnose<J> nam ely, w h ite m u scle d ise s-se , s ta p h y lo c o c c ic

in f e d t io n , n a v e l I n f e c t io n , docking i n f e c t io n , c a s t r a t io n wound, "broncho­
pneumonia, p a s t e u r e l l o s i s , en terotoxem ia, m e n in g itis , p e r i t o n i t i s , e n t e r i t i s ,
g a s t r i c u lc e r a t io n and p e r f o r a tio n , d ie ta r y d e f ic ie n c y , c o n g e n ita l an o m a lies,
and an undeterm ined group.

Most o f th e se d is e a s e s were s tu d ie d more or l e s s

in d e t a i l and a number o f c o n d itio n s such a s c o n g e n ita l i n t e r s t i t i a l broncho­
pneumonia, p a te n t ductus a r t e r io s u s , p a te n t foramen o v a le , g a s tr ic u lc e r s
and p e r fo r a tio n , and en cep h alom alacia were rep o rted fo r th e f i r s t tim e.
The h is to p a th o lo g y o f w h ite m uscle d is e a s e in lambs was s tu d ie d in
d e ta il.

The f in d in g o f m uscle g ia n t c e l l s ( s k e l e t a l and ca rd ia c) in th e

c a s e s o f w h ite m uscle d is e a s e and t h e ir s ig n if i c a n c e in m yo-regen eration
are co n sid ere d new to m ed ical s c ie n c e and o f v i t a l im portance in e x p la in in g
th e p a t h o lo g ic a l phenomena in v o lv e d .

The s p e c i f i c fu n c tio n o f th e m uscle

g ia n t c e l l s and th e modes o f t h e ir fo rm a tio n were f u l l y d is c u s s e d .

Their

f u n c tio n i s to remove th e dead m uscle f i b e r s , and they were formed e it h e r
by f u s io n or by n u c le a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n w ith ou t cy to p la sm ic d iv is io n .
The c a r d ia c m uscle was observed to p o s s e s s th e c a p a c ity f o r regen era­
t i o n , and t h i s i s a ls o c o n sid e r e d new to m ed ical s c ie n c e .
The n atu re and o r ig in o f the s o - c a lle d "anitschkow myocyCe" and
"A schoff c e ll* 1 were f u l l y d is c u s s e d and e v id e n c e was g iv e n b ea rin g on th e
p o s i t i o n o f th e s e c e l l s in th e myocardium.

In s h o r t, "Anitschkow myocyte"

was found to sim u la te v ery much th e r e g e n e r a tin g ca r d ia c m uscle c e l l s and
th e "A schoff c e l l "

th e ca r d ia c m uscle g ia n t c e l l s .

The fa n c y and p e c u lia r terms such a s " rep air c lu b s o f m uscle",
" m u ltin u clea ted s y n c y t ia l m asses", " large m u ltin u c le a te d p la sm a tic m asses",
" s y n c y tia l sp r o u ts w ith m u ltip le n u c le i" , " cytoplasm ic syncytium w ith a
la r g e number o f n u c le i" , and " m u ltin u clea ted c e l l s in m uscle" were e x p la in e d
and d e s ig n a te d a s synonyms o f e it h e r s k e l e t a l or c a r d ia c m uscle g ia n t c e l l s .
The n a tu r e and th e o r ig in o f th e s o - c a l l e d " m u sk elzellen sch lau ch e"
o f Waldeyer was d is c u s s e d in d e t a i l .

T h is term d e s ig n a te s a group o f

-3 -

r e g e n e r a tin g s k e le t a l m uscle c e l l s to g e th e r w ith one o r more m uscle g ia n t
c e lls .
The n ature and o r ig in o f the s o - c a l l e d "Aschoff body" was d iscu ssed *
T his hody i s probably a mass o f r e g e n e r a tin g ca rd ia c m uscle c e l l s to g e th e r
w ith one or more c a rd ia c m uscle g ia n t c e l l s .
A b r i e f and c o n c is e statem ent was g iv e n con cern in g th e p a t h o lo g ic a l
p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d in m uscular d istu r b a n c e s.

The p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d are

d e sig n a te d a s "myo-inflaramation and s c a r - t i s s u e rep air" fo r t is s u e r e a c t io n
to s se v e re in ju r y and "m yo-degeneration and m yo-regen eration" fo r t i s s u e
r e a c tio n toward a mild in ju r y .
A new te c h n ic o f opening the c r a n ia l c a v it y f o r b r a in exam ination
was d e sc r ib e d .

T h is was done by making a f r o n t a l s e c t io n through an

im aginary l i n e , p a s s in g through n a sa l c a v i t i e s , f lo o r o f o r b it s and about
d
h a lf an in c h above th e e a r s u n t i l i t reaches! th e o c c i p i t a l r e g io n o f th e
s k u ll.

Then, by g e n t le t ip p in g and w ith th e h e lp o f th e b lu n t t i p o f a

p a ir o f s c i s s o r s , a g r e a te r p a r t o f th e b r a in (th e e n t ir e cerebrum) was
s lip p e d out o f th e upper h a l f o f the s k u ll and exposed, le a v in g th e
cereb ellu m and m edulla o b lo n g a ta in th e low er h a l f .
The n a tu re o f th e v a r io u s d is e a s e s o f newborn lambs was s t r e s s e d ,
and s u g g e s tio n s were made f o r th e c o n tr o l o f some o f th e more im portant
c o n d itio n s .

THE D I S E A S E S OF FEW-BORN LAMBS A I T H S P E C I A L
EMPHASIS ON 5 A C T E R I 0 - P A T H 0 L 0 G Y

uj

T n i n g - t u a n Cheng

" '■ ' -

'

' "A TRESIS"- ' -■

' -

- '-

'

3u omit t e d t o t he G r a d u a t e S c h o o l o f Mi chi gan
S t a t e C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d Ap p l i e d
Scie nc e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D e p a r t m e n t o f Animal P a t h o l o g y
1945

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I.
II.
III.

INTRODUCTION

1

HISTORICAL REVIEW

?.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

PA

1.

M a t e r i a l s end met h o d s

PA

(l)

Sources of m a t e r i a l s

P4

(?)

Methods of s t u d y

P5

A.

H e i n o u s fur study ing b l o o u and
blood chemistry
(a)
(b)

B.

Bl o o d s t u d i e s on n o r m a l
animals

E5

Blood s t u d i e s on p a t h o ­
logical cases

30

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l met h o d s
(a)

'- -

C.

?■5

3P

T e c h n i c f o r c u l t u r i n g and
iso lating bacteria

B a c-terrological' t e s t s

■

3?

-

; 34"

a.

P r e p a r a t i o n of media

34

b.

Biochemical t e s t s

40

c.

Pathogenicity te s ts

46

P a t h o l o g i c a l methods

5?

(&)

Te c h n i c u s e d f o r a u t o p s y

5?

(b)

Technic f o r p r e p a r i n g p a t h o ­
logical tissues
" ‘

5p

2,

P r e s e n ta ti o n of cases

53

(l)

H is to r y of the case

53

(P)

Diagnosis

(3)

E t i o l o g i c a l agent

(4)

Elood s t u d y
0

.

0.

(5)

IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

Blood p i c t u r e
Blood ch e m is t r y

Pathological findings
s.

Gross l e s i o n s

b.

Microscopic l e s i o n s

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATES

158
.

180
183
1-30

A cknowledgem ent
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o
Dr. Frank T h o r p , J r . ,

u n d e r whose l o f t y

inspiration,

constant su p e rv is io n ,

a nd u n f a i l i n g i n t e r e s t s t h i s

v e s t i g a t i o n was u n d e r t a k e n and t h e r e s u l t s

in­

are h e r e w i t h

dedicated.
He i s a l s o g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d t o Dr.

E. T. Ha l l ma n f o r

h i s k i n d g u i d a n c e and v a l u a b l e h e l p i n c h e c k i n g t h e
pathological tis s u e s .
G r a t e f u l ac k n o wl e d g e me n t i s a l s o due t o Dr. R. F.
Langham f o r h i s h e l p i n t a k i n g t h e p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h s and
p i c t u r e s and t o Dean Ward G i l t n e r ,
Dro. P. W. Ts o u , H. J .
R. A. R u n n e l l s ,

Stsfseth,

L. B. S h o l l ,

Prof.

B. J .

C. L. C o l e ,

Ki l l har n,

C. F. C l a r k ,

P. A. Hawk i n s ,

"Hr~R". ...Ruhland,- M. - Lol s. C a l h o u n , &. ■.S,,„ . . Feenst r a, ' 'J..' H.,. Timer,-.
Mr, Har ry C r a n d e l l ,

Jr.,

s u g g e s t i o n s and a s s i s t a n c e

and o t h e r s f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l
i n one way o r a n o t h e r .

The w r i t e r d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t e s t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t
o f t h e China F o u n d a t i o n and t h e s c h o l a r s h i p p r o v i d e d by
Mi chi gan S t a t e C o l l e g e f o r t h e p a s t few y e a r s wh i c h made
it

p o s s i b l e f o r him t o c o m p l e t e t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

-1-

The d i s e a s e s o f n e w - b o r n l ambs w i t h s p e c i a l
emphas i s on b s c t e r i o - p a t h o l o g y
C h i n g - t u s n Cheng

I•
Formerly,

Introduction

i n t h i s c o u n t r y as e l s e w h e r e , most l ambs

wer e bo r n i n May on g r a s s
and p r a c t i c a l l y f ew, i f
wer e e n c o u n t e r e d .

( s o - c e l l e d " g r a s s - l a m b i n g 11)

any,

Under t h e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n o f m a r k e t ­

i n g l ambs e a r l y i n t h e f a l l ,
early

d i s e a s e s of the new-born

11s h e d - l a m b i n g "

s p r i n g h a s been p r a c t i c e d .

during the

O f t e n as a r e s u l t o f

i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r , u n s u i t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s and u n s a n i t a r y
surr oundings i n th e sheds t o g e t h e r w i t h overcrowding, the
d i s e a s e s of n e w - b o r n l a mb s ha ve i n c r e a s e d snd e x t e n s i v e
l o s s e s e ach y e a r a r e r e p o r t e d by f a r m e r s ,
and v e t e r i n a r i a n s .

e x t e n s i o n men,

Under t h i s t ype o f management,

a

number o f i n t e r e s t i n g d i s e a s e s i n n e w - b o r n l ambs a r e
e n c o u n t e r e d a n d u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o t much d e t a i l e d work h a s
b e e n done i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d .

In order to g e t a

b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s so as t o f or m a.
sound b a s i s f o r

diagnosis,

treatment,

and c o n t r o l ,

the

p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n has been un d e rta k e n sin ce e a r l y
s p r i n g of 1944 and t h e r e s u l t s a r e h e r e w i t h p r e s e n t e d .

I I . H i s t o r i c a l r e v ie w
For a h i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w o f t he d i s e a s e s o f n e w - b o r n
l a mb s , i t

seemed a d v i s a b l e

to divide th e l i t e r a t u r e

s e p a r a t e c a t e g o r i e s so t h a t

a clearer

and b e t t e r i d e a

c o n c e r n i n g i n d i v i d u a l d i s e a s e s mi ght be o b t a i n e d .
f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s s uch a s :
in general,

arthritis,

white-muscle d is e a s e ,

i l .

.

l> . l i t :

“I -i 4-

i i

^ 4*

v-> ^

u CJ- c . u u i

c

•-«»*

>?-4-

± u

c* o

The

d i s e a s e s o f n e w - o o r n lambs

enteritis,

enterotoxemia,

pneumoni a,

and m i s c e l l a n e o u s d i s e a s e s wer e

Under each c a t e g o r y ,

followed.

into

vv

^

n v i r. ri

o ppc; m i p u

a c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r of

rJs

uux

t-s n

la p ,

p o .o

-P 4 "F +

u± ± ± u j

j u ru

o

w i l l be o b s e r v e d .
1 • D i s e a s e s o f n e w- b o r n l a mb s i n g e n e r a l
In 1902,

C r a i g and Bi t t i n g * ' * ' were p r o b a b l y t h e f i r s t

in t h i s

c o u n t r y t o pay some a t t e n t i o n t o t h e d i s e a s e s of

sheep.

They d i s c u s s e d s uch d i s e a s e s a s w h i t e

l a mb s , p e r i t o n i t i s , e n c e p h a l i t i s ,

....

and'" a r t h r i t i s . ’ '
G a l l a g h e r 1s ’"

scours of

cerebrospinal meningitis,

""""

"................ ”

f i r s t work on " D i s e a s e s of Sheep" a p p e a r ­

ed i n 1921 and i t was r e v i s e d l a t e r 1 by S c h o e n i n g i n 1933.
In t h i s b u l l e t i n ,

a number of d i s e a s e s r e l a t e d t o y o u n g l ambs

wer e d i s c u s s e d among whi ch we r e :
white scours,

n e c r o c a c i l l o s i s of navels,

joint i l l , p erito n itis,

and m e n i n g i t i s .

b e l i e v e d t h a t Act i n o m y c e s n e c r o p n o r u s was

They

the e t i o l o g i c a l

a g e n t of n e c r o b a c i l l o s i s , b a c t e r i a or p a r a s i t e s t h e c a u s e s
of m e n i n g i t i s ,
white scours.
o f t e n seen i n

and Bact e r i u m c o l i communi s t h e c a u s e of
They a l s o m e n t i o n e d t h a t m e n i n g i t i s was more
l a mos t h a n i n o l d e r s h e e p .

-3 -

J u n g n e r r end Welch

46

d i s e a s e s from Montana.

7

Of t h e lamb d i s e a s e s b r o u g h t t o

th e ir attention that year,
dysentery.
cocci die sis ,

i n 1927, r e p o r t e d on lamb

The o t h e r t h r e e

t h e most i m p o r t a n t by f a r was
diseases—umbilical infection,

and t h e b r a d s o t - l i k e d i s e a s e —wer e a l s o i n c l u d ­

ed but were c o n s i d e r e d t o be o f l e s s e r i m p o r t a n c e .

They f e l t

t h a t t he c o c c i die. must be r e g a r d e d as p o s s i b l y p a t h o g e n i c
f a c t o r s i n " s t i f f lambs" and t h e w h i t e mus cl e l e s i o n s o f a.
d e g e n e r a t i v e n a t u r e wer e p r o b a b l y s e c o n d a r y i n n a t u r e .
Vi b r i o n s e p t i d u e was t h o u g h t t o be the' e t i o l o g y o f t h e
bradsot-like disease.
In 1929, b a k e r ’s book on "Sheep D i s e a s e s "
was p u b l i s h e d .

( 2nd e d . )

In the s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h the d i s e a s e s of

y oung l ambs, he m e n t i o n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s :
t a l defects

4

(imperforate anus, hernia,

hemorrhage, s u f f o c a t i o n ) ,

congeni­

skin drying, um bilical

p i n n i n g ( r e t e n t i o n o f t h e meconi um),

•'•v- - -navei-i-H-j, w hite- scours*; - go-i-ter~,~ corntrpationy'-etc-^''' -A b r ie f a c c o u n t of each d i s e a s e d c o n d i t i o n a s t o i t s c a u s e ,

symptoms,

end t r e a t m e n t was g i v e n .
Mar sh ( 1929)

59

m e n t i o n e d t h e c o n d i t i o n of " s t i f f l ambs"

as one of t n e s e v e r a l o b s c u r e d i s e a s e s .

A c c o r d i n g t o him, a t

l e a s t , t h r e e s e p a r a t e d i s e a s e s were o r d i n a r i l y r e g a r d e d u n d e r
t h e g e n e r a l name " s t i f f l a m b s " , and t h e y were u m b i l i c a l
infection,

s t i f f l a mb s , a n d w h i t e - m u s c l e

Two y e a r s l a t e r

disease.

"
65
( 1 9 3 1 ) , Mi e s s n e r & Koser ^ r e p o r t e d on

lamb d i s e a s e s i n Germany:

"About h a l f o f a l l e xa mi n e d l ambs

showed a s p e c i f i c i n f e c t i o n and, o f t h e s e , i n f e c t i o u s

-4 pneumoni a (B. b i p o l e r e o vi s e p t i c a u m ) was t h e most p r e v a l e n t
( 4 3 fo).

Ot h e r o r g a n i s m s i s o l a t e d f rom c a s e s of pneumonia, wer e

B. p yo g e n e s ,

Streptococci,

and t h e b a c i l l u s of Dar nmann-Fr eese.

B. Ooli was r a t h e r common (23fo) w h i l e a n a e r o b e s wer e f o u n d t o
a lesser extent.

Some o f t h e n o n - o a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s were

ascribed to d i e t e t i c e r r o r s . "

I n t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 3 1 ) , M i l l s

gave a b r i e f a c c o u n t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g lamb d i s e a s e s ,
ing the nature

and a d v i c e a s t o t h e t r e a t m e n t :

66

describ­

white scours,

B. n e c r o p h o r u s i n f e c t i o n , and s p o t t e d l i v e r d i s e a s e .
'
gQ
I n 1 932, M a r s h ' s a r t i c l e
on " P r e v e n t i o n of D i s e a s e s i n
Young Lamos" was - p u b l i s h e d .

The a u t h o r d e a l t w i t h t h i s s ub ­

j e c t under t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s ,

n a me l y ,

d i s e a s e s due t o manage­

ment of t h e ewe d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y , i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e s
(necro-bacillosis,

arthritis,

miscellaneous d ise a se s .

dysentery,

pneumoni a. ) ,

Under t h e l a s t c a t e g o r y ,

and

he s p e c i ­

f i c a l l y d i s c u s s e d s t i f f - l a m b s or w h ite-m u scle d i s e a s e .

The

w-h-i t-e- appearance-...- 0 'f -.the- a f f ec.te-d...groups, of. .muscle ..f...i b a r s
was due t o a d e p o s i t of t r i c a l c i u m p h o s p h a t e , and t h e d i s e a s e d
c o n d i t i o n was b r o u g h t a b o u t by a d i s t u r b a n c e of n o r m a l
c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s b a l a n c e .
T u r n e r " ^ i n 1932, r e p o r t e d a r a t h e r l e n g t h y a r t i c l e on
" F i e l d and. E x p e r i m e n t a l S t u d i e s of Sheep D i s e a s e s " .
considered j o i n t - i l l

( p ye mi c a r t h r i t i s )

He

o f l ambs a s a r e s u l t

of n a v e l i n f e c t i o n , g o i t e r a s i o d i n e d e f i c i e n c y ,

and s c o u r s

as b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n ,
Howerth ( 1 9 3 4 )

' published a b rie f

i n g d i s e a s e s o f l a mb s :

navel i l l ,

a c c o u n t on t h e f o l l o w ­

dysentery,

p n e u mo n i a ,

.

-5 -

hemorrhagic s e p t i c e m i a (P a s t e u r e l l a o v i s e p t i c u s ),
arthritis,

and w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e .

poly­

Only g r o s s l e s i o n s w e r e

d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e v?hite mu s c l e d i s e a s e .
In 1936 ,

Oppermann

on

d e s c r i b e d two mein d i s e a s e d c o n d i ­

t i o n s f ound i n t h e l a m b i n g p e n , n a m e l y ,
and h e m o r r h a g i c

s e p t i c e m i a o f l ambs.

the p a r a l y t i c d i s e a s e

The f o r m e r was c o n s i d e r ­

ed t o be c a u s e d by n a v e l i n f e c t i o n and n u t r i t i o n a l

disturbance,

w h i l e t h e l a t t e r was c a u s e d by P a s t e u r e l l a b a c t e r i a w i t h
d u s t y hay ana l i t t e r

as the p r e d i s p o s i n g f a c t o r s .
70
The Mon ban a. S t a t i o n w o r k e r s ( 1937)
p u b l i s h e d a summary

of p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h s h e d s a n i t a t i o n ,
of p r e g n a n t e w e s , n e c r o b a c i l l o s i s of t h e l i v e r ,
disease, p araly sis,
t e r y , p neumoni a,

dirty

joint

e a t i n g , w o o l - e a t i n g , lamb d y s e n ­

sore eyes,

Two y e a r s l a t e r

care

s t i f f lambs,

(1939),

and b l a c k l e g .

t h e Oregon S t a t i o n

78

published

a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t d e a l i n g w i t h t h e c a u s e of f o u r r a n g e
d i s e a s e s o f s h e e p , such a s l u n g e r d i s e a s e ,
dysentery,

s t i f f - l a m b s / lamb

and p r e g n a n c y d i s e a s e , b u t no d e f i n i t e

conclusions

wer e made.
I n 1949,

Dykstra e t a l

?3

stated that

" c o n t r o l of sheep

d i s e a s e s i s e s s e n t i a l l y s p r o b l e m of p r e v e n t i o n r a t h e r t h a n
of t r e a t m e n t " .

I n d e a l i n g w i t h d i s e a s e s o f y ou ng l a m b s , a

s p e c i a l d i s c u s s i o n was g i v e n t o e ach o f t h e f o l l o w i n g ,
namely, s a n i t a t i o n at la m bi n g, s c o u r s ,
i n d o c k i n g and c a s t r a t i n g ,

cleanliness

m a l i g n a n t edema, p o l y a r t h r i t i s ,

s t i f f lamb d i s e a s e , n a v e l i l l ,
the idea t h a t

blackleg,

"polyarthritis

etc.

However, t h e a u t h o r s h a d

and s t i f f

lamb d i s e a s e were

somet i me c l a s s e d as t h e same d i s e a s e , b e c a u s e t h e y c a u s e
i n f l a m m a t i o n of t h e j o i n t s "
I n t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 4 2 ) , an a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d " P r e v e n t i n g
98
Lamb L o s s e s " was p r e p a r e d by Thor p
. In t h i s a r t i c l e , the
i m p o r t a n c e and means of p r e v e n t i n g l o s s e s of l ambs from
d i s e a s e s were c o n s i d e r e d .
saying:

The a u t h o r e x p r e s s e d h i s i d e a by

" I t h a s been e s t i m a t e d t h a t m a r k e t i n g o n l y 4 / 5 of

a Iamb c r o p means no p r o f i t

for the farm er.

At l e a s t

3/4

of t h i s l o s s o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t p o r t i o n o f t h e l a m b ' s
life

and i s l a r g e l y p r e v e n t a b l e . "

Ni ne d i f f e r e n t d i s e a s e d

c o n d i t i o n s s u c h as n a v e l i n f e c t i o n ,
pneumoni a,

" s t i f f lambs",

etc.

s c o u r s or d y s e n t e r y ,

, were m e n t i o n e d and met hods

o f c o n t r o l we r e d i s c u s s e d .
Last y e a r

(1944), t h e N a tio n a l V e te r in a ry A s s o c i a t i o n
35
o f G r e a t - B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d
made a r e p o r t i n w h i c h some
d i s e a s e s o f n e w - o o r n l a mb s wer e i n c l u d e d .
me nt i r e d w e r e :
kidney d isea se

lamb d y s e n t e r y
(£1 . w e l c h i i ,

aureus) , j o i n t - i l l

(Cl. w e l c h i i ,

Type B),

pul py

Type D ) , pyemi a ( S t a p h y l o c o c c u s

( S t r e p t o c o c c u s of L a n c e f i e l d ' s g r o u p C . ) ,

Erysipelothrix infection,
tion.

Among t h o s e

and F u s i f o r m i s n e c r o p h o r u s i n f e c ­

A b r i e f a c c o u n t of t h e n a t u r e o f t h e d i s e a s e , i t s

diagnosis,

s ympt oms, p a t h o l o g y , t r e a t m e n t ,

and c o n t r o l was

g i v e n f o r most of t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s .
P.

Arth r i t i s
stiff

(polyarthritis,

lambs, n a v e l - i l l ,

joint-ill,

lameness,

erysipelothrix infection)

A number o f d i f f e r e n t t e r m s have been u s e d t o d e s i g n a t e
i n f l a m m a t i o n o f j o i n t s r e s u l t i n g from i n f e c t i o n s u c h a s :
arthritis,

polyarthritis,

joint-ill,

navel-ill,

lameness,

-7" s t i f f - l a m b s " , and e r y s i p e l o t h r i x i n f e c t i o n .

Some o f t h e s e

t e r m s a r e v e r y m i s l e a d i n g and c a u s e a l o t o f c o n f u s i o n .

For

t h e sake o f u n i f o r m i t y , t h e t e r m " a r t h r i t i s " i s r e - e m p h a s i z e d
and u s e d h e r e .
From t h e l i t e r a t u r e ,

it

i s a p p a r e n t t h a t two f o r ms o f

a r t h r i t i s have been e n c o u n t e r e d i n l a m b s , n a me l y , t h e a c u t e
and c h r o n i c f o r m s .

The a c u t e form i s n o n - s p e c i f i c

and i s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p y o g e n i c o r g a n i s m s w h i l e t h e c h r o n i c one i s
s p e c i f i c and a s s o c i a t e d w i t h E r y s i p e l o t h r i x r h u s i o p a t h i a e .
20
In 1925, C o r n e l l and G l o v e r
r e p o r t e d cases of a r t h r i t i s
due e i t h e r t o s t r e p t o c o c c i

o r swi ne e r y s i p e l a s .

I t was s t a t e d

t h a t more o u t b r e a k s were f o u n d t o be c a u s e d by s t r e p t o c o c c i .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

swi ne e r y s i p e l a s was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r onl y

one o u t b r e a k d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
83
Seddon ("192S)
made a g e n e r a l r e v i e w on t h e s u b j e c t o f
" l a me n e s s i n l a m b s " , and he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t s e v e r a l Qu i t e
d i s t i n c t a f f e c t i o n s of lambs,

d i f f e r e n t i n c a u s e , i n symp­

t o ms , and i n age o f a n i m a l s a f f e c t e d , wer e i n c l u d e d under
t he t erm " l a m e n e s s " .
Two y e a r s l a t e r

(1931) , t h e Mont ana S t a t i o n

68

invest­

i g a t e d t h e same pr obl em i n l ambs from two weeks t o s e v e r a l
mont hs of a g e .

The c a u s e of t h i s d i s e a s e was shown t o be

an i n f e c t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c

b a c i l l u s which gai n ed e n t r a n c e to

t h e body t h r o u g h t h e n a v e l c o r d a t b i r t h ,
d o c k i n g wound.

or t h r o u g h t h e

L o s s from t n i s c a u s e c o u l d be p r e v e n t e d by

d i s i n f e c t in g the navel at

b i r t h w i t h t i n c t u r e o f i o d i n e and

by p r o p e r d o c k i n g t e c h n i c u s i n g a h o t i r o n .

T h i s same

i n f o r m a t i o n was l a t e r p u b l i s h e d f r om t h e same S t a t i o n i n
RQ
t h e same y e a r
, while th e e t i o l o g i c a l ag en t , (swine
,

e r y s i p e l a s ) was i d e n t i f i e d and r e p o r t e d s i r y e a r s l a t e r
(1937) ' .
The De p a r t me n t of A g r i c u l t u r e of hew Sout h Wa l e s (1931)

7?

f ound two f or ms of a r t h r i t i s i n l ambs and young s h e e p ,
namel y, a n o n - s u p p u r e t i v e s p e c i f i c i n f e c t i o n (E. r h u s i o p a t h i a e
and 8 n o n - s p e c i f i c t ype a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p y o g e n i c o r g a n i s m s
(B. p y o g e n e s ) .
I n 1933, Howarth

43

d e s c r i b e d c a s e s of p o l y a r t h r i t i s

whi ch a p p e a r e d i n lambs a f t e r d o c k i n g and c a s t r a t i n g .

A

s t r a i n of E. r h u s i o p a t h i a e was f o un d t o be t h e c a u s a l a g e n t .
,
^
89
In t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 3 3 ) , Seddon
wor ked w i t h a s p e c i f i c
a r t h r i t i s i n s h e e p which was d e f i n e d a s a s y n o v i t i s and o s t e o ­
a r t h r i t i s due t o a s p e c i f i c
and m a n i f e s t e d by l a m e n e s s .

Dacillus

( r e s e m b l i n g B. pyog e n e s ) ,

I t a f f e c t e d s h e e p from f o u r weeks

,.to-«. s e v e n t e e n -mantJxs- of - age- . • ^Attempts... t o-d:re-at ""the' - c o n d i t i o n
failed.
Blakemore^ described a disease
1939.

o f l ambs i n

Thi s d i s e a s e was c h a r a c t e r i s e d by l a m e n e s s , r a p i d

emaciation,
sheath,

(joint-ill)

s u p p u r a t i o n of j o i n t s ,

s y n o v i a l b u r s a l and t e n d o n

out o t h e r pyemic c h a n g e s were v e r y r a r e l y o b s e r v e d .

A non-hemolytic s trep to co ccu s , anti g en ic a lly r e l a t e d to
L a n c e f i e l d ' s Group C was i s o l a t e d f rom t h e a f f e c t e d lambs
and t h e d i s e a s e was e x p e r i m e n t a l l y r e p r o d u c e d .

The a f f e c t e d

l ambs were t r e a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l d a i l y d o s e s of 1 . 5

grams o f

s u l f a n i l a m i d e and t h e r e s u l t s were v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y .

3. E n t e r i t i s
Only two r e f e r e n c e s h a v e be e n n o t i c e d i n c o n n e c t i o n
with th is d i s e a s e ,

end b o t h h a p p e n e d t o be p u b l i s h e d i n t h e

same y e a r ( 1 9 3 3 ) .

However , t h e e n t i t y o f t h e s e c a s e s i s

doubtful.
Car3

17

r e p o r t e d t h a t l a mb s 14- 30 d a y s old. s u f f e r e d

from 8 d i s e a s e i n whi ch t h e

a f f e c t e d l ambs showed s t i f f n e s s

w i t h muscl e i n f l a m m a t i o n and d e g e n e r a t i o n .

These l a m e s ,

when f e d on m i l k , r e c o v e r e d c o m p l e t e l y i n 2 - 3 d a y s .
fciti upiuu"t 6 u t h e c a u s e ot

He

o h i s uon&i oiou uo uiic iugfcisuion 01

c o a r s e f ood u n s u i t a b l e f o r a young lamb and e n t e r i t i s r e s u l t e d .
I
J u d g i n g .from t h i s r e p o r t , Car e mi g h t h a v e been d e a l i n g w i t h
a c a s e of w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e .
Heller

39

f o u n d c a s e s of i n f e c t i o u s e n t e r i t i s o f young

l ambs i n C a l i f o r n i a .

he mentioned t h a t

t h e e n t e r o t o x e m ia type of i n f e c t i o n ,

" i t a p p e a r s t o be o f

a s i t can r e g u l a r l y

" be t h e n W n i t T e d ‘' ljy ' o r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n oi T i i T e r e d i n t e s t i n a l
contents".

However , t h e a u t h o r c o n s i d e r e d t h a t

improbable t h a t

an a n a e r o b e c a u s e s t h e d i s e a s e " , b e c a u s e he

was u n a b l e t o i s o l a t e
colon b a c i l l i

" i t i s highly

from s u c h c a s e s any b a c t e r i a o t h e r t h a n

wh i c h woul d p r o d u c e a p o i s o n c a p a b l e o f p r o ­

ducing i n f e c t i o u s e n t e r i t i s .
4.

E n t e r o t o x e mi a ( P u l p y k i d n e y d i s e a s e ,
bradsot-like disease,

etc.)

Thi s d i s e a s e h a s oeen i n v e s t i g a t e d by q u i t e a number
o f r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s and r e f e r e n c e s wer e r e c e n t l y c o l l e c t e d
by t h e w r i t e r .

In t n i s a r t i c l e , h o w e v e r ,

more i m p o r t a n t wor ks a r e p r e s e n t e d .

onl y some o f t he

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t upon t h e e t i o l o g y o f i n f e c t i o u s
enterotoxemia in A u s t r a lia ,

and i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e c a u s a l

o r gan i s m was a new s p e c i e s of a n a e r o b e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o
Cl , w e l c h i i , t h e lamb d y s e n t e r y b a c i l l u s ,
I n t e s t i n a l s t a s i s was t h o u g h t t o be t h e

and C l ,

paludis.

predisposing factor

whi c h e n a b l e d t h e o r g a n i s m t o p r o l i f e r a t e i n t h e i n t e s t i n e
and pr oduce an e x o t o x i n .

A c t i v e i m m u n i z a t i o n was r e p o r t e d

to give promising r e s u l t s .
Four y e a r s l a t e r

( 1 9 3 6 ) , Bought on and Ha r d y 1 1 r e p o r t e d

o u t b r e a k s of t h e d i s e a s e i n Texas.
i d e n t i f i e d as Cl_, w e l c h i i

Type D.

The c a u s a l o r g a n i s m was
T h i s was t h e f i r s t time

t h a t t h e Cl . w e l c h i i Type D e n t e r o t o x e m i a was r e p o r t e d i n
t h i s country.
74
Newsom and Thorp

, i n 1938, were a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e

t h a t 4-5fo i n t e s t i n a l f i l t r a t e s from 956 l ambs dead o f o v e r ­
e a t i n g were shown t o be t o x i c f o r l a b o r a t o r y a n i m a l s ,

and

19 o u t of 90 o f t h e f i l t r a t e s pr oved f a t a l t o s h e e p when
i n j e c t e d i n amo u n t s v a r y i n g from 5 t o 50 c c .
H e a t i n g t he
o
f i l t r a t e s t o 60 C. f o r 30 m i n u t e s r e n d e r e d them a t o x i c .
The t o x i n was n e u t r a l i z e d , oy a n t i s e r a made from C l . w e l c h i i
Types B and D, b u t n o t by Types A and C.
that

They c o n c l u d e d

"whi l e o v e r e a t i n g seems t o d i f f e r f r om e n t e r o t o x e m i a

on t h e b a s i s o f symptoms end. l e s i o n s ,
t e n t s of l ambs dead of t h e
substances th a t

t h e i n t e s t i n a l con­

two d i s e a s e s c o n t a i n t o x i c

seem t o be i d e n t i c a l " .
84
In t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 3 8 ) , R o b e r t s
d e s c r i b e d a s i mp l e

-1 1met hod by wh i c h s h e e p c o u l d be made t o succumb t o e n t e r o ­
t o x e m i a by i n g e s t i o n of t h e c a u s a l o r g a n i s m .

He empl oyed

b o t h i n v i t r o and i n v i v o e x p e r i m e n t s by u s i n g a d e f i n i t e
amount of Cl . w e l c h i i Type D and a v a r y i n g amount o f m i l k ,
and was a b l e t o p r o d u c e t h e d i s e a s e a t w i l l .

In c o n c l u s io n ,

he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e l a r g e amount o f c a s e i n p r e s e n t a f t e r
i n g e s t i o n o f l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of mi l k w o u l d r e d u c e t h e a c i d
o f t he abomasum f o r a s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h o f time t o a l l o w
C l . w e l c h i i Type D t o p r o p a g a t e and p r o d u c e enough t o x i n t o
cause the d i s e a s e .

For t h e same r e a s o n ,

a. lamb t h a t i n g e s t e d

a s m a l l amount 01 mi l k wou l d have l e s s c a s e i n so t h a t t h e
f r e e a c i d o f t h e abomasum woul d i n h i b i t t h e b a c t e r i a l g r owt h
and c o n s e o u e n t l y no d i s e a s e woul d o c c u r .
The n e x t y e a r ( 1 9 3 4 ) ,

Shaw, Muth,

and S e g h e t t i

90

report­

ed on t h e o c c u r r e n c e of " p u l p y k i d n e y " d i s e a s e i n Oregon and
C l . p e r f r i n g e n s Type D was f o u n d t o be t h e c a u s e .

Methods

of p r e v e n t i o n b y t h e u s e o f a n t i t o x i n s wer e t r i e d and p r ov e d
’s u c c e s s f u l .
Bought on & Hardy

IS

, i n 1941 , gave a g e n e r a l a c c o u n t of

t h e d i s e a s e as i t o c c u r r e d i n lambs and k i d s o f Texas and
t h e y s t r e s s e d as c o n t r o l measures e i t h e r p as siv e immunization
of s u s c e p t i b l e animals or removal t o roug h, h i l l y

and s p a r s e

g r a s s p as tu r e t o g e t h e r with penning t h e animals o v e r n i g h t
i n a dry l o t .
I n t he same y e a r ( 1 9 4 1 ) ,

7cj
Oregon S t a t i o n w o r k e r s "

able to i s o l a t e

eleven d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n s of th e organism

responsible for

" pu l p y Ki d n ey" d i s e a s e .

were f ound t o be p o t e n t t o x i n p r o d u c e r s .

Al l t h e s t r a i n s

were

-1214
Last y e a r

( 1 9 4 4 ) , B r i t t o n and Cameron

made a r e p o r t

of t e n o u t b r e a k s of s o - c a l l e d e n t e r o t o x e m i a i n C a l i f o r n i a ,
and t h e y f e l t

t h a t " t he t h e o r y t h a t i t

of t h e t o x i n o f Cl . w e l c h i i

i s due t o a b s o r p t i o n

Type D i s i n a d e q u a t e " .

They

apparently believed th a t the chief e t i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r in
t h e s e o u t b r e a k s was t h e q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y o f t h e r a t i o n
and t h e mechani sm i n f a t a l c a s e s a p p e a r e d s i m i l a r t o t h a t
o p e r a t i n g i n " i n h i b i t o r y i l e u s " of human b e i n g s .

They

c a r r i e d on some e x p e r i m e n t s s i n c e l a s t y e a r i n o r d e r t o
s u b s ta n tia te t h i s theory.
The r e s u l t s we r e p u b l i s h e d t h i s
lb
year
and i n summary, t h e y c l a i m e d t h a t s o - c a l l e d e n t e r o ­
t o x e m i a was a form of a c u t e i n d i g e s t i o n r e s u l t i n g from
primary i n t e s t i n a l atony.
6

- Pneumonia ( b r o n c h o p n e u mo n i a ,

l a i k i p i s lung d isease,

p l e u r o p n e u m o n i a.,)
In 1993,

95
Spr ay' ' made a b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d y of

pneumoni a i n sheep.,. .Two t y p e s of pneumonia.. jyere.. .st udied,* —
n a me l y , a r a t h e r

edemat ous t y p e f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d

in

s p r i n g l ambs and a p u r u l e n t c h r o n i c t y p e f ou nd i n o l d e r s h e e p .
He i s o l a t e d P a s t e u r e l l a o v i s e p t i c u m , a g r a m - p o s i t i v e
diploeoccus,

and a g r a m - n e g a t i v e d i p l o c o c c u s .

were found h i g h l y p a t h o g e n i c f o r m i c e ,

The P a s t e u r e l l a e

guinea p i g s ,

and

rabbits.
„

4 .4 .

Mettam

63

, i n 1930,

d e s c r i b e d a d i s e a s e known a s " l a i k i p i a

l u n g d i s e a s e " i n s h e e p and l a mbs.
is

a pleuro-pneumonia.

In f a c t , t h i s c o n d i t i o n

T h i s d i s e a s e r a n an a c u t e c o u r s e i n

l ambs and y e a r l i n g s b u t was g e n e r a l l y c h r o n i c i n a d u l t s .

-

-13-

C e r t a i n c o m p l i c a t i o n s s u c h as a c u t e a r t h r i t i s ,
l e s i o n s i n t h e mout h,

necrotis

and a c u t e o p h t h a l m i a were a l s o f o u n d .

The c a u s a l o r g a n i s m mas a p l e o m o r p h i c g r a m - n e g a t i v e c o c c o b a c i l l u s whi ch was p a t h o g e n i c f o r t h e g u i n e a p i g s , r a b b i t ,
goat,

sheep,

and c a t t l e ,

Two y e a r s l a t e r

but not f o r p i g eo n s.

(193P), D e l p y ^ r e p o r t e d c a s e s o f pneumo­

e n t e r i t i s i n s h e e p from P e r s i a .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s t - mo r t e m

l e s i o n s t h r e e c l i n i c a l t y p e s were d e s c r i b e d , n a m e l y ,
pneumonic t y p e ,

a

a t ype c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i n t e s t i n a l c o n g e s t i o n ,

and a t h i r d t y p e whi ch p r e s e n t e d l e s i o n s s i m i l a r t o h e m o r r h a g i c
septicemia.

Two o r g a n i s m s ,

a P a s t e u r e l l a and an u n d e t e r m i n e d

g r a m - n e g a t i v e r o d , were i s o l a t e d from s uch c a s e s .

An immune

serum was p r e p a r e d from s h e e p and a f o r m a l i z e d b a c t e r i n was
p r e p a r e d and e a c h p r o v e d s a t i s f a c t o r y .
I n 1939, Ko s h e l e v

49

made i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e e t i o l o g y

of pneumonia i n s h e e p and l a mb s i n t h e Cr i mea, R u s s i a .
-

The

■- - c l i n i c a l , •pos t - r a o nt e m -f-in d in g s / a n d : a t i ol ogy* o f ‘ t h e - d i s e a s e * ' '
were d i s c u s s e d .

V a r i o u s b a c t e r i a s u ch as B a c t e r i u m c o l i ,

S a l m o n e l l a p a r a t y p h i , Pseudomonas p y o g e n e s , and v a r i o u s
c o c c i were i s o l a t e d from t h e c a r c a s s e s of 77 l a mbs and
5 s h e e p , b u t t h e y wer e a l l c o n s i d e r e d s e c o n d a r y i n v a d e r s .
E x p e r i m e n t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n i n l a b o r a t o r y a n i m a l s and lambs
failed.

S p e c i f i c t r e a t m e n t w i t h v a r i o u s s e r a was o f l i t t l e

v a l u e b ut t h e i mpr ovement o f h y g i e n i c c o n d i t i o n was con­
s i d e r e d t o be e f f e c t i v e .
Besides t h e s e s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e s ,

pneumoni a of lambs
11
65
was a l s o r e p o r t e d or c o n s i d e r e d by M i e s s n e r and Ko s e r

-14 70
Mar s h60, H o w a r t h 4? , V e t e r i n a r y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , Montana

,

Q Q

end Thorp

.

These r e f e r e n c e s were p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d i n

this article.
6

.

W h i t e Muscle d i s e a s e ( " s t i f f - l a m b " d i s e a s e )

Whi te m u s c l e d i s e a s e or s o - c a l l e d

" s t i f f-lamb" di sea se
64
was f i r s t r e p o r t e d and d e s c r i b e d by M e t z g e r and Hagan
in
19?7 from hew Yor k .

I t a f f e c t e d l ambs f r om two t o e i g h t

weeks of age and was m a n i f e s t e d c h i e f l y by a d i s t u r b a n c e o f
l o c o m o t i o n t h a t u s u a l l y became wor s e u n t i l e i t h e r t h e
I .

...

j

_ . a.

n

v -.

a i u u i a i s u i e u o r wex'e uebt i*u y e a uy

j-b

.

uuc

_ - I - ______________

—

u m icr,

m u

_

_____

i u c *juu—

d i t i o n was due t o m u s c u l a r c h a n g e s , t h e c a u s e o f wh i c h was
not discovered,
an i n f e c t i o n .

a l t h o u g h a p p a r e n t l y i t was n o t t h e r e s u l t o f
The l e s i o n s o f t h e s k e l e t a l mus cl e and h e a r t

were b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d b o t h m a c r o s c o p i c s l l y as w h i t i s h
p a t c h e s and m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y as d e g e n e r a t i v e and n o t i n ­
f l a mma t o r y i n n a t u r e .

The r e was p r a c t i c a l l y no c e l l

I n f i'l't r h ti o n byt;'pblymorphohucIear"‘?)r!hither w anderingfreTls
However, an o c c a s i o n a l p h a g o c y t i c c e l l was o b s e r v e d .
I n t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 2 7 ) ,
Montana by J u n g h e r r and Welch

t h i s d i s e a s e was r e p o r t e d from
4--o

but i t was r e g a r d e d as

secondary to c o c c i d i o s i s .
Two y e a r s l a t e r

( 1 9 2 9 ) , Welch, Ma r s h, and T u n n i c l i f f

r e p o r t e d t h i s d i s e a s e a g a i n i n Montana.

103

Tne d i s e a s e o c c u r r e d

l a r g e l y i n l ambs c o n f i n e d t o s m a l l pen s and s hed d u r i n g t h e
f i r s t two o r t h r e e weeks o f t h e i r l i f e ,
u n u s u a l amount o f e x e r c i s e

f o l l o w e d by an

on p a s t u r e .

*
77
The f o l l o w i n g y e a r ( 1 9 3 0 ) , i t was r e p o r t e d f r om Oregon

-1 5 A c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e w h i t e m u s c l e from l ambs was made
and about 0 . 9 p e r c e n t o f c a l c i u m was f o u n d as co mp ar ed t o
0 .1 2

p e r c e n t c a l c i u m i n t h e no r ma l m u s c l e of t h e a n i m a l s .

I n t h e same y e a r , w o r k e r s a t New York ( C o r n e l l )

Station

were a.ole t o p r o d u c e t h e d i s e a s e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by f e e d i n g
t h e p r e g n a n t ewes w i t h h i g h - p r o t e i n g r a i n r a t i o n p l u s
a l f a l f a hay c o mb i n e d w i t h l i m i t e d e x e r c i s e .
58
In 1931, Heath' ' r e p o r t e d on t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f " s t i f f
d i s e a s e 11 o f l a m b s i n A l b e r t a ,
fast

bacillus.

Canada,

and i s o l a t e d an a c i d -

I t woul d seem t h a t H e a t h ' s work was n o t done

on a t r u e c a s e o f w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e .

The Mont ana
88
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l S t a t i o n ( 1931)
c a r r i e d on an
e x p e r i m e n t w i t h l ambs and p r o v e d t h a t l a c k o f e x e r c i s e and
s u n l i g h t would n o t p r od uc e s t i f f l ambs as was s u s p e c t e d two
10 4
y e a r s b e f o r e . M l l m e n e t a l (1931)
confirmed the e a r l i e r
work i n p r o d u c i n g t h e d i s e a s e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by f e e d i n g
p r e g n a n t ewes h i g h p r o t e i n g r a i n m i x t u r e s t o g e t h e r w i t h
a l f a l f a o r c l o v e r hay c o mb i n e d w i t h a l a c k of e x e r c i s e .
t h e seme r e p o r t ,

In

the a u t h o r s mentioned t h a t t h i s d i s e a s e

had been r e p o r t e d from P e n n s y l v a n i a , M a r y l a n d , Ohi o, Mi c h i g a n ,
W i s c o n s i n , Mont ana , Oregon, and Nevada.
SO
Marsh
, i n 1932, m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e w r i t e a p p e a r a n c e o f
muscl e f i b e r s i n

" s t i f f l a mb s " d i s e a s e was due t o a d e p o s i t

o f t r i c a l c i u m p h o s p h a t e and c l a i m e d t h a t t h e r e was a d i s t u r ­
bance o f n o r m a l c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s b a l a n c e i n t h e
a f f e c t e d l ambs.
In 1934,

93
S l a g s v o l d and L u n d - L a r s e n ^ d e s c r i b e d a p e c u l i a r

-1.0d i s e a s e o f young lambs and c a l v e s i n Norway.

The c h i e f

l e s i o n s c o n s i s t e d of m u s c u l a r d e g e n e r a t i v e c h a n g e s , h a v i n g
some s i m i l a r i t y t o h y a l i n e d e g e n e r a t i o n b u t d i f f e r i n g from
it, by a more p r o n o u n c e d t e n d e n c y t o d e p o s i t i o n o f c a l c i u m .
No s p e c i f i c o r g a n i s m or c o n d i t i o n was d e m o n s t r a t e d a s t h e
cause.

Adequat e r a t i o n s o f m i n e r a l s and v i t a m i n s g i v e n t o

p r e g n a n t ewes was c o n s i d e r e d a s an e f f e c t i v e p r e v e n t i v e
measure.

A p p a r e n t l y , t h e a u t h o r s wer e d e a l i n g w i t h w h i t e

mus cl e d i s e a s e .
In t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 3 4 ) ,

wi l i man e t a l

105

published the

r e s u l t s of f o u r y e a r s ' work and gave a r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e
a c c o u n t of t h e c a u s e and h i s t o p a t h o l c g y of " s t i f f - l s m b "
disease.

They were a b l e t o p r o d uc e t h i s c o n d i t i o n by f e e d ­

i n g t h e p r e g n a n t ewes a r a t i o n

( t h e " s t i f f - l a m b '1 r a t i o n )

c o n s i s t i n g o f s e c o n d - c u t t i n g a l f a l f a hay and a m i x t u r e of
3 p a r t s of o a t s ,

3 p a r t s of b a r l e y ,

and 4 p a r t s o f c u l l

b e a n s , and p r o v e d t h a t n e i t h e r e x e r c i s e f o r t h e ewes d u r i n g
t h e w i n t e r n o r heavy f e e d i n g o f c o n c e n t r a t e s or c r e e p - f e e d i n g
of t he l ambs was t h e c h i e f c a u s a l f a c t o r .
They a g r e e d w i t h
84
Met zger and H a g a n ' s
work i n most r e s p e c t s but c l a i m e d t h a t
cl umps of mo n o n u c l e a r p h a g o c y t e s and n e u t r o p h i l s wer e found
in the l e s i o n s .
The n e x t y e a r ( 1 9 3 5 ) , Lee and S c r i v n e r 1'
c a s e s of " s t i f f - l a m b s "

i n Wyoming.

made a. s t u d y of

They f o u n d t h a t t h e g r o s s

l e s i o n s were somewhat v a r i a b l e and c o n s i s t e d o f a r t h r i t i s ,
w h i t e s k e l e t a l muscl e l e s i o n s ,

g r a y i s h w h i t e a r e a s and

s t r e a k s i n t h e h e a r t and i n t h e k i d n e y s .

M i c r o s c o p i c exa mi n a ­

t i o n of t h e w h i t e s k e l e t a l mus cl e l e s i o n s showed d e g e n e r a t i o n ,

-17c e l l u l a r and c a l c i u m s a l t i n f i l t r a t i o n s .

The h e a r t

and

k i d n e y l e s i o n s we r e f o u n d t o be a r e a s o f c o a g u l a t i o n
n e c r o s i s and p u r u l e n t f o c i .

Ch e mi c a l e x a m i n a t i o n showed

an i n c r e a s e i n c a l c i u m and p h o s p h o r u s .

Besides,

the authors

wer e a b l e t o i s o l a t e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f b a c t e r i a
f rom h e a r t b l o o d , n a m e l y , b i - p o l a r r o d s ,
non-spore-forming rods,

cocci,

and

and t y p i c a l l e s i o n s wer e r e p r o d u c e d

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i n l ambs a n d r a ' b b i t s by means o f i n o c u l a t i o n
with these b a c t e r i a .

A p p a r e n t l y , Lee and S c r i v n e r wer e

d e a l i n g w i t h c a s e s of w h i t e - mu s c l e d i s e a s e c o m p l i c a t e d by
bacterial infection.
Wi l l man e t a l (193-5)

10 6

sought to determine i f

the

d i s e a s e was c a u s e d by a l a c k of v i t a m i n C ( a s c o r b i c a c i d ) .
They c o u l d n o t p r e v e n t t h e

d i s e a s e by t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s c o r b i c

a c i d to the new-born lambs.

These l a m b s were f r o m ewes f e d

w i t h " s t i f f l a mb " r a t i o n a s l o n g a s f i v e weeks a f t e r b i r t h .
The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d i s e a s e was n o t due t o a
vitamin C d eficien cy .
I n 1936, Wi l l ma n e t a l

107

was t h e c a u s e o f t h e t r o u b l e .

t r i e d t o t e s t w h e t h e r t h e hay
The s o - c a l l e d

"stiff-lam b

r a t i o n " was f e d t o t h e ewes c u t mi xed c l o v e r and t i m o t h y hay
was u s e d i n p l a c e of a l f a l f a h e y .
t h i s l o t became s t i f f ,
m i x t u r e and n o t

Ten o f t h e 19 l a m b s i n

which i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t e

t he hay was t h e p r i m a r y c a u s e o f t h e d i s e a s e .

I n 1937 , t h r e e a r t i c l e s d e a l i n g w i t h v a r i o u s p h a s e s o f
white-muscle d isea se appeared.
that

Anderson's

article

stated

"t he c a l c i u m of t h e s erum o f l a m e s a f f e c t e d w i t h s t i f f - i a m o

-18d i s e a s e was l o w e r and t he p h o s p h o r u s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t of
n o r ma l l a mb s .

Many of t h e

d i s e a s e d l a mb s showed h i g h e r

g l u c o s e and. n o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n v a l u e s ,

and l o w e r c h l o r i d e

va lu e s than normal lambs."

