ae St rai i fF E fi cress os ae aa - r % _ enter hed = A uri 3 . : = a ork = rg : , : 5 a fe LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 2/05 p:/CIRC/DateDue.indd-p.1 | l I | ll | 22 Ill Thesis for Degree of M. Hort. 1910 THE COST OF AN ORCHARD ° S, B. HARTMAN COST OF AN CRCHARD TH2 THESIS It THESIS Submitted to the Honorable Board of Agriculture of the Michigan Agricultural College for the degree of Master of Horticulture, by we eee _— ae, a S.B,Hartman, May, 1910, of UN ee mh C5509 Iil An account of the cost and a description of the methods followed for the first five years in caring for a mixed apple and peach orchard Located at Athens, Calhoun Vounty, Michigan. IV CONTENTS Plan of Orchard, Page I List of Varieties, " 2 First Year, 1905, Fages 3S=IC Second Year, 1906, " II-18 Third Year, 1907, e =6- 19-28 Fourth Year, 1908, " 29-39 Fifth Year, 1909, " 40-50 Summary, " S1=-60 yrds POV oro ody OO OW ——) ——"| — Lt ont MO HH OM a | é~ —_. @ —_th 2S 2a Seen VeeeteeTaeenm pe Seca We a 2 & — I = aa ns _ bah yy ye heal Vt SS Lt | te eel —- qe ee Ma | (ete te) i dpe eves Vea LeLERR' Shea es See ERR Ree! Ne ae hey ee La AP eMac ae es) NASER EE yoda Lt NN ht PEE NEE Ems! pe NO hae A ee ERC EEeaE Ee Vee Wh yeti te -—_ -_ -_—_ o. —<—_ = (SOTSTIBA IOJ eed yxou seg ) Pty s pueyozo jo Asepunog _ 3883 BI = uduT %/I ‘oe 180¢ UVAON te ea a A ere | __ _— —_— _— _— _ — — —_—_ JOWIOg =--<== GuUVHOWO dO NV ‘ud Neg ee cas as ai a ma ah Row ist of Varieties by Rows. ul oO King apple and Dewey peach. Wagner apple and Dewey peach. King apple and Dewey peach. Wagner apple and St. John peach. Ming apple and =lberta peach Wagner apple and “lbperta peach, King apple and vrosby peach. wagner apple and Fitzgerald peach. Gries Golden apple and Gold Drop peach. “wealthy epple and Gold Drop peach. Grimes Golden and Kalamazoo peach. 2 Wealthy aprile and ‘ingels “amnmoth peach. Grimes Golden apple and Beers Smock peach. Wealtny apple and 5eers Smock peach, Grimes Golden apple and Marshalls “ate peach. Yealtny apple and ‘iscellaneous peach. Grimes Golden apple and Salway peach. Yealthy apple and Clapp's Favorite peam. Grimes Golden apple and Bartlett pear wealthy apple and Anjou pear. Grimes apple and Duchess pear, ° wealthy apple and Ducness pear, Grimes Golden apple (See map plan page-4-) FIRST YEAR, I905., Orchard Account, Proper. I20 Apple trees at 104 225 Peach trees at 64 Freight on trees Staking out orchard Setting trees Pruning trees Spraying, I barrel Bordeaux mixture Hoeing about trees 7 Bushels oats for cover crop at 33/ Sowing oats Digging peach borers S30 veneer tree protectorsat 60cents, wire 7 cents, freight 20 cents IS wire netting protectors at 2? cents Applying protectors Hauling three loads straw for mulching trees Total cost Corn and Potato Account, Cr.(See next page) Net cost of orchard for 1905 12.CC I5.50 1,50 2.00 I0.0C I.co 50 2.51 90 I.5C Dr. 51,56 24, 40 76.96 4 vorn and “otato Account. 3-1/2 A, Corn, 1/4 A, Potatoes: L3c5. 18 loads ilanure at 5 cents and hauling 5 Loads Ashes at SC cents and hauling Plowing, ° Jays at 92?.CC Harrowing, 3% times, 1-1/2 days fdarking for Corn and Potatoes 1/9 day Planting corn, 3/4 day Seed Corn, 1/2 bushel at Z31.CC 3ee7 Fotatoes, flantin-; and sprayinz durins season Horse veeder, twice 1/" day cultivating, 7 times, S days at 39.00 Cutting vorn, 3-1/2 a. at 51.60 Yusking corn, l6C Shocks at 6 cents Yaulinz and cribbing vorn, ° days Hauling Stalks 4 loads 1/2” day Digging and Hauling Potatoes 3CQO vrates vorn at “C cents 4 Toads of Stalks at 3°.CC $5 pusnels JTotatoes at SC cents balance, net vrorit Balance 3.CO 1.50 1. 75 ‘19,50 56.10 38C.5C 24.4C 374.40 5 First Year, _" qn LOC “Socation ani Soil. Tne orcnard, conprisiny about tnree and three fourths acres, @id selected for tne vollowing account is !'ocated at the edye of a burr oad prairie, apnout one nalr oeing on the level upland, wnile tne other hal® liss on a side hill witn a north-west exposure, which drops quite rap- idly about twenty Tecet to the ootton cf a creek valley. ine soil is a gravelly loai uiderlaid vitn 2 clay- gravel nard pan aoout one and one half feet below the Surface, and celow tnis at a distance o° tnree to four feet from the surface, clear -ravel and good building sand is Sound, The nard pan prevents excessive 1 ach- ing, and the sravel teneath s°°ords excellent drainage, so trees on tne upland never surfer from ''wet feet'', On the hillsi@e the nard pan is nearly lacking, the soil beinz= tore sandy and less fertile. Fertilizinz and “reparing the Ground. the field was a clover so’ in a rotation o”° corn wheat, and clover. About five loads of stable manure and one load of wood ashes were applied per acre during arch and plowed under during April. ‘tnree harrowings were given durins “pril and early fay, and the trees set early in Jay. Varieties and flan of Crchard. +ne orchard was to have been set cut as follows: Permanent apple trees; 6C “inz, 75 Grimes Golden, 33 feet apart. . “~iller apple trees, 56 “agner, 56 Wealthy, set in center o° squares .etween permanent trees. Peaches were used as fillers between the apple trees and alternating with them, making the rows 0” alternating peach and apple trees 18 feet apart each way Tne varieties of peaches were as follows: 45 Yewey, 15 St. John, SC ‘lberta, 15 vrosby, 15 Fitzgerald, 30 Gold Drop, 15 Kalamazoo, 15 “nge's ‘amnoth, 3C Beers Smock, 15 ‘arshall’s Tate. (See plan page}. ) Stock was ordered accordingly, out owins to a Shortage we were unable to secure the Srimes and Nealtny apvle trees, which were set the foliowing spring. The balance of the orchard was set as planned. ihe apple tree3 were first grade, two year stcck and cost 1c cents each at the nursery. The peach trees were sec- ond size and cost 6 cents each. “aying Gut the Orchard. Owing to the angling highway adjoining the farn, the rows were not laid off at right angles, but so as to mak@ tne parcllelezgrams between the trees slightly dia- mond shaped, «a lina was run at one side of the field, across each end, anc through tne center at the srow or tiie nill, and staxes set along tnem 18 Seet apart. tTnen by usins a line one way and sizhting the other the staxins was completed. 