pens rin he “ ae DEPAKIMEN i wrk -2 :~ vc bRING AND S* ot ' Leer ESbs 1000 tele gg nen, Eee GD LIBRARY Michigan State University This thesis was contributed by Mr. C. E. Johnson under the date indicated by the department stamp, to replace the original which was destroyed in the fire of March 5, 1916. \ ete wk. | SP? 18 1918 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGI EERIN ttl nn ne I eee - 2 ee mae —_. Suetingin, ua A elaalliar theme eee fete = eee pag ner a GEST OF A TRAY PLATE ETOhAST Betrery i] re Ce 2 JOULE OH, 13 @ +. NOt log le ee Data,- cattery of the tray type made and instelled by Smith “tora-- Battery Coe, Linghampton, 2. Y. Two piles of O° cells, cach ocean floor space &°" x 40" cach. fated at Fo volts per nile, canscity 200 ampere hours, hevirm normel discharsoc rete of 25 omnerens, The storage battery,for so many yecors rerordod by on lnesrs with suspicion, seems of late to have found the line of vor:: for wreic it is especislly adapted anc the activity in storacc bettery develoz <-> seems to indicato that it 1S an es.ential part of a com-ercially successrul clectric pover plant whoco load is not steady. Varicus thi-zs, such as tho evolution of passes, the space renuired ard the litite sice of class clectrolyte contelinersnow manufactured seu: to throw thio balance in favor of the trey plate bettory invented Dy he. te Se Saith, esnecially in instclliaticns where lar-o units r- emmloyede This type of bettery is docidedly different fron te esti ty7c in that the plates themselves are clectrolyte contsiners and Both sides, ton rnd bottozr, sre cridsed ané procev*-d, the unner Sido being necsative enc lower positive. his ccomme eticn is shorn im the acce-oonyine photorraphs. in io. 1 is shorn the thieimess or the orlpineal shoet of lead, whi ch is .TES* thieh, elso the inerecsc: in exposed surface resultin: fron the sninning or criddirns process, fiich leaves a base ,Q°47* thick. ilo. © shows throe epim dises cut from a plate. In the upner ono can be better secn this increase in @xpose:i surface per unit veirht of material. lio'c. © and 4 show the positive and nezativo plateé of a cell type battery. Both have becn processed. No. % is sponte lead (Pb.) or negative plate. lo. 4 is the peroxide (Pb“%e) er positive plato. Tho positive rlate is redeist brown in color, The nemativo slate is greyish. Th: difference of the cell plate from the tray plate lics in the fact thst th- cell of plates are of the same polarity on both cides while tho trey tlete is made in the form of 6 tray and is necative on th: uncer otdo and positive on the lower side. 1CSe trays aro nost.ed, th: trays bets: kept from contact with each other by menns of porcelain insulctors, “npouvh electrolyte is kept in the lower plate to insure immersion at ‘11 tines of the lower surface of the rlete next chove At. “hus ore tray really forms a conplete coll, ccnsecuently the nuvher of ectta emicis the nuvtber of trays minus onc, since the unr surface of the top nlate anc the lover surface of the bottom plate are inactive, f- will