The s e c o n d a r t i c l e was from t h e
70
Montana V e t e r i n a r y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y
whi ch summar i zed
t h e e x t e n t of t h e d i s e a s e

as f o ll o w s :

"On some f a r m s t h e

l o s s e s due t o w h i t e - m u s l c e d i s e a s e r e a c h e d 30- 40$ and on
others,

5$ o r l e s s .

A t h i r d of them e v e n t u a l l y r e c o v e r e d . "

The t h i r d a r t i c l e on " s t i f f - l a m b s " was p u b l i s h e d by t h e
114
Wyoming De p a r t me n t of V e t e r i n a r y S c i e n c e
and a p a r a g r a p h
of i t r e a d a s f o l l o w s :

"A f ar m f l o c k o f about 400 ewes

p r o d u c e d a b o ut 1 0 p e r c e n t s t i f f l a mbs one y e a r w i t h o u t
n a v e l i n f e c t i o n when f e d on r a t h e r p o o r w i n t e r r o u g h a g e
s u p p l e m e n t e d by n a t i v e hay d u r i n g s t o r my w e a t h e r .

For two

y e a r s f o l l o w i n g , when t h e r a t i o n i n c l u d e d a l f a l f a n a y ,
and a m i x t u r e o f m i n e r a l s ,

grain,

only 1 p er ce n t of lambs developed

symptoms of . . . st i f f ness-! !. . - ■JEhe-s.e. - r e s u l t s ' seemed t o - be- - qui t e—■
c o n t r a d i c t o r y t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by Wi l l man a n d h i s
associates.
nriggs et al

( 1 9 3 8 ) 9 made an a t t e m p t t o s t u d y t h e c a u s e

and c u r e of " s t i f f j o i n t s " .

They b o u g h t 12 ewes t h a t had.

typical s tif f

and t h e s e a n i m a l s wer e t h e n

l ambs a t s i d e ,

p l a c e d on s m a l l wheat p a s t u r e s .
in ad d itio n to
mixture.

The m o t h e r s were f e d n o t h i n g

t h e a b u n d a n t wheat p a s t u r e

but a s i m p l e m i n e r a l

A h e a v y mi lk f l o w r e s u l t e d from t h i s f e e d .

The

a f f e c t e d l ambs n u r s e d w e l l and made n o t i c e a b l e r e c o v e r i e s .
In t he same y e a r

(1938), S ch ofield

86

made a. s t u d y of t h e

-19 h i s t o - p a t h o l o g y o f " s t i f f l amb" d i s e a s e .

He f o u n d d e g e n e r a ­

t i o n and f r a c t u r e of t h e m u s c l e f i b e r s w i t h c a l c a r e o u s
i n f i l t r a t i o n of the fragm ents.

C e l l u l a r i n f i l t r a t i o n was

n o t e x t e n s i v e b u t both p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r and. r o u n d c e l l s
were p r e s e n t .

I n t h e f i n a l s t a g e s t h e r e was c e l l u l a r i t y of

t h e a f f e c t e d m u s c u l a r t i s s u e s due t o p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f
f i b r o b l a s t s and m u l t i p l i c a t i o n of t h e n u c l e i of t h e
There was m o d e r a t e c e l l u l a r

s ar col emma.

i n f i l t r a t i o n and n u me r ou s p o r t i o n s

of damaged mu s c l e r e m a i n e d i n t h e c e l l u l a r mass.

Besides,

t h e l i v e r was f o u n d t o h a v e s m a l l c l u s t e r s o f 1 0 - 2 0

poly­

m o r p h o n u c l e a r c e l l s and a d e f i n i t e h y p e r p l a s i a o f t h e
s e c r e t o r y e p i t h e l i u m was o b s e r v e d i n t h e e n l a r g e d t h y r o i d .
fl i l i man e t a l

108

, i n 1938 , u n d e r t o o k e x p e r i m e n t s t o

d e t e c t t he e f f e c t o f f e e d i n g d a l l y d o s e s of cod l i v e r o i l
t o t h e l a c t a t i n g ewes and by s u p p l e m e n t i n g t h e
r a t i o n w i t h d i - b a s i c sodium p h o s p h a t e .
n o t c o m p l e t e d , no d e f i n i t e
In 1939,

"stiff-lamb"

S i n ce t h i s work was

c o n c l u s i o n was drawn.

S c h o f i e l d and Bai n

87

reported that

" s t i f f lamb"

d i s e a s e was an. a p h o s p h o r o s i s b e c a u s e t h e y f o u nd t h a t a. s m a l l
g r o u p o f a f f e c t e d lambs r e c o v e r e d a f t e r
d i l u t e phosphoric acid in m ilk.

Snoll

r e c e i v i n g : d o s e s of
i n t h e seme y e a r

r e p o r t e d t h e o c c u r r e n c e of s t i f f - l a m e d i s e a s e i n Mi chi gan
where l o s s e s f r o m t h e a f f e c t i o n were v e r y heavy (30fc l o s s on
some f a r m s ) .

Bl o o d c h e m i s t r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made, and

low c r e a t i n i n e

and h i g h n o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n were f o un d.
100
Vawt er and R e c o r d s (1939)
o b s e r v e d " whi t e m u s c l e " d i s e a s e
o f lambs from ewes r e c e i v i n g a l f a l f a hay a l o n e b u t n o t i n

-2 0 ewe b r e c e i v i n g a l f a l f a p l u s r o l l e d o a t s .

The a u t h o r s had

t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e d i s e a s e mi ght be due t o a p h o s p h o r u s
d e f i c i e n c y , b e c a u s e t h e a l f a l f a hay i n Reno, N e v a d a , was
somewhat low i n p h o s p h o r u s w h e r e a s r o l l e d o a t s was a good
s o u r c e of p h o s p h o r u s .

B e sid e s, they f e l t t h a t the term

" s t i f f lambs" was c o n f u s i n g and s h o u l d be s e p a r a t e d from
t h e t e r m " whi t e muscl e " d i s e a s e .
,
\109
H i l l m a n e t a l (1939)
c o n t i n u e d t h e work w i t h t he
" s t i f f lamb" r a t i o n s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h p h o s p h o r u s , b u t no
si pni f i c a n t r e s u l t s wer e f o u n d a f t e r usi np' t h i s el a m e n t
• -

vj

o

In 1940, H i l l m a n e t a l
t h r e e p r e v i o u s y e a r s wor k.

110

s ummar i zed t h e r e s u l t s of t h e

The d i s e a s e was of n u t r i t i o n a l

o r i g i n ana was n o t p r e s e n t a t b i r t h .
silage,

*
■

The f e e d i n g o f maize

Done meal or sodium p h o s p h a t e t o t h e ewes f a i l e d t o

p r e v e n t t he c o n d i t i o n ,

as d i d d r e n c h i n g t h e young l ambs

w i t h t he e q u i v a l e n t o f 60 - 13 0 mgm. a s c o r b i c a c i d p e r week.
The i n c i d e n c e - o f - t h e - d i s e a s e a p p e a r e d t o ' be m a r k e d l y ' "reduced
i n a c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t i n whi c h u n e x t r a c t e d w h e a t germ
meal was added t o t h e b a s a l m a t e r n a l d i e t o f o a t s ,

barley,

c u l l beans and l u c e r n e h a y .
In t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 4 0 ) , M i l l s

67

c o n s id e re d t h a t the

t e r m " s t i f f l ambs" r e f e r r e d mer el y t o a s i n g l e symptom and
not

t o any s p e c i a l e n t i t y a n d he f e l t

t h a t i t was a d v i s a b l e

t o d i s c u s s t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r a h e a d i n g whi ch r e l a t e d t o
e t i o l o g y r a t h e r t h a n t o symptoms.

He r e c o g n i z e d f o u r c a u s e s

of l a me n e s s i n l ambs, t o wh i c h t h e t e r m " s t i f f l a m b s " was
commonly a p p l i e d ,

and t h e y we r e :

(l)

Erythropelothrix

rhusiopathiae infection,
o l d l ambs,

and (4)

( 2)

tetanus,

(3)

"feed a l l e r g y " in

" f e e d a l l e r g y " i n unweaned l a m b s .

The

al l er gev; c s u b s t a n c e a l s o a p p e a r e d t o be p r e s e n t i n t h e e w e ' s
milk.

Apparently,

M i l l s c o n s i d e r e d " w h i t e mu s c l e " di sea. se

a s a symptom o f

" f e e d a l l e r g y " a l t h o u g h he d i d n o t m e n t i o n i t .
Ill
Willraan e t a l
i n 1941 c o n t i n u e d e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e

" s t i f f lamb" r a t i o n w i t h and w i t h o u t
e x t r a c t e d wheat-germ meal.
l amb" r a t i o n ,

the a d d i t i o n of un­

Wi t h t h e ewes f e d t h e

"stiff

e l e v e n of t w e n t y - s e v e n l ambs became s t i f f .

No s t i f f l ambs d e v e l o p e d i n t h e w h e a t - g e r m s u p p l e me n t e d , l o t ,
I n t h e same y e a r

(1941) t h e Oregon S t a t i o n

79

r e p o r t e d the

o c c u r r e n c e of " s t i f f l ambs" and s t a t e d t h a t no o r g a n i s m was
f ound in. c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d i s e a s e .
62
In 1942, Me l a s s
c a r r i e d out f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n on
t h e ca us e o f s t i f f lamb d i s e a s e and m e n t i o n e d t h a t s e v e r a l
p o s s i b l e f a c t o r s were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n .

Of

t h e s e f a c t o r s , _ h i g h prot ei n. . ^cont ent - o f t n e . . r a t i o n !, , J c y s t i n e .
deficiency),

p r e s e n c e of t o x i c s u b s t a n c e i n t h e r a t i o n ,

and

t h e q u e s t i o n o f m i n e r a l i n b a l a n c e wer e a l l p o s s i b l e b u t
needed f u r t h e r study.
.
35
S a l y i ( 1 9 42 )
d e s c r i b e d a d i s e a s e i n young l a mb s which
showed c a r d i a c and s k e l e t a l mu s c l e d y s t r o p h y .
t i o n of t h e d i s e a s e was g e n e r a l l y f a t a l ;
arthritic,
death.

The t e r m i n a ­

o r o n c h o p n e u mo n i c ,

and e n t e r i c c o m p l i c a t i o n s o f t e n s u p e r v e n e d b e f o r e

The g r o s s l e s i o n s wer e t y p i c a l g r e y o r g r e y i s h - y e l l o w

a r e a s i n t h e h e a r t and s k e l e t a l m u s c u l a t u r e .
investigations

proved n e g a tiv e ,

Bacteriological

and n u t r i t i o n a l d e f i c i e n c i e s

I
P r o b a b l y S a l y i was d e a l i n g w i t h t y p i c a l

wer e s u s p e c t e d .

c a s e s o f w h i t e muscl e d i s e a s e c o m p l i c a t e d by some o t h e r
infections.
Willrnan e t a l (1944)

11?

c o n d u c t e d an e x p e r i m e n t wi t h

t h r e e l o t s e a c h o f ?4 ewes and t h e i r l ambs t o d e t e r m i n e
w h e t h e r or n o t

" s t i f f lamb" d i s e a s e c o u l d be p r e v e n t e d by

f e e d i n g s u p p l e m e n t s of v i t a m i n E t o a r a t i o n

( c u l l beans

and a l f a l f a h a y ) t h a t p r o d u c e d t h e d i s e a s e .

As a r e s u l t ,

36 o f 38 l ambs became s t i f f when r a i s e d by ewes f e d t h i s
vi

i.

o .j.i

w iig

« u u n

V' n o

*■ ts.a.

O n H

two d o s e s weekl y of 9 c c .

r>

w a.

"♦*Vi

V>

'w»-

o ^ in r> O

*->y

o

r*. r>l

A -r\

»-» -l o v-*- 4. .t i

.J 4- ■
? —

u u u i

v. ) a

p e r ewe o f an 8 . P 5 p e r c e n t

s o l u t i o n of mixed t o c o p h e r o l s i n c o t t o n s e e d o i l t w e n t y - f o u r
days b e f o r e l a m b i n g or by t r e a t i n g t h e l ambs w i t h S c c . o f
an o l i v e o i l s o l u t i o n of 140 mgm. o f a l p h a - t o c o p h e r o l a c e t a t e .
Tr e a t me n t of t h e a f f e c t e d l ambs w i t h 100 mgm. of w a t e r
s o l u b l e d i s o d i u m s a l t o f d. 1 - a l p h a t o c o p h e r o l p h o s p h o r i c
“ : .

a e i d -ester- was ■f r i e d 1'"and: p r o v e d q u l t e - ' e f l e c t l v e ^ l n "un- "■
complicated cases.
B e s i d e s t h o s e s p e c i a l wor ks j u s t c i t e d , w h i t e muscl e
d i s e a s e was a l s o

59 0 0

b r i e f l y m e n t i o n e d by Ma r s h 1/ *

Howart h

(Q

Montana V e t e r i n a r y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y

n

<^1?

,

q

, Oregon S t a t i o n

rv ■
23
Qft
' 17
Dykstra e t a l
, Thorp" , a n d Care
under the headin g
" d i s e a s e s o f n e w- b o r n l ambs i n g e n e r a l " .
7.

Miscellaneous Diseases

Bacterium c o l i i n f e c t i o n .
was r e p o r t e d by Volkova

i n 1933.

T h i s d i s e a s e d c o n d i t i on
E i g h t e e n n e w - b o r n lambs

-PSd i e d f o l l o w i n g am i l l n e s s l a s t i n g f r om ?>0 m i n u t e s t o 30 h o u r s
a f t e r t h e a p p e a r a n c e of i n i t i a l symptoms o f t r e m b l i n g ,
stumbling,

and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s b u t no d i a r r h e a .

I n each

c a s e , t h e b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n showed c u l t u r e s o f
B a c t e r i u m c o l i v i r u l e n t b o t h f o r l a b o r a t o r y a n i m a l s and f o r
a lamb when g i v e n i n t r a v e n o u s l y .
(p) Dyse n t e r y .
from Montana

10 3

Lamb d y s e n t e r y was r e p o r t e d by Welch e t a l

, 19P9.

I t was s t a t e d t h a t d y s e n t e r y o c c u r r i n g

i n Montana d i f f e r e d i n so many r e s p e c t s from t h e E n g l i s h
Inmb dyRppt er y t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n ( t r e a t B r i t a i n
were of l i t t l e
Montana.

o r no v a l u e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t he d i s e a s e i n

The a u t h o r s c l a i m e d t h a t a c o m b i n a t i o n o f c o l d ,

wet we a t h e r and t h e p r e s e n c e o f s t r a i n s of i n t e s t i n a l b a c t e r i a
was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s uch d i s e a s e d c o n d i t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a
s p e c if ic pathogenic micro-organism.
/ V
(3 ) Navel i n f e c t i o n .

I n 1934, B u l l a r d

16

published a

-o-as-e-neport^on-nav-el" i n f e e l l o n ' of - a. ■■■■lamb'--. " -<Thev- e a u - s a l a g e n t
W8S S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a u r e u s and t h e d i s e a s e was s e p t i c e m i c
and a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m e t a s t a t i c a b s c e s s f o r m a t i o n .
(4) N e c r o b a c i l l o s i s .

As n o t e d a b o v e , n e c r o b a c i l l o s i s

o f t h e n a v e l was m e n t i o n e d by G a l l a g h e r

and t h a t o f t h e

70
l i v e r by t h e Montana V e t e r i n a r y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y
and
66
61
Mills
. I n 19 44, Marsh
r e p o r t e d on c a s e s of n e c r o ­
b a c i l l o s i s a f f e c t i n g t h e r umen.

Marsh b e l i e v e d t h a t lamb

l o s s e s from n e c r o b a c i l l o s i s mi ght o c c u r as a r e s u l t

of

p r i ma r y i n f e c t i o n of rumen from whi c h s e c o n d a r y i n v a s i o n o f
t h e l i v e r and s ome t i me s t h e di a ph r a g m and l u n g s r e s u l t e d .

-34In a l l c a s e s ,

a c c o r d i n g t o Marsh, F u s i f o r m i s n e c r o p h o r u s

was i s o l a t e d .
(5) P a r a p l e g i a .

Snieckiene

94

, i n 1937, r e p o r t e d c a s e s

o f e n z o o t i c p a r a p l e g i a o f l ambs from L i t h u a n i a .

The i l l n e s s

was d e s c r i b e d a s p r o g r e s s i v e p e r a p l e g i a and l a s t e d f r om a b o u t
f o u r days t o t h r e e weeks .

The p o s t mort em f i n d i n g s i n c l u d e d

p a l e , f l e c k e d s k e l e t a l and h e a r t m u s c l e s , r e n a l c o n g e s t i o n ,
d e g e n e r a t i o n o f l i v e r and c a t a r r h o f t h e r e s p i r a t o r y
digestive t r a c t s .

and

The c a u s e was unknown.

(6 ) P a s t e u r e l l o s i s .
as an e p i z o o t i c

P a s t e u r e l l o s i s was f o u n d t o o c c u r
18
among A l g e r i a n s h e e p i n 1909 by Ca?e

M i c r o - o r g a n i s m s were f o u n d i n g r e a t n u mb e r s i n t h e b l o o d ,
spleen, liv e r ,

lungs,

and s u p r a - r e n a l s .

(?) S e p t i c e m i c i n f e c t i o n by swi ne e r y s i p e l a s .

I n 1919,

r. .
19
unristiansen
made a p o s t - m o r t e m r e p o r t on a l amb 38 h o u r s
o l d which r e v e a l e d h e m o r r h a g i c e n t e r i t i s ,

great enlargement

-of m e s e n t e r i c g l a n d s * -degener. at i -ve' eh-ang.es- i n o t h e r - organs-,"---""and s m a l l h e m o r r h a g e s u n d e r t h e e n d o c a r d i u m and e p i c a . r d i u m .
The r e had be e n a h i g h m o r t a l i t y of l a m b s i n t h i s f l o c k .
Swine e r y s i p e l a s b a c i l l i wer e i s o l a t e d i n pur e c u l t u r e .
m

• Experimental s t u d i e s
1.

( ! ) S o u r c e s of m a t e r i a l s .
this

M a t e r i a l s and met ho ds
The n e w - b o r n l amos u s e d i n

s t u d y came from two s o u r c e s , n a m e l y , f r c m t h e f l o c k a t

Mi c h i g a n S t a t e C o l l e g e and f r om f a r ms l o c a t e d i n t h e S t a t e .
Du r i n g an e n t i r e l a m b i n g s e a s o n e x t e n d i n g from March t o J u ne

o f t h e y e a r 1 9 4 4 , more t h a n a h u n d r e d l ambs were b r o u g h t
t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l b a r n or l a b o r a t o r y o f t h i s Dep a r t me n t
for treatment or autopsy.

Thi s i s a r e p o r t o f 55 c a s e s whi ch

were a u t o p s i e d and s t u d i e d w i t h t h e i d e a of t r y i n g t o g e t
a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d i s e a s e s of l a mb s .
55 c a s e s ,

Of t h e

37 came from t h e c o l l e g e f l o c k w h i l e 18 came

from f ar ms i n t h e S t a t e .

B e s i d e s t h e 55 p a t h o l o g i c a l c a s e s ,

16 h e a l t h y o r n o r m a l a n i m a l s from t h e c o l l e g e s h e e p f l o c k
were us e d i n v a r i o u s c o n t r o l s t u d i e s ,
/ O \

\ f-' j

n t u

h

a

a

o o

/~>*P

u x

making a t o t a l of 71.

i«3t r

o o u ix y •

A• Met hods f o r s t u d y i n g b l o o d and b l o o d c h e m i s t r y .
(a)

Blood s t u d i e s o n n o r m a l a n i m a l s .

S i n c e a s t u d y of

t h i s k i n d i s r a t h e r new and d a t a from o t h e r w o r k e r s meager ,
i t was n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b l o o d p i c t u r e end b l o o d
c h e m i s t r y o f n o r m a l l ambs f o r c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s and normal
ewes as a c h e c k - g r o u p b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g t o s t u d y p a t h o -

‘lo glc a l 'cases r

:

■' ' .... ..

''-

'

A P - i n c h 1 6 - g a u g e n e e d l e or 3 - i n c h 15-ga.uge n e e d l e
(the s o -called
draw 1.5 c c .
8

" C a l i f o r n i a b l e e d i n g n e e d l e " ) was u s e d t o

o f b l o o d from t h e j u g u l a r v e i n ( f r om e a c h of

n o r ma l l ambs and 8 n o r m a l ewes) i n t o a t e s t - t u b e c o n t a i n ­

i n g dry p o t a s s i u m o x a l a t e

( s e v e n d r o p s o f a 33 p e r c e n t

s o l u t i o n d e l i v e r e d from a 1 c c .

p i p e t t e a f t e r h a v i n g been

evaporated to dryness in a hot oven).

As soon as enough

b l o o d was o b t a i n e d and t h e n e e d l e was l o o s e n e d from t h e v e i n ,
a t l e a s t t h r e e b l o o d s me a r s were i m m e d i a t e l y made by t i p p i n g
t n e n e e d l e and a l l o w i n g a s m a l l d r o p o f bl ood t o c o l l e c t on

-26t h e end o f t h e c l e a n s l i d e s a f t e r wh i c h e ach d r o p was
s mo o t h l y pushed f o r w a r d by t h e end of a n o t h e r c l e a n s l i d e
so as t o g e t a u n i f o r m s m e a r .

The s m e a r s were i n s t a n t l y

d r i e d by wa v i n g them i n t h e a i r and t h e y wer e t h e n s a v e d f o r
d iff e r e n tia l counts.

At t h e same t i m e , t h e b l o o d - s a m p l e i n

t h e t e s t - t u b e was c o n s t a n t l y b u t g e n t l y r o t a t e d
p r e v e n t t h e b l o o d from c l o t t i n g .

Each

in order to

of theseblood

s a m p l e s was t o

be u s e d f o r t h e c e l l u l a r c o u n t , h e m o g l o b i n

determination,

and c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s .

irio; such normal

The t i m e f o r b l e e d -

s h e e p was p u r p o s e l y a r r a n g e d t o c o v e r a

c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h of t i m e .
t w i c e , once on May 4, 19 4 4 ,

The n o r m a l l ames we r e b l e d
and. a g a i n on June 1, 1 9 4 4 , e ach

b l e e d i n g b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t on f o u r a n i m a l s .
bled at five d i f f e r e n t

times,

one e a c h

A p r i l 7, A p r i l 2 0 , and f o u r on June 1 ,
The c o u n t i n g of b l o o d was made a s

The ewes were

on A p r i l 4, A p r i l 6 ,
1944,
s oon as t h e b l o o d

-"'-""-Sample'S"' re-ach-e-d ■•4he-~l-abora*t0-ry-v- "The' ’©rdi-nary^me^hO'Clr. of--'"
b l o o d c o u n t i n g was empl oyed so t h a t t h e d e t a i l e d p r o c e d u r e
w i l l n o t be m e n t i o n e d h e r e .

Leake and Gu y ' s p l a t e l e t d i l u ­

t i o n f l u i d was u s e d f o r r e d b l o o d c e l l c o u n t s .

The d i l u t i n g

f l u i d f o r w h i t e b l o o d c e l l c o u n t s c o n s i s t e d of 8 cc .
d i s t i l l e d w a t e r i n a s m a l l v i a l t o wh i c h was ad d e d 4 dr ops
of Gram' s c r y s t a l v i o l e t .

Bo t h d i l u t i n g f l u i d s we r e f o u n d

t o be q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y .

For m i x i n g b l o o d c e l l s ,

blood p ip e tte r o t o r

(Bryan-Gerry)

ue v e r y w e l l a d a p t e d t o t h e wor k.
diluting pipettes,

was u s e d and i t

the
seemed t o

In o r d e r to c l e a n s e the

a s e t o f home-made s u c t i o n b o t t l e s with, t h e

*
S o l d oy A. 3. Aloe Co . ,

St. Louis, M issouri.

-•-.

a i d of a r u b b e r p i p e t t e a d a p t o r was f o u n d t o be Q u i t e e f f i c i e n t .
For h e m o g l o b i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n ,
was s t r i c t l y f o l l o w e d
ingly prepared,

40

.

S h e a r d - S a n f o r d 1 s method

The n e c e s s a r y s o l u t i o n s wer e a c c o r d ­

ana t h e r e a d i n g was made by means o f a

Cenco-Sneard-Sanford p hotolom eter.
i n t e r m s of gram per 1 0 0 c c .

The v a l u e o f h e mo g l o b i n

o f b l o o d was d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d ­

i n g t o t he c a l i b r a t i o n c h a r t p r o v i d e d by t h e C e n t r a l S c i e n t i f i c

C o., C hicago, 1 1 1 .
For c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e b l o o d , t h e me t h od s of
40
/< . S. Hoffman
were f o l l o w e d w i t h t he e x c e p t i o n of b l o o d
chloride determination.

Five d i f f e r e n t

ol ood c omp on e n t s wer e

d e t e r m i n e d by t h e s e m e t h o d s , n a me l y , g l u c o s e , u r i c a c i d ,
c r e a t i n i n e , n o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n ( N. P . M. ) , and u r e a - n i t r o g e n .
36
i V h i t e h o r n 1 s met hod
was u s e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b l o o d
chloride.
The bl ood s me a r s were s t a i n e d w i t h W r i g h t ' s s t a i n ,
etrieb"," ""and' Gou nt ed- u n der " t he - ' - mnc r n s o op e - l y- l i h e - no - e a l l e hh - " " ' ■
52
" b a t t l e m e n t " o r " p a l i s a d e 11 me t hod.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y of b l o o d a r e
summarized, and a r r a n g e d i n T a b l e s ( l )

and ( 2 ).

:.

Table ( l )

at i ’i e s j
No. |
4
i
L
|
(J
:

Ti e b l o o d p i c t u r e o f n o r m a l Iambs e n d ewes

Io e n tif ie at i o n No.

ii
I
*
i

14a-??3
? ? - l 79
? 7-469
3 0 - 9 79
9 43

i
|

Surooshire
|
1

H

| Oxford
| B l a c k Tpp
I Delaine
n
9
AA
!
1
n
945
1
i
9 50
jR a m o o u i l l e t
|i
----------- ------ ---------- h

'tr

r,
°

5
i

3

Do t e
Bled

Age
( D g y s)

Br e ed

|
!
Ii

A*£

p e r c.m.m.

19J f is
g AH
- oo ■
' i■|.i.’ . r'j
1 1 . 9 50 , 0 ' );
19 .9 80/= / I
9,0 70,0001 O b
1 0 , 3 7 0 ,0 0 0 ' I* . 1

5/4/44

53
73

i D

71/44
»
"

59
64
7?

! 1 0 „670 . 0 PO Lr- . r
!1 0 730 l o o o 1 1 . 8
i 1 0 , 550 , 0 0 0 11.1
i

P' or 7 1.arnbs
Av e r a g e

, 444 P 3 6 1
I
| 1 0 , 457 , 800
___ 10 . 9 ?

1 10

of normal s t a n d a r d
For

8

l a mb s

"L
P
3
4
5
C
7

i

8

7 356E
7358E
7360E
7 39 3 E
1?
13
19
P. 5

|b h i t e - f a c e
Grade
(Hampshire
(Shropshire
n
ii
ii
ii
RemDouillet

Aver sere o r n o r m a l s t a n d a r d

4 yr.
5 yr.
4 yr.
?, y r .
b yr.
5 yr.
9
yr .
4 yr.

i
!

!

1

1!

--------------------------_________________ _| ---------------- ----

4/8/44
J4/7/44
14/? 0 / 44
( 3 / 1 / 44
1
!
!

Hb.
Gm. $

'
ft
i

L n
!

.10
830 , 0 0 0
6 , 590 , 0 0 0
9 _. 0 0
3, 380 , 0 0 0 'l ?! , 70
1 0 , 900 , o o q 10 4*3
O
>> ? 380 t onH
- ■ •'
11 /JO
490 1 n' . o■ o
, 45
7 390 . 0 0 0
>5
7
1 0 , 900 , 0 0 0

3, 60?

Note:
ft. B. C.......................... Red b l o o d c e l l c o u n t
K b ......................................H e m o g l o b i n v a l u e
1J. B. C ......................... W h i t e o l o o d c e l l c o u n t
0 ........................................ K e u t r o p n i I s
L ........................................ Lymph ocy t e
M........................................ Monocy t e
** Lamb 950 p r o b a b l y h a d some i n f e c t i i n , a n d i t m g h t be
oim t t e d , a l t h o u g h t h e a v e r a g e d v a l u e s o f 3 a n i me I s we
c a lc u la te d in the t e b l e fo r r e f e r e n c e .

rt r 'p
9 J J H

id. e w e s .

Hb .
Gm. *jo

W. B. C.
u e r c. mm

10.340.000
11,9 50,000
10.980.000
9.070.000
10.370.000

11 .0
8.5
19.5
7.8
19.1

10.670.000
9.730.000
10.550.000

19.5
11. 8

TT7~BT“ CT
per c.mm,

D ifferen ti al leucocyte
N

L

10 , 6 50
7 , 0 50
5 , 400
5 , 400
9,250

19
34

} 80

20

| 77
| 58
| 60

22
21

11.1

8,950
9 , 150
19,000

10,444,2 86

10.90

7,979

88

70

0

!I 1x 0j ,. ^.5o7r f 800
ajj

l0>gp

9,356

31

66

0 . 5-1

10 .10

5 , 850

80

76

39
39

58* *

count,

E

B

1

1 66
1
1

r<
2
1

| 77
I 75
| 35

1
1

3
7

.57-1

1 . 3=1
2

"I

6.830.000
6 , 590. , 00 0
3, 8 8 0 , 0 0 0
10.900.000
9.330.000
7, 49 0,000'
7 , 3 9 0 , 0 00
10.900.000
8,60 7,000

9
18.7;
10.4;
11.40
8 . 45
9 .90
9.80
10

.08

-.10,.45Q,.
5 , 7 00
15,400
5 , 300
7,150
6 , 450
9 , 800
8,863

13
4:0
38
38
93
88
30

Eosinophils
Basophils

t m i g h t be
an im als were

2

-63
79
56
56

2

•*1-

8
4
6

62

65

55.25

1

0.37-1'

6
7
0

T able
“ Se­
ries
No.

(2).

Chemi c a l

5

/

b l o o d o f n o r m a l l a m b s and, ewe s .
Uric
Ac i d
Mgm . 'jo

Glucose
Mgm. Jo

Date
Bled

Identificat i o n No.

Lamb |
1
i 1 4a. - 9 93
2
! 22-179
3
i 2 7 —469
! 4
32-979
9 4-3
l 5
9
44
! 6
l 7
9 45
9 50*
! s

a n a ly s is of

4 / 44

1.55
1.55
1 . 50
1 . 55
1.90
2. 35

61.00
71.11
65.00
80 . 0 0
5 7 . 50
67.00
62.00
5 5 . 50

' ii
It
"

6/1/44
ii

"
ti

Cre­
atinine
Mgm. jo
0.80
j 0 .78
0 .80
1 . 40
1 . 20

C hlo- | N. P .N
r i de
Mgm .jo
Mgm. jo |

1 . 30

1.10
1.20
1.00

3 90
46 0
! 410
440
460
47 0
47 0
420

1.71

1.04

440

0.40
0.60
0 . 40
0.80

350
420
365
| 4-60
380
440
450
4 fin

2.00

1

Ewe
I 1
! 2

3
4

5
r*
o
7
8

12

. .....

64.89
r

7356(E)
7358(E)
7362(E)
7393(E)
13
19
25

4/4/44

i
!

! 4/6/44
| 4/7/44
j 4/20/44
S 6/1/44 1
|
i
"
!
!
»
j

Averaged v a lu e or
Normal S t a n d a r d

t
l

17.8
j 38.00
j 27.6
1 2 .2
32.8 j 1 2 .2
35.6 j 13.0
27.0
I 15.8
| 36.0
13.5
! 36.0
14.9
26.0
13.0

.

Averneed value or
Normal S t a n d a r d

!
1
i

UreaN
Mgrn .jo

38.00
85.00
30 . 71
51.82
43.30
37.00
50.00
52.00

4 8 . 48

32.37

14.17

30.0
30 . 0

16.8
7.5
14.9

■
0 .22

1.10
! 2.22

1.65
2 .10

1.90
1 . 48
1.9 5

1.20
1.10
1.00
! . 20

1 . 58

0.84

20.0

I
i

415.

Or

24. 5
41.0
41.0
36.0
dfi.O

31.31

11.2

; 18.2
21.8

14.9
.1.5.,8 .
15.14

Not e : *
The c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f b l o o d o f l a m b No. 9 5 0 d i d n o t show a n y
m a r k e d d i f f e r e n c e fro m t h e o t h e r n o r m a l a n i m a l s s o t h a t i t was
in c lu d e d in th e c a l c u l a t i o n of av erag ed value fo r the normal
standard.
P r o b a b l y , t h i s may b e o n e r e a s o n t o e x p l a i n why t h i s
lamb a p p e a re d normal a t th e time o f b l e e d in g a lth o u g h i t s b lo o d
p i c t u r e s h o w e d some k i n d o f i n f e c t i o n a s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ( T a b l e l ) .

'

-30Table
lam bs.

(l)

Th e

c.mm .,

count

of

per

count

100

decidely

low er

From T a b l e

is

lam bs i s
100

blood

in

im ate

each

(2)

ewes),

study

standard

of

the

the

and

fact

available
summarized

that

in

those

w hile
per

the

c.mm.)

were n e a r l y
average

normal

elem ents

in

the

in

ewes

per
the

(4$)
sarnie.

values,

glucose

4 8 . 4 8 mg.

as

to

use

a control

the

last

cases

yean,

a to tal

blood

study.

in

Table

(3).

presented

the

on

in

in

oi

normal

(64.89

100

mg.

cc.

blood

values

approx­

as

by u s i n g

For

the

The d e t a i l e d
connection

cases.
the

The

same

each

blood

methods

lam bing
c a s e s was

herew ith

account

w ith

cases.

entire

are

respect,

a normal

pathological

The r e s u l t s

prelim inary

every

pathological

studied

of 12

this

s.lmost

pa t h o lo g i c a l

anim als.

for

be

these

for

was

normal

the r e s u l t s

constant

B lood s tu d ie s

em ployed f o r
of

that

olood

found

other

lfo m o n o c y t e ,

s ame a n i m a l s

the

the

against

were r a t h e r

p ath o lo g 'ical

w ill

lam bs

justifiab le

(b)

season

in

that

tne

figures

drawn,

than

d ifferential

(8,607,000

to

per

com pated w ith

note

of

and r e f e r r i n g
be

average

are

to

normal

8

and h e m o g l o b i n

7 0 L]o l y m p h o c y t e s ,

rem aining

w hile

on b l o o d

seemed

The

values

of

was 1 0 ,4 4 4 ,2 8 6

c.mm .,

blood.

these

can

c e l l value

other.

In view

ings

per

of n o r m a l ewes

the

blood

count

in teresting

much h i g h e r
cc.

blood

and e o s i n o p h i l s

generalization

from

of

If

count

decidedly h ig h er,

it

cc.

it

blood c e l l

per

7,979

showed 2 8 n e u t r o p h i l s ,

normal ewes,

one

average

erythrocyte

vjo e o s i n o p h i l .

red
is

average

leukocyte

1 0 . S grams

and

shows t h e

of

the

briefly
find­

individual

case.

-31-

Taole
Case
lTo.

(3) .

A s u m m a r y o f p i o o d s t u d i e s on p a t h m ^ i n Bi Xarab_

R . 5 . C. *
p e r c.mm.

Hb.
cm . 'jo
i
gill

W. b . C .
p e i c . mm.

7338

10, 400,000

11.4

12,150

Di. f f e r e n t i a l l e u c n r v + P count
tie? u t r o] o h i l s
s
i
L
P il.
b
IP
Fi L
«->
12
c
79
3

7343

5,310,000

6.3

1 4 , 900

14

3

46

7

,9

7344

8,990,000

11.4

800

74

8

8

4

6

7393

, 740 , 0 0
8,710,000
!
I P . 26'~'

6.8
12.0

23,900
1 4 , 600

18

73

7

2

7 5 . 55
74.44

9.8

1 1 , 600

7

88

4

I

196.00

6.3

1 3 , 2 50

2

35

47

9

35

6

3

4

29

3

77.77

43

24

22

2 0 0 .0 0

I-------------

7394

? 3dg

6

7358

9,370,000

7362
7400

8,670,000
10,0 70,000

9.8
10.3

9 , 9 50
6,150

18

56
4-6

7406

10,390,000

10.3

1,700

6

5

7415

8,970,000

7.8

14,150

2

78

7 47 4

a. 9 , 0 70 , 0 0 0

10.8

2, 200

37

40

1

18

l

Chernies

15.00

H

I
!

41.66

28.00

115.00

7

97.50

170.00

2

i l

88.75

*E x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e a b b r e v l a t i ons :
9^ ..................... Keci Dl o od c e l l c o u n t
H b ................................. Hem o g l o b i n
* V/. C .................... W h i t e b l o o d c e l l c o u n t
L ....................................L y m p h o c y t e s
M....................................M o n o c y t e s
E....................
EosinoiJhils
H....................................B s s o p h i I s

s .............s egment e ng
b .............b a n d s
. 1 .............j u v e n i l e s
my e l o c y t e s

G
U
C

c

N
U

C h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f b l o o d . Mgm./ 1 0 0 cc ,
Erythrocytes
G

CE

Cl

N. P. N.

UN.

2 .10

400

106.00

55. 30

Normocytic
Some p o i k i locytic,
hypochromic.
Normocytic;
some n u c l e a t e d

U
o
o

41.66
15.00

0 .1 2

0 .2 0

480

2 5 .0 0

20.00

2 8 .0 0

0.70

0.60

400

35. 80

30.00

5?Q
460

67.00
16.00

39. 00

1 .1 0

0.80
0.80

rw . o n—

1.78

1

. 65

560

162.00

108.00

115.00

4.16

3.76

550

1 18. 50

98.00

97.50
77.77

1 .1 0

1.00

0.70

430
380

34.00
15.00

1 1.20

0.50
I—1

1.65

420

2 1.00

| 1.30

460

4 1. 00

28. 30

350

30.00

18. 20

170.00

S. 60

9.90
o

-v j

•

2 0 0 .0 0

11.20

o

ia . o

3.1?

•

75.55
74.44

I

38.75

?. 60

j

1.15

L ,.

G..............................Gl u c o s e
U ............... .......... U r i c a c i d
C e ........................... C r e a t i n i n e
C l ........................... C h l o r i d e
N, P . N.................... N o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n
UN........................... Ur e a - n i t r ogen

Diagnosis
Staphylococcic
infection
Navel i n f e c t i o n

Na v e l i n f e c t i o n ,
etc.
ii

Normocytic;
few p o i k i l o c y t e s
Microcytic
hypochromia;
poikilocytic
Normocytic
Some c r e n a t e d &
poikilocytic
Marked
poikilocytosis
Microcytic
hypochromia;
some n u c l e a t e d
Normocytic

ii

Wh i t e m u s c l e
disease
Wh i t e m u s c l e
disease, etc.
Docking i n f e c t i o n
Acute
Meningitis
Acut e
peritonitis
Br o n c h o p n e u m o n i a
& encephalitis
Br onc hopneumoni a
, and,, c o n s t I p a t i p n , :

-3?B•
( a ) Tec h n i c
Th e

Banter i o lo g i c a l

of c u l t u r i n g

lamb was k i l l e d

(or

s k i n n e d and o p e n e d
which w i l l

were

according

cultured

made,

for

If

gross le sio n s

was

also c u ltu re d
In

order

effective

to

present,

the

left

diaphragm atic

Trie n e e d l e
made

order

w ith A rig h t's
A fter

the

seared,

a pair

remove

a. s m a l l

on a n o t h e r

tion

to get

on o n e - t h i r d

liver.
were

bore

seared,
the

from t h e

stain

deeply

lesions

sterile

piece

scissors

of t i s s u e

Smears fo r

surface

the

sever

liver

was

the

of

at

tw isted
as blood.

1 s t i t ks were

one

Grain's

An

in­

The s m e a r

slides,

but

follow s:

as w e l l

from th e

to

be s t a i n e d

stain.

spleen

had been

a n d f o r c e p s w e r e used, t o

and a d i r e c t

s ame b l o o d - a g a r

prelim inary

prepared.

into

plate.

of

sim ple

A sterile

m aterial

a portion

as

which i t

other w ith

a

sear the

liver.

two c l e a n

and the
of

stated

a n d im e d i a t e l y

least

surface

smears,

to

after

liver

o n e - t h i r d of th e

also

and

and u s e d

of a blo o d -ag ar

on a t

of

m aterials

as a r o u t i n e .

m aterial

of the

was u s e d t o

was w i t n d r a w n

l i v e r was made

the

lobe

s p o t w nich had been

around in

of the

and h e a r t - b l o o d

from t h e s e

exam ination
the

procedure

exam ination

spleen

wa s d e v i s e d w h i c h i s

a u t o p s y - k n i f e was h e a t e d

the

liver,

cultures

old

o cu latin g needle

autopsy

and s m e a r s made.
make s u c h

technic

usual

and sm ears

bacterial

b a c t eria..

a. d e a d c a r c a s s ) ,

A careful

and th e

were

and i s o l a t i n g

as

to the

later.

bacteria

made f o r p r e l i m i n a r y

organs

b ro u g h t in

be d e s c r i b e d

c a r c a s s was t h e n

met h o d s .

s m e a r w a s made
plate

bacteriological

used for
examina­

The h e a r t - b l o o d w a s c u l t u r e d u s i n g
The v e n t r a l

surface

p i p e t t e with
the

right

of the

a pointed

auricle

in

h e a r t was

the fo llo w in g

seared,

and a s t e r i l e

end was p u s h e d t h r o u g h t h e

order

to

get

a sm all

w a l l of

amount

of blood

a n d a s m e a r w a s made on t h e

rem aining

one-third, of

blood-agar

spleen).

At t h e

plate

(liver

and

d r o p o f b l o o d w a s l ased t o
t h e s e were

stained

prepare

fo r the

smears

prelim inary

technic

same

the

same

tim e,

a

on s l i d e s

and

bacteriological

exam ination.
The g r o s s
i ng- t h e

l e s i o n s were

surface.

used for

a scissors

of

the

affected

the

glass

flu id

tissue

the

the

incubated

at

made

daily

visible

were

left

for

3?°C.

a pyogenic:

process

remove a s m a l l p ie c e

was

olood-agar

firm .

plates

S m e a rs from
as w e ll

a s on

anaerobic m icro-organism s,

boiled fo r

fifteen

for

were made,
2 4—48 h o u r s

bacterial

room t e m p e r a t u r e
to

isola.te

following: p ro c e d u re

bacterial

n e e d l e was

l e s i o n s was t r a n s f e r r e d

cultures

were

In o rd e r

by s e a r ­

into

m inutes

deep
and

agitation.

ail

at

from

lesion

For c u l t u r i n g

b r o t h w h ic h had b e e n

A fter

the

if

culturing

a sterile

were u s e d to

from v a r io u s

cooled w ithout

either

exudate

w e r e made o n

slides.

m aterial

brain

the

and f o r c e p s

such m a te r ia ls
clean

A fter t h a t ,

getting

or

prepared fo r

growth

for

bacteria
was

free

follow ed.

c o l o n i e s w e r e made

blood-agar

plates

and o b s e r v a t i o n s
a f t e r which they

s e v e ra l days.

g r o w t h w a s o b s e r v e d on t h e

s m e a rs from t h e

the

from c o n ta m in a tio n ,
Whenever v i s i b l e

blood-agar

and

plates,

stain ed w ith

Gram's

-34stain

in order

pure.

If the

single

colony was t r a n s f e r r e d

the

to

c u l t u r e was

c u l t u r e was

few c u b i c
until

determ ine

a pure

pure

a mi xed. ,

centim eters

hours,

and. t h e

again.
in

The

if

every

th r e e weeks or

cultures

were

c u l t u r e wa s

contam inated,

nutrient

a

slant.

If

If

the

pure

culture

at

culture

found

to

be

was con­

p l a t e s were

37°C.

for

pure,

they

rechecked

s o m e t i m e s two w e e k s

24

was p e r f o r m e d
were k e p t

In m ain tain in g

w a s made a n d

a

and. p l a t e d

blood-agar

cultures.

a transfer

broth

incubated

for

as s to c k

cultures,

the

a blood-agar

original

c u l t u r e s were

stock

By u s i n g

the

transfers

a refrigerator

showed s p a rs e

onto

was o b t a i n e d .

exam ination

the

and n o t

sterile

t a m i n a t e d and w o r t h l e s s ,
discarded.

or not

a s m a l l p o r t i o n was d i l u t e d w i t h

of

culture

whether

for

such

once f o r

those

which

growth.
th e methods

and 7 a n a e r o b i c

lambs throughout
( b ) B nc t ex

io

and t e c h n i c s
c u l t u r e s were

the p e rio d

of t h i s

described,
isolated

41 a e r o b i c

from p a t h o l o g i c a l

study.

logical te s ts .

s - Pr e p a r a t i o n

of m edia.

Most

of th e

m e d ia were

p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g ’ t o t h e Manual o f M ethods f o r P u re C u l t u r e
„ 2
Study oi b a c t e r i a ,
M o d i f i c a t i o n s of me d i a , p r e p a r a t i o n w i l l
ue d e s c r i b e d ,
and m a l t o s e ,

li'cn
all

the

media were

15 po u n d s

pressure

iusted

approxim ately

to

pH 7 . 0 - 7 . 1
i ’o r

as

sterility

exception

ed from each l o t

s t e r i l i <?ed i n

the

( l 2 l ° C . ) f o r 20 m i n u t e s ,
7.3-7.5

an e x c e p t i o n )
tests

of litm u s m ilk,

dextrin,

autoclave

and

the

at.

pH a d -

( f e r m e n t a b l e media w ith

by m e a n s o f Be c k ma n p H - m e t e r .

of m ed ia,

at l e a s t

and i n c u b a t e d a t

0

37 C.

one
for

"pilot"

was s e l e c t -

24 h o u r s .

Base], f e r m e n t a t i on me d i u m.
Formula
2 .0 per cent
0.7
11
11
0.5
"
"
q.s.(am ount for completion)

B acto-tryptose.
Beef e x t r a c t . . .
N a C l ...........................
D is tille d water
Procedure.
different

The b a s a l medi um was u s e d

media fo r fe rm e n ta tio n t e s t s .

t h i s medium w e r e p r e p a r e d a t one t i m e
necessary
and k e p t

to prepare

ingredients
as

Five

for l a t e r

the

liters

by d i s s o l v i n g

i n w a t e r and a u t o c l a v i n g

stock s o lu tio n

all

of
the

as usual

use.

Blood-agar p l a t e s .
Formula
Q.s.
q.s.
5.0 p e r c e n t

B acto-tryptose a g e r ....
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r .....................
D e fib rin s te d sheep blood
Procedure.
suspended in

Sufficient

cold d i s t i l l e d

a g a r was d i s s o l v e d .
aoout

4 5 ° C.

amount of B a c t o - t r y p t o s e

It

water

a g a r was

and h e a t e d u n t i l

was t h e n a u t o c l a v e d . a n d c o o l e d t o

The b l o o d w a s a d d e d a n d m i x e d g e n t l y

wheeling a c tio n ,

the

and t h e n

poured s s e p t i c a l l y

into

by a
Petri

dishes.
B1 o o d - a g a r
tubed,

s1 a n ts.

The B a c t o - t r y p t o s e

autoclaved,

and c o o l e d a s f o r

b l o o d was t h e n p r o p o r t i o n a l l y

a g a r was d i s s o l v e d ,
the p la te s .

The s h e e p

added t o each tu b e

by a s e p t i c

m e t h o d s a n d m i x e d so a s t o

g e t a. u n i f o r m

s l a n t s wer e c o o l e d and t h e

sterility

0 .5

cc.

of n u t r i e n t

slant.

test

b r o t h was a d d e d t o

the

proved
base

A fter the
satisfactory,
of each s l a n t .

Deep b r a i n

me d i u m

(for

anaerobic

cultures)

Formula
Sheep o r e m . . , .
Di s t i l i e d w a t e r
Peptone (D ifco)
D e x t r o s e .................
N a C l ............................
P r o c e d u r e

.

an e q u a l

amount

part
part
2 per cent
0 . 1 per c e n t
0.5
"
1
1

Th e

was

D rain

finely

of d i s t i l l e d

The m i x t u r e w a s t h e n

a d d e d .

com pletely

dissolved

and th e

in

g ro u n d

water

and

a.

the

other

heated

until

pH w a s

adjusted

The

LA ► -'V / '-A .

O

m o r ta r

the

w ith

ingredients

p e p t o n e wa s
to

approxi-

i l

usual
Ferm entable m edia.
18 d i f f e r e n t

The b a s a l med i u m w a s u s e d t o

kinds

follow s:

araD inose,

glucose,

glycerol,

m annitol,

w hile

dextrin,
inositol,

raffinose,

and x y l o s e - .
m altose)

of ferrnentaole

substances

salicin,

lactose,

sorbitol,

galactose,

m altose,

sucrose,

trehalose,

prepared

separately

by

ferm entable

in

a m o u n t s o f 0 . 1$ >- 0 . 5 $> ( 1 . 1 % f o r

the

the

b a s a l medium,

brom c r e s o l

dextrin

and m a l t o s e

may

be b r o k e n

down t o

the

autoclave,

these

by cold f i l t r a t i o n .
(dextrin

purple

sim pler
two

tubing,
as

are
forms

substances

the

rare

and a u t o c l a v i n g
indicator.

co m p le x compounds which
by h i g h
were

The n e e d e d a m o u n t
or m a lto s e )

•-.

cold f i l t r a t i o n ,

o t h e r s w e r e made by a d d i n g t h e

as u su a l w ith

substance

inulin,

fructose,

as

the

su b stan ces) to

Since

dulcitol,

The y w e r e

O f -t-ires-e 1-8 me d i a - , S&~ o f - t h e m { d e x t r i n - a n d

were

all

m edia.

prepare

tem perature

specially

in

prepared

of ferm entable

was c a l c u l a t e d ,

d isso lv e d in

-378

certain

amount of d i s t i l l e d w a t e r

a sterile
formed,

B erkefeld f i l t e r .

and a t

medium w i t h

If

satisfactory,

tion

basal
after

the

it

the

purple

sterility

ma k e

which a n o th er

indicator
test

a 0.5

of

per

sterility

substances

test

through
was p e r ­

basal ferm entation
was t u b e d a n d

the

was a d d e d a s e p t i c a l l y

medium t o

The f e r m e n t a b l e

The s t e r i l i t y

same t i m e

brom -cresol

autoclaved.

tubed

the

and f i l t e r e d

to

cent

test

were u s e d

filtrate
the

proved

sterile

final

concentra­

wa s m a d e .
in the

follow ing

concentrati o n s:
Arabinose
D extrin
D ulcitol
Fructose
G alactose
Glucose
G lycerol
Inositol
Inulin

.1 p e r c e n t
"
"
.1 "
"
.1
"
11
.1
11
"
.5
"
"
.1
"
"
.1
"
"
.1
"
11

Litmus m i l k .
to

L i t m u s m i l k was

freshly-separated

obtained.

Lactose
M altose
M annitol
R affinose
S alicin
S orbitol
Sucrose
Trehalose
Xylose

.5

mediumi n f l o w i n g

four days.

D u r i n g ; war m w e a t h e r ,

medi um i n

the

a suitable

refrig erato r

steam f o r
it

between

G e l a t i n medium.
(for

"
"
"

oy

30 m i n u t e s d a i l y

was n e c e s s a r y t o p l a c e

second h e a t i n g .

Formula

11
11

c o l o r was

then tu b e d and s t e r i l i s e d

p la c in g the

the

cent
"
"
"

p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g l i t m u s powder

skimm ilk u n t i l

The m i l k w a s

.5 per
.5 "
.1 "
.1 "
.1
"
.1 "
. 5 11
.1 "
.1 "

400 c c . )

G e l a t i n ....................................................................2 . 0 g .
T r y p t o s e ( B a c t o ) ............................................4 . 0 g .
N a ^ H P O ^ ...................
0.75 g .
G l u c o s e ...................................................................0 . 40
S o d i u m t h i o g l y c o l l a t e ............................. 0 . 4 0
B e e f e x t r a c t . . .............................................0 . 8 0
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r .........................................4 0 0 . 0 0

g.
g.
g.
cc.

the

first

and

for

Procedure.
autoclaved
Me d i u m f o r
Formula

The i n g r e d i e n t s w e r e

dissolved,

tubed,

end

as u su a l.