7 Planting of trees, Ci arrival, tne trees were taken frou tne vox and ''heeled'’ in a trench at the north side of a vuild- ins near the orchard. As they were taken from the trench they were root primed slightly, the broken and badly injured roots being rei:oved, the longest ones clipped back to a foot or less, and a fresh cut made at the under sid@e o” tne tip of each of the larger roots. Tne trees were then placed in a barrel of water until ready to set. The holes were dug aoout two reet in dianeter and eignteen inches deep, tne surface soil and the sub- Soil beins thrown in separate heaps. ~efore settinyv the tree enough of the rich surface soil was thrown into the hole to brings it to th? proper depth for the tree, which was usually a few inches deeper tnan it stood in the nursery, tnouzshn we planted nore deeply near the top of tne nil't, and less deeply near the base, which proved to of a govud practice vin account of soil wash- ing. The plantinz board was used to locate the tree in the hole. Cne man filled the hole using the surface soil in the bottom about the roots, while another held the tree, worked the Tine soil about tne roots with the hands, and kept the upper soil packed with the feet as the filling progressed. The heavier branche s were dares toward the soutnwest and the tree leaned slight- ly in tnat direction on account o° the prevailing southwest winds. A fev inches of loose $oll were 8 were tnrown cn the surface to cu. sbme moisture but no water was used in setting or afterward. The trees all lived during the sumner, thoush Sive peach trees died tne Tollowing winter. [ne trees were pruneaé as soon as set, most of the peach trees being cut to a whip fron two to three feet in heignt, and the apple trees headed about two ania nalr Poot crow tne grount?., It wags uiiel to laave from three to five brancnes evenly distributed about the trunx aid leaving it at dirv’erent heights to avoid weak crotches, Where the branching was poor tne tree was cut back and the head started the following scason. Cn one row of peach trees branches were left aoout a foot in lensth. “ittle difference could be noted between these and the wnipped-pruned trees after the second season, Culture, The trees were given the same culture as the corn crop grown oetween them; viz., twice over with the horse weesder and seven cultivations, in addition to one noe- ing about the trees. aA cover crop o* oats was sown between the corn the last day of July. The details and cost of the culture are given in the vorn and otato" account on page “#, 9 Fighting Tests. One Spraying with sordeaux iixture and Faris green was given in June,using four pounds of copper sul- cb ry Olia rea Teall ~@ phate to six or eiznt of line. ‘Sone of ta Proa ta2 p2acn trees snowing that the mixture was too gtronz Tor peach foliage, but tne trees were not in- jured perceptibly. uring Cetober al! the peach trees were examined ror peach borers, the soil being hoed away from the trunas and the borers betas hunted and crushed with a wire, arter which tne soil was drawn about the trees and tramped rirm, “ood veneer tree protectors were wranped as vout the trunks as a protection from mice and rabbits. Two siirall noles were vored near one edge or the protectors aoout tnree inches froin top and nottom to prevent the wires wnich were passed around tiie protector fron slip- ping off. “owever, we found that in a few instances tne wire s'inped to tne base of the tree wnere tney were dissed in renoving tne protectors and sreatly injured tne tree by girdling it. We now use cord for “ast¢ening the protectors. fTrotectors of ordinary wire netting we were used on 15 trees ani as will be seen froin the ac- count on page 2 tney cost aodout tnree tines as much 1¢ a3 the veneer and were little more durable as tney rusted out at the lower end. AJulching. As the winters in tnis section are rather severe for peach trees, wnich are quite tender when young, we thousnt to protect tne roots somewhat by mulching about the tress with strav. inree loads were used for this purpose, nostly about the peach trees. as the straw was nauled tne following sprinz to another orchard set in sod and «ept mulched, no charge is made except for tne nauling. Cost. fne cost of the orcnard proper tne first season, aside from tne cultivation which is charged to the cron of corn grown between the trees, wes 751.36. The crops of corn and potatoes grown in tne orchard cost 356. 1C and returned $80.5C, leavins a net profit of 324.4C. This deducted from 551.36, the cost of tne orchard proper, leaves 376.36 as tne net ccst of tne orchard at the end of the first season. “Eanure is charzed at °5 cents per load and the cost of hauling. Ashes at 5C cents and the cost of nauling. Tabor is charged at 31.Cc per day Sor man and 41.CC ror tean. Tne use of tools, taxes,and interest on the investment are not inc’uded in the accsunt given below, but will be ccmputed at tne end of tne fifth year. (see page ¥f } 2SCCND YZAR , I9C6. RASPRARRY ACCCUNT, 1/4A, Black and 3/4A,. Red Rasp. and Truck Between. 1906. Dr. Cr. F lowing 31.50 Harrowing, 3 times uC Jarking 20 6CC Elack iaspberry and 145C nash Alauts Red,at one cent each ** 20,9C Setting Plants 1,50 Cultivating, stimes 3, 30 Hoeing, once LCC Tayering Elack Rasp. ~6C Seed of field corn, sweet corn and veans planted vetween rows of naspberries ~ 2C Planting vorn and Leans » 46 vutting and YHuskins vorn ~ 79 Pulling and Threshing seans 20 5 Crates Pield Corn at “5 cents ol. 75 5" "© Popcorn at 75 cents 2,99 1 Bu. beans Loe Sweetcorn estinated at —_veCr pol.cc 6.00 naspberry Account, Dr. 375, 00 ly ETANS AND FOTATC L9C6 ° Plowing darrowing, 9S times ‘erking 1/3 Eu. Seed Beans at 31.5C Flanting beans lc bu. Seed Potatoes at %5 cents Flanting seed Potatoes replanting und “oeing twice Spraying Potatoes for ieetles vultivatin;, 6 times Fulling and Naulinz Jeang Digging and Hauling Potatoes fnaresning ail vleaniag ‘oans LO oa. 228an3s at »l.zo 75 =u. Fotatoes at SC cents bean and Potato Acct. Or. ACOCUBT, About 7-3/4 A, 5 55,5C "Lr. 2,25 4c vr, 512. 5¢ 37,0C 14,50 *5C. CO 13 CRUHARD AVUCUNT, PACT, L9C6. Dr, or. Pruning }» 1.CC néeuoving Straw ‘ulch fron Trees ~7S5 spraying "ine Sulphur, lt application 35 .75 ~ordeaux on apple, 1 appli. 