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Chas.

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al

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A THES I1S5
PRES TT aD

FOR

TER CF SCI

1912.
THESIS
A-Study of the Effects of Preservatives

in Foods on the Growth of Youn: Animals.

4OG2Z065
> oe ee 2

The prevailing high prices of dairy products and
feeding stufvs have necessitated the resring of culves
and pigs on skim milk and supvlementary feed. In neny
locelities the milk is taken to a whole milk creamery
or skimmins station where tlhe cream 1s separated froin
it, and the skim milk returned ror feed. Ordinary me-
thods of skimming oresent this milk to the youns animal
in poor shane for consumotion and assimilation. Dirty
cans, unstee:ned ckim milk vats, and infection of milk
from preceding cay, exposure to dust-laden air, end
hie cuvjection to the heat of a July sun on the stand
in front of the furmer'ts house, tend to induce changes
in the milk deleterious to its value «s a food.

Since this milk is not to ve used for human con-
Sunvtion, the possibility of preventin: this loss of
nutrivents cy tne eddition of ct emical preservatives
has presented a vractical problein Tor investization.,
Any such preservative might have an accumulative effect
as tire increased over many yerers of use in foods for
human consum»)tion, put it wes thouzht that no such
lll effects would result auring the comnouratively short
feedins period of tne young animeul. <A study of these
provlems, as they presentec themselves, is submitted

on the following pases.
The most common preservatives found in milk are:
boric acid and wvorux; formaldenyce, hydrogen neroxi1de,
soGlun carbonate end salicylic acid. Merny proprietary
preservatives are on the murket, but their effects are
aue solely to one or more of the sbove or lise chen-
lenls which siay be found in them. Since it wes impos-
Sible to test all of thein, the one apveurin:s of :nost
orectierl value was chosen. Hydrogzen peroxice is oft
me ‘tioned, but a few triels in the laboratory showed
it to be, not only exnensive, but productive of a
dlisagreeeble odor «end teste in the milk. This sissy
ve Pliminated by heatin.; the milk to 150 dewzrees *,
but tnis would be utterly imoractibable.

Formaldehyde was cnosen because it hes a much
greater germicidal action than any other and is cheap.
It is an oxidetion product of methyl alchohol ana has
a chemicel formula of HCOOH, “ormally it is a gas, but
comsercially it is known as formalin which is a 40%
solution of the gas in water. It is very popular as
a disinfectant and is also one of the chief preserva-
tives of food stuffs. For this work formalin was used
in the nprovortion of 1-6000 parts (1-14000 Ius, ,9075,o
of formaldehyde). The investigation resulting in the
adoption of this amount as a preservative in this study

may be found later in this treatise.
Summary of Previous Work.

In preparing this sumnany of the work done else-
where, previously, an effort "is veen insde to include
only such results as have a practical relation to the
subject in question. Consideraole wor: hes been done,
esnecially by foreign exverime:ntors, upon the chemi-
cel chanzes due to the use of preservatives, but in
most cases a preservative other than formalcehyde wes
chosen. Koric acid and salicylic ecicd were the ones
Larsely used in their exoeriments, und since forimal-
cehyde differs from these very greatly in its action
no cefinite conclusions can be drawn oy comourison,

In reviewing the literature on the effects of
forsssleehyde upen the dicestion of Foods it is “ound
that there exists but little of orectical value in this
Study. Much work has been done, but usuelly with
formuldehyce in tne provortions of from 1:25 to 1:é000
Which is more than is needed cr is ever used; hence
tne results have but little veurin: On Our study at
fils time. These investigations have been with amounts
sufficient to insure an interference in dizestion with
no aoparent attempt to learn tne miniitun anount which
could be used without e retardsetion of the ynrocesseg
end factors of digestion.

The following experiments hove been chogen as those
of most velue in this study. The results have been
questioned, in some cases, out since the knowledse is
so limited a summary is presented. It is emneretive

tiat the student should bear in inind, continually, the
fact that all these exveviments had but one ondject in
vie, viz., the effect of formaldehyde uoon the human
system. The effects unon tie enimeal used in the evper-
isent were noted only thet «© comvaerison might te made.
Furthermore, these mnimals received several times as
much of the nreservative as 1S needed to produce comn-
plete preservation of fooc for reasonable periods of
time. Under tnese exayserated conditions sone very
Geflnite couclusions heve been drawn, but a close study
of the work oft sugvest? 4 prejudice in disfavor of

tne fornalcenyae. The Gata is presented in chronolo-
gical order, and not in reference to its value in this

stuay.
Annette.

One of the earliest experiments with formelce-
hyce and its effects wus carried on wy Dr. Annette
‘Teneet 1899), a professor in University Colleze of
Livernool, #mngland. He experimented with different
yreservatives and their effects upon youn: kittens.
Fis results with formaldehyde, only, are sumnarized
here,

Kittens of ebout three weeks Of ase were usec.
This was considered the least age at which a kitten
would exist on cow's milk alone. According to Dr.
Annette, they were divided into lots of equal size
and weis'’t. No record of origins! wei.:.ts is given
nor the amounts of milk consumed by cach lot of
kittens. This omission, tocsether with no record of
appetites or conditions suggests a rather serious
error on the part of the investigator. <A recora of

cp>*s*

Seins is siven in the table on following pase.
FRittens receiving
1-59,000

Gains in Grens.

PCO.

—eo-m, om. ee,

 

-_>

Control VYittens.

 

 

 

1st week Av.5 kittens G.2 AV.4 hittens 14.7
ond tt " b ‘ 3 . 5 " é i 10 0
arch" Noy " a. 4 " 4 " C9.2
4th " a 8.2 " 4 om 46.7
yth * "oD" lp. E 0M 4 EN.)

Total increase 177.2 2y1.1

Kittens recelivirs

le25,900 HCOH., Control Kittens.

 

 

 

 

Ist week Av.+ kittens 36.9 Av.3 kittens 77.0
end " i tidg2  " 3 129.6
Ire " "4 " ny 5 tt 2 ut 51.2
~ “ e ~ *
ws t "1 "i 4 iT) 30 . y " 3 1 1 O04 . “
5th “ moo 7.2 1 5 i" 38 0
rs to) " moog " 7D " x " C ‘5

Total increase 196.6 325.7

rittens receivins

1-12,500 HCOH. Control fittene.

Tst week Av.5 kittens 70.4 £xAV.3 Kittens 40.0
“nq " " 5 " a4 Al " 3 t" iS. 3
‘ra ho GO io HD 60.8
4t, " " 3 1 13.3 " 2 " 73.0
Sth " no T 3 ; 3 " 3 "1 244 _O

Total increase 95.4 312.5

It will be noticed thet exch lot ot kittens fed

on preserved milk hac a control lot in comparison. Oyt

of the ten kittens fed as controls no desthse occured,

while with fourteen fed on formaldetiyde treated milk

five died during the course of experiment. In the lot

fed formaldel:yde in proportion of 1-50,000 one ciec the

fourth weet: end two the followin,: week. It is recorded

thet one of the remeining two cGied soon efter the eoxner-
ment

closed. In the lot fed for.raldehyde in the pro-
nortion of 1-25,990 no deaths occured, but a celeter-
ious effect may be noted by a comperison of gains mace.
In the lot fed formnalidehyue in the proportion or
1-12,500 two died the Sourth weer ana the total in-
creese wis relatively snall. In the control kittens
in the second division of the table we find sc..e very
peculiar gains in tlhe last three weeks. The gain for
the fourth week was 104.5 srems, the next week it had
fallen to 36.0 while there was practically no sins
in the week following. Notes or connie rts in Dr.
Annette’s work are lackin to show causes for such
extrnordinory chanes in growth.

In justice to this stucy it might be well to
Stete that Dr. ¢énnette received so:;me very severe criti-
cis’ from e:alinent men of that time. One of the chief
criticisms was that no record was kent of the amounts
of :niilk consumed. This ade it imnossisle to even
foproxliiate the amount of the oreservative taken into
the system. In order to craw any definite conclusions,
it has been argued, the amount of preservative con-
sumed in proportion to the tody weisht must be known.
Dr. Annette was called before the British Comaission
to give testimony on his work. At this tiine *e was
severely criticized by Dr. Rideal, an English ccientist
of much note, who claimed thiat kittens of the ave
mentioned could not ve reised on cow's milk alone.
But on the other hend we veve tke results of Dr.

Annette, whose honesty apnarently newer was questioned,

to show that ne did not lose a gim-:le control kitten.
Wiile the exceedinsly varisc sains from week to
weel meke his work less positive, the results stand
as tie work of an eminent inan in a position of trust
and honor and must not be discurdec, It is, however,
the only experiment showing a marked celeterious
effect by the use of forsaldenyde ase a yvreservative

‘hen fe8 in small quantities.

A. G. R. Foulerton. (Enzlish Investicetor)

This experinent with formaldehyde is cescribed
in the lancet" 1899 (p14c7}. In testing the etfects
of formatdeh-ce unon living tissues he olaced ceveral
“91lefish, es rere founae in small aquariums, in water
containinz the preservative in tne proportion of
1-40,0990. <A close study shovrec no ill effects even

5
’

ofter several duys in the water. Furt*iermsore, he
tried a proportion of 1-10,°%900 uson fro:.:3 with no
aooerent ill effects. It would not be illozicel to
Supoose that if this preservetive is very active in
the living tissues thet it would affect the fish and
fro-7s forces to live in it for veriocs of time.

At another time this same man reports that for-
maldehiyde in the proportion of 1-40,900 had cyt very
little effect upon the cigestion of sroteids. The nese
centsa;e given was four while in the di.restion of starch
there was a slisht retardation. In tne case of rennet
eoacsulation there was no effect when the amount stated

was used.
A. Pach. (Chem. Central Bl:tt 1.97 9.429)

This investi-ssetor reports that albusin in an aque-
nus solution treated with form:lcehyce, the amount of
vhich was not stated, could not be percinitated by heat
anc tie sane wes percinitatedc with more cifficulty wy
treetsent with 95:5 alcohol.

7

Bliss and Novy (Tovr. of Deut. Medicine 1699 IV.)

exoerimenits with formeldenyce treated milk resulted
in the conclusions that this preservative in the propor-
tion of 1-2599 ynrolontzed the action on the céssin ina
rercered it more cifficult to digest and to coeszuleate
with. rennet. When smeltler amounts were used there vies

no effects cpvarent.

br. T. Lendon Brunton (En. }

In conclusion of experiments end recults with the
use or preservietives in milk and other foods this che-
mist advisec that "the poisors ere actuelly formed by
the decomcosition of fo008 orod.cts end tre question 1s
vnether formeldaehyde or the vroducts of cecormosition
are the least hernful." In his ovinion the precerve-
tives sire the least harmful to the s:ste:c. Fis exner-
imental’ cete tave Little bearings unon the conelusion
gplivei.

Chokn. (reference oy Savece'

By using a bacteriel count on miik tre:tea with
formeldelyde in the oro:ortion of 1-19,000, Chako de-
cided t:et there wes a slicht killins off of bacterize

during the first twenty-four hours. Turin: s short

perioc followin: there res «= slicht incresre and then
crowth increased very repidly--apoarently snoring the
presence of the formaldehyae. When a pronortion of
1-20,000 wes used a fellin:: off in number of bacteria
recultea for » very short time and tien the increuse
was exyceedin.zly repie es in the cese of untreated milk.
In the proportion of 1-40,000 the formalcehyde hed little
or no effect unon the renidity cf growth.

Dr. von vehring.

Thie eminent scientist hes cone much with the tou-
bercule bacillus in milk. Althoush it hos been ine
possibie to secure avsolute cata of exnerivents Fre od-
vises that tre use of formu.lderycece in rilk in the
ororortion of 1-10,C00 will cestroy any germs of
tuserculoses which miskt be in the milk by secretion
from the udder direct or by en seri:1l route. A
further discussion of this will be found in the lavor-
atory tests by the writer.

Jensen. Donmerk Collese at Convenhicen.

In Dr. Jensen's book, trenslated b; Person, is
found tre follewing:- "The presence of .CcOUL% formalde-
hyde (.902% formelin or 1-12,590C formeldehyde) is able
to creck coagulation of milk one hundred hours. The
aaoition of formalin ceuses no chanses in the vets.
Formalderyce tas, hovever, « decided effect unon el-
bunin ana us it has a derdly effect unon the protoplasn
oi cacterle, se it is a ovowerful poison Tor the animal
cells and tissuerc." How Dr. Jensen cain ty these cone
clusions is not .iven, but since he is consicered quite

an authority, these steterents must be considered of
PD. S. Hall are KH. S. Hammond of SF. ok. As. Colle.e of

Wye, Enz.

These nen were eprointed by the British Comrisstion
to investigate the effects or preservatives uvon the
groving tissues and the ultimate erfects by continusel
consumption of food products. This 1s the only ex.jer-
iment on record, so rer as the writer coulc determine,
where chil¢ren were usec us cuojecte., In this case
only three were used arc hence the results ere not ver.’
positive or substantie!. Two voys, ore Vive ard thre
ether two ond one-hrelf years of ave, voth velns strong
and healthy, sand one girl four years of ase, "delicéete,
coorly nourished «end Gacevelopec" were used in these
Leests,

The vounzer boy consuned 290 grams of vcrerd, DyOc.c.
of willk, 2C grans of butter, 30 sreis of suscer, $Oc.c.
cf water ond 5 grams of tatfy. The other chilcren vere
fed ¢« similer raticn varyirns sovewhsct in amognts. The
following table shows the amounts fed end the effects

upon the children.
Henzlthy Eoy, two end one-half yerrs olc.

n~ = em w&S 8 ww as ow met ae SS ew a: CO ee wrwrerersk§rwremeewnwrwrweeet Fereereereeqee ee Be wFee&wwte- ee FF & &

 

Mlof “™. of Fot of Fat of

rood. Fanecet Foo teeces.
Ist 7? days-No vroservetive 40.20 4.14 303.99 1S oy
ond 7 ™ 1216000 HCOF 46.62 4.49 Cf77.12 19.952
3rd 7 " V- 3FJOOO ECO’ Oa Ge 362% ee. 53 15. 24
+ tl 7 " none . 46. 9 5670 3bU.0y 17. ye

Healthy Sov, five yeere clc.

=eeeeeneweeweewwrer we eereeweeweeereerewen oe oe wees Peres & We eerewee weeereoeeeaewrnenwre eo

tet 7 days-No vcreservative 23. 7G 4.36 307.04 16.36

cond 7 ™ 14-15000 HCO 57.01 4.32 299.62 19.06
Brad 7  " fe GOOO cok C5 66 2.03 694.65 16.74
atr 7 none 61.64 4,61 396.45 16.99

Oileklz; Girl, four yeirs old.

8 + ,; .f oe LAR nag
Ist 7 duys-No preservetive 46.55 3.76 o7e. 65 1.44
ond 2? ™ 1-9C00 HCOK 49.11 5.42 263.13 21.71
3rq 7 " inne anes 4.00 294.44 13. Oo

 

Drom the above table it anperrs thet, in the ceses
or the healtry chileren, the fornuzlaenyde hed ectec as
e etimulant in the cigestion of the foocs. In fact the
most complete di-:estion teres plece in the children to
which the greatest emount of formaldenyce was fed, In
the case of the sickly girl there wes an opnosite effect.
This, however, shoulé not be considcrec as a point against
the use of the formaldehyde for any change of Giet might
have ceused the less complete cdisestion., It will bce
noticed that this for:aldaehyde wes added to the diet ver,’
ebruptly and that in amounts never found in the preserve-
tion of foods. In other words, this is a much more
feevere test than our stucy would necessitate. This sudcen
ecdition of formaldehyde or any other chemical might

ecslily have caused cigestive Gisorders without impliceting
e celeterious effect uv the chemicel as such. The
investi;tators, efter careful stud; of date, concluaec
that formaldehyde in wumounts even as hi jh «s 1-90C0
had no ill effects upon the seneral heaith of vound
children. Since these men were commissionea by the
zcritish Gov't to investigate this problen, their con-
clusions zust ve considered carefull;y.

A. D. Hall, Principel S.#.Ac.Colle.e of “ye,an..

This experiment wes cerriea or voy the use of
youns nics, and included several of the common preser-
vatives. The work with foricldenyoce is interesting
ena or velue in this stucy. Six plzgs were used and
they receivec trom <¢ to 4c.c. of the nreservetive
(about 1-1,500 which is ten tines more than is neces-
sary for preservetion of foods) in the milk which
wee uw pert of their ciet. These pies remcineda in
good health enc conetite end fseined steadily throu sh-
out the seven weers of the exneri:nent. During this
tiine they gnined 94 pounacs, nearly € nouncs ner Gay,
and apparently suffered no inconvenience from the con-
Sumption or this ynreservetive. Analyses vere ivde of
wie Tooa end faeces to determine vhether there hed
been a change or interference of cigestion. No pori-
tive results were odtcined und no ecrte is given. The
Tinel conclusion was thet formaldehyde even in a »ro-
portion of 1-1,500 Gic not heve ill effects unon Gdi-

gestion.
Doane and Price, Marylend Bul. 6c.