HpS p r o d u c t i o n .
(for

400 c c . )

L iv e r in f u s io n (Huddleson, 1 9 3 4 )
POO c c .
■ D i s t i l l e d w a t e r ........................................................................................POO c c .
W i t t e ' s p e p t o n e ......................................................................................
4- g .
NaCl
P g.
Procedure.

The l i v e r

i n f u s i o n was

heating

for

1.5 hours

in

grease

free

ing

beef liv er

through

a. w i r e

mixed w ith

other

dissolved,

tubed,

Me d i um f o r
Formula

indole
(for

flow ing

in

500 c c .

screen.

necessary
and

prepared f i r s t

steam
of

POO c c .

1

lb.

ta p water
of

ingredients

the

and th e m i x t u r e was

sterilized.

form ation.

Same a s f o r

(for

g.
g.
g.
gs-;
g.
P50.00cc.

p r e p a r i n g g e l a t i n medium.

reduction.

500 c c . )

B a c t o - t r y p t o s e . . ............................................................ 1 0 . 0
N a p H P 0 4 ..................................................................................
1.0
G l u c o s e . ............................................................................... ..
0.5
A g a r ...................... .....................................................................
0 ,5
O 0 3 ..........................................................................................
0.5
B e e f e x t r a c t .......................................................................
3.5
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r ................................................................ 5 0 0 . 0
Procedure.

Same

as f o r

and

and f i l t e r ­

P50 c c . )

Med i u m f o r n i t r a t e
Formula

fresh

i n f u s i o n were

B a c t o - t r y p t o n e ...................................................................... 5 . 0
Wa^HPO^....................................... ...............................................0 . 5
G l u c o s e ..........................................................................................0 . P 5
/r. hr'-:".
r.or . rrf .
".""T' or. ; p:0 ;p5
B e e f e x t r a c t ............................................................................1 . 7 5
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r ...............................................
Procedure.

of

by

preparing g e la tin

g.
g.
g.
g.
g.
g.
cc .

medium.

N utrient

broth.

procedure

The f o l l o w i n g

was

the

ferm entation

s ame a s

form ula

that used

was u s e d ,
for

preparing basal

medium.

B e e f e x t r a c t ...............................................................0 . 5 p e r
"
N a C l ................... .................................................................0 . 5
P e p t o n e ( D i f c o ) ...................................................... 1 . 0
"
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r ................... ................................ o . s .
P o t a t o medium.
this

into

Several

cleaned,

follow ed
These

about

5 cm.

were th e n

of NapCogfor

changes of d i s t i l l e d
was p l a c e d

at

the

treated

potato

by t h e

addition

w ater.

bottom

about

placed
cc.

aqueous

and w ash ed i n

A glass

rod

solution

several
cm.)

t e s t - t u b e , and th e
into

of

the

test-tube

distilled

w ater.

follow ed
These

st.e,r.ili.ze..d,' ■,

autoclave.

St a r c h - a g a r

p lates.

Formula, ( f o r

400 c c . )

Beef e x t r a c t
2.8
P e p t o n e .................................................................................
2.0
6.0
A g a r .........................................................................................
Starch ( s o lu b le )
0 .8
D i s t i l l e d w a t e r ............................................................ 4 0 0 . 0
Procedure.
usual,

knife.

( 2 cm. x 0 . 3

t u b e s , w e r e , i m m e d i a t e l y . . . . p l u g g e d , wi t h . . . c o t t o n
in the

cut

in diam eter,

an o r d i n a r y

a dilute

of each

1

b o r e r t h e y were

and. 1 . ? cm.

soaked in

s l a n t was
of

cork

each w ith

30 m i n u t e s

preparing

sound p o ta to e s were c a r e ­

long

oy d i a g o n a l c u t t i n g

slants

(1:500)

good-sized

a n d oy m e a n s o f a

cylinders,

cent
"
"

3<B
method'was u s e d f o r

G iltn e r's

medium.

fully

and the

The i n g r e d i e n t s w e r e

and. t h e

plates

poured.

dissolved,

g.
g.
g.
g.
cc.
autoclaved

as

-40b.

Biochem ical t e s t s .

methods

as recommended in

C ulture

Study

For a l l
the

of Bacteris.e

were

made d i r e c t l y

culture

each

case

the

particular

was

subjected

as

the

were

inoculated

incubated

tests

were

The

M otility

the

37°C.

for

te st.

for

axe

of

as

Pure

The i n ­

and t o

in d u p lic a te
outlined

as

or

broth

plate

of

a c o n t r o l which

the

s ame

tubes

varying' l e n g t h s

N utrient

hours.

1P

m otility

tests

tuoe

These i n o c u l a t e d

always performed

triplicate.

cubated

s ame t e c h n i c

ones.

at

used..

and a n u n i n o c u l a t e d

the

for

the

from a 24 h o u r n u t r i e n t

m e d i u m i n v o l v e d wa s u s e d
to

tests,

Manual o f Methods

were g e n e r a l l y

oculations
in

biochem ical

conditions

or

plates

of tim e,

and t h e

a.nd s o m e t i m e s i n

follow s:

b r o th was i n o c u l a t e d , and i n ­

At t h e

end of

the

incubation

th e m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s was d e t e r m i n e d

period
by

h a n g in g -d ro p method.
Obse r v a t i o n
fo rm ation.
oroth

These

culture

Th e d a i l y

for

turbidity,

o b s e r v a t i o n s were c h eck ed in n u t r i e n t

after

incubation

r e a d i n g s were

43 h o u r i n c u b a t i o n
Hemolytic

cultures

after

for

?4,

81:a r c h h y d r o l y s i s .
hydrolyze

starch-agar
with

starch
plates

a 5 0 °jo a l c o h o l i c

out

the

one p r e s e n t e d .

o f h e m o l y s i n was
plates

48,

end 7 2 h o u r s .

The

ability

of

saturated

determ ined

and reading-

the m icro -o rg an ism s

by g r o w i n g t h e

one week and t h e n

solution

and 72 h o u r s .

one f o l l o w i n g t h e

only

on b l o o d - a g a r

was d e t e c t e d
for

48,

2^,

be t h e

Production

oy s t r e a k i n g t h e

to

for

recorded

period w i l l

te st.

incubation

s e d i m e n t a t i o n , and p e l l i c l e

cultures

covering

the

with io d in e .

on

surface

-41-

Growth and p i g m e n t - f o r m a t i o n
ability

to

grow

and t o

form

c h e c k e d by i n o c u l a t i n g
result

b

at

intervals

d u rin g the

pigment

potato

sim ilar

to

they
72

at

?°C. for

were ex am in ed

hours.

the

3

refrig erato r

medium i n

the

negative

t h e medium

w ith

the r e a d i n g s

tests

the

intervals

period
of

tu b e s were

one h o u r u n t i l

the

were

48 t o

p laced in

gelatin

solidified.

HpS p r o d u c t i o n w a s d e t e c t e d by o b ­

b la c k e n in g of

over

tubes

during t h i s

at

c o n tro l tubes

HpS d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
serv in g the

and

readings,

fo r admit

ferm entation

The i n o c u l a t e d

liquefaction

In making th e

for

the

period.

two w e e k s ,

for

and r e c o r d i n g

those

two week i n c u b a t i o n

The

on j j o t a t o m e d i u m wa s

slants

Li d u e f ac t i on o f g e 1 a t i n .
incubated

on p o t a t o m ed iu m .

lea.d-acet ate

d u r i n g an i n c u b s t i o n
b e in g made a t

paper

period

intervals

strip s

suspended

of two weeks

of

48 t o

72 h o u rs.

Indole

te s t.
I n d o l e p r o d u c t i o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e
q7
i
T horp-ano. T an n er- ""--m-odi-f l e - a t i o n o f ""the -m ore-- T echnic: "In "whichs o lu tio n No. 1
Study
to

and

of B a c t e r i a ,

narrow

strip s

2

(Manual

1936,

up to c ate

of s t e r i l e

cotton

plugs.

These s t r i p s

pencil

and s u s p e n d e d o v e r

w h i c h had c e e n
placed in
read

after

incubated

filter

rem oving the

of

nitrate

for

the
for

paper

appropriate
four

tubes
A fter

days.

for

were

instead

applied

of to

labeled, with
i n o c u l a t e d medi um

The t u b e s w e r e t h e n

15 m in u te s

from t h e

and th e

results

bath.

incubation

was d e t e r m i n e d

Pure C u ltu r e

revision)

were c a r e f u l l y

a b o ilin g w ater-bath

Hi t r a t e r e d ue t i on .
reduction

of Methods

for four

days,

by u s i n g s o l u t i o n s o f

the

-■

sulphsnilic

acid

and a - n a p h th y la m in e .

Litmus m i l k .

The r e a c t i o n

2

of m icro -o rg an ism s

l i t m u s m i l k w as c h e c k e d by i n c u b a t i n g
two w e e k s and r e a d i n g
ferm entation

test.

5 alcohols

inoculating

these

Readings
first

as

for

s a me i n t e r v a l s

of time

The a b i l i t y

the m ic ro -o rg a n ism s

of

r e a c t upon v a r i o u s f e r m e n t a b l e m e d i a

bohydrates,

the

the milk c u l t u r e s

f o r the

tests.

Ferm entation
to

at

in

of th e
three

in g time w ith

and 1 g l u c o s i d e )

m edia and i n c u b a t i n g

reactions

w e r e made a t

d a y s and a t

doubtful

cases

(including

12

car­

w a s d e t e r m i n e d by
for

t wo w e e k s .

24 hour i n t e r v a l s

48 h o u r i n t e r v a l s

for

being checked with

for

th e remain

the

Beckman

pH-meter.
The r e s u l t s
biochem ical

tests

of

biochem ical t e s t s .

w i l l be

briefly

given

The r e s u l t s
in

Table

of th e

(4-).

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E x p l a n a t i o n of the
(l)

(p)

f i g u r e s u s e d i n Table

( 4)

G elatin l i q u e f a c t i o n , indole p ro d u c tio n , m o t i l i ty
p e l l i c l e f o r m a t i o n , and s t a r c h h y d r o l y s i s :
4 ....................... ..
positive te s t
- .............................. n e g a t i v e t e s t
EpQ p r o d u c t i o n , h e m o l y s i n p r o d u c t i o n ;

test,

^
..................m a r k e d
i .............................. s l i g h t
* ..............................v e r y s l i g h t
- ............................. n e g a t i v e
( 3 ) Se di me n t a. t i o n , t u r b i d i t y :
^ .............................. m a r k e d
i .............................. m o d e r a t e
T .............................. s l i g h t
t* /- . v n r

• , . . «

ry ”1 4

4*

s j _i_x cl *.k u

(4)

Pot a t o me d i u m :
B” .............................. g r o w t h and br o wn p i g m e n t
M .............................. g r o w t h and c r e a m e r y c o l o r
Y ................................g r o w t h and y e l l o w i s h p i g m e n t
- .............................. n o g r o wt h
(5) Litmu s m i l k :
a ...............................a c i d
b ...............................b a s i c
c .............................. c o a g u l a t i o n
r ............................... r e d u c t i o n
d .............................. d i g e s t i o n
g .............................. g a s f o r m a t i o n
(o) F e r m e n t a t i o n t e s t s :
+
. . . .. . co mp let e change t o y e l l o w c o l o r
(marked a c i d )
i

............................... p a r t i a l c h a n g e t o y e l l o w c o l o r
(moderate acid)
z f ...............................s l i g h t l y a c i d
(4)
marked a c i d w i t h gas p r o d u c t i o n
(1 )
moderate a c i d with gas p r o d u c t io n
( * ' ............................s l i g h t l y a c i d w i t h g a s p r o d u c t i o n
H t > ............................ r e t u r n e d t o b a s i c r e a c t i o n
B ............................ b a s i c r e a c t i o n
From T a b l e

(4),

i t w i l l be n o t e d

t h a t 41 c u l t u r e s i s o l a t e d

from v a r i o u s p a t h o l o g i c a l c a s e s were s u b j e c t t o b i o c h e m i c a l
tests,

and,

as a r e s u l t ,

7 g en er a of b a c t e r i a , were i d e n t i f i e d

and 2 c u l t u r e s , were u n d e t e r m i n e d .

Trie i d e n t i f i e d

genera (7 )

included:

Staphylococcus,

Escherichia.,

Bacterium,

Di-*plococcus, N e i s s e r i a ,

Pasteu.rella,

and Corynebacterium ,

w h i l e t h e u n d e t e r m i n e d o n e s w e r e a g r a m - p o s i t i v e c o c c u s and
a gram-negative
frequency,

coccoid c a c i l l u s .

In r e s p e c t

to t h e i r

B a c t e r i u m was i s o l a t e d f r o m 11 c a s e s

S t a p h y l o c o c c u s from 8 c a s e s

( 1 9 . Pfo), P a s t e u r e l l a

( P 6 . 8 $>),
from 6 c a s e s

( 1 4 . ?fo), D i p i o c o e c u s and C o r y n e b a c t e r i u m from 5 c a s e s e a c h
(lP.P%),

E s c h e r i c h i a from 3 c a s e s

p o sitiv e coccus,
1

c a s e each

(?.3fo), N e i s s e r i a ,

and g r a m - n e g a t i v e c o c c o i d b a c i l l u s

gram
from

(P

Besides t h o s e c u l t u r e s

.just m e n t i o n e d ,

5 c u l t u r e s of

A c t i n o m y c e s n e c r o p h o r u s a nd P c u l t u r e s o f C l o s t r i d i u m
w e l c h i i w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m v a r i o u s c a s e s and c u l t i v a t e d i n
dee p - b r a i n b r o t h .

-46-

c • Pathogenicity te a ts .
Preparation

of i n o c u l u m .

inoculated d ire c tly

from t h e

b r o t h and i n c u b a t e d a t 37° G.

The m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s we r e
stock c u l t u r e s i n t o n u t r i e n t
f o r 24 h o u r s .

t u r e s wer e t r a n s f e r r e d t o 1 5 c . c .
centrifuged

(^orvall centrifuge)

minutes u n t i l

The b r o t h c u l ­

centrifuge

at

t u b e s and

41413 r . p . m .

for

20

t h e s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d was c l e a r a n d c o u l d be

discarded into

a beaker

by i n v e r t i n g ; t h e t u b e s w i t h o u t

d i s t u r b i n g the

bacteria collected at

w e r e wa s h e d t w i c e w i t h s t e r i l e

salt

the

solution

and re—s u s p e n d e d t o g i v e a t u r c i d i t y
tuDe-antigen fo r
Inoculation

bottom.

the

The b a c t e r i a

( 0 , 8 5 $ NaCl)

same a s t h e

standard

the B ru c e lla a g g lu tin a tio n t e s t .
of e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s .

and m i c e w e r e u s e d f o r t h i s

test.

Both r a b b i t s

They w e r e h o u s e d i n c l e a n

w i r e - m a d e c a g e s a nd f e d w i t h o r d i n a r y r a t i o n w i t h a n ampl e
supply of w a te r .

during a p r e lim in a r y p e r io d of a t l e a s t

one ,week b e f o r e t h e . t e s t ,

t h e . a n i m a l s we r e c h e c k e d f o r h e a l t h

and a l l t h e u n h e a l t h y ones were d i s c a r d e d .
The mouse was h e l d by t h e t a i l
o f an a s s i s t a n t .

The r i g h t

a nd h e a d w i t h t h e a i d

side of the

s wa b b e d w i t h 7 0 $ a l c o h o l a n d 0 . 5 c . c .

l o w e r abdomen was

of the suspended

i n o c u l u m was i n j e c t e d i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l l y w i t h a. s t e r i l e
1 .0

cc,

h y p o d e r m i c s y r i n g e h a v i n g a 26 g a u g e n e e d l e .

mouse o u t o f e v e r y f i v e was i n j e c t e d w i t h 0 . 5 c .
s t e r i l e 0 . 8 5 $ NaCl s o l u t i o n t o s e r v e
m i c e wer e k e p t

c.

as a c o n t r o l .

One
of
Two

i n one c a g e w i t h one o f t hem h a v i n g t h e t i p o f

-47one e a r c l i p p e d

for id e n tific a tio n .

l a b e l e d and a l l

t h e mice were o b s e r v e d t h r e e t i m e s d a i l y

for

signs of i l l n e s s or d e a t h .
The r a b b i t

t o be i n j e c t e d was c o n f i n e d i n a wooden box

w ith the head f r e e .

One o f t h e e a r s was m o i s t e n e d w i t h

70 p e r c e n t a l c o h o l a n d 2 c . c .
were i n j e c t e d

intravenously

Two r a b b i t s w e r e
the

The c a g e was c a r e f u l l y

of t h e

suspended b a c t e r i a

in to the marginal ear vein.

p ut t o g e t h e r i n one c a g e w i t h t h e h a i r on

back o f one o f them c l i p p e d t o s e r v e f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

The c a g e was l a b e l e d a s u s u a l and t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n s made

u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n a s f o r t h e m i c e .
Technic o f c u l t u r i n g

ti s s u e s of experim ental an im als.

I f the experim ental r a b b i ts
t h e y wer e k i l l e d f i v e

However,

pathogenicity te s ts ,

(30 c . c .

syringe)

in­

through the

^a.ch r a b b i t was t h e n a u t o p s i e d a n d t h e

t i s s u e s c u l t u r e d using the
lambs.

the

d a y s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n by t h e

t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n of a i r
marginal ear v ein ,

survived

same t e c h n i c

t h e r a b b i t s we r e n o t

as employed f o r th e

skinned.

I f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m i c e s howed no sympt oms and s u r ­
vived the p a th o g e n ic ity t e s t s ,
after

they were k i l l e d

i n o c u l a t i o n by g r a s p i n g t h e t a i l

f i v e days

o f e a c h mouse w i t h

a p a i r o f l o n g f o r c e p s and h i t t i n g t h e h e a d on a c e m e n t f l o o r .
As s oo n a s t h e y w e r e k i l l e d ,

e a c h wa s s t r e t c h e d on a p i e c e

o f wooden b o a r d w i t h t h e a i d o f f o u r t h umb t a c k s .
was t h e n s k i n n e d ,

opened,

a n d c u l t u r e s made f rom t h e l i v e r

u s i n g t h e same m e t h o d e m p l o y e d f o r c u l t u r i n g t h e
p a th o lo g ic a l lambs.

The mouse

t i s s u e s of

However, i n c u l t u r i n g the h e a r t - b l o o d .

-48snci s p l e e n o f m i c e , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e s wer e f o u n d t o
be more a p p l i c a b l e .

The v e n t r a l s u r f a c e

s e a r e d as u s u a l .

A sterile

grasp the sid es

of the h e a r t

o f t h e h e a r t was

p a i r o f f o r c e p s was u s e d t o
and by s q u e e z i n g t h e

forceps

a d r o p o f b l o o d woul d u s u a l l y ooze f r o m a h o l e made i n t h e
middle of the

s e a r e d s p o t w i t h the a i d of a s t e r i l e

h a v i n g a s m a l l and p o i n t e d l o o p a t t h e
b l o o d was o o z i n g o u t ,

tip.

needle

s o o n as t h e

t h e n e e d l e was i n t r o d u c e d - i n t o t h e

h e a r t i n o r d e r t o g e t a g o o d s i z e d d r o p o f b l o o d w i t h whi ch
to

s me a r o v e r 1 / 3 o f a b l o o d - a g s r p l a t e .
The s p l e e n was c u l t u r e d by s e a r i n g an a r e a n e a r e i t h e r

end

(p re fe ra b ly the v e n t r a l end).

A sterile

needle

(the

same n e e d l e u s e d f o r c u l t u r i n g h e a r t - b l o o d . ) was i n t r o d u c e d
through the se a re d area i n t o
axis.

Since t h e

the s p l e e n along i t s

s u o t e r m i n a l p a r t of t h e

and c o n s e q u e n t l y we a k e n e d ,

it

long

s p l e e n was s e a r e d

was e a s y t o i n t r o d u c e

- s t- e r iI © n e e d l e "'through' th e - we-ak e n e d - s p o t i n t o - t h e

the

spleen-' ™--

pulp in order to secure s u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l f o r p l a t i n g .
T h i s p r o c e d u r e was f a c i l i t a t e d by g r a s p i n g t h e e x t r e m e end
of the spleen w ith a p a i r of fo rcep s.
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a . i s o l a t e d f r om e x p e r i m e n t a n i m a l s .
The b a c t e r i a i s o l a t e d

f r om r a b b i t s and mi c e w e r e s t a i n e d

and t h e b i o c h e m i c a l t e s t s w e r e made w i t h
Glucose, l a c t o s e ,
medi um,

sucrose,

starch-agar plate,

glycerol,

the f o l l o w i n g media:

NOg b r o t h ,

litmus milk,

indole

and g e l a t i n .

a c t i o n s o f t h e m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s i n t h e s e m e d i a and t h e

The r e ­

-49characteristics

u po n s t a i n i n g were c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e o f t h e

o r i g i n a l c u l t u r e s i n o r d e r t o check t h e i r i d e n t i t y .
R esults of p ath o g en icity
are

arranged in

Taole

(5).

test.

The r e s u l t s

of the t e s t

"50Ta.ble ( 5 ) .
Culture
Jio.
730 8
7334
7335
7336
7 33 7

Results
of T e s t
Mouse "“R a b b it.
X
X
X

X

7 344
73 50
73 51
7353
7358a
7 3 5 8b
7353c
7 36 Pa
736?b
7 36 Pc
736 5
7 371a
7371b

X
X
X
X
X
—
—

7415
7 443
7 460a
7 460b
7 460c
7 47 4
Tot a l ;
41

X

_

—

7 3 38

737 Pa
7 379b
737 3a
7373 b
7 373c
.739 3 a
7393b
7393c
739 4 a
7 39 4b
7 400
7 401a
7 401b
7 401c
7 40 6
7 410

Result s of P a th o g e n ic ity Tests.

X
—
_

_

—

—
-

—
—

—

X
X

X

X

H.L.S.
H.S.
L.S.
S . ( contaminated)*
H.L.S.
H,
H.S.
H.L.S.
H.L.S,
H.
L.

H.L.S.
H.L.S.
H.
S
H.L.S.

—

S.

X
—

"*"X ... .
—
—
—

'■'"L."S'." ™
.............. .*.
H.L.S.
H.L.S.
H.L.S.

—
—

H.L.S.

X

died in
died in
died in
died in
died in

30 h r .
P8 h r .
38 h r .
60 h r .
24 h r .

*
*
H*

*
*

Died i n 3 8 h r .
*
*

m

X

*
..' ..... ..■
Mouse d i e d
Mouse d i e d
Mouse d i e d
★
*
D i e d i n PP

... " ■
i n 14
i n 15
i n 18

"... ................. ..' *“
hr.
hr.
hrs.

hrs.

X

—
—
X

Mouse
Rabbit
Mouse
Mouse
Mouse

X

X

V

*
Mouse d i e d i n 1 5 h r .
11
"
" P I h r . , r a b b i t i n 24
"
v e r y s i c k , k i l l e d i n 40 h r .

*
*

—

X
X

Remar ks

bacteria
Recovered
f r om

—

—

H.L . P . S .
L.S.(contam­
i n a t e d)

*
Mouse d i e d i n
*

4 days.

*

—
—
-

—

—

—

*
X

L.S.

X
(contam­
inated)
2
5(
i
n
e
luding
1 3 ( mi c e be c a me v e r y s i c k o r d i e d
3x
20x
contaminated
w i t h i n 4 days a f t e r i n o c u l t a i o n .
ones)
Note:
E x p l a n a t i o n of t a b l e .
x .................. * . p o s i t i v e t e s t
H ..................... H e a r t b l o o d
P. . . . P e r i t o n e a l
_ ........................ n e g a t i v e t e s t
L .....................L i v e r
fluid
.............. . . K i l l e d i n
S . . .................S p l e e n
5 day s .

-5 1T'ne r e s u l t s
PO ( 48 . 7 8 %)

of the e x p e r im e n t i n

( 5) slowed t h a t

o u t o f t h e 41 o r i g i n a l c u l t u r e s w e r e r e c o v e r e d

from t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m i c e ,
definitely

Table

virulent.

o f w h i c h 13 ( 3 1 . 7 fo) w e r e

The s e 13 v i r u l e n t

cultures

either

c a u s e d t h e d e a t h o f m i c e o r made them s e r i o u s l y i l l
f o u r days a f t e r

inoculation,

o f t h e PO p o s i t i v e

within

while the remaining 7 c u ltu r e s

t e s t s d i d n o t i n d u c e any n o t i c e a b l e

s ympt oms u p t o f i v e d a y s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n a t w h i c h t i m e
t h e mice were k i l l e d f o r e x a m i n a t i o n .
only 3 p o s itiv e

As f o r t h e r a b o i t s ,

t e s t s we r e o b t a i n e d f r o m PP i n o c u l a t e d

a n i m a l s which i n d i c a t e s t h a t r a b o i t s were q u i t e r e s i s t a n t
to

the c u l t u r e s

i s o l a t e d f r o m l a mb s a n d we r e n o t s u i t a b l e

for

such work.

the

t e s t animal i n t h is experim ent.

were found t o

Incidentally,

r a b b i t s were f i r s t

oe r a t h e r i n d i f f e r e n t

u s e d as

L a t e r on, when t h e y
to the c u l t u r e s ,

were u s e d i n s t e a d .

i

mi c e

C.

P a t h o.. l .o— g>1 i, c a.. ...l M
ethods.
. - .....................

( B■ T e c h n i c u s e d f o r

autopsy.

The l a m b s w e r e e i t h e r
the

laboratory

bled to d e a th or brought

for autopsy.

In e i t h e r

case,

dead to

th e y were

i m m e d i a t e l y s k i n n e d and c a r e f u l l y e x a m i n e d f o r g r o s s l e s i o n s
in every p e r t
nerves,

of th e body,

end s o m e t i m e s t h e

the b rain ,

in clu d in g the b ra in ,
spinal cord.

^

^ ,,

V t/

4-Vi

lo o n o n -f’

liilU

WJ

region.
olunt

In o r d e r t o expose

a f r o n t a l c u t wa.s made t h r o u g h t h e n a s a l c a v i t i e s

e x t e n d i n g : a l o n g an i m a g i n a r y
d , c/ u

V / -fc.

+ V .n

o *">Y
»Q

l i n e j u s t below t h e o r b i t s
1 1 ^ + 1 1 *1 +

•-*

U J .J . u *

J .

A

•»

V* O C l p h p H
V.

w

Th e n , by a g e n t l e t i p p i n g and w i t h

tip

cranial

of a p a i r of s c i s s o r s ,

—v

+"VlC5 n P P l
- —

Vv W

— A

+ 0

and
1

the h e l p o f the

a g r e a t e r p art of

the b rain

( t h e e n t i r e c e r e b r u m ) was s l i p p e d o u t o f t h e u p p e r h a l f
of

t h e s k u l l and e x p o s e d ,

le a v in g the

o b lo n g a ta in the lower h a l f .

(Fig.

c e r e b e l l u m and. m e d u l l a

1,

2)

( D) T e c h n i c s f o r p r e p a r i n g p a t h o l o g i c a l t i s s u e s .
‘ The t i s s u e s

were- f i x e d i n - Zenker '-a f l u i d a n d som e- • "

tim e in 10$ f o rm o l s a l i n e .
drated,

They we r e

then washed,

dehy­

embedded and s e c t i o n e d by o r d i n a r y h i s t o l o g i c a l

technics,

and f i n a l l y

Gram-Weigert,

s ta in e d e ith e r with hem stoxylin-eosin,

M allory's a n ilin -b lu e ,

o r by e l l t h r e e m e t h o d s

-5 3 P re se n ta tio n of cases
Case 7 356 ( G r a d e , m a l e )
T n i s was a t y p i c a l c a s e o f w h i t e - r n u s c l e d i s e a s e o r
so-called

11s t i f f - l a m b 11 d i s e a s e .

Hi s t o r y .

T n i s l amb was o wn e d by Mr. S a v a g e o f A l b i o n ,

Michigan,

and was d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p a t h o l o g y

b a r n on 4 / 3 / 4 4 .

The l amb was s h o w i n g e v i d e n c e of w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e and
was u n a b l e

to r i s e .

t h e time of d e l i v e r y
would not n u r s e .

The a n i m a l made no p r o g r e s s f o l l o w i n g
and on t h e m o r n i n g o f A p r i l 4 t h

I t was t h e n s a c r i f i c e d

and s t u d i e d .

lamb was 5 w e e k s o l d .
Etiology.

Undetermined.

No b a c t e r i a w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m

th i s case.
Blood s t u d i e s .
( a ) Blood p i c t u r e
"

Erythrocytes
1 9 , 9 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c.mm.
L e u c o c y t e s " . . T.". ",'T
I T , 600'............... ..
H e m o g l o b i n ...............
9 . 8 g./lOO cc.
D i f f e r e n t i a l c ou n t (fo)
Lymphocytes
7
93
N eutrophils.
seg-nenters
( 88)
bands
( 4)
Monocytes.
1
EosinophiIs
0
BasophiIs. ,
0

( k ) Blood, c h e m i s t r y
Glucose
Uric a c i d .
Creatinine
Chloride. .
N . P . N ...........
Ur e a - N

(Mgm/100 c c .)
196.00
1.78
1.65
560.00
169.00
108.00

The

-54-

From t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e

blood s t u d i e s ,

in g to note t h a t the chem ical a n a l y s i s
t h e blood, p i c t u r e of t h i s
o f Case No.

7358.

it

is

of b l o o d a s w e l l a s

case r e s e m b le d q u ite c l o s e l y t h a t

A l l b l o o d e l e m e n t s which had been s t u d i e d

were d e c i d e d l y i n c r e a s e d ,

and y e t on t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e

n u mb e r o f l y m p h o c y t e s was v e r y much d e c r e a s e d .
neutrophilia

was a l s o v e r y p r o n o u n c e d ,

mature forms.
value in

normal,

In g e n e ra l,

the p e c u l i a r

but i t

The
showed m o s tl y

feature

of increased

c l o o d e l e m e n t s s e e m e d t o be Q u i t e u n i q u e

wnite-muscle

interest­

disease.

for

The e r y t h r o c y t e s wer e mor e o r l e s s

a l t h o u g h a few p o i k i l o c y t e s w e r e o b s e r v e d .

Grose l e s i o n s .
Sk e l e t a l m u s c l e s .

The s k e l e t a l m u s c u l a r i s on b o t h s i d e s o f

t h e body w e r e i n v o l v e d ,

and th e l e s i o n s

appeared as su p er­

f i c i a l w h i t i s h patches or s t r e a k s .
Li v e r .

The l i v e r showed some f a t t y

"'•""O t h e r - o r g a n s - .

degeneration.
■■■■■■■■•.... ..

•Apparently-' n o r m a l .

.

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Li v e r .

The l i v e r was v e r y much c o n g e s t e d and s h o w e d c l o u d y

s w e l l i n g end f a t t y
w e l l as t h e

degeneration.

Most b l o o d v e s s e l s as

s in u s o i d s were d is te n d e d with blood.

d e g e n e r a t i o n was r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e and d i f f u s e ,
8t the c e n t r a l p a r t

presence of f a t
were e i t h e r

beginning

of each l o b u l e and e x t e n d i n g g r a d u a l l y

in a dim inishing gradation
affected c e lls

The f a t t y

t o w a r d -the p e r i p h e r y .

The

became g r a n u l a r and v a c u o l a t e d d ue t o t h e
globules in the cytoplasm,

and t h e n u c l e i

p u s h e d t o one s i d e o r we r e p y k n o t i c .

- 55-

Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s w e r e r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d a n d showed

e v i d e n c e of c lo u d y s w e l l i n g ,
hemorrhage.

d e g e n e r a t i o n and

The c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y some­

what. d i l a t e d ,
capsular

fatty

and t h e l u m i n a t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e

sub-

s p a c e s wer e f i l l e d w i t h v a r y i n g a m o u n t s o f

d e b r i s and h y a l i n e c a s t s .

The e p i t h e l i u m o f some c o n ­

v o l u t e d t u b u l e s wer e a f f e c t e d by m a r k e d f a t t y
the condition

degeneration,

being e s p e c i a l l y pronounced in th e

p o r ti o n of th e proximal convo luted tu b u l e s .

terminal

Occasionally,

some i n t e r l o b u l a r p e t a c h i a e wer e o b s e r v e d and some d i s ­
i n t e g r a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s were p r e s e n t i n th e c o l l e c t i n g
tubules.
Skeletal m uscle.

In t h i s

m u s c l e s w e r e more o r l e s s

case,

quite

involved.

a numDer o f s k e l e t a l
Se ve n b l o c k s o f

m u s c l e wer e t a k e n from v a r i o u s a r e a s o v e r t h e
microscopic

study.

Dody f o r

The g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of the

-lesion,..were m o r e o k - l e s s the...,same.namely,,.. myodegenera-tion
f o l l o w e d by e i t h e r m y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n o r f i b r o s i s .
Case No. 7 3 5 8 ) .

( See a l s o

The d e g e n e r a t i v e c h a n g e s o f t h e m u s c l e

wer e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a d i f f u s e a n d f r a g m e n t a r y n e c r o s i s
w i t h some f i b r o b l a s t i c
fib e rs generally

The a f f e c t e d m u s c l e

became s w o l l e n and wavy,

t r a c t i o n or shrinkage
pieces.

activity.

f o l l o w e d by c o n ­

and c o n s e q u e n t l y b r o k e i n t o

small

As s o o n a s t h e m u s c l e f i b e r s b r o k e i n t o p i e c e s ,

some o f t h e more s e v e r e l y a f f e c t e d o n e s u n d e r w e n t h y a l i n e
13
or Z e n k e r 's d e g e n e r a t i o n
.
( F i g . 3 , 4 ) Th e s e d y i n g
m uscle-fi oers l o s t

their

characteristic

s t r i a t i o n s and

-55-

nuclei

and became more o r l e s s c o a g u l a t e d .

stained e ith e r

pinkish

They w e r e

or dark p u r p l e w i t h h e m a t o x y l i n -

e o s i n a n d some o f them a p p e a r e d t o c o n t a i n a c e r t a i n
kind of d e p o s i t .

(Fig.

4,

5, 6 ) .

I n some i n s t a n c e s ,

nowever,

the

d e s t r u c t i v e p r o c e s s was n o t so s e v e r e

only the

s a r c o p l a s m was h y a l i n s t e d w h e r e a s t h e s a r c o l e m m a

w i t h t h e n u c l e i was r o t

affected.

Following the degenerative changes,
p r o c e s s was g o i n g o n .

f e a t u r e wa s p r o l i f e r a t i o n

blastic

and t h e n u c l e i

or sarcolemrnae.

a regenerative

In t h i s r e g e n e r a t i v e p r o c e s s , t h e

most s t r i k i n g
cells

of th e f i b r o ­

of u n a f f e c t e d muscle f i b e r s

Occasionally,

a few p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

l e u c o c y t e s and p l a s m a c e l l s wer e o b s e r v e d .
blastic

and

The f i b r o ­

p r o l i f e r a t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n f i o r o s i s was t o

strengthen

t h e weakened a r e a s .

The n e w l y - f o r m e d n u c l e i

f r o m t h e n o r m a l m u s c l e f i b e r s or

s u r v i v i n g sarcolemrnae

mi_gra;t ed._ towards,..'the i n j u r e d ends. and. .each. u .a rn le d „a ■s m a l l amount o f s a r c o p l a s m and t r a n s f o r m e d e i t h e r
i n t o muscle

giant c ells

muscle f i o e r s .

or

directly into regenerating

The n u c l e a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n and c e l l

w e r e so e x t e n s i v e t h a t i n c e r t a i n

w h i c h ha.ve b e e n r e f e r r e d

division

s p o t s a g r e a t mass of

such newly-formed c e l l s were p r e s e n t ,

P7
Waldeyer ' .

gradually

(Fig.

4,

9,

11,

t o as" M u s k e l z e l l e n s c h l & u c h e "

ip) ,
of

The f o r m a t i o n o f s u c h s t r u c t u r e s h a s b e e n t h e

s u b j e c t o f much d i s c u s s i o n s i n c e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f m e d i c a l
1 3 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 28 , 37
science.
I n f a c t , some o f t h e s e n e w l y
formed c e l l s were r e g e n e r a t i n g m uscle f i b e r s w h i l e o t h e r s

■

-57-

were muscle g i a n t - c e l l s .

The f u n c t i o n o f t h e m u s c l e g i a n t

c e l l s was t o r e mo v e t h e

dead muscle

tissue

and t h a t o f

t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e —f i b e r s was t o f i l l t h e g a p s l e f t
Dv t h e d e a d t i s s u e s .

I n Q u i t e a n u mb e r o f i n s t a n c e s ,

the

w r i t e r was a o l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e a m u s c l e g i a n t c e l l e n ­
gulfing a piece
(Fig.

7,

7a.,

of de ad muscle of c o n s i d e r a b l e

8, 9 ) ,

while

size

i n a n o t h e r he f r e q u e n t l y

en­

c o u n t e r e d s e v e r a l s u c h g i a n t - c e l l s e a c h c o n t a i n i n g one o r
s e v e r a l food vacuoles f i l l e d w ith sm all p ie c e s of t i s s u e
debris

(Fig.

12, 10).

Therefore,

i n such c s E e s ,

the

f u n c t i o n o f m u s c l e g i a n t - c e l l s was b e a u t i f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e d .
T h e s e g i a n t - c e l l s wer e s o a c t i v e
shape.
like

t h e y h a d no d e f i n i t e

They somewhat r e s e m b l e d amebae and a c t e d a l m o s t

them.

The c e l l s u s u a l l y t h r u s t

bodies in o rd e r to e n g u lf
(Fig.

that

7, 7a,

rounded,

t h e dead m u s c l e t i s s u e

As s o o n a s t h e

d ig e s tio n began.

muscle fiber'
removed,

8, 9 ) .

out p a r t s of t h e i r

d e a d t i s s u e wa s s u r ­

G r a d u a l l y t h e p i e c e s of dead

diminished in size u n t i l

they were com pletely

l e a v i n g food v a c u o l e s b e h i n d ( F ig .

11).

After

t h e d e a d t i s s u e was c o m p l e t e l y d i g e s t e d and a b s o r b e d ,

the

f o o d v a c u o l e s d i s a p p e a r e d and t h e g i a n t - c e l l s w e r e t h e n
ready to r e p e a t

t h e amazing: p r o c e s s

(Fig.

19).

These m u s c l e g i a n t - c e l l s w e r e f o r m e d e i t h e r by f u s i o n
of the newly-formed r e g e n e ra tin g c e l l s
m ito sis without

cytoplasmic div isio n

i o r m e t i o n o f g i a n t —c e l l s

(Fig.

13,

(Fig. 15).

14) o r by
The

h a s been a l s o a p r o b l e m o f g r e a t

-59controversy

in

the m e d i c a l f i e l d

end. q u i t e a n u m b e r o f

07
t h e o r i e s ' - have been f o r m u l a t e d .

Some w o r k e r s t h o u g h t

t h a t t h e y m i g h t be f o r m e d by c e l l f u s i o n ,

o t h e r s main­

t a i n e d t h a t t h e y wer e d e r i v e d by m i t o s i s w i t h o u t c e l l
division,

and s t i l l

others in sisted

e x i s t e n c e by b o t h f u s i o n

t h a t t h e y came i n t o

a nd m i t o s i s .

S i n c e t h e r e was no

ac tu a l c o n c re te evidence to support th e vario us t h e o r i e s ,
much c o n f u s i o n
definite

existed.

From now o n ,

it

i s hoped th a t the

evidence of the fo rm atio n of m u s c le - g ia n t c e l l s

i n t h e cs.se o f w r i t e —m u s c l e d i s e a s e
may s e r v e a s a s o u n d b a s i s

o f t r e n e w—Dorn l a mb s

for f u r t h e r in v e s tig a tio n s

t o the f o r m a t i o n of o t h e r k i n d s of g i a n t c e l l s
c o n f u s i n g c o n d i t i o n , which i s s t i l l
particular fie ld ,
The s i n e

as

and t h e

ex istin g in th is

may be u n r a v e l e d .

o f t h e m u s c l e g i a n t - c e l l s was v a r i a b l e ;

o f t h e l a r g e s t m e a s u r i n g a b o u t 0 . 0 5 mm. X 0 . 0 7 mm.

one

The

n u c l e i " ' w e r e e i t h e r s p h e r i c a l ;n r ' oval - inr ' s h a p e , ' b h t " a i r ' w e r e
p r o v i d e d w i t h a h e a v y d i s t i n c t n u c l e a r membrane,
nearly c le a r nucleoplasm,
defined n u c le o li.

f i n e or

a n d f r om one t o t h r e e w e l l

The number o f n u c l e i v a r i e d a n d f r o m

t wo t o t w e n t y - f i v e w e r e o b s e r v e d
Their arrangement in the

(Fig.

7,

7a, 9,

c e l l was i r r e g u l a r

19).

and i n d e f i n i t e .

I n a s e c t i o n s t a i n e d w i t h a n i l i n e - b l u e end e o s i n ,

it

was o o s e r v e d t h a t t h e n e c r o t i c m u s c l e - f i b e r s w e r e s t a i n e d
orange to p u r p lis n -b lu e
red,

the f i b r o b l a s t i c

or

blue,

tissue

t h e normal m u s c l e - f i b e r s

blue w i t h s m a l l s p i n d l e - s h a p e d

-59-

yellowish n u c le i,

and t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e - f i b e r s a n d

muscle g i a n t - c e l l s grey w i t h c l e a r c o l o r l e s s n u c l e i
tain in g yellowish nucleoli

(Fig.

6

, 7,

7a,

8

).

c on ­

The

regenerating m uscle-fibers generally possessed f a i n t
distinct

fib rils

striations

(Fig.

and some o f t hem a l s o c o n t a i n e d c r o s s
6

, 8 , 1 1 ) , w hile th e muscle g i a n t - c e l l s

we r e more o r l e s s h o m o g e n e o u s i n n a t u r e .
aniline-blue

and e o s i n s t e i n ,

the s ta in in g

affinity

of

tissue,

By m e a n s o f

t h e morphology of n u c l e i

both g i a n t - c e l l s

g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e - f i b e r s were e x a c t l y
clearly that

to

and

and t h e r e ­

t h e same,

indicating

t h e y w e r e a l l d e r i v e d f r o m t h e same p a r e n t

i.e.,

muscle,

Generally

a n d we r e n o t o f e x t r a - m u s c u l a r o r i g i n .

speaking,

i f m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n wer e n o t too

s e v e r e and m y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n f o l l o w e d a c o m p l e t e o r t o t a l
restoration
case,

of the a f f e c t e d muscle i s

the myo-regeneration is c a r rie d

possible.

In t h is

o u t by t h e p r o c e s s o f

n u c l e a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n f r o m u n a f f e c t e d m u s c l e - f i b e r s or
s a r c o l e mr n a e s o a s t o f o r m m u s c l e g i a n t - c e l l s
of d e v i t a l i z e d t i s s u e
the f i l l i n g
fibroblastic

in

to s u b sta n tia te

and r e g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e - f i b e r s for

the gaps l e f t

activity

f o r the removal

is

by t h e d e a d t i s s u e .

reduced to

these f a c ts ,

a minimum.

a l amb r e c o v e r e d

In order
from "white

m u s c l e " d i s e a s e was s l a u g h t e r e d e a r l y l e s t f a l l
no l e s i o n s were found w h a t s o e v e r .
b o i l e d or f r i e d

The

(1944)

The lamb c h o p s wer e

end t a s t e d

from normal la m b s.

and

j u s t a s g o od and t e n d e r a s t h o s e
PiQ <?'7
Forbus
"
i n h i s s t u d y on d e g e n e r a ­

t i o n and r e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e r e c t u s

a b d o m i n u s i n human

-60-

pneumonia a l s o fo u n d th e
muscle".

If

is effected,

" t o t a l r e s t o r a t i o n of th e a f f e c t e d

t h e t o t a l r e s t o r a t i o n o f the a f f e c t e d muscle
a question n a tu r a lly

f a t e of muscle g i a n t - c e l l s

arises:

a f t e r t h e y have perform ed

t h e i r d u t y i n r e m o v i n g t h e dead, t i s s u e ? "
the w r i t e r has n o t been ab le
making a d e f i n i t e
that after
task,

"How a b o u t t h e

Regarding th is ,

t o g e t any e v i d e n c e

s t a t e m e n t , b u t he i s

for

in c lin e d to fe e l

t h e muscle g i a n t - c e l l s have co m p leted t h e i r

t h e y may d i s i n t e g r a t e

and be r e m o v e d o r t h e y may be

gradually transformed in to regenerating m uscle-fibers.
Probably,

the l a t t e r

p ro c e ss i s the

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

actual case.

i f m y o - d e g e n e r a t i o n were v ery

s e v e r e and d e s t r u c t i v e a n d t h u s l e s s c h a n c e f o r m y © - r e g e n e r a ­
t i o n wer e p r o v i d e d ,

the f ib r o b l a s ti c

pronounced and t h e gaps l e f t

a c t i v i t y w o u l d be mor e

by t h e d e a d t i s s u e w o u l d be

r e p l a c e d by f i b r o u s o r s o m e t i m e s by a d i p o s e t i s s u e s and t h e
c o a g u l a t e d d e a d m u s c l e t i s s u e w o u l d r e m a i n f o r some t i m e .
Q u i t e a n u mb e r o f s u c h i n s t a n c e s w e r e

observed,

a n d s uch

m u s c l e t i s s u e woul d be a t r o p h i e d a n d t h e a r e s wa.s c o n s i d e r e d
to

be more s e r i o u s t h a n o r d i n a r y .

-Dj s c u s s i on and s ummer y.
1

. T h i s was a t y p i c a l c a s e

of "w h ite-m u scle" d is e a s e in which

t h e most s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e s w e r e h e p a t i c d i s o r d e r and
m y o - d e g e n e r a t i o n f o l l o w e d by m y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n .
2.

A pronounced l e u c o c y t o s i s

(neutrophilia)

was o b s e r v e d ,

t h e c a u s e o f w h i c h wa s n o t d e f i n i t e l y known.

-613.

The d e h y d r a t e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a n i m a l , t h e m a r k e d
hepatic d iso rd ers,

and t h e e x t e n s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n o f

s k e l e t a l m u sc le s would n a t u r a l l y

in d u c e the p r e s e n c e of

high value

of a l l six blood c o n s t i t u e n t s s tu d ie d .

particular

i n c r e a s e d v a l u e i n bl ood, c o n s t i t u e n t s seemed

t o oe r a t h e r u n i q u e i n t h e c a s e o f
d i s e a s e and i t was s u g g e s t e d t h a t
criterion
4.

for

The e x i s t e n c e

This

"white-muscle"
i t might se rv e as a

diagnosis.
o f m u s c l e g i a n t - c e l l s was w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d

in t h i s c a s e .
this p articular

This f i n d i n g i s
disease

c o n s i d e r e d t o b e new t o

a n d even new t o m e d i c a l s c i e n c e .

For a more d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s m a t t e r , r e f e r e n c e
i s made t o t h e g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s
5.

It is suggested t h a t

"white-muscle"

and more i l l u s t r a t i v e

term fo r t h i s

than the so-called. " s t i f f - l a m b "

article.

disease i s

a better

diseased condition

disease,

because the

l a t t e r may., .be . . conf use d . w i t h q u i t e ...a ...number....of ....condi-.ti.ons. .
such as a r t h r i t i s ,
etc.,

la.m initis,

paralysis,

docking i n f e c t i o n ,

i n w h i c h c a s e s a n i m a l s w o u l d a l s o show a s t i f f

gait.

Case 7358

(Hampshire, male)

T h i s was a. c a s e o f w h i t e m u s c l e d i s e a s e c o m p l i c a t e d by
abscess-forraation

and a r t h r i t i s ,

the l a t t e r

probably the

r e s u l t of a p r e v io u s bacterem ia.
Hi s t o r y .

The a n i m a l showed u n i l a t e r a l

and r e a r l e g s

on 3 / 3 1 / 4 4 .

paralysis

of the r i g h t

I t was u n a b l e t o s t a n d a n d n u r s e ,

b u t by h o l d i n g t h e a n i m a l u p i t w o u l d

suck

vigorously.

d a y s - l a t e r when t h e a n i m a l was s n o u t 15 d a y s o l d ,

Six

i t was

b l e d and k i l l e d .
Etiology.
namely,

T h r e e d i f f e r e n t m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s wer e i s o l a t e d ,
one c u l t u r e

gram-positive

o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s a n d an u n d e t e r m i n e d

c o cc u s from t h e r i g h t

P i p l oc occ us from the p e r i c a r d i a l sa c
No.

stifle

joint

( T a b l e 4:

and one
culture

7358 a , b , c . ) .

Blood s t u d i e s .
( 8 ) Blood p i c t u r e

Erythrocytes
9 , 3 7 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c.mm.
L e u c o c y t e s ............
13,250 "
"
He m o g l o b i n ......................
6.3 g./10Q cc.
D i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t ( fo)
Lymphocy t e s . ........................................................ 2
N eutrophils
98
segmenters
myelocytes
juveniles
b a n d s ...........
Monocyt e s
0
Eosinophils
0
Basophils .
0
( D) B l o o d c h e m i s t r y
Glucose. . . .
Uric a c i d . .
C reatinine.
Chloride.. .
N . P . N .............
U r e a - N ............

( mgrn. / 1 0 0 c c . )
115.00
4.16
3.76
550.00
113. 50
98.00

The b l o o d p i c t u r e
ona a l e u c o c y t o s i s .

o f t h i s lamb s ho we d a l ow h e m o g l o b i n

A s t a t e of marked n e u t r o p h i l i a e x i s t e d

t o g e t h e r w i t h an e x c e s s i v e number o f i m m a t u r e f o r m s a n d a
g r e a t l y r e d u c e d number o f l y m p h o c y t e s .
exhibited c h a r a c te r is tic s

The e r y t h r o c y t e s

o f m i c r o c y t i c anemi a w i t h mar ked

poikilocytosis.
S i m i l a r l y , the

blood chemistry

of t h i s

c a s e was a b n o r m a l .

A l l s ix components i n c l u d e d i n t n i s

study were g r e a t l y i n ­

creased,

and i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e

p r e s e n t i n g a r a t h e r unique

f o r a case of whits muscle d ise a se .

( S p p c a s e $7 356)

The g l u c o s e was a b o u t

tw ic e as high as norma l, u r i c

2.5 times,

3 t i m e s , N.P.N.

7 times,

creatinine

and t h e c h l o r i d e

3.5 times,

acid

urea-N

somewhat h i g h e r .

Gross l e s i o n s .
L iver.

Possiuly

Spleen.

showed some f a t t y

changes.

Enlarged.

-K id n e y s .

B o t h showed

" y e l l o w i s h r o n e - I n t h e - e-xtr-a-me'duAleP-y ■

area.
Joints.
stifle

The c a r p a l j o i n t
joint

of the r i g h t

front leg

and the

o f t h e r i g h t r e a r l e g s howed a c c u m u l a t i o n s o f

greenish colored serni-casested e x u d a te .
Skeletal m uscle.

Showed some p y o g e n i c f o c i

and some w h i t i s h

s t r e a k s w n i c h wer e s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e .
Lymph n o d e s .

Prescapular,

l ymph n o d e s w e r e g r e a t l y
Other organ s.

popliteal,

and d e e p - i n g u i n a l

e n l a r g e d and e d e m a t o u s .

A pparently normal.

-6 4 Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Liver.

The l i v e r was r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d and s howed e v i d e n c e

of moderate cloudy s w e l l i n g .
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s w e r e c o n g e s t e d a n d some h y a l i n e c a s t s

were fo und a t

v a r i o u s l e v e l s from t h e g l o m e r u l i

down t h e

convolute 1 t u b u l e s i n t o t h e c o l l e c t i n g t u b u l e s .
in

the l a r g e r

The c a s t s

c o l l e c t i n g t u b u l e s were more abundant and

p r o n o u n c e d so t h a t t h e y m ight h a v e a p p e a r e d a s a y e l l o w i s h
7 one

d u r in g m a c r o sc o p ic exam ination.