0OC oordeaux and fraris CGreen on a Cew trees for iced nurped gaterpiller ~2C 1,45 burning srush 200 Trees to vomplete Crchard 146 apple at LL cents > 12.6C 1% Feach at S cents 295 5 jtanderd Pear at 2&4 275 4 Dwarf Feer at 15f ..6C freight on Trees ‘1.C0 15,91 Setting 145 Trees 7.006 rillins washouts on side hil! ~oC 6 bu Cats Sor cover crop at 354 #.1C Sowing Cats 040 Digging Feach Borers 1,56 Banking Soil about trees ~6C 1’C Tarred Paper Protectors at 1/vf 60 Cutting and Applying ~75 Hauling 3 loets straw tor aulching about peach trees 3 OC Total cost > 36, 41 naspberry aAcct., Or. 29.CC pean and Potato Acct. wur., net vost of Crchard for 19C6 796.91 Ret vost of Crchard for 1900 76.96 — Net cost of Crchard Jan.1l, 19C7 a7", 87 13-1/2 SECOND Y=AR 1906, Trees, In early way of 19C6 the orchard was filled out ‘as planned and as shown by the dotted lines in the de- agram on page 1. 75 Grines Golden apple trees were set out for permanent trees 36 feet apart, with 51 "ealthy as fillers in the unoccupied centers of the squares between them. The peach fillers with the ex- ception of one row of 14 trees had been set the year previous. 7 Salway peaches were set in the upper end of thes row, but the lower half which extended into rather low grcund, was considered too wet for peaches, and pears were set instead, % Standerd Eartlets and 4 dwerf Duchess. 95 peach trees that died the previous year were replaced. Ine trees wnich were the same ages and grades ag tnose set the previous spring were p’anted and pruned as described under this hea? in the account of the previcus season. (See page 6, ) “alching,. The straw hauled about the peacn trees the pre- vious fall was removed in the spring to a sod mulch or- chard, fhe Tollowing autumn three loads of fresh sStraw.were spreai about the peach trees as a root pro- tection, the account being charged with the hauling only. 14 spraying. All of tne trees were sprayed with nome nade lime- sulphur wash just as the buds were swelling. After the blossoming period, Zordeaux mixture and Paris green were applied to the apple trees, In midsummer a few apple trees were sprayed with Faris green for the red humped apple worm which was defoliating some of the small trees. Where they had just begun on a bree they were secured by picking the leaves beneath which they were clustered. A few Larvae of tussock moth and yellow necked datané were found, but not in sufficient numbers to he trouble- some, The previous year the green aphis caused the roli- aze to be dwarfod and curled to quite an extent, but tary were :mchn less trounlesome during this and the following seasons, which fact I attribute largely to tie early lime-sulphur spray. vulture. The culture was thst given the raspoerries, beans, po&atoes, and other crons grown in the orchard. The sround was plowed in lands, herrowed three and vive times before planting, and cultivated six and nine times afterw rd. Cne and two hoeings were given. Cats were sown as & cover crop July 30, but owing to dry weather made a lignt growth. 15, "“ashouts. In early June there were heavy rains which caused several bad gullies in the side hil!, in some cases washing out trees, whicn incidentally gave us an ex- cellent chance topbserve the manner of root growth in tne trees set that spring and the spring befcre. these observetions did not appear to confirm the belief thet rootlets start first from the freshly and smooth- ly cut ends of roots, but start rather indiscrimin- ately fren ang part of the root. This washing was encouréged by back furrows run- ning disgonally down hill resulting from plowing in lands betreen rows or trees. .nese were filled with straw, marsh hay, and soil, tramped hard, ‘Ye have not plowed this side hil! since, cut disked it un with a oe cutaway harrow and have been bothered less vy gullies. I have come to believe that a steep side hil! of a sandy or gravelly nature which conveys the drainage froi. any considerable area above would better be left in sot ani ulched, and similar side hills on our farn Since planted to orchards are being handled accordingly. Feach Borers and Banking Trees. The peach borers were hunted and destroyed as before with a wire, the soil being hoed away fromithe trunks a few days before searching for the borers so as to enable one to see the fré@® castings if the borer 16 were present, . hand trowel was used to scrape the gum and castinys from the trunk, and a No. 1° wire with one end bent into a handle was used to follow up the tunnel and crush the borer. The trees, both peach and apple, were then banked a few inches high and the soil tramped firm to prevent the motion of the trunk due to wind from forming inverted cone shaped cavities in the soil about the trunk into which water could run and freeze. These conditions appeared to have caused the loss of a few trees the previous winter. In filling and banking one row cf peach trees the fall before, ashes were mixed with the soil to see if it would assist in keeping out the borers. No harm re- sulted either to tne trees or to the borers. Protectors. The wood veneer and wire protectors put on the year before were not removed this season. FProtectors one root wide by 18 inches high were cut fron a fo'l of tarred paper and applied to the trees set this year. Two holes were punched near one edge to keep the wrapping twine with which they were tied from slipping down. These protectors have lasted nearly as well as the wood veneer. The comparative cost was: Veneer 2/3 cent each,wire cloth * cents, heavy tarred paper 1/2 cent and the cutting, or practically the sane as the wood veneer, 17 Raspberries. (ne fourth acre of black and 3/4 acre of red raspberries were set in the orchard the rows being six feet apart and plants set three feet in the row. This gave two full rows between the rows of trees and a broken row between the trees in the row. The black caps were Kansas and Gregz, the reds, vuthbert, with the exception of one row of Miller. The first season beans, popcorn, sweet corn and field corn were grown between the rows, the patches of corn being separated by the beans. These crops did not make a good growth, but the raspberries did fairly well though there were some vacancies. Beans and Fotatoes., The balance of the orchard was planted to beans and late potatoes, rowed vcoth ways. Three rows.of potatoes extended through the