These men made an exhaeuctive stuay of the effects
of preservatives end their results ere, perhens, the
0st velurble quoted in this study. The exnerl:.ent
wes 3terted when the cleves were two weeks old. Since
the excrete wes to be collectec it wes necessary for the
cc lves to remein stending. In order tc provide a chance
for rect a bran sack wes placea under the cody of the
calf and festened to the sides of the crate in which
lt wes confined. This allowed the calf some rest, end
at tie same tire no excreta wes Lost. In the first
exocrime:nt, Prormalachyce wes raced to the milk in the
proportion oF 1-10,000 just before feecins

The geners’ plan of the work was to feed trie calf
- preliminary period of three days which wes considered
a sufficient length of time for all food to puss throu-sh
the disestive trect, as nothin, but milk wes given the
calf. Then the faeces were collectec for three duéys,
the celf meanwhile being confined ina crate. A
longer period for collecting the feeces woule undouwt-
ediy heave been better, but it is likely thet three
Gays wes gbout the limit of time a youns calf could
be confined in an upri.cht posation without tLecomin,:
so feti sued as to influence results. The feeces were

collectec every dey, weighed ind sempled, the size of

D

the sample beins in Cirect proportion to the emount
excreted. These gamnles were scidised und added to-

gether for analysis for fat end protein.

-~a =
The milk fed the calves the first yeur of experi-
ment, wes teken from the seme two cows throu-jsno.t the
period. It was thousht thet this wouta be better than
taking trom the entire herd,es milk fro... different cows
ic sunnosed to @iffer in Gisestibility.

No faeces were collected from calves that comm-
menrcec to scour «fter the teginning of the Feeding.

In such cases the feedin., wes stovupec untill the czilf
resfcined its norrel co.dition or wes continued © sut-

Ticient length of tine efter the scourin ceased to
insure that it would hsve no effect on the results of
tre test. In cuses were c:.'ves were not sstisfece-
tory throug’ refusin: occeusinnally to drink tre cull
eount of milk they were Gisearéed end other calves
substituted. About the quantity of mils to keen the
calf in gooda growing condition ves Ted. the smount vein.
Glweys the sane for all calves.

Tables X ana 21 show the composition of the milk
fed, and the freces ccllectec in the cifferent tests.
‘lese cen ve icentifled with the table shoving true
per cents cGisestec in the diflrerent trials ty tie in-
dex numbers. The Babcock test wes usec for fat certer-
minations of the inilk. Results with oreservetives

other than formealcehyde ere included to show thet

formiz:ldadehnyde 1s more vracticul than others sugested.
Composition of Milk used in sxpt.

 

Index Water Protein Fat

1.7 -¢
wO, ae ya .

 

 

°)

2581 Whole milk plus Borie acid. 07.00

2 re " " " " " 3 7 _OC
2597 " " " methine 56.50
2004 " " " Seliecylie acie 36.50
co " " " Forualdeliyce CO.90
2527 " " " ne On. 56
2633 " " " Salicylic acid <
203y " " " nothing | 6.50
2045 " " " Boric ecid OO.y

|
300
20 4.00

|

70 4.40

- a eT orm OF a oF 4s

232 4.20
236 4.10
By 4.60
e 3.60
be 4.40
41 4.10

° {
fh

Mw fF Gott) t bolo tf Getta
NX
fh

~/ . "4 “7 *
2661 " " " Formaléenyde G9. 60 255 4+.6C
664 " " " " 66.50 54). 4.60
ry fk : “ve , fo, a
200 " " " nothing OnN.599 2.04 3.00
27 3 " " " Borax 60.90 3.10 3.060
2579 " " " " 65.50 2.22 4.00
O5CR " "nothings G6.50 3.64 4.60

e054 " " "  " Selicylic ecid 66.50 3.1& 3.6C
. i O74 4 ro

a/01 " " " nothinz 0+y0 3.70 +290

A709 " " " Boric acia SCO.yO 35.40 4,00

ame fF Fre wee Fern neweweeaeeeeFe we were nF Feet were FF &F ww & eG G wr @*? recess @¢erwe.c6c. 8 Fs: Ff Fe @ & &S S&F ar

 

 

‘ewe oe —

 

This simply shows, esice Trom beings of velue in
further study of succeecing tables, trat the chemical

composition of the milk is not materially clnnsed by the
eadition of chemicals even in the case of forme lcehyde
which is said to be fifty times as strong « germi@idal
ecent as voric acid. On ene following ps ce will te found
a teble shoving the composition of the feeces in the

Gigecttion exrerimrents.

A
Composition of Faeces in Digestion Exot.

@

 

 

Inaex Water Protein Fat
. . . a“ -¢ ad ,
‘O. Description of sanple os Oa joe
e5U9 Calf 1 Whele Milk plus Poric eacic wl.ce 8.5) 2.32
oD J OF:) —_ icie ad LK p US :0T a G . a,
ange " 2 " " " " " 63.206 5. 72 3.40
2600 " Z " Hoon nothine 93: Je 6 6645044
2607 =" Ps " " " Salicy1 ic acid 73.64 7.26 6.60
2614 =" 2 " " " Pormelde.yde  6o.9e 5.95 2.00

2630 '" 3 “" n " " 99.59 11. 69 4.43

=sa@ewweeeeer@meewwreaeeswseewrpedqeweqdedweeoewwaume@weewrerererereerteqemeewFweeerwreewmwmaqeee FF Gaeret@G@eanwrewwg@ge eweeq@ee @ ew ae w&

4

21936 no 4 " " " Salicylic acic 73.71 12.1¢€ 6.61
2642 " 4 " " " nothing G3.42 7.96 2.47

2040 " 4 " " " Boric ucic 75.49 6.97 OC. cy
2963 " 5 " " " Formaldehyde 2.37 16.67 4.2
m7 ( rn - ’
2666 " 4 " " " " (0.72 g733 1.96
ev71 " » " " " notl ing 79.42 ye a
267 " 4 " " "  Rarax E5.29 5.505 1.40
262 " 5 " _ 7 bd mA Lew s* 4m ~ .7
~ . o - Y ‘ e._. “? i
2605 “ 4 " " "nothing 61.2 4.71 2.14
eOug  " By " " "  Salicytiec acid 64.96 6.00 5.10
70+ " i! "nothing G4. 00 4.39 1.61
t 17 vy . eos co lw ua .
e7ic 5 " " " Boric acid CO.) Anu 1.1

 

 

It is evident fron the data sbove that formaldehyde

anes not materially interfere with tne disestive procescse:

a4

’

In fact, an eversse of the «above shows that more protein «ane
fet is Gisested with this preservative then with others or
no preservative. Since our study is, not to »vrove its
value as a stimulant to dizestion, wut rather, to show its
lack of ill effects when used es a practicel oreservative,
the ubove data is of srest value.

On the following page may ve found a table showing
the digestibility of whole milk preserved with formulde-

hyde.
TDiztestibility of Whole Milk Preserved with Formaluchyde.
(Preservative added just before feedin,:).
Duration of preliminary period 3 djs.

 

 

 

" " digestive " 3 Guys.
Inaex Fresh Lry Vater prot. Fat
a
NO. Substance substence % SY. griac.
: corms. arms,

Calf 9, age 35 days —

Liilx fed 10714 2432 87.00 032.53 711.13

Total excreted 535 151 70.90 3e.50 14.50
Digested DYY.YF B9O.D3
“¢ digested 94.04 97.94

RO RO
AX
Lo -
4- ©

amie _

Calf 3b, aze 3c days

2047 Milk fed 15714 £936 8.50 640.01 767.27
2051 Total excreted 750 1310 Ge. 54 30.00 _1b.be8
Digested 609.11 740.4%
“% Gigestec G51 97D

 

Aver: se-e testes of mill preserved with Hoch 95.01 97.75
" whole milk untreated 94.79 Yo.cc
Difference in favor of milk preserved

with formoldetyde .éc 95

 

 

The first trinl wes with Celf yY which was five
week? old. He wes in normel condition :t conmence-
ment of experiment, but when placed in crate his manure
wus hard end dry. ‘The table shows that 94.85, of the
protein and 95.175 of the frt consuned was digested.

fhe second trial wae with C-lf 5S which wes a tri-
fle older tnan Calf 9. Everythirs; during the period was
normal. Date shows thot 95.17; of the protein and
97.55 of the fat consumed was digested. The 2everese
for the two tricls was 95.555 of the protein and
97.75 of the fat. Compnering this with the di,esti-
bility of untreated milk we find .22%5 of the protein
and .93:5 of the fat in favor of the milk tre: ted with

formaldehyde.
veains or

In tue following table is found tre ¢
losses in weights curitis tlhe tnree asys of the feed-
ing exveriment.

Galne or Losses.

Calf Gaan

 

NO. Incex lo. Preservative

1 Age 14 das. 2504 boric ecid. 3
2 14 2592 " " y
a a <009 none <
2 2d 2607 Selicylic oacia 3
ce 34 e014 Forme ldenz;de 9
3 14 27 30 Pormaldelhyde = = + Y
4 25 eO30 Salieylic acic 4

4 31 2042 none ‘

mw eewmneewrnm @Bweewrewwwe Seon wm eS we nw eee Pewee Bee OS es Bw oP oe we Oe ow ee lee oF 8 om em et low

; v7 o, 7 “ N : .
“ 07 C04: Borie acid ~4
) 14 cOU3 Fornelderyde i
4 43 cf rormaldehyde ‘
) C 207 | mone 9
4 49 267: Borax - 1
- +

) 2o 20202 Borex 5

eerweesewaPrwFwre@erwrenawesw Bees Ss Be we ww ew BF BP CO et eS mw 8 es oh fee SD ew et ew oe lel le le OD lO le ew lee UU lle a le

4a

‘ 05 C606 none (
, 32 COoUY Selicytic acid e
5 a4 </04 nonw c
5 50 c61c Loric acid -2

Average <ain Tor Boric acia 0)
" " " No Preservetive 1.0
i" " " Salicylic acid 529
"1 " " 5 0

Moroeldskyce

 

 

ae ~ ae i> ote awe tee

In the four trisls with formaldehyce there is
shown a stecey guin. Unless this preservstive acts
mS a stimulant of digestion it is hard to understand
why it should show ,‘reater gains than from untrectec
milk in which case the gains were on’y one-fifth what

ney were in tre case of formaldehyde treated milk.
At lesst the results show no ill effects from the use

of this nreservitive.
Realizing that artificial experiinents sive less

oo0Sitive results than actuul feed tests these men out-

ren

lined an exnerime:nt vith two cilves. Tnese culves were

In perfect covidition ot beszinrnin; of the test. The rol-

ho

lowins teble is self exoluiatory.

 

 

Calf A Calf RB,
March 11 fe 1047
A]

2b 101 124

Aorit 1 192 Cy
" 15 24 145

"24 131 191

Gain in 44 days 430 Ge;!

 

Thus it is seen thet these calves nade very
catisfactory geins in weight. Their condition re-
mained good and no ill effects were apperent. Froin
these results it “would be herd to conclude thet
preservatives ere hariaful and therefore should be
prohivited". In eny case there are 290d guins shown
and thet is all concerned wit! this particul#ir study.

In generel conclusions Drs. Pouane and Price advise
that there is a certein stimulation, cuused oy the use
of formaldehyde, 1n the disestive nrocesses. AS has
been stated 1.31.6 of the protein and .9%9.o of the fat
1= digested in excess of that when no preservative is
used. The final conclusion is thut formaldehjce does

not have ill effects unon the  ;trowth of yrung animals.
~~!

T. li. Price, Assistant in Piochemistry,B.A.I.

This experiment vy Price is cetailed in the report
for 1903. It has, probably, the gre: test value in this
study of any laboratory experiment cited. “hile it is
iinpossibdle to give in detail all the results «- few of

the important ones are tabul: tea.

Action of Calits Renzret.,

——_

 

All enzymes were secured from fresh extrzects from

¢ve

younzx aninalg! glances, Tilk was treuted wit! varyin;
cmounts of forwaldehyce aad remnet was edded et inter-

vals as recoraceéG in taznle.

 

 

 

From  Anognt Mixtures of Milk and HCOH Tested.
Floeck HCO After 10 jinin. Alter 24 hrs. After 40 hre.

1 Control Solia 7 min. ~ Solid 7 fin, “Solid 2 min.

A 1-50 Wo Cougs. 16 hrs. Same Same

3 0 eteS HH mgs Se
4 1-oG MU Somes ae

5 1-590 " " " Same Haine

© 1-1250 Solid in 10 min. Sane Sane

7 121075 " " " Same Game

U 11-2500 Sotid fn 7 min. Same Sane

9 143750 #™ " 7" Gone Sane —_
19 1-5000 OO ae Se
1101-7500 nem

12 1412500 ny a Sane Sauae

aS Cee <a ee, saaeans _—_ > ceed

 

Tt is therefore concluded that HCOH in the pro ,ortion
of 1-25CO or less coes not retarc cousulr tion of insite by

rennet. Provortions at 1-107: retoroe? ond 1-990 inhivits

coagulation for eighteen hours,
 
revdein.,
ows ot

 

The pepsin used wesc extrnrcted from the stouecn of
ayoun; pig. or. Pricé says, "It nas ceen cemonstrated
by Hennersten anda others that milk, when subject: a to
the ection or pepsin hycrochloric scic, is broken up
into ecrleium oerrsersein anc a snaell smount o° slcunose-
like elvumin. The parecasein is pereciovitetsd, ond may
be recognized efter disesting the milk for a snort

vi..e; the nar: cessein sevarating anc finally decone-

p08ing with the Tornstion oF Persanuclein. <Any foreig

matter thet interveres vith the farnation of perae-

nuclein interferes with the Gi.sestion of the milk.

rt
'
XK

by

his

ct

esture wes teken to determine vhen the forme l-
Gehyce affected the digestivtility of tle milk. It
wes fourc unon the uccition of Pormalaehyce in th
proportion of 1-40 the pensin di.,estion wes retarded
while ine stronser selution or in the proportion of
1-25 the dizsestion was meterially interfered with;
and in the proportion of 1-125 or less the divesticn
weg normel with the enntrol."

In the cise of sterpsin @ simller experimen
brouc’t out tne fect thet formeldehyce in the pro-
portion of 1-35 entirel; prevented tre action of this
evzyme. In the proportion of 1-50 its ection wes re-
tarced, but in weeker solutions the ensyve ectec icen-
tical with the control.

In the oreceding experimsents ensyics were used,

whose activity if interfered with, would meterially
effect the dirsestibility of the food. Since formel-
deryce is uged often in food containing much starch
Ir. Price tested tre effects of it upon the ptyzvlin
aad amylopsin, lmportent euzymec in the conversion
of starch. The Tooc in our nerticulrr stucy is skim

inljk, but since whey which conteins a lerge amount of

CQ
ct

} one su.ter, minckt clse be treatedc with forue-

-

arc
aldehyce to ecdvenrnterve, the recults ure inclucec. He
found that the acticn of ptyalin wes not in the leest
reteréecd until e etrenzt) of 11-1250 or more was used

In less etrencthse the ection wee perfectly normrl.

ince the strengtn neececsery for reterdetion 1s ebout

ne-tenth that propesed for use, trnere car be’ no Géarger
al «cffecting this enayme.

A similer experiment with emylonsin shewec that

formaldehyde hea no erfect uvon the action of this
enzyme on stireh until a worceportion of 1-10C0 was

aded., This le clso much rovcve the propesed nddition

a4

henee the effects cn anylousin way be Gisrevcarded.

In summerizirg tre results of the above experi-
ments it is evident that formaldelhyce may be added
to milk or other foods in tre proportion of 1-2e,00
without effecting the ection of eny of the eng
OL cdisestion estuciec.

rowever,there iS an enzyme, about which little

«4

ie known except that it is imnortent to nerfect ai-
gestion. It is @ proteolic enzyve known eS gslactece.

A

/ Getailed eccount of the experinent may be found in
the report mentionea, From the arte siven, it is evi-
Gent that the -etion of this enay..e is roetereed only

weet eg vern concentrated colution of fomuslaehyde ls

av 171-1080 or

2
.

usec ef & precervetive. A proporti
leer kes no effects of petercution of ection, Be oeock

3 6

end Russell (Vis. Annet? het for Loye) eleim tiat the
aacition of forsnelceryce vnrevents tre ection of this
oroteq)

tic enzgiine, but they sive no exverinventel a: te

yt
to orove their conclvsions, Sinee Tr. Price's work
1s So thorough, it muy be concludsd thet his a:te is
reliaule. A complete sumzery of tre resort Sollowse:-
wid. Bormelcoelycée edded to mitk in the pronor-
tion of 1-cOCO precerved it for 40 hours.
(2). Forneléchydée added to mit?k in the orovortion
of 11-2500 hes no efrect on the ectivit;y of the fresh
pepsin, ounerertin, end ctherpein. (in vitro,
(2). Borrelcehyce edccea to stereli in the orsportvtion
of 1-2500 hes no effect on the conversion of sterch
by the enzyres ptyalin end crsylopein ‘in vitro.
(4). Feemelcebyde cdéedé to milk in sufficient quin-
tity tn preserve it 40 haurs—1-2000——doese not inter-
fere with the action of the enzyme eplectnee (in vitro).
(S). Formaldehyce ud@ced to milk in the vrovortion
of 1-29°O prevents the cevelonprent of the more carmon

becteria found in milk, and when adced in the »mronortion

of 1-156C kills then.
(6). Formaldehyde mey te rddec to wilk in sufvicie rt
quantities to prevent the aevelonrent o> seme oO
more common breterir o.c therefore preserve it, and
still reve no aeleterious effect upon the disestivi-
lity of tte milk lin vitro)."

