TH esiS

 

 
 

 

 
THESTS

THE SUGAR BEET AS A CROP FOR THE MICHIGAN FARMER

 

BY

FRANCIS E. WEST, B.,S.
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
LANSING, MICHIGAN

1901
THESIS
* 7 SNGAR-BELT AS A CROP FOR Tift MICHIGAN FARMER’

—

That science enters largely into the successful operation of
meny of our manufacturing and agricultural enterprises,is an un-
disputed fact; tnis is especially true of the sugar-beet industry.
By scientific methods of selection and cultivation, the horticul-
turalist, with the aid of the chemist, has taken the weed-like
plant of the Mediterranean shore and southern Kurope,enlarged its
root and stored it with sugar; the chemist has taken this plant
and by scientific methodg,has made it possible to separate itssac-
charine qualities,until today,its snow-white crystals furnish
food for the millions,

However, as is the case with all new agricultural enterprises,
the people have to be educated and instructed as to the best method
for producing the raw material to be used, This was, and is still,
the case in regard to the sugar-beet industry. Farmers are anxious
to learn all thev can about this industry and as a result, letter
after letter is being received at the State Experiment Station
from people who are desirous of information in regard to raising
sugar=-beets; the following will serve as an example;

Holt, Mich., Jan.10, 1901,
Mr. J. D. Tower,
Agricultural College,
Michigan.
Dear Sir:

Will you kindly send me what information you can regard-
ing sugar-beet culture and its effect upon the soil, best methods
of cultivating, price received per ton, and the number of tons per
acre, kinds of soil best suited for their culture and such other
general information as would be of interest to farmers,

Many farmers here raise strong objections to the industry
and attack the college for endorsing it, and claim that farmers
in other parts of the state, who have engaged in the business,
have quit, because it is not profitable to raise beegs at the price
the factory pavs. I should like to know the facts in regard to the
matter,
Yours,

At the suggestion of Dr. Re. C. Kedzie, and in view of the
fact that so many were seeking information in regard to sugar-beet
culture, it was thonght that the sugar beet industry would prove
a valuable field in which to do original and research work.There-
fore, it is the object of this thesis to discuss,in some degree,
sugar-beet production relative to seed, soil,climate, cultivation,
production of the crop,and its effect upon the soil ete. but more
particularly, to consider the value of the by-products of the fac-
tories of the state, their value for feeding and for fertilizers,
In other words to discuss the question:"*The Sugar-beet as a Crop
f

or the Michigan Farmer? 4040933
It is not the purpose of the writer to enter into the history of
the sugar-beet industry in Michigan, however, he feeis that it
would be an injustice not to mention the names of a few men who
have labored unceasingly , in the promotion of the sugar industry
of our state. First and foremost among these , Dr R. C. Kedzie,
who for several years, labored with the hope that we might obtain
our supply of sugar from the sister plant of the sugar cane, the
sorghum plant, but after being convinced that it was useless to
look for our supply of sugar from this source, he abandoned the
work and with the same earnestness , took up the work of the sugar
beet, until to-day, his name is proverbially connected with the
industry.

Prof.é6,. D. Smithhas done mmch for the industry in our state. In
almost every locaiity where beets are growm, you will hear Prof,
Smiths name mentioned in connection with what he has told the
farmers in regard to raising the crop." Prof. Smith told us so"
are words that I often hear from the farmer,

Prof. F. S. Kedziehas always been mich interested in the sugar
industry in Michigan and in 1891, personally, obtained beet-seed
from Schrieber in Germanyfor testing in this state.
The: other members of our Experiment Station staffare deserving
of much praise for their valuable services in the promotion of
the industry, as is,also, Mr. S. G. Higgins af Saginaw.

fhe sugar-beet industry has made wonderful progress in Mich-
igan ,. ree years ago the first factory was built at BayCity, to-
day Michfg has more factories than any other state in the union,
having ten factories in operation and two more in construction,
The cause of this wonderful progress is due, largely, to three
reasons; First, the launching of the industry was due , in a large
degree, to the bounty offered by the state and the first factory
was built at Bay City inl e This factory was successful in
its first years run and this‘ encouraged other capitalists to invest
in like enterprises. Secondly, to the wide-awake and energetic men
who saw the great possibilities of the industry and who spared no
pains in forwarding its interests. Thirdly, to a good climate and
soil and excellent manufacturing facilities,

CLIMATE
As will be seen by map(1) Michigan is located in what is known as
the sugar belt of the U. S. This belt is’ about two hundred miles
wide or one hundred miles on either side of the sunmer isotherm
of 70 degrees Fah, The isotherm of 70 degrees begins near the city
of New York , passes up the Hudson to Albany , then S, W, strik-
ing Lake Erie near Toledo, and then enters M¥chigan, reaching its
highest point nearthis place( Lansing). It then passes S, W, after
reaching Chicago, it passes N. W. through St. Paul,then westward
to the Dakotas, then nearly south to the south boundry of New Mex-
ico, then westward again through Arizona, and then touching the
states of California, Idaho,and Utah. It is predicted that upon
this area the beet-sugar industry of the U. S. will finally rest,
There may be smaller areas in different parts of the U. S. that
will raise beets at a profit, but it will be due to some excellent
se
qualities of soil or climate and not directly to high or low tempe~+
ratures . This is illustrated in Michigan by beets grown in the
upper peninsula, where beets rich in sugar and high in purity were
raised; not throvghout the peninsula but in certain localities ,.
Beets can be raised farther north than the isotherm of 70 degrees
but the seasons are to short to produce sufficient tonnage and to
give a sufficiently high per cent of sugar, except in certain loc-
alities , as has been mentioned. South of this line, we get the
tonnage but have beets of low purity. North temperate latitudes
seem to be the best suited to growing the sugar beet, Latitudes
with a summer temperature of 70 degrees for the months of June, July,
and August are the ideal locations forthe sugar-beetas far as tem-
perature is concerned,
It must not be understood that all parts of this beet belt are
equally suited to the growing of beets, This fact is due to vari-
ations in soil, temperature ete. Northern Nebraska and.South Dakota,
like Michigan, have long, cold winters and the beet crop has but a
limited period for growth, while in southern California, they have
scarcely any winter and can begin their planting in Jarmmary and have
a crop maturing from August until December, thus saving the trouble
of siloing and,also, prolonging the campaign.
In this sugar beet belt there are three districts as relative to
moisture, California and some of the land along the Platte and
Arkansas rivers seem to have sufficient u ote vr Pee pe eee and
can grow a crop of beets without rainfall or irrigatién.,There is
an advantage in irrigation in the fact,that,,by with-holding the
water supply, the crop can be matured at any time and there is no
danger of a second growth from warm fall-rains as is sometimes the
case in Michigan, The third district is the one to which Michigan
belongs, vize; where there is no subterranean moistureand where
irrigation is impracticable, but where there is sufficient rain
in May and June to give the beets a good start and to develop a
sufficient tap-root: sothat they do not materially suffer from the
drouth which frequently follows. July, August,and September should
have plenty of sunshine and ripening weather to properly develop
the crop, Dry Junes are very detrimetal to the crop, as they dry
up the young plant. Warm fall rains are detrimetal, Beets will
stand quite extremes of cold without being injured and can, there-
fore, be sown earlier in the spring than some other crops . Frosty
nights in late autumn are often beneficial . I remember , while at
Alma last year, that there were a few days of @ool weather ,with
an occasional frost at night, and during this period analysesshowed
that the beets ‘gained nearly one per cent, each day, in sugar
content. A check in the growth seems to aid in the storing of
suget..: simmesest geeuts eee. eee See
Jn a personal letter from Dr. Wiley, he says °° It is evident,
that the culture of beets will finally be, confined to those areas
that are suitable for the growing of corn and wheat and located
where the conditions of manufacturing are most favorable, that is,
cheap fuel, good water, cheap labor, an@ good transportation, ”
4

Michigan has all these conditions, see map ( 2) and I see nothing
to prevent her from always holding the record she now has, unless
it be that of area, as some other states having more area, can pro-

duce a larger tonnage ,.