Here and t h e r e ,

some

p e r i v a s c ulax- l y m p h o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n s were f o u n d t h r o u g h o u t
the cortex,

and a ma r k e d c l o u d y s w e l l i n g was o b s e r v e d i n

the e p ith e liu m
J o in t capsule

of the c o n v o lu te d t u b u l e s .
of c a r p u s .

The j o i n t

c ap s u le of the r i g h t

c a r p u s was i n f l a m e d and s howed l e s i o n s

of re c e n t

abscess

f o rm a tio n w i t h marked p o ly m o rp h o n u c le a r l e u c o c y t i c i n f i l t r a ­
tion.
■ 'S k e 1 e t h i mu s c 1 e • The " " s k e l e t a l ' mu s c l e “p r e s e n t e d ” a v e r y
in te re stin g but d iff ic u lt
Some s e c t i o n s

to e x p la in

s e r i e s of l e s i o n s .

of the muscle appeared normal,

showed two d i f f e r e n t

lesions.

while others

Th e s e l e s i o n s w e r e

(l)

recently

f o r m e d a o s c e s s e s and (2) m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h
myoregeneretion.
remembered t h a t

To e x p l a i n t h i s c o n d i t i o n ,
on a u t o p s y

of t h i s lame,

and w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e were r e v e a l e d .

it

s h o u l d be

Doth p y o g e n i c f o c i
Consequently,

two

d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f l e s i o n s woul d be e x p e c t e d .
The a b s c e s s e s

(Fig.

l 2 a ) we r e l o c a l i z e d i n t h e m u s c l e

a n d e a c h was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by v a r y i n g a mo u n t s o f m u s c u l a r

-6 5 necrosis,

marked polymorphonuclear le u c o c y t i c

and absence o f l i m i t i n g w a l l s .

The a v e r a g e s i z e

a o s c e s s e s w a s a b o u t 0 . 6 mm. i n d i a m e t e r .
adjacent

infiltration
of these

The m u s c l e f i b e r s

t o e a c h a b s c e s s wer e g e n e r a l l y b r o k e n u p i n t o

small pieces

a n d s e p a r a t e d from t h e r e m a i n i n g n o r m a l f i b e r s .

They h a d l o s t

their

striations,

stained acidophilic,

and

t h e n u c l e i were u n d e r g o i n g p y k n o s i s or k a r y o l y s i s .
The m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n was ( F i g .
from the a o s c e s s a t i o n
i s given for

intestine,

1?) q u i t e

different

j u s t d e s c r i b e d and a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t

c a s e #7356 i n w h i c h

Other t i s s u e s.

7,

s i m i l a r l e s i o n s wer e f o u n d .

Other t i s s u e s such as b r a i n , h e a r t ,

l ymph n o d e s ,

etc.,

s t u d y , b u t t h e y wer e a l l

spleen,

wer e a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h i s

f o u n d t o be n o r m a l .

D i s c u s s i o n and s ummar y .
1.

This lamb s u f f e r e d from w h i t e m u scl e d i s e a s e

and

c o m p l i c a t e d by a b s c e s s - f o r m a t i o n a n d a r t h r i t i s ,
l a t t e r t wo c o n d i t i o n s u n d o u b t e d l y

the r e s u l t

the

o f a.

previous bacterem ia.
P.

The a n i m a l was somewhat a n e m i c ,

probably the r e s u l t of

b e i n g u n a b l e t o s t a n d and n u r s e f o r
i t was k i l l e d .

I t was due t o t n i s

several

days b e f o re

anemi c c o n d i t i o n t h a t

t h e b l o o d c h l o r i d e was c o n s i d e r a b l y i n c r e a s e d .
3.

Tne r e s u l t s
mar ked s t a t e

o b t a i n e d from blood s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d a
of n e u t r o p h i l i a and h i g h v a l u e s i n v a r i o u s

olood components.

These i n c r e a s e d v a l u e s i n b l o o d

components resem b le 1 q u i t e c l o s e l y
c a s e # 7 35 6 ( a c a s e o f

those found in

" w h i t e - m u s c l e 11 d i s e a s e ) ,

indicating

-6 6 th at these

f i n d i n g s m i g h t be o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n

d i a g n o s i n g such a d i s e a s e ,

although t h i s case

was c o m p l i c a t e d by b a c t e r e m i a w i t h

( c a s e 7358)

abscess-formation,

and a r t h r i t i s wh i c h w o u l d a l s o i n d u c e t h e i n c r e a s e i n
p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s and u r i c

acid.

-67-

Case 7337 ( R a m o o u i l l e t , ma l e )
T h i s was a n o t h e r c a s e o f s t a p h y l o c o c c i c i n f e c t i o n lout
it

was n o t s o s e v e r e a s t h a t o f c a s e 7 3 3 8 .

Hi s t o r y .
group.

T h i s l a m b was f r o m a p a r a s i t e - f r e e

I t h a d been g e t t i n g weak f o r a few d a y s and d i e d

during the n ig h t of 3/26/44.
Etiology.
liver.

The l a m b was a b o u t

A c u l t u r e o f S t a p h y l o c o c c u s was i s o l a t e d
(Table

Gross l e s i o n s .

4:

congested.

10 days o l d .
from t h e

c u l t u r e No. 7337)

The s p l e e n s h o we d some p e t e c h i a l h e m o r r h a g e s ,

and t h e m e s e n t e r i c

vitis,

experimental

b l o o d - v e s s e l s seemed t o be somewhat

The l e f t u p p e r e y e l i d s ho we d mar ked c o n j u n c t i ­

a n d t h e n a s a l t u r b i n a t e s we r e q u i t e c o n g e s t e d .

other v isib le

No

l e s i o n s were observed.

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Liver.

Congestion,

cloudy sw elling,

a nd t i n y n e c r o t i c f o c i

wiJh...._pe.ll''''.infi,ltra.ti,on w e r e f o u n d . i n , t h e . . l i v e r ....... The., c pn g . e s - ,
t i o n was g e n e r a l i z e d and v e r y m a r k e d .
v e r y much d i l a t e d and e n g o r g e d w i t h

b l o o d wh i c h p u s h e d t h e

adjacent h e p s ti c - c e l l chords far a p a r t.
of the l i v e r ,

I n some p o r t i o n s

s e v e r a l s u c h d i l a t e d s i n u s o i d s we r e u n i t e d ,

forming a s m a ll,

rounded area f i l l e d w ith blood.

a r e a s were l o c a t e d i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e
The h e p a t i c

The s i n u s o i d s wer e

These

zone o f t h e l o b u l e .

c e l l s wer e u n d e r g o i n g v a r i o u s d e g r e e s of

c l o u d y s w e l l i n g and n e c r o s i s .

The n e c r o t i c f o c i

( somewhat

s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o u n d i n c a s e 7333) v a r i e d i n s i z e f r om a

-63t i n y a r e a a b o u t 0 . 0 5 mm. i n d i a m e t e r t o a b o u t 0 . P5 mm. i n
d i a m e t e r and t h e y were u s u a l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e
of the l o b u l e s .

parenchyma

Each o f t h e t i n y n e c i - o t i c f o c i was

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e d e a t h o f one o r

several hepatic c e lls

among wh i c h wa s a g r o u p o f a c t i v a t e d K u p f f e r c e l l s .
Occasionally,

oacterial

of such n e c r o t i c

(Fig;. 16)

emboli were found i n t h e m i d s t

spots.

In the l a r g e r n e c r o t i c

f o c i , more

l i v e r c e l l s w e r e i n v o l v e d and a c t u a l p h a g o c y t o s i s o f t h e
dead c e l l s

by i i u p f f e r - c e l l s was r e s e r v e d t o g e t h e r w i t h some

polymorphonuclear le u c o c y tic

The c v tnnl asm

i r . f i l t r a t i nn .

o f some o f t h e s e d e a d c e l l s was a c i d o p h i l i c

and s t a i n e d

l i g h t r e d i n c o l o r w i t h h e m a t o x y l i n and. e o s i n , w h i l e t h a t
of o th e r s s t a i n e d a deep purple c o l o r .
Spleen.

The s p l e e n was g r e a t l y

p o r ti o n of th e

spleen,

d a ma g e d .

In t h e

central

q u i t e e x t e n s i v e h e m o r r h a g e s we r e

o b s e r v e d i n w h i c h mo s t o f t h e l y m p h o i d t i s s u e h a d b e e n r e plac-ed, -by - r e d b l ood- cel l s- -. and. , o n l y - - f e w . n o r m a l - M a l p i g h i a r r , . . .
c o r p u s c l e s were o b s e r v e d .
Lu n g ' s .

The l u n g s wer e r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d ,

o t h e r w i s e t h e y we r e

not affected.
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s showed e v i d e n c e s o f m a r k e d c o n g e s t i o n ,

invo lving m ostly the i n t e r s t i t i a l t i s s u e s .
was p r e s e n t i n t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l

tissue.

Some h e m o r r h a g e

The e p i t h e l i a l

l i n i n g o f m o s t p o r t i o n s o f t h e c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s had
u n d e r g o n e v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f c l o u d y s w e l l i n g so t h a t
these c e lls

all

did not appear normal.

Other t i s s u e s .

No a b n o r m a l i t i e s w e r e f o u n d i n o t h e r t i s s u e s .

Cas e 7333 ( S h r o p s h i r e ,

female)

Thi s was a c a s e o f s t a p h y l o c o c c i c i n f e c t i o n ,
in

t h e f o r m a t i o n oi

small n e c r o t i c

h e m o r r h a g e s i n many t i s s u e s
Hi s t o r y .

abscesses,

and

of the body.

Tni s l a mb was b o r n on 3 / ? 4 / 44 and was b r o u g h t t o

th e pathology barn th re e
stiff

foci,

resulting

days l a t e r .

cut s u c k l e d a s u s u a l

th e morning o f 3 / P 8 / 4 4 ,

The lamb was q u i t e

r!nd a p p e a r e d t o be b r i g h t .

t h e lamo r e f u s e d t o n u r s e

On

and a t

1 1 : 3 0 i t was k i l l e d .
Etiplogv.

A h e m o l y t i c S t a p h y l o c o c c u s wa s i s o l a t e d f r om the

nodule-like

a b s c e s s e s o f t h e s k e l e t a l m u s c l e and i t s

p h y B i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are r e f e r r e d t o in Table 4
( c u l t u r e No.

7 333).

Blood s t u o i e s .
(a)

Blood p i c t u r e
Erythrocytes.
...................... ............... . 1 0 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c . mm
ii
y —-j g Q - ■ ' ri' LeueMbyt es'
H e m o g l o b i n ...................... .
11!4 g./lOO cc.
O i f f e r e n t i s l c o u n t (%)
L y mp h o c y t e s
l p,
N e u t r o p h i l s ...................................... 38
s e g m e n t e r s ........................................................ ( g)
b a n d s ...................................................................... ( 7 9 )
."juveniles
. . . ( 3)
M o n o c y t e s .......................................... 0
E o s i n o p h i l s ...................
0
Be.sopnils
......................... 0

( b ) Bl o od ch em i s t r y

( H't ;m.. / 1 0 0 cc . )

G l u c o s e ............................................. 4 1 . 3 6
U r i c a c i c ...........................................
2.00
C restinir
h.io
Chloride.
.400
. 00
)Q.O'
,106.00
H. P. H. . . .

-70-

As c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e n o r m a l s t a n d a r d ( T a u l e l ) ,
blood p ic tu re

of t h i s case

w i t h an e o n o r m a l i n c r e a s e

showed m o d e r a t e l e u c o c v t o s i s
i n the number of immature c e l l s

of the n e u t r o p h i l i c s e r i e s
lymphocytic c e l l s .

(Fig.

and c o n s i d e r a b l e d e c r e a s e i n

17)

The v a l u e s o f e r y t h r o c y t e s

and h e m o g l o b i n we r e a p p a r e n t l y n o r m a l .
chemistry,

the

the

Regarding blood

g l u c o s e a n d c h l o r i d e w e r e somewhat l o w e r

than normal, while the u r i c

a c i d , c r e a t i n i n e , N.P.N.,

and

u r e s - N were h i g h e r t h a n n o r m a l.
Gross l e s i o n s .
S k eletal muscle.
s i z e from r i c e
in diameter;
(Fig.

Showed some s m a l l n o d u l e s t h a t v a r i e d i n

g r a i n s down t o c i r c u m s c r i b e d a r e a s 1 t o 2 mm.

s u c h n o d u l e s wer e a l s o f o u n d i n t h e

diaphragm.

18)

Lungs.

S e v e r a l s m a l l a b s c e s s e s on d i a p h r a g m a t i c l o b e s wh i c h

m e a s u r e d f r o m P t o I f mm. i n d i a m e t e r ,
Heart.

Peru,

( F i g . 18)

i dium ' ' "adher ent t o ' h e a r t w i t h f i u r i n o u s

e x u d a t e ; my o c a r d i u m s t u d d e d w i t h n u m e r o u s a b s c e s s e s v a r y i n g
f r o m 2 t o 10 mm. i n d i a m e t e r ; one a b s c e s s a l m o s t f i l l i n g
t h e l o w e r part- o f t h e l e f t
Ki d n e y s .

ventricle.

(Fig.

18)

Showed many s u b c a p s u l a r a b s c e s s e s v a r y i n g from

1 t o 3 mm. i n d i a m e t e r .

On c r o s s s e c t i o n , r i g h t k i d n e y

s ho we d t h r e e a b s c e s s e s a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e c o r t e x and
medulla.

(Fig.

Other o r g a n s .

18)
Not v i s i b l y

affected.

-71-

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
L iver.

Tne l e s i o n s i n t h e l i v e r c o n s i s t e d o f m o d e r a t e

congestion,

c l o u d y s w e l l i n g , moderate t o marked f o c a l

polymorphonuclear le u c o c y tic
foci

and h e m o r r h a g e .

t wo d i f f e r e n t k i n d s ,
one ( F i g .

19,

infiltration,

The n e c r o t i c f o c i
i.e.,

tiny necrotic

seemed t o

be o f

an o l d e r l e s i o n and a r e c e n t

9 0 ) , p o s s i b l y due t o t h e s h o w e r i n g o f

s t a p h y l o c o c c i , whereas t h e moderate c o n g e s t i o n of the
s i n u s o i d s and t h e cloudy
more ox* l e s s

ire

s w e l l i n g o f h e p a t i c c e l l s wer e

same uiii'uug.uouo t h e

organ.

s m a l l a r e a s o f h e m o r r h a g e we r e o b s e r v e d .
Intestine.

The i n t e s t i n e

Ccc a.si o n a l l y ,

(Fig.

?0)

showed l e s i o n s o f e n t e r i t i s ,

i n v o l v i n g t h e mucosa and s u b mu c o s a .

The s u p e r f i c i a l

o n e - f i f t h o f t h e mucosa i s s n e c r o t i c

and p a r t o f i t was

d e s q u a m a t e d , w h i l e t h e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n was n o t much
damaged b u t i n f i l t r a t e d w i t h an e x c e s s i v e number o f p o l y mdrphbnublea r leucocyte's-.

The submucos' a was T e t h e r ' con- ' "

g e s t e d and e v i d e n c e of l y m p h a d e n i t i s of the F e v e r ' s
p a t c h e s were n o t i c e d .

The m u s c u l a r c o a t and s e r o s a

a p p e a r e d t o be normal.
Lungs.

The l u n g s we r e r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d ,

as most o f t h e

a r t e r i e s a s w e l l as t h e c a p i l l a r i e s w e r e f i l l e d w i t h b l o o d .
I n some of t h e

bl ood v e s s e l s ,

e moo l i wer e o b s e r v e d .

There

w e r e some s m a l l a r e a s o f h e m o r r h a g e i n t h e p e r i - b r o n c h i a l
region,

r e s u l t i n g p r o b a b l y from t h e r u p t u r e o f t h e

congested c a p i l l a r i e s in the a lv e o la r walls.

—r r ry O

Kicineys.

The k i d n e y s s h owe d c l o u d y s w e l l i n g ,

some g l o m e r u l a r h e m o r r h a g e ,
formation.

The c l o u d y s w e l l i n g ' was r a t h e r

The c a p i l l a r i e s

in the i n t e r s t i t i a l

c o n g e s t e d end t h o s e i n t h e
somewhat d i s t e n d e d .
occurred.

focal necrosis,

congestion,

and a b s c e s s
generalized.

t i s s u e we r e v e r y much

g l o m e r u l a r t u f t s were a l s o

I n some c a s e s ,

g lo m eru lar hemorrhage

Red Dlood c o r p u s c l e s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n some of

the capsular

s p a c e s a s w e l l a s i n some o f t h e c o n v o l u t e d

tubules.
The n e c r o t i c

a r e a s were l o c a l i z e d ,

and t h e y b e a u t i f u l l y

i l l u s t r a t e d the staphylococcic in fe c tio n .
necrotic foci
glomerulus.

One o f t h e

was o b s e r v e d t o o r i g i n a t e f r om an i n f e c t e d
In t h i s glo m eru lu s, th e m icro-organism s

(Staphylococci)

were f o u n d i n f i v e m a s s e s l o d g i n g w i t h i n

the glomerular t u f t

as b a c t e r i a l emooli .

presence of Stap hylococci

and. t h e i r

Due t o t h e

toxin in the p a r tic u la r

s p o t , a m a r k e d c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n was p r e s e n t .

These

m o b i l i z e d c e l l s c o n s i s t e d m o s t l y of p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r
leucocytes,
fibroblasts.
that it

some r e t i c u l o - e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s ,

a n d a few

The b a c t e r i a l t o x i n s e e me d t o b e s o s t r o n g

not only k i l l e d

a l l the c e l l s

in the glomerulus

c u t a l s o damaged t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s
interstitial

tissue,

0 . 4 5 mrn. i n d i a m e t e r .

i n v o l v i n g an a r e a a b o u t 0 . 5 5 mm. by
The a f f e c t e d c e l l s s h o we d a c i d o p h i l i c

staining: with pyknotic n u c le i or k a r y o ly s is .
Another n e c r o t i c

and

(Fig.

?l)

f o c u s was f o u n d i n t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l t i s s u e

- 7 3of the c o r t e x

o u t t h e g l o m e r u l i w e r e n o t i n v o l v e d end

no b a c t e r i a l f o r m s c o u l d
According to t h e i r

be o b s e r v e d .
location,

were found i n t h e k i d n e y s ,

(Fig.

two k i n d s o f a b s c e s s e s

namely,

the

subcapsular

a b s c e s s e s and c o r t i c o - r n e d u 1 l a r y a b s c e s s e s .
acscesses
shape,

(Fig.

o rig in a te d in
larger,

23) w e r e medium i n s i z e

i n v o l v i n g both c o r te x

they

22)

The s u b c a p s u l a r

and i r r e g u l a r i n

and t h e c a p s u l e .

They

t h e o u t e r p a r t o f t h e c o r t e x and a s t h e y grew
o f t e n became a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c a p s u l e .

T h e s e a n s c e s s e p non! d be r e c o g n i z e d by t h e m a r k e d c e l l
infiltration

( m o s t l y p o l y - m o r p ’n o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s )

l i cuefaction

of n e c r o t i c

c e l l s with t h e i r outer surface

b e i n g l i m i t e d by t h e t h i c k e n e d and p a r t l y
capsu le of t h e k i d n e y .

and.

disintegrated

The t i s s u e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s e

a b s c e s s e s were, a l s o dama g e d a s e v i d e n c e d by t h e d e f o r m e d
structure,

a c i d o p h i l i c c y t o p l a s m and p y k n o t i c n u c l e i .

The

■ c o r t i e o - m e d u l l a n y ..absee e s e s. (Fig-.-.. 2 4,). ■were l a r g e and. each,.
o f t hem c o u l d be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e o t h e r s by t h e
i r r e g u l a r s h a p e , marked c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n ,

and p u r u l e n t

e x u d a t e which, wa s c o m p o s e d o f p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s ,
fibrin

and c l u m p s o f s t a p h y l o c o c c i .

t o t h e s e a b s c e s s e s was a l s o a f f e c t e d
polymorphonuclear i n f i l t r a t i o n
blasts.

The t i s s u e

adjacent

a s i n d i c a t e d by ma r k e d

and p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f f i b r o ­

Cl umps o f S t a p h y l o c o c c i wer e f o u n d i n m o s t o f t h e

l e s i o n s and t h e y wer e b e a u t i f u l l y
Gr sm- ’A ' e i g e r t 1s s t a i n .

( F i g . 25)

d e m o n s t r a t e d by means o f

-74-

Heart.

In the h e a r t ,

the

staphylococcic in fe c tio n resulted

i n t h e f o r m a t i o n of f o c a l n e c r o t i c
filtration,

fibroblastic

areas,

proliferation,

some h e m o r r h a g e u n d e r t h e

ma r k e d c e l l i n ­

abscesses,

and

The n e c r o t i c areas

endocardium.

a n d a D S c e s e e s v.ere m o s t l y f o u n d i n t h e my o c a r d i u m b u t a
few were a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h e e p i c a r d i u m .

The s e l e s i o n s

c o u l d be d i v i d e d i n t o two k i n d s ,

o l d and r e c e n t , whi ch can

p r o b a b l y be a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e

showering of staphy lococ ci

as n o t i c e d in t h e l i v e r .

The l e s i o n s wer e more w i d e sp re ad

and i n v o l v e d l a r g e r end more i r r e g u l a r
f o u n d i n t h e c o r t e x of k i d n e y s .
c h a r a c t e r i s e d by f i o r o b l a s t i c
whereas the r e c e n t l e s i o n s
by more p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

areas then those

The o l d e r l e s i o n s w e r e

p r o l i f e r a t i o n or f i b r o s i s

(Fig.

?■6)

were d i s t i n g u i s h e d

infiltration.

In e i t h e r c a s e ,

no d e f i n i t e

l i m i t i n g w a l l s c o u l d be o o s e r v e d .

adjacent to

these lesions

The t i s s u e s

showed l o s s o f s t r i a t i o n s w i t h

t h e Th'.rcop i e s t r s t - b i n i n g a c i d o p h i l i c

an-d t-h e --nu e l el - we r e -

undergoing pyknosis, kary orrhe xis , or k s r y o l y s i s .
I n some
was g r e a t l y

p a rts of the

epicardium,

t h i c k e n e d and some a b s c e s s e s wer e p r e s e n t .

Due t o t h e r u p t u r e of c e r t a i n
pericardium

the adipose tis s u e

e pi c a r d i a l a b s c e s s e s , t h e

became i n v o l v e d , and c o n s e q u e n t l y a d h e r e d t o

t h e e p i c a r d i u m a t v a r i o u s points-.
I n one a r e a on t h e e n d o c a r d i u m , t h e r e was h e m o r r h a g e ,
a nd t h e b l o o d was e s c a p i n g i n t o t h e h e a r t c h a m o e r .

-75-

S k e l e t e l and d i a p h r a g m a t i c m u s c l e s .

In the s k e l e t a l

m u s c l e s and o i a p h r a g m , v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f n e c r o s i s end
t wo k i n d s o f e o s c e s s e s w e r e o o s e r v e d .

The m u s c u l a r n e c r o s i s

seemed t o be i n i t i a t e d by a p r e l i m i n a r y

s h r i n k i n g o f the

m u s c l e f i o e r s due t o s t a p h y l o c o c c a l t o x i n f o l l o w e d i n
s e q u e n c e by b r e a k i n g up o f t h e f i b e r s ,
s a r c o p i asm w i t h 'Loss o f s t r i a t i o n s ,
p y k n o s i s and k e r y o l y s i s .
ophilic a ffin ity
either

so t h a t

ny s i i n a t i o n o f t h e

and f i n a l l y n u c l e a r

The damaged c e l l s h a d a n a c i d ­
t h e s a r c o p l a s . m was s t a i n e d

o r i g h t pink, or p a i t

y

in

c o1

o r , Tne d i a p h r a g ­

m a t i c m u s c l e s e e me d t o be more s e n s i t i v e t o t h e
s t a p h y l o c o c c a l t o x i n t h a n the s k e l e t a l one, b e c a u s e t h e
toxic effect

on t h e d i a p h r a g m a t i c m u s c l e t e n d e d t o be

d i f f u s e as w e l l as f o c a l .
Bot h o l d and r e c e n t l y

f or me d a b s c e s s e s w e r e p r e s e n t

i n t h e s k e l e t a l m usc les and d ia p h r a g m ,

and t h e r e s p e c t i v e

c h a r a c t e r ! s t i e s r e s e m b l e d - q u i t e ‘-cion,el-y t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e " - "
heart.

(Fig.

Other t i s s u e s .

27)
O t h e r t i s s u e s showed n o t h i n g ; a b n o r m a l .

Pi s c u s s i o n and s u mmary.
1.

T h i s was a c a s e o f s t a p h y l o c o c c a l i n f e c t i o n t o g e t h e r
w i t h l i D e r a t i o n o f e x o t o x i n and t h e

subsequent formation

o f b o t h r e c e n t l y f o r m e d and o l d e r l e s i o n s i n v a r i o u s
tissues

of t h e body,

especially

s k e l e t a l muscles and diaphragm.

in the l i v e r ,

heart,

Due t o t h e p r e s e n c e
leukocytosis

of b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n ,

( n e u t r o p h i l i a ) was f o u n d .

The h i g h v a l u e s o f N . P . N . , u r e a - N ,
acid in the
of v a r i o u s
formation

a s t a t e of

creatinine,

bl o od a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t e d from t h e
body t i s s u e s by n e c r o t i c

and r e n a l

process,

and u r i c
destruction

abscess

s u p p r e s s i o n by a c u t e n e p h r i t i s ,

while

t h e h i g h v a l u e of o l o o d g l u c o s e m i g h t a l s o be due t o
the n e p h r i t i s

alone.

The o l oo d c l o r i d e was s omewhat

lower t h a n th e norm a l,
existence

of e n t e r i t i s .

and t h a t was a c c o u n t e d f o r

by t h e

-77Case 7543 ( H a m p s h i r e ,

mal e)

Th i s was a c a s e o f r a v e l i n f e c t i o n due t o A c t i n o m y c e s
n e c r o p h o r u s w h i c h was c o m p l i c a t e d by b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a and a
mild c a t a r r h a l e n t e r i t i s .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s lamb was born a t 9 : 0 0 P.M. 3 / 1 4 / 44 and t h r e e

(hays l a t e r

an u m b i l i c a l i n f e c t i o n wa s n o t i c e d .

I t was

b a r n 3/ 1 7 / 4 4 and im m ed ia tely

br o u g h t t o t h e p a t h o l o g y

t r e a t e d w i t h pneumonia s e r u m (15 c c . i nt r a p e r i t on e a l l y )
and s u l f a t h i a z o l e ( l c c .
of navel) .

in fe c te d subcutaneously in v icin ity

On t h e same d a y , a milk f e e d i n g pro grain

( c o n t a i n i n g s u l f a t h i a^ole i n e x c e s s ) a t t h r e e h o u r i n t e r v a l s
was s t a r t e d .

However , on 3 / 1 9 / 4 4 , t h e lamb began t o n u r s e

en Oxf or b ewe t h a t was i n

t h e same p e n ,

so t h a t t h e

after­

noon f e e d i n g s we r e cut o f f i f t h e lamb r e f u s e d t o d r i n k .
t h e c o n d i t i o n of the 1 arnb seemed t o be improving

On 3 / 9 1 / 4 4 ,

and t h e n a v e l l e s i o n wf s ..almost h e a l e d .

On 3/ 2 6 / 4 4 , the

lamb was somewhat o f i f e e d and the s e r u m t h e r a p y was
repeated.

The f o l l o w i n g two da y s t h e

v i g o r and wa s k i l l e d on 3 / 29/ 4 4 .

lamb d e c l i n e d i n

At t h a t t i m e ,

the navel

was o u i t e w e l l h e a l e d e x c e p t f o r a s m a l l s c a b .
Etiology.

A pl eomorphic beaded G ram -n egative f i l a m e n t o u s

micro-organism , morphologically i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e

from

A c t i n o myces n e c r o p h o r u s , was i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e l u n g e and
c u ltu r e d in deep brain b r o th .
found i n t h e

The same o r g a n i s m was a l s o

smear made f r om l i v e r

abscesses.

B lo o d s t u d i e s .
{a ) B l oo d p i c t u r e
E r y t h r o c y t e s ................................................... 5, 3 1 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c .mm.
Leucocytes
14,900
11
"
H e m o g l o b i n ...................................................... ,
6.3 g./lOO cc.
D i f f e r e n t i a l c ount ( )
L y m p h o c y t e s ........................................... 14
L e u t r o p h i I s ...........................................85
s e g m e n t e r s .................................................... . ( 3)
u an d s ................................................................... (46)
j u v e n i l e s ......................................................... f '<)
myelocyte s
...................... ................... (99)
M o n o c y t e s .......................................... ..
1
E o s i n o p h i l s .......................................... 0
be so phi I s . . . ........................................ 0
( b) Blood chemis t r y

( Mem . /lOO cc .)

G l u c o s e .................................................... 1 5 . 0 0
U r i c a c i d .............................................
0.19
C r e a t i n i n e . ........................................ 0 . 9 0
Chloride
............................. * • 480 . 00
N . P . N ....................................................... 9 5 . 0 0
Ur e a - N ........................................
90 . 50
The r e s u l t s o f b l o o d s t u d i e s i n t n i s c a s e r e v e a l e d t h a t
t h e number o f

e r y t h r o c y t e s was r e d u c e d t o a b o u t 1 / 9 o f t h e

normal standa rd

(Table l ) ,

a n d h e m o g l o b i n by 1 / 3 ,

while the

l e u c o c y t e s i n c r e a s e * n e a r l y t w i c e w i t h many i m m a t u r e
n e u t r o p h i l i c c e l l s and. a r e d u c e d n u m b e r o f l y m p h o c y t e s .
of t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s were hypochromic
some o f t hem we r e n u c l e a t e d .

As t o

and p o i k i l o c y t i c and
olood c h e m i s t r y , the

g l u c o s e was a b o u t l / 4 n o r m a l ( T a b l e 9 ) , u r i c
and c r e a t i n i n e l / 5 n o r m a l ,
were e l i t t l e

Most

whereas t h e

acid l / l 3 normal,

chloride

ano urea-I' I

higher.

Gr o s s l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

The l u n g s showed l e s i o n s o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a •a n d w e r e

-79s t u d d e d w i t h l a r g e a b s c e s s e s which v e r i e d i n s i z e
2 t o I P mm. i n d i a m e t e r .

These a b s c e s s e s we r e somewhat

c i r c u m s c r i b e d and a d h e r e n t
R ibs.

to the p a r i e t a l p l e u r a .

The r i b s on t h e r i g h t

Liver.

(Fig.

28)

The r e w e r e a l s o

c i r c u m s c r i b e d a b s c e s o . e s on t h e p a r i e t a l
bony c a l l u s e s .

(Fig.

s i d e h a d b e e n b r o k e n a t one

t i m e and b o n y c a l l u s e s w e r e p r e s e n t .

the

from

pleura close to

28)

L i v e r was s t u d d e d w i t h l a r g e

prominent circum­

s c r i b e d a b s c e s s e s which c o n t a i n e d a g r e e n i s h - y e l l o w pus.
(Fig.

28)

8 pi e e n .

8 p i e e n WPs e n l a r g e d P ut s h o w e d no v i s i b l e

ab­

norm alities .
Other o r g a n s .

Other o r g a n s such as h e a r t ,

kidneys,

etc.,

we r e a p p a r e n t l y n o r m a l .
Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Liver.

The l i v e r was s e v e r e l y d a m a g e d , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e

f o r m a t i o n . of v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g , , . afe.scesse.s ..and ...other...tissue- ■■ -■
reactions closely
might have

The a b s c e s s e s

o e e n s t a r t e d a s a g r o u p o f s m e l l a b s c e s s e s and

coalesced to
a single

a s s o c i a t e d w ith them.

f or m ' ' m u l t i p l e a b s c e s s e s "

solitary

abscess in another.

a o s c e s s grew l a r g e r ,

they

shape, while the m u ltip le

As t h e s o l i t a r y

assume a. a mor e o r l e s s

spherical

o n e s we r e i r r e g u l a r due t o t h e

crowd ing e f f e c t or t h e p r e s s u r e
abscesses of the group.

i n one a r e s o r as

e x e r t e d by i n d i v i d u a l

I n one i n s t a n c e ,

i t was obs er v ed,

t h a t the m u l t i p l e a b s c e s s e s jo in e d t o g e t h e r

and c o a l e s c e d

t o form a l a r g e

single

one.

These a o s c e s s e s

(Fig.

?9)

were v a r i a b l e

i n s i z e , r a n g i n g f r o m a b o u t P mm. t o

in diameter.

Eacn o f t h e s e a o s c e s s e s was s u r r o u n d e d by a

ra th e r thick

fibrous w all

fioroblastic

c e l l s i n f i l t r a t e d w i t h some l y m p h o c y t e s ,

numerous mac ro pha ge s,
nuclear leucocytes,

( a b o u t 0 . 3 mm. ) ,

3 mm.

s few i n a c t i v e

a layer

of

or dying polymorpho­

a l a y e r of d e e p l y - s t a i n e d c e l l d e b r i s ,

and f i n a l l y

th e cheesy c e n t r a l core .

c o re of t h e

a b s c e s s e s s t a i n e d a c i d o p h i l i c and wa s d e v o i d

o f any r e c o g n i z a b l e s t r u c t u r e .

The c h e e s y c e n t r a l

These a r e t h e c h i e f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a n e c r o p h o r u s a b s c e s s .
p re se n c e of

such a b s c e s s e s ,

was a f f e c t e d .

Due t o t h e

the surrounding l i v e r

tissue

The s i n u s o i d s wer e much c o n g e s t e d a nd t h e

endothelial c e lls rather

a c t i v e , w h ile the h e p a t i c c e l l s

th em selv es were u n d e r g o in g v a r io u s p h ases of cloudy
s w e l l i n g : and f a t t y

d e g e n e r a t i o n t o g e t h e r w ith e i t h e r normal

or pyknotic n u c l e i .
Lungs.

The l u n g s we r e a f f e c t e d

time spreading aoscesses,

by m u l t i p l e and a t t h e same

p r e s e n t i n g a more m e l i g n a n t

p r o c e s s t h a n t h a t found i n th e l i v e r .
suppurative

bronchopneumonia a c t u a l l y

i t was c o m p l i c a t e d by an s c u t e

In f a c t , a case of
existed.

Moreover,

oroncnopneuaonia.

The

a b s c e s s e s wer e no t w e l l l i m i t e d and t h i s c o u l d be i n t e r ­
preted to th a t

t h e l e s i o n s we r e of mor e r e c e n t

t h a n th o s e four.d i n t h e l i v e r .

It

existence

i s w e l l t o p o i n t out

t h a t t h e d i s e a s e was i n i t i a t e d by n a v e l i n f e c t i o n wh i c h

p r o g r e s s e d i nward through the u m b i l i c a l v e i n to the l i v e r ,
r e s u l t i n g i n the f o r ma t i o n of a b s c e s s e s i n t h a t organ f i r s t .
From the l i v e r ,

the organi sms were c a r r i e d t o h e a r t and

f i n a l l y t o l u n g s through t he pulmonary c i r c u l a t i o n .

The

a o s c e s s e s were s i m i l a r t o those found in the l i v e r ,
the bou nd ar i e s were more i r r e g u l a r .

( F i g . 30)

but

Due to the

r upt ure of some of t he a b s c e s s e s l o c a t e d near t h e s u r f a c e
of t he l ungs and subsequent f i b r o b l a s t i c a c t i v i t y , v a r i o u s
p a r t s of t he l ungs became adherent t o t he p l e u r a .

The ad­

h e s i o n was so e x t e n s i v e t h a t some p a r t s of the t h o r a c i c
muscle were a l s o i n v o l v e d and damaged as shown by t h e i r
a c i d o p h i l i c and n v a l i n a t e d sercopl asm and p y k n o t i c n u c l e i .
Spleen.

The s p l e e n appeared t o be i n a s t a t e o f h y p e r ­

activity.

The s i n u s e s of the red pulp were e ng o r g e d wi t h

l ymphocyt es so t h a t the Malphigian c o r p u s c l e s appeared as
i f t hey were abnormal.
In.testine.

The i n t e s t i n e snowed e v i d e n c e s of a mi l d

catarrhal e n t e r i t i s ,

i n v o l v i n g onl y the s u p e r f i c i a l part

o f the mucosa where some e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s were desquamated
and some pol ymorphonucl ear l e u c o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n was
noticed.

° c c a s i o n a l l y , a group o f n e c r o t i c c e l l s i n the

c r y p t s near the mus c u l a r ! s mucosae was obs er ved.

Frooably,

t h i s i s one r e a s o n why the lamb r e f u s e d to drink f o r the
l a s t few days during i t s
Kidneys.

life.

The ki dne ys showed a s l i g h t degree of cloudy

s ' we l l i ng , o t n e r w i s e t he y were normal.

-82-

Other t i s s u e s .

Other t i s s u e s such as h e a r t ,

skeletal

m u s c l e s , e t c . , were a l s o i nc l u de d i n t he study o f t h i s
c a s e , but no a b n o r m a l i t i e s v?ere found.
D i s c u s s i o n and summery.
1. This lame was not v i g o r o u s for the last, few days of i t s
life

and a p p e r e n t l y did not g e t enough food due t o the

presence o f e n t e r i t i s , bronchopneumonia, and h e p a t i t i s .
As a r e s u l t ,

the animal was r a t h e r anemic and the v a l u e s

of bl ood g l u c o s e and u r i c acid were thus a l s o g r e a t l y
reduced.

The blood v a l u e of N . P . N . , urea-N,

and

c r e a t i n i n e were a l s o q u i t e l ow, and that was p o s s i b l y
due t o a.cute h e p a t i c i n s u f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t i n g from t he
e x t e n s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n of l i v e r t i s s u e by a b s c e s s
formation.
. The l e u k o c y t o s i s ( n e u t r o p h i l i a ) was the u s u a l c o n s e ­
quence of a. b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n .
3. Both s o l i t a r y and m u l t i p l e a b s c e s s e s were f ound i n the
l i v e r as w e l l as in t he l ungs and the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
f e a t u r e s of such t y p i c a l Actinomyces necrophorus
a bsc e s se s we rc n o t i c e d .

-33Case 7344 ( O x f o r d , m a l e )

This was a case of n a v e l i n f e c t i o n c o mp l i c a t e d by
oronchopneurnonia and encephaloinalacia..
Hi s t o r y .

This lamb was Dorn on 3 / 1 9 / 4 4 and was n o t i c e d t o be

d u l l and showed marked i n - c o o r d i n a t i o n when about 11 days
old.

Both ewe ana lamb were brought to the pa t h o l o g y barn,

and the 1 amo was gi ven ? 5 c c . pneumonia serum i n t r a peritone a l l y .

The ne xt morning, the lamb did no t nurse i t s

mother and snowed i n c r e a s i n g i n - c o o r d i n a t i o n and d u l l n e s s .
I t was k i l l e d the seme morning at 1 0 : 3 0 .
Eti o l o g y .

A gr am- negat i ve rod (Bact e r ium s o , ) was i s o l a t e d

from the l u n g s and i t s p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are
l i s t e d i n Table (4):

c u l t u r e No. 7344.

Blood s t u d ie s .
( p ) blood p i c t u r e
Erythrocytes. .
8 , 9 9 0 , 0 1 0 per c.mm.
'"'■■■-L'eukO'cyres'. ; . r. . . . .
. r. hr.......' ........' 800
...............
h e mo g l o b i n ....................... } ................
1 1 . 4 g . / i l l cc.
Pi -f f e r e n t i al c oun t ( jo)
Lymphocytes.....................................74
M e u t r o p h i l s .................................... 03
segmen t e r s
myelocytes
(6)
juvenile s .
( 4)
b a n d s ..........
Monocytes.. , .
Eosinophils..
basophils
0
( b) Blood c h e m i s tr y (mgm./100 c c .)

Glucose.,.
u r i c ac i d .
Greatini ne
C h lo rid e ..
N. P . 1 . . . . .
U rea-h.. . .

.08.00

1 . 70
0.60
400 . 0 0
3 5 .8 0
30 .0 0

-84—

The o l o o d p i c t u r e o f t h i s lamb- i s i n t e r e s t i n g .

Both

e r y t h r o c y t e s end l e u k o c y t e s were d e c r e a s e d i n number as
compered wi t h t he n orm al, and a s t a t e of l e u c o p e n i a
a ppar e nt l y e x i s t e d .
t o about

1/10

The numoer of l e u c o c y t e s was reduced

of the normal val ue and an e x c e s s o f i nmature

ne ut r ophi l . e s were found.

The e r y t h r o c y t e s l o o k e d rather

normal m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y ,

al t hough a few n u c l e a t e d c e l l s

were p r e s e n t .
In che m ic a l a n a l y s i s o f bl o o d , t h e g l u c o s e was found
t o be about 1 / 2 normal, end u r i c aci d and c r e a t i n i n e were
a l s o s o :ne wh a t l ower.
Gr o s s 1 e s i o n s ,
Umbili c u s ,

hot c o m p l e t e l y h e a l e d and a l a r g e c i c a t r i c i a l

a rea about 1 cm. by ?, cm. i n s i z e was observed.
Lungs ,

hr on ch o pneum on i

b.

i n v o l v i n g a p i c a l and a n t e r i o r

c a r d i a c l o o e s of the r i g h t l ung.

Only s l i g h t pneumonia on

l e f t sid e.
Hi o s .
Br a in .

Two r i os broken on r i g h t s i d e o f tne nody.
C o n g ested .

Cloudy f l u i d p r e s e n t oeneath the

meninges i n tne s u l c i ,

Tiber cut i n t o h a l v e s , a marked

s o f t e n i n g and t y p i c a l l e s i o n s of e n c e p n a l o n e l a c i a were
not ed i n the a n t e r i o r end of the cerebrum.
Other o r g ans .

Other organs appeared no r m a l.

Mi c r o s c o p i c Ie s i on s .
Liver.

Tne l i v e r was onl y s l i g h t l y damaged, and the l e s i o n s

c o n s i s t e d c f moderate c o n g e s t i o n , s l i g h t cloudy sw ellin g: end
d i f f u s e but mild, f a t t y d e g e n e r a t i o n .

—8 5 —

Adr e n a l g l a n d s .

The a d r e n a l g l a nd s were r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n the zona f a s c i c u l a t a .

Due to c o n g e s t i o n ,

the gl ands were sonewhat e n l a r g e d .
hl i n g s :

The l u n g s showed a r e c e n t and s e v e r e broncho­

pneumonia w i t h smal l s u p p u r a t i v e f o c i ,
a p i c a l and c a r d i a c l o r e s .

i n v o l v i n g the r i g h t

There was an i n t e n s e inflamma­

t i o n o f the b r o n c h i a l w a l l with, i t s lumen f i l l e d w it h
0 y.uoat e. er.o sometimes de sQuanst c cl c e l l s .

These a f f e c t e d

bronchi were each surrounded cy s r i n g o f a l v e o l i f i l l e d
wi t h an i n f l a n n o t n r y e x uda t e c o n s i s t i n g e i t h e r o f p o l y ­
morphonuclear l e u k o c y t e s wi t h s mal l amount o f f i c r i n , a
l i t t l e more f i b r i n and. l e s s polymorphonuclear l e u k o c y t e s ,
or edematous f l u i d o n l y .

A sh ort d i s t a n c e from the con­

s o l i d a t e d a r e a s , the a l v e o l i c o n t a i n e d some macrophages and ;
few dyi ng pol ymerphonucl eor l e u k o c y t e s .

These c o n s o l i .d a t e d

a r e a s wore i n t e r r u p t e d ov ar eas of c o n g e s t i o n , c o l l a p s e
and in the c a r d i a c l o r e e s p e c i a l l y , compensatory emphysema.
1 ii the hi g h t dpi

' lobe 7

i t e r l a y e r of p l e i i r a l

c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e was i n j u r e d and s l i g h t l y t h i c k e n e d ,

and

a s e c t i o n o f i t rad r uptu red so t h a t tne inflam m atory
ex udate from th e pneumonia underneath, came out and c o l l e c t e d
on tne s u r f a c e of t h i s p a r t o f the l u n g .
Brai n .

The l e s i o n s i n the bra in seemed to s t a r t from

t he cere o r a l meninges ana then e x t e n d e d g r a d u a l l y t o the
cerebral co rtex .

The c e r e b r a l medu 1 1 a. wee not i e v o l v e d .

The c e r e o r a l meninges were very much c o n g e s t e d and i n t he
a f f e c t e d a r e a s , most of the c e l l u l a r s t r u c t u r e o f the

pi s

mater was p e r t l y d i s s o l v e d and d e t a c h e r from th e u n d e r l y i n g

cerebral cortex.

A t y p i c a l pur u l e n t exudate c o n s i s t i n g o f

raacropnages and pol ymorphonucl ear l e u k o c y t e s was

do to

found and an a c t i v e p h a g o c y t o s i s was p r e s e n t .

This was

e v i d e n c e t h a t the acute purul ent m e n i n g i t i s had been g oi ng
on f o r some t i me ( F i g .

31).

In the c e r e b r a l c o r t e x s

l e s i o n of more r e c e n t development was n o t i c e d ,

s i n c e the

predomi nat i ng f e a t u r e s were n e c r o s i s of c o r t i c a l t i s s u e ,
marked pol ymorphonucl ear l e u k o c y t e i n f i l t r a t i o n , and, in
some p a r t s ,

de at h o f b r a i n t i s s u e .

No macrophages were

fout!d i n the l e s i o n of t n ± s art?#.* so i.hHu ibe u.eot,tx

01

b r a i n t i s s u e must be a t t r i b u t e d , to t h e p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i o n
o f polymorphonuclear l e u k o c y t e s .
se v er el y a f f e c t e d brain,

In some part s of the more

the l e s i o n e x t e nd e d q u i t e deeply

i n t o t he c e r e o r al c o r t e x ,

i n v o l v i n g the n e u r o g l i a l a y e r ,

t h e l a y e r of smal l pyrami dal c e l l s ,

t he l a y e r of l a r g e

pyramidal c e l l s and a s m a l l o ut e r p o r t i o n o f t h e l a y e r o f
pQlyiini-’b. cus n e r v e . c e l l s

'The'" sff-ecb-ed - n e r v e - c e l l s became"

g r anul ar i n appearance end a c i d o p h i l i c i n r e a c t i o n with
t h e i r n u c l e i undergoi ng p y k n o s i s and k e r y o l y s i e ,

whereas

t he a f f e c t e d n e u r o g l i a became l o o s e n e d and broken and thus
lost

their fibrous c h a r a c te r is t ic s

Ot he r t i s s u e s .

(Fig.

31) .

Other t i s s u e s such as h e a r t , s p l e e n ,

s k e le t a l muscles, e t c . ,

were not a f f e c t e d and

intestin

appeared

normal

Pi s c u s s i o n and summary.
1

. This was a c as e o f n a v e l i n f e c t i o n c o m p l i c a t e d by broncho­
pneumonia and e n c e p h a l o m a l s c i a .

-87-

?.

A s t a t e o f mar ked l e u k o p e n i a e x i s t e d .

3.

S i n c e t h e a d r e n a l g l a n d s were r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d ,
low v a l u e

4.

the

o f b l o n d g l u c o s e might, be due t o n y p o - a d r - e n a l i s m .

The low v a l u e s o f o l o o d c r e a t i n i n e

and u r i c

p o s s i b l y r e s u l t e d f r om t h e a c u t e h e p a t i c
although the

l i v e r damage was n o t

t o mi c r o s c o p i c st.udy .

acid

insufficiency,

s e v e r e when s u b j e c t e d

-33Case 7372 ( S h r o p s h i r e ,

male)

T h i s was a c a s e o f n a v e l i n f e c t i o n l e a d i n g t o
a c u t e s u p p u r a t i v e b r o n c h o p n e u mo n i a , a s a r e s u l t
i n f e c t i o n w ith th r e e s p e c i e s of b a c t e r i a
under

a typical

o f mi x e d

a s m e n t i o n e d below

etiology.

Hi s t o r y .

T h i s l a mb came f r o m C e s o r F a r m s , New H u d s o n ,

Mi c h i r a n , a n d was one o f a p a i r of t w i n s bo r n on 2 / 2 9 / 4 4 .
T h i s a n i m a l was n e v e r a c t i v e f r om t h e t i m e i t wa s bor n and
h a d been d i s c h a r g i n g w a t e r y s e r o u s e x u d a t e f r om t h e n o s e
for

about t h r e e weeks.

Stiolog-y.

One c u l t u r e

coccus (Table

of P s s t e u r e ll a

and a n o t h e r o f D i p l o -

4: c u l t u r e No. 7372 a ,

from the l u n g s .
ade

The lamb d i e d on A p r i l 1 1 t h .

In a d d i t i o n ,

b . ) wer e i s o l a t e d

a micro-organism i n d i s t i n g u i s h ­

from A c t i nomyces n e c r o phor u s was a l s o i s o l a t e d from

the lungs.
Gross l e s i o n s .

Typical

bronchopneumonia w ith numerous small

a b s c e ss e s 'spread' t h r o u g h o u t 't h e lu n g s .
abscess

( a b o u t 1 cm.

Th e r e was a l a r g e

x ?■ c m . ) o f c a s e a t e d . pus on t h e

a n t e r i o r end o f t h e u r i n a r y

bladder,

indicating that

the

i n f e c t i o n h a d go ne t h r o u g h t h e u r a c h u s t o t h e b l a d d e r .
Other organs

s eemed t o be n o r m a l .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .

Only l u n g t i s s u e was s a v e d f o r m i c r o ­

scopic study

and an a c u t e

with ty p ic a l

lesions

observed.

suppurative

somewhat l i k e

The p n e umon i a was s t i l l

bronchopneumonia

c a s e s 7401 e n d 7 4 1 0 was
in

the acute

polymorphonuclear leucocytic- i n f i l t r a t i o n

stage with

as t h e p r e d o m i n a t i n g

-89-

f e a t u r e , w h e r e a s t h e a o s c e s s e s seemed t o be i n t h e
beginning sta g e although the i n i t i a l
undoubtedly th e re s n o rtly

after

i n f e c t i o n was

birth.

(Fig.

39)

-9 0 Case 7593 ( S h r o p s h i r e ,

fem ale)

T h i s was e c a s e o f n a v e l i n f e c t i o n r e s u l t i n g
form ation in th e lungs,

in abscess

pneumonia, hemorrhage in l i v e r ,

g l o m e r - u l o - n e p h r i t i s and a r t h r i t i s .
Hi s t o r y ,

The l a m b was n o t i c e d l a ne f o r

be i n n b r o u g h t

t o t h e p a t h o l o g y b a r n on 4/ 17/ 4- 4.

a mar iced e n l a r g e m e n t
was

of t h e r i g h t c a r p a l j o i n t .

a l s o l ame i n t h e r i g h t r e a r

t h r e e d a y s l a t e r when
T,

tiology.
the

s e v e r a l days

i t was

leg.

T h e r e was
The l amb

The a n i m a l was k i l l e d

96 d a y s o l d .

Two c u l t u r e s o f E s c h e r i c h i a w e r e i s o l a t e d ,

lung and th e o t h e r

one s p e c i e s

oefore

one from

f r om t h e r i g h t c a r p a l a b s c e s s ,

a nd

o f C o r y n e o a c t e r i u m was c u l t u r e d f r om t h e r o u n d

l i g a m e n t of l i v e r

of t h i s

case.

( T a b l e 4:

C u l t u r e No. 7 3 9 3 ,

a, b, c. )
Blood S t u d i e s .
(a)

Bl o o d p i c t u r e .
Erythrocytes
6 , 7 4 0 , 0 1 0 p e r c.mm.
93,900
"
"
L e u c o c y t e s ......................................
H e m o g l o b i n . ...................................
6 . 8 g./lOO cc.

( D) Blood c h e m i s t r y

( Mgm. / 1 0 0 c c . )

G l u c o s e ............................................
75. 55
U r i c a c i d ......................
3.1?
0 . BO
C r e a t i n i n e ............................................
Chlorio e
590 . 00
N . P . N ...........................................
67.00
U r e a - N ....................................................... 3 9 . 0 0
In c o m par ison w i t h t h e normal s t a n d a r d

(Table l ) , the

v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r e r y t h r o c y t e s and h e m o g l o b i n w e r e d e c i d e d l y

-91l o w e r and t h a t
differential

f o r l e u c o c y t e s was d e c i d e d l y h i g h e r .

c o u n t was n o t i n c l u d e d i n

The

th is study.