The velue of this work in our stucy must not ve
underestimitec. His work hee ceen very exhoustive

aud his conclusions hive » airect bearing, uvon our

pl
8) |

stucy. From them wre cen sce that there woula be no
Qereer to the section of eny or these enzyiies wren
form:ztadehyce 18 eaaccea in the pronortion of 1-15°00

ef ge the emount useGg in our work.
H. W. Wiley, Ex-Chie? of Puresu of Chemietr).

Uncer title of "Influence of food preservatives
and ¢ertificiel colors on digestion and reelth", Tr.
Viley records eeme investig tions for the UU. &. caov't
in 1900. The record cf these tects is too lons to
reprint here, tience, @ gener: ] funmacry only will be
ine Lucec e

Dr. “Wiley chose Tor tre susgjects of nis tests
eeverel healthy vouns sen ena with the uid of his
‘ete Sf of chenists Le meade ecreful stucies of tie ef-
fects of oreservetives on heeltn. The e:rount of Tooc
‘nd excrets was curefultly determinee ena recordea.

hece were enalyzed ana notes teken concerning the con-

3

Gition of the youn: iren in the test. ‘Ss is usually

N

tie esse, much more formaldehyde was ugec then is
nececsery to preserve,

ifter meking severel conclusions, he eeys,
"The medicel cate pleinly indicate that formeldelyvde,
even wren siven in small cuantities, is ean irrita-
ting supstunce to she mucous mencrane, ond therefore,
the normal organs cre at first ectively fstimulatec to
rid themselves of the irritetings foreign substance.

It is not estren.

&

re, therefore, that this preservetive he
o merked stimulutive ection on those orziens anda cells
secretin, the verious digestive juices. It is evicent
bhiat when the cligestive ana secretcury argens oF the
toey ere excited to unusual ectivity by such extrene-

eous cody having; no condimentil value, they act in
self @efense end it woula ve wholly illo ,icul to con-

clucge from this incre: ceq exelitetion thet these hogies
ere reloful to cigestion eid concusive to nesilth. Trt

‘eevee ees The fine

1-4

conslusion, therefore, 18s that
the eacition of forme lcoehyce to foouse tends to cererce
metaevolier, agisturl the norss) functions end »rocuce
ero undue sStimuletion of the secretory eetivities, «end
tieerefore, is never justifiable."

Since Dr. “Wiley, et the time of these experiments,
wee making e fight for poure food, it would not te
ciaiss to sus ect © vrejudice in disfaver of the vre-
servetive used. The work has been done in detail end
tie Gate seldom veirec sufficiently to gustify vosi-
tive conclusions to be arevn, In ceses where a better
Cclizestive effect wis proaucec vy the use of the for-

maldehyde, the ercuse is offerec that this wee simply

3 L1ny
an irritetion on the pert of the elends of the di-
gestive organs. This my or mey not ve true, but since
Nur desire is to escertein the effects on successive
gfuins in the cese of comestic animets, his conclusions

in this esse heave little vLearins, for it 1s Cesired to

ay
feed this oreservetive only a short period of time, en6
that for acturl grins. Furthermore, there is the
Noersonel" element enterin: bie tests vwioicn ke hes

seen Tit to disre,;srd. The knevledte of the fect that
one is veing fed « cremiesl to escertein its effects
woulda tence to induce cisiestive disorcers. In this

respect, an experinent with huwwen obeinss is not as
velusole es one with arimals thut have no knowlec:e
of the surroundgirn: congitions,. In the renort «f

the condition of these tien From time to time, 1% 1s

~

eteted that come were "feelin. cenerelly i111", and
it woula »ot te illo ice vo susneet that cert or
tiis feelin: wes purely mental. On the other and,
the results stand es a stenaerad work,anc asice

fron the fect thet much more forse lecehyae wes used

then is necessary, there ic Vittle reason for cues-

tlonin: => e conclusions,
Senior Theses 1911 and 1912.

ere avove mentioned, some se7lores
dn tre Dichigen Asriculturel Collese meade & etucy

of the effects of form:zlaelhyde when fec to pi,ts.
While tuis work wes for from exbeustive, the rcecults
are interesting. In the first yeur, form lcenhyde
was fec in tre rroportion of 172599 in skim milk to
rive youn pl;zs. Cereful recorés were kent end cone
pared with records of pise fed sour Skim milk, ana
another lot fec « srein mixture. Computation stows
the & the Jot fea formalaerydce treated mitk reteined
uch more of the nrotein fec tnuan dia either of the
Other lots. The finel conclusion of their studies
is "Thet milk kent sweet with formeldetyce is «a iduch
sore valuceble feed tran mith ellorec to sour, ene

fed in teat condition.
In the secone experiment, vhich wes similar in its
ecope, formalaelyoe in the preportion of 1-5000 wes
~

ufec. This emount is choeut tro end one-half times
more then le nececsery, frecorcing to other investice-
tors. The dete srovws that the cost oer pound of sein
woes legs in the cese of the lot fea Yornulcerhyce tre:t-
ed milk. The percentr.;e incresse ln weight of this
lot clso excecced thet of the other tro Jotsc fea in
eompariscon. They concluce, therefore, that "Skim
rhilk keit eveet vty the use of formeldehyoe is « lit-
tle better for feeding nigs than skim mitk that is
sour,"

Results of other experimnentors mi,:nt ve liven,
but they would not vory greatly from those precec-
ing. roi the work revieved, it is evident that
there is a wide difference of opinion in ve-sseras
the effects of this preservative on digestion end
grovth. With the exception of Dr. Wiley's rerults,
the more recenw the invertigetion, the move fevoratle
1s te coxrclusion towerd the use of formalcehyde.
As has been previous’y statec, there wes « preju-

roinst the use of it, aid all

A 4
we

dice, spoarently, e
results were mede to show its ill effects. Dr.
Annette's work is lergely cuoted vy all other early
investigetors, but it is evident that his conclusions
heve but little value in our stuay,for the smounts
used were many tines that prceposed in our work. The

work bs Hall and Hammond wit'. the youn: children
ffsete the results obteinea Ly voth Wiley

frnette,
nolcehyde,
1s

only,

your,’

preservetive,

white J-ozne

a) -
Ce Lives.

joanna

eng Price hive shown t).e

in emounts recessary tor preserv:i: tion

not narmrul to the agisestion or health of
In fect, « generel sumacry of the
work cone previcusly le:cds ane to celieve that this
when care 1s exercisea in its use,
a very vwalu:b’e cia in tne retertion of

ney wteCoue

subricents

our exsily Gecoimposed food-

without havine «= deleterious effect on

of the erime? concernec.
Preliminary “ork.

Before stertin, the levoretory exocerii eits,
or nreetical tests, it was cecideac to meke e thor-

ou. stucy of tie provlerns uncer Michisun conaitious.,

The work, which ic very limitec, Gone in other sta-
tions wes cerefully setucied in orcer thet work

woulce not be gunlicated. <A ceretul surve, cf ell
previous work wig moce end dete ctuciec. Teter, in-
coection trips to some of the vesce :.cficent crean-
eries end skKitaning stations were mode, tiat « vetter
knowledge of setuel conditions nmig't ve gained. A

letter of inoulry wes sent to nrectics) cresmery

‘nen of the state. <A sortion of the Jetter Jollows:

"It is oroposec ta meke & study of the ecvisacili-
ty of tre use of nrecervatives in mi'k, especicelly
curin; the scumner months, from the time it is
ekimoeced until it is ted to the growiy: calf of

pl:. We hone to xrove thnrt the oreservetive will
prevent the loss of valueble nutri:nentse in the

mllk without bouvine « celetericusa effect upon the
growth of the voun., enimel. Pleese note this has
nothin, to do with milk tor the humen faisily,

vhere ite use extends ove. e¢ period of rani yeure.
In }our experience, ras enythin; of this neture
been triecé, ana with whet results? In ectual prac-
tice, is there enythir,, to prevent ite use? <Any

Ae Le

informe tion or suzsze-ticons will be azprecicted."
Over two tundrec of these letters vere meiled,
end nbout seventy enswere were received. A general
Sumninary of these answers may be geinea from tie por-
tions, included velo, of letters from prosvinent
creéery nen. "We fezd consicereole vbutter-iwilk,
and know that we ,set better results when fed fres!}
than when held two or three cays. If we coulc use
something thet woula keeu iff os good es wher mode
for e few days, with no harmful results, we would
ve much pleased, and the discovery would be of much
Volue." Another ca;,;s, "I see nothins to tiincer
its use if you couls find souething that vould
rot injure tie enrimat. I believe if you coulu cis-
enver somethings of this kine, it would ve a rent
rele in bringin, back the whole milk system oc
runnin, creameri«¢, which we know voula imorove
the quelit, of the butter."

From the muny answers, it was concludea that
there existed noting in actuel creamery »rec-
tice to prevent the use of + preservative, end hence,
the nroblem wes limitec to the determination of
tne correct emount of the preservative neces-

Sery, ena the ocetuel eifects on the growth of youn,;

animals,
Leavoretory work.

 

Considerable of the laboratory work wee done
in the bsecterislogical ceprrt..ent. The first work
of ary consequence wes the determinstion of the
enournsr neceserry to inhibit the crvelopnent of bec-
teri#zl] growth in the milk under the terperitures
which woula te prevelent in actual practice.

Tris determinstion wis made by the use of
litmus Tectose eser vnletes. It was found, ¢cfter
much eroerlimentetion, that in the proportion of
1-590 forme laehyde rendered the mil: sterile, ever
when e> posed to the elir Tor several weeks. A
mrester emount killed the ecid enzy.es completely.
These results were geined by the following mwethod:-
okim milk, six hours olc, was pleted in order to
ascertain the initiel number of tacteria pcr cubic
centimeter. Samples of this milk were treated with
verlous known strensths of formeldehycde solutions,
end plecec in s constent temperature (78 FF.) room.
ach twenty-Tour hours a tacterial count was mede.
Careful notice, elso, was made of the nature of
the surviving bacteriec from day to Gay. he time
of lopperin, anc the ucidity was also recordea.
Data regerding a few of these tests are siven in
the following table, anc they may be regurdec as

fairly typica! of the full number of testes.
Bacteria in Forme ldehyae

 

 

a Initiel
Sample
Count.

~ra 2OOCO

geo ea eweoeeeoweweeweeeeq@®ewe# @eqoeeed?t @ ws &

=~ eee en S&F rere & Be &S @& De: &S & & & &

Pacterial

Remarks.

Milk sterile.

geaoeeoedeaq@ewecqeweqweq®@®e@qe ae

aewwgeeF Fr PF erF@e@daoeee:s: @ = FF @wereewweeenwee @FePrewFaeseeegeeea@mssaweFweFmeFeeeeeFeeeq@eeewcqee@@ @ @ fF & Wes ef Fe &e & F —

Did not lop:er
in 30 azys.

aon ee weeweeer er weer nreesrewe@®rmes FF Baas Bee S&B ee iweweeieeuz»meeweqonrmeq@qeess se wewe@eeweFwefreeenrmaews @eweeeeee @ @& «e

b.Suctilis Group
end tioldas remain.
Did not lopper

err Orr er wTrwrerunertweerewrewreewerew eeeertewwewewe weet weweweerweneewtne ewe eeweerwseeaeeenr eee ewe

in 30 deys.
B. Subd. Groun enc

moles remein.
Dic not looper
in 30 days.

-—ewe wn wer mew mew wwe Fe Zw Bw OE Mees FTeesntewsweenwaewreswe Ba ee 8 FP & S&S & & @ 8 & & & 2 © & & & & @ & oo w oO ae ee oe

B. Sub. éne
moles remain.
Curdled in 15 deve.

oew@me WPeraeeeoaeeeaeeee®wuweenrwme@eememes: Fe KT @ewaee Be @ &—

Curcled in
1 Q day § °

oe ennmnerer e@werewroeewe. Fewer reer fF Fe BB eT BOQ e sere COB Oe & OO OF Ow BR & ww Se Hee ww @ mw & & «:

jilk.
Amounts Bacteria Acidity,
af in ot
HCOH NCOH :itk. Milk
1-500 15 de,
P00 15
200 16
50 to
OG o
1-750 20
2500 16
70 17
60 15
10 14
1-1000 19
6000 145
300 15
100 15
40 1
1-1000 16
4600 17
509 17
60 15
0 15
1-2500 14
7000 14
10CO 14
125100 15
320000C 17
-2500 1300.16
000 16
7) 16
Few 16
, 17
1-5000 1000 17
700 15
10900 18
250000 20
oo : 2
1-5000 700 = 20
2000 17
12500 o4
320000 20
20
1-5000 2090 20
1200 19
16500 21
2545000 20
1400600 _.

Curdled in
< days.

-—m—w s ee wer eewewrerwrewreweereweneeswe SF @@Meennweraaemwerensee ree ae we te EH BO Mee KB MWewreenmrnarenmrerersen =
Bacteria in Formaldehyde Milk. (Cont. )

 

Initial fianounts Bacterie Acidity

Sample Bacterisél of in Oi Remerke,
"0. Age. Count. HCOH HCOH Milk. wilk.
cl 6 rre 15500 16 deg
o 1-750 1600 17
45 7600 16 Curdleé in
Je 10000 15 10 dsys.
96 265000 17
120 46000000 C
26. 6 2-000 15 Curdled in
24 1-7506 750 16 13 Gays.
4¥ | 1200 16
72 1500000 20
27 > 31000 14
24 1-10000 6500 18 Curdled in
4e5 37600 16 7 days.
2 46 230000 22
96 Innumer. 26
30 6 17500 15
24 1-10000 2400 15 Curdlea in
4& 51000 18 13 dzeys.
72 2000000 18
96 10009900 20
32. 6 9000 16
24 1-10000 3060 1& Curdleda in
4& 16500 15 6 days.
72 | 200000 18
96 26500000 <0
346. 6 17500 16 Curd’ed in
C 1-10000 8500 17
46 56000 15 10 days.
72 4500000 ic
96 49000000 21
37. 6 210°0 15 Curdled in
24 . 1-15000 950 15 6 days.
4& 31000 1
(2 2500000 17
Io 320C0000 20
36 6 42000 14
24 1-15000 S000 15 Curdled in
48 26000 17 4 days.
72 1325000 16
41, 6 10000 120003 15
24 1-15000 12000 16 Curdled in
43 9000 15 7 days.
72 960000 17
96 78000000 21

eee en Gf &
eeeewnwreere@ewerwxe ese ea eet ewe ree @ ec Fe ewes enawewweaeeraear Ga sveaeweeeeaeaeene =

(Continuea on next nage)
Bacteria in Formelce!.yde Milk. (Cont.)

 

 

Initiet Amounts Bacterie Acidity

Semple pacterlal of in or

‘To. Age. Count. HCOH  HCOH Milk. Milk. Remarks.

42 6 15500 17 Cex
2 1-15000 2000 16 Curdled in
4% 115C0000 20 4 aays
Ve Innumer. --

43. 6 25000 1-20000 16 Curdted in
2 12000 16 3 days.
48 3300000 2
P20 ae --

46. 6 12200 15 Curdled in
4 1-20000 — 15000 15 2 days.
48 “000000 19

45 6 23000 17
24 1-20000 6300 13 Curdled in
48 200000 19 4 aeys.
72 166000C00 22

52 6 12000 <0 Curdled in
<4 1-50000 140009 oT 3 days
48 27459600 26

53 b 30000 } 15 Curdled in
24 1-50000 63000 16 2 deye
AS 13600000 22

55. 6 18600 17
24 1-50C0°0O 1700¢C 19  Curclec in
aes 3450000 a 3 days.
Pe Innusier --

ma ew eb ew wpe ee we em ew LSU tlc el UL Cl CC Oe here ree lore! lee ll aeertl rer ll acer eee) eee ee eee eel ee lee ee ele le 88 ee le lel lee Ole lel Ele Ul lee l8e8 lll lee le TF
Fro: the preceding table it is concluded thzt
fornaldehyde in the prosortion of 1-15000 is suf-
ficient to inhibit becterial growth for the neces-
sary preservative period. ‘This includes a generous
factor of safety, for it is caqesired to keep the
milk sweet under all conditions. If the milk was
allowed to sour occasionally, the calves would be
subjected to a sour milk diet, and digestive dis-
orders would porobably occur.

Formildehnyde in the proportion of 1-50000 had
but Yittle ynreservative effect, and the vacterial
count was difficult after twenty-four hours. From
bacterial transfers made, it was found that the
crouo known as 5. subtilis, a bacillus found uni-
versal on hay, and very resistent, and several kinds
of :inolds renained when formaldehyde even us stronz
as 1-2500 wac used. None of these, however, de-
veloned, and their presence in the inhibited growth
condition, was probably not harmful. It wes noted
that the acidity of the milk increased but very
little.