SOIL
Any soil that will raise a good crop of corn or potatoes will be
suitable for sugar beets, A deep sandy leam is an excelleht soil;
what is wanted is an open, porous soilwith a loose sub-soil,. If
the sub-soil is hard it must be loosened with a sub-soil plow
before the crop is planted. Stiff clay is not good, for it is not
only difficult to till, but it soon bakes and becomes hard , and
does not retain the moisture, and,as a result,the small beet plant
soon wilts and dies. Clay loam makes a good soil for beets. Muck
that has been recently reclaimed, is not good for beets , for,
although a large tonnage can be secured,the beets will contain too
much of non-saccharine material to make them valuable for the
manufacture of sugar, Lime will be found beneficial on both clay
and muck, making the clay more open and friable and at the same
time, assist in the liberation of other fertilizing elements ,
while upon the mek, it will neutralize the organic acids that may
be presentand,also,assist in the decomposition of the organic sub-
stances in the soil,
Lands, intended for beets, should not be recently manured as this
not only seversthe connection with the water supply below, but, also,
gauses the beets to become sprangly or branching towards the apex,
The factories do not care for such beets as they are more difficult
to work in both the tare-house and the factory, Beets should not
be grown upon the same field for successive years: The following
rotation is suggested by the Michigan Experiment Station as being
well adapted to lower Michigan ; wheat, followed by beets, then
clover, one crop cut for hay, the second plowed under, then potat-
oes or corn, then wheat, and finally beets again: Manure should
be applied before planting the corn or potatoes, thus, giving it
time to become decomposed before the planting of the beet crop.
It is well to..khave beets follow wheat or some such crop so that
the ground can be fall plowed. A sugar factory agriculturalist has
given the following as ea natural beet soil " Deep, rich,sandy loam
and clay with plenty of vegetable earth and free from stones,
containing a sufficient quantity of calcium, with a well drained,
warm sub-soil similar to the top stratum, admitting of deep cul-
tivation, The following may suggget alist of soils to be avoided
in beet culture; ey" yo
1, Hard clay,
2, Stony soils----these do not hold moisture and are difficult to
work.
3, Gravelly soils-- cannot hold moisture,
4, Blowing sand.
5, Peaty or mucky soils as a rule-- they are to®rich in orgsnic
matter ( nitrogen),
The following table shows some of the more important elements
found in the soil from fifteen cornties located in the srgar belt
of Michigan, &
(fap 2) The analyses were made by Dr. Re C. Kedzie

5

 

of the Me. Ae Ceo

in 1893 ,

Potass ium Calcium Phos, acid Nitrogen in organic matter
2.05 £ le o4I 9,39%
I.m8 % 1.28 040% 2,98 £

I.t0 % 1.38 @ 033 7.50 %
1.97 % 1.46 £ o3I 4.66 %

083 % o5I 13 % 3.41 %

90 % 62 Z 23 3.78 %
1.19 % 080 % 029 f 3.06 &
1.80 % 1.14 % 33 3,18 %

86 % 87 Z 19 2.35 &

548 5 015 % 1,34 %
1.85 £ 1,64 % 049% 5.30 %
1.90 % 99 036 % 5.90 %

073 35 % 014% 1.22 %
1.18 % 1.18 % 038 £ 5.57 %

©
1c
mY

092 068 o1l4 2
I .26 T.02 ; 28 g 4.16 % ( average)

The above table shows ina gemeral way, the manurial elements of
the greatest importance that are on hand and at the disposal of
the farmer; as to what extent he can keep these elements and at the
same time raise a large crop of beets, will be discussed under the
head of soil exhaustion,

SEED

The sugar-beet has been brought to its present high state of dev-
elppmentonly by careful methods of selection and cultivation. It
is ,therefore, under a sort of tension and it is only by the utmost
care that we are able to keep the beet from deteriorating in sugar
content. One has but to wateh the beets as they come into the
factory , to see , now and then, one of these beets that has the
characteristics of some earlier and less sweet variety, .therefore,
we cannot use toomch care in selecting our seed , if we wish to
be successful in raising beets for factory use,

The production of seed is one of the most important operations
connected with the sugar industry. As yet, but little has been done

in this ssountry,along this line. txperiments show that home grown

geed,An experiment along this line gave the following results;
Home grown seed gave thirteen and five-tenths tons per acrewith
Fifteen and eight-tenths per cent sugar or 4,26A # of suger ,
while the foreign grown seed gave thirteen and three-tenths tons
per acre, with fifteen per cent sugar or 3,990 of sugar. Another
experiment at Schuyler,Neb,. showed that home-grown seed gave 2I.!
tons Ww of beets per acre and 5,f9]40f sugar, while the imported

seed gave I7.9 tons of
shows an increase

in favor of domestic seed,

of 12 ¢

beets per acre and 5,185 # of sugar, This
in quantity of sugar produced per acre
 

Imported seed is in danger of being injured in transportation as
the moist air in the holds of the ship often causes the seedto
become mouldy and the vitality is injured,
We are using about 800,000 # of beet seed , annually, in the U,. S.
thisseed sold for fifteen cents per pound amounts to $120,000 per
year which we are paying to European countries for seed, I believe
the time will soon come when all the seed used in the U, S. will
be produced at home, The seed is produced somewhat as follows;
the beets of the field are harvested with extraordinary care and
the grower selects beets of good shape and weighing from sixteen ~-
to twenty five ounces, these are stored in silos and the next spring
they are again sorted and the best are thrown into a salt solut-
ion of a certain density , those that float are thrown away, |
those that sink ( the mother beets as they are called) are taken,
and a portion of the beet is removed and tested for sugar ; if they
contain a sufficient amount of sugar, they are saved and set ,
in rows and about thirty inches apart in the row. These are
allowed to go to seed , this seed is harvested, cleaned, and stor-
ed ina dry place, The next year, this seed is planted and the bees
giloed, The fourth year these beets are planted, usually without
testing with a polariscope , and the seed from these beets are put
upon the market. I made several tests to determine which part of
the beetcontained the most sugar, and I found a variation of, from
one to three per cent between the centres and the tops. This has
to be taken into account in making the test of mother beets in ord»
er that the sample taken may be an average sample. The amount of
sugar present in the beet varies , also,according to the time of
the year. A German suger manufacturer tells me that in raising
beets for the production of seed, often , but two years are allowed
for the production of seed, They merely test the beets and if they
have a sufficient high per cent of sugar they set them oug and thus
get a crop of seed the second year,

TESTING SEED

Seed,as obtained upon the market, is frequently labeled® fresh ,
clean, good ." These are relative terms and do not signify much
and give no idea as to the vitality of the seed or its purity.
The seed used by tiie farmers is now largely furnished by the fact-
ories and they have the seed tested by their chemist or at some
one of thek. xperiment Stations .In making the test, the following
determinations are usually made;

IT, Percentage of water,

Drying ten grams at f00 degrees C, ina hot air
oven to constant weight.

2» Foreign matter.

This ineludes dust, earthy matter, foreign seed ,
vegetable matter, etc, The rough surface of the seed-ball makes it
a good collector of dirt, seed ete. which add quite materially to
its weight. The dirt is separated by means of a sieve, The seed
is then spread out and the stems , leaves etc. removed, Gross
weight less the last weight equals the foreign material.
7
5, Viability of seca
This means the number of plantlets that can be

secured from I00 seed-balls in I4 days,

4, The number of seed balls per kilogram of seed,

5, The mumber of lifeless or unviable seed-balls per
hundred ,
A simple method for testing seed-balls, is to count out I00 seed-
balls of average size and put them between blotting papers, which
are placed in a dish and kept moistened with water. ( A glass can
be placed over the dish to sconserve the moisture) These are allow-
ed to grow for I4 days, each day, those that have sprouted are
removed and the sprouts counted and recorded. The government sta-
ndard is that I00 seed balls shall give I50 sprouts,

VARIETIES

 

" fhe following tables show the results of four years work at this vd
( M. A. C.) , relative to varieties,

1897
Vield per acre Per cent sugar Purity
Origignal Kleinwanzlebener 27,368 # 18.27 @ 94 4
Le Plus Riche 29,205 # 18.78 % 92 £
Gov. Kleinwanziebener 25,648 # 17,78 % 94%
Improved Kleinwanzlebener 25,678 # 16.40 % oI %
1898
Kle inwanzlebener 20,840 # 12.92 @ 74.2 £
Vilmorin Improved 18,493 # 12.92 % 81.8 %
Schreibers Elite 16,556 # 13.08 ¢ 80.2 %
Vil. Blanche Ameliore 18,061 # 12.39 % 78.5 %
1899
Kle inwanzlebener 10,619 # 13,64 % 78.50 %
Vilmorin Improved 12,020 # 12.80 @ 79 .10%5
Zehringen 10,283 # T4,.00 % 60.60 ~
Russian II,390 # 14,38 % 80.90 %
1900
Kleinwanzlebener 28.640 # 13.44 @ 83.12 £
zehringen 28,760 # 14.48 % 82.41 %
Aust@ian Special 25,200 $ 12,98 % 81.67 %

The average of 257 samples of Kleinwanzlebener , raised by farmers
in different parts of the state, gave the following results; sugar
16.42 %, purity 83.3 % . Vilmorin Improved ; sugar 16.50 %, purity
84.4 % These tests place the Vilmorin in the lead, however, it

is generally agreed among sugar men that the Kleinwanzlebener will
do better on héavy soils thaa the Vilmorin . The Vilmorin is better
suited for a sandy soil,

PLANTING

 

The ground for the beet should be plowed in the fall and at the
same time sub-soiled; in the spring it should be plowed again and
and rolled, The rolling is beneficial in, that it establishes a
capillary connection.with the zround below and prevents the dryin«

ici
Se

ve

 

 

 
\ 8
out of the land. Some agriculturalists believe that shallow plow-
ing in the fall and plowing and sub-soiling in the spring, to he
the better plan, but it seems to me that the sub-soiling should be
done in the fall as by the aid of the frost and action of the
weather, considerable plant food is put into a more available form,
and beside, the mechanical condition of the soil is improved ,. By
fall plowing, the weeds that start in the fall can be cultivated
out, thus, greatly reducing the number that might trouble in the
spring .