The

v a lu e s of a l l

b l o o d c o m p o n e n t s s t u d i e d wer e h i g h e r t h a n

normal

?•) e x c e p t

(Table

t h a t o f t h e c r e a t i n i n e w h i c h was

in th e lower normal l i m i t .
Gros s l e s i o n s .
Subcutaneous t i s s u e .
p re se n t at
Wave l .

the

T h e r e was a s u b c u t a n e o u s a o s c e s s

teilhead

and one i n the. r e g i o n o f t h e i l i u m .

The n a v e l was i n f e c t e d .

The r o u n d l i g a m e n t o f t h e

l i v e r was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 cm. i n t h i c k n e s s and c o n t a i n e r )
a core of gr e e n i s h , c h e e s y pus.
Lu n g s .
1

There were l o c a l i z e d a b s c e s s e s in t h e r i g h t e p i c a l

obe and t h e l e f t c a r d i a c

Joint s .

lobe of th e

lungs.

The r i g h t c a r p a l j o i n t was e n l a r g e d , and d i s t e n d e d

with greenish

pus,

a n d t h e r i g h t h i p j o i n t wa s g r e a t l y d i s ­

t e n d e d w i t h t h e same k i n d o f e x u d a t e .
■.. Of .faer.,. or g a n s . . ._^ AppcU?en1f.ly,,_no.rin8 l.

....

.... ...... - . ■>... ■ .

Mi c r o s c o p i c _1e s i o n s .
Round l i g a m e n t o f l i v e r .
urnDi l i cum and i t s
liver resulted
fiorosis.

The b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n

of the

e x te n s io n along the round lig am en t of

in n e c r o s i s , suppuration,

e r o s i o n , and

The i n n e r p o r t i o n o f t h e l i g a m e n t was f i r s t

a t t a c k e d and t h e l e s i o n g r a d u a l l y

s p r e a d from t h e r e

w i t h a zone o f c o a g u l a t e d dead c e l l s ,

outward

a zone o f m a c r o p h a g e s

m i x e d w i t h d y i n g p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s , a zone o f
dense f i b r o b l a s t i c c e l l s ,
leucocytes,

m a c r o p h a g e s and. p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

a. zone o f l o o s e r f i c r o c l a s t i c c e l l s ,

. ma c r o ph a g e s ,

p i asm a c e l l s

and l y m p h o c y t e s ,

and f i n a l l y

a zone o f

fibrosis.
Live r .

The l i v e r was s omewhat c o n g e s t e d and showed c l o u d y

s w e l l i n g and h e m o r r h a g e .

The s i n u s o i d s wer e m o d e r a t e l y

d i l a t e d and d i s t e n d e d w i t h an e x c e s s i v e number o f e r y t h r o ­

c y t e s and n e u t r o p h i l s .
generalized,

The c l o u d y s w e l l i n g was more o r l e s s

although i t

was m i l d i n n a t u r e .

Surrounding

t h e a r e a s o f h e m o r r h a g e , a. polymorphonuclear l e u c o c y t i c

i n f i l t r a t i o n was p r e s e n t .

The h e m o r r h a g e s w e r e i r r e g u l a r

i n s h a p e and v a r i a b l e i n s i ye. r a n g i n g from a m i n u t e u n ­
l i m i t e d area t o t h o s e of c o n s i d e r a b l e

s i z e wnic-h w e r e

surr ou nd ed by e thin f i b r o u s w a l l .

Lungs.

The l u n g s showed l e s i o n s o f s u p p u r a t i v e

broncho­

The a r e a s a d j a c e n t t o t h e s u p p u r a t i v e

pneumonia.

foci

wer e i n f i l t r a t e d w i t h pol ymorphonucl ear l e u c o c y t e s w h i l e
t h o s e sway f r o m t h e s u p p u r a t i v e f o c i

s howed a t e l e c t a s i s o f t h e

a l v e o l i , and - ..pr0 nch.opneum.oni.a-.wi t h m a c r o p h a g e i n f i l t r a t i o n . Intestine.

The b l o o d v e s s e l s o f t h e

i n t e s t i n e were r a t h e r

c o n g e s t e d b u t no o t h e r l e s i o n s w e r e a p p a r e n t .
Kidneys.

Mos t g l o m e r u l i w e r e s w o l l e n and s t u f f e d w i t h an

e x c e s s i v e number of p r o l i f e r a t i v e c e l l s
p r o l i f e r a t i v e glomerulo-nephrit i s

so t h a t a c a s e o f

existed.

The l u m i n a o f

c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s w e r e g r e a t l y d i l a t e d and f i l l e d w i t h a
considerable

amount o f e d e m a t o u s f l u i d m i x e d w i t h some

albuminous c a s t s .

Trie e p i t h e l i u m o f the c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s

s howed v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f c l o u d y s w e l l i n g and some o f t h e
c e l l s were d e s q u a m a t e d .

-

- 9 3-

H eart.

Just

beneath the

endocardium,

some f a t t y

degenera­

t i o n o f t h e my o c a r d i u m wa s n o t e d .
J oint cap su le.

The j o i n t c a p s u l e o f t h e r i g h t c a r p u s

s h o we d t y p i c a l
Ot h e r

l e s i o n s o f an a c u t e

tissues.

suppurative

arthritis.

Apparently normal,

Sun many and d i s c u s s i o n .
1

, The a n i m a l s u f f e r e d f r o m n a v e l i n f e c t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n
s c s c e s s - f o r m s t i o n end. b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a o f t h e l u n g e ,
h e m o r r h a g e s i n t h e l i v e r ; gl o t i ph i ! o—n p n h r i t i s

and

artbritis,
P. T h i s l amo was anemi c a s r e v e a l e d
r e d o l o o d c e l l s and h e m o g l o b i n .
a t t a c k e d , by a c u t e a r t h r i t i s

by t h e l ow v a l u e f o r
S i n c e t n i s l a m b was

and w a s l a m e ,

apparently

i t d i d n o t g e t e nough f o o d i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n i t s
binoo l e v e l .
--3. ■■■.The-., l e u c o c y t e s i s ..c o u l d b e t h e ' . . r e s u i t " o.f ■v a r i o u s , c o n d i - .
t i o n s such as a b s c e s s - f o r m a t i o n , n e p h r i t i s ,
arthritis,

pn e u mo ni a a n d e v e n h e m o r r h a g e s i n

acute
the l i v e r .

P r o Da. o l y , t h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t o f e l l t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s
was t h e r e e l
cyte s is in
4.

or a c t u a l c a u s e o f s u c h a ma r k e d l e u c o ­

this esse.

The h i g h v a l u e s o f a l l

olood components ( e x c e p t

c r e a t i n i n e ) wer e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d
p r e s s i o n clue t o n e p h r i t i s ,
would a l s o c a l l f o r t h

sup­

el though acute a r t h r i t i s

an i n c r e a s e

and a n e m i a m i g h t s o m e t i m e s i n d u c e
chloride.

t o t he r e n a l

in blood u r i c
e high le v e l

acid
of blood

-9 4Case 7 59 4 ( Gr a de , Ms l e )
T h i s was p r o D s o l y a n o t h e r c a s e o f n a v e l i n f e c t i o n w i t h
Staphylococcus

sp.

and a g r a m - n e g a t i v e r o d r e s u l t i n g i n t h e

f o r m a t i o n of o v a r i e t y of l e s i o n s such as n e c r o s i s
abscesses in h e a r t ,

s k i n and. s u o c u t a n e o u e t i s s u e ,

arthritis

in the

carpal

H istory.

T h i s l a me was br o u g h t i n

A r e n t , on A / l i / 4 4 .
ewe h a d d i e d .

in liv er,
and

.joint.
by Mr. W o c e i i e l d ,

County

I t was t h e s m a l l e r o f a t w i n and t h e

The lerno h a d an e n l a r g e d l e f t c a r p a l j o i n t

and was Q u i t e l a m e .

The a n i m a l became weaker' ,

g e t u p ana wa s k i l l e d a t

3 : 0 0 P . M. ,

could not

4 / ? 1 / 4 4 a t t h e age o f

P0 d a y s .
E t i o l ogy.

A hem olytic S t aphylococcus

carpal joint
heart-clood

and a. g r a m - n e g a t i v e r o d
( T a b l e 4:

culture

wrb

isolated

from l e f t

( Bact e r i u m s p . ) from

7394 a ,

p.)

, B1 o,od.... s t u d i e s ».,
( 9 ) -Blood p i c t u r e

E r y t h r o c y t e s ................................................. 8 , 7 1 0 , 0 0 9 p e r c . mm.
Leucocytes
14,600
11
H e m o g l o b i n ...........................
IP g./lQ O cc.
D i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t (-/o)
Ly.mphocyt e s . ......................
.13
N e u t r o p h i l s . ................................80
sc gme n t e r s ............................................... ..
( 73)
b a n d s ................................................................. .
. ( 7)
M o n o c y t e s ........................................ ?,
E o s i n o p h i l s ...................................... 0
B a s o p h i l s ........................................ 0
( o ) Bl ood c h e m i s t r y ( Mgrn . / 111 cc .)
G l u c o s e ............................................. 7 4 .4 4
Ur i c a c i d .
..............................
1.10
C r e a t i n i n e . ...................................
0.30
C h l o r i n e ........................................ 4 6 1 . 0 0
N. P . N . .............................................. 1 5 . 0 0
U r e a - N ................................................. 1 1 .20

...... ............ .........

In co m p er i n g the r e s u l t s of bl o o d s t u d i e s
e s se with th e normal s ta n d a rd

( Tables 1 & 2 ),

o f e r y t h r o c y t e s was s omewhat l o w e r ,
higher,

in th is
t h e number

h e m o g l o b i n s omewhat

and l e u k o c y t e s d e c i d e d l y h i g h e r w i t h n e u t r o p h i l s

( 8 0 fo) p r e d o m i n a t i n g o v e r l y m p h o c y t e s

( 1 3 fo) ,

The s t r u c t u r e

o f e r y t h r o c y t e s was r a t h e r n o r m a l , a l t h o u g h a few
p o i k i l o c y t e s were o c c a s i o n a l l y o b s e r v e d .
blood chem istry,

t h e v a l u e s of N . P . N .

r a t h e r low w h i l e t h e v a l u e s o f o t h e r
fall

within

In r e s p e c t to

and U r s a - K w e r e
e l e m e n t s s e e me d t o

thp normal r a n g e .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Suocuts.reous t i s s u e .
in

T h e r e was an a b s c e s s a b o u t 1 1 / 2

diameter in the subcutaneous t i s s u e s near the

cm.

thoraco­

abdominal w a l l .
Joint .

The l e f t

carpal

j o i n t was s w o l l e n and d i s t e n d e d and

t h e j o i n t c a p s u l e was t h i c k e n e d and t h e c a v i t y f i l l e d w i t h
c l o u d y . . f L o e c . u l e n t . . . e x u d a t e ...... A...siae air.ina.de from .the-.,.exudate ■..
showed a c t i v e
H eart.

phagocytosis.

(Fig.

33) .

Numer ous a b s c e s s e s w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e h e a r t .

was a m a r k e d p e r i c a r d i t i s
being t i g h t l y

Other o r g a n s .

and m y o c a r d i t i s ,

adhered to t h e myocardium.

Th e r e

the percardium
(Fig.

34)

Apparently normal.

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Liver.

The l i v e r s howed e v i d e n c e s o f c o n g e s t i o n ,

swelling,

some d i f f u s e

degeneration,

fatty

and n e c r o t i c

degeneration,

cloudy

some h y d r o p i c

f o c i w i t h marked p o ly m e r p h o n u c le e

Icucocytic i n f i l t r a t i o n .

In g e n e r a l,

the various lesions

o f l i v e r i n t n i s c a s e r e s e m b l e d Q u i t e c l o s e l y t h o s e f ound
i n Case # 7337 w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f d i f f u s e f a t t y
h y d r o p i c d e g e n e r a t i o n s w h i c h wer e n o t
H eart.

and

found i n t h a t c as e.

T h e r e wer e n u m e r o u s a b s c e s s e s i n t h e h e a r t

and

t h e y wer e f o u n d m o s t l y i n .myocardium and a few i n t h e
epicardium.

Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t some of t h e e p i c a r d i a l

a o s e e s s e e r u p t u r e d and t h e i n f lam.natox’y e x u d a t e we n t i n t o
the p e r i c a r d i a l
rt

1 tS lilij

|

ip

s ac, the pericardium

CrJ^t'

0-1

u \J pUI* ci b i Vt;

infiltration
phages)

The a b s c e s s e s w e r e

shape, v a r i a ole in s i z e

t o 5 mm. X 4 mm. ) ,

As

£ P 'i C &X ‘0 1 "t 1 S

HIy O U rU ‘U j. I i S ,

and p e r i c a r d i t i s a c t u a l l y e x i s t e d .
irregular in

De c a n e i n v o l v e d .

( 3 . 1 5 mm. X 0 . 1 2 mm.

and w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m a r k e d c e l l

( oo t h p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s and ma c r o ­

s u r r o u n d e d oy an e x t e n s i v e

The e n d o c a r d i u m ,
" J o i n t " c a p s u l e '.

fiorosis

(big.

55).

h o w e v e r , was n o t a f f e c t e d .
The “" j o i n t "'"capsule "of " " l e f t c a r pus showed a

t y p i c a l l e s i o n o f an a c u t e

suppurative

arthritis

somewhat

l i k e t h a t f o u n d i n Case # 7 3 9 3 .
Skin a b s c e s s .

The s k i n

l e s i o n was p a r t i a l l y

o p e n e d out

possessed a l l th e g e n e ra l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a t y p i c a l
aoscess.

Except at the

p o i n t wher e i t s

t h e a o s c e s s wa s r ou n d e d on i t s

outer

l a y e r of e p i d e r m i s t o g e t h e r v i t a a
c o r i u m ano on i t s i n n e r

surface

o p e n i n g was l o c a t e d ,

surface

by a t h i n

s m a ll p o r ti o n of ou ter

by a t h i c k l a y e r o f f i b r o -

u l a s t i c t i s s u e , w h i c h e x t e n d e d down t h e m u s c l e t i s s u e

_P7_

underneath.

On t n i s

a c c o u n t , mo s t p a r t s o f t h e i n n e r

c o r i u m a n d s t r a t u m su' bcut sneurn h a d b e e n d e s t r o y e d and
replaced

by f i b r o s i s .

Other t i s s u e s .

Those t i s s u e s

etc.,

studied,

wer e a l s o

such as i n t e s t i n e s ,

but they

kidneys,

snowed no a b n o r m a l i t i e s .

Summar y and d i s c u s s i o n .
1.

T h i s l ame was s m a l l and weak due t o t h e p r e s e n c e of
necrosis
skin,

2.

end h e m o r r h a g e s i n l i v e r ,

subcutaneous t i s s u e s ,

Bot h b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n

a b s cess es in h e a r t ,

end a r t h r i t i s

i n c a r p a l .-joint.

and a . D s e e s s - f o r m a t i o n r e s u l t e d

i n a marked n e u t r o p h i l i e .
3. S i n c e t h e

l i v e r was d a ma g e d , i t

perform i t s

apparently could not

f u n c t i o n s p r o p e r l y in .main ta ining t h e normal

l e v e l o f o l o o d u r e a and n o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n .
v a 1 u e s we r e r a t h e r l o w.

These

- 9 8C as e No. 7 5 6 ? ( S h r o p s h i r e ,

male)

T h i s v;as a c a s e o f d o c k i n g i n f e c t i o n wh i c h r e s u l t e d i n
a b s c e s s - f o r m a t i on o f t h e s p i n a l c o r d ,
c o n d i t i o n s w e r e an e n t e r i t i s ,

mild a s s o c ia te d

and some d i s t u r b a n c e s

in the

l i v e r and k i d n e y s .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s l a m b s h o we d b i l a t e r a l p a r a l y s i s o f t h e r e a r

l i m b s on 3 / 5 1 / 4 4 and was b r o u g h t
i t s mother.

to the p a t h o l o g y barn w ith

The l amb was k e p t u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n

e n t i r e ween and s howed no i m p r o v e m e n t .
however,

f o r an

The a n i m a l ,

remained very b rig h t, nursed r e g u la rly ,

and i t

s eemed d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r t h i s was " s t i f f - l a m b d i s e a s e " .
On 4 / 7 / 4 4 ,

at

t h e age o f 9 d a y s ,

t h e l a mb was b l e d a n d

killed.
Efiology,

One s p e c i e s o f u n d e t e r m i n e d g r a . m - n e g a t i v e c o c c o i d

b a c i l l u s was i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e l i v e r

and two s p e c i e s o f

Co r y -n e o r c t e r i u m wer e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e

spinal c o r d .

u 1 t u r e ' No . 7 3 8 * , a
blood Studies.
( a ) Bl o o d p i c t u r e
E rythrocytes..
Leucocytes
Hemoglobin. . . .
D i f f e r e n t i a l count
Lymp ho c y t e s ,
N eutrophils.
s e g me n t e r s
oands
juveniles
monocytes..
Eosinophils
Basophils. .

8 , 6 7 0 , 0 1 1 p e r c.mm.
Q

CggO

n

ii

9 . 8 g./lO O cc.
{'jo)

35
(56)
( 6)
( 3)
0
0

0

-99-

( b ) Blood, c h e m i s t r y

( Mgm/ 1 0 0 cc .)

G l u c o s e ................................................... 9 7 . 5 0
U r i c a c i d .............................................
l.iO
C r e a t i n i n e ...........................................
1 .0 0
C h l o r i d e ................................................. 430 . 0 0
N . P . N ........................................................ 3 4 . 0 0
U r e a - N ..................................................... 1 1 . 9 0
Ex c e p t

f o r some l e u c o c y t o s i s w i t h i n c r e a s e d n e u t r o p h i l s ,

reduced lymphocytes,

and s l i g h t i n c r e a s e

in glucose,

v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f t h e c! >oo e l e m e n t s o f t n i s
mnnn

n i_ *f r

onf

-fih tsn

+. r, r\ R o

o f ’ r.o frn .n l

1.3 Tib S .

the

l a mb w e r e n o t
T 'l C

rIi OV p i H1 0 C' y

o f e r y t h r o c y t e s was n o r m a l .
Gross l e s i o n s .
Sk e l e t a l m u s c l e s .

T h e r e was some a t r o p h y o f t h e m u s c l e s o f

the re a r lim es.
Tail-he ad.
site,

In the re g io n of the

ta iln e a d at

a g r e e n i s h c o l o r e d p u s was p r e s e n t .

t h e cl ocki ng

This s u p p u ra tiv e

.J. e-si on e x t e n d e r s int-c a n d - i n v o l v e d - t h e . s p i n a l "Cor d -as f a r --ast h e c e n t e r o f t h e lumbar' a r e a .
Ot h e r o r g a n s .

(Fig.

36)

Aop a r e n t ] , y h o r :na 1.

hi cr oscopic 1 e s i o n s .
Liver.*

The l i v e r s aowec c o n g e s t i o n ,

diffuse

fatty

degeneration,

cloudy s w e l li n g ,

and o c c a s i o n a l t i n y n e c r o t i c

f o c i w i t h a p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l eucoc- y t i c
The l e s i o n s we r e s o mown at- s i m i l a r t o
Li v er o f Case # 7 3 5 6 .

infiltration.

t h o s e fou nd in t hp

-100Intestine .

The i n t e s t i n e

involving: p a r t i c u l a r l y

s howed l e s i o n s

the mid-gut.

Th e r e was a s u p e r f i c i a l

n e c r o s i s i n v o l v i n g Doth t h e e p i t h e l i u m
w i t h a m o d e r a t e ma c r o p h a g e r e a c t i o n
Kidneys.

of a m i l d e n t e r i t i s ,

and l a m i n a p r o p r i a

in the subnecrotic zone.

The k i d n e y s w e r e s u s p e c t e d o f h a v i n g a c o n g e n i t a l

cystic condition.
t u o u l e s were
excretion

Her e and t h e r e , t h e p r o x i m a l c o n v o l u t e d

dilated

to the c y s t i c

sta g e with u r i n a r y

and s o m e t i m e s c o n t a i n e d a l b u m i n o u s c a s t s .

i i oroi' 1 a s t i c

p r o l i f e r a t i o n was a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h p s e

affected a re a s .
whs b e l i e v e d

Some

As t h e

a n i m a l was y o u n g ,

th is condition

to have d e v e l o p e d i n i n t r a - u t e r i n e

life.

The

e p i t h e l i u m o f t h e c o n v o l u t e d t u b u l e s showed c l o u d y s w e l l i n g ,
and o c c a s i o n a l l y

small, f o c i o f l y m p h o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n

we r e n o t e d .
Br a i n .

B r a i n was s l i g h t l y

congested, otherwise i t

seemed

The s p i n a ] , c o r d was s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d

by t h e

normal.
Spinal c o r d .

cl ocki ng i n f e c t i o n wh i c h r e s u l t e d i n
fi orosis.

The t i s s u e r e a c t i o n

ab s c e s s - f o r m a t i on and

s eemed t o s t a r t

s u b s t a n c e o f t h e cord, a l o n g t h e c e n t r a l
lesion gradually

c a n a l and t h e

spread t o the s u rr o u n d in g are a s .

t h e l i a l l i n i n g o f t h e c e n t r a l c a n a l was f i r s t
a s t h e s e c e l l s we r e i n v o l v e d ,
infiltration

i n th e grey

took, p l a c e .

the surrounding tissu e s

The e p i ­

attacked,

and

s. p o l y m o r p h o n u o l e e r l e u c o c y t i c

As t h e p r o c e s s d e v e l o p e d , more o f
oecs.me i n v o l v e d and more p o l y ­

morphonuclear le u c o c y te s m igrated to

the a r e a .

I n some

-101sections of

the a f f e c t e d c o r d ,

morphonuclear le u c o c y tic

Doth p e r i v a s c u l a r p o l y ­

infiltration

along the commissures were r e a d i l y
affected tissu e s

waa f o r m e d .

observed.

’b ecame n e c r o t i c and p a r t l y

oy t h e p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r
s o l v e d by t h e i r

and i n f i l t r a t i o n
When t h e s e
phagoeytized

leucocytes or p a r t i a l l y

proteolytic

In g e n e r a l ,

enzyme,

a recently

end t h e f o l J o wi n g c h a r a c t e r i e t i c s :

dis­

a sem i-liq u id abscess
formed a o s c e s s

(Fig.

37

a liqui fie d center

V-:ith some s e m i - s o l . i d e x u d a t e , & z c n e o f d a r k - s t a i n e d
m a t e r i a l c o n s i s t i n g m o stly of dying polymorphonuclear
. l e u c o c y t e s e nd some f i b r i n ,
tissue

i n f i l t r a t e d with

and a z o n e o f a f f e c t e d n e r v o u s

active

The a f f e c t e d nerve, c e l l s

oolymorphonuclesr leucocytes

end n e u r o g l i a t o o k e o s i n s t a i n

and t h e n u c l e i h a d e i t h e r

d i s a p p e a re d o r undergone pyknosis

I n t h e mor e a d v a n c e d o r o l o e r
r- esc e s s h a d

slightly

lesion,

the

d ifferent m anifestations.

spinal
Besides a l l

t h e c h a r a c t e r ! s t i e s .. ment i oned, p r e v i o u s l y , f o r t h e ..recently,... •
formed a b s c e s s ,

two o t h e r

e l e m e n t s were o b s e r v e d ,

namely,

a narked i n f i l t r a t i o n

o f m a c r o p h a g e s i n t h e 3 r d l a y e r and

e pronounced f i b r o s i s

in

the 4th l a y e r - .

t h e r e were f i v e d i f f e r e n t

As a r e s u l t ,

zones i n t h e o l d e r a b s c e s s i n s t e a

o f t h r e e z o n e s a s wer e f o u n d i n t h e more r e c e n t o n e .
endothelium of c a p i l l a r i e s

l o c a t e d on t h e w a l l s o f t h e

o l d e r a b s c e s s e s was p r o l i f e r o t i n g
hyperplasia,

The

and showed e v i d e n c e o f

s u g g e s t i n g : t h a t t h e i r a c t i v i t y was s t i l l

-10?-

proceeding.

The e t i o l o g i c a l a g e n t ,

the d ip h th e ro id s ,

was o b s e r v e d i n t h e i n n e r second l a y e r of t h e a b s c e s s e s .
Other

t i s s u e s.

Ot h e r t i s s u e s wer e mor e o r l e s s n o r m a l .

Summary and d i s c u s s i o n :

}
1 . T h i s was s c a s e o f d o c k i n g i n f e c t i o n r e s u l t i n g

in

a b s c e s s —f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s p i n a l c o r d , m i l d e n t e r i t i s ,
and some d i s t u r b a n c e s
?.

in the l i v e r

The a n i m a l showed b i l a t e r i a . 1

and k i d n e y s .

p a r a l y s i s in th e r e a r limbs

due t o i n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e l u m b o - s a c r a l r e g i o n
s p i n a l c o r d by e o s c e s s - f c r m a t i o n

and n a t u r a l l y

n e r v e s s u p p ly i n g t h e r e a r limbs had ceased t o
3. A b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n

of the
the
function.

of the t a i l - h e a d caused the mild

neutrophilia.
4. B l o o d g l u c o s e was s l i g h t l y

increased.

t h a t was p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t
5.

The lamb r e m a i n e d b r i g h t
th a t the mild e n t e r i t i s

The r e a s o n f o r

of impaired, l i v e r

throughout l i f e ,

function.

which i n d i c a t e d

and d i s t u r b a n c e s i n

the l i v e r

and k i d n e y s wer e r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s a n d g e n e r a l s y s t e m i c
i n v o l v e m e n t was n o t a p p a r e n t .

-103-

Case 7365 ( H a m p s h i r e , m a l e )
Th i s was a c a s e o f d o c k i n g i n f e c t i o n
r e s e m b l e d Case # 7 3 6 ? .
serious,

since

it

and somewhat

Ho we v e r , t h i s c a s e was more s c u t e and

had a c o m b i n e d i n f e c t i o n o f A c t i n o m y c e s

n e c r o p h o r u s and C o r y n e b s c t e r i u m s p . , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e f o r m a ­
tion

of a c s c e s s e s a r o u n d t h e c e n t r a l c a n a l o f t h e

c o r d , hemorrhages in the

spinal

a r a c h n o i d membrane o f t h e m e n i n g e s ,

a nd an a c u t e v a l v u l a r e n d o c a r d i t i s .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s lamb was n o t i c e d t o h a v e some p a r a l y s i s o f t h e

r e a r l i m b s on t h e m o r n i n g of' 4 / 8 / 4 4 .
held up to the

mother.

I t n u r s e d w e l l when

The lamb was f o u n d d e a d a t

8 : 0 0 A.M.

t wo d a y s l a t e r when i t was a b o u t one month o l d .
E t i ol o g y .

C o r y n e b a c t e r i u m s p . and A c t i n o m y c e s n e c r o p h o r us

were i s o l a t e d from th e s p i n a l c o r d .

A c t i n o myces n e c r o p h o r u s

was c u l t u r e d i n d e e p b r a i n b r o t h , w h i l e t h e g e n e r a l
characteristics
i n T a b l e 4:

o f t h e C o r y n e b s c t e r i u m sp.

C u l t u r e No.

are r e f e r r e d to

7365.

Gross l e s i o n s .
U rinary b l a d d e r .

The b l a d d e r was d i s t e n d e d t o t h e e x t e n t

t h a t u r i n e was p r e s e n t i n t h e p e l v i s o f t h e k i d n e y s p r o ­
ducing a h y d r o n e p h ro s is.
Tailhead.

vicinity

t h e u r e t h r a was o pe n.

The d o c k i n g wound was n o t h e a l e d .

considerable
splitting

However,

inflammation present about th is

t h e v e r t e b r a l co l u mn ,

T h e r e was
area.

Upon

e x u d a t e was f o u n d i n t h e

o f t h e c a u d a e q u i n e and t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y p r o c e s s

-134e x t e n d e d up t h e c e n t r a l c a n a l t o a p o i n t
posterior p art

of the lumbar r e g i o n .

l o c a t e d a t the

In the lumbar r e g i o n ,

t h e r e was an e x t e n s i v e h e m o r r h a g e a r o u n d t h e s p i n a l c o r d
a p p r o x i m a t e l y P . 5 cm. i n
B ic u sp id v a l v e .

length.

The b i c u s p i d , v a l v e s howed some a r e a s o f

i n f l a mma t i o n .
Other organs.

No v i s i b l e

l e s i o n s were o b s e rv e d ,

icroscopic le s io n s . S p i r a l cor d .

He mo r r h a g e was r a t h e r

a r a c h n o i d memb r a n e.
the

subdural

I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t

space f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e

wh o l e d o r s a l h a l f o f t h e
around the
a nd i t

extensive

t he b l o o d f l o o d e d

area,

spinal cord.

c o v e r i n g the

The a b s c e s s

c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f t h e c o r d was r e c e n t l y

resembled ra th e r

closely that

Besides t h i s

aoscess,

abscess-like

spots located

one of t h e s e

considerably

In t h e s e

dilated.

38)

f o r med

t h e r e wer e f o u r g r e a t l y i n f l a m e d o r
in the p e riv a sc u la r1 a r e a s ,

f o u r a r e a s wa s a l r e a d y

small abscess.

(Fig.

f o u n d i n Ca s e #7 36?.

on pach of, t h e ..mix;e d,,la,t e r . a l , t r a c t . s of,. C a j a l ,

loosened,

in the

lesions,

two

In: f-act-y ■.

transformed in to a

the

c a p i l l a r i e s were

The e n d o t h e l i u m was s w o l l e n ,

and p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s h a d m i g r a t e d

through the c a p i l l a r y w a l l s .

The e n d o t h e l i a l

l a y e r was

s u r r o u n d e d by a c l e a r 1 z o n e f i l l e d w i t h e d e m a t o u s f l u i d and
cells

and l i m i t e d by a d e l i c a t e l a y e r

of f i b r o u s t i s s u e

wh i c h was i n t u r n s u r r b u n d e d by a c l e a r

space of about th e

same s i z e a s t h e p r e v i o u s m e n t i o n e d a r e a .

Finally,

l a y e r o f f i b r i n was n o t i c e d a t t h e o u t e r m o s t l i m i t

a dense
of th e

- 1 0 5lesion.

The e t i o l o g i c a l

agents,

Ac t i n o my c e s n e c r o p h o r u s ,
the c e n t r a l a b sc e ss,

w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e e x u d a t e of

and i t

indicated clearly th a t

c a s e was one o f mi x e d i n f e c t i o n
Bicuspid v a l v e .

C o r yne b a c t e r i u m s p . and

(Fig.

The l e s i o n i n t h e

this

39).

b i c u s p i d v a l v e of the

h e a r t c o n s i s t e d of h e m o r r h a g e , n e c r o s i s ,

and e mar k ed

p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n m i x e d w i t h some
fibrin.

A short distance

fibroblastic
d e f in ite wall
Actually,

c e l l s wer e

f r om t h e

actively

affected area,

proliferating,

the

although a

s e g r e g a t i n g t h e i n f l a m e d are had n o t formed.

the le s io n in the

bicuspid valve c o n s t i t u t e d

wh a t i s known a s a c u t e v a l v u l a r e n d o - c s r d i t i s .

-106-

Case 7370 ( G r a d e ,

m a le )

T n i s l a mb s u f f e r e d f r o m i n f e c t i o n
Hist o r y .

T h i s a n i m a l was c a s t r a t e d a b o u t

d e a t h whi c h o c c u r r e d on 4/ 10/ 4- 4.
be s t i f f

o f t h e c a s t r a t i o n wound.

The l amb was n o t i c e d t o

i n t h e l e f t h i n d l e g on t h e

t a l k i n g w i t h t h e own er ,
been a esse of
Gross pathology.
in heeling,

it

t h r e e weeks b e f o r e

was f e l t

previous day.

Upon

t h a t t h i s m ig ht have

"stiff-lam b disease".
The s c r o t u m had b e e n p a r t i a l l y

t h e wool and s k i n had t u r n e d i n .

removed, and
The wniiriri h a d

f a i l e d t o h e a l and t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y p r o c e s s e x t e n d e d from
the

s c r o t a l r e g i o n a l o n g the l e f t

abdominal w a l l

f a r f o r w a r d a s t h e e nd o f t h e p e n i a l
visible

sheath.

and a s

No o t h e r

l e s i o n s were o b s e r v e d and a p p a r e n t l y t h i s was n o t

a case of w h i t e-muscle d i s e a s e ,
wer e o b s e r v e d .

s i n c e no m u s c u l a r l e s i o n s

-107Case 7P8? ( H a m p s h i r e ,

mele)

T h i s was a c a s e o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s a n i m a l was b o r n on 2 / P 8 / 4 4 .

t o be d r o o p y ,
as though i t

ceased to

suckle,

ha d pneumonia.

I t was n o t i c e d

and o r e a t h e d . w i t h d i f f i c u l t y

I t was t h e n t r e a t e d w i t h

pn e u mon i a s e r u m and m i n e r a l o i l .

The lamb d i e d when i t

was t h r e e d a y s o f a g e .
Gross pathology
Lungs.

F r o t h y muccue e x u d a t e war. p r e s e n t i n t h e t r a c h e a

and b r o n c h i .

Some c o n g e s t i o n o f t h e mucous membrane of

t h e l o w e r t r a c h e a and b r o n c h i was n o t i c e d .

Moreover,

an

a c u t e f u l m i n a t i n g and r a p i d l y - s p r e a d i n g b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a
was f o u n d i n t h e a p i c a l ,

cardiac

and a n t e r i o r o n e - f o u r t h

o f the d ia p h r a g m a t ic l o b e s of both l u n g s .
Liver.

T h e r e we r e s m a l l w h i t e f o c i

t hroughout "" t h e ■'liver-."
increased in
Other o r g a n s .

- T h e - l i v e r - was ""friable- "and - s l i g h t l y - - —

size.
Apparently normal.

Bacterial cu ltu re.

a b o u t 1 mm. i n d i a m e t e r

N egative.

-108Ca.se 730 8 ( S o u t h d o w n , mal e)
T h i s was a c a s e o f p a s s i v e h y p e r e mi a , r e s u l t i n g from an
open ductus a r t e r i o s u s
His t o r y .

and c o m p l i c a t e d w i t h b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a . .

T h i s l amb was b o r n on P / 8 9 / 4 4 .

On 3 / 5 / 4 4 ,

the

l amb was n o t i c e d b r e a t h i n g h e a v i l y a nd was g i v e n 20 c c .
o f pneumonia, serum s u b c u t a n e o u s l y .
same dos e o f

s er um was a g a i n g i v e n .

t h e l amb a p p e a r e 6 b r i g h t e r

Two d a y s l a t e r ,

the

A fter each i n j e c t i o n ,

and more a c t i v e .

Ho we ve r , i t

was found, d e e d on 3 / 9 / 4 4 .
Etiology.

A gram-negative rod

( Eae Leri um s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

See Ta b l e 4:

from the l u n g s .

c u l t u r e No. 7308 f o r i t s

g en er a 1 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Gross l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

The r e was a m a r k e d c o n g e s t i o n o f t h e l u n g s w i t h

some r e c e n t p n e u mo n i a on t h e r i g h t
apical,

cardiac

s id e in v o lv in g the

and s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e d i a p h r a g m a t i c

lobes.

.... ...................................... ....

Liver.

The l i v e r was v e r y much c o n g e s t e d .

e n l a r g e d by a t l e a s t
Heart.

.■--■■■■■.

.....
T h i s o r g a n was

one-third.

The d u c t u s a r t e r i o s u s was o pen whi ch a l l o w e d t h e

f r e e p a s s a g e of blood i n t o t h e a o r t a from t h e pulmonary
artery.
O t h e r or g a n s .

A p p ar en tly normal.

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Li v e r .

The l i v e r

diffuse fa tty

showed a c u t e v e n o u s c o n g e s t i o n w i t h m a r k e d

d e g e n e r a t i o n and n e c r o s i s .

F a t g l o b u l e s wer e p r e s e n t

n ot only i n c e l l s l o c a t e d

at the p e r i p h e r y of t h e h e p a t i c

lo b u le b u t a l s o in the i n t e r m e d i a t e
the lobule.

Alm ost every c e l l

and c e n t r a l p a r t s of

i n t h e l o b u l e was i n v o l v e d

Some c e l l s c o n t a i n e d a n u mb e r o f v a r i o u s s i z e d f a t
i n whi ch c a s e

t h e n u c l e u s was s t i l l

globul

centrally located,

w h i l e o t h e r s c o n t a i n e d j u s t one l a r g e

f a t g l o b u l e and t h e

n u c l e u s was p u s h e d t o one s i d e o f t h e c e l l and f l a t t e n e d
so t h a t t h e c e l l r e s e m o l e d t h o s e o f a d i p o s e t i s s u e .
some l o b u l e s ,

In

t h e n e c r o s i s h a d e x t e n d e d a l m o s t a r o u n d t he

central vein.

(Fig.

40)

The h y p e r e m i a was g e n e r a l i z e d ,

b u t i n some s p o t s i t was s o e x t e n s i v e t h a t t h e s i n u s o i d s
h a d r u p t u r e d and c o n s e q u e n t l y h e m o r r h a g e o c c u r r e d .
Intestine.

Due t o a c u t e p a s s i v e h y p e r e m i a ,

was a l s o a f f e c t e d .
much c o n g e s t e d ,

The i n t e s t i n a l

the i n t e s t i n e

c a p i l l a r i e s were very

and t h e r e was some m u c o i d d e g e n e r a t i o n

of the e p ith e liu m .
Lungs.

The l u n g s wer e c o n g e s t e d a n d s howed l e s i o n s o f a

t y p i c a l b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a o f r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t T h e “p o l y
m o r p h o n u c l e a r c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n was t h e p r e d o m i n a t i n g
f e a t u r e t h r o u g h o u t t h e p n e u mo ni c a r e a s .
Other t i s s u e s .

Ot h e r t i s s u e s wer e mor e o r l e s s n o r m a l .

-110Case 7509 ( B l a c k Top D e l a i n e , f e m a l e )

Th i s was a c a s e of

i n t e r s t i t i a l br o n c h o p n e u mo n i a w i t h

marked p a s s i v e c o n g e s t i o n of l i v e r and k i d n e y s .
H istory.

T h i s l a mb was

7 : 3 0 A.M. o f t h e
Etiology.

same

b o r n on 5 / 2 1 / 4 4 and was

found dead a t

day.

No b a c t e r i a w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h i s c a s e .

Cross l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

No e v i d e n c e t h a t

Liver.

S lig h tly mottled.

Other o r g a n s .

t h e larnD h a d e v e r b r e a t h e d .

Apparently normal.

Microscopic l e s i o n s .

Lungs.

The l e s i o n s i n t h e l u n g s were i n t e r e s t i n g .

a c a s e of i n t e r s t i t i a l
during f e t a l

life.

I t was

br onchopne umoni a h a v i n g d e v e l o p e d

In a d d i t i o n t o a l l those g e n e r a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s found i n a. t y p i c a l b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a , t h e r e
was a marked l y m p h o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n .

These l ymphoi d

c e l l s were found m o s t l y i n t h e a l v e o l a r w a l l s , b u t some
o f them f e r e

a l s o f ound i n t h e p e r i b r o n c h i a l and p e r i ­

vascular regions.

Here and t h e r e ,

g r o u p s of t h e s e c e l l s

we r e i n a g g r e g a t e f o r m i n g t u b e r c l e - l i k e s t r u c t u r e s .
(Fig.

41,

42)

the alveoli

The a l v e o l a r w a l l s we r e t h i c k e n e d w h i l e

we r e e i t h e r

i n f i l t r a t e d w i t h m a c r o p h a g e s and

a few p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s o r d i s t e n d e d w i t h
edematous f l u i d .
exudate,

The b r o n c h i o l e s c o n t a i n e d , i n f l a m m a t o r y

c o n s i s t i n g o f some mucous m a t e r i a l m i x e d w i t h

-Illpolymorphonuclear le u c o c y te s .
affected lungs,
proliferation

In c e r t a i n a r e a s of the

t h e r e wa s e v i d e n c e o f f i b r o b l a s t i c

in the a l v e o l a r w a l l s as w e l l as i n

the

p e r i b r o n c h i a l a nd p e r i v a s c u l a r r e g i o n , w h i l e i n o t h e r s — e s p e c i a l l y in those near the b r o n c h ia l w alls q u i t e a
number o f p l a s m a c e l l s w e r e o b s e r v e d .

Occasionally,

g i a n t c e l l s were found i n c e r t a i n a l v e o l i .

In g e n e r a l ,

t h e a l v e o l i w e r e more o r l e s s i n an a c t e l e c t a t i c

condition,

o u t t n i s c o n d i t i o n was i n t e r r u p t e d h e r e and t h e r e

by a r e a s

o f c o m p e n s a t o r y emphysema wh i c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e l amb
h a d b r e a t h e d f o r some t i m e a f t e r
Liver .

The l i v e r was e x c e e d i n g l y

narked f a t t y

degeneration.

birth.
c o n g e s t e d and showed

The s i n u s o i d s w e r e g r e a t l y

e n l a r g e d end f i l l e d w i t h an e x c e s s i v e number o f b l o o d
cells.

The f a t t y d e g e n e r a t i o n was p r o n o u n c e d a n d d i f f u s e ,

in v o lv in g p r a c t i c a l l y every h e p a tic

c e l l in the l i v e r .

Most, h e p a t i c c e l l s . n p n t a l n e . d , j ? n e . to ...several. l a r g e fa.t
g l o b u l e s so t h a t

......

the n u c l e i e i t h e r were pushed t o th e

s i d e of t h e c e l l or wer e d e p r i v e d o f n u t r i t i o n a n d showed
karyolysis.
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s s nowed mar ked c o n g e s t i o n and.

hemorrhage,
tissues.

i n v o l v i n g b o t h p a r e n c h y m a and. i n t e r s t i t i a l

T h r o u g h o u t t h e c o r t e x and m e d u l l a ,

an e x c e s s i v e

number o f e r y t h r o c y t e s w e r e o b s e r v e d w i t h i n t h e i n t e r ­
l o b u l a r c a p i l l a r i e s and c a p i l l a r i e s

in

the m e d u l l a r y a r e a .

The g l o m e r u l i we r e a l s o r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d and a c a s e of
glom erular hemorrhage a c t u a l l y e x i s t e d

so t h a t

blood c e l l s

l l« '“

w e r e f o u n d i n s i d e Q u i t e a number o f t h e c o n v o l u t e d
t u b u l e s as w e l l as i n t h e
Other o r g a n s .
normal.

collecting; tubules.

O t h e r o r g a n s wer e n o t

a f f e c t e d a n d seemed

-1 1 3 C s s e 7550

(Shropshire,

female)

T h i s was a c a s e o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a w i t h p r o b a b l y
some o t h e r
Hi s t o r y .

com plication.
The l a m b was o wn e d by A. E.

Michigan.

I t was a l a r g e

weeks of a g e .
(3/2.5/44)

H oltforth,

w e l l - n o u r i s h e d l a mb a b o u t

a n d t h e c a r c a s s was b e g i n n i n g t o d e c o m p o s e and was

X.

A gram-negative rod

4 -V.

^
A

KJAl

three

The a n i m a l d i e d s u d d e n l y t h e p r e v i o u s e v e n i n g

b a d l y b l o a t e d when D r o u g h t t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y
Etiology.

Fenton,

f

1 ni-v-

uxic-

~
i c i o j . 0

for

autopsy.

( B a c t e r i um s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

A •

^ ,,,1 d -,,

nr «

b U l U U I

yr_
c

O rj

INU*

<

\
*-A> /

Gross p a t h o l o g y .
Stomach.

On t h e l e s s e r c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t o m a c h ,

was a l a r g e
m e mb r a n e .

a r e a o f h e m o r r h a g e and e r o s i o n
Surrounding t h i s area,

were t h i c k e n e d
Lungs.

sufficient

to

cm.

o f t h e mucous

t h e f o l d s of t h e

stomach

and w e r e v e r y h a r d .

P n e u m o n i a was p r e s e n t i n t h e r i g h t a p i c a l and

card!ab' T a b e s

He a r t .

to about 1 . 0

there

The" p n e u m o n i a ; did" n o t - a p p e a r ;' t o"be""of"

e x te n t to cause death.

T h e r e wa s a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

inflammatory process

t h e p e r i c a r d i u m w i t h some h e m o r r h a g e on t h e p e r i c a r d i u m

and e x c e s s o f p e r i c a r d i a l
Oth e r o r g a n s .

fluid.

Apparen11 y n o rm a l.

..

-1 1 4 Ca s e 7551
T h i s wa s a n o t h e r c a s e

( Shr ops h i r e m a l e )

of bronchopneumonia w ith

p r o b a b l y some o t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n .
Hi s t o r y .

The l a m b was s m a l l and weak and h a d n o t

The a n i m a l came f r om t h e same f a r m a s

w ell since b i r t h .
Cas e # 7 3 5 0 .

It

been doing

d i e d on 3 / 2 5 / 4 4 when i t was a b o u t

one

week o l d .
E t i o l ogy.

A gram -negative rod

from the l u n g s ,

and i t s

t i on e d i n

4

Table

Gross patho l ogy.

:

( B acterium s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

general c h a r a c te r is tic s

c u l t u r e ho.

7551.

There w a s a v e r y s l i g h t

pneumonia i n t h e r i g h t

apical lobe.

o t h e r l e s i o n s were o b s e r v e d .

a r e men-

amount o f p a t c h y

Besides t h i s ,

no

-1 1 5 ^ aSe 7353 ( S o u t h d o w n ,

female)

T h i s l a mb s u f f e r e d f r o m an a c u t e h e m o r r h a g i c b r o n c h o ­
pneumonia.
Hi s t o r y .

This animal had not

been a b l e t o s t a n d on i t s

f r o n t l e g s and d i e d i n t h e morning of
wa s a b o u t
Etiology.

two d a y s o l d .
A gram-negative rod

from l i v e r ,
tics
No.

h e a rt blood,

this

rvf

4 / 1 / 4 4 when i t

( B a c t e r i u m s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

and l u n g s .

micro-organism

The g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s ­

are given in l a b l e

4:

culture

7353 .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Trachea.
Lungs.

Contained frothy

foam.

Showed r e d d e n e d a r e a s w h i c h w e r e s o l i d i f i e d ,

s u g g e s t i n g e i t h e r h e m o r r h a g e or b e g i n n i n g b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a .
M e s e n t e r i c lymph n o d e s .
■■■"■ O ther - - o r g a n s

C o n g e s t e d and somewhat e n l a r g e d .

No" v i s i b l e . ' l e s i o n s . ■o b s e r v e d .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .

-

■■■•

The l u n g s s h owe d a v e r y a c u t e h e m o r r h a g i c

ty p e of bronchopneumonia.

I t was t h e mos t s e v e r e c a s e o f

bronchopneumonia observed

during the e n t i r e lambing season

la s t year.

The l u n g s w e r e e x c e e d i n g l y

hemorrhagic.
feature

of t h e

In f a c t ,
lesion,

and. a l m o s t e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e l u n g an

b r o n c h i o l e s were v er y b a d l y i n f l a m e d
surrounding a lv e o li

matory c e l l s ,
solidated

fiorin,

c o n g e s t e d and

h e m o r r h a g e wa s t h e mo s t p r e d o m i n a t i n g

e x c e s s i v e number of e r y t h r o c y t e s were

as the

..

observed.

The

and t h e lurnina. a s w e l l

wer e f i l l e d w i t h e i t h e r

or e r y t h r o c y t e s .

(Fig.

43)

inflam­
The c o n ­

a r e a s we r e i n t e r r u p t e d by a r e a s o f c o n g e s t i o n ,

-1 1 6 collapse,

and emphysema,

a ty p ic a l case

follow ing the

of bronchopneumonia.

v e r y much c o n g e s t e d a n d s w o l l e n .

same p a t t e r n

as

The s e r o s a was a l s o

-1 1 7 -

C a s e s 7371 & 7373 ( S h r o p s h i r e f e m a l e & m a l e )
The s e t wo c a s e s s h o we d b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a c o m p l i c a t e d w i t h
Actinomyces n e c r o p h o r u s i n f e c t i o n of t h e
Hi s t o r y .

T h e s e two l a m b s came f r o m t h e

Michigan.

lungs.
Ce s o r F a r m,

New H u d s o n ,

One o f t hem was b o r n on P / 7 8 / 4 4 , w h i l e

on 3 / 8 / 4 4 .

Both were g i v e n

out they died

serum t r e a t m e n t f o r

on t h e seme day ( 4 / 1 1 / 4 - 4 )

the o th e r

pneumonia,

in s p i t e

of t h e

t r e atrnent.
Etiology.

Two s p e c i e s o f b a c t e r i a w e r e

l u n g s and p e r i c a r d i a l
No. 7371 a ,
( T a b l e 4:

b)

o f c a s e 73 71

( T a b l e 4:

and - t h r e e f r o m t h e l u n g s o f c a s e

culture

morphologically

sac

i s o l a t e d from the

No.

sim ilar

7373 a,

o,

c).

culture
7 37 3

A micro-organism

t o A c t i n o m y c e s n e c r o p h o r u s was

i s o l a t e d from t h e l u n g s of

each c a s e by deep b r a i n

broth

culture.
Gross p a th o lo g y .
Lungs.

The l u n g s w e r e g r e e n i s h b r o w n i n c o l o r

exudate in the

l o w e r t r a c h e a , was a l s o

and the

g r e e n i s h b r o wn and

had a p u t r i d

smell.

Numerous g r e e n i s h c o l o r e d a b s c e s s e s

were p r e s e n t

t h r o u g h o u t t h e l u n g s and t h e r e were a d h e s i o n s

of the lu n g s to the r i b s .
fibrinous p e ric a rd itis

in

I n c a s e 7 3 7 1 , t h e r e w a s a.
addition to

the lung l e s i o n s .

-1 1 8 -

Cas e 7401

(Shropshire,

T h i s was s. c a s e o f a c u t e

female)

s u p p u r a t i v e bronchopneumonia.

c o m p l i c a t e d by a m i l d e n t e r i t i s .
H istory.
9 :0 0

T h i s l a m o was 24 d a y s o l d a n d was f o u n d d e a d a t

A.M.

4/?4/44-.

The larnb h a d b e e n n u r s i n g a g o a t and

a p p e a r e d n o r m a l t h e day b e f o r e i t s
Etiology.
isolated

death.

Three d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s were
from t h i s lamb,

( Bacterium

namely,

one f r om h e a r t b l o o d

s n . ) end two f r o m t h e l u n g s

and N e i s s e r i a

s p .).

r e f e r r e d to i n

Their general c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

T a b l e 4:

c u l t u r e s No.

G r o s s l e s i o n s . Upon r e m o v i n g t h e s k i n ,
t o be r a t h e r
Intestine.
ileum.

(Pasteu r e l l a

7 401 a ,

d,

sp.
are

c.

t h e c a r c a s s was f o u n d

e m a c i a t e d an d th e lamb had a s e v e r e
T h e r e was a s l i g h t e n t e r i t i s

present

diarrhea.
i n the

No f o r m e d f e c e s w e r e f o u n d i n t h e r e c t u m .

Lungs-. ■■..B r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a . . .w,&s,...present..., in..,_the . a p i c a l a n d
c a r d i a c l o b e s of the r i g h t lung.
involvement of

the l e f t

lung.

T h e r e was o n l y

Trie p n e u m o n i a w o u l d n o t

oe c o n s i d e r e d s e v e r e e n o u g h t o be t h e
M icroscopic l e s i o n s .
study.
in

stages,

o e e n damage d e s p e c i a l l y
one i n s t a n c e ,
5

entire

cause of d eath .

Onl y l u n g t i s s u e was p r e s e r v e d f o r

B o t h t h e p n e u m o n i a and t h e

beginning a c tiv e

slight

suppurative

f o c i wer e

and much l u n g t i s s u e s h a d

by t h e s u p p u r a t i v e p r o c e s s e s .

a relatively

In

l a r g e a r e a o f a b o u t 4 mm. by

mm. was o c c u p i e d and d e s t r o y e d , by a. s p r e a d i n g a b s c e s s .