Work cone later, in Dairy Bldaz., with vari-
ous smounts of ailk wit no reference to bacter-
lal count, showed further that ua proportion of
1-15000 was sufficient. The temperature there wes
fairly uniform at about 76 dezrees F.. It was

found that the time for loppering varied witiiin
quite wide limits even under identical conditions.
\

This is shown very definitely in Dr. lkershall's
work (Xichizan Special Bulletin No.32). He intro-
duced a known numver of bacteria into milk from

day to dex, and kept save at given temneratures,and
the results show very irregular times for curdins.
In the present test, the milk was simply set aside

and records kept of loppering. The following ta-

ple szives data coverin: sane:-

Formaldehyde Limits of Tiine
for Lonpurins _

 

1-500 Sterile
1-750 oterile
1-1099 “) days
12-2090 <-Q to 30 aays
1-309 lo to 2»
1-5000 7 to 20
1-7500 7 to 1¢
1-10000 9 to 15
1-12509 5 to 14
1-15000 3 to 9
1-20000 eto 5
1-50000 1 to 3

A combination of the results shown in the two
preceding tables show thet bacteria behave differ-
ently,depending, apparently, on the individual
Bamples of milk. It is evident thct in milk treat-
ed with formaldehyde in the proportion of 1-5000
or more that there is a distinct cecrease in the
numbers of oacteri:, especially during the first
few hours. As the amount of forinaldehyde is ae-
creased, tne fullins off of bacteria is decreased,

which is followed vy a normal increase.
From the preceding data, the curve following
wes constructec, which will show at a glance the
behavior of veecteria in milk treated with 1-95000
formaldehyde. In contrast, the other curve was mae
from data secured elsewhere, and this shows the ace
tion of bacteria in untreated milk. In the former
case, skim milk was used, and in the latter, whole
milk, but this should not affect results. It will
be noted that tne curves ere just opposite i
every particulur. The most rapid decreuse in the
One case occurs during tne first three hours, while
in the other the most ranid increase occurs in the
last few hours. In the cese of the formaldehyde
treated milk, the decreuse shots the rupnid germi-
cidal power of this preservative, end also the fact
that this strengtn of formaldehyde not only inhibits
growth, but actually destroys. This strengthens
the conclusion that a less amount is sufficient

for practical work.
Oe" “4

OS COO

\
SE, 000

F0@00
FOOD
“~99000

700,000

 

 

4 AF # FF 6 F & Y Leo YW te
Flours.

LWVack curve
LP lh

Fred Curve shows decvease of Lacreria in for mialdeAyde
v11k& C/ — Soeea wuring the £4187 Ghours af I8°F

Shows tnevease Of bLacterl!a t+ untreated
Gr SAE Same

POMIO EY AF ULE.

 

 
Normal Souring of Milk.

During this investigation a cz#reful study has
been nmede of the action of the aocid-fornin: bacterla.
Severel tests were mace with sweet skim milx ata
temoerature of avout 75 cGegrees F. to determine the
effects these bacteria had u:on the milk, and welso
uyon themselves after rapid multiplication had taken
place. In all twelve,samples were tested, and each
Sample was from a different day's milking. These
were placed at 7) ¥. and the acidity taken each day
for fifteen days. An average of the results are

1:

Tv
©

-—

best chown by the curve plotted on the succeedi
vese.

This curve chows the rapid action of ecid-forn-
ing oacteria during the first twenty-four hours
under rather hi,zsh temperatures. This is of value,
for, in practice, the milk (skimmed) is pluced in
the hot sun and vefore it reaches the calf or oi,, it
1s unfit for feed. Hence, te necevsity of = pre-
servative. Fresh milk has an acidity usually of
about 15 degrees. Although the bacterial count
may decrease during the first few hours due to a
pecullar germicidal action in the milk, the acidity
seldom decreases. Loppering is reached when the
acidity is between 50 and 60 degrees acid. When the
acidity reaches 90 cegrees, the curd is solid. ‘The

normal action is shown on next vaze.
fad

705)

JF

 

 

Curve showing Legrce d Of Vel +y
Milk kept at 78°F for 16 days

 

/

a-F ££ F 6 FP BS GF LO 44 FR IF fe 7K

PP ays
_ Normal Souring of Milk.
Open Can on South Side of Brick Rldg.

 

 

 

Temp. Temp. _ Acidity
of nf Relative Of
Date. Time Air. Milk. Humidity Milk. Sky.
ay 1. GAM. 48 49 74 58
12 N. 79 80
6P.M. 7) 76 54 83 Clear.
eo. OAM. 42 50 b4 60
12 N. 78 81
OP.M. 7 78 49 a4 Clear.
3. OA g 57 64 35
126 1 64
OP wk 25 7 56 96 Clear
} OAL 61 5d 50 40
12 N. 77 CO
6P.M. 76 77 44 43 Pt. Cloudy
5. OAH. 55 62 56 56
eN. 72 74
6P.M. 72 73 75 69 Cloudy’
6. GAM. $2 51 9 24
12 N. 65 63
SP.M. ©6458 63 54 52 Pt. Cloudy
7 . 6A dak 35 34 71 ra)
cN. 57 69
EP.u. 57 58 46 57 Clear
O. OAR. 40 40 65 3e
cM. 60 52
GP.M. 661 62 70 G4 Clear.
9. SAM. 41 40 67 e+
12 N. 44 59
OP sii, 50 » 4 51 65 Clear.
10. 6AM. 29 22 2 21
12N. 450 53
6PM. O51 b2 47 46 Clear

 

 
A comparison of the data in the foregoing table
with that in tanvle under “Feeding Operstions" shows
that thnere exists a wide variance in acidity under
different conditions. Where milk was soured by heat
from a radiator, the te:nnerature was nearly constant,
but when the sourinz took place in the open eir be-
Slice a brick bduildinzs, the temnerature end atmos-
pheric conditions cause great variance in the sour-
ing of tne milk fron day to day. On hay 10th there
mas a heevy frost, und the ecidity in the morning
weg only ¢l, white other morninzs it hed risen to
60 or siore. Records shov a variance in mornings
milk from the 21 mentioned to 75 on later date.

This milk is, at the present time, bein: fed
to an experinental lot of calves to determine the
effects of sour milk. The results will finelly be

shorn in the conclusion of this work.
‘rile

Retardation of Souring.

In makins a further study of the effects of
formaldehyde in preserving skim milk, an experinent
was meade wiln different strengtiis of the precerve-
tive anc at different temperutures. The data below
Shows the amounts of forisaldehyce and the len;;ti:s
of time tose ainounts will keen the milk sweep on

.

a besis of acidity being reached ot 30 Gegrecs.

 

 

Formaldehyde.
No.of i .
trials Temo.¥. None 1-50900 1-20000 1-15000 1-19600
10 60 55 hre 57 hre 9) brs 110 hrs 125 hrs
12 70 40 45 65 92 100
10 OF 20 30 40 63 70

 

 

 

These results do not exactly check with work
done previous!y and compiled in first table under
laboratory deta. This nay be accounted for by the
fact that the experiments were nerformed in differ-
ent laboratories under very different atinosyheric
conditions. The results, however, being the
avereze of several trials on different days -ia2y ve
taken 2s fairly accurate. <A sliding scale of pre-

servation ty formaldehyde is thus estiblished.
Are all Forms of Bacteria Affected Alike? |

 

 

 

The srowt. of different tuacterla differ sreat-
ly denending upon numerous conditions. It is not
ogd then that aifferent bacteria shoulc be affected
differently ty formaldehyde. In order to ascertain
the types surviving the germicidal action of this
preservative, considerzevie work was carried on with
but few positive results. Laboretory conditions pre-
vented exhaustive work, but lt wes ceterwvined that
those vacteria usually resistent to hest are also
resistent to the action of form: ldehyde. One of the
most resistent is the "hiy bacillue" (2. Subtilis)
whicn is found in quite large quantities in milk.
This cacteriun, however, develops more slowly in
indlk than other ones conunon to that medin, and since
it is desired only to innibit growth, further con-
Sideration in unnecessary. Tests brou;;+t out the
fact thet molds are not as much affected by this
Preservitive ss are becteris.

The effects on lsctic bacterin have vcveen shown
in this work, but acidity is no real test as to the

Gevelopment of b:cteria in milk. Lactic bucteria re-

9

erd tne development of many other forms, and it 18
jnoseliole that the inhivition of Icetie growth might
induce -:;sre:ter develooment of these other forms. low.
ever, the presence of formuldeyde also retards the

growth of most of these other foras. It has been found
in the laboratory that the first few hours witnesses

n aecrease in total numbers of bacteria inmilk. This
is probably due to the dyin; off of bacterial forus
thet find milk a poor media in which to cevelop. The
lactic beeteria are most visorous in their vevelotpe
ment, and hence, usually brin, ebvout quicker cnaiiges
in milk. Formalcehyde perfectly checks this or:yjanis
and renders others less virile. In amounts excessive
oF 1-15909 there is an actual killin, of the btac-

terle, 3.S5uotilis and molcs were the most resistent.

_Tuoercule Ori cisins

One of the objections to Teeding;s skim milk fro
the creamery is the danser of infection by the tu-
bercule organism from milk fron infected herds supply-
inj that creamery. Pasteurizetion has been used with
good results, but this is costly, end unless great
care 139 exercised, it 1s inetficient. It was
thouzhnt that the addition:of formeldehyde ino pro-
portion of 1-15900 would ve sufficient to kill tuber-
cule orsanisms. After much study on the edviseovility
of such a nroceedure, an exveriv-ent was outlined.
This necevsitated the use of sguinex pigs and severel
weexs time. At that tine, the former could nowt be
securea, so tre tests were never mude.

Letter: to prominent scienticts eavise thet,

while no data is obtaineble, it is nrobavie tiet the
‘i De

formaldehyde in the proportion fea would have
but Little evfect on this very resistent orvan-

“2: "

jen, Dr. MB. oJ. Roseneu of Huirverd Medicel Ochool,
is en eutiority on the behavior of tubercule
oueterie, and he concludes his letter as follows;
"“hether the small amounts of rormaldehyde you

use interferes with the virulence of the tuiercule
wecilli is dGgovntful, altihou:h Io heve no Cate unon
tie euoject."

It seeint orovveble, however, that the »nr:-sence
of formnaldehyde in sufficient quantities to in-.
hHibit the growth ov all bacteria would tenc to
induce a decrease in tine virulency of tnis orgen-
ism. Tuvercule bacilli dn not develoo in milk
acon media--a fect which vrobabty accounts tor the
recietance to sernicides. Formaldehyde has little
eriect unon feats, and if it is true thet tubercule
becilli in snore form are surrcunded by a film
or fat, it is possible that this preservitive
could rave ro effect on the virulenc;.

The presence oF this preservative, however,
~“Ould in no way increase the virulency.,. At the
Same time, it is nossibdle that the virulency maght
be sreatly decreased by its presence and it would

be a valuable aid in the control of this diserese.

Ci.
Rennet Coa ulation.

Sinee remnet is so importent a fuctor in tie
diszestive nrocezses, much time ves spent in escer-
tainins the effects of formildehyde in various
strengths on the ection of this a,ent. As usual
in this work, skim ..1ilk wes used. Check? were
run continually so as to avoid errors cue to chones
in lots of milk, temverature, acidity, ete. The

work was done at 2 temmeruture of C7 desrees F.,

bx

and tre formaldehyce wes addea just previous to
the addition of rennet,in « stren.sth of 11-1000.
Time wes recorded when solid coezgulation--erhen
ello milk ceased to flow unon chensze of vyosition--
had taken plece. The results are given in the

e.

tavle on the following: va

FT
wW
wffects of Formaldehyde on Rennet Cousulation.

’

Tire for coagulation et U7 degrees F.

 

ee eee. oe ee. 6 or el

Solution Tisne Time
No, of for for
Trliais Formaldehyde Checr. rorin, Remares.

 

 

CS

6 1-100 S min. Not in 21 cuys

10 1-209 5 Not in C1 days
15 1-500 5 ON Not in <1 days
11 1-1000 by " 1% min. Very solid.

20 1-1259 5 UN 3"

19 1-2390 5M 7 Solic.

Vo 1-3000 5 UM 5 No action.
15 1-2500 7 7 8 70 deg. F.
20 1-3000 7 4 27" 79 6ez. F.

10 1-5090 yoo 5

 

 

7 e000 GG oo
120 tetdyn0s—“‘ia older milk
2002 ietgnnn— eG OO oo
‘5 25000 6 ® 6 ™ | feap. Veried,
yo 4e50000 5M oo a

The dats above shows thet formaldehyde in
milk has no ill effects on coszulation by rennet
until a strength of 1-2500 is used. It will te
sOoted thut tke line of demerkaution betveen effects
end no effects is very clesrly drawn. In the pro-
portion of 1-500 there wes no coagulation even

”

ofter 21 days, but when twice that esriatl prmount wus

acded, there was e decided retardition in time of
the action of tris ferrent. In all ecxses of co-
cculetion, the curd wes as solia as that in the
esses of the untreeted checks. In the oronortion
of 1-4-2569 there wos still e reterdation, bub ot
1-3000 there wes no effect produced. On the pro-
portion used in uctual practice a crest many tests
"ere made, ona there wes, in no case, a reterd-
ation of coagulation, This was true es the

a:ount of formaldehyde was decreased. It wes

then condluded that formuldehyde did not retard

coagulation of milk by rennet until a stren sth of

1-2500 hed been resci:ed.

Coazulstion by Pepsin.

& test similar to the sbove was iimade with the
Gisestive agent, peosin. Sufficient of this fer-
ment was used to proacuce normal coazulntion in
about ten minutes with untreated milk. The susie
amount was used each time so a Glrect coiparison
could be niade. The results nay be found on the page

following.
~

bifects of Formaldehyde on Pevsin Coz suletion, |

 

Time for coesulation at o7 cesrees F.

U

 

Solution Time T ling
No. of for for

Trials #Formeldehyce Check Form remMarES.

5 100—~*~*~<“«s*~“‘«‘x SN. «nt cong,”
1S CUSNO™~*~—~—~aNSCY”*C«<CiM A NE COG,
12 «ey00.””—é~<“‘is‘“‘xSCS Ot CO oo
19.~~SCO11000sti(<i«é‘ Solid.
iy T590—<“i‘z |] HO oO oO
20 1-2000—™*” io "10k HO Little :ebion
10 = eegoos—“(<‘é‘ zt ee
“g 4egong 10" 10" BO

yo eggonO—~—~<i Citi ek Temp.

1 e0000—“(tsté‘ a
7000S 000— (aestia OC a i
“5 teD9000s—(i oO
5 f-go000s—<‘i OO
STE EEE nthaletioaatiaes Tone waa

 

Fron the above data it is evidcert chet for-
meldehydae in the amount fed in our precticaul experi-
ment has no effect on coa;sulntion of milk by pepsin.
It 18 therefore justifiable to believe that it
would in no wey interfere with the ection of this
ferment. Not until a strength of 11-2000 vas reached
nere any evidence of retardetion of the action
of this digestive factor. The curd was solid and

aonarent ly did not differ from that of tne checks.
The Tisappeerin.: Action of Formulae de.

 

 

Hydrogen peroxide has been suggestea 6&8 u pre-
servative aim milk bLeceuse the .cdition of heet vill
entirely renove it. ‘hen left exnosed to the air.
Pormelin wilt reoicly Ioece vlren th, but in exser-
iments heve shawn thet eve: in closea vesseis, that
formaldehyde disenperrs fron milk. This mey clearly
be Shown ty stuayins the cormer tebles shewin sg the
inhivitirs pover of tilis preservative ror « Lev
hours iollowec by @ roplia increase in tacteriéel
@evelopment. Just whet becomes of this:heas not been
Tully determired.

It is krown thet certein Liquids herve 4
"Oinding” cenecity for tre constituents of cther
liquids or subsetences. Tor inetance, it wo.ld be

4

xoectec that the adcition or NAON to laced would

oO

meke the resulting licuid more rikeline, out such
is rot the cease when gincll quantities ure sddedc.
Certain elements cf the blood "bind" the “NAC

and it Fer no chence to function. The sere may Le
true of Yornalcéehvce in milk. On the other rand,
lt mey be used un in the killings of becteria, end
it steve in the bodies of the orsenieme. Corrosive
sublimete, in known amounts, eédec to an intected
liquid shows u less cuantity wien filterec out later
"he difference wes vrorebly used up in the killing
ot vecteria.

In the study of this cisenrerring action, oa
q),

nowerful.

center t, ard it can cetect the preserce of for-

malcelyce in e solution of 1-500G00. VWhile not

quentitive test, by the repiaity cf the cetecti:

color, verious quentities ony ve eoproximetecd.

etector ves used. It is FkFnovrn ica Terni

wpe
we:

&

ys
.
“cs

nm cal e

followin; toble sives the results of ilk tre:otec

vith 1-15C00 HcCor.
Disenvedring Action of Porm ldeliyce.

wale.

Color Test by Teniges Reucenrt.