be scon,t*is construction obviates the necessity of jurpers, terminals, or other connections on the interncdiata cells woich relucc the resistance due to poor contacts to cero. Anothor feature of advantacte claincod for tis cell is th-+ it will not fil as quiesly as the ccll tyoe by the sbuce of tos lone a continucd discharse or by a diccharve at too ranid e rete, ror Will oxcessive heetins result from these cbasec. In the cell tyne the activ. ncterial of the necetive mlato hanzs cucended ord in ca ily discrva-od by abuse. In tne trey tyno the negative ts the unncr cién of the tray and the active material lays or rether is imtedd-d on thie Side and carmot becone locse and fall out when overeculphetine ceeurs, The test was mado on tro pilcs (Ecttervs “ots, 1 end °) of -R volts each, 200 ampere hours capacity (rated) and havine a nore-} discharze rate of 2f amperes. Tach pile oecuniod « floor space 2°" & AO", “he battorics wore made and insta’led by Smith Storace Sattery Company, Bingharpton, N.Y. The installation took place sho Desovber 16,1904 and they wore inmediately cher-ed un and have de rv kept fairly well charred sirce thet time. Thry vere treated w1tr carbonate “-f soda, shout one-hclf pound ner coll, to nrevert cxeccacty sulphation. 2 9 tesx the battories as we found tre ond mace reeor 4 iS voltaces ond ccnsitics of the individual cells of each bettory as shomm in Colucns I and II, rletes I anc II, Ve then startes to char: the: and continucd@ charsing some time aftor the voltezo reached 2.6 volts per ccll charsed, “The power for these charccs wag otmined fron: the pensrctor in tho vechanical Lepertrcnt. In Gell No. 1 we put gil” acpore hours at a rate of about Cf amperes, which rete we mairict: es nearly comctant sc poccible throumnout the tost. (“ee plate rir.) “he volteze citer charsing glf&C aupors: mours ct £0 ampere rete is recorded in Column III Plete I. We were obliced to let our wor: ster until “uosdey, Mav 2'rd,loo%, mating a nortiod of rest of 70 NOUTos “ce Voltere and hvdrometcr rosdinss were arein toren cnd arc recoreed ani Columns IV ene@ Yoon some pece, The Beiterv was tron Purther cheares “2th g179 ao-rcre hours 2% 2 2h amnero rete mvine a total char-- «ef e.7 excore hours, ‘The bettery ("o.1) was tren Gdisckharenrd th uh 3 resistances. “She @ischarce wes cortiruca until the volterca teo: a decidcc drop (Cee ourve jio. 1 Plate Ix) and the velts:o of eclis Sree ond £°, Colunun Vi Plate I, seem to indicate thct t- was carricd too far. It res first dischersed 6% mmenere hours at a rate of f° ampores, thon allowed to rest 14 hours “hen it vas further cischar cod cl anpere hours ate 10 ampere rate, then aftcr e rect of chout an hour and e half further discharged & e-pere hours at 10 arpere rate chien & total discharge of °° ampere hours. The seconde charse wos obtainca partly from bettery No. ©, using the motor end rotary converter show in photorraph F as a booster. The discharre of tio. © forciv: nart of ne charce oF No. 1 was 1f6 canpore “ours at a rate of ehout ™ aoe re ‘ @ £ further Charge of €9 a-pore hours at a fT acncre rate ra C9 mr mm. GS marine 2 totel charze of TOf ammer: hours. Tho hattom = awl t “aS then mort Gischarced (“ee Gurve © plate IX) into coll No. f anc tron furthe ys cree enareed through a resistence with Lf hours betocon dischercss to romr ate, The first of this discherro was 94 anpore hours et about oF amperes, “he discherce was discontinucd allowing a period of IF hour: to clapss when it was further discharged 14 ampere hours at an LL crore: roto, ma"inz @ total aischarce of 10° acnsre hours, ‘the conditticn {the battery efter partly discharging 1s given in Coluwzn iI, Plste t-+4 as arc also the voltacc conditions 15 hours lstor also sfter tct-% Ciceharre and 1F hours after total disenerre, (Columns VII,VIZi eng TY, Plate 1) In Colusn X% it will be noticed that the cells have iv “onerel recurereted but number £% hes chanced polarity but by tre voltares in cel’s Lele inelusive, excent cl, it mov be scon thet 2 further discharcc of these eclls could heve becn mace without Goocer of injury to thom. A charre was then meade of 1°79 exnore hours ot o £4 amore rate (foc curve 3, Plcto IX) end efter aheut ten hours ea further charco of G1 cocpere hours at about 12 avneres was r-ce(Tre curve T, Plate Ix). The three lower plates showed ty the. voktare reacines (Column X, Plate 1) that it would be advisable to put an extra charce into them senaratelye Te cid this by ucsine tho lover tor:inal of the lover colls for nositive terminal and clrespir. ploec> of lead plate to the second tray above the base tray for the icrative terminal. Woe charced into these celis [4 axpere hours at ¢c ~© ampere rate. Tris mede the total charre of these three “lates "47 ampere hours, “his Was Called a slow charre beecuso the Lattor part of the chars:9 was mrde at obcut omecehcall? ~~ ‘ LPoliovir 4-498 che The rvte dischar~o end S at the end of the cischarre. The 3 total was 144 arpere ¥ ~~ % it seen that 'thou.k lower cells, they sre icft in bctter c yet TT ’ re sy > netice tric volterc “rovicus dischar “.ee ay we wo ws wa may infer thet rere it ot for tra vO 2 va Ca 2 mated Sy om mar dt @ - Gaals a ann t ANIC isehar-3 micht heve tec Le “" wren 9 Za oe «a? COMO pay * or CO on faturday Uay ! aan e & ~ ~ 2% eaetek ve ew c> re re rate (Toe @irve yy a pam ~ Wl’ wt ~ 7, e 2 Duyther char co ors sen = " @ - . “ade TThiLeh mece “7 CAPR CTP & ww “& -’ Ome rattar: ct, Columns Tl) \e Wee y* ts . Cc wt 1e uni Zoi: rors i wiits e es £70 wnltres ry Neat 4n eNOS ~ OYTO AY electrolyt ton low wht lower ones it is too hich Cd in Coluce in the amo nlatas, 71. 63 at ed until R-aa9 a: a 4 7 O'Cloc’ A. a, ay S4th ond contin tho mown re et are cat SP mye on - "A a3e lover cal whe, . 44 oe Li mete td 1 -' wr 4. yt w va Ciseharce wes 149 onpere hours at a 31 acpere rate. nd voltace readiness “Tote I7T, ole « = ver Fr TEs oy ated second charre (fee curve © plate =) wes On May the battery war charred with 6 SAth, ga hb uw ce yay @. us 9 after diseherco are shomm in Colucns \ Notice the mearted difference in output over <0. 