Much discussionhas arisen in regard to sub-soiling. Why should
we sub-soil for beets and not for potatoes ? We might sub-soil for
potatoes but it is not as necessary as in the case of the beet,
(Gut No. I)shows the rooting system of the potato, compare this
with the beet ( Cut No. II} and it will readily be seen that there
is a great difference in the manner in which the two plants root,
The beet sends its root very deep into the ground while the potato
grows comparatively near the surface, We sub-soil, first, to
enable the beet plant to send its roots deep into the ground and
thus establish connection with the soil below which enables it to
withstand the early summer drouths, Second , to get a better
shaped beet. (Cut III)shows a beet that was grown on soil that was
not subsoiled and it is an ill-shaped beet, By actual count, 71 %
of the beets from a plot not sub-soiled were classed as ill-shaped
and only 40 < were so classed from the sub-soiled plot. There
seems to be no difference in sugar content.

No experiments have been tried at this college (mM. A. C.) in
regard to the effect of sub-soiling with beets; but in Colorado,
an experiment on six plots showed the following resnlts; averere
of the plowed plots 4,287 #, ; sub-soiled plots, 5,278 #, a
gain of 23 % as the result of sub-soiling. A second trial with
four plots, gave the plowed plots 1905 #, ; sub-soiled plots, 2,128
a difference of I2 % in favor of sub-soiling, or an average on the
ten plots of I8 % in favor of sub-soiling,

Having established a good seed bed , the next operation is
the putting of the seed into the ground, Where one has but a few
acres, this can be done with a hand drill ( Cut 5) but where there
is more than an acre, it would be advisable to use a horse drill
or a beet seeder as they are called. Those with a wheel behind the
shoe are good seeders as the wheel enables the pperator to regulate
the depth of planting and beside, this wheel assists in packing
the dirt about the beet seed,

Beets should be planted, as a rule, about the time we plant
corn or potatoes in this state, possibly, a little earlier, as
the beet seed will germinate at a lower te#perature than corm
and better withstand light frosts. Some advise sowing as early
in the spring as possible but I think much must be left to the
judgment of the farmer in this regard. As a rule, a better crop is
secured by early sowing foy reasons before mentioned e, g. the
beet developes a sufficient tap-root to enable the plant to resist
drouths that may follow. In regard to early planting, the Colorado
gtation says; “ It can be said , that taking into account all the
factors of the problem, there is a decided advantage in early
planting; it gives a better stand, produces a larger crop and this
9

About I2 or I5 of seed should be sown per acre, This , a rather
heavy seeding but a heavy stand is mmch better than a light one,
as the extra beets can be pulled out but the vacant places sannot
be filled,

In regard to the distance between rows and between the beets
in the row, there seems to be considerabledifference of opinion,
Jn this regard, there are at least, four factors to be taken info
cons ide ration; » the matter of thinning, a difference of
four inches between rows, makes a difference of a mile per acre,
in travel, while thinning, and this is wbrthy of consideration,
when one has to travel upon his hands and knees, as at present.
_ Secondly,the matter of cultivation, It is mech better to have the
rows wide enough so that the sultivators used for corn may be used
with the beets, andbeside, the horses are in less danger of step-
ping on the rows, The Michigan Station advises from I8 to ‘22 inches,
preferably I8 inches, The rows should be made very straight, Thiraly
the question of tonnage. What distance should we plant in order to
get the largest yield per acre ? Colorado has made some experi-
ments along this line with the following results in I899, ; rows
24 inches apart ; 23.7 tons per acre, rows 27 dB¥ II inches gave @
yield of 28.I tons per acre. Of course, the more crowed the beets
are in the row,the smaller they will be. Medium sized beets, as a
rule, are better than either large or small beets but the size is
less determinative of the quality of the beets than the conditions
under which they grew. Fourthly, the question of sugar content.
Nebraska has spent several years in experimenting in regard to
both tonnage and sugar content » I quote the following from Bul,
No. 60 of that station; ‘ “the most satisfactory method of planting
was in rows I8 inches apart and thinning out the beets to 8 inches
in the row, as compared with rows 30 inches apart, and, also, as
compared with hills I8 by I8 inches apart.

crop is of good "r3 io in sugar and purity.

CULT IVAT ING

 

As soon as the rows can be seen plainlg, cultivating should begin.
Put on a shield to protect the plant and then cultivate close to
the row. Experience has shown, at least, at Alma, Michigan ,that
cultivators with a blade-like tooth running parallel to the sur-
face of the ground and serving as a weed cutter does not do the
work that a cultivator should do; they leave the ground too hard
and cultivators that have the ordinary tooth are being substituted
in their place. I have obtained the above information from the
agriculturalist of the Alma Sugar Co, . The ground shovld be kept
clean and in a loose condition,

THINNING
Z
This work, withdoubt, is the most monotonous and exausting

work of any connected with the sugar beet crop. It is an objection
most often raised by farmers for not raising sugar- beets and the
“e
10

farmer certainly has good reasons for objecting . In thinning ten
acres of beets, one has to travel, upon hands and knees, the dist-
ance of 55 miles, and beside this, the work has to be done at a
certain time and it may be difficult to get help. I have heard
many farmers say that they would raise beets were they ,sgure of
help during the time of thinning . In this regard, I can only give
the expariences at Alma, and what I have heard from Bay City.At
Alma, Mr. A. W. Wright, who grew several hundred acres last year
said he had plenty of help and that he had to turn away some men,
I have been told that there were men whoyi came to Alma from various
parts of the state during the beet season in search of work, A
gentleman, who was employed at Bay City, told me that they had

no serious trouble there although there were a few days when they
had to pay $1.25 per day beside having to drive those who were
employed to and from the city.

There is a plan that has been tried and it seems to work fair-
ly well, It is something like this: after the close of the city
schools, those pupils who so desire are placed in charge of a
gentleman who provides tent, cooking utensils, etc, in fact, a
complete camping outfit and he, together withthe children, go into
the country and thin beets for the farmers for a certain compensat-
ion per acre, During this time, they live and eat in the tent and
when one job is completed, they move to the next. Care is taken to
give the boys some recreation along with their work so that it is
not * All work and no play* , This plan accomplishes a threefold
purpose: it gives the children in our large cities an outing, for
which, at present, thousands of dollars ef—-dettans are raised each
year, It gives the children money to be used in attending school
in the fall, and solves the question as to how the farmer is going
to get his beets thinned,

Beets should be thinned at just the proper time and to accomplish
this, the beets should not all be sown the same week, thinning
should begin as soon as the fourth leaf appears and they should be
thinned to about eight inches in the row , perhaps six inches on
fertile soil, Great care should be used not to injure the leaf for
this is of vital importance to the beet plant. Careless thinners
may do a great amount of damage, Experiments, in regard to the
effect of delaying the thinning are shown by the following;

Beets thinned at the proper time ------------ I5 tons per acre
Beets thinned eight days later ---- --------- I3 tons per acre
Beets thinned fifteen days later ------------ II tons per acre
Beets thinned twenty-two days later---------- 8 tons per acre

This shows that thinning is a very important factor in beet raising,
Two beets should not be left to-gether. as neither will make the
development. Leaving toomuch space between beets should also be
avoided as the beets will grow too ‘arge and the sugar conteht will
thus be reduced,

HARVESTING

When the leaves of the beets nearly cover the space between
the rows , cultivation shovld cease and the beets be allowed to
 
rt

store up sugar. through the warm sunshiny days which 4, Guativat-
ing too long causes a stimmlation of the vegetable growth at the
expense of the sugar, the same effect is produced by warm fall
rains, When the leaves of the beet begin to turn yellow, harvest-
ing should begin, There are several methods that can be used in
harvesting; the beet-puller is quite extensively used at present.
If there is no beet-puller at hand, one can plow along one side of
the rowand then the beets can be pulled out very easily. After the
beets are pulled, they should be topped and thrown into piles or
on the wagon. Cut (4)shows how the beets should be topped,all the
beet that grows above the ground has to be removed and here is
where another large loss comes in by raising beets under improper
treatment, That part of the beet above ground is rich in mineral
salts and therefore, the manufacturer does not want the tops but
for the reason that they are rich in mineral salts, the farmer
does want them,

The beets after being topped, can be thrown into long-piles,
by placing four rows together, or they can be put into crates and
taken directly to the factory. At Alma, those farmers, who had to
leave their beets in the field for some time, made piles by contin-
ually throwing beets toward the centre and when the circle became
so large that thay could not easily throw to the pile, they covered
the pile with leaves and by putting a little dirt over these , the
beetscould be kept for some time, Beets frozen oncg are not mater-
ially injured, but freezing and thawing is very effective in prod-
ucing invert-sugar. Farmers should not be mistaken and think that
they get payfor the dirt on their beetsnor for the crowns, these
are all taken out in the tare,