 

——————— a Ee a, a =_ © Qe 2+... =e oe ~_s 2. ~~
rry ” 7 L e a e . e
a Ca « e e e °
Cc

‘fo, :Q hrs. Acidity: 24 hrs. Acidity -40 hrs.Acicity ;Color : Acidit:.
lok. wwe we

 

cee ee eee ee
. e
9) :

a a e e s
SCemuepreenwuepe woereweq@rees= ws @meeaet es ws» we we = woe MR Pe ew KT wT | Pee TF PF SP SF Hw wet a

1 t:2@ mim. 15 de,.z.: 2min. 15 cer. : PF mimi? Cee. °>50 Pre. 99

Ww a me! emer m ep er mem me Pe RR ee CR ew pm mmm we ee RH mR Hr mm mm ep meee
eo: : 14 a: 15 5 OU 213 750 ren
a ROR CO OS

3 :e 2 15 : 3.5 3 16 : 7 16 62 : 75

ORO ORR RM ER RR RE RO mw mm Om mm mR mm mm wm ee mm mm mm mm em wm me em 8
4 :c : 16 : 4 : 16 Dou £24 ae : 96

Tm mie ere eR ee me mS Te mm tm ee mm me mw Ge we eee re me mm me we mE ee ee ee: soot
D oe . 45 © 2.5 + 16 a) : 20 O59 Od

a a a a
oO ie - 16 © 3 2 TY ; Oo 417 ; 70 : GO

Se ee a een whe mmm mm pr rm mm em He me p mmm He me me eR ee ep meee eee:
7:6 3: 14 5 4p De 2 7 225 oY ; 96

wre checnee Pe pn me ne be ee ee ee ee ne ee eg ere eee -
oO 32 Pods © 3 2 4S : 6 > 10 : 70 ; 7

me wee we wm em ee mm mm be et eR me mmm ee ee em me me me Be mp mee ee eH
G9 32 46 : 3 2 417 : : 16 oy, . 90

om ne mm me me wm te mm me ek me mm mm mm me me mm ee Mm Mme mm wee ee mm eee
10 32 2 45 © 3 : 1c : 6 : 1d : 70 : o&

Tare csr cr roe rere nb eww nn we beens ee wee porn en eps mame ee mene eee me
159 32.5 3: 16 ; OA : 17 5 0 : 20 » 04 : OG?

wos er nb br be eee cert

 

 
Presence of Vormelaeryvyce in Faeces ernid Urine,

 

an effort was mode to determine the cnunnels
of Gisrpnesrence in the anime *s themselves. By
he use of LTenige's Rea-tent, lt wos heped to ercer-
tein if the preservative vas present in the excrete,
Urine wee obtainede From ceolves fea fornaldehyce
milk in the exvperisvert erd also from celver to
wrich only three feeds of it kead been liven. In
the cese of the latter. sufficient time wes ,;iven
to <cllow for natural excretion. In neither crse
was formaldehyde detected even in slight quentities.
Py a#d@éing @ Known emount to the urine, its presence
could be detected in emounts as smell es 1-50C0N0;
hence, it wus concluded trat the preservetive Gid not
pess from the body in the urine. In tre cerse of

yo &,.
trio acc €

CG

res, e& scant werter colution wes isede cnd
trezted with the detector, but without results.

From these numerous tests, it was concluded
that formaldenyde disappears in the milk itself, or
+

ct least, completely chanses its form end wecomes

less ective as time incresces.
Pormelaen,ce on Vitroven in Skim

aE <<,

ee 5 (Y
a Loo

7
Yo.
ee

ane

Four 5O0C gram sennles of the skim milk fec to
the celves vere teken end treatec as follors:-
1. Raw skin mi tk untreetec.
e. Rew skin milk treetec with | grou pepsin.
3. Rew ekin mith trestec with 11-1000 pepsin
f2.0 HCOH 1-+14C00.
4. Row skim iitk treated with 11-1000 pepsin
ena HCOH 11-2500.
Dhue rew skim milk sample wes used «sf & check.
"O. € wos merely treetec with peosin una so acted as
s second check. lo. 3 wus treatea with the oensin
then HCOH (1 C.c. 40,3 HiCOH was diluted to 160 a.c.
with cistilled H-c and 9.4 c.e. of the diluted solu-
tion vas added to “No. 3.) No. 4 was treeted with
nepsin, then HCOH, 1-25C0. (1 c.c. of 4063 HCOH wis

accea to the 50

CasEéosa

AML N09

As the nitro

‘@kKeu. f these

wes geterininec in
The milk was
the work wis all

Casein (unchan sed

cle. of milk).

Analysis.

\
/

Acetic Acid precinitst

ec and pentones

Precipitete of Acetic Acid filtrite

with CUSO.

Acics end fumionise
Viltrate.

2ern is the riost likel:

substances to be chen,ea,

tre various srunplee es

elemer:t in
the nitr

outliredc

Slightly aeida when werkeo with,

cCuplicated.

the

9 ,2e%

evove.

ood
f

Firet, § gram ecmniles of 1,2,35, and 4 were
teken, oné the Kjeldahl ceterminetion made with then.
Shis amount wee teken es the 106 > content of “. for
leter vork. Then @ IG gram Semele of euch wee
teken and the Cocein in eech precisitetec with 1e.5
c.c.or 6% Acetic feid, then filterec. The Kjeld: hl
wee yun unon the precinitute to aetermine the NM,
content of the Cnsein. The filtrete wes helved end
RKjelédevhl run upon each half. To one balf,c “ilute
egiution or Cun wes oGdea until the precinvitete
war all throws: carn, and then 1C c.c. excess vas
adéec. The solution wes filtered end the Kjelaashi
rum upon both filtrate and srecipityute, givins the

-. content ain both Nos. 2 anc «+. The followin,; tavle

Fnows chanzes in the nitrogen forms.

Nitro:zen Cor

 

Cesein Ceseose™ Amino

Skim milk GE,o 11.72 O35.
" " olue Peosin IG.3 5.9 15 .U
" " " " peus HCO
1-1400¢6 7a. 4 ood 17.2
ot i e " e COV
1-E4CO 69.6 6.2 o7ac

To make these results more positive, meny sore
somplesc should tre run containin: vericus emounts of
HCOH,

It will te notec that the nitro jen in the form
of cusein and caseoses is decrezsecd when renesin is
aacgec to the skim wilk. There is a corresponcin,; in-
crersce in nitro,cen in the form of esiino ecics. “his

Gecreise and increese continues in ew rec-ective order
whon forurléenyde i¢ added in inecrersing, fmounce.
The sum of the cifference betweer the mitrogen in

the craein and caseoses in untresies skim milk, ene

~~

the nitrogen in the cacein end csseoees in the
trested milk is eauel to the difference of the ni-
tro.en in the amino ucics in the same ceses. For
instence: (U2 — 74.4 —7.G)plus (11.7—U.4-- 3.3)
10.9. In vhe sere case 17.2 — 0.3 —— 109.9 Thi
uniformity koleés true in ell of the cates, ong shows
the exactness of the chemicsl chensesc.

Since nitrovern in the form of emino ecics is
coliuvle, it is prebeble that it is even more Gi;:es-
tivde than in tne orisine | form, However, uemino
ccices mre found in the Gy-peoneicts of Clcestion,
whiek micht offset the incrersed dicgectitility of

this Torn. ft least, it eannot be coneli.dec that

ue. at

+1,

tne ecdition of H@OCH mekes the nitrogen less dizes-
title, or in any wey Gepreciagtes the velue of nitro-

gen in tre food. The addcition of HCO}

ig
'¢9]
-
_
—
i
€-
CO
bw
—_
as
ae
ms
rr
u
©

the Yorn of the nitroven in tre milk.
 

 

Practic: 1 Experiment.

In a-stucy of this neture the results of ¢erti-
ficiel experiments are not «fs valusole as those tieken
from actuel feeding records ef young enimele, for
there <-re certein conditions occuring in #enimel ci-
festion wniech connot be cunliceted in artiflciel pro-
cessec. In order to ascertein actuel accumulative
effects, ooth oi Cornnicenyce-trestec end sour milk,

a Teedinz experiment wes carried on with young calves.
Owing to the extreme scarcity of celves in the vicin-
1t, of the colle:e, only a very Limited nu:oer coule
ve ovtained, and for the same reason, 1t wae necesrary
to use Galry stock of three citferent bLreece. Such

#2 combine tion wos fer from iageal, but the results are

of interest.

Q

These calves, twelve in nunber, were divided into
lots of three eech. Division was mede in reference
to eze, breed, avoetiteé, sex, cenerel condition end
wel vit, and care was exercised that the lots were of
equal s<rowins capecity.

Lot 1 was fec on sweet inilk es a control lot.
Tot II was fed on skim milk allowec to sour, and Lot
III wos fee on milk kent sweet by tre addition of
formaldehyde. In lot II was placed a sicell Guernsey
of delicate her: lth and annetitea, vut this deficiency
in this lot wes offeet by the presence of tro calves
lerser ena stren-er than the averose. In lot III
wae a fine Holstein jrece to Lalevice the exvectea
Tease

-ESSser eains from two rather sinell uuernseys Lurin,.
° “ Ae
the first week of the erveriment, this calf cucdenly
develoned pneunioniz, end Gilead at the enc of the ween.

~

fn autovsy by Yr. Lallwon of tre Michisan Station

a

showed Giserce in the resniretory orcwane only. £ coe
plete exuminetion of the cigestive trect stored no-
thin,; ebpnormel, anc avsolutely no irritation. His
reyort (Autopsy 61: shows bronchial pneumonis clone.
es the allment. Durins the next week, the smell
Guerncey in Lot Il beran to show effects of btiue recur
milk -uc soon Ciec. This recucec these two lots to
three calves each, co am youn; Brown Swiss of con-
cidere le breeding value wee teken from Lot I, and

the experiment sas completed with the remeining

three ina lot. The rerioval. however, of the bect
calf in Lot III and the simallest in Lot II save

the latter lot a decidea adventase. Another grade
Holstein calf wes cecured, ena ted fornia ldehyde
treeted milk, but its sains are recorded, not in Tot
III, cut separctely, as it wes fed «@ different amount
the preservative than Lot III. The table followin:

zives sutficient data relative to tie lets and the

Inciviaduvels in each lot.
Individual Churacteristics.

 

—_——Ee ee -oe -

a a .

“a iilk Age Breed Oe X welsht Condition Remarks

 

 

 

45. Sweet 35 dass Holstein Ff. 132 Fine Good size

=~ewwrewemeereeweewuerwwwe DBeweerwrmwee weer we Fw BF wPrereerewe er ere Fe Fee er wrewweeeecee Bee wwe &=- wee ew ee

46 " 36 " Jercexv i. 101 Good | cnare

aewewweeewe cc wees reeeewe@eewrFeewewewrweeweeweewr=eererereee FF wFwewewrwreeeeewe @eqeeaqewwe@m @ -« eorvcere Ff FF FP SS &§ & oF 8 Fs a

47 n oh oN" Mol.aGrce. F. 96.3 Good Fair size

- ee @eewrweewraeewt wewereww werner wreew @&Fee@me @Be We FF FP ww eee eF Barns e Fr we Ff we wee we ew we Owe | ee: ee helm le le lo ee he le

ivernge 33." 110.6

 

 

 

46 Cour 42 " Hol.3rce. MM. 123.6 Fine Lir-7e
49 " 3G OC" Guer. " hi, 111 Fine Ler-e
be " 39 ~O~*&N Hol.ocrae. F. 97.3 700d Fair size

ao-eee wesc wesc me &—- @ & SF oo SF oF OF & & & &' = @- & TE -

Averuge 36 ™ 110.6

 

 

50 Porm. 40 8 aquer.orde ii. 114.3 Gooa oma ll
De " 40 " Hol.Gree. Ii. 114.3 ¥ine ruir 6ize
52 " a " aquer.,orde iv. DY Good ralir sise

Aversge 35 oP.

 

 

a2xtre on Formeldehyde.

A

51 ay oN" Hol.Gra. Ql.

OD
fy
G2
O
©
CC a
Gd
Oo
©.
bo
ty

 

—_ ee eee we ee ee oe er we oe eee aw +e oe ee ee? ee oe - eee em me ee = cee em ee _- sm ee
Lot I.

 

—~

 

This picture of Lot I., fed on sweet skim milk

was taken at beginniny of experiment. The Brown Swiss,
in the corner, wes discarded, and the three facing
finished the experinent. From left to right, they

are:

No. 45 No. 47. No. 46.
TOG...

 

A picture of Lot II. at the beginning of the

experiment. The little Guernsey, nearest the door,
died from the effects of the sour milk, apparently,
and the experiment was Completed with the remaining
three,

The Holstein in front is No. 54, the Holstein
in the rear igs No. 45, and the Guernsey vetween then

is No. 49,
Lot III.

 

Lot III. at the beginning of the experiment.

The Holstein facing died of bronchial pneumoniz, and
the exneriment was completed with the remaining
three,

The Guernsey facing is No. 53, the Guernsey in
the corner is No. 30, and the remaining Holstein is

No. 52,
— “sw ws

 

 

Experiments in the Lrctcrioto,ice? Jeboretory,
cetellea leter., vere crrriea on to cetermine the ciourt
Forms léehyce necessiry, to Kecp the milk eweet :
eurficient length of tim uncer cun.e> (artifici: 1)
conaitions. Throucsh en error in comoutetion, the
cmOUNnt wee thought to be.003, und for thee first eight
feecs this cmount was fed. This is nerrly three times
ore then is necersary, ©&7a a8 soon ef the error was
Giscovered, the correct smount, which is .007b 7
form: ldehyae, wrsp usec.

Skim milk from the seoarator et 10:00 #.1.. wis
cootcé pid cavec for the next G@ey's feed. At niet
two crys were prevared from this anc set by the reacii-
tor were en elmost corstent temperature of tbourt
2. decrees Foo owes meintoined. Experi. ent eterted on
Peb. 1, 1912, cra was carried on for trelve weeks. The
milk in one cen conteined formelcehyae in the sropor-
tion stzeted susve, weich wes sufficient to keen tie
wile eweet under thece conditions. The milk in the
Other can wee untreeted, end it veces: e sour end :liost
inveriebly lopperec heavily. The remeinder of the
milk wes keyt cool, end in the mornin: it reecived

treetmeit -s cescritec lwnedialely »nrececéi::.

Condition of Sour inilk.

 

The sour milk fed calves in Lot II. was secured
cy plecing the reeceptecle besice c reaizctor, where
* fairly constent tempereture wes mainteinea. The fol-
lowin:s table contains Gate tsken at ranéom, which will

4

Sucsceast the avers;e condition eof the milk when fed.
a
4

Tete Yerny.ot Milk. £CiGity. Remeyi Se

 

 

 

 

Rew. CO Be 3 Ce... heavily curGea.
Feo. § Pl. 7 5. 2h ey
Av swe a ml MA Gl. mang: bo curc.,
" oO pow. 3 5) Heevils curcec.
Awl. oT 73 Lightly curcec.
Mer. 6 PVM. OF 99 Heavily "

 

bea uee 7 ‘3 ce? Hesvily curdec.
" 1C Pet. (3 40 9 Cura,

 

 

= - ~ —. 7 TT : —_ ; 3
Awami. om: Qe heoevaly curdec.
> Vs 6 " "
fs or e P pb e be e a 6

 

Asiie Oe G3 n "
Apr.15 P.M. 30 “a n ‘
7 7) 96 "1 ry)
£07. 15 Phi. Oy GO t" tt

@eaerewoewewreroerqtee @Wweeeewewwreraewrweeeweeewrweaeeaewewewereweeere ese F @eew wee ere ow ww

—ee wees, ©8b Gerte-- © @ “SO -e oe

When fec, this milk wee warnec to body tennereturc,

ef wes the other milk, ance stirrec until curd vee well

A oSrcin retion inede up of

3 parts corn flake,
" whole oats,
" CrEN, onc
" O1l c#ke,

we ms (A)

vas fed in amounts varying with the avpetites the

ty

G
ancividuels. Pright alfelfe hey wee fed in limited
emountes 2S shown in feedin.: te. lesa. Bech lot wos

fec cl] the milk thet it woula consume resdily, so
as to exagcern te, if j,ossiule, the effects of the
cifverent lots of milk. Records of weiz:tits of feeds
and <saing were cercfully kept, end notes taken as

to the general condition of esch enimel. The entire
work of vreperetion of feeds, feedines, cere, etc.,
wes cone by the outhor in order that, in Grewvin,;
conelusions, no detail might ve overlonkeda. During

the first three weeks too .auch milk wes fed, and

Ca.
seours resultec. As a furtier result, simetl gains
were mde. Unon reducinz tee emount of milk, the
celves immedirstely reseonaec with nornol gains.
rurther notes inay ve Found succeeain gs the feecin;:

Faule

"2

The followin: tevtes sive in aeteit, the amounts

of aifverent Teecs consumed ner week by exch indi-

Vicuml in the three Jots. They «leo inelude the car

for the extra calf fec for:.:.lceehyce-treet+d milk.

but mot inelucea in Lot III.
Milk Fed per Week in Pounce.