middle with a row of beans on each Side of the row of trees and one between the trees in the row, the plan being to avoié disturbing the soil near the trees in digging the potatoes. The cover crop of oats was sown in strips along the rows where the beans were planted. On account of washing on the side hill during the early sumaer, and a drought in late sume mer the potatoes and beans produced light crops. Lg vost. 1906. The acre of black and red raspberries set in the orchard this season cost $31.CO including a charge of 220.5C for the plants. The truck grown between the rows of raspberries is credited at $6.00, leaving a net cest of $25.CO for the raspberries. The crops of beans and potatoes cost $35.5C and ree turned 55C.CO, a net profit of $14.50. the cost of the orchard proper during the season, cultivation excepted, was $36.4C, including 529.91 for cost and setting of trees. Adding to this the net cost of the raspberries, »75.CG, and deducting the net profit from the beans and potatoes, gives $45.91 as tne net cost of the orchard for the season of 19C6. Adding to this $276.96, the net cost of the orchard for L3C5 gives 973.87 the net cost of the orchard Jan,1, 19- C7 at two years of age. (See account page /3). “Tabor of man and team is charged as in previous year. RASPLTRRY ACCCUNT. TA. set 19C6, 1907. | Or. Cr. 150 Flants for replacing >» 1.5C Tabor in setting 2 50 Pruning ~79 Posts to support 3 rows black raspberries, 12 cedar end posts at 16 cents, and short second hand line posts, and Labor in setting 4,17 Cne line of Wire, ,1.CC, Stringing and tying raspberries 71,50 2,50 vultivating, 14 times 5.4C Hoeing, 4 times ' 4.C5 Picking berries | 4.30 Packing and marketing 1.CC vrates and boxes 1.CS 2°92 quarts berries sold, net 319.00 calance, net loss 1967 6,0? S°5.02 3°5.0° "0 STRAW SURRY ACCCUNT. About 3/4 A, includ- ins trees. L3C7 “Yr. ur. 1? loads “fanure at ?5 cents and hauling 96.75 S loads Ashes at 5C cents and nauling SCC Plowing ~6C Harrowing, 6 times 1, ?S Jarking 229 3,CGC home grown plents at 33.50 1C.5C Setting plants 3.CO Cultivating, 19 tines 7.350 Picking buds, twice 2+ IC setting label stakes ~ Lo Hoeing, 6 times 2. 29 “ayering 7.10 Hoeing and cutting runners, twice 8.0C 7 loads Pine manure at 5C cents 3, OC Hauling manure 1,75 xaking manure from plants ~5C 2 loads coarse ;janure 290 Hauling manure ~oC Sloads ‘argh hay mulch at w1l.5c per load in stack (4,9C Hanlins and spreadins mulch 2, °C Total vost 270. 2C FOTATCSS) AND POPUCCRN 1 A. 19C7 Flowing tTlarrowing, 9 times Marking 7 wu. seed Potatoes at 3C¢ Treating seed and planting Planting Fopcorn Harrowing and wee@ing Fotatoes and fopcorn Cultivating, lCtimes Hoeing Digging and hauling 75 bu. Fotatoes Cutting,husking and hauling Popcorn 75 Bu. Potatoes at 40 cents 3C Eu. soft Popcorn at %5 cents vorn Fodder, 1 load at 32.CC palance, net profit AVCCUNT, Potatoes, "Yr. > 4.75 4.CC *,5C lL A. Fopcorn, yo ORCHARD AVCCUNT,) PXCPUR, 1907 Dr, Pruning 2 3.00 Spraying, two applications 3. IC Filling Gullies on side hill 1. 75 Replacing,and filling out KX. row. 6 Pears, 15 Peach 3.75 Hoeing aroung trees ~ 45 ? bu. Cats at 45 cents and sowing 1,.?5 Nestroying red humped apple worm 2 oo Digging borers 1.75 “eplacing protectors and banking 1.5C 5 loads Ashes about trees at gC cents and hauling 4.15 Transplanting trees from flat to side hill 2.25 Hauling 5 loads straw about peach trees 3.00 Total Cost 3°7.15 23 SUMMARY, 1907. Dr. cr. Crchard account proper cost 3» 27.15 Raspberry account, net loss 6.C? otrawberry account, net cost ~ 7G. 2C Potato and Popcorn account, net profit § 7.15 net loss on orchard, 19C7 96, 2° ~lC3.37 3103, 37 Net cost of Crchard for 1907 » 96.22 wet cost of Crchard for 19C6 — 73,87 Net cost of Crchard Jan. l, 19C8 >17¢,09 vd Frotect ees. wurin, tne previous setsun it was noticed that some of the apple trees were trouoled with wooly apnhis beneantna tus Wood and paper veneers’ puotzcters, and the bark had a rather tender, unhealthy appearance. To overcome this the protectors were removed in the spring cf 13907, and the trunks well soeked with home made lime-~ Sulphur wash so tnet it ran down avout the col’ar of the tre Seaturatinu, the oscil avout the cisili: of the roots. Cb During the following seascns the protectors were . . - ~ >, ~ rr 2 . . “~ oye ome 8 o, 2 - . ’ 3 «. q es om q + = Pe nCVEaG EG oli Gye ality YO, GLe Spree vtthe & lita ep Be, thic oe } s- & . in Wing Ta .t, faa we Levee rou coe. troubled with the wooly aphis, and the trunks have a more healthy ap- pearance, The protectors were discontinued when the reach trees were four years of age and the epple trees five. Spraying. All the trees were sprayed on !'ercn 3C with home made Lime-esulphur wash, and the apple trees egsin on June %, with sordesux .ixture and Faris green, This kept the folliase in quite nealthy contition. “be trees were emeuninsged Curran, Aupuce and septeine oer, und the leaves on which the Pod nunped apple worm wus found were picked anc burned. 25 rertilizing. "ive louas of wood ushes were scattered ubout the trees during the sumner,and five louds of ushes and nineteen of baunyurd manure were spread on avout 3/4 acre that was set to strawberries this season. Sultere. Tne cultmre was that given the crops zrown in the orchard. The raspberries receivei 14 cultivetions and four hoeinzs. The strawoerry ground was herrowed six times and the plants cultivseted 13 times und hced 7 times. (he ground planted to rotato3s and popcorn re- ceived J herrowings, 1° cultivations, one weeding and e one hoeing. Cats were sowed as © cever crop in early AuxUSE,. Prunin;s, ‘“Tulching, Lorers, etc. Tne apple trees were pruned in “arch rather lLight- ly, and the peacn trees quite heavily, the aim being to rai2 them low neaded and stocky. The mulch about the peacn trees was removed in the spring and placed about apple trees in a sod mulch orchard, and five loads of straw were used in mulch- ing the peach trees the following autumn, reach borers were removed in early fall as before, and the trees banked slightly. 