Farmers at Alma, say that they raised the crop the second year
at one third the cost of the first year. I can remember when beene
beans were not raised in my part of the state, practically, for the
same reason that many farmers refuse to raise beets to-day: they
said it was too mch work to harvest the bean crop as they mst all
be pulled by hand, To-dag,these same farmers, who, but a few years
ago,raised scarcely enough beens to supply gheir tables are now
raising from 40 to I00 acres, Why? Because Yankee genius has come
to their aid and now no one thinks of pulling beans by hand . Altho,
it seems that the farmer is doomed to always be compelled to pull
his beets by hand:, still, I believe the time will soon come when
this will be done by machinery. Europe preceded us in the sugar in-
dustry, nevertheless, many of her methods are tocslow and cumber-
some for use in this country. Recently,a gentleman, who was inter-
ested in the beet industry, made a visit to a farm where a moder
German cultivator was in use. It required a heavy team and three
men ( labor is cheap in Europe.) to manage it and it cultivated four
rows. The same day, a visit was made to another field where an
Ame rican cultivator was in use, it required but one man and a mle,
was cultivating the same mumber of rows and doing as effectual
work as the other. The same thing is true of factory machinery, it
does not give the satisfaction that the American machinery does,

INSECTS

" It 2s not good for man to be alone “ and upon the introduction
 
12

of a new crop, the farmer soon finds that he must begin war again-
st some insect pest. Thus far, in Michigan, no great damage has
resulted to the crop from insects, However, among the more trouble-
some might be mentioned the cut worm, These pests are more,trouble-
some on sod lands, The cut worm works mostly at night. Ba made
of cabbage or turnip leaves may be used by scattering these about
the field and covering them with Paris green,

The Beet Aphis is an insect that formerly worked upon weeds
such as the yarrow, door-mat etc. and sometimes found upon the
potato, but upon the introduction of the beet, it has taken up its
abode upon this plant. They remain in the ground during the winter
and if the roots of the yarrow be examined there will be found
insects in all stages of development. In April or May, the full
growm insects give birth to 8 or I2 young which are wingless and
these go on bearing young in their turn, In sunmer, we get a wing-
eda species which fly about, and lay eggs which are to tide them
ever the winter, These insects injure the beet crop by sucking the
juices from both the roots and leaf, causing it to wilt. Fall
plowing does not seem to be very effective in destroying the pest
as they can endure mech cold, Avoid planting beets on fields that
were previously covered with weeds and do not plant thesame field
several years in succession,

The Leaf Minerproduces a blister like mine between the upper and
lower epidermis of the leaf. This insect. is about one-half the
size of a house fly and helongs to the same family eas the onion
fly, cabbage root maggot, and the bean maggot.

BACTERTA

There is a bacterium known as Violet Mold which is found on
the roots of the beetand it has a violet color, it seems to spread
and one plant that is effected will soon produce the disease upon

a large area,
FUNGI

Beet Rust( Uromyces betae) attacks the leaves and stems of the
beet. The acidium stage exists while the fungus is on the beet seed,
possibly, the seed might be treated in some way?
White rust forms white pustules on both sides of the leaf,

Spot Disease ( Cerospora SBeticola) appears as round spots on both
sides of the leaf., being pale brown when the leaf is green and be-

coming darker, later,
Seab, this is the same as potato seab,therefore, do not follow
potatoes with beets,in rotation,
Nematode is not a fungus but a disease caused by an eel-like worm
which punctures the roots , causing the beet to wilt.

FERTILIZERS

Qecasionally, there is received at the Experiment Station at this
college (M. A. C.) a small box, containing a handful of soil and
the sender wants to know what kind of fertilizer he shall use on
such a soil. The botanist cannot tell what the particular species
13

of an apple tree is by one leaf, nor the chemist what particular
kind of fertilizer should be used, merelv, by the analysis of a
small sample of soil, for the sample may be much different from the
soil a foot from where the sample was taken and even if it should

represent an average for the field , the chemical analysis would
not show just what fertilizer would be best to use,as this depends
upon the kind of a crop we intend to raise and is greatly influen-
ced by methods of cultivation and rotation, The chemist can, only
in a general way, tell what fertilizers are best for a certain crop,
The best test is by the use of a certain kind of fertilizer upon a
given soil and crop,

The question that is of interest at present is relative to
what fertilizers we can best use with the beet crop, We will con-
sider this from facts gained from chemical analyses and soil tests.
In my analyses of the beet, I found that there was in one ton:

Moisture ----------- 1,752 #
Dry matter --------- 267.6 #
Nitrogen -----------. 4,98 #
Phosphoric acid ------ 2.46 #
Potash -------------- 12.92 ff

The U. S. Dep t of Agr’l,have made several hundred analyses and
their results would more nearly represent an average sample than
my results from the analysis of but a few samples. They obtain the
following results; in one ton:

Moisture------- aseoel, 730.0 £
Dry matter---------- 270.0 #

Nit rogen---------- — 4.4 #
Phosphoric acid----- 9.0 #
Potash ------------- 9.6 #

In order that we can make a comparison of the elements removed from
the soil by the beet with the elements removed from the soil by
some of the other leading farm crops , I give the following table
which gives the results of the analysés made by the U. S. Dep*t,of
Agr’1, |

Elements removed by one ton of

Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Potash

Corn —— 33406. # II.80 ff 7.40 #
Wheat ------ 37. 53 # 15.80 # 10.60 #
Ry@ ------- 35.20 # 16,40 + 10,80 #
Barley -------- 39.65 # 15.40 # 9,00 #
Oats ------ 36,42 # 12.40 # 8.80 #
Meadow Hay ---- 20,42 # 8.20 # 26.40 #
' Glover Hay --- 40086. # I1.20 # 36.60 ¢
Timothy Hay--- 25.20 ¢ 10.60 # 18.00 #
Potatoes ------ 6,40 £# 2.40 # 9.60 £
BEETS --------- 4,40 # 2.0 OF 9,60 #

It requires no argument to show, that in raising the above crops,
we would not use the same fertilizer as in raising a crop of beets,
for example, a ton of clover hay removes 40,3 of nitrogen while

a ton of beets removes but 44, if 40% of nitrogen were applied to
the beet on an area sufficient to raise a ton, it would without
-
‘

4
tt

doubt, ruin the crop, es far as its use for the factory is concerned,
Rye removes 16 # of Phos. Acid,while beets remove but two lbs,ther-

' efore , we would not use the same fertilizer for rye as for sugar-
beets, Clover hay removes 36# of potash per ton while beets remove
94 per ton. Thus, we see that the kind of a crop we are raising
decides, in a large degree, the kind of a fertilizer we need to us¢
It is impossible to draw fast rules applicable to all circumstances
and the farmer should ever be alert ##® to the need of studying the
special requirements of his soils with the view of securing greater
economy in the use of fertilizers,

In regard to fertilizing the beet, there is another matter to
be taken into consideration and that is whether the beet tops are
left on the ground or removed from the field. In raising beets for
the factory use, it is the general custom to leave the tops upon
the ground as they are used for covering piles and then are spoil-
ed for feeding. When the leaves are fed, and the manure is return-
ed, we get the fertilizing elemmts returned to the soil s0 that
there is no great loss. The table below shows some of the more
valuable elements that are to be found in a ton off the roots and
leaves:

Roots Leaves
Ash ------ 14,10 # 36,20 #
Of this ash thereis
Potash - 6,60 # I3.00 #
Phos, acid --- 1,60 # 2.60 #
Nitrogen ----- 3.20 # 7.80 #
Magnesia ----- r,00 # 6.00 #

From the above it will be seen that the farmer, who removes the
leaves from his field or does not use them for fertilizing purposes
is making a serious mistake for there is twice as meh of the fert-
{lizing elements in the leaves as in the roots, The loss or in
other words the cost to replace the material removed by the leaves
would be as follows:

13 # of potash at 5 cents per pound -------- £0.65
2.6 # of phos. acid --at 4.5 cents per pound $0.12
7.8 # of nitrogen at I4 cents per pound ----- $1 209
Total rrr rrr reer ree $1486

The above shows that for every ton of leaves removedit will cost
the farmer $1.86 to replace the fertilizing elements that have
been lost should he buy them upon the open makketin the form of
commercial fertilizers,

The amount and kind of fertilizer to use, depends also, upon
the kind of soil upon which the beets are to be grown. We would not
need to use a fertilizer as rich in potash upon a heavy clay as
upon sand,.,provided the existing conditions in regard to the other
elements were the same, I give below a part of the analyses of the
clay, loam, and sand soils of Michigan as given by Dr. R. C. Kedzie
in his bulletin on Michigan Soils.’

Clay
Lime --- ------ 1.28 %@
Phos, acid ---- .41 %
Potash ------ 2.12 8

Nitrogen ----- ( Organic matter 4.10 %--IIS N)----+45 &
15

Loam

Lime -------- --1,46 %

Phos, acid ---- .3I %

Potash —e—eor—nororo 1.97 g

Nitrogen ( Organic matter 4.66 %---.I2 % --- .56 %
Sand

Lime ---------- .32 %

Phos, acid ---- ,0I %

Potash -------- 30 %

Nitrogen ( Organic matter 2.25 £---.04 % N)-}3}},09 ZN
In the clay soil, we have 2.12 % potash while in the sand we have
but .30 %., In phos. acid , we have .4I % in the clay and .OI § in
the sand : and in Nitrogen, the clay has .45 % while the sand has
but .09 % . This would indicate that clay would be better for beets
than sand as far as the chemical constituents are concermed, but
owing to certain mechanical conditions, as well as chemical, the
clay ioam seems to give better results than either sand or clay.
The table below shows the results from two years of experimenting
in different parts of this state in regard to different kinds of

soils for beets.