 

—_ = ~ 7% nie

 

 

 

 

 

 

No; Weex; e: 3 ©4055 $5 3: 7: Ss 9510511512 : Total
Lot I. on Sweet: Wilk : . : : : : .
45: 92.5: 112: VN 126, 5. 126. 126: 126: 126: 141, 140. 1450 :
46:92 109. 111: 109: 100: 94. 95 107. 112.112: 129: 126: 1300 _
een eer ep em ep eee Rm me mR em ep me eh ee eee ee et -_— er Ee wn wT Mw OO RB eH Oe
47:90 $106: 112: 112: 110: 105: 112. 112: 112: 112: 126. 127. 1336 3
Semen pre e pee ee on eeaee bonobootboooboosbecopeneponenes ee ewe wna
Lot IlI.:on Sour: Milk > Aversge 11372)
46°95 + 10951172 10651995 119: 1267 1 26! 1261 126: 140: 141: 1467 :
roan lag lan aig Tale eeer--- phoocbecchecct meebo ee benno beeen ne
49:94 :109:120: 119: 12 118: £125: 126:126: 1405140: 1465 ;
ne cp cope cope che ce pee pene pec bene pen pencpecur weer eane Bee wae
54:65 : 106: 113: 112: 110: 100: 98: 107: 120: 126: 126:127: 1330 :
crew ene sma nweee Sonn Ero ror cen sn barrios eor rook eat oe ee ee ee
Averaue 14ety
Lot III: on: Forme ldrhyce walk. : .
62:93 £102: 111: Go: 102: < 03 Je: 96: 106: 112) 1445 126! 1232;
to he lod Tie die lien as ee eee bee epee epee et eer eee Pew eee
50: &5 : 109: » 112: 110¢: 4: 96: 9¢: Yo: Be: We. 114: 1242 :
ope cedr ee ope vobencbe not -~S epee Pooch eecr Tere rr KPH em mm ee Pere
53; 83 ::100:111; 83: 97: 74: Eds 9G: 106 tie 1042 104: 1166 :
ee ee ee ee eee saline beo---
Averune © 12132

Pxtre Chlf pn Formeddehyde. Milky t : : ; :
51:85 : &5: G4: ©3: SP: Gh: 93: 96: GE: 99: : 900:

~me@eenneFwe FTF FGoeaeeteaqGeweeenrmeereeFrmre we veeeenoeweeweeaoeeeeeqeweoorqoe@wqmdeq@eeqe@wmeq®wqweq®@m@ed@e@q@wdqqedqeoaur.®™ eg @& @

 
Grain Fed per Week in Cunces.

 

 

———a

 

: ie SE - ee  . -E ee , e, _ © --O. Ow Re eel elelelelelll De tke lee
. .

Na: Week: e: 3: 43 5: 6: 73: 6: 9: 10: 1s 12 Total

 

 

 

On Sweet: niix Ent Tot Po tt “tO |
ee ee we we me ee me me ew we GO ten wens me me ne oe we oe Som ee or eee ne re — — se oo me Be ve oe oe
AS: : 18: IO 3 112: 112: 140: 1460: 154.175: 140: 175: 1227 02-77#
Tote ee ene nnn nner nen me nr nn nnn nnn en nner eer ner nn nr -— oe a Pt ee oe oe oe ee ve oF BP
46: © 14:24: 25: G4: 4: 64:112 140: 140: 140: 140: 9o7 "-62}
pyro rr rhr ahr hoch a nce snes croc snoc che nanos ot oo mn co Wh ne oe ne oe te se we ne -
47 : ¢ 14: 24: 2y% G4: 4: > 113: 125: 140: 149: 149: 1009 "-63,!

Ss ott ; : ; > Averae 67
On Sour 3: ilk Lot TI. : : : : : : : :

AS: : 20: 37: 37: 1125 1425112 119% 140; 163: 179: 175: 1207 "= 754

wep ene peepee heehee open eb ee eb eee “ee Pree ker re errs ee rer ee eee

49: > to: 30: 30: 112: 112: Ne: 126: 140: 166; 161: 1638: 1177 "73;

weep es emp ee ep ee peep weep ete he me hee eb ee Peeewr ere ream reer ee ee eee meee

54: > 6:10: 10: 9d: 98: 112: ie: 119: 160: 140: 150: 1041) "-65;!

wee pew mn tn mre nmr nm ee eb mere rr me et mr emer ee cb ee eb es ee rete etree
: Door s Averu:7e 714

On sormaldchyde, Milk Lot Iil. ; : : :

e
worprcteprc spre apecspe reps neprcoprmapescr coarse eben reese eee
a

bce ced ce a te ee ee ee ee ee eS ee, ee ee ee

: Soft ; ; : , : Avereze 347
axtra Celt on Formpldehyde: Milk. : : : : :
wrth nce cron the cbhenberche nc besshercrecrbes che schoecr we we man we wenn
51: : © oo: 9 70: 70: 49: $5: 70: 99: 1052 W125 299 N= 37%

: : : : : : 10 weeks feedin:s-. Avera ze 377
weep enn epee epee pen pe eb eee penn pee ep ene pene beecbeeeh: wee ene eee eee -

 

 

 
Hay Fed per Week. (In ounces). _

 

a ns - : : Dt : : Tote l
Na : Week :2 : 3 +4 P52 6: 72 Gi 9210 2:11:12 2:02. Pounas
Lot: 1. on: Swbet STK ”

= oo os eae wae a & oO aa TTD LT Oddo dae dec tee iene dene aes we wss @D wee ws ee =

AS 3 240: 84: 64: 172: 1125112: 140: 166: lod: 166: 166: 1354 60
ere rpe ree ree Pe eR eR Re eRe PR MO PRO ee Pw eM pe Me pew nw Pm wep eee ew ewe nw we
46: >40:70:70: &4: 84:112: 140: 168: 16d: 160: 160: 1272 SO
eee woe ee Hoc ea cence wenn ee ree e nnn chaos bros bao kea ck — eo wD eee ae we Oe we a Oe ee oe
47: ; Se 56: 112: 112: 112: 140: 168: 168: 165: 165: 1260 0
ween eee - echo ob Seb ebbe enh anh aonb eeab acaba eah-aabenenenne eee
: ; boot : : : : : : Averags re Ge
Lot Il. on Sour Milk. : : : :
ewe me neuen beck schechcocheschecehocchs sch acehessr a ee ee
4d: : 30: 70: 70: 112: 112: 112: 140: 168: 165: 168: 166 3336 63
et — om ae fe wee See we we fe we we be we oe we bee ee be ewe ww be we we oe be we we be em iw fe we we we be me we mG > ab 8 we GD Gf GS SS a GD BD mt oD SO
49: 40: 70: 70: 112: 112: 112: 140: 165: 168: 166: 162: 1346 64
-2 eb men co oe @ ee ee ee ee ee ee ee pe eb ee eed = =F 6S of ow ae = wm oF ot oe oe

wv

D4: © 40: 70: 70: 112: 112: 98: 140: 168: 165: 165: 158: 1334 83

Poof :; : Average 83
Lot III. on Formaldehyde Milk: . .
a = -— oe we oe oe ww wb web em Hm wm mm mb ww wb mean mame ene bh awe eb ww ob — a2 o => os am =e GO e US aD oe =

90 : > oo: 2:56: 70: 70: 9S:140: 70: 105: 140: 140: 8&9 55

52: > 2 256: 70: 70: ‘70: 140: 140: 140: 140: loo: 494 62
wee renee peebecke eh eb erm bee eb ee mb eee bee eRe - bene ee eee ee ee

53: > of: 2 2: FO: 7O: 70: 140: 140: 140: 140: 168: 930 b

Co

Bxtre Calf on Formaldehyde wii 1k : : :
51: > 2 2:48: 70: 70: 98: 112: 168: 168: 140: 168: 1042 65
oe ee . : : : : ° 10 weeks: feedi Nes Averace: O65

 
From the forezoing tables, it is noted that the
eclves in Lot II consuried the ereatest amount of feed,
while thaee in Lot III consured only 65% milk, 525;
grain, and 70,. as much hay us Lot II. In consuim>-
tion of milk, Lots I and II show greater uniformity
in amounts. Notes teken, especially aurin; early
part of the experiment, show that the anpetites of
these lots were much better than Lot III. Theextrae
ce lf on formaldeh dae treated milk consusjeag a unirorim
enount from week to week, gredually incressing as
the enline l srew., In the consumption of grain,

Lot III Gia not begin as early to consurne as mucn
as the other two lots, and also, this lot was less
uniform in smounts eaten. The same wes true in the
cvusSe or hay enten. Leeceuse of conelusions crewn

Tater, speciel attention is called to the fact that

*-

“

the Extre calf, No. 51, consumed as much es any
other individual in the exoeriment.

Notes on Feedin::, etc.

 

As has been stated previously, about three times
the correct amount of formaldehyde was fed to Lot
Ili durins the first eight feeds.

sradadual-

ro)

Formaldehyde was not added to the ration
ly, but the total amount in error was placed in first
feed,

In the cease of Calf No. 51, the whole milk diet
was chanzed by the gredual sddaition of tormnildehyde-

treated skim milk st the rate of one half pound per
day. In this way there wes not an acrupt adaition
of the preservative to the ciet.

Lots I and II showed cetter end more unifor:n
conetites then Tint ITIl.

Calf “No. 44 in Lot Iowns much more vigorous than
tne other two in thet Lot. Celf No. 40 of the seme
lot mas troubled with severe ettucKxes of scours, and
did not look well altnoush it zained steudily.

Calves Nos. 40 and 49 in Lot II vere very vigo-
rous and healthy. These two exoerienced but Little
scourinz, white Calf 54 in this lot had severel
evtacks.

Calves Nos. 50 end 53 in Lot III scoured much
ouring preliminery feeaing period, but were troubled
but little efterwurds. These two were fed too much
milk @auring first three weeks of the experiment and
asa result, did not appear in vigorous condition.

“oO. D2 of the same Lot dic much vetter, althou sh it
wes "orf feed" several times.

Durin; preliminsery feeding perina, the celves
were ceread for in a rather derk pen, ond during this
time, vecame infested with lice. ‘they were treated
wit tobaceo dust, wiich resulted in the comnlete
extermination of the lice by the end of the third weck.

The calves in all the lots scoured some, probally
cue to overfeeding, but Lot III was less trouvled.

The celves in Lot II were of tore sleek epnerr-

-

ence, due to srester lustre of the hair.
 

 

 

Na eek: 22:3 2:4 ty 3:6 3:7 2:0 3:9 2:102141 512; Total : Average
Tot: “TI. “on Sweet: Milk. 3: 3 : SS: : ob oo .
wna pana p wn nb eben benno enh oa eb nbn b enact meee ee recesses
AS 2 VSyfs Vos V1 VOyfs Tages Vg: V4: V4: OF Pat ZF Shs 13a 211.14
crop cp rr checebeccborereccbecebreceberebrscbeccboscbecscc- ben e----
40+ 9: 6: 59 :13:-4:512: 6:14: 6: 6:10: 7: 94 3: 7.9
47: 7:15: 4: &: 6: 5: G:14: GY: GB: GY: 6:100 3: 6.3
we eh eee be eb ee en eb e ede ee ene bee ep ee ee eb e epee eee eee eb eee eee

: : ; : : : s Average ; 109 7 YI
Lot: II.: on Gouri! Milk. : : ; :

e e 6 e . e e e s
ewe ew wb we wb ee ei we ew we ee wwe

45:12:14: 6:11:12: 1:13:10; Q:10:10: 5 : 116 : 9.6
49: 5:15: 9: GJ: 56:14:10: 9: 9: G©:10: 6 :111 : 9.2
me eb wep we pm mbm we bw ww mew eb www we eb ew ew wee eh ee eh ee eh pe we je wee

D4 2112 Gril iles GQilerll iii: 6

®
e
e
ce ewe em me me pe mem om fe wm we oe bee we we ww be me oe ne See ne ce we he we we we ee we we me be wm ce we fe we ww we Sen oe wm we ee we me oe be m= es G ef wes r soewae~w wee ee
e e e @

: : : : : : : : -AVe rage? 112 9.3
Lot III on ¥Yormalcehyde Milk. : : :

59: 1515: 2:10: Grell: Gil4:3: 4: Yr1l sil: ce 2 0.7
we eh ener ben eRe epee np ee eb nen ee eb ee eb ee epee eb ew eb eee ene ee -

rn cr f f . : ~~ -, _¢ myo ° r ?
etoe: Oo: Of: 7s 45: 4512213512: G:r1i5:11: Ye : .O0
! 2

w= om os be oe os a bee oe a co be o@ ce oe bs om oo oe bes oe ow ce bee ww ow oe be oe on ow Sn oe oe om bs os ee @ be ow ow ow be we ow oe be ee oe ow bes > ew 8s wm wee HW HH 8 se or ee ee
e e q e e e e t 2 e e e e

S35 orto rel: ti 52-2 sl ry: 6: Gt Grill: 5 7.3

: : : : ° e e Avera;3e: e Cc 7.3
Br.tre Colt on Porme? dehyde liilk . .

Ol : Pdi Gs Gt usr Gill
Ten wees anly
A study of the precedin,: tnrsle snows thet Lot
II. made the grectest grains, ana, e1s9, the incest
unitTorin a~ninrs from week to oweehk. The btotcol tains
wera not excessive enougn over those cf Lot I. to
justify the conclusion tnet sour milk is a better
feed than sweet milk, but the gains were more unl-
fora Coth by weens and indavidunalts. In Lot I, tnere
mas guite om variunce in wsxins. Calf Fo. 40 vas ver;
ugler, pnd Celf 45, which made greut geirs at
first, did not do so well Guring latter nari of
experivent. The couse for tis is not krown. In
"Ot III there wes a grest vurlance of guins, and the
total wes not as greet es those of other lots. Now.
ever, lt will be moticec tnoet the eraine were psrenut-
er end innre unitorn towerd enc of feedings derisd.
The extr: cslf on Yormaldehyce, with the excention
of Call No. +>, jcainred inore uniformly anc ec grerter
total thea any other in the test. This su csests
thet the cause for the lesser gains in Lot III wus
due to the amount und manner of introducin: the
formoelcehydae into the ration.

On the followin: dase may be found curves showe-
ing the fnins per week cy lots. The curve for the
seine of Colf No. 51 starts with the bthers, but is
concluded et the end of the tenth week. In tris

Voy a commerison may be mede,
1/0

/00

go

89

4,

GY Ask?
a
°

3O

s GWsFIias

FO

fo

 

 

 

 

a”
LC®
a”
Qe
f /
/
/
/
s
/
/
/
4
/
7
/
fs
uw QV
, /
/ ”
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ / /
/
/ | ,
/ /
/ /
/ :
/ /
/ f
/ /
/ /
s /
/ a
/ 7
/ vo
/ é
/ /
/ Uf
/ /
/ c
/ f
/
) /
)
/ /
/ /
/ /
f
/
/ /
/ f ,
/ /
/ f
/ -
/ /
/f, a,
/ Ls
/
/ Lr
y
f aa Gains oy L0tS poer Leek
ro
/
A Legend
TE = ND S/
0 Bor I.
@0 === an2---- Lor ZZ.
D -Ttt Lt 2,07 2772.
Ze 3 4- 6 7 & 9 /O / fee
 

- , q : er: ot er.8¢ ‘ - 7 \
On the sceditn: pe ce is shown graphically the

a

caine omnee by the different lots during tne trelve

-
weeks of trie experisent. Lot II] snore a cecil
Gecrense in gains during; the 3ra, ith, 5th eud oth
wees. Turin. this thae it was cecided tioet Loo mucn
wilk wees cearny fed, end a lessenin of the emount

4&2

Cins

wor probably accountectle for the saetistectory 3
made followin, this neriod. The ot*er Lots mcde
very good gninas :nd the curve shove these sains to

oe very uniforin. Lot II. on sour milx, rept ahecd

9° Tot Ilo in «nine, mand finishec in treat order. Th

ww

oD

Single calf on formeidehyce milk sisde sains in tne
total excessive of tie other lots. The orins
were very uniforn, ene towoerd the close of exoerli-
ment this calf was doing better than ever before.
Tne sane may be said of the calves in “Lot III, for
their curve of snins begins to rise during the
Latter end of the tect, end were it not for the
vad wee:s mentioned, their sainre would equi] the
other lots. «All of the calves sained an averase
exceeding ea nound a Gey, end Celf “lo. 91 gained an
avern ze of exectly one :nd one-half pounds per Gry.
While tre foresoing figures show the total
erounts of gain, further computations show that the
calves in Lot III, ona basis of economical guins,

made more favorable returns. On te following

nece is shown the totel cost of prines
oO. |

 

 

 

UB
JO
,
wo”
. cf
Cosr per /0086s. Gaetri at ,
60 ; “
the Comclusion of hfeehs ,
» /
‘
‘ -
\
si S_
\ “ ®
\ 2
\ .
/ -t-
> £0 oo
) . a
) :
f
Z a”
, |
FO | / ~ 7 D
oe _
f o _«
4 Y/Y . . a
? 7
a” ye
ye ae °
AOI 7 -
L .
v Zo we
- 7 7
aan ? -_-7
LO Legend
Z 7 A ~~. 4 a
re Uo” .7 B o. S/
fO7 oe , : L,o07 FT.
Zoo GOTT Lor IL
fo D - > Ger I,
”
2 az F x 6 7 S 9 /O hi Sz

b/ ae ks
Some rather interesting Tacts are si cowi by the
curves on the prececing see. Trhese curves represent
the cost of one hundred pouncs goin totanl at the con-
clusion of enecli week. In tne ceses oF tote n7ro-
Cuein: norssal srowth, there is a jradvel ineline up-
worde of tne curve showin. thet as the aniline? iIncrens-
es in ese, the cost per unit join is :lso increesed.
“hie owss less sorked in the ense of tne single in-
Gividual on the fornaldenyde milk. Lot III on for-
wmelaehyde milk showes a g,rest veriation oF cost
froa week to week. This su, tests thet the disturb-

ing ceucec, whatever they were, «ctec more or 13sec
uniformly, or the saine woulda not very so greetly

in cost by weexs. During weeks 5 and 5, there

YTaS a reple inereave wiich wer Lollowea iy 2 siml-
lar decrease during the next two weels. This left
trie cost at the stvne figure it hele one month be-

Tore, It will be noted, however, that the curve

for tkis lot be-tins to drop towurc end of feeding
period, while the others are increesing in cost.
Lots I and II are very similer, but both are

excessive of Calf No. 1 he @elins of which were

cr

d

very uniform in cost.
Sinee all of the calves were tea more milk
than would onlance well in the ration becseuse it

wee Cesirec to everseri te the effects of the dif-

Terent lots of canilt., the geins per hundrea pounds
of milk consumed have been comnuted. In stucying
the followin: graphic chart, it will be well to bear
in mind the fact that Lots I and II ate more grain
and hay in pronortion to milk consumed, than did

Lot. TET,

 

     

J SA,

Zot, Lore Lots N25]
Graph showing gains per /006bs.2mith Jed.