C a s e 7410 ( H a m p s h i r e , m a l e )
T h i s was a c a s e o f a c u t e s u p p u r a t i v e

bronchopneumonia

complicated w ith e n t e r i t i s .
Hi s t o r y .

The l a mb s howed m i l d s c o u r i n g on 4 / 2 7 / 4 4 a n d was

found dead t h e n e x t m o rn i n g .
Etiology.

I t was a b o u t 2 5 d a y s o l d .

^ g ram -negative rod

from t h e l u n g .

(Table

4:

(B a c t e r i u m s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

culture

No.

7410)

Gro s s l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

Bronchopneumonia was p r e s e n t

on b o t h a p i c a l ,

c a r d i a . c a n d a n t e r i o r t h i r d ox t h e r i g h t
lobes.

The p n e u m o n i a wa s p r o g r e s s i v e

m a r k e d zone o f c o n g e s t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

u i a phi'-a g m « t i e

a s t h e r e wa s s
p n e u m o n i c a r e a and

t h e normal lu n g .
Intestine.

T h e r e was s l i g h t c o n g e s t i o n o f t h e P e y e r ' s

p a t c h e s and t h e mu c o s a o f t h e s m a l l i n t e s t i n e .

No formed,

f e c e s were fo u n d in t h e c o l o n or r e c t u m .
Other organs'.

'Apparently" n o r m a l .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
right

In s tu d y in g the

a n te rio r cardiac

of the lu n g s ,

s e c t i o n s t a k e n from

l o b e and r i g h t

a case of t y p i c a l ac u te

pneumoni a. w a s n o t e d .

diaphragm atic lobe
s u p p u r a t iv e broncho­

The b r o n c h i o l e s w e r e s e v e r e l y

damaged

and t h e i r l u m i n a were f i l l e d w i t h i n f l a m m a t o r y e x u d a t e
c o n s i s t i n g m o stly of polym orphonuclear le u c o c y t e s
desquamated e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s .

The a l v e o l i

and.

s u r r o u n d in g each

inflam ed b ro n c h io le c o n ta in e d m ostly polymorphonuclear
leucocytes,
stage.

Here

indicating that
and t h e r e ,

t h e c a s e was s t i l l i n

a b s c e s s e s of r e c e n t

acute

development

- 1 ro­

wer e f o u n d .

F arther out

f r om t h e a f f e c t e d a r e a s ,

f ew m a c r o p h a g e s mi x e d w i t h
c y t e s were found in the
be p r e d o m i n a t i n g ' .

a

some p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o ­

alveoli,

yet

the l a t t e r

s e e me d t o

The p n e u m o n i c a r e a s w e r e s p r e a d i n g

q u i t e e x t e n s i v e l y and w e r e o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y i n t e r r u p t e d
by a r e a s of m ar ked c o n g e s t i o n ,

collapse,

and emphysema.

-1 9 1 Case 7 4 1 5 ( H a m p s h i r e ,

female)

T h i s was a c a s e o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a , c o m p l i c a t e d w i t h
encephalitis
Hi s t o r y .

( p r o b a b l y l i s t e r e l l o s i s ) a nd e n t e r i t i s .

T h i s l ar ao was c o r n on 3 / 7 / 4 4 and i t s

d ie d about t h r e e
the

days l a t e r

a n i m a l wa s down on i t s

( Cas e No.
side with

twin

7310).

sinter

On 5 / 3 / 4 4 ,

t h e h e e d t h r o w n back

e n d t h e f e e t w e r e moving; a s t h o u g h t h e a n i m a l w e r e r u n n i n g .
The a n i m a l wa s t h e n k i l l e d ,
E t j ni p a y .

A gram -negative rod

from t h e l u n g s .

(Table

4:

(Bacterium
c u l t u r e No.

sjd.

) was i s o l a t e d

7415).

B l o od s t u d i e s .
Bl oo d p i c t u r e
Erythrocytes.
8 , 9 7 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c.ram.
14,150
"
"
L e u c o c y t e s .....................................................
H e m o g l o b i n , . . . . ...........................
7.8 g . / 1 0 0 cc.

-■

D i f f e r e n t i a l c ount ($)
L y m p h o c y t e s ................................... 2
N eutrophils....„*■
.....
9.§. ,.. ......... ... .„... ..... .
s e g m e n t e r s .......................................................(78)
b a n d s .................................................................... ( 18)
Monocyte s ...................................
8
Eosinphils
........................ 0
B a s o p h i l s ............................................0

( b) B l o o d c h e m i s t r y

(Mgm./IOQ c c .)

Glucose.
.................................................1 7 0 . 0 0
U r i c a c i d ....................... ................................
S . 60
C r e a t i n i n e .....................................................
1.30
C h l o r i d e .................
460 . 00
N . P . N .................................................................. 4 1 . 0 0
U r e a - N ................................................................ S 3 . 3 0
The b l o od , p i c t u r e

o f t h i s c a s e s h o we d a m a r k e d l e u c o -

c y to s is n e u t r o p h il i a with n e u tr o p h ilic c e l l s
p r e d p m in a tin g over lymphocytes

(?1).

( 9 6 fo) g r e a t l y

Bot h h e m o g l o b i n v a l u e

-1 ??-

nnci t h e n u m b e r o f e r y t h r o c y t e s w e r e somewhat l o w e r t h e n
the normal v a l u e s

(Table

l ) , and t h e r e was s t r u c t u r e !

e v id en ce of m i c r o c y t i c hypochromis of the e r y t h r o c y t e s
w i t h an o c c a s i o n a l o c c u r r e n c e of n u c l e a t e d y o u n g c e l l s .
From t h e r e s u l t s o f c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e b l o o d ,
the

g l u c o s e was f o u n d t o

be a b o u t ? . S t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n

the normal s ta n d a r d whereas u r i c
were e l l

acid,

N , P . N . , end u r e a - N

s o me wh a t a b o v e n o r m a l .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Lungs .

Tiie r i g h t e . p i c a l end c a r d i a c

pneumonia"

and t h e r e

the process.

l o b e s s h o we d " c o l d

s e e m e d t o be no r e c e n t e x t e n s i o n o f

In the l e f t

diaphragmatic lobe,

t h e r e were

some s p o t s w h i c h a p p e a r e d t o be h e m o r r h a g e s .
Liver .

It

s ho we d what a p p e a r e d t o be some c l o u d y s w e l l i n g .

Brain.

It

seemed ed em at o u s a l t h o u g h

it

was q u i t e

firm

otherw ise.
O t h e r or g a n s .

Apparently normal.

Microscopic l e s i o n s ,
Lungs.

In a study of t h o s e

r ig h t apical

and r i g h t

tissue

se c tio n s taken

c a r d ia c lo b e s of the lu n g s ,

from t h e
a case

of' t y p i c a l b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a o f s e v e r a l weeks d u r a t i o n was
revealed.

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f e a t u r e s o f t h e l e s i o n we r e

m etaplasia of the small bronchioles
alveolar w alls
general,

the

predominance

as a r e s u l t

and t h i c k e n i n g o f t h e

of f i b r o b l a s t i c

p n e u m o n i a wa s i n a s t a g e

activity.

of r e s o l u t i o n with a

o f m a c r o p h a g e s c a r r y i n g on a c t i v e

although groups

In

phagocytosis,

o f p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s we r e

- 1 PSobserved h ere

and t h e r e

in the a lv e o li

In a s e c t i o n t a k e n from th e l e f t
however,

a different

and b r o n c h i o l e s .
diaphragmatic lobe,

p n e u m o n i c l e s i o n was f o u n d .

There

w e r e some h e m o r r h a g e s i n t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e l u n g s i n d i ­
cating th at
actually
result

a. s t a t e

existed.

of a r e c e n t

Th aim u s .

In

of hemorrhagic- b r o n c h o p n e u m o n ia
T h i s c o n d i t i o n a p p e a r e d t o be t h e
e x t e n s i o n of t h e

the thalrnus,

q u i t e a n u mb e r o f a c u t e

flammatory f o c i were f o u n d .
throughout
areas,

the c o r t e x ,

in­

These f o c i wer e s c a t t e r e d

especially

in the p e riv a sc u la r

and e a c h was c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a mar ked f o c a l i n ­

filtration

o f b o t h m o n o n u c l e a r and p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

leucocytes,

constituting

"perivascular cuffing".
that

o l d pn e u mon i c l e s i o n .

a l e s i o n commonl y known a s
(Fig.

observed in l i s t e r e l l o s i s

nervous t i s s u e ,

however,

44)

This l e s i o n resembled

and o t h e r i n f e c t i o n s .

was n o t g r e a t l y

The

damaged s o t h a t

. . u n d o u b t e d l y - t h i s wAS^ja,,case . of b e g i n n i n g : e n c e p h a l i t i s .
The b r a i n w a s n o t c u l t u r e d .
Liver.

The l i v e r was o n l y m o d e r a t e l y c o n g e s t e d ,

s ho we d a m a r k e d c l o u d y s w e l l i n g and some d i f f u s e

but i t
fatty

degenerati o n .
Intestine.

In the

and t h e l a s t

small

p o r t i o n of ileum n e a r t h e

a g r e a t e r p a r t of th e
a f f e c t e d with

i n t e s t i n e , w h i l e b o t h duodenum

j e j u n u m end i l e u m we r e s e v e r e l y

acute e n t e r i t i s .

m u c o s a l e p i t h e l i u m was n e c r o t i c
filling

caecum w e r e n o r m a l

A g r e a t e r p a r t of the
and p a r t l y d e s q u a m a t e d ,

t h e i n t e s t i n a l lumen w ith in fla m m a to r y

exudate

w n i c h c o n s i s t e d o f d e a d t i s s u e s and some l e u c o c y t e s .

-1 D 4 Summe r y and d i s c u s s i o n .
1

. Since t h i s

l amb e x h i b i t e d b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a ,

and e n t e r i t i s ,
2.

the chance fo r i t s

The a n i m a l wa s s l i g h t l y
organs

(lungs,

Apparently,
presence

brain,

s u r v i v a l was m e a g e r .

a nemi c a n d some o f t h e v i t a l

liver,

and i n t e s t i n e )

t h e a n i m a l was u n d e r - n o u r i s h e d .

of anemia,

the

encephalitis,

were d i s e a s e d .
Due t o t h e

b l o o d c h l o r i d e was a l i t t l e

higher than normal.
3.

The b l o o d g l u c o s e ,

uric

Urea-N w er e a l l h i g h e r

acic,

creatinine,

than normal,

and

which m i g h t r e s u l t

from t h e h e p a t i c d i s o r d e r and p o s s i b l y t h e
condition.

N.P.N.,

dehydrated

-1 ? 5 —
Caee 7 44 3 ( S h r o p s h i r e ,
T h i s was a n o t h e r c a s e

of bronchopneumonia c o m p lic a te d

w ith Actinomyces n ecro p h o ru s i n f e c t i o n
H istory.

T h i s l a m b was a b o u t

in the lu n g s.

64 d a y s o l d .

s i c k on 5 / 1 1 / 4 4 and was b r o u g h t

to t h e

T h e r e was m a r k e d a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g
quite in a c tiv e .

.male)

I t was n o t i c e d

pathology

barn.

and t h e l a m b -was

The l a m b was t r e a t e d w i t h p n e u m o n i a serum

f o r t wo d a y s b u t no i m p r o v e m e n t was n o t e d .

The l a mb d i e d

on 5 / 1 3 / 4 4 .
Etiology.

A gram-negative

from the l u n g s

r o d ( B a c t e r i u m s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

( T a b l e 4:

c u l t u r e No.

organism i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e

7443) and a m i c r o ­

f r om A c t i n o m y c e s n e c r o p h o r u s

wa s a l s o i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e l u n g a b s c e s s e s .
Gross p a th o lo g y .
v o l v in g the

Th e r e wa s a m a r k e d b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a i n ­

apical,

cardiac

end a b o u t h a l f o f t h e

d i a p h r a g m a t i c g l o b e s . , _ The., r i g h t a p i c a l , . , l o p e c o n t a i n e d many
greenish abscesses.

-1 2 6 Case 7 4 7 4 ( O x f o r d ,

male)

This a n i m a l s u f f e r e d from bronchopneumonia c o m p l i c a t e d
by c e c a l and c o l o n i c c o n s t i p a t i o n .
Hi s t o r y .

This

a n i m a l s h o w e d s e v e r e a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g a nd

wa s b r o u g h t t o
tr e a t e d with

t h e p a t h o l o g y b a r n on 4 / 2 8 / 4 4 a n d was

p n e u m o n i a s e r u m and s u l f a t h i a ? o l e .

The a n i m a l

s h owe d i m p r o v e m e n t and b e g a n t o e a t and n u r s e w e l l u n t i l
5/21.

On t h a t

day and f o r t h e f o u r d a y s f o l l o w i n g ,

deep

a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g was n o t e d and t h e abdomen b e g a n t o
be d i s t e n d e d .

The l amb w a s k i l l e d on 5 / 2 5 / 4 4 when i t was

about 7 weeks o l d .
Etiology.

A g ra m -n e g a tiv e rod

from th e l u n g s .

(Table

4:

(B a c t e r i u m s p . ) wa s i s o l a t e d .
culture

No. 7474)

Blood s t u d i e s.
( a ) Blood p i c t u r e
. 9 , 0 7 0 , 0 0 0 . p e r c. mm.
E r y t h r o c y t e s . . ....................... .
L eucocytes. . ) .7.
."7. .'7. 7 ; . T '" 7 , 200 - " *
' “.....
H e m o g l o b i n ..............................................
10.8 g./lOO cc.
D i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t ( °J0)
L y m p h o c y t e s ................................ 37
N e u t r o p h i l s ..........................
61
segmenters
bands. . . .
0
Monocytes..
1
Eosinophils
1
B asophiIs..
( b ) Bl o o d c h e m i s t r y
Glucose. . .
Uric a c id .
Creatinine
C hloride..
N . P . N ...........
Urea-N ... .

( 40)
( 21)

( Mgrn. / 1 0 0 c c . )
88.75
2.60
1 15
3 50! 00
30.00
18.20

""

-1 P 7 -

The b l o o d s t u d i e s o f t h i s c a s e r e v e a l e d t h a t
f o r a m o d e r a t e l e u k o p e n i a i n which t h e p e r c e n t a g e
lymphocytes
( 6 l f o) ,

except
of

( 3 7 fo) was o u t n u m b e r e d by t h a t o f n e u t r o p h i l s

t h e o t h e r c o n s t i t u e n t s of th e

b l o o d d i d n o t seem

t o be a f f e c t e d and d i d n o t d e v i a t e c o n c e i v a b l y
normal s t a n d a r d (Tables 1 & 2 ) ,

Moreover,

from t h e

the e ry th ro c y te s

wer e m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y n o r m a l and c o n t a i n e d a s u i t a b l e

amount

of hemoglobin.
Gross l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

A " c o l u pneuf uoni a ,11 wa„s f o u n d i n t h e a p i c a l ,

cardiac

a nd a s m a l l s e c t i o n o f t h e d i a p h r a g m a t i c l o b e s o f t h e
r i g h t a nd l e f t

s i d e s of t h e l u n g s .

o f acute p r o g r e s s i o n .
Intestines.
with so lid ,
ly

T h e r e was no i n d i c a t i o n

R e s o l u t i o n wa s t a k i n g p l a c e .

The cecum and l a r g e c o l o n wer e d i s t e n d e d
dehydrated feces,

edematous.

and t h e mu c o s a was s l i g h t ­

Due t o c o n s t i p a t i o n ,

f l u i d m a t e r i a l had

" b a c k e d tip s o ' t h a t b a c o n s i d e r a b l e - arnount“ o f i t wa s p r e s e n t "
in the fourth
Other o r g a n s .

stomach.
The o t h e r o r g a n s w e r e a p p a r e n t l y n o r m a l .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

A t y p i c a l b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a wa s p r e s e n t .

Most o f

t h e p n e u m o n i c a r e a s w e r e d o m i n a t e d by m a c r o p h a g e s and a
few- p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s w e r e p r e s e n t ,
t h a t r e s o l u t i o n wias t a k i n g p l a c e .

Ho we v e r ,

indicating

i n some

s m a l l e r a r e a s where t h e p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s were
s t i l l q u i t e numerous,

t h e r e was some h e m o r r h a g e p r e s e n t .

The s e a r e a s o f h e m o r r h a g e m i g h t a c c o u n t f o r some o f t h e
l a t e r sympt oms o f l a b o r e d b r e a t h i n g a n d i n a c t i v i t y b u t

-128w h i c h was u n d o u b t e d l y c a u s e d f o r

t h e m o s t p a r t by t h e

c e c a l and c o l o n i c c o n s t i p a t i o n .
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s w e r e c o n g e s t e d ,

and some d a r k brown

p i g m e n t wa s f o u n d a t t h e

base of th e

thelium of p a p illa e

adjacent to the p e lv is .

Other t i s s u e s .

just

stratified, epi­

The o t h e r t i s s u e s w e r e more o r l e s s n o r m a l .

Summary and d i s c u s s i o n .
1

. T h i s was a c a s e o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a , c o m p l i c a t e d by
c e c a l and c o l o n i c c o n s t i p a t i o n .

The d y s p n e a a n d

s e v e r e a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g i n d i c a t e d such a c o n d i t i o n .
2.

The b l o o d s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d some a b n o r m a l i t i e s o f t h e
b l o o d a n d t h e r e was a m o d e r a t e l e u k o p e n i a w i t h
immature form s of n e u t r o p h i l i c

5.

some

leucocytes p resent.

The l o w v a l u e o f b l o o d c h l o r i d e w a s d i r e c t l y

related

t o t h e pneumonic c o n d i t i o n .
4.

The l a m b m i g h t h a v e

been saved i f

an enema h a d b e e n

given in o rd er to r e l i e v e the c e c a l
constipation

and t h e

and c o l o n i c

s e r u m and s u l f a t h i a s o l e

treatment

renewed so as t o c l e a r up t h e pneumonic c o n d i t i o n .

-1 2 9 Case 7 3 5 4 ( H a m p s h i r e , m s.le)
The l a m b s u f f e r e d f r o m b a c t e r e m i a due t o P a s t e u r e l l a .
infection.
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s c a s e a n d t h e n e x t one (Ca s e 7535) h a d t h e

same h i s t o r y .
3/20/44.

The l a m b s w e r e b o r n a s t w i n s a t 1 1 : 9 0 P . M . ,

B o t h o f t h e s e l a m b s wer e v e r y s t r o n g : a n d

apparently normal.

The ewe had p l e n t y

o f m i l k and t h e

lambs s u c k l e d v e r y w e l l even up t o 3 : 0 0 P.M.,
At 7 : 0 0 P.M.

of the

same d a y ,

3/21/44.

t h e s e t wo l a m e s w e r e f o u n d

dead in slee p in g p o s itio n .
Etiology.
No.

A c u l t u r e of P a s t e u r e l l a

(Table

7334) wa s i s o l a t e d f r o m l i v e r ,

4:

culture

heart-blood,

and s p l e e n .

Gross l e s i o n s .

Skin.

S u b c u t a n e o u s h e m o r r h a g e s w e r e f o u n d o v e r t h e back

region.

The s e h e m o r r h a g e s v a r i e d from 2 t o 10 mm. i n

. . . di amet er .
M u s c l e s an d f a s c i a e .

L a rg e b l o t c h y hem orrh ag es were found

in the semitendinosus muscle,
m u s c l e s on t h e l e f t

side

were a l s o n o t i c e d i n th e
m u s c l e s on t h e r i g h t

side

and a l s o i n t h e i n t e r c o s t a l

of the body.
fasciae

Some h e m o r r h a g e s

over the i n t e r c o s t a l

and i n t h e

f a s c ia a n t e r i o r to

t h e e l bo w j o i n t s .
Liver.

A f ew s u b c a p s u l a r h e m o r r h a g e s we r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e

l i v e r and t h e

o r g a n was c o v e r e d by some w h i t i s h f i b r i n .

Small i n t e s t i n e .

The s m a l l i n t e s t i n e s wer e q u i t e

edematous

a n d t h e P a y e r ' s p a t c h e s w e r e m a r k e d l y c o n g e s t e d and
edematous.

The edema was s o s e v e r e

patches resembled blebs.

that

the P e y e r ' s

-1 3 0 -

St o mach and s p l e e n .
we r e f o u n d i n
the le s s e r

the

P e t e c h i a l and e cc hy m otic he mor rhages

stomach w a l l and u n d e r th e s e r o s a at

curvature

of stomach.

Hemorrhages were p r e s e n t

in the su b cap su lar area of the s p lee n .
Omentum and p e r i - o r b i t a l f a t .

P e t e c h i a l h e m orrhages were

r o te d in th e se t i s s u e s .
■O t h e r f e a t u r e s .
cardial,

T h e r e wa s an e x c e s s o f p l e u r a l ,

and p e r i t o n e a l

was a l m o s t c l o s e d .
brain,

fluids.

peri­

The d u c t u s a r t e r i o s u s

No h e m o r r h a g e s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e

a l t h o u g n t n e Dlood v e s s e l s were r a t n e r c o n g e s t e d .

The h e a r t ,

lungs,

and k i d n e y s we r e a p p a r e n t l y n o r m a l .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .
L iver.

The l i v e r

filtration

s howed ma r ke d c o n g e s t i o n w i t h c e l l i n ­

and hem orrhages.

The s i n u s o i d s w e r e v e r y much

d is t e n d e d and f i l l e d w ith blood c e l l s .

The p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

l e u c o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n wa s r a t h e r d i f f u s e ,

but

more c o n c e h t r a t e d a r o u n d t h e p o r t a l t r i n i t i e s . '
r h a g e s seemed t o o r i g i n a t e
s p r e a d f r om t h e r e t o t h e
increased in
Spleen.

t h e y were,
The hem or-"'"

from t h e p o r t a l v e s s e l s

and

s u r r o u n d i n g t i s s u e s and g r a d u a l l y

size.

The l e s i o n o f t h e

s p l e e n wa s an i n t e r e s t i n g

one.

T h e r e was a m a r k e d s e r o s a l c o n g e s t i o n and h e m o r r h a g e s
w ithout o b s e rv a b le involvement of th e
or splenic

pulp.

In the

serosa,

Malpighian c o r p u s c le s

the c a p i l l a r i e s

i n some

p a r t s w e r e c o n g e s t e d w h i l e i n most o f t h e o t h e r

p a r t s they

we r e e n o r m o u s l y e n l a r g e d ,

t i m e s as

l a r g e as t h e nor mal o n e s .

oeing a t l e a s t t h i r t y
(Pig.

45)

He mo r r h a g e t o o k

-1 3 1 plsc e in th e
located.

a r e a s w h e r e t h e e n g o r g e d c a p i l l a r i e s wer e

In th e in n e r p o r t i o n o f th e

spleen,

both spleen

p u l p and M a l p i g h i a n c o r p u s c l e s s e e m e d t o show b u t l i t t l e
if

any c h a n g e s .

Skeletal m uscles.
congestion in
in s t i l l

The s k e l e t a l m u s c l e s s howed m a r k e d

some p a r t s ,

cell in filtra tio n

others necrosis

hemorrhage,

the

and h e m o r r h a g e .

in others,

In the

n e c ro tic muscle t i s s u e .
l o s t the s t r i a t i o n s

and n u c l e i

and t o o k a l i g h t e r

leaving ir r e g u la r

In

t h e p i e c e s of

shrunken and crowded t o g e t h e r ,

s p a c e s w h i c h w e r e r e p l a c e d by c o n n e c t i v e

and a d i p o s e c e l l s .

These s h r u n k

and c r o w d e d m a s s e s

•o f dead -m u scle 'had. change d t h e i r char, a c t e r i s t i c s
s t a i n e d blue

stain,

small i r r e g u l a r p ie c e s .

s h o w i n g a mo r e a d v a n c e d s t a g e ,

dead m u s c l e - f i b e r s were

separated

The n e c r o t i c m u s c l e f i b e r s h a d

w h i l e o t h e r s had b r oken i n t o

tissue

a r e a s of

b l o o d was o b s e r v e d e i t h e r i n b e t w e e n t h e

m u s c l e - f i b e r - s or i n o p e n s p a c e s f o r m e d by t h e

some o f t h o s e

and

and,.were...

i n s t e a d of p u r p l i s h pink w ith M a ll o r y 's

a n ilin blue.
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y s w e r e r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d ,

h y a l i n e c a s t s were o b s e r v e d from g l o m e r u l i
collecting tubules,

a n d some

down t o t h e

i n d i c a t i n g i n c r e a s e d p e r m e e o i l i t y of

the glom erular endothelium.

-1 3 2 -

Case 7 3 3 5 ( H a m p s h i r e ,

female)

This a n i m a l a l s o s u f f e r e d from a c u t e

bacteremia, with

P a s t e u r e l l a i n f e c t i o n and t h e c o n d i t i o n was s omewhat s i m i l a r
t o c a s e 7334.
Hi s t o r y .

Same a s Cose 7 3 3 4 .

Etiology.

A g r a . m - n e g a . t i v e r o d ( P a s t e u r e l l a s p . ) was i s o l a t e d

from l i v e r ,

heart-blood,

characteristics
c u l t u r e Eo.

of t h e

and s p l e e n .

For g e n e r a l

e tio lo g ic a l agent,

see Table 4::

7 335.

Gross l e s i o n s .

The g r o s s l e s i o n s w e r e a l m o s t t h e

f o r t h o s e r e c o r d e d f o r c a s e 7334 e x c e p t

that

same as

blotchy

hemorrhages were found i n th e m uscles v e n t r a l t o th e p u b i s .
Microscopic l e s i o n s .

Onl y a few p i e c e s

p r e s e r v e d and s t u d i e d ,
the various

o u t most o f t h e l e s i o n s

t i s s u e s resembled quite

. . , s er vq d i n . . . c a s e 7334...,

o f t i s s u e s we r e

_ __

found in

closely those

_

Skeletal m uscle.

H e m o r r h a g e was p r e s e n t i n t h e

connective

and b e t w e e n t h e m u s c l e f i b e r s .

tissue

ob-

subcutaneous
The

l e s i o n s were s i m i l a r to t h o s e found i n case 7334.

Skin over l o i n .

The s k i n o v e r l o i n r e g i o n was v e r y much

c o n g e s t e d a nd some h e m o r r h a g e s we r e p r e s e n t i n t h e

sub­

c u t a n e o u s t i s s u e and i n t h e mus c l e j u s t b e n e a t h .
Liver.

The l i v e r was s e v e r e l y c o n g e s t e d a n d s u c h l e s i o n s

as cloudy s w e l l i n g ,

fatty

degeneration,

a n d h e m o r r h a g e s wer e p r e s e n t .
engorged.

necrotic

foci,

The s i n u s o i d s w e r e g r e a t l y

The h e m o r r h a g e s we r e f o u n d i n t h e p a r e n c h y m a

-1 3 3 -

of the l iv e r

as w e l l as i n the s u b c e p s u l a r r e g i o n .

c l o u d y s w e l l i n g was d i f f u s e
in those c e l l s

out i t wa s e s p e c i a l l y

The
pronounced

not b e in g affected, w ith f a t t y changes.

F a t g l o b u l e s w e r e s e e n i n most o f t h e l i v e r c e l l s ,

al­

t h o u g h t h e y w e r e more c o n s p i c u o u s a r o u n d t h e c e n t r a l v e i n
of each l o b u l e
throughout

than around the p e r i p h e r y .

the l i v e r ,

tin y necrotic

H e r e and t h e r e

f o c i we r e o b s e r v e d

and e a c h o f t h e m c o n s i s t e d o f a s m a l l g r o u p o f d e a d
h e p a t i c c e l l s which had l o s t
tecture,

and t o o k a l i t t l e

t h e normal c e l l s .
f o c i we r e a l s o
affinity

for

their nuclei

and n o r m a l a r c h i ­

deeper hematoxylin s t e i n than

The c e l l s

in c lo s e

c o n t a c t w i t h such

a f f e c t e d a s t h e i r c y t o p l a s m s ho we d an

eosin s te in

and t h e n u c l e i

showed p y k n o s i s .

-1 3 4 -

Case 7399 ( S h r o p s h i r e , m a l e )
T h i s was a c a s e o f e n t e r o t o x e r n i a .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s l a m b was 3 4 d a y s o l d a n d was f o u n d d e a d on

t h e morning o f 4/24/4-4.
Etiology.

No p r e v i o u s symptoms w e r e n o t e d .

C l o s t r i d i u m w e l c h i i , Type D.

Gross l e s i o n s .
Thoracic c a v i t y .
edema o f t h e

Excess of f l u i d in the p l e u r a l c a v i t y ;

lungs; ex cessiv e p e r i c a r d i a l f l u i d with

f i b r i n o u s coaguTum i n p e r c a r d i a l

sac;

p e t e c h i a l hemorrhages

on t h e t h y m u s .
Abdominal c a v i t y .
jejunum,

B lotchy hemorrhages

i l e u m and c o l o n ;

(Fig.

46)

c o n g estio n of P e y e r 's

on t h e
patches;

cecum and c o l o n f i l l e d w i t h g r a y i s h l i q u i d i n g e s t a .

The

f o u r t h s t o m a c h was d i s t e n d e d w i t h g r o u n d g r a i n a n d
coagulated milk.

The k i d n e y s w e r e s o f t and m a r k e d l y

congested in c e r t a i n

areas.

T h e r e was e x c e s s o f p e r i t o n e a l

fluid.
Microscopic l e s i o n s .

Since

some t i m e b e f o r e a u t o p s y ,

t h i s a n i m a l was f o u n d d e a d f o r
the only t i s s u e taken

s c o p i c s t u d y was s m a l l i n t e s t i n e .
the

fo r micro­

From t h e s e c t i o n s w h e r e

b l o t c h y he m o rrh a g e s were p r e s e n t ,

i t was f o u n d t h a t

mo s t o f t h e h e m o r r h a g e s w e r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e s u b m u c o s a l
area.
to

The h e m o r r h a g e wa s r a t h e r

be i n i t i a t e d

that particular
in

e x t e n s i v e and i t

seemed

by t h e w e a k e n e d c o n g e s t e d b l o o d v e s s e l s i n
region.

subrnucosa w e r e g r e a t l y

Moreover,

the

solitary

l ymph n o d u l e s

e n l a r g e d a n d wer e i n f i l t r a t e d

by

-1 3 5 -

q u i t e a n u mb e r o f m a c r o p h a g e s e n d some p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r
le u c o c y te s which fu rn is h e d

another i n d i c a t i o n of in v o lv e ­

ment o f t h e P e y e r ' s p a t c h e s .

(Fig.

47)

-1 3 6 -

Cas e 7426

(Oxford Grade,

ma l e )

T h i s was a c a s e o f e n t e r o - t o x e m i a .
H istory.
Lapeer,

T h i s l a m b came f r o m t h e f a r m owned b y Mar’ll W i l l i a m s o n ,
Michigan.

E i g h t o r t e n of t h e l a r g e s t

l a m b s h a d d i e d and t h i s w a s one o f t h e m .
3 5 - 4 0 ewes a nd t h e i r

and f a t t e s t

One b u n c h o f

l a m b s i n w h i c h mo s t o f t h e d e a t h

l o s s e s h a d o c c u r r e d was f e d a b o u t 3 / 4 b u .

o f g r a i n p e r day,

b u t they a p p a r e n t l y did n o t g e t enough e x e r c i s e .
l a mb d i e d a t

This

t h e age o f a b o u t f i v e w e e k s w i t h o u t n o t i c e a b l e

symptoms.
Gross p a th o lo g y .
Carcass in g e n e r a l.
Body f l u i d s .

The c a r c a s s wa s w e l l - n o u r i s h e d .

T h e r e was a n e x c e s s o f p e r i c a r d i a l ,

pleural,

and p e r i t o n e a l f l u i d s .
Stomach.
- ingesta.

The

s t o m a c h a n d rumen c o n t a i n e d d a r k c o l o r e d

Some m i l k was. f o u n d i n t h e f o u r t h s t o m a c h , t h e

mu c o u s me mb r a n e o f w h i c h was b a d l y
Small i n t e s t i n e .

congested.

The P e y e r ' s p a t c h e s o f t h e s m a l l i n t e s t i n e

s t o o d out d i s t i n c t l y

a n d wer e s u r r o u n d e d by a ^one o f

congestion.
Lungs.

The l u n g s we r e r a t h e r e d e m a t o u s .

Other o r g a n s .
C ulture.

O t h e r o r g a n s wer e n o r m a l .

Ne g a t i v e .

C a s e s 7 4 3 4 - 13 5 - ' 3 6
These t h r e e

( B l a c k Top D e l a i n e :

male,

f e m a l e , mo l e )

c a s e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be e n t e r - t o x e m i a and

t n e y resembled, r a t h e r c l o s e l y c a s e 74P6.

-1 3 7 -

H istory.

T h e s e t h r e e l a m b s w e r e owned by G e r a l d F l e m i n g o f

Munith, M ichigan,

a n d w e r e a b o u t t h r e e weeks o l d when

brought to t h e l a b o r a t o r y
the larg est of
on 5 / 7 / 4 4 .
on t h e i r

for autopsy.

Th e s e l a m b s wer e

t h e g r o u p o f t h e same a g e and d i e d s u d d e n l y

Shortly

before death,

the

a n i m a l s w e n t down

s i d e s w i t h t h e head, t h r o w n b a c k and k i c k e d

v i o l e n t l y and d i e d w i t h i n h a l f an h o u r .

No p r e v i o u s

sympt oms w e r e n o t i c e d .
Gross p a t h o l o g y .

The c a r c a s s e s wer e n o t e x a m i n e d u n t i l f o r

a t l e a s t 30-4-5 h o u r s a f t e r dea. th s o t h e r e was e v i d e n c e o f
post-mortem change.

In g e n e r a l ,

the

g ro ss p ath o lo g y of

t h e s e l a m b s r e s e m b l e d q u i t e c l o s e l y t h a t f o u n d i n c a s e 74P6
except th a t

t h e r e w e r e some e x t e n s i v e h e m o r r h a g e s on t h e

e n d o c a r d i u m e n d on t h e m u c o s a l f o l d s

of the f o u r th

stomach.

-1 3 8 -

Cas e 7400

( Rain b o u i l i e t ,

male)

T h i s was a c a s e of a c u t e m e n i n g i t i s i n v o l v i n g m o s t l y
t h e c e r e ' o r a .1 m e n i n g e s .
Hi s t o r y .

T h i s l a mb was b r o u g h t t o t h e p a t h o l o g y b a r n on

4/8/44 t o g e t h e r with i t s

twi n and m o t h e r .

The l a m b

showed o i l a t e r i a l s t i f f n e s s i n t h e r e a r l e g s a n d was somewhat
emaciated.

The a n i m a l d i d n o t g a i n and r e m a i n e d

throughout

the

thin

o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d o f s h o u t two w e e k s .

I t never nursed vigorously.
down snd k i c k i n g i t s l e g s

On 4 / 2 4 / 4 4 ,

t h e l a m b was

a s t h o u g h i t we r e r u n n i n g .

It

wa.s k i l l e d when a b o u t 43 d a y s o l d .
Etiology.
lesion.

A S t a p h y l o c o c c u s was i s o l a t e d from t h e b r a i n
(Table

4:

culture

7400).

Blood s t u d i e s .
( a ) Bl ood p i c t u r e
.... '.v. g r y t h r o c y be s . . . . . r
T
L e u_c o c yJ-t e s
Hemoglobin
D i f f e r e n t i a l count
Lymphocytes
NeutrophiIs
segmenters.
b a n d s .............
juveniles. .
m yelocytes.
Monocyte s
EosinophiIs
Basophils . .

r e . u v . -.-10-,-0 70

(%)

0
0
0

( b ) Bl ood c h e m i s t r y ( Mgm. / 1 0 0 c c . )
G l u c o s e ................
Uric a c i d . . .
C r e a t i n i n e . .. .
C h l o r i d e ............
N.P.N..
Urea-N.

77.77
0 . 50
0.70
15.00
9.90

,-GOO—p e r ■-c..mm."
H
'I
"
"
10.3 g./lO O cc.

C
6 , 11 5K0Tl

-1 3 9 The a b o v e d a t a showed t h a t
philia existing

in t h i s

t h e r e was a m a r k e d n e u t r o ­

case,

although the v a lu e s obtained

f r om t h e b l o o d c o u n t s a p p e a r e d t o be n o r m a l .

Some o f t h e

e r y t h r o c y t e s w e r e c r e n a t e d . and p o i k i l o c y t i c , w h i l e
w e r e more o r l e s s n o r m a l .
t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of the
was b r o u g h t

In t h i s

instance,

d i f f e r e n t i a l count for a diagn osis

out.

In the b l o o d a n a l y s i s ,
w h i c h was j u s t

s little

except fo r

higher

the g lu co se value

than normal (Table

o t h e r c o n s t i t u e n t s wer e d e c i d e d l y
creatinine

particular

others

lower,

?,), e l l

e s p e c i a l l y the

and u r i c a c i d .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Brain.

The c e r e b r u m s h o w e d some w h i t i s h a r e a s b e n e a t h t h e

meninges in th e v a r io u s
Liver.

sulci.

L i v e r showed, some f a t t y d e g e n e r a t i o n .

Other t i s s u e s .

A pparently normal.

.Microscopic lesions.,,.

....., ■

..

Cerebrum.

The c e r e b r u m wa s v e r y much c o n g e s t e d a n d

especially

s o was t h e c e r e b r a l m e n i n g e s .

wer e g r e a t l y

The m e n i n g e s

s w o l l e n and i n f i l t r a t e d , w i t h e x c e s s i v e number

o f polymorphonuclear leu co cy tes

and m a c r o p h a g e s .

In a

n u mb e r o f a r e a s t h e a f f e c t e d m e n i n g e s h a d b eco me d e t a c h e d
f r o m t h e c e r e b r u m and an a c t i v e
g o i n g on.

The e x u d a t e o f t h i s s u p p u r a t i o n c o n s i s t e d

mainly of i n f i l t r a t i n g
meninges.

s u p p u r a t i v e p r o c e s s was

c e l l s mingled w ith the d e tach ed

The g r o u n d t i s s u e

was n o t much a f f e c t e d .

(Fig.

of the cerebrum , however,
48)

Liver.

The l i v e r showed some f a t t y

d e g e n e r a t i o n of the

diffuse type.
Spiral cord.

The s p i n a l c o r d and o t h e r

t i s s u e s w e r e more

or le s s normal.
Other t i s s u e s .

O t h e r t i s s u e s w e r e mor e o r l e s s n o r m a l .

Summary a n d d i s c u s s i o n .
1.

T h i s l a mb s u f f e r e d f r om a c u t e c e r e b r a l m e n i n g i t i s w i t h
some h e p a t i c

r

Th r

a r v i r r .a l

during i t s

disturbance,

w re

r . p , , r T'

life,

o ^ + -i n o

an rt

novor'

m r iso ii

v i d tit'o iirI v

w h i c h c o u l d be a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e

presence of cerebral m eningitis.
3.

In t h e b l o o d s t u d i e s ,

a state

o f n e u t r o p h i l i a was f o u n d .

Such a n e u t r o p h i l i a was p o s s i b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e m e n i n g ­
itis,

w h e r e a s t h e h i g h v a l u e i n b l o o d g l u c o s e b u t low

value in blood c r e a t i n i n e ,

uric

acid,

N.P.N.,

and

■ ■■■■.■- -Urea-E, •mig h t ... 8.14 ■.be ,e x p l aine_d ■p.n- 4 he.... h a s i s ...of ......hepatic
d i s t u r b a n c e s and i n a c t i v i t y .

-141-

C a s e 7406

( R a m b o u i l l e t , m a le )

T h i s was a c a s e o f a c u t e p e r i t o n i t i s
previously
Hi s t o r y .

e x istin g ; bronchopneumonia.
T h i s l a mb was a b o u t 45 d a y s o l d .

been s i c k a b o u t

three

pneumonia seru m .
this

f o llo w in g the

weeks

previously

For t h r e e d a y s

The a n i m a l h a d
a n d was g i v e n

b e f o r e i t was k i l l e d ,

l amb h a d b e e n s h o w i n g m a r k e d a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g .

was k i l l e d
Etiology.

It

on 4 / 2 5 / 4 4 .

A s p e c i e s o f Cory n e ' o a c t e r i urn ws s i s o l a t e d from t h e

peritoneal

f l u i d and i t s

f e r r e d to Table

4:

general c h a r a c te r is tic s

are r e ­

C u l t u r e 740 6 .

Blood s t u d i e s .
( a) B l o o d p i c t u r e
E r y t h r o c y t e s ..................................................1 0 , 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c.mm.
1,700 "
11
L e u c o c y t e s ......................................................
H e m o g l o b i n .....................................................
10.3 g./lOO cc.

- -, Oi X X e r e n t La 1 c oun t \ y o ,
Lym phocy tes...................................6
N e u t r o p h i l s ................................ 94
s e g m e n t e r s ..........................................................( 5)
b a n d s ......................................................................(43)
j u v e n i l e s .................................................. ..
(24)
m y e l o c y t e s .......................................................... (22)
M o n o c y te s ....................................... 0
E o s i n o p h i l s .................................. 0
B a s o p h i l s ....................................... 0
()

Blood c h e m i s t r y ( Mgm . / 1 0 0 c c . )
G l u c o s e ................... ..................................................200 .00
Uric a c i d ................................................................. 1 . 4 4
C r e a t i n i n e ......................................
1.65
C h l o r i d e ....................................................................4-20 .00
N .P .N ........................................................................... 21 .0 0
Urea-N ........................................................................ 20.70

-14?-

The r e s u l t s

of blood s tu d ie s re v e a le d t h a t

h a d a marked l e u k o p e n i a w i t h young n e u t r o p h i l i c
( 8 9 fo) o v e r w h e l m i n g t h e l y m p h o c y t e s
of erythrocytes

( 6 fo) .

t h e l amb
cells

The s t r u c t u r e

s howed m a r k e d p o i k i l o c y t o s i s .

The v a l u e

o f g l u c o s e was a bou t t h r e e t i m e s h i g h e r than t h a t o f the
normal

( T a b l e 2)

and t h e c r e a t i n i n e

was a l s o a l i t t l e

The h i g h v a l u e o f u r e a - N m i g h t be d u e

high.

to t e c h n i c a l e r r o r .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

P n e u m o n i a was p r e s e n t i n t h e

anterior fringe

of t h e d i a p h r a g m a t i c

apical,

c a r d i a c and

lobes.

T h i s pn e u mo ni a

w a s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d " c o l d " t y p e a n d t h e r e was n o a c u t e
of
p r o g r e s s i v e l i n e / d e m a r k a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p n e u mo n i c a r e a
and n o r m a l t i s s u e .

The b r o n c h i l e a d i n g t o t h e p n e u mo n i c

l o b e s were b e i n g c l e a r e d
Ab d o mi n a l c a v i t y .

of e x u d a t e .

A m a r k e d p e r i t o n i t i s was p r e s e n t t h r o u g h ­

o u t the ab d o m in al c a v i t y .
Intestines.
fibrin.

The i n t e s t i n e s w e r e a d h e r e d t o e a c h o t h e r w i t h

The v i s c e r a l p e r i t o n e a l w a l l s a n d a d j a c e n t

s t r u c t u r e s w e r e q u i t e e d e m a t o u s and s w o l l e n .
Kidneys.

The k i d n e y c a p s u l e was q u i t e

edematous and black

p i g m e n t was p r e s e n t i n t h e p e l v i s o f e a c h k i d n e y .
Other o r g a n s .

No v i s i b l e

l e s i o n s were found i n t h e o t h e r

organs.
Microscopic l e s i o n s .
Lungs.

The l u n g s showed l e s i o n s

m o n i a o f s e v e r a l weeks d u r a t i o n .

of a t y p i c a l bronchopneu­
The b r o n c h i o l e s w e r e o n l y

-1 4 3 -

slightly

d a ma g e d and some o f them s h o w e d e v i d e n c e o f

m etaplasia.

In the a lv e o la r w a lls,

fibroblastic

p r o l i f e r a t i o n going on.

t h e r e wa s some
In general,

the

p n e u m o n i a o f t h i s l a mb wa s i n a b e g i n n i n g s t a g e o f
resolution

a n d was n o t v e r y e x t e n s i v e ,

confined to c e r ta in
Intestines.

because i t

was

small spots.

A ma r k e d a n d e x t e n s i v e

peritonitis

existed

on t h e i n t e s t i n e s w i t h much i n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e s e r o s a and
l e s s so f o r t h e m u s c u l a r

coat.

congested,

thickened,

(Fig.

These a f f e c t e d

49)

a nd became a d h e r e d t o t h e m e s e n t e r y .
a r e a s w e r e i n f i l t r a t e d by

polymorphonuclear le u c o c y te s .
intestine

The s e r o s a , wa s g r e a t l y

The m u s c u l a r c o a t o f t h e

was a l s o t h i c k e n e d and s ome wh a t s w o l l e n .

The

s u b m u c o s a a n d m u c o s a , h o w e v e r , we r e n o t much a f f e c t e d ,
a l t h o u g h some s e r o u s e x u d a t e was s e e n i n t h e i n t e s t i n a l
l umen j u s t n e x t t o t h e m u c o s a .
Liver'.

The l i v e r was r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d , ' a M a r a t h e r

m a r k e d c l o u d y s w e l l i n g a n d some f a t t y

d e g e n e r a t i o n we r e

present.

an a c t i v e

Along t h e s u r f a c e of l i v e r ,

matory p r o c e s s

and n e c r o s i s w e r e in. p r o g r e s s ,

inflam­

the l i v e r

c e l l s w e r e d e s t r o y e d a n d w e r e b e i n g r e p l a c e d by c e l l
infiltration

and f i b r o s i s .

extended deeply in to the

Some o f t h e n e c r o t i c

parenchyma o f th e l i v e r

v a r i e d i n s i z e from p i n - p o i n t a r e a s
mm. i n d i a m e t e r .
Kidneys.

(Fig.

processes
and

to those about 0 . 3- 0 . 5

50)

The c a p s u l e o f k i d n e y s was s e v e r e l y i n f l a m e d and

v e r y much t h i c k e n e d .

The i n f l a m m a t o r y e x u d a t e wa s more or

-1 4 4 -

l e s s o r g a n i z e d and m i x e d w i t h t h e
f i b r i n so t h a t

adipose tis s u e

t h e c a p s u l e became t i g h t l y

and

a d h e r e d t o the

k i d n e y on one h a n d and t h e p e r i t o n e a l membrane on t h e
other.

The t h i c k e n e d c a p s u l e t o g e t h e r w i t h i t s

inflammatory
parts.

exudate measured about

4 -

5 mm. i n some

The p a r e n c h y m a o f t h e k i d n e y s , h o w e v e r ,

show l i t t l e

o r no i n v o l v e m e n t ,

organized

s e e me d t o

a l t h o u g h t h e r e was some

cloudy s w e llin g in the e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s

of the convoluted

tubules.
Other o r g a n s .

Other o r g a n s were n o r m a l .

Summary and d i s c u s s i o n .
1.

T h i s a n i m a l s u f f e r e d f r o m an a c u t e p e r i t o n i t i s w i t h
com plication of h e p a tic

disorders

and r e s o l u t i n g

pneumoni a .
The p r e s e n c e o f b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a a n d a c u t e p e r i t o n i t i s
were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

the leukopenic n e u tr o p h ilia .

l A g a i n , ' i t l a s " due “t o ' - t h e s e c o n d i t i o r i s t h a t
showed d y s p n e a a t f i r s t

the animal "

a.nd m a r k e d a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g

l a t e r on w h i l e i t was s t i l l a l i v e .
3.

The h i g h v a l u e i n b l o o d g l u c o s e a n d c r e a t i n i n e was
d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o h e p a t i c d i s t u r b a n c e s as th e l i v e r
was r a t h e r
along i t s

4.

s e v e r e l y i n f l a m e d and n e c r o t i c ,
entire

especially

surface.

The C o r y n e b a c t e r i u m s p .
f l u i d was p a t h o g e n i c
diseased condition

i s o l a t e d f r om t h e p e r i t o n e a l

f o r a mouse a n d c a u s e d t h e same

(acute p e r ito n itis )

when t h e

organism was i n j e c t e d i n t r - p e r i t o n e a l l y .

-145-

C s se 7336 ( S h r o p s h i r e ,

fem ale)

This lamb s u f f e r e d from a c u t e h e m o r r h a g i c e n t e r i t i s
to g eth er with
Hi s t o r y .
at

some p a s s i v e

congestion.

T h i s l a m b was b o r n a t 8 : 0 0 A.M. 3 / 2 4/ 4- 4 a n d d i e d

8 : 0 0 A.M.

the next day.

Shortly before death,

a n i m a l was k i c k i n g v i o l e n t l y
Etiology.
liver,

the

and t r e m b l i n g .

A s p e c i e s o f E s c h e r i c h i a was i s o l a t e d f r om t h e
heart

blood,

and s p l e e n .

The g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f t h i s m i c r o - o r g a n i s m a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n T a b l e 4:

culture

No. 733 6.
Gross l e s i o n s .
l e s i o n s were

A c o m p l e t e a u t o p s y was p e r f o r m e d ,
found,

b u t no

e x c e p t t h a t t h e i n t e s t i n e s were v er y

much c o n g e s t e d and a n a c u t e

e n t e r i t i s was s u s p e c t e d .

M ic r o s c o p ic l e s i o n s .
Liver.

The l i v e r was r a t h e r c o n g e s t e d a nd s h o we d some

small hemorrhages.

The h e p a t i c

cells

snowed e v i d e n c e o f

c l o u d y s w e l l i n g and some o f them e x h i b i t e d a s l i g h t
degree of f a t t y
Spleen.

degeneration.

T h e r e we r e h e m o r r h a g e s i n t h e s p l e e n p u l p and a

moderate c o n g e s t i o n of t h e
a r e a s of hemorrhage,

serosal c a p illa r ie s .

In the

t h e l y m p h o i d t i s s u e was l a r g e l y r e ­

p l a c e d b y r e d b l o o d c o r p u s c l e s and t h e s e

areas appeared

deep r e d i n c o l o r w ith h e r n a t o x y l i n - e o s i n s t a i n i n con­
trast

to the

the spleen.

l i g h t y e l l o w c o l o r of t h e normal p o r t i o n of
In these a f f e c te d areas,

c o r p u s c l e s were a lso in v o lv e d .

the M alpighian

T h e r e wer e o n l y

a few

-146-

lymphoid c e l l s

left

i n each of th e c o r p u s c l e s

c e n t r a l a r t e r i o l e s were g r e a t l y

and the

e n l a r g e d and d i s t e n d e d

w ith blood.
Small i n t e s t i n e .

Typical l e s i o n s of hemorrhagic

wer e f o u n d i n t h e s m a l l i n t e s t i n e .
damaged a nd a g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e
and d e s q u a m a . t e d .

enteritis

The mu c o s a wa s s e v e r e l y
e p i t h e l i u m was n e c r o t i c

The c a p i l l a r i e s w e r e i n v o l v e d a n d

hemorrhage r e s u l t e d .

I n t h e lurnen o f i n t e s t i n e ,

an i n ­

flammatory e x u d a t e c o n s i s t i n g of desquam ated e p i t h e l i a l
cells,

blood c e l l s of v a r i o u s ty p e s ,

o f f i b r i n was p r e s e n t .
and i t

The s u b m u c o s a was a l s o

s h owe d m a r k e d l e u c o c y t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n

The m u s c u l a r c o a t s and t h e s e r o s a ,
affected,
(Fig.

■

affected,

and congestion.

however, were n o t

a l t h o u g h some c o n g e s t i o n was n o t i c e d i n b o t h .

51)

Kidney s .
■V.. ■■•v.sjkw-

e n d a s m a l l amount

Hie k i d n e y s s h o w e d e v i d e n c e o f some p a s s i v e

"hyp'ere'mi'a,"""'otherwi''se t h e y "wer e mo r e o r l e s s i n " ' a - n o r m a l "
condi t i o n .
Other o r g a n s .

Those o t h e r t i s s u e s

were a l l n o r m a l .

included in t h i s

study

-147-

Case 7 3 6 4

(H am pshire, m ale)

This lamb s u f f e r e d fro m a c u t e e n t e r i t i s .
Hi s t o r y .

The l a m b was b o r n on 3 / 1 6 / 4 4 a n d was f o u n d d e a d a

f ew h o u r s l a t e r .
Gross p ath o lo g y .
approximately

No v i s i b l e

sympt oms w e r e o b s e r v e d .