1897 1899
No, of analyses sugar in Mo. of. Sugar in
| juice Purity analysis juice Purity
‘Clay loam 57 16.84 @ 81.7 % 34 14.90 % 86.6
Sand loam 140 16,57 84,0 58 14,60 8I.1
Sand 62 16,01 83.5 29 14.70 80,5
Clay 22 15.90 81.6 8 14,50 79.2
Muck 4 13,14 78.00 I5 13,f1I 78.3

For general farming in Michigan, I do not think it pays to use
commercial fertilizersbut for the sugar beet, I think fertilizers
ean be used with profit. Potassium, it is believed, is useful in
aiding in the formation of sugar, the more potash, up to a certain
degree, the more sugar, Experiments show that the potash is in a
certain ratio to the saccharine richness of the beet. Potash, as a
rule, is not so much needed on heavy as on light soils, Kanite,
appliedat the time of the first or second hoeing of the crop, prov-
es very beneficial, more so, than when sown with the crop. Phos.
acid aids in giving the beets a higher quotient of purity ,. Beets
use nitrogen in the growing of the whole root , it determines,
largely, the yield per acre, hence, potash for sugar, phos, acid
for purity, and nitrogen for tonnage.

Experiments at the M. A. C. seem to indicate that nitrogen
in the form of a nitrate makes a better fertilizer than nitrogen
in the form of ammonia;

Complete fertilizer ( Nitrate nitrogen) II,47% #per acre 15,22 %
sugar and 81.9 % purity.

Complete fertilizer ( Ammonia nitrogen) 9,688 @per acre 12.69
sugar and 67.0 purity.
In favor of nitrate nitrogen----I, 7834 --2,.53 f----14.9 z

Bach plot in the above experiment was treated with phosphate rock
and muriate of potash, the soil was a medium loam, Nitrogen is mor:
solubble _ an the form of the nitrates and shorld not be applied
~~ oa
16

in excess or too long before the planting of the crop. Ammonirvm
nitrate is more stable,

Some soils are deficient in lime, notably, in soils derived
from granite, sandstone, etc. Lime is usefull in neutralizing the
acids and in unlocking what would otherwise be unavailable potash,
Phos acid, and nitrogen. Lime,also,produces ,on some soils,a bene-
ficial physical effect, There are many conflicting statements as
to the use of lime with sugar-beets. The station here (M.A.C.)
states that there was an increase in yield on the highland but a
decrease in yield upon the mck. there was 11% more beets, .2% more
sugar, and 3,61 % higher purity from the unlimed mck, The Rhode Is-
land station found an increase'in yield of 12.5% from the use of
2.7 tons of air-slacked lime per acre while West Virginia station
says that lime reduced the sugar content and the percentage of pur-
ity. Michigan station found an increase in leaf developement upon
high land, No fixed miles can be given for the use of lime as the
local conditions are so variable,

In concluding my remarks upon fertilizers, I will quote from
experiments made in two of the leading sugar-beet states,Michigan
and Nebraska. Michigan found that the best results were derived from
the use of a complete home-mixed fertilizer costing %27.50 per ton
and applied at the rate of 480lbs. per acre, The yield from this
was higher than from stable manure; the percent of sugar .87% gre-
yater and the purity 1.84% higher. From single elements, potash gave
the highest sugar and purity and nitrogen the lowest. This home-
mixed fertilizer consisted of 300# of dissolvad phosphate rock, 50”
nitrate of soda, and 50# sulphate of ammonia and 100# sulphate of
potash,

Ashes can be used to an advantage. A gentleman living two miles
east of Alma, told me that he applied ashes to two rows of beets
and that the increase in growth of these two rows were plainly
visible the whole length of the field,

THE CROP
Ssugar-beets in Michigan are raised for one of two purposes;
viz.for feeding or for factory use; the most @f the heets are
raised for the latter purpose,
I analyzed several samples of beets for the former purpose, thet
is,to determine the relative value of the leaves, crowns,and roots
for feeding purposes with the following results:

Leaves
Moisture ------ 86.62 £
Dry matter--- 13,38 %
Crude fibre-- 1,31 %
Ash---------- 1.77 %
Fat ------- 0 ,088%%
Proteids ----- 2.82 %
Carbo-hydrates-5,53 %

Crowns
Moisture--- 79.42 @
Dry matter-- 20.58 @

Crude fibre--- ,.86 %
Ash --------- 045 %
I?

Fat ------------. 06 fp
Proteids - ----- 98 fp

Carbo-hydrates-L0.23/

Nutritive Ratio

Roots Leaves----I:2
Woisture------------- 60.20 # Roots ea-als18.8
Dry Matter--------- 19.80 7
Crude Fibre ------- 64 %
ash - ------------- 54 %

Fat ---------------- .05
Proteid --+-------- 470 4
Carbo-hydrates ----- 10.72 %

Lt will be seen that the roots are -uch richer in carbo-hydrates than
the leaves. There is not so much difference between the crowns and root
In protein, the reverse is true, there being more protein in the leaves
than in the roots.

Wolff-Lehmann feeding standards give the following ratios;

Ox at rest in stall, nutritive ratio--I:1I.8

Fattening Cattle ( first pcriod)-- 1:6.5
Milk cows( Yielding 22 daily) ----- 1:5.7
Horse-¢(medium work ) - -------- I:6.2

In my analysis of the whole beet , I find the following food constituent.

ougar- beets water protein fat cuarbo-hydrates ash crude fibre
------------ 82.68% 1.5% 0.7% 8.86% 0.85% 0.93%

The U. 5S. Dep't of agr'l publish the following as the food constituents

of several feed stuffs;

Sugar-beets 86.5% 1.84 O.1% 10.7% 0.975 0.94
Turnips 90.5% I.12 0.2,5 7.4; 0.8% 1.2%
Mangel-wurzels 90.9% 1.43 0.2% 6.4% I.1% 009%
a

-——em, -@. “OO
I8
Ruta bagas 88.6/ 1.24 0.2% 8875 1.2% 1.3%
Corn fodder 79.3, 1.8% 0.5% I7.74 1.24 5.0%
Corn silage 79.1. 1.7% 0.8% I7.0% 1.46 6.0%
Timothy hay 13.2% 5.9% 2.5% 74.0% 4.4% 29.0%
The above table shows that sugar-beets are somewhat richer , as far as
chemical composition is concerned , than other root crops and it will
be néticed,also,that beets are practically, 6émpletely digestible while
only two-thirds of the corn silage is digestible. Experiments at the
Wyoming station show that animals fed to the beets and hay gave better
returns than those fed with grain and hay or hay alome. In the above
experiment, the cattle were fed 14 # of sugar-beets per day and all the
hay they would eat.

Most of the beets raised in Michigan are raised for the production
of sugar and last year( 1900) there were raised in this state, about
300,000 tons for factory use. These beets sold on an average , for about
$5.35 per ton,which means that Michigan farmers received $1,605,000.00
last year for thetr beet crop, this makes a paying and ready cash crop
for the farmer, beside,there is quite an amount of valuable material
left in the by-products of the factory, of this I shall speak later.
Wheat has been the great cash crop for the Michigan farmer but at the
present time, in many parts of the state,wheat raising is being given
up on accoung of, insects and the condition of the soil,resulting from
the raising of wheat without the proper rotation. Farms that once gave
a yield of 30 bus. per acre now give but IObus. with the same kind of
cultivation. The introduction of the sugar-beet into the rotation will
be much better than the sowing of wheat after wheat and will give cash

returns, the same as the wheat crop.

BY+PRODUCTS
In the process of manufacturing beet-sugar, there are several products

produced, which, at the present time, are largely going to waste. Thes-
I9

waste products are pulp, molasses, and lime-cake. I will speak of these

in the order mentioned.

Pulp
Pulp is the residue left after the sugar has been cxtracted. from the

beet, with water at the temperature of about 70 deg's C. The Nebraska
station give the following as the composition of the beet and pulp:

Dry Matter

Sugar-beet Pulp Sugar-beet Pulp
Batsture ----------- 81.48% 88.53, -----------------------
Fat ---------------- 00.23 00.08 1.25% 0.68%
Protein ------------- I.36 I.08 7.37 9.45
Crude fibre --------- 1.34 Loot ¥.235 22640
ASN ----------------- I.5I 256 8.16 4.85
Nitrogen-free Ext. 14.07 7.18 75.99 62.62

The amount of water in the pulp depends,largely, at what time and where
the sample for analysis was taken,jif taken directly after leaving the
diffusion cells, it will contain a great excess of water.