 

 

 

It may be readily seen that the gains per hun-
cred pounds of milk boy lots sare quite different in
amounts. Lot III is least with an average of about
7.6#, while Lot II exceeds it but little with an
average of 7.97. The lot on sweet milk made an aver-

ase of 8.5, but this is much below gains mede by
Calf $1 on formaleeligce. This woula lesa us to
Susogect treat this calf ves an cxtre good one in
growth ability. Since this ie @ cinjle indi-
viduer, teo much value should not be ettseened to

Grp EMime Ll in comserison

U

oe

tie much wetter suins
witr the lots of three euch.
On the followin.; page mey be founc « graeynic

chicrt settis::

X

Sortn the ner cente-re rtaiis,oF the
reins jer 100. original live weight. In this

chert, we find that Lots I anc II have chan. ed fron

* . a .
JUS OPe-

the vositions they occusied in the chert
cecings, wille the lots on Yorrnalaehyde rewain ag
velore--one showin much lesser ,zuiins, and the otter
much greater gains tran Lots I end II. It will

ce noted thet in this, as in pvrecedi‘ig curves, etc.,
these two Intter lots were very similer in their
eaetions, while tne lots on formeldehyce occupy tne

extreme positions. Hovever, since vercentn.:e cains

incre:se normally with oge, the geins for Celf No.

2

yl are under a handic:p veesuse thie test or this

Us

cxlf extendeu over » oerioc of ten woens Instead

nf twelve «.¢ was the ense with the other lots.
   
 

a |
nn

bse

 
 
 

i.

§
N 8

 
 

 

 
|

Conclusion of Bxperiment.

At the end of the experiment, all of the

culves were looking vizorous and healthy. Calf

in

Yo. 46, on sweet milk, and Calf No. 50, on for-
maldehyde milk, showed the least vigor. The
calves on sour milk looked in better condition
as a lot, but Celf No. 45, on sweet milk, was

in much better condition than eny other in the

experiment. The following nicturee were taken

 

 

Lot I. on sweet milk at close of feeding per-
iod. No 45 (Jersey at right) made the poorest

cseains, and was in poorest shane at close of test.

 
Lot II. on Sour Wilk,

 

his victure shows cnlves fed sour milk

at
close of feedivs period. They were tre sleekest
looking lot in experiment. The lustre of tie

lair woe very merked, and they were in

6900 crowe

oo

iny condition.
 

Lot III. on Formaldehyde Milk.

 

This picture shows the calves fed milk

treated with formaldehyde. The Hotstein

ly in the foreground is the extra Calf No.

also fed formeidehyde milk. These calves

in good condition, and, at the conclusion

test, were makin, good sains.

airect-
51,
were

f
ot
‘Artem VWroajpne tion,
ee - ma bp theese oe Ee ie. <>

 

At the close of the tests -ix of the cnlves
were slaushterec and 4a crreful examination made

by Tr. Yrord Giltner of tho Michisen Stetion, Tic

meean soft; few smell eranules of curc; wesenteric
tleanas very roe--abunaant lyon exucetion fron

” & ~ ~ £* ,. a sor ” ‘ c- . ay > vn — @
eL.t suffice, Puinenm a1istended ene vuc0us memnrane

. .- 7" a+ an cen f . . 4 7 x . : . . +
Colt 79. 91 907 Tornaicdernyde milk. Conte cts

equwme~wesn SP eee SO OD -— a eee eee nee

Q@ svon-eon not abundant; larze leather-lire curd
larser tean ments hand, roney-combed witn cavities.

v,T

Tery marked eeid odors mucous me ocbrexne nule, mes-
Qition fron cut surfece. Rumen onty about holt
Size Calves 4. end 49,

es ° .T “or x rye: a rt . 1, we «e ot. .
Calor No. bo on Tormeldehyvde milx. Only about

9
pa.

Oue-helr cura as No. y1, but having stne consistency.
Acl¢c ocor markec; mucous rembrene pele; mesenteric

ele . - . > , ot. .,. sO 4 - 4 '
jlends ebout onewhelf size those of Crilves Gu eud 4',.

i 7 i £ is ee 3 ayer ae TOV, 1 ,
alf No. $O on Formnaldehydrs «ilk, Contenrs

oo -—.— ~-

 
 

. - e wy 7 , yay m~ « 7 5 “6 a 8 - 1c
of erem: son soft; milx cura cveelier then ye; “C16
tape pee bat Vase phen Wy. 4] Meoeenterle
QC O] Yitf Loy haw 1 te eT OR ly A so 8 a wet @ a * a £ > Cc; au we Nw
: : - ; -T ee pn oo V3 04,
elenée glishtty Llerctes then Vase. pl ene be. fabeynt
epmourt of Llviioh eruartion from cut surface. PRunen
mid-way in sive betveen Yor. 4. ore Yl) mucous mem-
~ #y y y « “4 y
orene pre.
» a. . . « < 1 Nerie wy ) gery geen .
Colf “oa, 45 on eweet milk. Srell nieecs ot
C Poorece.t; eclia oc net orerkea; stow.ch neerls
curd prevent; acia scar net keds; stows.ch nerrl:

 

ciobys; mucous rembrane pale; mesenteric glands small
end ilym.

Calf Moa. Do on formplvehyce rilk., Conterts of
atanreh liguid; ccaor etror ly eciG; cura in lar ce

lumyec pad eroarncyitouch eure aceurs ir large lumps
euc roneyecomeec; mucous rauwbrnive pele ona moeen-
teric gliende smull, relatively, but contained nore

lymoh."
& study o

fee sour m1Ly

.
ay
V.

kee much more

aonetitcs, as

of the culves

in the Qdi,e¢

-~

ma lerce le

nerfect Gip:,est

stive

most completely ebsent in

f tris renort shows thot the Ives

end tre sinvle one ea sweet mil

vy -

rumen cepaeity Tris sugsects tettier

V0

wee actuel’y the cese. In the cose
+

ea

z formulaehsce, trere wee voresernt

trect a strong

tie Eextre

 trer-like curd, shich echeve v

yet

a 4 we;
velrine

ed

lon wis not place. The sour
Imtlk celves showed

“bile the oathers

The merenteria le

furetinns, viz., ¢

erg to procuce whi

tion ig rncée

elouctered,
tere "

Or ie

ed formalcekyce epperrec of cele
mes beve et Terst two importuaut
on sot ans a ralter for bhecterls e
te corzvuscles. When on exeminee-

ece oglernds ofter eniivels ere
clands moy be taken ec “"burone-
tion of the enimel. If the glands

ere giell end firs, it it evidence that the animal
bees Leen noorls novriekec., In the cece of Jorse
cleus, “A vhen cut there jis ebundcant exudation
from the cut surface, 1t is evidenec that the aui-

haa cbteen well

tion.

Mrov tre ator

is. ‘yer Vs
thi: t sly

the i

D

ES

nourished--e2 fact

bes

¢
<

lecser seins. The

#3 «2
40

c

thet aigestion wv

nouristiec

i

nid

e evicelice it may be concluced
a @ormcldehyce were not as vell
elrecey brouskt out by their

concitaon of the cure

euccects

poor while the paleness of the

mucous mrenbrone incacotes en inefficient function-
inj os the Glenes therein. ‘The size of the runen
Shows leck oF adigestive cupccity in the calves fecd
Tormelcéehyde milk, and the strongly acid ocor sue

-“

caets ¢

25 retnrds

tive enzyines,

tLor

of the fundtionse of the cives-
Sumeacry of Toate,

i, _=——_—_ = <~»S 2 @& = 2 > eee

 

Before Crrwin«: conclusions from the srecea-

= ~ a , + 7 , + s _ . Uy . ~ 4 > - ‘oy > d
ings G@ete, it is thought best tr p,roun tice im tie

i>*

 

 

 

 

I cert a eee + SOY EY OORT AER, A | an wm me i ey i ee mtn a ee
eo - ~ . fi fe 7% a
Wilk consuinea 1472. 14217 1213>° 900 °°
~~ ee Owe se F&F & Ferre arereeFeiece @ @®Fe wFeqeq@.e*e &® 8 FF wt wr wee © FEF Ff & © FF os Pr ep oreweF# wt S&S @ @& 8 & GG @ ow 4 He SH awe eB ew ow Ge: 5 ©
1 a " Nn ma
Grain concrmrecd Cer <1 3, 11i-y 371
-_ awe meme wer fF @S of © GF ow t- S' et @ ow we 8 - wees = eo ofr FF ew ew ew OF Oem am ew llc lee le hlUcelCUCelCUCe Ulm Cle le ew Ww 8 Oe eT weer e ee SS Se
“oot . od q 79 fo. tt
Moy consumed e40; oA Y; 174); OD;
=~ BP Pe BP eRe e- Cerewrwreeegese &§ferwreer-gcgtee @B we B @ BP SF & SF HS Fe | ~- occ ee ell llr Oe aeeOeeee ee keer ee lel -_

't

rr e we 4 -\ ne J NN)! ~~ /f if cod

rated Ce an 5 CU, 33/. O07 105"

oom@mmeweseeer wraeerwee @B wee@meeskt &2 Gee ef FB FT TFT ax wees Be Pears wr erFte SF ss 8 82 I RB erwee FB Frere wei eK SF oF et SF er RP Or te
7 ¢* 85 447 e a ° “ ’ ‘ fi Fr ~ pve

Avevrece vein ner czlf per week Ge ly! 9.37 Pec WO.

@_ EP eer @ ee @ wwe © & OF a SD Ow -~- owe oe es @ rr fF ew ewe ese FH FTF SP ew eS Oe he ew ewe ke hurr rT lUmrhUrPhUC OlClUcrhrThlUC Ow lUrh hh TCUCUChO Uh VhUCcrOhlUr Oh he loll eh ler ele elle le e

a . ~ ¢ ry no

rercentere goins 0 Ou re cU

= @ we wee 6. ee we ee we Oe EK Ole lO me mee eee ee ee ele he EO ee ee mm ee Oe
, 4
“, e . . x rf . . i) 27 ' r } 7 4 " } ae
3 vy Vv, f2 oe 1 O- v, 1 , . t: / Ori ‘ a,
TU i ~ 4 tc - j C i; nl - K U e Dil e i? ( e 0, e OFF
oo am ee ww eS ww ewww’. & 6c KF Ee KBP SFE NTO SE SE KF Se EF SH ww we & oe & oe 8 Oe ee we wee me ele Ce ell ee eel ee el eee
4%

Cost per hunared pounds g@ein. 44.00 64.995 CG .0f 3.35

aoweewrrt ee @eert@meeswnrwmwe ft@we We#ee @eee@®ee8 Fer, @eF @eaqgeee«es= Gee wee eFrettfeeéwFre = q® a o- ae ~-~meaeerwm ewe ee & a Ge @&

 

*Note that Celf Mo. 51 was fed ten weets.

_. Conclusions frou Experimert.

 

 

So mony fectors heve inflvenced the ;,ather-
ing of relicble date thet few nositive conclusinis
cen te drawn from this exveriment. Chief sinong
these factors were variations of breeds, ee, sex,

ena the necessery limitec number ef individuels in

tre verinoue 1 Also the removel of one coelf

\
O
Cc ‘a
°

from enehn lot ofter nan ecrereful Givision hed been

mde, ceve adventi.ces to certcin lots.
After a coreful stucy of the

this experi.cent, a conelusion th.t forme ideyde, ag

rs

£ 4

red, hed no ill effects on growth would burc

vetitiebdlte, The leccer geans, the moorer anyetites,
the smeltlles rumens, the condition oF curd enc clges-
tive trects, end t!e poorer condition of the ani-

mals rt end ef the Leecir,

5 perisc, siuow tut ill
effects fron the Deecding of the crecervetive. Howe
eve, it is believec thet most of tris wes caused
oy the error in judsse.ut in feedings the forsiolae-
hyGe an tre milk. Had the prescervirtive vee: adceo
In the correct amount at the besinnins, and thet

_

srecuelly ec in the csese of Calf No. 51, it is
velleved thet no ill effects would heve resultec.
Tre sgieings end senerel condition vy this cvelf fully
justify this conelusion. This, however, is «
Slnocle sninal, enc while it made Letter gains in
every way, it carnot be concludec that all indivi-
dusls woula be affected in like menner even though
the treatment wee the seme.

One conclusion, however, can ve celinitely crawn
from the work with these eczlves. The calves fed sour
milk did fully es well as eny in the exneriment, and
it is velieved thet sour milk, slways fea when ut
the sr::e cesree of acidity, will give us ood returns

ao sweet milk, erd tre calves ereting it will te lers
 

subject to Gaisestive Giscrcers. It wall ve roteu

Trem a preceagins table that this milk wes soured

ay

tiie Same eeech any, enc alweys ved in a lopperec co%t-
Cition,

It if evicent that forme lceehyce is a power-
ful disirn7ectent ascent, ena will, unless Yec jJudi-
clouely, procuce on etfect on the growth of the

youn @nlimel., It nust be red in the correct enounts

4

:

rPmc rust ve fed continuslly. Furthe

o —™ Vas rs = en
CONSELCETS-

5
I~

~

a)

ticn mey be Yound in finel conclusions.

 
secona uxperiirent.

 

mem -

7 + ' ~ Ue Nye c. : ve . 4 “er , fs '

In oréer to further esecertein ectual etTrects
ef sour ore fomaricek ce-trecte: mildly, © reconma ex-
. . vo ae
pevlinent was corried on curang Apral, oop one vuce,

a

weer pptifieiel bert ves not nececsur; to produce
souring of untre:tec milk.

As before, three lots were feu eveet, sour, ene
formeldehnyce-tre:tec milk respectively. corning e's
milly wee trertec in tre eve cing vith .CO747 Torusl-
Gekvee end vlscea in t’e open eir for the next

mornine'ts feed. A cen of urtreazatec s:11kK wee olecead
watr at. The latter wie in a leoopered condition sy
mornine, «nd wos fed in that cocrdition. Milk treat-
ec ine like menner in the mernin,g wos plecec in

tre sum rid oven cir to ve Ted in the evenin;. The
formeldehyce-trented milk nevez soured, end tie other
veried in its sourress with tre temperature, hunidity
of the air, etc. Ina prececin:; table mey be Yound
Gate coveving tenpercture, ucidity off i.ilk, etc.

fro: iiew tet fo Vay Cth inclusive. This showe that
the average cifferernce it eciaity of nig: t ard morn-
ing feeds of milk wes neurly 4C degrees. On the thirc
Gua, there wis a @ifference of 61 Cezsrees. The morn-
inms's feed was 39 desrees, and the evening's feed Yu
cegrees, which would meen from e slightly soured to
y lcpserea& condition. Vence, it 1s eviaent

that the sour milk fed the second lot wae much: dif-

rerent than in the first experinent, when the
wav i lt $4; 4 Toy + ae

eeigity veriedc :ut elisrktt.

A srain mixture, oS in previous experiment,
Lt a . - -4 . od : ¢ , Os, Yo ayo? “ie, +, ‘ my “pee 4 . Eo
wos fea, with <ood elfolfe hay. Data concerning

.

mounts, icy be found in an precaespenyin; table.

4

Only teo colves vere evedleble for exc lot,

%

cS

Cereful selection wee in-ce in order, if porri

+ ae Ve gs . oa - aN : NE) IR: sad ee, my.
Co make tre Lous ecuel in jirowing cenacity. The

-

tebie followirg fiver the ineivicual cherecteristics.

Individual Cherecteristices.

 

“TO. Milik. Ase. Breec, Sex. Weir t Concélitaicn BRemerks

“Vo 62"

aemes @| =F Pewee eeeqGeea@aeoereevwweenr fF Deere wvwaeagoeqeoooesBPFaeewrweeecreefF ee eenetepmewvee eaere¢c @ @ mew €+ a &

4 ~~ 4 7 7 oo . a
1. oreet el Cays drd.ole M, 115 Fine Vigorou:

> Be BS ee SS Fw ss FT OF Ge SF lew lL hl le lum hlU oo ee @& ~.. G&bOsud ool ee. rf «o- fF wee er Ce we S| FFF ae eS aS OF
ns age me rT) Ae.) : t ae 7,.4 7 LO, Ah ~, rn
Ge oweet we urd. Fere-li. Yo weir yd Oe ood.
aa eee we OF we we ween er ewer reer eed bee meme en meme me erwmuurewnrer nnn ecerrece
“ ol , rT) 4 cl ra YT “=? TT 5 *y oY yo oY
3. cour a | ' Gra.FPol. i, 114 fine Stroi.g.
mw te pe 1

weer men nenern wr wamrerncecereancre ei bivcw ewe nner wrwweesn wae we weer ee ae FF we es ee
f ce « ry rm ? . a. .¢ , ‘oat tT. : 4 > 9 we oe OU
I. Our c. " Gre .phort-M, 120 rine Weipe:z Se Lae

“Lt ey

é Orn.
= =o aw «ms ee fF mE eer & « s- fF © we = 2: ww @ a & - @ |G en B@ « am on @ ear G' a oo ew ee wr sa- —_— er oe GP as « er e- w& 88 0 aww: es Se ST 8 lo

D. ECOit co" Groa.Hol. 7. 143 Fine Strong

-

oan LCC] oO " Gre.Hot WM, O45 rair Poor Apnetive.
?