1. ernDere hours a we gyn as o As ote ce’ @ a | . 2 34 whe ad i ”~ + tote ec“ a hy@ron ete bh emu a on Ce... ~s nearly normal rate. ampere rate and efter « fifteen hour rst was further chergrod vith 1f2 ampere hours et a rete of about &4 maning the total chars ampere hours. ‘The discharse tac place Uay orth when 1465 o-perc. heuwrs wore discharred at a 26 anpere = rate. This we callea noricl discharge. ‘The next test was made on clow charve ond discharcs (foc curve 3, Plate X). Sfter 1£7 anpere hours had beon chareceé in ato Il anpere rote the charre was discontimed for 11 hours whon a further charse of 116 amners hours at an 1% ernere rate was nade. “nis acco the total 24 > copere hours. “he discharce wos started Nay "G6 and ff r-nere hours vere ascharzed at a 12 avpero rate. After 1 heures the discharcoe was Continucd whon 10° azncre hours were is’:on off et a 10 ampere ratc. wg -1c cede a total discharre of 16% avnere hours at a “rete of about lo amperes. ifter a further lepse of 9 hours the diseherse wos cantinus. anc ™L asnero hours vere drawn off at e@e 10 azpcre rate, he Voltas for tvis discharse 48 riven in Column VII, Flete Il. hese readin: s shev that tic Cischarre was eemtinued too lons for the lower thre: cells. Ve were convineed early in tho tects that for this tripe of battery that the hydronoter test was of little velue in accerta ri” the condition of charze or discharre and placed more dependence on tne voltave readinzs, It will be noted that the cclls of battery ¢o. © recistered a very uniforn voltazcc in nearly 211 tests but the fact 1° tha cometh: again evident here, rs in connection with bettery bo. 1, that of the electrolyte of tho lower cells is hirhest and the cells fivish Cir discharce soonor.than the upner ones. vy a conperison of the voltages of Column VIII,Plete I with voltaces in Column V, Flate II, the increased efficiency of battery No. 2 over Ko. 1 may be sxpleined. al & > ee ae Xe , ee) es - 7S, wwe -> Tman Lyndon states that c Patr cenmercio! Prure for wett ofSisctone | Pare is 80". The bisbost efficircne, we obtcired vas e7 7 hs comers comelustons we can (irew ere thet the voltecc toot is tro mact revirodic ” or asce: ‘taining conditicn of charre; that tho olecetravyio ~wo2el, in oid type of batiom, b. Gram cPP fron the lever cells oa. intrecue: into tne upper cells Drom: whieh it could drip Soom agscupies a cor niformn density of the clictrolyte in the various celic oP Vo patter) the test Was rot exhaustive and can De asroidercd only a2 6 pre li ipery boast to ua ang all conditions Pavorabls to a test on wea oe oe Pons Cculd bo wave with other instailations. . “ mow k e - eee roy he ay, : .* ? “OLlowine 2. the Gata and curves: a ele x wat _P . . a. Zeon LL a “, ah Mann my ee ew Lack of uniformity lo das partis to une noeossitated promis x Pe wo a] -< ow 2 oe8 . . ° “ et J 79 snterrmuntiongs cui Lec: of s somree of rover which ve cola ot 7. + ‘ . ho. “ - in ° tT. OF : a 2 - 2 GQ eo rtrol end Wich: s,as not wiiforr.e 2 r) sf oh et a talk wal RECORD ¢ BATTERY Nel. Ma Before charge ee] PUTT) 200) |160 io3o 210 1.