26 transplanting and Replacing Trees. In laying out the origine! orcnard, the nofth side was nade parallel to the south one, although this srought avout 1/4 acre of the northwest corner on quite Low ground, =:y the end of the third season most cP? the peucn trees on this corner had died, and tna pear trees with which they had been replaced and the apple trees were not doing wall, so the 75 that re- mained were renoved in the fall of 19C7 and set on an adjoining hill, which was left in sod and the trees mulehed. (See plan page /. ). Tnis experience demon- strated to ny mind tne impracticability of attempting to grow fruit trees on low,wet ground. Cne apple, six pear and thirteen peach trees were used in replacexents, and in filling out part of the north row in the spring of 1367. raspberries. Cne hundred fifty plants were used in replacing the acre of raspberries set in the orchard the previous year, Fosts were set and a wire stretcned to support tne toree full rows of blacks, while the two orokon rows between the trees were pruned to be self support- ing. Tne cost of these supports is considerable as snown by tne account on page /7 and I doubt if it would pay to follov tnis method on a large scale, al- thoush more berries were obtained from the hil’s thus Supported, and less hoeing was require, es close cul- 27 ture was possible, Mowever, hitl culture with culti- vation botn ways would off set the latter advantage. Strawberries. About 7/4 acre of strawberries was set in the orchard in tne spring og 1907, chiefly of the “are field, Dunlap, Clyde, Brandywine, Aroma and Glen ‘Vary © vérieties. Four rows were set for fruit between each row of trees, the rows being thirty inches apart. In July and August the two center rows were layered into Sinzle hedge rows and the two outer ones into double hedge rows. The sinzle row set between the trees was allowed to form a wide inatted row from which to secure plants for next season's setting ani for sale. Fotatoes and Fopcorn. [ne balance of the orchard was plowed early, and kent harrowed until the middle of June, when potatoes and pepcorn were planted, about an acre of each. Drouth and frost injured these crops, the unusually early frost rendering the popcorn unfit fo anytning but feed, 28 cost. [The acre of raspberries cost 3°5.C? for the seae gon, and returned 319.CC, leaving a net cost of $36.C%. (See page/7-for detaile@ account). Tne 3/4 acre of strawberries cost 370.9C. (See account page x), The acre each of potatoes and beans cost 353°,%5, and returned 339.50, giving a net profit of $7.15. vy ° a =-_ (See account page +--}, fne cost of the orchard proper for the season was 927.15. Adding 36.C® for the net cost of the raspbere berriss, and S70. 2C ror the strawberries, and deducting ~7.15 for tne profit on tne potatoes and popcorn, gives 596.7", the net cost cf the orchard for the sea- son of 13C7. Adding to tnis 373.87 tne net cost or tne orchard at the close of 1906, gives 3170.C9 as tne net cost of tne orchard at the clos3s of the third season, 19C7. (See page ae SarRmery. Nabor for this and tne following years is charged at 51.5C per day for jan and 31.CC for tean, og FCURTH YAR, 19C8, nAsSPsIARY ACCOUNT, 138. 8 loads wood ashes at 5C cents Hauling ashes 1C loads manure at 75 cents MNauling manure wutting old canes Top wire for supporting blacks Stretcning and fastening wire Tying up blacks Pruning blacks and reds nemoving prunings 15CG plants sold, 315.CC; less digging, v2.5C vultivating, 8 times Hoeing, blacks 4 times, reds once Spraying, blacks twice, bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead vlipping canes and cutting sprouts Two 3u. oats at 45 cents and sowing Picking and packing,crates and boxes 5°4 qts. voerries sola,ve! Total balance net Frofit A, A 3 Dr, 4.CC get 19C6. Or. 1°. 5C 67, 2C poe, BU ?7.4C 279. 7C “p79. 7C p27. 4C =O STAT sduty ACUCUNT, 1908 avenovins mulch from plants Adjusting mulch after wingd Plants for self from patch,4,75C at 5%.CC per thcusand Plants sold, ?,(CO at 33.5C per tnousand Digging and trimming plants Pulling weeds Picking and packing Ctner labor in harvesting and marketing Use of crates and baskets verries sold MWowinz vines, raking and haulin:s mulch Sultivating 3 times and hand raking rows Hoeing out rows 1° loads manure and hauling Raking dirt and manure from rows Cultivating, six tines Hoeing, twice cuttinz runners 4 loads of straw for mulch at 1)1.cCO Hauling and spreading mulch Total Net Profit,19C38 Or. en “ en L.9C °9°,4C 9.80 6.40 4.9C 3/4 A. set 1907. ur, 14.75 7.00 11°C, 40 3141.65 08,9 3 f STAAVEURAY ACUCUNT. 1-3/4 A. set 19C8. Dr. ur. Lacs Twentyone laads manure at °5 cents and hauling 2 9.75 “Cur loads wood ashes at SC cents and hauling 3. OC Harrowing with cutaway So times 3.00 Harrowing with spring tooth and Spike tooth 4 tines 1.75 “arking 2 25 4750 plants at 3C cents 14, 25 setting plants 3.75 Picking buds, twice 1.75 vultivating, 18 times LL. CS Hoeing, 4 times 13.5C Tayering runners 9.9C vutting runners 3.45 Five loads imarsh hay mulch at $1.5C 7.50 Hauling and spreading 4.CC cost for 19C8 %$87.0C CXCHARD ACCOUNT, PRCPIR, 1908 Dr. ur. Fruning y 4.55 removing straw mulch from arcund trees 1. 75 renoving tree protectors » 40 frees for fillins out %. %. corner 5,36 Setting trees SC Hoeing about trees | .5C Spraying Teach trees and Apple trees, one application oF lime-sulphur and two of bordeaus-arsenate 11.73 ‘lowing and hauling hay in XN. =. cor. ~ 75 1/2 ton hay at 35.CO > 2,50 Diszing and burning 3¢ Yellows trees 2, 29 Cne s5u. peaches, net 1.5C Digging borers in peach trees 1,50 banking trees 1,°5 Putting on protectors 1.00 Total pl. 84 04.00 Net cost for 19C8 27.84 33 SUMMARY, 1908, _ Dr. vr, Crchard account proper cost p°7.84 raspberry account, net profit 2°7,40 Strawberry account, first patch, net profit : 08.75 Strawberry account, second patch cost 87,00 »114.84 385,65 Net cost of orchard for 1908 9,19 Net cost of orchard at close of 137 17¢.CQ9 net cost of orcnardf or 13C8 29.19 ket cost of orchard Jan, 1, 19C9 ~l99. 28 34 Additional Flantings and Replacements. 