Ther e was a m a r k e d e n t e r i t i s
t wo f e e t

to the rectum .

from t h e p y l o r u s of t h e

The rnucosa o f t h e

and t h e P e y e r ' s p a t c h e s

extending

s t o o d out

stomach

e n t i r e g u t was c o n g e s t e d
distinctly.

The c o n t e n t s

of the i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t were l i q u i d .
The r e wa s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 c c .
flu id present.

of the p e r i t o n e a l

T h i s f l u i d was s l i g h t l y b l o o d t i n g e d .

No o t h e r v i s i b l e l e s i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d b e s i d e s t h o s e
mentioned above.
Bacterial c u ltu rin g .

A hemolytic gram -positive anaerobic

r o d was i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e

intestinal

contents.

-148-

Ce.se 7435

( S o u th d o w n ,

fem ale)

T h i s wa s a c a s e o f g a s t r i c u l c e r s a n d p e r f o r a t i o n s .
H istory.

The l a m b was a b o u t two m o n t h s o l d .

It

died during

t h e n i g h t o f 5 / 8 / 4 4 w i t h o u t s h o w i n g a n y p r e v i o u s sympt oms .

E tiology.

Un determined.

Gross l e s i o n s .

Upon s k i n n i n g t h e l a m b ,

c a r c a s s was f o u n d .

A complete

brain examination.

The o n l y l e s i o n s

f o r a t i o n of th e

a well nourished

a u t o p s y was d o n e ,

including

observed were p er­

s t o m a c h a n d two d e e p u l c e r s a t t h e p y l o r u s .

Microscopic l e s i o n s .

The s t o m a c h r nucosa was f o u n d v e r y much

congested.

The m u c o s a l e p i t h e l i u m s h o we d a s l i g h t d e g r e e

of n e c ro sis

on t h e s u r f a c e .

T h i s s l i g h t n e c r o s i s may

have been due t o p o s t- m o r t e m c h a n g e s .
areas,

however,

gastric

the e n t i r e

In the u lc e r a te d

epithelium

to g e th e r w it h the

g l a n d s was s e v e r e l y damaged, a n d h a d u n d e r g o n e

v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of n e c r o s i s .
e x t e n d e d d e e p e r and d e e p e r ,
submucosa were

As t h e n e c r o t i c

foci

t he m u s c u l a r i s m u c o s a e a n d

also involved.

At t h e

same t i m e , ma r k e d

polymorphonuclear le u c o c y tic i n f i l t r a t i o n occurred.
th e l e s io n extended to th e
more r a p i d l y

it

spread sidewise

t h a n t o w a r d t h e s e r o s a s o t ha t , a g r e a t e r p a r t

o f submucosa. was a f f e c t e d .
w e r e d a ma g e d ,

submucosa,

As

The b l o o d v e s s e l s i n t h i s

r e s u l t i n g i n hemorrhage,

t i s s u e was c a l l e d i n t o

action,

present.

the n ecro sis

As a r e s u l t ,

the connective

and a n a c t i v e

g a s t r i c u l c e r i n man) s t o p p e d a t t h e

area

f i b r o s i s was

(as i n the c ase of
submucosa,

b u t the

-149-

f i b r o s i s e x t e n d e d outward deep i n t o
wh e r e m o s t o f t h e m u s c u l a r
a nd a s t a t e

the muscular la y e rs

bund les were pushed f a r a p a r t

of fibrous hy p erp lasia existed.

(Fig.

5?)

C a s e 7 440

( B l a c k Top D e l a i n e ,

ferna.le)

T h i s was a c a s e o f s t a r v a t i o n and d i e t a r y d e f i c i e n c y .
Hi s t o r y .

This

l a mb was n o t i c e d t o be i n a c t i v e

abdomen was q u i t e d i s t e n d e d .
fed"

calf.

It

and the

looked l i k e a "skim-milk

The a n i m a l d i e d i n t h e m o r n i n g o f 5 / 1 0 / 4 4

when 50 d a y s o f a g e .
Gross p a th o lo g y .
Stomach.

The r umen was f i l l e d w i t h

the fourth
Kidneys.

f i b r o u s roughage but

s t o m a c h wa s e m p t y e x c e p t f o r a, s m a l l h a i r —b a l l .
The l e f t k i d n e y was s l i g h t l y

la rg e r than the

r i g h t one a n d t h e p e l v i s o f t h i s k i d n e y was s l i g h t l y d i s ­
tended.
Bones .

The s k e l e t a l b o n e s o f t h i s

a n i m a l we r e s m a l l e r

t h a n t h o s e o f n o r m a l w e l l - f e d l a mb s o f t h e same a g e .

The

r i b s were e a s i l y b r o k e n .

" C u ltu re

Negative-*

- ■■■

Cas e ?537

■

-

------ -

( R a m b o u i l l e t , male)

T h i s was a l s o a c a s e o f n u t r i t i o n a l d e f i c i e n c y ,
what s i m i l a r t o
Hi s t o r y .

c a s e 7440.

T h i s a n i m a l was n o t i c e d " g o i n g l i g h t "

some p a r a l y s i s

some­

a n d showed

o f t h e l i m b s f o r a b o u t one week b e f o r e

d e a t h , which o c c u r r e d a b o u t t h r e e months of a g e .
Gross p a th o 1o g y .
carcass.

The lamb showed v e r y

fat

on t h e

The s k e l e t a l m u s c l e s w e r e s m a l l and n o t w e l l

developed.

The bo nes we r e

e a s i l y with a s c i s s o r s .
served,

little

and t h e b a c t e r i a l

small,

e a s ily bent,

and cut

No o t h e r v i s i b l e l e s i o n s wer e ob­
c u l t u r e was n e g a t i v e .

-151-

C ase 73PS ( R a m b o u i l l e t , m a l e )

This was a c a s e o f f a i l u r e t o d e v e l o p anal and u r e t h r a l
openings.
Hi s t o r y .

The l a mb was t h o u g h t t o be b l o a t e d on 3 / 1 7 / 4 4 , b u t

u p o n e x a m i n a t i o n i t was f o u n d t o h a v e no a n a l o p e n i n g o r
u r e t h r a l opening.

An o p e r a t i o n was per f o r med - w h i c h p r o ­

v i d e d f o r an a r t i f i c i a l
c o u l d n o t be f o u n d .

a n a l opening but the u r e t h r a

Trie lamb d i e d d u r i n g t h e n i g h t of

3 / 1 8 / 4 4 and. wa s a u t o p s i e d t h e n e x t m o r n i n g .

Gross p a th o l o g y
Intestinal

tract.

The i n t e s t i n a l

tra c t posterior

t o t he

s t o m a c h was g r e a t l y d i s t e n d e d w i t h g e l a t i n o u s f e c a l
m aterial.

A l t h o u g h much o f t h e m a t e r i a l h a d p a s s e d o u t ,

a considerable

amount was s t i l l r e t a i n e d .

and d i l a t a t i o n

o f t h e c o l o n and r e c t u m was n o t i c e d .

Bladder & g e n i t a l o rg a n s .
o r g a n s were n orm a l,

but

The u r i n a r y

A marked atony

b l a d d e r and g e n i t a l

t h e u r e t h r a was b l i n d

due t o

lack of development of th e p e n is.
Other o r g a n s .

No o t h e r g r o s s l e s i o n s o b s e r v e d . .

-15?-

(-'SSe ? 3 5 ?

T h i s l amb s u f f e r e d
Hi s t o r y .

(R am bouillet,

fem ale)

from a p a t e n t foramen o v a l e .

The a n i m a l was one o f a s e t

o f t w i n s b o r n on

3 / ? 8 / 4 4 and was f o u n d d e a d a few h o u r s l a t e r w i t h o u t
s h o w i n g any n o t i c e a b l e

s y mp t o ms .

Gross l e s i o n s .
Ab d o mi n a l c a v i t y .

Upon o p e n i n g t h e

abdominal c a v i t y ,

the

b l o o d v e s s e l s w e r e f o u n d t o be m a r k e d l y d i s t e n d e d w h i c h
in d icated passive congestion.
Liver.

The l i v e r was i n c r e a s e d i n

size

a n d s h o w e d c o n­

gestion.
Small i n t e s t i n e .

The P e y e r ' s p a t c h e s w e r e q u i t e

con­

s p i c u o u s and s u r r o u n d e d by e n g o r g e d b l o o d v e s s e l s .
^eart.

The f o r a m e n o v a l e was o p e n ,

h e m o r r h a g e wa s l o c a t e d i n

t h e r e g i o n o f one o f t h e

semi l u n a r v a l v e s .
Other o r g a n s .
C ulture.

Apparently normal.

Negative.

a n d an e c c h y m o t i c

-153Case 7 3 9 ? ( O x f o r d , m a l e )
T h i s was s c a s e o f r u p t u r e d l i v e r .
Hi s t o r y .

The l amb was b o r n d e a d on 4-/90 / 44.

Gross p a th o lo g y .
Lungs.

The l u n g s c o n t a i n e d no a i r ,

indicating

t h a t the

a n i m a l was c o r n and h a d n e v e r b r e a t h e d .
Liver.
✓S, * r s

V Ul

+ ^

V KJ

The r i g h t s i d e o f t h e l i v e r wa s r u p t u r e d ,
o v i-ri

1

l / . W i i U A. 1i i \^. _i_

Other o r g a n s .
Culture.

n f i o

C

rli'V > n

r-i

+ Vi *->
^

Apparently normal.

Negative.

Vj

C' *-< *-*

"?

y t V i

^ U-

U

*

probably

-154-

In th e p r e c e d in g p a g e s ,

a to tal

o f 4? c a s e s

d i s e a s e s of t h e n e w -b o rn lambs has b e e n
these

4P c a s e s ,

c o u l d not

pathological findings.

i s o l a t e d f r om t h e i n t e r n a l o r g a n s .
t i o n as a b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r
determined c a ses

presented.

Besides

t h e r e w e r e 13 more c a s e s whose d i a g n o s e s

oe made due e i t h e r t o l a c k

insufficient

of

o f symptoms

orto

No b a c t e r i a

wer e

To f u r n i s h some i n f o r m a ­

investigations,

the

are p r e s e n t e d h er ew i t h i n Table
Table

13 u n ­
( 6) .

(6 )

C a s e s o f d i s e a s e s of t h e n e w - b o r n l a m b s w i t h u n d e t e r m i n e d
di agnosis .
Ca s e No,
7303

Hi s t o r y o f t h e c a s e
Southdown, f e m a l e .
Bo r n on 3 / 7 / 4 4 and
l i v e d only f o r about
one h o u r .
I t was
b l o a t e d when b o r n
and r e m a i n e d so
d u r i n g l i f e. . , , .......
.... ....

Gross p ath o lo g y
F o u r t h s t o m a c h and a c c e s ­
s a r y s t o ma c h w e r e d i s t e n d e d
with gas.
T h e r e s eemed t o
be no s t r i c t u r e e i t h e r i n
th e i n l e t or o u t l e t of the
s t o m a c h , and n o m o t i l e

...forma, or ba.c±er.i® w-err
o b s e r v e d upon m i c r o s c o p i c
e x a m in a ti o n of th e stomach
contents.
All other
o r g a n s were a p p a r e n t l y
normal.
C ulture—Negative.

730 4

Southdown, f e m a l e .
The l amb h a d t h e
same h i s t o r y a s c a s e
7 3 0 3 but l e s s b l o a t
i n th e stomach.

Nothing abnormal.

730S

Oxford, male.
This
l amb was a b o u t two
days old.
I t s howed
n o symptoms a n d was
t h e most v i g o r o u s o f
the t r i p l e t ’la m b s . I t
d i e d on 3 / 9 / 4 4 .

No l e s i o n s .
Culture—Negative.

T able
C a s e No,

(6)

(C o n t'd )

H isto ry of the case

Gross p a th o lo g y

7310

Hampshire, fem ale.
This
a n i m a l was one o f a s e t
o f t w i n s w h i c h wa s b o r n
on 3 / 7 / 4 4 .
The l a mb
a p p e a r e d weak and d i e d
a t t h e age o f t h r e e d a y s

E x c e p t some p a r t i c l e s
o f f i b r i n on t h e s u r ­
f a c e o f l i v e r , no
o t h e r l e s i o n s were
found.

7311

H a m p sh ire , m a l e , about
3 days old.
The l amb
was n o t i c e d b r e a t h i n g
h e a v i l y and p n e u m o n i a
was s u s p e c t e d .
I t was
t h e n t r e a t e d w i t h pneu­
m o n i a serum and s a l i n e
a n d g l u c o s e ( 5ejo) . I t
d i e d on 3 / 1 0 / 4 4 .

Extensive subcutaneous
h e m o r rh a g e s were found
in th e v i c i n i t y of
o o t h h i n d l e g s , and
m a r k e d h e m o r r h a g e was
found i n t h e g a s t r o c ­
nemius m u sc le s .
The
ductus a r t e r i o s u s
showed a s m a l l o p e n i n g .
O t h e r o r g a n s wer e
a p p a r e n tly normal.
Culture—N egative.

7321

S o u t h s own, ma l e , a b o u t
24 h o u r s o l d .
This
l ar nb was b o r n b l o a t e d
on 3 / 1 ? / 4 4 and l i v e d
o n l y f o r a few h o u r s .
I t had a h i s t o r y s im i­
l a r to cases 7303-'04

S u b c u t a n e o u s h e mo r ­
r h a g e s were p r e s e n t
along th e l e f t side
o f t h e b a c k l i n e from
the s h o u ld e r to the
t a i l region.
No f o o d
was p r e s e n t i n t h e
,s.t oma c h .
Th e,, s t pmach
was d i s t e n d e d w i t h
gas to th e p o in t
where i t r e a c h e d the
pubis.
No o t h e r
v i s i b l e l e s i o n s wer e
found.

73??

Oxford, fem ale.
This
l a m b wa s weak and. h a d
b e e n g i v e n 90 c c . o f
s a l i n e and g l u c o s e
( 5 fo) p r e v i o u s t o d e a t h
I t was f o u n d d e a d on
3 / 1 4 / 4 4 when s i x d a y s

No v i s i b l e l e s i o n s
we r e o b s e r v e d .
Culture—Negative.

Old .

-156Table

(6)

(C o n t'd )

Case No.

H is to ry of the case

Gr os s p a t h o l o g y

73 ?5

Southdown, m a l e .
This
l a m b was b o r n a t 5 : 0 0
A. M. , 3 / 1 5 / 4 4 .
I t was
s t i f f a t b i r t h and
made no e f f o r t t o move.
80 c c . o f s a l i n e g l u ­
c o s e (5/o) w e r e g i v e n
s u b c - u t a n e o u s l y and
4 o z . o f c o l o s t r a ! milk,
f r o m t h e ewe o r a l l y .
The lamb d i e d when i t
wa s a b o u t two days o l d .

No v i s i b l e l e s i o n s
were fo un d e x c e p t a
s l i g h t edema o f t h e
stomach w a l l .
Culture— Negative.

7354

Rambnuillet.. fem ale.
T h i s l amb was b o r n on
3 / 1 4 / 4 4 and was g r a d e d
a s l - A a.t b i r t h ,
with­
o u t any n o t i c e a b l e
s y mp t o ms , t h e a n i m a l
d i e d a t t h e age o f
a b o u t PO d a y s .

No g r o s s l e s i o n s
were o b s e r v e d .
C ulture— Negative.

7367

S h ro p sh ire, male.
The
Spleen.
The s p l e e n
l a mb was b o r n a s one o f
showed many p e t e c h i a l
a p a i r o f t w i n s on
he m or rh ag es under t h e
4 / 9 / 44 . and wa s f o u n d
capsule.
deed s h o r t l y a f t e r
H e a r t . One p e t e c h i a l
" b i r t h n - ' — ■■■ ■ ■... ■
“hemorrhage- was found.- ■
under the epicardium.
The d u c t u s a r t e r i o s u s
was o p e n a s woul d be
expected.
Lu ngs . Only p a r t l y
expanded, i n d i c a t i n g
t h a t t he l a m b l i v e d
fo r a very short time.
Stomach.
A few
p e t e c h i a l hemorrhages
wer e p r e s e n t on t h e
f o ld s of stomach.
Ot h e r o r g a n s . A p p a r e n t
ly normal.
C u l t u r e — Ne g a t i v e .

7388

S h ro p s h ir e , female.
T h i s l amb was a b o u t
f i v e d a y s o l d and
d i e d on 4 / 1 8 / 4 4 w i t h ­
o u t any n o t i c e a b l e
sympt oms.

No o t h e r v i s i b l e l e s i o n
we r e o b s e r v e d e x c e p t
a few s u b c u t a n e o u s
hemorrhages in the
v i c i n i t y of the t a i l head.
C u ltu re--N egative.

-157-

Table

( 6 ) ( C o n t ’ d)
Gross p a t h o l o g y

C a s e No.

H i s t o r y of th e case

7 ?83

Ham pshire, m a le, about
3 days o ld .
The l amb
became d r o o p y on t h e
a f t e r n o o n o f 3 / 1 / 4 4 and
d ied the next morning.

No g r o s s l e s i o n s we r e
found.
Culture—Negative.

7P04

3 h r o p s iii r e , f e ma l e ,
a b o u t P4 h o u r s o l d .
T h i s l ame was one of' a
s e t of t r i p l e t s .
It
was a s m a l l l a m b and
d i e d on 3 / ? / 4 4 w i t h o u t
any n o t i c e a b l e symptoms

No l e s i o n s o f t h e
i n t e r n a l organs were
observed.
C ulture— Negative.

-1 5 8 -

I V.
Fifty-five

D is c u s s io n of R e s u l t s

c a s e s of new -b orn lambs a f f e c t e d , w i t h a v a r i e t y

of d is e a s e s were included

in th is

study

and t h e p r o b l e m was

a t t a c k e d h e m a t o l o g i c a l l y , b e c t e r i o l o g i c a l l y , and p a t h o l o g i c a l l y .
Tne h e m a t o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n
the

co n sisted of studying

b l o o d f r o m Dot h n o r m a l s h e e p a n d p a t h o l o g i c a l

lambs.

The

b l o o d v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f r om n o r m a l s h e e p s e r v e d a s a c o n t r o l .
The r e s u l t s

are

briefly

summarised in T a b le s (1, 2 ,

3) and

d iscu ssed in d e t a i l in connection with the i n d i v i d u a l cases.
For t h e sake of co m p a r i s o n ,

t h e r e s u l t s r e c o r d e d by a number
1
?9
4^
o f o t h e r w o r k e r s s u c h a s A l l c r o f t , F r a s e r ' , Hol man
45
75
91
J o s i a n d " , N o r r i s and C h a m b e r l i n
, and S h e a r e r and S t e w a r t "
we r e c o n s u l t e d .

In g e n e ra l,

the r e s u l t s

o f blood s t u d i e s

on n o r m a l s h e e p c o mp a r e f a i r l y w e l l w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r
w o r k e r s e x c e p t some mi n o r d i f f e r e n c e s .
found the t o t a l

Norris

and C h a m b e r l i n

a v e r a g e o f w h i t e b l o o d c o r p u s c l e s f o r l a mb s

t o b e 5, 5 1 0 ' p e r c , rhm. ""'as''corn p a r e d t o "7,' 979 "per'^'c .'mm'l f or "
our normal lambs.

The n e u t r o p h i l s w e r e

57 p e r c e n t

p a r e d t o o u r f i n d i n g o f 30 p e r c e n t i n s h e e p .

a s com­

The b l o o d

g l u c o s e v a . l u e s f o r s h e e p w e r e h i g h ( 7 5 mgm. fo a s c o m p a r e d
to

oui' 4 8 . 4 3 ragrn. fo ) .

l a m b s were h i g h

In F r a s e r ' s work,

the n e u t r o p h i l s of

( 5 4 $ a s c o m p e r e d t o o u r r e c o r d o f 7 8 fo )

.

T h i s may be due t o a l a c k o f u n i f o r m i t y among t h e v a r i o u s
workers,

in

conditions.

the

technics used,

and t o d i f f e r e n t

environmental

R e g a r d i n g t h e s tu d y o f blood i n d i s e a s e d lambs,

no p r e v i o u s r e f e r e n c e s w e r e a v a i l a b l e

f o r making a co m p a r i s o n .

'■*!o r k o f t i i i s k i n d i s c o m p a r a t i v e l y new t o t h e f i e l d
v e te rin a ry medicine.

of

-159-

In the b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l

studies,

4-1 c u l t u r e s o f a e r o b e s

and 7 a n a e r o b e s w e r e i s o l a t e d from v a r i o u s c a s e s .
of m o r p h o l o g i c a l ,
these

biochemical,

a nd p a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s ,

c u l t u r e s were i d e n t i f i e d

They w e r e :

Staphylococcus,

Escherichia,

and g r o u p e d u n d e r

Eacterium, P a s te u r e lla ,

Staphylococcus,

9

genera.

Diplococcus, N e isse ria ,

A c t i n o m y c e s and C l o s t r i d i u m .
Bacterium,

By means

Corynebacterium,

Two c u l t u r e s wer e u n d e t e r m i n e d .

and P a s t e u r e l l a were most f r e ­

quently encountered, while N eisseria

and t h e u n d e t e r m i n e d

c u l t u r e s were e n c o u n t e r e d t h e l e a s t number of t i m e s .
Twent y ( 4 8 . 7 8 'jo) o f t h e

41 o r i g i n a l a e r o b i c c u l t u r e s w e r e r e ­

c o v e r e d f r om i n o c u l a t e d m i c e ,
definitely virulent.
to the c u l t u r e s

(Table 4).

13 ( 3 1 . 7/s) o f w h i c h w e r e

R a b b i t s wer e f o u n d t o be q u i t e

i s o l a t e d f r o m l a m b s and w e r e n o t

resistant

suitable

for pathogenicity te s ts .
The p a t h o l o g i c a l

and b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l

15 d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f d i s e a s e s among t h e
were:

White-muscle d is e a s e ,

infection,

docking in f e c tio n ,

pneumonia,

pasteurellosis,

itis,

enteritis,

deficiency,

studies revealed
55 c a s e s .

They

staphylococcic in fe c tio n ,
c a s t r a t i o n wound,

broncho­

enterotoxemia, m en in g itis,

gastric ulcers

co n g en ital anomalies,

navel

end p e r f o r a t i o n ,

periton­

dietary

and a n u n d e t e r m i n e d g r o u p .

Most o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s w e r e s t u d i e d mo r e o r l e s s

in d e ta il,

and t h e f o l l o w i n g d i s e a s e s o r c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c o n g e n i t a l
interstitial

bronchopneumonia, p a te n t

p a t e n t foramen o v a l e ,

gastric ulcers

ductus a r t e r i o s u s ,
and p e r f o r a t i o n , a-*<l

-1 8 0 -

encephalomalacia are r e p o r t e d for the f i r s t
f i n d i n g of muscle g i a n t c e l l s
disease

and t h e i r

time.

The

i n t h e c a s e s of w h i t e - m u s c l e

significance

in m y o -regeneration ere

c o n s i d e r e d new t o m e d i c a l s c i e n c e end o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e
in e x p l a in in g the

p a t h o l o g i c a l phenomenon i n v o l v e d .

following paragraphs,
more i m p o r t a n t
1■

In the

a o r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f some o f t h e

cases is given.

C o n g e n i t a1 i n t e r s t i t i a l bronchopneumoni a
T h i s c a s e was f o u n d i n

{Case 7829)

a l amb b o r n on 3 / ? ! / 4 4

dead a t 7 : 0 0 A.M. t h e same d a y .

Apparently,

and f ound

t h e p n e u mo n i c

c o n d i t i o n must h a v e d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g i n t r a - u t e r i n e

life.

The h i s t o p a t h o l o g y r e s e m b l e d Q u i t e c l o s e l y t h a t f o u n d i n
BP
96
human c a s e s r e p o r t e d by Mac Cb . Hum" ' i n 1919 and S p r u n t ’ i n
1838.

I t was a l s o

somewhat s i m i l a r t o

" p r o g r e s s i v e pneumonia

the s o - c a l l e d

in

s h e e p a s d e s c r i b e d by Mar s h
71
i n 1993 and r e p o r t e d by t h e Mon t an a S t a t i o n
i n 1937.
f i n d i n g " w o u l d i n d i c a t e ' " ' t f l a t more“ i n t e n s i v e
be. made on t h e
2*

etiology

57,58
This

s t u d i e d Shoul d'

and e p i d e m i o l o g y o f Isrno p n e u m o n i a .

P atent ductus

ar t e r i o s u s

( Cas e 7308)

T h i s was f o u n d i n a l a m b b o r n on p / 9 9 / 4 4 and d i e d on
3/9/44.

The p a t e n c y o f d u c t u s a r t e r i o s u s was c o m p l i c a t e d

by b r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a and a s p e c i e s o f B a c t e r i u m was i s o l a t e d
from th e l u n g s .
Bancroft,

O r d i n a r i l y , a s r e p o r t e d by B a r c l a y ,
5
end B a r r o n , t h e c l o s u r e o f d u c t u s a r t e r i o s u s

and f o r a m e n o v a l e i n l a mb s o c c u r s i n a few m i n u t e s a f t e r
birth.

Since t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r d u c t was n o t c l o s e d ,

t h e l amb

-161-

suffered r a t h e r

s e v e r e l y fro:n p a s s i v e h y p e r e m i a and p n e u ­

I n h u ma n c a s e s o f p a t e n t d u c t u s

monia.

<°nd Lubschez

(1943)

Wilson

113
" (194?) c o n s i d e r e d i t

as i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n
48
, w h i l e Keys and S h a p i r o

( m o r t a l i t y r a t e 0 . 3 8 fo)

children

arteriosus,

r e g a r d e d it. a s a p r e d i s p o s i n g f a c t o r t o v a r i o u s

diseases

such a s s u b a c u t e b a c t e r i a l

failure,

cardiac hypertrophy,

3.

endocarditis,

congestive

and p u l m o n a r y d i l a t i o n .

E n c e p h a l i t i s o r p r o p a b l y l i s t e r e l l o s i s _{Ca s e 7 415)
T h i s was s c a s e o f or on c h opn eum on i s c o m p l i c a t e d by

C I ] ^ td

is

• -i-

—

.T

1 1 i

r-i

~

h i

a IJ u.

-I-

-.-1 •?

C L l b t i

of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t

examination,

the

i

4-

■< « 4 -

O l O

;

kJ U

4* k*N r~-

1—1

■»<“> ('Q 4

U

to t h e w r i t e r .

lesions

"^4

cm 4.

u i

f t /*> V ^ V '

-/—>

U i;

c_/ .L

c h w p

"1 4

p n r.« j l

4* 4

<0*

U j_ v

From m i c r o s c o p i c

in th e thalm us

(so-called

"pericasculor

c u f f i n g s ") w e r e somewhat s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o u n d i n c a s e s
31
47
o f o v i n e l i s t e r e l l o s i s r e p o r t e d by G i l l
, Jungherr
,
8
34
81
Bi e s t e r and S c ' n war t e , Graham e t a l
, P ellaske
, and
83
Pomeroy e t e.l
.
The b r a i n was n o t c u l t u r e d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r
c a s e . t h e i ef ox e t h e e t i b l d g f e e l a g e n t ’was^ h o t " " d e t e r m i n e d .
4•

Br on c-n o pn e um on i a ( 1 5 c a s e s )

B r o n c h o p n e u m o n i a i s common i n ne w-born l a m b s .
the

lambing season l a s t y e a r

bronchopneumonia
encountered,
p

During

( 1 9 4 4 ) , a b o u t 15 c a s e s o f

( e i t h e r wi th or w i t h o u t c o m p l i c a t i o n ) were

a n d most o f them w e r e o f t h e a c u t e t y p e .

Quite

v a r i e t y o f m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s were i s o l a t e d from t h e a f f e c t e d

lungs,

such a s :

D iplococcus,

Actinomyces n e c r o p h o r u s , Bacterium ,

Escherichia,

N eisseria,

Pasteur e ll s . ,

and

Staphylococcus.
Th e s e f i n d i n g s a g r e e q u i t e w e l l w i t h t h o s e
95
63
P 2 an ^
49
o f S p r a y 1 ' . Met tern , D e l p y ' ~ , / K o s h e l e v
, although

'■

-16?-

Ac- t i nomyces n e c r o p h o r u s i s
a s one o f t h e

c a u s a l a g e n t s i n l amb p n e u m o n i a .

r e s u l t s of the
s e e ms t h a t

repo rted here fo r the f i r s t

present

a nd p r e v i o u s

time

Taking the

investigations,

it

t h e c a u s a l a g e n t s of lamb pneumonia a r e v a r i a b l e

and n o t s p e c i f i c .
5.

Na v e l ,

These t h r e e

doc k i n g ,

and c a s t r a t i on i n f e c t i o n s .

different

types of i n f e c t i o n are d i s c u s s e d

t o g e t h e r , b e c a u s e t h e y a r e mo r e o r l e s s
d u c e d by u n s a n i t a r y t e c h n i c s ,
n o v e l and i n s a n i t a r y
la st year

(1944),

Bacterium,
coccus),

surroundings.

In

Corynebacterium,

pro­
of the

the lambing season

and 1 c a s e o f c a s t r a t i o n

The c a us a ] , o r g a n i s m s

like

specific.

improper d i s i n f e c t i o n

5 cases of navel in fe c tio n ,

docking i n f e c t i o n ,
encountered.

artificially

? cases of

i n f e c t i o n were

( A c t i n o m y c e s n e c r o ph o r u s ,

C o c c o i d o a c i l l u s and S t a p h y l o ­

in pneumonia,were a lso v a r i a b l e

and n o t

T h e s e d i s e a s e s w e r e m e n t i o n e d and d i s c u s s e d by

many w o r k e r s i n trie "Tib Id""'of v e t e r i n a r y research" lo n g ago," ”■
cut they s t i l l

re main s g r e a t problem t o the s h e e p i n d u s t r y .

In o r d e r t o p r e v e n t
mor e a t t e n t i o n

such l o s s e s ,

it

s e e m s n e c e s s a r y t o pay

to aseptic surgical operations,

disinfection

s r d e n v i ronm e n t .
°•

Per i t o n i t i s

Cases of p e r i t o n i t i s
by C r a i g and B i t t i n g

?]

ir. l a m b s w e r e

the case

attention.

of acute

briefly

i n 1 9 0 ? and cy G a l l a g h e r

No c a u s a l a g e n t s w e r e m e n t i o n e d .
tion,

(7406)
discussed
30

i n 1 9? 1.

In the present in v e s tig a ­

peritonitis

( c a s e 7406) n e e d s s p e c i a l

The c a u s a l a g e n t was a. s p e c i e s o f p l e o - m o r p h i c

-163-

grsm-positive diphteroid

( Corynebacterium)

l e s i o n s wer e b e a u t i f u l l y

presented.

Pasteurellosis

and t h e t y p i c a l

( C a s e s 7 334- & 7 335)

Six c u l t u r e s of P a e t e u r e l l a were i s o l a t e d from v a r i o u s
organs of p a t h o l o g i c a l lambs,
7 33 5) we r e c o n s i d e r e d t o

out o n l y two c a s e s

be t h e t y p i c a l

(7334 &

pasteurellosis.

T n e s e two c a s e s vse r e found i n a p a i r o f t w i n l a mbs b o r n on
3 / 3 0 / 4 4 - and w h i c h d i e d t h e n e x t d a y .
c h a ra c te r is e d , as an acute
w e r e f oun d i n

The d i s e a s e was

b a c t e r e m i a and b l o t c h y h em o r rh ag es

subcutaneous t i s s u e

and m u s c l e s i n b o t h c a s e s .
1-1 Q
S i n c e P a s t e u r e l l o s i s was r e p o r t e d oy Caz e
, o c c u r r i n g a s an

e p i z o o t i c among A l g e r i a n s h e e p , t h i s g i v e s t h e w r i t e r a
clear-cut

impression th a t P a s te u r e llo s is

needs s p e c i a l

i n n e w - b o r n l a mb s

attention.
3.

Two c a s e s

Staphyl ococcic i n f e c t i o n .

(7337-33)

d uring the course

of t h i s

s t a p h y l o c o c c i c i n f e c t i o n were found
study.

The d i s e a s e wgg c h a r a c t e r i ? : e d

by a c u t e s e p t i c e m i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m e t a s t a t i c n e c r o t i c
foci

and a b s c e s s - f o r m a t i o n w h i c h a g r e e s q u i t e c l o s e l y w i t h
. 16 ,
t h e c o n d i t i o n r e p o r t e d by b u l l a r o
(1934).
9.

E n t e r o t ox e mi a ( C a s e s 7 399, 7 4 9 6 ,

7434,

7 435,

7436)

Five c a s e s o f e n t e r o t o x e m i a were e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g t h e
c o u r s e of t h i s
the

study , which i n d i c a t e s

t h a t young lambs have

same c o n d i t i o n as s e e n i n o l d e r s h e e p and f e e d l o t l a m b s ,

although the

f e e d and e n v i r o n m e n t a r e d i f f e r e n t .
• Unde t e rm i n e d c a se_s .

A g r o u p o f 13 u n d e t e r . n i n e d c a s e s was f o u n d d u r i n g t h e

-1 6 4 c o u r s e of t h i s

study.

The c a u s e o f d e a t h i n t h e s e

cases

v;ps n o t d e t e r m i n e d and no g r o s s l e s i o n s w e r p o b s e r v e d .
This group p r e s e n t s a c h a l l e n g e to e x p e r i m e n t a l i n g e n u i t y .
White-muscle disease
Two c a s e s

(7356-58)

( C a s e s 7656-58)

of w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e were en­

countered during the course of t h i s

study.

One ( C a s e 7358)

o f t h e s e t wo c a s e s was c o m p l i c a t e d b y b a c t e r e m i a , l e a d i n g
to e b s c-es s-fo rm atio n and a r t h r i t i s ,
was n o t .
bacteria

In the com plicated case,
(« S t a p h y l o c o c c u s ,

c o c c u s and a D i p l o c o c c u s )

w h ile the o th e r

( Ca s e 735 6 )

th re e d i f f e r e n t kinds of

an u n d e t e r m i n e d g r a m - p o s i t i v e

were i s o l a t e d ,

w h e r e a s i n t h e un­

c o m p l i c a t e d o r t y p i c a l c a s e no b a c t e r i a l

f o r ms w e r e f o u n d .

Apparently,

case of w hite-m uscle

a typical

(or uncomplicated)

d i s e a s e i s n o t c a u s e d by any b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n ,

and t h a t

a g r e e s v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e wor k o f t h e hew York ( C o r n e l l )
6 4 , 7 3 , 10 5
79
Station
a n d t h e Or egon S t a t i o n
. On t h e o t h e r
ZLA
h a n d , ' J u n^i t i r e n d 'Welch"'"’* f o u n d ' coc-cibia i n -case' s’""of'
38
"stiff-lam b
d i s e a s e , Heath
f o u n d an a c i d - f a s t b s c i x l u s
i n a s i m i l a r d i s e a s e d c o n d i t i o n , w h i l e Lee & S c r i v n e r
i s o l a t e d 3 k in d s of b a c t e r i a
spore forming ro d s)

(bipolar rods,

50

c o c c i , and n o n ­

from l a m b s w i t h t u i s m a l a d y .

The r e s u l t s

o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s i l l u s t r a t e d b y Cas e 7358
clearly
actually

indicate

that this

l a t t e r g r o u p o f w o r k e r s were

d e a lin g with whit e-muscle

some o t h e r i n f e c t i o n .

d i s e a s e c o m p l i c a t e d by

The b l o o d s t u d i e s on w h i t e - m u s c l e

d i s e a s e r e v e a l e d hig h v a l u e s i n a l l s i x blood c o n s t i t u t i o n s

-

-1 6 5 st-udied which a g r e e d r a t h e r
differences,

with

In th o se

c lo s e ly , except f o r minor

the f i n d i n g s of Anderson

two c a s e s

a b o v e , no c a r d i a c

(7356-58)

9?
SholT .

and

s t u d i e d and p r e s e n t e d

i n v o l v e m e n t s we r e f o u n d .

h o w e v e r , t h e w r i t e r h a d an o p p o r t u n i t y
wnite-muscle

3

Just recently,

to study a c a s e of

d i s e a s e i n s y o u n g l e m b ( C a s e 6598)

department c o l l e c t i o n .

from our

The p a t h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n t he

h e a r t follow ed r a t h e r c l o s e l y those found in th e s k e l e t a l
m u s c l e out m o r e m i t o t i c
i n g muscle c e l l s

(Fig.

were se en (Fig'.

54).

f i g u r e s were n o t e d i n t h e r e g e n e r a t ­
53)

ana s m a l l e r muscle g i a n t

The c e l l w i t h t h e m i t o t i c

cells

f i g u r e or

w ith the s o - c a l l e d " p e c u lia r nu clear s t r u c t u r e "

found in

t h e h e a r t was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d by A n i t s c h k o w i n 1 9 1 3 and
1 S0
was c a l l e d t h e " A n i t s c h k o w m y o c y t e "
.
Anitschkow b e l i e v e d
th a t these c e l l s

o r i g i n a t e d in the muscle f i b e r s of the

h e a r t b u t t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n was d i s r e g a r d e d by E h r l i c h and
IQa
19a
Ixapan~r -hirv 1-.9 3Q- a.nd-Glsw-son . a.nd,-.,.Dow.ne-y -- ■••■-in'. 19-41-.
E h r l i c h and L a p a n wer e c o n v i n c e d t h a t

this

the i n t e r s t i t i a l

and c a l l e d i t

tissues

of the h e a r t

c e l l a r o s e from
a

" m y o c a r d i a l r e t i c u l o c y t e " w h i l e Cl aws o n and Downey t h o u g h t
it

s h o u l d be c a l l e d a " c a r d i a c h i s t i o c y t e "

"reticulocyte"
it

is

applied to a red blood c e ll.

h a s been g e n e r a l l y

interstitial
fibers.

s in c e t h e term

tissue

agreed that i t

and n o t

develops

Since then,
f r om c a r d i a c

f rom t h e m y o c a r d i a l m u s c u l a r

Boyd 1 3 d e s c r i b e d t h i s c e l l a s

"a c a r d i a c h i s t i o c y t e

w n i c h i n i n f l a m m a t i o n shows i n c r e a s e d c y t o p l a s m . ,
characteristic

a highly

s e r r a t e d b a r of c h r o m a t i n in th e c e n t e r of

*1 n

r»

-lo o —

the nucleus,

and f i b r i l s r a d i a t i n g f r om t h e b a r t o t h e

periphery."

Apparently,

Boyd d i d n o t n o t i c e t h a t

"peculiar nuclear

structure"

beautiful m itotic

figure

the

was n o t h i n g more t h a n a

(probably in the metaphase stage)

i n an a c t i v e l y - p r o l i f e r a t i n g r e g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e c e l l i n
the h e a r t.

In f a c t ,

cells

o f such k i n d ,

p o i n t e d o u t by E h r l i c h and La p a n
observed in rheum atic fever
pathologic s ta t e s ,

] 9a

in the h e a r t ,

as

, we r e n o t o n l y f r e q u e n t l y

b u t a l s o i n a number o f

such as s e p s i s ,

Rcprlet fever,

p e r i c a r d i t i s nodosa,

endocarditis.

Undoubtedly,

meningococcic bacterem ia,
and s u b a c u t e b a c t e r i a l

certain regenerating cardiac

m u s c l e c e l l s w i t h m i t o t i c f i g u r e s may be e x p e c t e d u n d e r t h o s e
conditions.
An o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g

but important

p o i n t s h o u l d b e men­

tio n e d here in r e g a r d to r e g e n e r a t i o n of h e a r t m u s c l e .
stated

t h a t " p l a i n muscle and h e a r t m u sc le f i b e r s

Boyd'''

do n o t

• r e g e n e r a t e ; - u n i o n . o f ' t h e d i v i d e . d parte-...is....by s c a r , - t i ssue- "
Fro.a t h e r e s u l t s

of present, i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t

h e a r t muscle h a s th e a b i l i t y
certain conditions
Moreover,

s eems t h a t t h e

to r e g e n e r a t e a t l e a s t under

(white-muscle d isea se

i n l a mb c a s e 6 5 9 8 ) .

s i n c e t h e s o - c a l l e d " A n i t s c h k o w m y o c y t e s w e r e ob­

s e r v e d i n a riumoer o f p a t h o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e h e a r t by
E h r l i c h and L a p a n 1 0 8 and i n
Iieart)

syphilitic

m y o c a r d i t i s (gumma o f
13 SQ 76
a s r e p o r t e d by many o t h e r w o r k e r s
'
'
, further

e v i d e n c e was f u r n i s h e d t o s u b s t a n t i a t e

the fa c t th a t

cardiac

m u s c l e m i g h t a l s o r e g e n e r a t e u n d e r some o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s .

-

-167-

The h i s t o - p a t h o l o g y o f w h i t e - m u s c i e d i s e a s e i n l ambs
was b r i e f l y worked, o u t f i r s t

by M e t z g e r end Ha g a n 0 ' i n 1 9 ? 7 ,

They me n t i o n e d , f o u r ma i n p o i n t s , n a m e l y ,

(l) w hitish

or p a t c h e s as t h e g r o s s l e s i o n in t h e m u s c l e ;
d e g e n e r a t i v e and not in fla m m a to r y ;
infiltration
(A)

of the p r e s e n t

practically

e p h a g o c y t i c c e l l was f o u n d .

investigation

no c e l l

The r e s u l t s

A p p a r e n t l y , M e t z g e r and

Hagan d i d n o t n o t i c e muscle; g i a n t c e l l s

vital

is

agree in c e r t a i n r e s p e c t s with

f in d in g s but not in a l l .

activities

it

by p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r o r o t h e r w a n d e r i n g c e l l s ;

occasionally

their

( 3)

(£)

streaks

nor the p r o l i f e r a t i v e

of t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g muscle c e l l s which a r e so

and s i g n i f i c a n t

particular disease.

to the

p a t h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s of t h i s

F o l l o w i n g M e t z g e r and Hagan,

number of r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s ,

46

, members
77
of t h e V e t e r i n a r y R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y o f Or egon S t a t i o n
,
38
60
93
Heath
, Mars h
, S l e g s v o l d and L u n d - ^ a r s o n ' , Lee e n d
.,'"=.38....
85
1Q5- 111 ...
cy)-.... -..........
Scrivner" , S c h o lfie ld
, Sal yi .
, and if i l i m a n e t a l
,
wer e a c t i v e l y

engaged i n studying- the p a t h o l o g i c a l

of the d i s e a s e .
made t o w a r d t h e
exists.

It

J u n g h e r r a n d Y/elch

quite a

Up t o t h i s
solution

s e e ms r a t h e r

of

moment, l i t t l e
the problem,

aspect

a d v a n c e h a s been

and. c o n f u s i o n s t i l l

strange th a t not a single

worker

has d e s c rib e d the microscopic le s io n s in the h e a r t .
To s t a t e

briefly,

th e h i s t o - p a t h o l o g y of w h i t e - m u s c l e

d i s e a s e in v o lv e s m yodegeneration f o llo w e d by m y o -re g e n e ra tio n .
In t h e d e g e n e r a t i v e c h a n g e s ,

the im p o rta n t f e a t u r e

is hyalina-

t i o n o f t h e a f f e c t e d m u s c l e f i b e r s t o g e t h e r w i t h some

-168-

fibroblastic

activity,

w h ile in the r e g e n e r a t i v e p r o c e s s ,

the n u c le a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n

from the u n a f f e c t e d musc le f i b e r s

o r from t h e s u r v i v e d s a r c o l e m m a l e a d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
muscle g i a n t c e l l s

and r e g e n e r a t i n g m us cl e f i b e r s .

fu n c tio n of the muscle g i a n t c e l l s i s
tis s u e s while

The

t o r emove t h e d e a d

t h a t of r e g e n e r a t i n g muscle f i b e r s i s to f i l l

t h e g a p s l e f t by damaged t i s s u e .

If

the

damage wa s so

s e v e r e t h a t t h e a f f e c t e d m u s c u l a r n u c l e i wer e d e a d ,
blastic proliferation

and s u b s e q u e n t

f i b r o s i s would t a k e

p l a c e and t h e l e s i o n wo u l d b e f i l l e d w i t h f i b r o u s
tissue.

In the

heart,

t h o s e found i n t h e
in

the le s io n s

s k e l e t a l muscle

the r e g e n e r a t i n g muscle

fibro­

and adipose

a r e somewhat s i m i l a r t o
b u t mor e m i t o t i c

figures

f i b e r s and s m a l l e r g i a n t c e l l s

were observed.
R e g a r d i n g t h e s u b j e c t o f " m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n and myoregeneration"

in general,

it

was n o t i c e d t h a t many w o r k e r s

i n ’ t h e '"field' o f p a t h o l o g y H a v e b e e n a c t i v e l y ' engaged, i n s u c h
] 0]
a study.
As e a r l y a s 1 8 6 ? , Vi r c h o w" " was a b l e t o f i n d t h e
so-called
muscle.

" r e p a i r clubs of s t r i p e d muscle" in r e g e n e r a t i n g
He m e n t i o n e d t h a t

s embl ed. m y e l o p l a x e s .

these r e p a ir clubs c lo se ly r e 51
In 1899, L e j a r s
and h i s f r i e n d F i l l e t

d e s c r ib e d t u b e r c u l o s i s of t h e muscle w ith form ation of
m ultinuclested g ia n t-c e lls

from t h e s t r i a t e d f i b e r s .

t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n was b r i e f a n d p o o r l y i l l u s t r a t e d
drawing),

t h e i r wor k h a s l o n g b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d .

L e j a r s and h i s

Since

(hand

Moreover,

f r ie n d did not a p p r e c ia te the s ig n i f i c a n c e

of the g ia n t c e l l in t u b e r c u l o s i s m uscle,

because th e y did

n o t know t h e e x a c t f u n c t i o n o f t h e c e l l a n d p r o c e s s

of i t s

-139-

formation.

I n 1 9 0 1 , Mere h a n d

37

m e n t i o n e d such " r e p a i r c l u b s

o f s t r i p e d m u s c l e s " and i n c l u d e d t hem among t h e s o u r c e o f
f o r e i g n body g i a n t c e l l s .
55
M a l l o r y " ' t 19 1 4 , e x p l a i n e d t h e v a r i o u s a p p e a r a n c e s o f
i n j u r e d s t r i p e d m u s c l e a nd s t a t e d t h a t
fib er is k ille d ,

it

"when t h e w h o l e m u s c l e

is not regenerated.

one o f t h e f i b e r s i s d e s t r o y e d ,

When o n l y

a c t i v e r e g e n e r a t i o n of the

p a r t wh i c h h a s n o t u n d e r g o n e n e c r o s i s t a k e s p l a c e
p a r t wnich r e m a i n s u n i n j u r e d .
rapid

a p a r t of

f r om t h e

The i n t a c t n u c l e i u n d e r g o

d i r e c t d i v i s i o n a nd e a c h f o r m s s e v e r a l d o z e n s e p a r a t e

n u c l e i ............... The new n u c l e i m i g r a t e t o

t h e p e r i p h e r y and

t h e i n j u r e d e n d o f t h e m u s e l e - f i b e r ................... The p r o c e s s of
r e g e n e r a t i o n o f m u s c l e - f i b e r s i s c o m p l i c a t e d and made c on ­
f u s i n g by t h e

p r e s e n c e o f n u m e r o u s l e u c o c y t e s a t t r a c t e d by

the in ju rio u s

a g e n t and by t h e i n j u r e d t i s s u e .

S o me t i me s

t h e n e c r o t i c m u sc le i s removed t h r o u g h t h e a c t i o n o f p o ly ­
m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u k o c y t e s , w h i c h u s u a l l y ‘I n v a d e t h e f i b e r s ;

......*

............... b u t a t o t h e r t i m e s o n l y e n d o t h e l i a l l e u k o c y t e s a r e
present.

They a t t a c k n e c r o t i c m u s c l e s u b s t a n c e

p e r i p h e r y and g r a d u a l l y
without inward.

dissolve i t ,

Mitoses in

a r e not, i n f r e q u e n t .

working s low ly

from

these e n d o th e lia l leu c o c y te s

O c c a s i o n a l l y , m u l t i p l e m i t o s e s occur

f r o m whi c h m u l t i n u c l e a t e d c e l l s r e s u l t .
the

f r om t h e

More o f t e n

some o f

e n d o t h e l i a l l e u c o c y t e s f u s e t o form f o r e i g n b o d y g i a n t -

cells.

S o m e t i m e s t h e two p r o c e s s e s o f r e g e n e r a t i o n

and o f

r e m o v a l o f t h e n e c r o t i c m u s c l e - t i s s u e o f t h e same m u s c l e - f i b e r
o v e r l a p and r e n d e r the p i c t u r e d i f f i c u l t

to in te r p r e t" .

-170-

A c c o r d i n g t o M a l l o r y , m y o - r e g e n e r a . t i o n was a p p a r e n t l y p o s s i b l e
and m u l t i n u c l e a t e d g i a n t c e l l s

did e x i s t .

a g r e e v e r y w e l l w i t h our f i n d i n g s .

These t wo p o i n t s

Ho we v e r , h i s

observation

on t h e r e m o v a l o f d e a d m u s c l e t i s s u e by p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r
le u c o c y te s or e n d o t h e l i a l l e u c o c y te s ,
multinucleated g ia n t-c e lls
ouite

contrary

and t h e f o r m a t i o n o f

from e n d o t h e l i a l l e u c o c y t e s was

t o o u r f i n d i n g s and wa s v e r y m i s l e a d i n g .
rn r*

I n 1PP6,

Forbus

f -O

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n and r e ­

g e n e r a tio n of t h e r e c t u s abdominis in

pneumonia.

He p o i n t e d

o u t t h a t f o l l o w i n g d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e m u s c l e ( i e . h v s i itip
d e g e n e r a t i o n ) , r e g e n e r a t i v e changes o c c u r r e d which l e d to
the

t o t a l r e s t o r a t i o n of the a f fe c te d muscle.

generative

p r o c e s s was d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l ,

o f w h i c h was a s f o l l o w s :

"The h y a l i n e

i s removed t h r o u g h t h e a c t i v i t y

This r e ­

the e s s e n t i a l

contractile

substance

of mononuclear wandering

p h a g o c y t i c c e l l s which a r e o f e x t r a m u s c u l a r o r i g i n .

The

- m u s c l e - n u c l e i " o f —the;- old., fiber*' p r o l i f e r a t e -.and, p r o d u c e ""new
muscle c e l l s ,

t h e i r c y t o p l a s m b e i n g d e r i v e d , from t h e e a r c o ­

plasm of th e o l d p a r t i a l l y
muscle c e l l s ,

t h e new f i b e r

preserved f i b e r .
develops,

From t h o s e

e i t h e r from g r o w t h o f

t h e i n d i v i d u a l c e l l o r f r om f u s i o n o f s e v e r a l c e l l s " .

The

f i n d i n g s i n w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e a g r e e i n most r e s p e c t s w i t h
t h e work o f F o r c e s except , f o r t h e o r i g i n o f t h e p h a g o c y t i c
cells

found, i n

t h e p r o c e s s o f m y o - r e g e n e r s t i o n and. t h e

f u s i o n of s e v e r a l c e l l s
findings,

the phagocytic

t o f or m new f i b e r .
cells

A c co r di ng to our

(the muscle g i a n t c e l l s )

are

o f m u s c u l a r o r i g i n and F o r b u s 1 f u s e d - c e l l s a r e i n r e a l i t y

.

-1 7 1 -

m u l t i n u c l e a t e d muscle g i a n t c e l l s .
I n t h e same y e a r

(1936).

Forbus '

c o n d u c t e d an e x p e r i ­

m e n t a l s t u d y on m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n and my o r e g e n e r a t i o n u s i n g
vital

stains.