“ae emewew Fe ewer fe & oe oo ww a ww & 8 ee & © ww & & OF em oF oe Oe &@ & 8. em &@ ot w a o of oe eo @& ote low le ler ell Gl Ota Mest mw lee ee

 

The preliminery feediny was the same in all
coses., Hech individuel was sterted on the experi-
ment when three weeis ola. Chances from whole milk
to the experizventel milk vere mede ect the rete of

one-half ynound ner dey. For ineterce, Lot IIt
reo Tormulaehyce chim milk edded +t this rate, and
trie whole milk decreased until the milk retion wes
entirely forncldehyde-treztec skim milk. The anount

Of milk consumed by the indivicunts is shown in

the followins table.

“to a
ilk Conew ed.

See

 

 

 

 

 

e a °
ome Se 8 8 ow pe wes 2 o. © gg as

err mee pee Bp ee pmo pS

_—_ Wepeks
NOes wi LK Tore rye ty 17 ae a

: Sot
1 oo: Sreet: 67 UO: YG: OU: Yor Gut YS: 6: 10%
Co: Gweet: €O 1 Od: Gtr Us: Ut UE YD 3
3 0: Sour 106.5: GL. Goro nope bg ee
A $$ Sour :OL. 5h Guth Yoo Gor Gor u7: Bur Tey
Hot RCCE 291 2 9S! Gor jut Gor gor yor yu: Ie
Oo 3: PCON :G4 890: go: OF: 70: 70: Col 7e:

 

 

 

 

e-erws: e8- wf @O'@eteert eo Ff ow@em eee nmr eres & G&G eo

+. tae

 

 

 

 

Crain Consumed i: Guneecs.
DO : Do OTS

NO Tee sz: 4 3 8 6 3 7 GG er

1 9:30:35 :65: 80: 1123 1235119 5120 1136 2 gt
35:34 :60:71; 92 3 112: 116 :132;120 2115 . 4
4340 555 3604: 4 > 11430 126 21155130 5116 3 G4
9 245 3:60:75:: 106 3 120; 116.112 5106 ; 131: o9
6 3:30:45 2:50. 7Y 5 10%, 106 11D pate. » Gt

 

It will

not vary

™Oost

enc

sounts

Nn
aué

lg.
QS wv

bce notea trat

crectly.

Jeset emounts

”
On

ar
NO.

of

hey eaten cic

2ch individu:

Ior tre whole

Significance in our

Ee Ve

ena NM
grain,

nyt

>)

stud

TE)

zed ws

nerioc.

O.

mounts

6

re
very enou
rna

about

consumed

consumed

spectively

won

tO
nernce,

one

nn

sf
Nelghts by Weeks from Three Weere se.

 

 

No. Originel 3 + 3 6 7 ‘ 9
1 116 126 132 136 148 152 166 17% 165 196
o Yd 112 120 127 137 141 143 159

3 114 120, 126 141 150 160 170 157 174

4 160 We 125 126 136 144 14% 143 160

U 142 157 169 175 to 200 213 720 221 Dye
6 Oy 106 117 124 127 140 144 152 162

 

Lot 1. on Sweet Wilk erined C.cph per week ner enimel.
Lot II. “ Sour " " DSfooM r " "

Lot IlI." BFormsildelhyde * 10.35" " " "
Sune ry of Dete. |

—_P «= ee oe —_

 

 

 

 

Lot I. Tot Il. Lot IIl.

wees ere eweewxeewses BB weewwemeeeeceteee es =e wee er art Tr ew VP ee TP Se we Tr ee Pre He eT Te wre Ff wee we Fw Se ee

Milk concw: ec 1407; 17 30K 15 237%
Grin " 90: 100; Quy!
Hey " 97 141; lel#
Total Gein 141; 121, 170;
Geln ver calf oer wreck oO; 7eoe 10.37
Pereentr.e€ wnins 6)! LW O.0 14,5
Geudn ver evwt. silk Oop 70s! 11.ye
Cost ner ewt. ovoin o4d.44 6. 34 3.63

Prom the prececinz caqata, and graphs, it is
evicent that the lot consumin;; form: lcehyde-treat-
edomitk neae the greatest enc most econnwicel
seins. Treir ,~orereld enpetrence anu unnetite
ree equal to those fed sweet milk. Those fea
Milk sourec eccordin:: to veryins weather condi-
tions leckec both growth end finish.

The zreohs follecwins; were constructed from
QCete reeorded Guring experiment, and wre celf

explanztory.
a

/10
10$
/00

GS

go

8O
IF

Jo

64

bol

SF

GO

 

Gains of Individual by l/ ee Xs.

 

 

 

W
y"
ye"
we
yew
L/ U-
/ a TF
hacks 7 ° 7 -

 

 
 

  
 
  

   

mo WOK
ms
or

Tes TT Ts) os Le tl ee

ea

 

 
Gains per 780 Cos. SICK fed.

ee RG a

4

——ee wT
OAS : ON

. . oS

* \ AN,
XY

XX

70

 

 

4
a ’ a

Uy foe A

8 yo, 4
f }

Phe dos A

Yi - oe

é fr ,
fi "4

SARA

 

 

7/7).

Wp /, Yo, iw ; ‘/)
OPK Lg yf
MY) ; CL htdtld

 

 

 

Lor! LotR Lor

 

 

 
~
a
w _*

 

KWAN

, ee ,

 

TRA RN

AX

~ —_—_=<s rr
4 : .
ee . * ~ .
x . ~ : +
~

ee
.
7
>—

sees
.e

 

 

a

A

ye? .
y ,

4

f : .

; .
. f

4 4

4O bee ,
:

4 q

LteLlte

Lot! Lota. Lots.

 

 

 

G aires per /00 Zés. original Weight:

 

 

 

 
Conclueslians.

 

a

A cureful review of tie Stucs in the rore-

Srovth anc comaie

Qn

goins, and en oocrervience of the

tion of the enimeals, esteblish the follovin,

co:uclusionsie

1. Formelaehnyde rdacea to nilk in the provor-
tion of 1-1)009 inhibits the growth of Lacteriz
comnon to milk.

2. Form: loel.de cedcec to milk in the »ropor-
Lion kills ell crctevie, renaerin: the milk stevile.

3. Formaldehyde acdec to milk in the orojor-
tion of 1-15C00 hes no celeterious effect uoon the
digestibility of the mitk.

4, In the proportion of 1-150°C. forinuldetiyde
ona its ection graduelly disi.:ears from milk.
oS. Formns’eehyde does not effect the coazuli-
tion of milk by reanet until a proportion of
1-2 500 or more has been -:daed.

Oo. Formaldehyde goes not effect the coe ze
ulation of iilk by pepsin until a proportion of
1--CO0 or inmore hes veen added,

7. HormaldeltivcGe adced to nilk in the cronor-
tion of 1-1500C hes no effect uson the ection of
sie Gigestive enzyines, pancreztin, steapsin, ntyelin,
any Opsan and p<alactese.

%. Sorioldehyde in enounts sufficient to pre-

eerve milk hus no effects on the fet in the milk.
y. In the provortio: of 1-15000, formalcehyde
,

Will kees milk sveect Torty-elsht hours, often lon er,
under fuln.er conditions.

19. The becillus Suotillus group, act. tuver-
culosis end the molcs cre tie most resisten’

Oorsenismns cans.on to milk, to tre cetion or for.:tdée-

“yde,

11. Forme leenyvyae, es a oreservetive cf silk
for reecin-: dur:ases must be sddec to the retion
crecuelly, or ili results may enneer. Th

a, the etfTecte
mey vary wit the lsaivicuel.

le. Sour milk, the ecicit,y of which varies
tut littte fro. dey to dey, compares very fevor-
auly with sweet milk es es feed for calves.

13. Formealaehyde, fed in :.ilk in the vrovor-

tion of 1-i50C0, will not inhitit the growth of

youn, calves.
Ougsestions.

 

Forme laoehyde in Calf reedin..

From the work Gone this yeer, it 1s evicent
thet this nreservetive sas ce of much veiue in the
economical production of youn; @ninols. As has
Leen Geserivec in this work, forusiceryae in the
proportion of 1-15099 (1-6000 formelin) is suffi-
Clert ‘for the preservaticn of mil® for feecdin;

~

oursoses. Since formetin is the comsercial pro-
Guct, computation of correct proportion hes teen
maae With it. This pronortion mney te secured in

any cone or the following ways.

1. 2. 5Se.ec. Formalin to 33; of milk.

ce 8 7. §5c.ec. formalin to 10%) of milk.
3. Tersoronful formalin to 65# of milk.
4. ¢ parts weter end 1 pert formelin,

tecsnoonful to 20 of milk.

5. 1 liaquic ounce of formelin to 4007) milk.

This should te «added es soon as milk comes
from the separator, #nd mixed very thoroughi;. In
case of poor mixture, the formalde::yde seeris to pre-
Serve the upper portions of milk, end will allow
sourins; nest tan the can near the bottom. This pre-
fServetive stoule not induce uncleznliness on the
part of the deiryman since vy its use he can cover

up his unsanivery methods.
1O:.,

When introduced into the calf's ration, it
shoulc be done sraduelly, anc at the time the calf
ig chengin, to s6 skim milk ciet. Add one-half
ynound ner day of formeléenyce-treetec milk until
the calf is one ration of this milk, ena no ill

results will apbperr.

+)

In the case of scours in calves, tre euthor

hes used, with good success, the following: -
Add one-half ounce of formalin to 15% ounces
distilled or rein witer. Of this mixture, eda

teesnoonful for every pound of milk fed. Two or

three feeds of this should sufficiently check the

2

disease.
Biblio-reohy.

Facts about Milk. Farmer's Bulletin No. 4e.

Ward end Jaffa
Pure hilk ana the Public Nealth.19°9 pp.21&/

Milk and ite Relation to the Putlic Health. Hygienic
Leborautory, Bulletin 4+1.0.7498.1908.

Deiry Herd Record ana Creamery Notes Alabuinu Expt.
Station. Bulletin No. Vel.

C. F. Doane.
The Character of Milk during the period of heat.
Narylana wxpt. Station. Bul. No.95.

HW. A. Harding.
Notes on Sone Deiry Troucles. N.Y.Expt.Station
Bulletin 183.

C. H. Vershall.
A Populur Discussion of Pure Milk Supply.Mich.162.

Tuberculosis in reletion to snimal industry and
ec health. WN. ¥. Cornell Bul. 65.

he. L. Bolley.
Cleanliness in Handling Wilk. N.D. Expt. Station
Bulletin 21.

R. W. Clark.
Care of Milk on the Farm. Utah Ste. Bul 96.

Cottrell.
Keeping Milk in Summer. Kans. Stetion 2ul.tS.

C. F. Doane.
mconomical Methods of Improving the Keepin
Qualities of Milk. Md. Sta. Bul. &6.

R. A. Pearson
Care of Milk or the Farm. Farmer's Bulletin.63.

C. S. Plumb.
Dairy #xperiments. Ind. Station Ful. 44.

Alvore rnd Pesrson,
The ilk Supply of 200 Cities «end Tovns.,
Bur. An. Ind. Sul. 46.
C. F. Dogne
The Milk ousply of 29 Southern Cities.B.A.J.Bul. 70.
Lindsey and Smith.
Mierket Milk. Mess. Station. Bul.110.

We. A. Stockin.
Studies of Merket ifilk. Storrs Ste.Rot.1905.

IH. “os Conn,
The Reletion of Temperature “e the Keepin,;: Pro-
oerty of Milk. Storrs Sta.ful.co.

‘ 9)

. H. Ayers
The Pasteurization of Milk. Bur. An.Ind.Cir.No.1¢4.

‘A. R. Leeas.
The chemice 1 and phys tice l chenges attendant upon
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C. . rshell.
Killing the Tuvercule Pacillue in Wilk. Mi
Station Ful. 173.
wl oO. Conn.
Fermentations of Milk. Cffice Expt.Stetions
Bulletin “No. YQ.
Cleesification of Dairy Bacterise. Storrs
Sta. Mpt. 1&9.
Comparative crowth of diftTerert species of
be cteriég in normal milk. Storrs.Rpt. 19091.
A Clacsification of Dairy Facteria.Storrs 1906.

R. R. Dainwittie.
Wilk, its decomnosition end Preservation. Ark.
Ste. Bul.45.

mckles and Barnes.
ecteriolocical study of the colle-se creéinery
susnly of milk. Iowe Station Rul.59.
P. G&G. Helnmenn.
The kinds of luctiec ecid nrecuced vy lactic brcteria.
Jour. Biol. Chem. 1907.np 602-612.

O. ©. Hunziker.
Germicidal action in cow's milk. Cornell Bul.197.

L. L. Lewis.
Bacteriology of Milk. Okla.Station Bul. No. 40.

C. E. Marstiall.
Associative action of vcacteria in sourins ‘nilk.
Mich. Soecial Buls.29 and 33.

%. H. Pamnel,
Notes on Deiry Becteriolo,;.
Iowa Station Bul. 34.
“ye
f wh VA ®

Rosenau and IficCoy.
The germicidal property of milk.Jour.iied.Hesearcn.
inrch 1908.
". A. Otocking.
The so-called germicidal oroperty of milk.
otorrs Sta. ul. 37.

Roseneu end iteCoy. ©
Puplic heelth and marine hospital service.U.S.A.

Bulletin No. 41 1900.

The feedins value of skim milk. Fess. Annuta Rpta,
1654, Sy, 86, O7 and og.
4

The feeding velue of skim :nilk. Vermont 3Sta.tul.18.

The Ceo.averétive value of skim inilk and buttermilk.

“isconsin Annual Rpt. for lo6o.
The comparative feedinzs values of buttermilk and skim
milk. Mass. Annual Ruts. for 1004 and 05.

“e conparative value of sour and sweet skim milk.
Yermoant annuel rot. for legl.

Cestle and Robert
The Chemistry
Bealtth and -L

3.
,

nf Milk. Hyz. Leb. U. 5S. Puc,
Ferine Hosnital Service. Bul.Vo.41.
“he Dairy Celf at Meal Time. Wis.Bul.19e.
Skin Milk for Piss. Cornell Sta.Bul.141.
Germicidal Action of Milk. Cornell Sta.Bul.197.
Suistitutes for skin milk for calves. Cornell Bul.269.
wllk in hot weather. Oklo. Rot. Vol.2e.
Care of milk on the firm.3.A.1.Bul.63.
2D. Henry Ayers.

A study of the bacteria which survive pnuesteuri-

vation. Bur.An.Inc.%ul.1$1.

C. 8. Cochran.
Penn. Dept. of Agri. for 1299.p.277

Jovurnel American Chemical Society No. 2

T " " " pp. 109, 1906.

Iowa Station “ulletin No. B32.
Betcock ane Russell. .
Wie. Annual Report logJo.

Rpt. N.Y. @xeot. Station 1901.

oymons.

Jourm:1 Americxun Chemical Gociety 1lu97.

Rideal and Foulerton. .
Publie Health Bul. 10699.

fi ° R e Wera e
Pure Liilk and Public Health, U. or Cel.

Parrinston and Woll.
Testing Milk ena its products.

Yublow and Troy.
Questions and Answers on liilk and liilk Testing.

Ross.
Deiry Leacorutory Guide.

onyaer.
Dairy Chemistry.

Russell and Hastings.
Outlines of Duiry Becteriolosy.

Comn,
Prectical Dairy Becteriology.

Lip:nen,
Becteria in Relation to Country Life.

Tereson 2nd Wiite,

Dairy Technology.

hil che: e 1 e
market Dairying.

Van Normnen,
First Lessons in Dairying.

Lane.
The usine:s of Deirying.

"O 1 1 °
hanecbook for Suriners and Deirymen..
wilchels,

Dairy Farming

Lo &
Konrad.
Pesteurization end Milk Preseryvntion,

kelcher,
Clenn ifi Lk.

Wins. |
Milk end Its Products.

Pearson.
Jensen's Wilk Hygiene.

Oo oa -
opareo e
Common Senee and the Milk Question,

Henry.
Feeds and Feeainsg,
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By Products. 1097.
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Ali..nan,.
Wilk. Its Nature end Composition.

Winslow.
Production and Handling of Clean Mil.

Grotenfelt.
Principles of tiodern LTeiry Practice.

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Dairyman's Manual.

The Farm and the Vviry.

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U. S. Consuler Revorts.
Cattle and Dairy Farminsz--3 books.

Report Wis. Dairynents Asstn,
£ \r\r
1900 end 1997.

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Canadian Dairying.
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The Book of the Deir.

Hoard's Dairymsan.
Vol. 42 » 1027.
Vol. 31 p 976.
Vol. 31 p 1036.

Kellne

r.
the Scientific Feedins of Aniimals.

Wiley.
Foods and treir Adulteration.

mhorenev.,
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Annette,
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Yestle and Roberts.
Tie Chemistry of ilk. Bul.41 Pub. UYealweond
marine Hospital Service. 1906.

Tee ch .
Food Insnection and Anelysis. 100.
 

 

 

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ee
 

 

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Wye,

 

 
 

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