19¢c8. ag stated under this head in the 19C7 account the rem&ining trees in a low corner of the orchard which were not doing well were transp!’anted in the fall of trat year to a side nill adjoining the orchard at the northeast, che following spring this addition was filled out usinz Urimes Golden as perinanent, and “ealthy as riller apples, ani substituting Lartlett, clapps favorite, Anjou anc Duchess pears for the peach fillers. (See plan page 1.) In ell, ?? trees were set in this corner in addition to the °6 transplanted from tne low portion the previous fall. Tnis addition con- prised asout one-fourth acre, nezirly the same amount ef of space as was cut orf from the criginal orchard. thirteen peach trees were used in filling va- cancies in the original orcneérd. “ulching. Tne straw which had been placed about the trees the previous autumn was removed from the part of the orch- ard not in straycerries and used as a mulch about trees set in sod. Arter this season the trees were not mulched except in the strawberry plantations where @ mulch wes spread over all the ground in December and left until renewing the plantation after fruiting, at which time a part of it was placed about the trees. mo rruning. All trees were pruned a3 before in “‘srch, the peacn trees quite severely, the apple trees sess so, the latter being headed back about one-fourth of the new growth, ani tnick or crossing branches removed. opraying. Cn April lLéth, two and one nalf barrels of home made lLlime-sulpnur wash were applied to the orchard with a hand pump, the wind being southerly. Onlthe °Cth three barrels more were put on with a north wind. The buds wereSwollen but not yet opened. Cn ‘Jay ?7th and on August 7th each , a barrel of Bordeaux-arsenate was applied to the apple tree s, the formula being * pounds arsenate of lead, 4 pounds blue vitriol, 5 to 1¢ pounds ground lime, and SC gallons water. Practically no scale could be found during the season, and insect pests did little damage. The lime- Sulphur appeared to hold the scale and aphis in check, and the August spraying prevented any seious danage by tne summer pests such as the red humped apple worm. There was almost no peach leaf curl, and very lit- tle apple scab present during the seaso n. 36 Culture. tne culture given the orchard during the season was tnat given the crops of raspberries and strawberries grown in it, with the exception of the corner added at the north-east which was left in sod and mulched with straw and manure about the trees. The grass was cut in July and used for hay. Yellows. During this season the Yellows first made its ap- pearance in this orchard, the disease probably coming from neighboring orchards. There being fruit on but few of the trees, and the foliage not showing the disease in its early stages, the only indication of the dis- ease was the pale shoots with narrow leaves which began to start from tne large branches of these trees in midsummer. all trees showing this sign of infection during the season, about thirty in all, were dug out and burned at once, Feach crop. A part of the trees had a few peaches on this season, enough for home use and a bushel for sale. A few of the “agner apple trees produced a few blos- soms, but no fruit. “7 scrers, Banking and Frotectors. borers were dug from the peach trees as before, the trees banked slightly, and the protectors that had been removed the previous spring again placed about the trunks in the fall. raspberries. During the winter and spring eight loads or wood ashes and ten of fine manure were applied to the raspberry rows, using a spreader where possible, and thus the trees were indirectly fertilized. A second wire was fastened to the posts set the previous season to support the blacks. “ieht cultivations were given; the reds received one hoeing, and the blacks four, Cats were sown between the rows at the last cultivationin August, but did not make luxuriant growth, the blacks were sprayed twice during the season with bordeaux-arsenate. About 1,5CC plants and 5°4 quarts of berries were sold froin the patch. ( See account page ot -.) Strawberries. During April tne mulch applied to the patch set the previous season was parted over the rows, and the weeds which case tnrouzhn it were pulled during “way and June, 38 Approxinately 6,75¢G rlants were duz from the patch, and #lCC quarts of berries sold. After fruiting the vines were mowed, the mulch raxed off, and ths rows cleaned out with the culti- vi.tor and hoe, and given clean culture the balance of the season. In December a mulch of wheat straw was spread over the plants. (See account page 30. .) ne balance of tne cultivated yortion of the orcharg, comprising aoout 1-3/4 acres was set to strawberries in the sprinz of 19C8. Iwenty-one loads of manure and four of wood ashes had been applied, and the ground mwas thoroughly disked and harrowed. As the peachtrees had attained considerable size much of the ground near them could not be utilized. ahnree rows o: plants were set three fset apart be- tweenbach two rows of trees with plants three feet in the row and Layered into double hedge rows for fruit. petween the trees in the row three snort rows were set eighteen inches apart, these being cultivated the nerrow way with a hand cultiv:tor until July when they were allowed to forin matted beds for plants. ‘uch of the soil in this portion of the orcnard is rather light, being on a side hill, and subject to considerable weshins. 4,75C plants were set, burs kent picked, cultiva- ted eighteen ties, noed four times, early ruimers 32 Yaysred and later ones cut, and five lcacs of marsh - fo, nay mulen put on in December, (>5>ee account page BL.) vost. Tne acre of raspberries cost 359.7 ani returned 373.7C, leaving a net profit of 3°7.4C. The 3/4 acre of strawberries set in 13C7 cost during the year 383.40, and returned $141.65, giving a net profit of $58.25. The 1-3/4 acres cf strawberries set in the spring of the present season cost 387.CO during the season. the orchard proper cest 331.84, with a credit of o4.0C for 1/2 ton hay and 1 #u. peaches, leaving a net cost of 327.84. combining the above figures we have a net cost of the orchard for 19C8 of %°9.19, which ecded to 17C.Ca, the net cost of the orchard at tne end of 13C7, gives 5199.28 as the net cost of the orchard at the end of the fcurth season, 139C8. 40 FIFTH YEAR, I19C9., RASPoERRY ACCCUNT, 1 A. set 1906, 1909 Dr. or. Cutting old canes > 3.05 Pruning and tying blacks 2.00 Pruning reds 1. 