@o Poo oS prey | re = ie led + 95/1150 |) tained aed $1209] 210 Wak ko) (2c0o!2.10 ied (205 | 2.10 i -- 8 e- e) 215 2.10 a re) 2.15 a) 2.5 {aco 1195 iT e-) wis ir Se) 1230 eet 2.02 re 2./5 ae ho) aE 2.15 2.20 2.20 wT 2.20 rT) (225 aaa) ie eT) ir: =F) ~~) ee.) 1270 3 F.) i =F = ¥ ato El iMate all | 23 i) a) mak 2 i.e oi aE: ee [2s [140] | es | 1150 } zs e 116° 2.00 | ei ol Ber Sa) Ty ie) (2is ~~) ro See, yan ot 2.00 | 2.00) 2.00 209) 1215 20° | 1235 2.00 | (235 Eat Tia ee 1245 2.05/| 1245 2.05 | rye — 124¢o0 1245S i} y= y a asic —a ro) ad 2410 (2¢5 oer) j280 Wat seta th ere 1.95 |code Miicbadined 1.2o ar 1956 2.00 | 2.00 rok) 2.00 (oe =) 2.00 2.00 2.00 Pn) 2.00 ar 2.00 2.00 eco re 2.00 2.00 &a,.00 oR =) 0.80 or Pyar) . sila 24 atter! Bas! eee eo ' 1.85 7) 1.2o iF) we a May2s A && = a5 7: Ca ex Ecce eae 1.835 |19o aT \ { 1.05 oe mitre iz -20° 7 2.00 2.00 ' aco a oh) nok) ie. rao T=) mre) [ore a = ro) wr aT 2.00 2.00 Leetmeatbad r- a oT | 2.00 = FY 2.03 2.05 et — 210 waa {95 o-r— BY a he 2.00 e—3—) IOS Los 1295 = 2.00 | iz fie r Ty attaadlll ral re bestadined Am grren & a am, APTS ~Aa rN ON er” . te - a um e ! . Inman Lyndon ctates that c fair cermercinl DMeurce Por watt a is soc, The bishest ePPicicne,y we cbtcivred vas ¢ concluczons we can (iraw ere that the voltercc toast vor asce taining conditicn of charces that tho clecetra:. this type of butiom, b- @rem cff fron the lower eolls on’ intreduest nto the upper cells from whieh it could drip adorn assuginr « crore ee , ’ le 5 w. . . ~ ay 4 my ~ sm «. , ~~ ~ - uniform density of the cluctrolyte in the various celis of tho patticrr: 4. tro - a ~ ” mae & -. ° 4 ae. | ~ . *, 2 + me oe, ey the test Was riot exhaustive end can os ooncidercd only ac a yrolicinery etn we ~ a “9 ble to a test on mleh cocoericons test to maine all conditions fPavora>2: could be mada with oth-r installations. -QoLlowing ie Brio aata and curves: owin "~9 ow le at : £% , & a a . 7 . a eo ne Lack of uniroraity ls Gace partiy to the necessitated Pravisst 4 377 : . .” “~~ x) “* ne » 3 ‘ e « . , interruptions mnc lac: oF - soures of nover which ve could ct 1227 tices control end weich cas not wunifor, RECORD +4 BATTERY Nel. n ieee mk bale | ae co Fa.) PF 24 | May2s Sictese ah fully .latterstanding | partly ,fahrs. Ran teta bd ahh Aa br teeelpe oT avr e Citeartcre yaar) weh.| A\SC LT) ttage| Density Liber: all ier at shhet Sell beta rarer ; xo 210 i rior ee OCT 7 or = ° sf Pao Bk) oda koa dedl Mates mF) Ses 11° —<+ + a —} —t , Boe hdl Metadata 1.20 I.Do 1.85 10 a - | + | ra ee ‘> | hos i iadnd ar) ho ee — . a + sl Loic ia eo dd ec 195 yen 6 |! Feb ted ie 160] 495 195 [1.90 aaa i. no S ~— oe Sanaa 3 11.99) 1209) 2.10 ero (2O0°0!} 200 | 200 {-25 7c Aontadived 3 tidied i rere eo ho] 2.00 |/-95 EE —EE * Eee * — aes MGR AAA SSE +] | 2 |2.00) ro er end | rid 2.00 '2co ated ——_——+—_—_—_—_—— ss : ms mee a —_—+- 72 [2.00 1200 | Exea fa re | &oo thd ca jt eae 2.10 tee 1215 | 200 | 200 | 128 eee eee ee 4 EE ir Cari 2.10 |2.00! 