As a r e s u l t ,

and. s t a t e d t h a t

he c o n f i r m e d h i s p r e v i o u s work

"the p h a g o c y t i c c e l l s

found w ith in

the

p e r s i s t e n t sar col emma. , w h i c h t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m u s c l e c e l l s
d e r i v e d from t h e m u s c l e n u c l e i
o f V. ' aldeyer,

form t h e

"Muskelzellenschlauche

are wandering c e l l s of e x tr a -m u s c u la r

and h a v e no c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e m u s c l e c e l l s " ,
mentioned t h a t
the

"muscle c e l l s

origin

a l t h o u g h he

as w e l l as p h a g o c y t i c c e l l s of

" M u s k e l z e l l e n s c h l a u c h e " a r e c a p a b l e o f o e i n g s t a i n e d by

i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n of v i t a l d y e s
during th e ir

development,

alone i s i n s u f f i c i e n t for
muscle o r ig in

(carmine o f tr y p a n blue)

and hence such v i t a l

staining

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g between c e l l s of

and c e l l s o f e x t r a m u s c u l a r o r i g i n " .

l y , Forbus d id n o t u s e M a l l o r y ' s a n i l i n

blue s t a i n

Unfortunate
i n studying:

t h e „..pr,eserved tissues,"' n t h e r v i s e . J i e . , . . . would have .realhzedl t h a t
th e muscle g i a n t

cells

end t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g m u s c l e c e l l s

w o u l d h a v e e x h i b i t e d t h e same s t a i n i n g

affinity

nuclei

woul d a p p e a r e x a c t l y

the

of t h e s e

same.

two n e w l y - f o r m e d c e l l s

T h i s woul d h a v e i n d i c a t e d c l e a r l y

and some

the muscular

but n ot e x t r a - m u s c u l a r o r i g i n of th e muscle g i a n t c e l l s ,
x?
Hay t h o r n ' ” , i n 1 9 3 8 , p u b l i s h e d an e x t e n s i v e r evi ew/ on
the subject of

"multinucleated giant c e lls " .

t h e t e r m "Muscl e G i a n t C e l l s "
they e x i s t e d .

He m e n t i o n e d

but h e s i t a t e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t

He was of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t

"while muscle

r e p a i r c l u b s may r e s e m b l e f o r e i g n oody g i a n t c e l l s ,

l

it

is

*

-172-

dou'otful i f th e y can ta k e
capacity other
them".

f o r m a t i o n i n any

body w h i c h a t t r a c t s

he a g r e e d w i t h M a l l o r y

considered the s o -c a lle d

"foreign g ian t

and F o r b u s and
cells"

i n myo-

as of e x tr a -m u s c u la r o r i g i n .

In 1931,
r e s u l t s on t h e
the

in t h e i r

th a t that of a foreign

In f a c t ,

regeneration

part

33
G o e t t s c l i and P a p p e n h e i m e r ' " r e p o r t e d t h e i r
study of n u t r i t i o n a l muscular dystrophy in

g u i n e a p i g and r a b o i t .

They w e r e a b l e t o f i n d t h e seme

p r o c e s s e s o f m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n f o l l o w e d by m y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n
out agr eeo. e n t i r e l y w i t h F o r b u s i n r e s p e c t t o t h e o r i g i n o f
the

so -c a lle d invading

"phagocytic h i s t i o c y t e s " .

found l a r g e r n u l t i n u c l e a t e d

plasm atic masses, l y i n g ag ainst

the n e c r o t i c r e m a i n s o f t h e muscle s u b s t a n c e .
i n g to our i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,

In f a c t ,

accord­

the large rnultinucleated plasmatic

m a s s e s e r e n o t h i n g more t h a n m u s c l e g i a n t
so-called

They a l s o

"phagocytic h is tio c y te s "

c e l l s and t h e

a r e mo s t l i k e l y

the

developing muscle g i a n t c e l l s .
The f o l l o w i n g y e a r

(1932 a,

b) , F i s h b a c k a n d F i s h b a c k

24,25

made an e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y on m u s c l e d e g e n e r a t i o n by u s i n g
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f trauma..
infiltration

They f o u n d t h a t a m o d e r a t e d i f f u s e

o f p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s e nd l y m p h o c y t e s

was i n d u c e d w i t h i n

24 h o u r s

t i o n began t o fade

a t 72 h o u r s .

t h e r e wer e no i n f l a m m a t o r y
after

injury,

phagocytic

after injury

cells le f t.

end. o f f i v e

days

Seventy-two hours

c e l l s containing debris appeared,

and a t t h e end. o f f i v e d a y s ,
liferation

At t h e

bu t such i n f i l t r a ­

marked e a r l y muscle c e l l p r o­

o c c u r r e d around t h e margin of p a t c h e s of t h e f i b e r

- 1 7 vi­

de g e n e r a t i o n .

T h e r e wer e n u m e r o u s i r r e g u l a r

with f i b r i l l a r

e x t e n s i o n s , and s y n c y t i a l s p r o u t s w i t h

m ultiple n u c le i.

On t h e 1 8 t h and S l s t

s p ro u ts " with m u ltip le n u c l e i ,

explanation,

are

(1934),

wo r k e d on t h e p r o b l e m ,

" N u t r i t i o n a l myopathy i n d u c k l i n g s " ,

skimmed, m i l k p o w d e r , c a s e i n ,
end paper p u l p .

w e r e f ound i n t h e
generation.

according to our

P a o p e n h e i m e r and Go e t t - s c h

The my op a t hy w a s i n d u c e d b y a s p e c i a l d i e t

salts,

The s o - c a l l e d

pro bably t h e muscle g i a n t c e l l s .

Two y e a r s l a t e r

yeast,

cells

d a y s a few a r e a s of

a l m o s t n o r m a l s i z e d new f i b e r s w e r e f o u n d .
"syncytial

single

corn-starcn,

c o n s i s t i n g of
land,

coo l i v e r o i l ,

The p a t h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s

s k e l e t a l m u s c l e s a s h y a l i n e or waxy de­

I n t h o s e c a s e s which s u r v i v e d l o n g e r ,

an e x t r e m e c e l l u l a r r e s p o n s e

i n which m y o b la s ts ,

and l e u c o c y t e s o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s t o o k p i e c e .

t h e r e was

histiocytes,

Occasionally,

b a s o p h i l i c r e g e n e r a t i n g m yocytes were p r e s e n t .
• ,

5 .4 .......•• ...

Madsen, e t

a.i

......

, ' in~‘ 1 9 3 5 , p u b l i s h e d " “wobk "brf " ' N u t r i t i o n a l '

m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n o f h e r b i v o r e , f e d n o r m a l and s y n t h e t i c r a t i o n s " .
A m y o - d e g e n e r a t i o n was f o u n d i n t h e l e s i o n s and an a c t i v e
; n y o p h a g o c y t o s i s wa s o b s e r v e d , t o occur* s h o r t l y a f t e r
They d i d n o t m e n t i o n e d ,
10r

however,

the

type o f c e l l s

injury.
responsible

my 0 p h 0 g o c y t o s i s .
In 1943,

Boyd1,5 d i s c u s s e d g i a n t

c e l l s and. s t a t e d "when

the i n d i v i d u a l macrophages a r e u n a b le t o d e a l w ith p a r t i c l e s
t o be removed,

t h e y f u s e t o g e t h e r t o form m u l t i n u c l e a t e d

plant c e l l s . — -Such a foreign

cody g i a n t

cell is

a s y n c y t i u m c o n t a i n i n g a l a r g e number o f n u c l e i .

a cytoplasm;
In t h i s

it

form,

the

s e e ms t o h a v e g r e a t e r

cells act singly".

p h a g o c y t i c power t h a n when

The w r i t e r

a g r e e s w i t h B o y d ’s

in te r p r e ta tio n regarding the function
partly

to the

form ation of g i a n t c e l l s ,

i d e a as t o the

o r i g i n of muscle g i a n t

mentioned t h a t

"some g i a n t

d i v i s i o n of the

nucleus"

th e muscle g i a n t
that

of giant c e l l s

cells.

c e l l s are
wh i c h i s

but not with h is

cells.

Boyd a l s o

f o r m e d by a m i t o t i c

ap p a re n tly not

Ag a i n i n r i s

"H esling i n the muscle

and

found in

b o o k , Boyd s t a t e d

d e p e n d s on t h e k i n d s o f m u s c l e .

P l a i n m u s c l e end h e a r t m u s c l e f i b e r s do n o t r e g e n e r a t e ;
u n io n of t h e d i v i d e d p a r t s

is

by s c a r

tissue.

muscle has g r e a t e r r e p a r a t i v e power.
g e n e r a t i o n d e p e n d s or. t h e

lemma p r o l i f e r a t e

the n u c l e i of the

to the

On ""the ot her * ■h a n d y

f i b e r s have been d e s t r o y e d ,

r e m o v e d by m o n o n u c l e a r p h a g o c y t e s ,

the d e b ris i s

w h i c h may f orm g i a n t

and t h e g a p i s c l o s e d by f i b r o u s

w r ite r agrees

sarco-

p u t s ou t b a n d s which b r i d g e th e

gap "and' e v e n t u a l l y bebome ""'"striale"ti.

cells,

I n an i n c i s e d ,

and f or m r n u l t i n u c l e a t e d s y n c y t i a l m a s s e s

w h ile the s a r c o u s su b stan ce

when t h e m u s c l e

The e x t e n t o f r e ­

type of i n j u r y .

wound v; i t h no l o s s o f s u b s t a n c e ,

Striated

tis s u e s ”.

The

i n c e r t a i n r e s p e c t s w i t h Boyd's s t a t e m e n t as

p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d in myo-regener-atior. b ut does not

agree with h i s

i d e a of m y o p h a g o c y t o s is

phagocytes nor

to the o r i g i n of t h i s

by m o n o n u c l e a r

p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p of

r i a n t c e l l s from mono nuclear p h a g o c y t e s .
" m u l t in u c l e a t e d s y n c y t i a l mass" should
of the m uscular g i a n t c e l l s .

In f a c t ,

Boyd's

be r e g a r d e d a s one

-1 7 5 -

I n t h e same y e a r ( 1 9 4 3 ) ,

r>8

Forbus

, in dealing; with

Asc'noff c e l l s ,

stated:

curious single

and. r n u l t i n u c l e a t e d g i a n t

characteristic

of the t y p i c a l

"The n a t u r e

j e c t of l o n g d i s c u s s i o n .

and t h e o r i g i n o f t h e
c e l l s w n i c h are s o

A s c h o f f b o d y h a s been a s u b ­

These c e l l s have been d e s c r i b e d

very c a re fu lly

b y a number o f w o r k e r s .

A s c h o f f and he

thought i t

what he c a l l e d

the a d v e n t i t i a l c e lls

most l i k e l y

The e a r l i e s t was
t h a t t h e y a r i s e from

of

the b lo o d v e s s e l s .

G eip e l e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e y a r e p r o b a b l y

Later,

6 .e r i v e d xruii) orcliii&ry conr i 6 c1 1v c 1 1 s s u 6 C e l l s .

early d escriptio ns,

opinion

S i n e s *fclis

as t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s e c e l l s

have v a r i e d ,

a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e many n a me s g i v e n t o t hem,

for

fibroblasts,

example,

th e lia l cells,
forth.

epithelioid

The r e c e n t

supravital,

connective
cells,

tissue

cells,

muscle c e l l s ,

and so

s t u d i e s by Me Even, i n which modern,

c y t o l o g i e s ! t e c h n iq u e s were used,

. t hat-“~the ' 'As-eho -ff - c e l l s most " L i k e l y

seem t o show

a r l-ee~~from u n d i f f e r e n t i n t ­

ed m e s e n c h y m a l e l e m e n t s o f l o o s e c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e .
with

these o b se r v a tio n s,

development of th e
a part,

and y e t

it

woul d seem mo s t l i k e l y

p e c u l i a r Aschoff c e l l s

a rather

peculiar- p e r t ,

a c tio n of the connective t i s s u e . "
been a b l e t o a s c e r t a i n t h e
s o - c a l l e d " Aschoff c e l l s " .
muscle d is e a s e

endo­

t h a t the

c o n s t i t u t e s simply

of the h e a l i n g r e ­

Apparently,

exact natu re

In lin e

no one h a s

and o r i g i n o f th e

R e f e r r i n g ; t o t h e s t u d y on w h i t e

o f new-born l a m b s ,

it

was o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e

m u s c l e g i a n t c e l l s i n t h e h e a r t wer e s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e
found in the s k e l e t a l m uscl e but possessed, a l l t h e

-1 7 6 characteristics
the w r i te r

of the s o - c a l l e d

t o b e l i e v e that,

"Aschoff c e l l s " .

the s o - c a l l e d "Aschoff c e l l s "

p r o b a b l y n o t h i n g more t h a n c a r d i a c m u s c l e g i a n t
the

This l e a d s
are

c e l l s and

"Aschoff b o d i e s " i n myocardium a r e only m ass es o f t i s s u e

c o n s i s t i n g of r e g e n e r a t i n g c a r d ia c muscle c e l l s

and c a r d i a c

m u s c l e g i a n t c e l l s t o g e t h e r w i t h a few f i b r o b l a s t s ,

occasion­

a l plasma c e l l s ,

leucocytes.

lymphocytes,

and p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r

F u rth e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s needed in o r d e r to c l e a r up t h i s
situation.
In
heart

t he Same y e a r

(syphilitic

present.

stated 5

h a v i n g t h e same i r r e g u l a r
they

*7o

m e n t i o n e d gumma o f

and s t r e s s e d t h e e x i s t e n c e

"Here end t h e r e ,

But, giant c e l l s

i n s. gumma t h a n t h e y a r e i n

cytoplasm,

Ogilvie

m yocarditis)

of g i a n t c e l l s ,
is

(1343),

are,

as a r u l e ,

a tuberculoma.

l e s s n u me r o u s

Further,

s h a p e and g r a n u l a r ,

are g en erally

a giant cell

while

acidophilic

s m a l l e r and c o n t a i n few er

hue l e i '" 1 'Under'"' such" cordl t± one g - t h e "cardi-ac* m u s c le - g i a n t c e l l s - .
might also e x i s t .
In the
stated:

F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n might, r e v e a l t h i s

d i s c u s s io n of foreign-Dody g i a n t c e l l s ,

fact.

Ogilvie

"They a r e known a s f o r e i g n - b o d y g i a n t c e l l s ,

because

they ere f r e q u e n t l y found i n r e l a t i o n t o fo reig n b odies
s u c h a s c a t - g u t o r v e g e t a b l e - m a t t e r embedded i n t h e t i s s u e s .
They a l s o o c c u r 1 i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f p a t h o l o g i c a l d e p o s i t s
which are d i f f i c u l t ,
secretions,

fat

to a b s o r b such as u r a t e s ,

and k e r a t i n ,

and o t h e r

inspissated,

features in tis s u e s

c h r o n i c a l l y i n f l a m e d oy b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n ............... Some of
t hem c o n t a i n c e 1 1 - d e b r i s or f a t and i t

is

likely that their

-1 7 7 -

main c a p a c i t y i s ,
f r om t h i s t h e i r
clear.

indeed,

that, o f p h a g o c y t o s i s ,

function is

P r o b a b l y mo s t a r e

of f ib r o b l a s ts .

And i t

obscure.

Nor i s t h e i r

derivatives

d i v i s i o n of th e

d i v i s i o n of the c y to p lasm ,

fusion

is possibly

the s o - c a l l e d

though sometimes
Apparently,

evidence to support h i s

statem ent

f u n c t i o n and mode o f f o r m a t i o n o f

11f o r e i g n - b o d y g i a n t c e l l s " .

e v i d e n c e o b t a i n e d f r om o u r
white-muscle

the method".

concrete

regarding the o rig in ,

others

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e commones t

nucleus without

0 fell v i e had l i t t l e

origin

of h i s t i o c y t e s ,

node o f f o r m a t i o n i s r e p e a t e d a m i t o t i c

of c e l l s

but a p a r t

Perhaps the

f i n d i n g the muscle g i a n t c e l l s

in

d i s e a s e o f y o u n g l a m b s may s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o r

f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of o t h e r kinds of g ia n t c e l l s .
In a b r i e f

d is c u s s io n of the s u b je c t

rnyo-regeneration"
it

seerns Q u i t e

as p r e s e n t e d i n t h e

possible th a t

on " m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n

foregoing paragraphs,

t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l p h e n o m e n a ob­

s e r v e d i n t h e c a s e s of w h i t e muscle d i s e a s e of new-born
l a m b s may s e r v e

a s a. g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e

number of o t h e r

diseased conditions

disturbances,
rheumatic
etc.
tion

s uch as t u b e r c u l o s i s ,

fever,

syphilitic

i n the

study of a

involving muscular
pneumonia,

m yocarditis,

typhoid fever,

scarlet

fever,

and

In t h e s e m u s c u l a r d i s t u r b a n c e s i n v o l v i n g m yod eg en er a­
and r n y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n ,

would follow i n

one way o r

the tiss u e re a c tio n
another the

to i n j u r y

same p a t h o l o g i c a l

p a t t e r n as d e s c r i b e d i n c a s e s o f w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e .
fancy term " M u s k e l z e l l e n s c h i a u c h e "

o f Yval deyer i s

a ma s s o f r e g e n e r a t i n g s k e l e t a l m u s c l e

The

in r e a l i t y

c e l l s and s k e l e t a l

-1 7 8 -

m u s c l e g i a n t c e l l s t o g e t h e r w i t h a few f i b r o b l a s t s .
s o - c a l l e d " A s c h o f f body" i n

the myocardium i s most l i k e l y

a group of r e g e n e r a t i n g c a r d i a c muscle c e l l s ,
muscle g i a n t - c e l l s
cells,

and p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s .

The " A n i t s c h k o w

figure,

w hile the

p r o b a b l y n o t h i n g more t h a n a c a r d i a c m u s c l e

F u r th e r m o r e , th e terms such as " r e p a i r
a

masses",

u

w v l i v j

UJ.O.L

O o r» «
*
*
>O
II1U.U D U v

^
f

"Aschoff c e l l "
giant cell.

clubs of muscle",

^ 'r m l t i
1 11 w i

n n h l o r+C . ^
J.V-U<.'U u

" s y n c y t i a l s p ro u ts with m u l t i p l e n u c l e i " ,

s y n c y t i u m w i t h a l a r g e nu mo e r o f n u c l e i " ,
c e l l s in muscle"

plasma

be a r e g e n e r a t i n g c a r d i a c m u s c l e

c e l l w i t h an a c t i v e m i t o t i c

/| —
, , o 4- ^
ti l U. _L

cardiac

and o c c a s i o n a l l y a f ew l y m p h o c y t e s ,

myocyte" i s c o n s i d e r e d t o

is

The

are a c tu a lly

*1 n Pi n n + i n
^ m tMjiJit.' w i . v

"Cytoplasmic

and " r n u l t i n u c l e a t e d

d e s i g n a t i o n s for muscle g i a n t

cells.
In a d d i t i o n ,
disburbances,

the

the w r i t e r f e e l s

that

fundamental p a th o lo g ic a l processes in -

- v o I v e d -c a n b e ■b r i e f l y ' ' n - t a t e d a s f o l l o w s r
(l).

If

i n any m u s c u l a r

.... .

---

a s t r o n g e t i o l o g i c a l a g e n t i s met and t h e i n j u r y

s e v e r e , +he t i s s u e r e a c t i o n woul d f o l l o w an i n f l a m m a t o r y
process.

The a f f e c t e d m u s c l e f i b e r s w o u l d u n d e r g o v a r i o u s

p ha s e' s o f n e c r o s i s and an a c t i v e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f p o l y m o r p h o ­
n u c l e a r l e u c o c y t e s end o t h e r w a n d e r i n g c e l l s
later

on l y m p h o c y t e s o r p l a s m a c e l l s )

( m a c r o p h a g e s end

woul d be i n d u c e d and

a u s c e s s a t i o n may r e s u l t .

I f the animal

s u r v i v e s or l i v e s

longer, repair

p l a c e and t h e

l e s i o n s wo u l d be

could take

f i l l e d with s c a r t i s s u e .
u n d e r such c o n d i t i o n s .

No my o - r ege n e r a t i on i s

In s n o r t ,

possible

t h e who l e p r o c e s s may be

is

-1 7 9 -

d e s i g n a t e d as

" m y o - i n f l a m m a t i o n and s c a r - t i s s u e r e p a i r " .

In a very r a r e
white-muscle
( 2)

this

p r o c e s s was o b s e r v e d i n

disease.

I f t h e e t i o l o g i c s l a g e n t was m i l d or r o t

and t h e damage
typical

instance,

so s t r o n g

t o t h e m u s c u l a r t i s s u e was n o t s e v e r e ,

the

" m y o d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d my or e g e n e r a t i on" a s i l l u s t r a t e d

i n t h e c a s e o f w h i t e —mu s e 1 e d i s e a s e w o u l d t a k e p l a c e .

-1 3 0 -

V.
1.

Fifty-five

Summary and c o n c l u s i o n

c a s e s o f n e w - b o r n lain'os a f f e c t e d w i t h a

v a r i e t y o f d i s e a s e s were i n c l u d e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n
a n d t n e p r o cl em was s t u d i e d by means o f h e m a t o l o g i c a l ,
ua.cteriological,
p.

a n a p a t h o l o g i c a l met hods, ,

From t h e h e m a t o l o g i c a l a s p e c t ,

both c e l l u l a r determina­

t i o n s and c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e
in d e t a i l

and d i s c u s s e d

3.

A sim ilar

(controls)

b l o o d s t u d y on

was a l s o i n c l u d e d .

The b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n c l u d e d t h e i s o l a t i o n o f
4-1 c u l t u r e s

of aero b es

and 7 a n a e r o b e s from v a r i o u s c a s e s .

Ni ne g e n e r a o f b a c t e r i a wer e i d e n t i f i e d ,
Staphylococcus, Diplococcus, N e is se ria ,
Bacterium,

4.

studied

f u l l y in c o n n e c tio n w ith the

various individual cases.
n o r m a l s h e e p and l a m e s

b l o o d wer e

Pasteurella,

namely,
Escherichia,

Coryneoacterium,

Actinomyces,

Clostridium.

T\o o I t u r e s we r e u n d e t e r m i n e d .

Ag a r e s u l t

o f p a t n o l o g i c a l end B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l

15 d i f f e r e n t ty p es of d i s e a s e s were d i a g n o s e d ,
wnite-muscle disease,

staphylococcic

infection,

docking i n f e c t i o n ,

pneumonia,

pesteurellosis,

peritonitis,
dietary

enteritis,

deficiency,

determ ined group.

and

studies,
including:

i n f e c t io n , navel

c a s t r a t i o n wo u n d , b r o n c h o ­

e n t e r - o t o x e . mi e , m e n i n g i t i s ,

gastric ulceration

co ngenital anomalies,
Most o f t h e s e

and p e r f o r a t i o n ,
and an un­

d i s e a s e s were s t u d i e d

more o r l e s s i n d e t a i l

and a nu mbe r o f c o n d i t i o n s wer e

re p o rte d f o r the f i r s t

time.

-1 3 1 -

The f i n d i n g o f m u s c l e g i a n t c e l l s

( s k e l e t a l and c a r d i a c )

i n t h e c a s e s o f w h i t e - m u s c l e d i s e a s e end t h e i r

significance

i n r n y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n a r e c o n s i d e r e d new t o m e d i c a l s c i e n c e
and o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e i n e x p l a i n i n g

the p a t h o l o g i c a l

phenomena i n v o l v e d .
The s p e c i f i c
of t h e i r

f u n c t i o n of muscle g i a n t c e l l s

f o r m a t i o n were

A b r i e f and c o n c i s e

a n d t h e modes

fully discussed,

s t a t e m e n t wss g i v e n c o n c e r n i n g t h e

pathological processes

involved in muscular d i s t u r b a n c e s .

The p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d a r e d e s i g n a t e d
and s c p r - t i s s u e r e p a i r "

for tissu e

as " m y o - i n f l a m m e t i o n

r e a c ti o n to a severe

injury

and " m y o - d e g e n e r a t i o n and ; n y o - r e g e n e r a t i o n " f o r

tissue

r e a c t i o n toward a mild i n j u r y .

The i i i s t o p a t n o l o g y o f wni t e - m u s o l e d i s e a s e i n l a m b s was
s t u d i e d ir; d e t a i l ,

and t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l phenomena ob­

served were s u g g e s t e d as a guide f o r the s tu d y

of a

...number o f human... . d i s e a s e s ...with . m u s c u l a r i n v o l v e m e n t s u c h
as,

tuberculosis,

fever,

pneumonia,

typhoid fever,

rheumatic

s y p h ilitic m yocorditis, s c a rle t fever,

and e t c .

The c a r d i a c m u s c l e was o b s e r v e d t o p o s s e s s t h e c a p a c i t y
for regeneration,

and t h i s i s

a l s o c o n s i d e r e d r.ew t o

medical s c ie n c e .
The n a t u r e
myocyt e"

and o r i g i n o f t h e s o - c a l l e d " A n i t s c h k o w

and " A s c h o f f c e l l " w e r e f u l l y

e v i d e n c e wa s g i v e n
i n t h e myoc a r d i u n .

o e e r i n g on t h e

d i s c u s s e d and

position of these c e lls

-1 8 ? —

11.

The f a n c y
muscle",

and p e c u l i a r

terms such as " r e p a i r c l u b s of

"rnultinucleated s y n c y tia l masses",

rnultinucleated plasm atic masses",
with m u l t i p l e n u c l e i " ,

"large

"syncytial sprouts

"cytoplasmic

syncytium w ith a

l a r g e n u mb e r o f n u c l e i " , and " m u l t i n u c l e a t e d , c e l l s i n
muscle" were e x p l a i n e d .
1?.

The n a t u r e

end t h e o r i g i n o f t h e s o - c a l l e d

"Muskel-

z e l l e n s c h l a u c h e " o f W a l d e y e r was d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l .
13.

The n a t u r e and o r i g i n

of the

so-called

" A s c h o f f oody"

was d i s c u s s e d and s u g g e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g f u r t h e r i n ­
v e s t i g a t i o n s wer e m e n t i o n e d .
14.

A new t e c h n i c o f o p e n i n g t h e

c r a n ia l cavity fo r brain

e x a m i n a t i o n was d e s c r i b e d .
15.

The n a t u r e

o f t h e v a r i o u s d i s e a s e s o f n e w - b o r n l ambs

were s t r e s s e d , and s u g g e s t i o n s wer e made f o r

the

c o n t r o l o f some o f t h e more i m p o r t a n t c o n d i t i o n s .

-1 8 3 VI.

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ii
M i e s s n e r , H . , and K o s e r , A.
1 9 3 1. The 7 t h and 8 t h r e p o r t s o f t h e I m p e r i a l
c e n t r e ( Germany) f o r c o m b a t i n g d i s e a s e s o f
b r e e d i n g a n i m a l s f o r t h e p e r i o d from
A p r i l T; 19 29, t o March 3 1 , 1 9 3 1 .
Deut.
t j . e r a z . t l . W o c h e n s c h r . 39 :
693-697, 711-714.

6 5.

-1 8 9 -

63.

M i l l s , H. H.
1931. Some i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e s of s h e e p .
California
D e p t . A g r i c . Mo n t h l y B u l l . 90:
599-597.

67.
1940. j8.

S t i f f larnhs.
99:
13-15.

C a l i f o r n i a Dept. A g r i c . ,

Bull.

Mon t an a E x p t . S t a t i o n .
1931. D i s e a s e s t r o u b l i n g s h e e p a nd l a mb s ( a r t h r i t i s ,
s t i f f lambs).
Mont ana A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a .
R p t . p. 53.

69
" A r t h r i t i s i n l a mb s ( s t i f f l a m b s ) . Montana
A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a . B u l l . 953:
1-3 .
7 0.
193? . '"-

P r e v e n tio n of d ise a se
Mo n t a na A g r i c . E x p e r .
1 38 :
1-14.

i n y oung i a m b s .
Sta. c ir. (revised)

1937. -

P r o g r e s s i v e pneumonia i n she ep; a r t h r i t i s
lambs.
Mo nt an a A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a . Ann.
Rpt.
pp. 3 7 - 3 9 .

71,

79.

New S o u t h Wa l e s
1931. Sheep d i s e a s e s .
V e t . R e s . R p t . 6,
I I , D e p t . A g r i c . , New S o u t h W a l e s .

73...

New Yor k
1930, -

7 4.

Newsom,
1938. -

in

parts I &

( C o r n e l l ) A g r i c . Exper. S t a .
The r e l a t i o n " o f f e e d i n g "and management" i d
" s t i f f l a mb " t r o u b l e .
New York ( C o r n e l l )
A g r i c . Expe r. S t a . R p t . , pp. 3 9 - ? ? .
I.

E . , and T h o r p , J r . F.
The t o x i c i t y o f i n t e s t i n a l
l a m b s d e ad o f o v e r e a t i ng .
Med. A s s o c , 9 3 :
165-167.

f i l t r a t e s from
J o ur . Ame r . Ve t .

7 5.

N o r r i s , J . H . , and C h a m b e r l i n , W. E.
1999, _
A c h e m i c a l and h i s t o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n
V i c t o r i a ( A u s t r a l i a ) of t h e b l o o d o f c a t t l e
and s h e e p .
Australian J o u r . Expert. Biol,
a nd Med. S c i . 6:
985-999.

76.

Ogilvie,
1943. -

R. F.
Pathological histology.
61, 7 9 - 7 3 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 8 - 7 9 .
Co., Baltim ore.

?nd e d . , p p . 1 3 - 1 4 ,
W i l l i a m s and W i l k i n s

-1 9 0 -

77.

Or egon A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a .
1998-30.
B i e n n i a l r e p o r t o f wor k i n v e t e r i n a r y m e d i c i n e
(Chemical a n a l y s i s of w h i t e muscle from l a m b s ) .
Or egon A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a . B i e n . R p t . , pp. 1 4 - 1 5 ,
118-199.

7 3 . ____________
1939. R e s e a r c h wo r k i n a n i m a l p a t h o l o g y ,
Oregon
A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a . , c i r . 130:
8-9, 49-43.
79
1941. -

L iv e s to c k d i s e a s e s and p a r a s i t e s .
Or eg o n
A g r i c . E x p e r . S t a . , B u l l . 401:
30-39."

8 0.

Opper mann, T.
M
1936. P r a k t i s c h e Wi n ke f u r d i e Di a g n o s e und.
Be k a mpf u n g d e r w i c h t i g s t e n S c h a f k r a n k h e i t e n .
II.
K ran k h eiten i n Ablammstall.
(Diagnosis
and c o n t r o l o f s h e e p d i s e a s e s .
II.
Diseases
of the l a m b i n g pen.
P a r a l y t i c d i s e a s e s and
hemorrhagic septicemia in lambs).
T iersrztl.
R d s c h . , 49:
755-758, 915-917.
A b s t r . Vet.
B u l l . 7:
481 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .

8 1.

P a l l s s k e , G.
1943, V e i t e r e untersuchungen uber die
L i s t e r e l l a i n f e k t i o n der Schafe.
(Further
r e s e a r c h on L i s t s r e l l a i n f e c t i o n i n s h e e p ) .
Z. I n f e k t k r . H a u s t i e r e . , 59: 1 8 5 - 1 4 5 .
A b s t r . V et. B u l l . 13:
313 ( 1 9 4 3 ) .

.88.„

P a p p e n h e i m e r , A. M., and G o e t t s c h , M.
1939 k ' l u t r i t l d h a l “my o p a t h y ‘i n " ' d uc kl i n gs ' ; '“"■Jour";
E x p e r . Med. 59:
35-49.

83.

Pomeroy,
1943. -

B. S . , F e n s t e r r a a c h e r , R . , and And. c e r g , 1 .
L i s t e r e l l o s i s o f s h e e p and c a t t l e i n
Minnesota.
C o r n e l l V e t . 33:
9 6 9 - 8 7 3.

84.

Roberts,
1938. -

R.
Braxy-like
mechani s m
reference
V et . Rec.

8 5.

G.

d i s e a s e s of sheep.
I.
The
of entero -to x em ia with p a r t i c u l a r
t o C l o s t r i d i u m w e l c h i i Tvoe D.
50:
591- 50 4.

Salyi, J.
194p. - C a r d i a c a n d s k e l e t a l m u s c l e d y s t r o p h y i n
young lambs.
Kozl. O ss ze h as . e l e t e s k o r t a n
K o r e b o l . 30:
155.
A b s t r . Ve t , B u l l . 13:
1 3 6 ( 1943) .

-1 9 1 -

8 6.

S c h o f i e l d , F. V.
1 9 38 . R e p o r t o f t h e h i s t o p g t h o l o g y i n s t i f f l amb
disease.
R p t . O n t a r i o Vet. C o l l . , Guelph,
O n t a r i o , p . 40.

87.

____________ a n d B a i n , A. F.
1939. " S t i f f - l a m b d i s e a s e " - an a p h o s p h o r o s i s ?
R p t . O n t a r i o V e t . C o l l . . Gu e l p h , O n t a r i o ,
P. 27.

38.

Se d do n , H. R.
1929. La me n e s s i n l a m b s ;
A r e v i e w o f our p r e s e n t
Kn owl e d ge .
Aa r . G a z . , N. & 3. V a l e s , 40:
454—400 .
1933. -

a n d C a r n e , H. R.
A specific a r th r itis
R p t . No. 6 ;
9 5-103,
V ales.

i n sheep.
V e t . Res .
D e p t . A g r i c . , Hex So u t h

90.

Shaw, J .
1939. -

N . , Muth, 0 . H . , and S e g h e t t i , L.
P u l p y k i d n e y d i s e a s e i n Or egon l a m b s
( i n f e c t i o u s e n t e r o - t o x e m i a ) . Or eg on A g r i c . Expor.
S ta . B u l l . 367:
1-17.

91.

Shearer,
1931. -

G. 0 . , and S t e w a r t , J .
Some b i o c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s on t h e blood, o f
sheep.
2nd R p t . D i r e c t o r I n s t . Anirn. P a t h . ,
U n i v . C a m b r i d g e , pp. 8 6 - 1 2 6 .

99,
S h o l l , L. B.
" '" 1 9 3 9 '/ " - ' "" Stiff"'lam b"" d i s e a s e "in-''M ichigan.
V e t . Med. A s s o c . 9 5 :
108-109.

"J-our

Arner-.

93.

S i a g s v o l d , L . , and L u n d - L a r s e n , H.
1934. Myosit hos lam, Ka lv er og u n g f e .
(Myositis
i n l a m b s , c a l v e s and h e i f e r s ) .
Norsk. Vet.
T i d s k r . 46:
529-552.
A bstr, Vet. B ull.
5:
519 ( 1 9 3 5 ) .

94.

S n i e c k i e n e , P.
1937. Eriuku p e r s l y z i u s arbs p e r a p le e g ia e n z o o t i c s .
( P a r a p l e g i a of lambs).
Vet. i r Z o o te c h .,
Kovno, 14:
199-707.
A b s t r . Vet. B u l l .
1 0 : 534 ( 1 9 4 0 ) .

9 5.

Spr a y , R . 3 .
1923*. B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f pneumoni a i n s h e e p .
J o u r . I n f e c t . Di s . 33:
97-11?.

96.

S p r u n t , D. H.
1933. Tiie s i g n i f i c a n c e o f i n t e r s t i t i a l m o n o n u c l e a r
o n e u mo n i a .
So ut h Med. J o u r . 31:
362-367.

"

-1 9 3 -

97.

Th o r p. J r . *
and T a n n e r , F. I .
19 4 0 . A b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d y of the a e r o b i c
f l o r a o c c u r r i n g i n pneumonic l u n g s o f
swine.
J o u r . Amer . V e t . Med. As s o c .
96:
149-159.

93.
1949.
99.

109 .

P r e v e n t i n g l a mb l o s s e s .
Michigan A g r i c .
E x p e r . Sts.. Q u a r t e r l y B u l l . 35 :
136-137.

T u r n e r , H. W.
F i e l d end e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s o f s h e e p
1933. diseases.
J o u r . Arner. V e t . Med. A s s o c .
3 0:
897-710 .
Vs.wter, L . R . , and R e c o r d s , £.
1 9 3 9. O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e s t i f f l amb p r o b l e m w i t h
s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to w h i t e muscle d i s e a s e .
t ’
tlO U i

.

A -iiJUCi.

•

TT
4VC U .

t ^ A

A ~ ^ -s ^

I’l C U i

O A *
OUT,

101.

V i r c h o w , R.
Die c e l l u l e r p a t h o l o g i e . .
186 3 . A. H i r s c h w a l d , B e r l i n .

10 9 .

Vo l k o v a ,
1938. -

10 3 .

W h i c h r H r / ' Manshi-■fl'r,''''v©nd'';' ' T u n n r ' C i l f E . A .
1 9 39 . -

2nd e d . ,

A o n
Am
a
..................—

pp.

38.5-387,

A. A.
Kishechnaya palo ch k a kak p r i c h i n a zabo'levaniya
y a g n y a t vo v t o r o i p o l o v i n e p o d s o s n o v o
p e r i o d s , i p o s l e o t ’erna.
(Bacterium c o l i
i n f e c t i o n of lambs).
T r u d . U^bek. n a u c h n . i s s l e d . v e t . _ Stan . T a s h k e n t ., 9:
48-58.
578 ( 1940)
A b s t r . V e t , B u l l . 10:

-

.
- ■

Report of t h e Department of V e t e r i n a r y
Science.
Mont ana A g r i c . E x p e r . S t s . R p t . ,
pp. 79-80.

1 04 .

Wi l i m a n , J . P . , A s d e l l , S. A . , Gr a ms , W. T. , and
Hagan, W, A.
The s t i f f l a mb d i s e a s e .
Amer, Soc . Anirn.
19 3 1 .
P r o d . P r o c . , pp. 3 3 1 - 3 3 4 .

10 5.

Hillman,
1934. -

J . P . , A s d e l l , S. A. , and O l a f s o n , P.
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e c a u s e o f t h e s t i f f
l amb d i s e a s e .
C o r n e l l Univ. A g r i c . Exper.
St a . B u l l . 6 0 3 :
1-30.

105.

Wi l i m a n ,
1935. -

J . P . , M o r r i s o n , F. B . , and O l a f s o n , P.
R e l a t i o n o f f e e d i n g and management t o t h e
c a u s e of t h e " s t i f f l amb" d i s e a s e .
New York
( C o r n e l l ) A g r i c . E x p e r . St a . Annual R p t . , p. 79,

-1 9 3 -

10 7 .
19 3 6 . -

Ibid.

Ibid.,

p. 84.

108.

Wi l i m a n ,
J . P . , M o r r i s o n , F. S . , Maynard, L.
M e l a s s , V. R . , a nd O l a f s o n , P.
1938. I b i d . I b i d . , p p. 9 6 - 9 7 .

A. ,

10S .

Wi l i m a n ,
J . P . , M o r r i s o n , F. B . , Maynard, L .
and O l a f s o n , P.
1939. I b i d . I b i d . , p. 1 9 0 .

A. ,

1 10 .

Wi l i m a n ,
J . P . , McCa.y, C. M . , M o r r i s o n , F. B. , and
Maynar d, L. A.
1 9 40 . I b i d . Amer. Soc. Ari m. P r o d , P r o c . ,
33:
185-199.

111.

Willmen,
Olafson,
1941. -

119.

Wiliman,
J . P . , L o o s i i , ,J. K , , A s d e l l , S. A. f
M o r r i s o n , F. B . , O l a f s o n , P . , and H o p p e r , H. D.
1944, The p r e v e n t i o n of l o s s e s from t h e s o - c a l l e d
stiff-1am b disease.
J o u r . Ani m. 3 c i .
3:
453.

113.

W i l s o n , M. 6 . , and L u b s c h e z , R.
194?. Prognosis for c h ild re n with co ng enital
a n o m a l i e s o f t h e h e a r t and c e n t r a l v e s s e l s .
L ife expectancy in p a t e n t ductus a r t e r i o s u s
, J o u r ,_ P e a , Pi : . 9 3 - 3 0 .

114.

Wyoming:
1936-37.

J . P . , McCay, C. M. , M o r r i s o n , F. B . , and
P.
,
I b i d . flew i o r K ^ C o r n e l l ;
A g r i c . «j<per.
St a . An n u a l R p t . . p. 1 1 9 .

Department o f V e t e r i n a r y S c i e n c e .
S t i f f i a m b s . Wyoming A g r i c . E x p e r .
Annual R p t . , p. 98.

Sta.

F ig . 1.

Gas® 8069.
L a te ra l view of th e s k u ll to show th e t e c h n ic of
opening c r a n ia l c a v ity fo r b ra in e x a m in a tio n .

F ig . 2 .

Case 8041.
V en tra l view of th e fr o n ta l s e c t io n of c r a n ia l
c a v it y showing g r e a te r p a rt of t h e b r a in and
o p t ic n e r v e s .

P la t e 1 -

F ig. 3.

CstBo 7 3 5 6 .
L o n g itu d in a l s e c t i o n of s k e l e t a l m u scle
show ing m y o d e g e n e r a tio n . (H & E) * X 160*

F ig . 4 .

Case 7 3 56.
L o n g itu d in a l s e c t i o n of s k e l e t a l m u scle show­
in g fragm entary n e c r o s is of m u scle f i b e r s and
n u c le a r p r o l i f e r a t i o n of s u r v iv in g f i b e r s .
(H & E ) , X 7 8 0 .

- p late 2 -

J

F ig. 5.

Gass 7356 .
Gross s e c t i o n o f s k e l e t a l m u scle show ing
d e g e n e r a tio n o f t h e f i b e r s . (H &E)* X 116 •

F ig . 6 .

Case 7 3 5 6 .
S k e le t a l m u scle show ing g ia n t c o l l and some o f
t h e severoly-d am aged f ib e r ® . ( A n ilin e b l u e ) s
X 780.

- p la to 3 -

Fig. 7.

Case 7358.
M uscle show ing g ia n t c o l l s and n e c r o t ic m u sc le f i b e r s . ( A n ilin e b l u e ) , x 780.

F ig . 7a*

Case 7 3 5 8 .
Same but d i f f e r e n t f i e l d . ( A n ilin e b l u e ) , x 780.

- P lat© 4 -

F ig . 8 .

Caae 7 3 5 6 .
S k e le t a l m uscle show ing g ia n t c a l l e n g u lfin g
n e c r o t ic m u sc le . A r e g e n e r a tin g m u scle f i b e r
a t th e s i d e . Mote th e s i m i l a r i t y betw een th e
two in morphology o f n u c l e i and a f f i n i t y
toward t h e same s t a i n . ( A n ilin e b l u e ) , x 780

- p la te 5 -

F ig . 9.

Case 7 3 5 6 .
l£u sole sh o v in g g ia n t c e l l e n g u lfin g n e c r o t ic
m u scle. A number o f r e g e n e r a tin g m u scle f ib e r s
a l s o in t h e same f i e l d . (H & E ) , X 78o-

F ig . 1 0 .

Case 7 3 5 6 .
M uscle sh o v in g g ia n t c e l l c o n ta in in g food
v a c u o le s . (H & E ) • X 7 5 0 .

- p la te 6 -

F ig . 11.

Case 7356.
Muscle showing g ia n t c e l l w ith food v a c u o le ,
Some r e g e n e r a tin g m uscle f ib e r s were s c a tte r tfe t
around. A group of c e l l s l i k e t h i s has beer
c a lle d " H u sk e lse llen sch la u eh e" o f W ald eyer.
fH & E)» X 7 8 0 .

- P la t e 7

«• plato 8

" ' J ?

^
■

'/- * &

» , ^«*5

^

. <11 '

C'"
K1

**

sa*

Fife. 1 2 .

Case 7358.
Muscle showing g ia n t c e l l s and reg en era tin g
m uscle f i b e r s . One o fth e m uscle g ia n t - c e l l s
i s in th e r e s tin g s ta g e w h ile th e o th er i s
s t i l l a c t iv e ly p h a g o c y tic . (H & E ) » X 75©.

F ig . 12a.

Case 7358,
A recen t a b sc ess in th e myocardium.
( H A S ) , X 116.

I

- plate 8 -

~

r '

^ ■ r

%

^1^^

F i g . 13.

Case 7356.
Muscle showing t h e form ation of a g ia n t ­
c e l l by f u s io n . N ote th e d if f e r e n t s ta g e s of
n u cle a r tr a n sfo rm a tio n in t h e fu s in g c e l l s .
(H & E ), X 780.

F ig . 1 4 .

Case 7356.
Same but d if f e r e n t g ia n t c e l l , ( h & E ) ,
X 780.

- plate 9 •

1m

I

Fi g . 1 5 .

Case 7356.
Muscle showing t h e form ation o f g ia n t c e l l
by m it o s is w ith ou t cy to p la sm ic d i v i s i o n .
(H & E ), X 780.

F ig . 1 6 .

Case 7 3 3 7 .
L iver showing f o c a l n e c r o s is . (H & E ) , X 609.

- P l a t e 10 -

Blood smear Bhowing immature n e u tr o p h ils .
(W eight's s t a i n ) t X 516.

- Plate 11 •

F ig . 18.

Case 7338.
S ta p h y lo c o c c ic a b s c e s s e s in m u scle, lu n g s ,
kid n eys and h e a r t .

p l a t e 12

F ig . 1 9.

Case 7 3 3 8 .
L iv e r sh o w in g n e c r o t i c f o c i .

F ig - 2©.

(H & E ) ? X 160*

Case 7 3 3 8 .
L iv e r sh ow in g n e c r o t i c f o c i and h em orrh age.
(H & E ) , X 1 6 0 .

- P la t© 13 -

F ig . 21.

Cass 7 3 38 .
Kidney show ing b a c t e r ia l em boli in a
glom erulusand f o c a l n e c r o s i s .
(H & E)„ X 1 6 0.

F ig . 2 2 .

Case 7 3 3 8 .
Kidney show ing i n t e r s t i t i a l f o c a l
n e c r o s i s . (H & E ) , X 6 30.

p l a t * 14 -

F ig . 23.

Case 7 3 3 8 .
S t a p h y lo c o c c ic a b s c e s s i n v o lv in g r e n a l c o r t e x
and c a p s u le . The b la c k a rea in t h e
g lo m e r u la r sp a c e was a mass o f s t a p h y lo c o c c i.
(G ram -W eigert) , X 9 5 .

- F la t© 15 -

F ig . 24.

Case 7338.
Kidney showing c o r t i c o -medullary
a b s c e s s . (H & E ) , X 3 ,5 .

F ig . 2 5 .

Case 7 3 3 8 .
Kidney
owing s ta p h y lo c o c c i in
glom eru lar s p a c e . (G ram -W eigert),

X 860.

- P la t e 16 -

r“ m ' * ? r ’ ^
«.

S'.

.^Sar
*<T0!

V .^r * f

F ig . 26.

Caae 7 3 3 8 .
M yocardial a b s c e s s , (H & E ) , X 1 1 6 .

F ig * 7 .

Caae 7 3 3 8 .
A b scess in th e diaphragm . (H & E ) , X 1 1 6 .

- plat® 17

F ig . 28.

Caae 7343.
A otin oayeea neorophorus a b se e ss in l i v e r , lu n g s ,
h e a r t and r i b s .

F ig . 2 9 .

Case 7 3 4 3 .
M u ltip le a b s c e s s e s of th e l i v e r (H & E ) , X 5 0 .

Plate 18 -

m m

F ig . 30.

Caae 7343.
Lung show ing c a l c i f i e d a rea s a d ja cen t t o an
a b s c e s s . (H & E) f X 1 1 6 .

F ig . 3 1 .

Case 7 3 44.
Brain show ing i n f i l t r a t i o n w ith polymorpho­
n u c le a r le u c o c y t e s . N ote th e n e o r o tio
n erve c e l l s and d iso r g a n iz e d n e u r o g lia .
(H & E ), X900.

- p l a t e 19

‘

V i . . /

•»-»/ ;» _ne, &< * - a; # ' l \

^*»'V ? }' •>’ ■*•*
'v.>r.7-'v/v'Sii#C‘
«• " fe.y»*isg"

i

•' • -i. !'•■*? .l*£*Lag£

a ^

M

S

l

Fig*

•

Case 7 372.
Lung show ing A ctinom yces necrophorus a b s c e s s .
------- ------(H & l ) , x 116.

F ig . 33 .

Case 7 3 9 4 .
Smear from carpal, j o in t shew ing p h a g o c y to sis
of s t a p h y lo c o c c i. (W right*s s t a i n ) , x 1640*

P l a t o 20 -

S|ys^0Eteif ^**j?

ppssfttspi

»*

t
# *

#

F ig . 34.

Casa 7 3 94 .
S u p p u ra tiv e m y o c a r d it is . (H ft E ) , X 1 0 6 .

F ig . 3 5 .

Caae ? ? 9 4 .
H eart shew ing ch ro n ic su p p u r a tiv e l e s i o n .
(H & E ), X 1 0 6 .

~ Plate 21-

;s X g y ^ . y ^

£*¥<- *% & % & & ?<*:?'

F i g . 36.

Casa 7362.
S p in a l cord showing a b s c e s s a t io n .

F ig . 37.

Case 73 6 2 .
Cross s e c t io n of s p in a l cord showing a b s o e s s a t io n .
(H & E ), X 6 .

-

p la t®

22 -

m
%r

’V
^w.

■fit

Fig* 38*

Case 73 6 5 ,
Cross s e c t io n of s p in a l cord showing a b s c e s s a tio n
and hemorrhage. (Gram-’STelgert) e X 6 .

Plat® 22a

F i g . 39.

Case 7 3 6 5 .
S p in a l cord show ing l e s i o n c o n ta in in g A ctinom yces
nscrophoruB and a d ip h th e r o id . (oram -W eigort) t x*~
1 4 40.

F ig . 4 0 .

Case 7 3 0 8 .
L iv er show ing f a t t y d e g e n e r a tio n and n e c r o s is around
c e n t r a l v e i n . (H <5b E ) , X 5 9 0 .

- P i n t s 23

Fig® 41® Cass 7 3 2 9 ,
Lung show ing i n t e r s t i t i a l bronchopneum onia, Wota
t h e t u b e r c l e - l i k e ly m p h o cy tic i n f i l t r a t i o n .
(H & E ) , X 9 7 .

F i g . 4 2 . Case 7 3 2 9 .
H igh power o f t h e sam e. (H & E ) , X 600

- r l a t e 24 -

F ig . 4-3. Case 7 35 3 .
Lung show ing hem orrhagic bronchopneumonia. (H & E ) »
X 160.

F ig . 4 4 . Case 7 4 1 5 .
B rain showing p e r iv a s c u la r c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n .
(H & E ) , X 6 3 0 .

- P la t e 25 -

F ig . 4 5 . Case 7 3 3 4 .
S p leen show ing s e r o s a l c o n g e s tio n and hemorrhage
in t o c a p s u le . (H & E ) t X 116.

F ig . 4 6 . Case 7 3 9 9 .
I n t e s t i n e showing hemorrhage due t o e n te ro to x er a ia .

- P la t a 26 •*

S p leen show ing s e r o s a l c o n g e s tio n and hemorrhage
in t o c a p s u le . (H & E ) , X 1 1 6 .

F ig . 4 6 . Case 7 3 9 9 .
I n t e s t i n e show ing hemorrhage due t o en tero to x era ia .

- P l a t a 26 -

mmm

F ig . 4 7 . e a s e 7 3 9 9 .
S e c tio n o f i n t e s t i n e show ing marked subm ucosal
hem orrhage. (H & E ) „ X 8 0 .

P ig . 4 8 . Case 7 4 0 0 .
B rain show ing m e n in g it is . (H & E ) , X 6 3 0 .

P l a t e 27 •

. -a. J

:< M £.

uMWf'k

I n t e s t in e showing s e r o s a l involvem ent due t c
p e r ito n itis .

50. Case 7 4 0 6 .
L iver showing n e c r o s is near c a p s u le ,
acu te p e r i t o n i t i s . (H & E) t X 116.

A cae of

- P l a t o 28 -

4

F ig . 51. Case 7336.
I n t e s t in e showing hemorrhagic e n t e r i t i s . (H & e ) „
60.

F ig . 52. Case 7344.
Stomaoh showing u lc e r a t io n . (H & l ) 8 X 1 5 .

- F l a t e 29 -

F ig . 53. Case 6598.
R eg e n e ra tin g c a r d ia c m u scle f ib e r s w ith v a r io u s
s ta g e s of m i t o s i s , c e l l o f t h i s kind has been
c a l l e d "A nitschkow myocyte'*. (H & E) , X 9 0 0 .

F ig . 54. Case 6 5 9 8 .
Heart show ing c a r d ia c m uscle g i a n t - c e l l . N ote th e
c e l l w ith two or t h r e e n u c l e o l i in each n u c le u s .
C e ll o f t h i s k in d has been c a lle d " A sch off c e l l " .
(H & E ) , X 9 0 0 .

- Flat© 30