“@ have already made comparisons of the beet with other farm crops,
as relative to feeding values and it will be seen, in comparing the
pulp with the beet, that the pulp has about 7% more water and I} more
crude ftbre and a decrease in other materials, especially carbo-hydrate,
due in a large degree to the loss in sugar. By making the comparisons,
it will be seen that the pulp is rather a better feed than turnips,
having not so much water and more nitrogen-free extract. The »srotein is
about the same in each, the crude fibre is a little higherbin the pulp.

Jenkins and Winton in their " .merican Feeding Stuffs" give the follow-

ing ;

Timothy hay Pulp
Dry matter 86.80% II.47,/3
Of dry matter
Fat - - - - - - = (308g 7% 0.687,

Protein - - - = - 6.79 9.48
—-— — ———————

—_—

 
20

Crude-fibre - - - -:. 33.41, 22.40%
Ash - - - - - - - 5.07 4.85
Nitrogen-free extract - - 51.84 62.62

The pulp in the above analysis was taken from the cars at the factory
of the Norfolk Beet Sugar Co. The hay contains seven times as much dry
matter as the pulp but, if a comparison is made between the dry-matter
of each, it will be seen that the pulp is more valuable ; here comes
in the question of drying the pulp. The plant for drying the pulp costs
about $20,000 and the cost of running it, about$I.00 per ton of dried
pulp. The process is something like this: the pulp is cut into fery fine
pieces, water added and the mixture pumped to where it is wanted, here
it is filtered, the pulp having now about 60%of water. The dryer is a
long tubular affair, about six feet in diameter and forty feet long. It
is revolved at the rate of about six revolutions per minute. and the >
wholes is heated by steam.It requires about thirty-five minutes for the
pulp to travej the forty feet, the length of the dryer. After leaving
the dryer, it has about 7% moisture, when molasses is added and the
mixture dried, ground, and then put info sacks or pressed. Afactory
using 500 tons of beets per day would make about 25 tons of dried pulp
per day and use 2,400 # of molasses, or the total output would be 74,000
los. These dryers have not come into use very extensively, as yet, and
L understand that they. are not considered a very paying investment. How-
ever , I believe the time will come when pulp and molasses will be made
use of much more extensively and be treated in a mannar, somewhat like
the above.

Pulp that has been siloed and allowed to ferment,somewhat, is more
readlly eaten by cattle and is said to be more digestible than fresh
pulp. Pulp that has been frozen should not be siloed, for upon thawing
it will soon decay and be fit for nothing but manure. At most factories
at the present time, the pulp is piled up outside the factory and the

farmers draw it away at their leisure, during the winter months,

—--- — —~. —. — - oe oe ee

 
ol
The outside of the pile will be frozen while that within will be fresh,
about the only difference between frozen and unfrozen pulp, as shown by
analysis, is the fact that there is a.slight loss in protein, a break-
ing down of fibre, and an increase in acidity in the frozen pulp. The
farmer, who does not live tvuofar from the factory, can well afford to
draw the pulp home as he would otherwise, return home with an empty
wagon and the pulp is surely worth the drawing--- we would not think of
leaving a load of timothy hay, were it given to us, and we have shown
that pulp is as valuable. As pulp comtains such a high per cent of water
it would not pay to draw the pulp toclong distances. A plan has been
devised, and it seems to me to be a good one, by which it is made pos-
sible for the farmer to utilize his pulp even if the factoty is some

~ at +

e * e e ° +
+h 4c vay OUR. C4 Vy Ae ~~ WAAR Tyen DT + co Met Owe * Yr.
 LELTUS LCT. Oe UVIePPhLrn L2PA WAL ou AD SCI Mle a!

miles ow.wsy. Ub Douce tury
and for the sake of illustration, let us tixe Lansing for an example.
Sup ose a diffusion battery should be built at Grand Ledge and the juice
piped to Lansing. At Grand Ledge, we have coal and plenty of water and
the sugarycompany would save the freight on coal and the farmer the
freight on his beets and beside, he would have his pulp near home, where
he could utilize it. The first cost might be more than by the present
system, but I believe, that in the end, it would be a paying investment.
It appears that the Michigan farmer is slow to make use of this by-
product. I quote the following from a letter of Mr. R. M. Allen, gen,
mgr. of the Standard Cattle Co. of Ames, Iowa" A number of cattle were
fed beet- pulp, corn silage, and hay,for four months, making the cheap-
est ration wevever fed. Cattle eat the pulp with satisfaction and rel-
ish, will consume I00# per day and require little or no water while
betng fed on pulp. I feel satisfied, in my own mind, tnat the use of
pulp effect a valuable saving of other foo&, both hay and grain, and
in feeding cattle for beef, we can effect an economy of 20 to $0% of

the total cost of food" .,
— AO

It has been shown that aton of dry pulp is as valuable as a ton of tim-
ofghy hay as far as its feeding value is concerned. In fact, it is more
valuable, because it supplies a succulent feed for winter use.
Allowing for losses, a ton of beets will produce I,600# beet pulp, or
-8 of a ton. Michigan, last year, produced 300,000 tons of beets which
will be equal to 240,000 tons of pulp. I2% of a ton of pulp is dry mat-
ter ; a ton of timothy hay is quoted in Detroit, to-day, at $12.50 this
would make a ton of pulp worth $1.50 . 240,000 tons at $1.50 equals
3360,000,. the value of the pulp produced by Michigan factories last year.
Notwithstanding the value of this pulp to the farmers, the Alma Sugar
Co. last year, had to pay $0.10 per cu. yd. to get the pulp drawn away,
After experimenting somewhat, the farmers began to realize, in a degree,
the value of this pulp, so much so, that the company's teams were stop-
ped and by Mar. I the most of the pulp had been drawn away and used for
feed by thy farmers.
Molasses

Molasses is another by-product that is worth our c.nsideration. I made
the analysis of a sample of waste molasses from the Alma Sugar Co. and
found its feeding value as follows:

Water ---------- 14.40%

Dry Matter------ 85.60

In dry matter

Carbo-hydrates 56.9%

Protein 6.31

Fat ~00
Fertilizing value

Ash -------------- 6.44%

Potash( K20) ----- 5.08
Nitrogen---------- 1.01

 
—— os
The U. S. Dep't of Agr'l from several analysés give the following

figures for the above: Feeding value

Water ---- ------------ 20.80 %
Dry Matter----------- '----- 79.20
Carbo-hydrates ----------- 59.50
Protein------------------ 9,10
Fat --------------------- 0.009

ervilizing value

Phos, acid------------ -- 0.95%
Po tbasn ee ~ U e 65
Nitrogon --<--5 =. sees.) Dect

Jolasses are very rich in both carbo-hydrates and protein but contuins
no fat. Let us compare molasses with corn and oats . Jats contain
Protein------- 9.00 2
Varvo-nydrates £7,329

2

. A
ay - 7 oo ~ 5

Ee Rd
MUG Lpay eng zee 07 2.4 gives £0.03 tis -qiivals.t of the fat in terms
of carbo-hydrates. This makes the carbo-hydrates equal 57.38 % and
makes the value of oats, as far as protein and carbo-hydrates are con-
cerned, nearly identical with molasses, Corn contains:

Protein -------- 7.90 %

Carbo-hydrates 686.70

Fat 4.350
$.30 multiplied by 2.4 equals 10.32, the fat in terms of carbo-hydrates
making the tofal carbo-hydrates 77%, hence, corn is lower in protein
and higher in carbo-hydrates than molasses.

At Alma ,this year, the final molasses was I.5 % of the weight of the

beets used. Taking it forgranted that the results in the other factories
of the state were the same, as a matter of fact, many of them must have

had higher results as they had no osmose process. 300,000 tons of beets
would give 4.500 tons of final molasses, allowing that the feeding val-
24

ue of molasses is equal to I00 # of oats, as far as C. H. and protein
are concerned, we would have an equivalent of 9,000,000# . This divided
by 32 gives an equivalent of 281,250 bus. , at $.30 gives $84,375, the
value of molasses for feeding. The value of molasses for a fertiaizer,
provided the elements were to be bought upon the market, would be as
follows, allowing that nitrogen, potash, and phos. acid are worth resp-
ectively I3, 15, 4.5 cents.
9,090,000 lbs. of molasses would give

Nitrogen , 26£,400# at I3 cents equals $ 17,082.00

Potash, 506,%007# at 5 cents 29 555.00
Phos. acid 4,500 # at 4.5 cents . 202,50
Total manurial value equals --------------------------------- $42,519.50
LIME _- CAKE

Lime cake is the refuse from the filter presses , which is mostly lime
with some of the materials from the beet juice mixed with it. There is
a great variation in the composition of lime-cake, depending upon its
treatment in the factory. If the filter-press foreman sees to it that
the cake is thoroughly washed, it will contain but a small amount of
organic material, salts etc, but, if the press is dumped before being
thoroughly washed, it will contain considerable organic matter and min-

eral salts. In my analysis 6f a sample of lime-oake, I found the fol-

lowing: Organic matter ----------- 3. 80 %
Lime( CaO )- ----------- 40.10
Potask ( K20 ) --------- 44
Phos. acid (P205) ------- »35
Nitrogen -- - - - - 13