75 Signteen hundred plants sold, ,18.c0C, less diggings and packing 5°.5C¢ ple es Suncning ml) ouraiins pruiscss Pease vuitivatins, 7 £1183 Boo Osi PFs ons, oasis ois? 6.79 “ayering part of blacks ~ 75 spraying blacks oncg, ” bol. appli- cation forde:ux and arsenate leed +*.5C Ficking 49.52 crates and boxes 12, CO Facking and markéting 16.CC 1,600 qts. berries sola,nel 185.91 rotal 798.72 eoCd. 71 Net Frofit, l9C3 crop 3109.49 Lyc3 41 STRAVECRAY AVCOUNT., poth natches nuemcving. mulch from rows Adjusting imulch Pulling wee@s and spudding dock 17,CCO plants for setting, and hlands sold at 5C cents per hundred "eabor in digging and trimming Picking Cther labor in harvesting and marketing urates, 4,7CC querts verries sold, baskets, etc., net wowing vines Raking and hauling old mutch Plowing, harrowing and cultivating out rows vultivating, Hiccing, six times three times "ive toads manure and hauling Vulen, at o. o rd nay, Straw at »y?.CC 1/2 loads new marsh hay °,.CC, 2? loats old marsh (gratis;, ani 5 loads Hauling and spreading Total Net Profit for 19C9 or, 3. 4.00 31, 0C 439.50 °C. CO 13, OC 4.8C 4.79 79.C9 9,9C 15. 0C 6. 6C S19C. 45 and 1908,2-1/? A. SLL.CO 3396.C5 $205. 6C 42 JU 2 oa Cr HARD ASUCUST,PACPIR, - cr 1969 Pruning Removing protectors weplacing trees, & apple at 15 cents, 3° peach at 1C cents Spraying, all trees with Lime- Sulphur, epple trees vith ELordeaux-arsenate Mowins, raking and hauling hay from N. ©, corner Cne helf load of hay at 56.CC Two loads :wanure mulch about soi trees M. %. corner Tninning peaches Nisgine and burning 45 Yellows trees Digging borers from peach trees Putting protectors around snallest trees Picking and packing peacnes Baskets Peaches sold,ld0 3 crop, about JOC bu. Total Net Frefit, laco Or. ~ 6.75 ~3C 5. 20 17. C0 1.56 1.CO 36,00 3%, 00 3107.50 471,93 3474, 2% 766.73 43 SUMMARY, L9CQ9, or. or. Crchard Account, proper $107.50 $474.93 Raspberry Account, net profit 10°, 49 Strawberry Acccunt, net prorit 709,60 Total 3107.50 978°,3° 1909, net profit on Crchard 5674, 8° Net profit on orchard, 1909 9674, &° wf het loss on orchard,, lgce_ L199, 28 Net profit on orchard Jan. 1, VIC 9475, 44 44 Fruning. 13Ca. The trees were not pruned es heavily as they were tne previous season, the intention being to induce a bearing habit in the pexech trees, which had made a vig- crous growth cf wood and were now old enough to bear a good crop. aA few trees were pruned more severely, and a few left unpruned. As nearly all the trees bore a heavy cron little difference was noted except that tne pruning reduced the bearing surface and lessened th e labor of thinning. Replacing Trees, A few apple trees had died from girdling.by the dy- inz of. fhe bark just aoove the ground for a distance of about six inches. This was probably due to a disease dnown as “collar rote certain varieties, dncluding the Grimes Golden,being especially subject to the @isease. nrenolacements were set where the peach trees had been removed on account of the Yellows the previous season, The replacements ror 19C2? included five apple and thirty-two peach trees, 45 Frotectors and Culture, The protectors were removed berore spraying in the spring and replaced only on trees four gears old and tke less. ve found no damage done to tre trees the follow- ing winter by nice or rabbits except the cutting of sce of the small lower branches by the latter when the Snow was deep. The culture given the trees was the same as during the previous season. Spraying. Two applications of home made lLime-sulphur were given as on the previous year, one April 1lCth, with a north wind, using two and one-half barrels, apvplied with & power sprayer, and one on April 1l4tn, using two bar- rels, the wind being south easterly. The formula was LS pounds sulphur, ”%5 pounds tiie, and 5C gallons of water. Cn fay ?8th the apple and pear trees were sprayed with Bordeaux-éersenate, using three pounds arsenate of lead, three pounds blue vitriol and five to eight of line to fifty gallons of water. The trees appeared more free from insect pests and fungous diseases than on previous seasons. The 46 onjy pest being the grasshoppers which ate some of the foliage from the trees in sod late in the season, but did no serious damage. Thinning Peaches. The peaches were thinned during the strawberry season the intention being to get them about six in- ches apart, but the work was done by hired help and this ideal was not reached, the crop on many trees be- ing altogether too thick. I believe this is almost invériably the case when one is thinning for the first time as it is not easy for a novice to estimate the anount tne fruit left will make when it shall have reached maturity. The Peach vrop. Nearly all tne varieties produced a full crop, especially the =lbertas, Kalamazoos, Crosby's, and Gold Drops. The Smocks, Pitzgeralds, and St. Johns were a medium crop. Forty-five trees purchased for Dew-~ eys proved tc be a lite white peach, ani the nursery is to replace thei this season, (131C.) Tnis, however, is small compensation for the loss caused by tne mis- take, which cuts down the receipts fcr the one crop by at least one hundred dollars, aside fron the five years labor on worthless trees. About 3CC oushels were sold, the majority netting 47 ~l.50 per bushel on the home market. The select grade orought 3%.CC and a few culls 31.CO ‘fost of the busnel baskets were sold direct to local consumers, and the fifth bushels to the trade through local grocers at 35cents and 46 cents. Yellows. The Yellows continued to spread notwithstanding the precaution tc remove all trees affected the previous season. 98.95 $905.60 rrofit on strawberries 5106.65 Ci CHART ASSCUNT PAC Year, 13¢5 cost (Aside from cultivation) 3 51,36 1906 rs “ ws es 4 19C7 " x " + “ 1908 " “ " a « 19C9 Froerit * " ‘" " balance Net Profit Note-Ilt will be noted that the orchard account prcper is more "Fr, ur, 36.41 27,15 27.84 3766.73 314°, 76 7766.73 93,97 1223.97 net profit from the than surficient to meet the added cost of cultivation if no catch crops had been grown, Cronard and crepes crown gperealn Por eu leas, LCG. £. CLE ey ey sles wr, ul, 19C5-7 Farm crops > 46.C5 LQC6-9 Raspberries 98.87 1907=@9 strawberries 106.85 1905-9 Crchard Yroper,(aside from cult.) 2°3,97 Balance 3475, 54 3475.54 nét prorit on orchard, 5 years %475,.54 Bb. Summary by Years. 139C5 Crchard Account net loss » ?6.96 lyc6 Oo" nom " " “ 468.91 1307 0 noo” “ " . 