1220] 2.00 [oo [2s +-————_——_—_—_}+—____—-+- = exc - FICE jacole al tiene Pere eer iE = oe ae + —— ee ee - eS) ee ee rae ee TT rr : $$} ——_—_>———__}—_— (5 2.01] (2Zos} 215 ery 1215 | 2.00 i es ra if Ts /6/2.02/ 1215 | 21s | 200/ 1235] 200 | 2.00 | 2.00 | i rer heetaines ae} 2.00 | [236 yer) co src -—_—+——— ee + —. - = — 18} Go Tce 2.15 Eo Toad | atid if Pa ot |} aco | awe eT ee ee er ee re 1! aT 12.00 oo ooo oo - +— a — ~ + 20} 2.02) 1230 [2.15 Seco eco \ 20° | Ratan ra |2.02 1225 | wi \2.05 Td iE ae ded aoe) 4} —______f —_}— —— 2 ee so ee ee) ree rer TT. 2.00 an a ——E a gestae alos! | ae ri hed 1230] 215 j2-o5 1245) 2.00 205 | (2.00 Pore Tea Bis 2.00 rere Cera GIG rH ree td reece jade asst i beAdbcSeeme Taatbehe ro Benteor oe eer) wT ah ic > —— ——— - —E a. - a 27 Ladd Meatidedl Te To ee) | esto po.19 = = es . ss = = = e900 5-8 el Si mot) ri rok] it (eM — ho we melo) rs i a a: a ee a +. wu =| wu [wo RECORD + BATTERY Ne2. MAY 2e Yeas MAY 24 Betore thi as 2.090 | 118° 2.03 /1199° ard ore ee 2.03 7 ewe BATTER Y NO7- PRELIMINARY TEST WORMAL TEST SLOW TEST GE spittle JAST CHARGE ls GBAMPHA.||= (3G AMAA, |= OF TAL > 3 e/ “” ” yy Ko Wn Li ct hae = be | nd = 6TAL= TAL CHAREE N Pe) dda Ft YU aade a an Sg EP a. PRELIMINARY TEST Pe P lee TAL= 28/ Tao BATTERY Wo-2- NORMAL. TEST 8386 /88 mee-Acy) FMP, HR, TAL = EOE aa SLOW TEST DIS CHATAGE aay 4 1/6 AME HR. 2 a = AL AMP.FR. = Cet trl sateen RESULTS AMPERE HOUR EFFICIENCY NORMAL CHARGE AND DISCHARGE AMPERE HOUR OVTPUT __ 109 _s3o ce i hed Mee OTT) 1 1 SLOW CHARGE ANDO DISCHARGE EFFICIENCY = 3 = eas NORMAL, CHARGE AND DISCHARGE ha EFFICIENCY = 144 — s2s7 274 ° SLOW CHARGE AND DISCHARGE Se oe a tas VIRTUAL RE SISTANCE eel I=CURRENT FLOW oi Baia Bea Ne NOT otis Mf -) ead Sled nha AGE om OPEN CIRCUIT R =VIRTUAL RESISTANCE . -ss . oY , ; a eeoegr ; La —- 4 aS eh itieeeees ; r — . en ~~~ ~ - nse 7 tg = a _— Sel , } eo ao ~ — on =e eo a — - tig Weel 5 ee ~ Sa Seg eee ~ ——— aS Cl teainand pee = = GR: We * 7 ~ ae ~ oes $s l| | 1] 3 1293 02320 6935 ARI | | ICHIGAN STA UB be IMETT THT | | Wn | I I | % att Som = ar vex MICHIGAN STATE LIBRARI * ‘ ~ a 7 i Ss Eu ES ’ | | | l a) | a | ) | , | | | NATE ATF Ht | S ; 2 3 r | 1293 02320 6935 a a ~ — me = ahi a f = é s. —_ 5 ater Se PN oe ' aN > — eee. EO, AL hs lt i ee 7 a - i. 7 aN _ ee ae aay ee Pope ~~ ae e y : rt.) e a al ya be Soar aa in er ee arte PS Sti 3 ae, 7 ye ies a i. ’ os ae we -_. an ee + & ee ~ Oy ‘: t nn OS. Ri bp ee a SO - “ ake FPF r - — = = ~~ = os => z « “2 ll —_ as — -” . ~ . a - ———— =~ — : Se — - -— 2 h as; : 7 é —_- = f : oh : 7 . ee 5; — yt {fr ee — wes ——_ + ot -_—_—__oOO— 2 ea “ wet ; ne gegen > ie a gue Paes —-— “ TE LIBRARIES ICHIGAN STA | HNN NL | | WAT | 3 1293 02320 6935 7 ™ ee me thee _ = - ieee 7 7 | tak i ‘a fa es ai a he a : = ‘ A — Me, itil . labo. ; } hy rt ; am ‘ al rye, 3 el _ ~ WN MICHIGAN STA * HN | | | WA | = | WAH AH TE LIBRARIES 3 1293 02320 6935 > n, ea ; ul ai = c . & a Wu — = Nie el oa - y + ee a » ~ : aha) i" = —— Se Stel beaks ee Ce: ae. A : mae - r ' a - e : ie 7 Se ee Se 7 ’ se rae ©