How much is this lime-cake worth as a fertilizer? At Alma, about 70. 6#
of lime was used for every ton of beets, taking this as an average for

all the factories of the state and allowing that 300,000 tons of beets
were used last year, we have 300,000 times 70.6 # which equals 21,180,00C

of lime( CaO). Lime in Lansing, to-day, is selling for 90 cents per *")

 

ei
 

20

which would give $47,655.00, the value of the lime in the lime-cake,
were the same amount of lime to be bought upon the open market. My
anslysis was from a sample direct from the filter press and no allow-
ance was made for water, and this would make the percentage composition

a little low. The Norfolk factory, found in a dry sample of cake, the

following:
Organic matter - - - - - 7.79 %
Lime ( CaO) - ------ 48,24
Potash( K20) -- - - - .61
Phos. acid( P205) - - - - .87
Nitrogen - - ----- 47

Hence, for every [00# of CaO we have practically, 2007 of lime-cake
and if every I00# of lime-cake contains #.79# of organic matter, 200#

will contain: Organic matter - - - - - - oo  . 5.58 #
Potash BD 1.22
Phos, acia 1.74
Nitrogen 94

We have estimated that the Michigan factories used, last year, 21,180,0¢:
of CaO or 211,000 owt. One cwt. of CaO has an equivalent of 15.58 # of
organic matter, then, 211,000 cwt. will Have

Organic matter 3,299,844 #
Potash 208 , 596
Phos. acid 568,532
Nitrogen 189,092

Estimating the value of these elements as before, we have

238,396 #ofK20 at 5 cents equals-- --$I1I,919.80

363,532 # P205 at 4.5 cents 16,583.94
189,092 # N at I3 cents 24,581.96
52,950 Bbls. Cad at 90 cents 47,655.00

 

Total value of lime-cake as a fertilnzer $100 , 740,70

 
26
Let us congider the matter still farther. It will be seen that the mfg.
wants the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen( CI2H220II) but it will be not-
iced that there is still left in the final molasses about 60 % of carbo-
hydrates which the mfg. cannot remove on account of the uncrystallizable
matter and salts that are present. In feeding, all these fertilizing
elements are found in the excrements that were originally in the feed,
except the C. H. and these the farmer does not care about as they con-
sist of nothing but air and water. Therefore, the manufacturer can
make his sugar out of " wind and water" and when he is through, the
farmer can fatten his cattle on the wind and water that remains and
still have the manurial elements left to be used as a fertilizer.
Therefore, we find in pulp, a feeding value of » 360,000.00
Pulp, fertilizing value

940,800 # N. at I3 cents # 12,230.00

 

216,000 # P205 at4.5 cents 9,720.00

403,200 #K20 at 5 cents 20,160.00
Total fertilizing value of pulp -------- -- $ 152,184.00
Molasses, feeding value $ 84,375.00
Molasses, fertilizing value $ 42,519.50
Lime-cake -- -- $100,740.00
Total value of by-products - - .- +-$739,819.20

 

 

 

I believe the time will come when the by-products of the sugar fact-
ories will approach or equal the value of the direct products. There
has been a company organized for the purpose of manufacturing alcohol
and potash from the molasses but with no great success thus far. I be-
lieve the land is more in need of the stimulating effects of these by-
pYoducts than man.
The farmer, instead of letting all of this valuable material slip away
down She river bank, should claim, for every ton of beets, a corrospom-
ing amount of his share of the pulp, molasses, and lime-cake, which

should be returnrd to his farm, then we should not hear so much about
a7
the beet crop being " hard on the land",
SOIL EXHAUSTION
By the term, soil exhaustion, we do not mean that the land is tired;
soil has no sense, nor do we mean that an exhausted soil is good for
nothing for raising crops. A soil that will not produce is a barren
soil. By soil exhaustion, we mean that the soil, owing to improper
treatment in regard to’ cropping or cultivation, will no longer produce
a crop at a profit. Of course, there are many other things influencing
the profit and loss in a crop, other than the question of soil,
Before going farther, let us study, somewhat, the constituents of

a plant. In order for a plant to make a complete growth and produce
seed that will, in turn, produce other seed, it requires thirteen ele-
ments viz. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash,
calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, lithium, iron, and sulfur.
If the aboge thirteen elements are essential, the question is---where
do they come from and how are they removed from the soil ? First, let
us consider their origin:

Carbon

Hydrogen . From the air and water, forms sugar,

Oxygen | |

Nitrogen--- From the air and soil,

Potash ~-.

Phosphorus’

Calcium
\
Chlorine , From the soil.

Sodium

Magnesium |
Iron |
Lithium

sulfur !

—-
 

 

 

 

28
The above shows what elements must enter into every plant. What do we
want to get out ? Sugar. ( In this thesis, we are discussing the
question, principally, of the raising of sugar-beets for the factory)
What elements go to make up sugar ? They are carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in the proportions of 12--22--II, respectively. As will be seen,
these elements come entirely from the air and the water. Of the 65,000,
O00 # of sugar produced in Michigan last year, not one pound of anythin:
valuable was removed from the soil. When the farmer draws a load of
beets to the factory, is he merely drawing water and air ? Certainly
not, he is drawing away, more or less, of these other ten elements,
that are of the greatest value to the farmer. Does the manufacturer
want these elements, other than the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ?
He does not, it costs him millions of déllars, each year, to get rid
of these elements, and when he has separated them from the sygar, he
throws them away, even paying money to get them removed. If the mfg.
wants simply the C,H,0O, and not the other ten elements, and the farmer
vice versa, why not produce merely, the C,H,0,? If it costs the farmer
thousands of dollars to produce these ten elements 4nd the manufacturer
thousands of dollars to get rid of them, why this waste ? Simply for
this reason, to produce cloth, we must have a loom, so to produce C,H,
and O in the proportion of 12:22:II, the beet plant is necessary. To
produce the beet plant, it requires thirteen elements, eight elements
would not do. To get sugar, we must have the plant and to get the plant
we must have thirteen elements. Hence, the beet plant may be called
the fadtory, sunshine the power, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen the raw mater
ial and sugar the finished product. The farmer should try @a@d use as
much of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as possible and as little of
the other elements as possible. Just what proportions of these vital
elements may be used , or just how much should be applied to the soil
in order to produce the greatest amount of sugar is a problem that the

experiment stations are working on and one that has been discussed to

me ee
29

some extent in this thesis. It is evident that the farmer who raises

beets upon raw muck or raises beets, that, for any reason, are low in
sugar and rich in fibre and mineral matter, is taking much more of
value from his soil than the farmer who raises beets with high sugar
and purity. The latter also receives a much larger cash return for his
beets.

Is the beet hard on the soil ? This is a question that is often aske:
and in answering it, let us make a comparison with three well known
crops, viz. wheat, potato, and the beet. A fairly general average may
be obtained by taking the analysis of the three crops as given in the
U. S. Agr'l Dep's reports, they are as follows:

Wheat Potatoes Beets
N------ 2.36 % N------ 0.32 Z N------ 0.22 %
P205--- .79 P205---- .12 P205--- .I0
K20---- .50 K20----- 46 K20 ----.48

Using the same value per lb. for these elements as in the previous

case, we have for 100 # of

wheat---------- 36 cents
potatoes-- ----- 6 --
beets --------- 4 --

In selling I00 # of wheat, the farmer returns nothing to the soil and
to buy the materials which he sold with the bishel of wheat,ig the fom
of a fertilizer, upon the open market, will cost him 356 cents . In
selling I00 # of potatoes, he returns nothing to the soil, and it will
cost him 6 cents to replace the elements removed. In selling I00 # of
beets, he can replace nearly, if not all, of the lost elements to the
soil, if he does not, it will cost him but 4 cents to replace the lost
elements. It will be seen that beets are not as exhaustive to the soil
as wheat or pofatoes. An experiment last year, where beets were plant-

ed upon ground that had the year previous, been planted to both beets

 
 

30
and potatoes, showed that beets after beets gave better resulta than
beets after potatoes.
As a recapitulation, let us consider some of the advantages and dis-
advantages of the industry.
DISADVANTAGES

I, Competition with the cheap labor of Europe. This cannot be prevented

 

One ‘hing in our favor, is the fact, that we do not have to transport
our manufactured product.
2, Scarcity of help. I have had several tell me that they would raise
beets were they certain of obtaining help. The Dakota wheat raiser has
the same trouble, but he does not quit the business. After two years
spent with the Alma Sugar Co. and, having more or less knowledge of the
existing conditions at other factories in the state, I have yet to lear
of ang serious complaint from the farmers in regard to their not being
able to get help. At Alma, there has always been plenty of help.
3, Hard work. It is hard work but it is paying work.
4, Cost of factory. The average cost of a sugar factory is about$500,000
hence, not every person has sufficient means to build a factory.
Dy Beets are very bulky, therefore, one cannot afford to haul them very
long distances.
6, Lack of harmony between the producer and the manufacturer. In order
to secure the greatest success in this industry, there must be perfect
harmony between the farmer and the manufacturer. The manufacturer must
not take excessive mark or tare, or the farmer put to high a price on
his beets.

ADVANTAGES
I, Excellent climate and soil.
2, Good transportation facilities.