396,9° Lacs " 4 “ a " °9.19 1909” Hom profil 3674.82 Balancefrorit 475,54 Total 5674.82 3674,8° Net Profit 5 years 3475, 54 o4 and taxes Ih Paras TAcNn CAPITA’T, INViST=N, Interrst Real “state. 3-3/4 Acres land at 31CC.CC per A. 4375.00 Interest on 3375.CC for 5 yrs. Tages on ?/3 of 3375,CC for 5 yrs Tools. uStimated value of tools used includ- ing plows, harrow, sprayer, ma- nure spreader, cultivators, noes, pruners, etc., °CO.CC 1/4 of value ( 1/4 of use in the orchard under consideration) 5C.CO Deterioration of tools for 5 yrs. average life of tools esti- mated at 10 years Interest on investment in tools for Oo years Taxes on °/% value of tools used (»33,34) at ™% for 5 years - Trees, Crops and ‘.abor. Interest on net cost of.orchard for 19C5 ~°6.96 for 4 years Interest on net cost of orcnard for 19C6 946.91 for 3 years Interest on net cost of orchard for 1967 ~96.°? for. ? years Interest on net cost of orchard for 19C8 9?9.19 for 1 year Total interest on invest:zrent for 5 yrs. at 6%,taxes % ©5.00 6,48 8.48 11,55 1.75 SCL, 55 Note-interest pail on average working capital of ~a0.CG for six months eacn season is offset by interest On net returns of 19039 crop from harvest season until January 1, 191C. OO FINA’. SU‘WMARY, wet profits frou orchard account Total interest and taxes @n investment Net profit on investment Jan. 1, L39LC at end of Sth season, aoove interest, taxes, and use of tools Inventory of Crchard and vrors Therein, 7 January 1, 1910. 1139 Apple trees, 5 years of age, at 7°.50 126 " A 4 " " " 4 69,00 l " n 3 wl " " 4 -1,5C 117 Peacn " o “ " + " 8,50 9 i “ 3 4 " . " 1.50 2 " " 2 4 " " v1.00 3C “ wot “ “ “ “ ~90 6 Pear " 3 " " “ he 1.5C 21 " 4 9 eo LOO Total values of trees lL Acre Raspberries at 350.00 e-1/? Acres Strawberries at $5C.CC Total Inventory accrued Profits, Jan. 1, la1C, “stimated value, includiny net receipts, of orchard Jan- uary 1, 1910, 3475, 54 PCG1,59 3997.50 25°, CO 1,50 [99,50 13, 5C °,.C0 15.CC 9.00 1,00 9904.00 90, CO 1°5,CC S1O79.C0 | 273.99 51359, 99 5 ee, aE SUMMARY, Summary by Crops. rne farm crops grown in the orchard during the first tnree yesers returned a net profit of 346.C5. (See account page -4/,;. Tne raspberries gave a net profit of 398.87. \see account page od, The strawberries returned a profit of ~lC6.95. (See account page $1_,) The orchard account proper, aside from cost of cultivation, pave anet profit of 3°°3797. (See ace count page Ad, ) Combining the above figures we get a net profit on the orchard at the end of the fifth season of $475.54, (See account page 53, | Summary by Years. The orchard gave a profit or loss for each year as follows: L3C5, 3»°6.96 Loss; 13906, 346.91 loss; 19C7, »96.22 loss; 19C8, $79.13 Loss; 19C3, 3674.8° profit; or a net profit of 3475.54 for the five years. (See account page 3, 57 Interest and Taxes on vapital Invested. Interest at 67%, Taxes at %%. neal "state. a fair valuation of the land with a proportionate Share of the buildings and improve nents on the farm is »l0C.0C per acre, or 3375.CC for the 3-3/4 acres occupied by the orchard. The interest for five years at 6% on this invest- ment is 311°9.5C. As tne land lies within the corporate limits of a village the taxes are avo.t ™ ona two- thirds valuation, or ,°5.CC for the five years. (See account page SA, ; Tools. Tne estimated value cf tne tools used in doing the work in tne orchard including plow, harrow, ma- nure spreader, sprayer, cultivators, hoes, pruners, etc, is 5200.CO. “As these tools are used in other orchards and fields, we will allow one-fourth of this value, cr 450.00, as a proportionate share for this orchard. The average life of these tools snould be at leest ten years, which gives one ha’? of 35C.CO, or 5"5.CL, as the deterioration in tne value of the tools used in five years, Adding to this amount the interest on the %5C.CC invested in tools for five years, or 37,5CG, and the taxes on two-thirds of their value,,3.%3, we have 35.63 -_— 08 ror the deterioration cof tools and the interest and taxes on the capital invested in them. (See account page LT, ) (The rental of 5C cents per day charged for the use of a horse in the accounts is intedded to pay the interest and taxes on the investment in the animal, his feed, and the deterioration in value of the animal; which it will just about do. The manure will offset the care.) Trees, cCrops,and ‘.abor. The interest on the net cost of the orchard in 19C6,326.91, for four years, 19065 to 19C9, is 76.48; in 1906($46.91) Sor three years 38.44; in 19C7, (396.9%) for two years, 311.55; in 1908,(329.19) for one year, 31.75, or a total of $98.99. (See account page off.) Tne interest on an average working capital of 390.CC for six months each season, or until the returns from the seasons’ crops are received, is cffset by the interest received on the net return¢gs of the 1909 crop from the harvest season until January 1, LYLC, So no account is made of either iten., og Summary of Interest and Taxes on Investment. she interest and taxes on the investment in real estate is 5157.50, The interest and taxes on the investment in tools and lessened value of sane, is }35.83., the interest on the investinent in trees, crops, and labor is %°8. 22, (No taxes on trees) Combining the figures above we have a total! for the deterioration of tools used, and the interest and taxes on the investment of $°C1.55. (See account page 2a Final Summary. Yeducting 37C1.55, the interest and taxes on the investment, and lessened value of tools used, from 475.54, tne net profit as shown by the orchard accounts, gives a final net profit for the orchard, above inter- est at 6% and taxes at £% on the investment, of 6C INVeENTCRY, Showing “stimated Present ‘orth of Crchard. If we allow fifty cents per year as the value of a tree, the present worth of the trees as com- puted in the inventory on page Jo. igs >904.C0 If we allow 350.CO per acre for the crops of raspberries and strawberries growing in the orchard, the present worth of these crops is 51°5.0C, which brings the total estimated value of the orchard up to 31C79.CO. Adding to this the ac crued profits on the orche- aré January lt, 191C0,(327%.99) we have $1357.99 as the estimated present value of the orchard, and the net receipts therefrom in excess of interest and taxes on the investment.