5, Excellent manufacturing facilities. We have coal and abundence of

 

lime stone, also ,plenty of good water.
ol

4, Good market. The U. S. consumes annually, 4,000,000,000 pounds of
sugar, while there are only 37 factories. It will require 530 to sup-
ply the U. S. alone under the present demand, and this demand is in-
creasing at the rate of 12.5 4 each year. It will require 26 to supply
Michigan with sugar. At present, we have but IO factories, therefore,
we will not have to seek a market abroad, as yet.

5, Gives employment to the laboring classes. At present, we are pay-

 

ing $ 80,000,000 to foreign labor to produce our sugar.
6, Diversifies agriculture.
7, Creates a greater demand for other farm produce. Each factory en-

27006 ae pha porbete state.
ploys about 250 menwho are consumers of farm produce and are not en-

 

gaged in producing it; perhaps many of them would be consumers . anyhow
nevertheless, ready money generally means better living. It,also, makes
a greater demand for grocery products. I understand that a grocerman
in Lansing advertised that he did not sell: beet sugar. I think, that
those working upon the beet-sugar factory in that city should see to
it, that he does not use beet-sugar money. I believe in patronizing
home industry.

8, Creates other manufacturing enterprises. It calls for car mf'g Co's.

 

 

makes a greater demand for farm and sugar factory machinery, which, in
return, gives employment to more men and calls for more of the farmers
produce. In order to formulate some idea of the equipment necessary to
complete a sugar factory, I will name some of the thingd that are in
stock at the Lehi factory in Utah; this is aboyt an average sized

factory.
28,800 tons of beets cest---------- $-£42,233.96
4,500 tons of coal at $3.00 I3,%00.00
200 tons of cok at $17.10 3,420.00

I,600 tons of lime rock at $2.50 4,022.50
52

40,000 double sugar bags at 14.5 cents $5,800.00

 

4,150 yds. heamy duck at I5 cents 622.00
I,050 yds. German duck at 50 cents 525.00
6,000 lbs. of sal soda 150.00
4,500 lbs. of tallow 270.00
30,000 lbs. of sulfur 600.00
10,000 lbs. of HCY 350300
Laboratory and other supplies 5,000.00
Paid for labor 025,925.80 _
Total ---------- V- ---- $ 229,417.26

It is readily seen that it will require a variety of enterprises to
produce the above named materials. The above are for but one factory ;
multiplying the above figures by ten, yes, by twenty, the number necw
cessary to supply Michigan with sugar, or to go even farther, multiply
by 50 or 530, the number of factories neccessary to supply the U.S.
and one will be able to grasp, ina degree , the extent to which other
industries must be developed in order to supply this want. The above
merely includes the material for one campaign and beside this, there
1s the machinery for the factory, brick for the building, and cement
for the floors etc., beside the furnishing of employment to a great
number of men in building these buildings.

9, Brings capital into the state. Men of wealth are looking for good

 

oppostunities for making good investments and they find this opportun-
ity in the manufacturing of beet sugar, even without the bounty. Plenty
of money in circulation generally makes better times, financially.

IQ, Raises the value and rental of lands. At Alma, the rental of lands

 

has increased from three to five dollars per acre within the last year.

This year ( I90I ) where the owner prepares the ground, it rents for

ten dollars per acre. The value of the land has incbeased, accordingly.

IIl,-The beet, being a deep feeder, is less effected by drouths than

—_— ———-

— : - ee ee —— —- oe
——— ae - ~ oe 5 . wee ee

——— — ee - - —_—- — oe —_—-——
a
353

are many other crops, less injured by frosts, and as yet, fairly free
from the attacks of insects and fungi.

I2, Gives employment to the school-children in our large cities, who
are out of employment fro" Zune until September. Beside, it serves

as a means of filling their pockets with money and their blood with
the beneficial influence to be derived from fresh country alr.

IS, A stable price for the crop. The farmer does not have to take the
risk of a drop in the market price; he knows beforehand just what the
price of his crop will be.

I4, Make sugar cheaper. Taking the old rule, that the price of an
article is regulated by the supply and demand of that article, it goes
to reason, that in time, the price of sugar will be lower than at the
present time. I do not see how it is going to be possible for monopol-
les and trusts to get full control of this industry as the lands are
in the hands of the farmers and the factories cannot run unless the

farmers furnish the acreage.

15, Promotes the intensive system of agriculture. From the very nature

 

 

of the crop, it is evident, that better forms of agriculture must be
resorted to. The old time farmer, with his corn- field full of weeds
will never make a success of raising sugar beets. The beet is a crop
that requires the most careful and best methods known in agriculture.

16, It is not exhaustive to the soil. We frequently hear it stated

ee ee — — =

 

 

ee eee:

 

that the " beet crop is not an easy crop on the soil". By utilizing
the by-products of the factories, which can be had for the asking and

which, at present, are thrown into the river, I see no reason why the

crop should be exhaustive to the soil.

 

 

 

I7, It is one of the most profitable crops raised. It is frquently
asked " Does the raising of sugar beets pay"?" J. W. Cochrane of
Midland at the round-up institute held at Lansing quoted results from

several farms in that section and they were something like this: $140
54

from two acres, $188 from two acres etc. At Alma, the average yield per
acre was [0.5 tons, $56.17 per acre, some as high as $125 per acre.

Farmers, on an average, made a profit of, from 20 to 100 per cent. I
will quote from a Bay City paper" That farmers have at last found a
crop7 that will pay them to raise is made evident by a visit to the
register of deeds office in Bay Co.. The records show, that in the
first two weeks of the new year( I90I) , fifty-one morgages were dis-
charged against eight last year. The farmers say the cause of the lift-
ing is due directly to the beet crop. " There was paid to the farmers
of this state last year °1,500,000 for their beet crop. The only two
complaintsof which I have heard are, first, of a merchant and a drun-
mer , who rented land and were going to increase their material wealth
by raising beets; one lost money, the other made twenty cents. The
second was from the sandy shores of Lake Michigan where beets cannot
be raised at a profit. As before stated, beets cannot be raised at a
profit on all kinds of soil.

18, Encourages the dairy interests of the state. It has been shown
that pulp and molasses are both valuable feeds and instead of letting
$444,375.00 worth of valuable feed go to waste each year in this state,
I think the time will come when it will be used for feeding numerous
dairy herds. Pulp is an excellent succulent feed for winter use and
does not taint the milk if properly handled.

With all the above advantages, the Michigan farmer should certain-
ly put the sugar beet in his rotation, provided he lives within a
reasonable distancys from the factory.

In, conclusion, I believe the question of beet sugar production
in Michigan is no longer an experiment but a well established industry
however, it has, by no means, reached its fullest development. In spite
of all the evidence given, showing the value, possibilities, and success

of this industry, the editor of a certain paper which is quite largely
35

circulated among the farmers of this state, peers forth, with clouded

visian, from his benighted state and makes these remarks" The Farm
Journal has never been able to see a rosy prospect ahead for sugar beet
growers and in our opinion, the outlook is less favorable than when the
craze started. Farmers, who grow beets for stock feeding are likely to
get more net cash out of it than those who grow them for sugar factories,
It is evident that the editor of this paper has never been far beyond
the confines of the coal smoke that enshrouds his rough and uneven .
state. He has, without doubt, gazed so long upon the dark and dirty
products from the interior of the earth, that he can no longer see
any beauty in the snow- white crystals that may be produced upon the

surface of our fair state. In " our opinion " A man living in a coal

 

country and where it is so rough that the use of farm machinery is im-
possible, can certainly give some good advice to the farmers of Mich-
igan relative to the raising of sugar beets. " Less favorable" when
ten factories have been built within three years and more being erect-
ed each year, when $ 1,800,000 are being payed to the farmers and $500,
O00 to the laboring classes ,each year, when the farmers, as at Alma,
sign their contracts very early in the season for fear they will not
get an opportunity to take acreage, I say, do these things indicate
that the “ outlook is less favorable" I will admit that it is a “craze_
and one that is going to revolutionize farming in the lower peninsula
of Michigan. Factories will continue. to be built and soon, the once
heard whistle of the saw-mill will be superseded by the coarse and deep
sounds of the sugar factory whistle, in the near-by meadows will be
heard the tinkling of numerous cow-bells, giving evidence of the great-
est dairy industry that this state has ever known. Then it can be truly
said of the state which was at one time condemned as a worthless waste
" It is a land that flows with milk and honey"

Alma College, Michigan. May, I9OI.
6

P. 8S. This thesis was begun in Sep't, 1899. One year was spent in

work in the chemical laboratory at the Michigan Agricultural College,
doing special work in chemistry and two years were spent as Ass't

Chemist for the Alma Sugar Co.
 

  
 
 
   
  
  

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Fig. 1.—Map showing temperature zone in which the sugar beet attains its greatest perfection.

 

  

 

 

iV

 

 

1. 2. 3. 4.
AVES..........-..-..36% Oz. Beets grown with too much room. Typical beet.
Head..... .......-.-..2 os ead .......... 3% 072.
Trimmed beet.-....-..28% * Trimmed beet.32. **

—_ —s Se 7

 

 

 
E MAP TTI

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