a — ee nantes Ree eis 7 TERS ee SOME OBSERVATIONS Us ae ae na ans | | | Chat) Coe) | eae } ae Ot LiO LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 5/08 K:/Proj/Acc&Pres/CIRC/DateDue indd PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE JUL 3g 2CU9 6/07 p:/CIRC/DateDue.indd-p.1 —— inn — THESIS. * KK ke OK kK OK KK Kk Ok OK OK OK Some Observations on the Flow of Water. a ee ee. For Degree of Civil Engineer Shea, Herr £6: 1912. THESIS a Some Observations on the Flow of ‘Yater. Table of Contents. Introduction. Conditons under which data was obtained _ Units of Measurement _ Description and Accuracy of Current Meter Work and Miscellaneous Data Deducted Therefron |: Method of Determining Accuracy _ The Two Paved Seotions _ The Rating Curves for the Paved Sections _ Exponential Formula for Discharge of Ralston Paved Section _ =a7-- =, = °°; 9S USSU SU elUlUllC Coefficient of Discharge of the Ralston Headgates — The Garland Canal Drops’ _ The Bitter Creek Station _ A Cheok as a Weir _ The Alkali Creek Flume _ Description and Acouracy of Weir Measurements, Type of Weir Used, and Discussion of Formulae _ Comparison of Srrors -— | |_| Discussion of Gages _ Effeot of Silt _ ~— . 2. 1] ww Nw nk Length of Apron for Weirs _ The Ten Day Reporte. The Ten Day Reports _ The Source of Water Supply _ ~— —~ . 2... Corbett Tunnel Intake to Garland Canal Intake _ Garland Canal Intake to Ralston Headgates _ Garland Canal below Ralston Headgates _ 38062 wo I In or on ao &-& -& WN WN © co © © Oo SN Some Observations on the Flow of ater. Table of Contents, Continued. Laterals and Distributaries oo -— = | ~_ _ _10 Farmers Individual Ditches = —= —= = | | | ~_ 10 Conclusion _ _ ~— |. | Ww NN NCC Evaporation. Object _ w sl se se a a a “Nn a stim Apparatus =§ —=§ . |— |. |. ~. ~ ~_ ~ . til Data = =—s i “ew sl se ee eee Nee Nee Nee “NaN NN Ni aan The Fluctuations of the Ground Water Level. The Necessity for its Study eo = = = . . . 2 Aotion of the Ground Water __ ~— . . 2. 2. . _ il THe Remedy - se “wl sc le Ne Ne Ne “Ne ‘“eii‘“esi‘(‘éStiztd Method of Studying the Ground Water —_ 13 The Duty of Water. Definition _ 14 Conditions Affecting the Design of Ditches _ 14 Actual Duty, Season of 1911, Shoshone Project _ _ 15 Some Observations on the Flow of \/ater. Table of Contents, Continued. Laterals and Distributaries =o = = | |_— _ _10 Farmers Individual Ditches = —= — = ~— | _ 10 Conclusion = =... |. |. |. . ~~ ~ _ 10 Evaporation. Objecée = . |. |. . . . . ~~. . . 10 Apparatus = i ee ee sees ssa es a ne ei ei “esi a “w*ststi‘iéiéad:i Data “i sel se see eee see ee see see eee eseese—eeti—esiddL The Fluctuations of the Ground Water Level. The Necessity for its Study - -= = . ._.. 16 Aotion of the Ground Water =—s_—«| — . . . _ 1 THe Remedy = “wl Cc wl nl Nl NC Ne Ne “eC ‘“tCaiSRlt (ai‘zmB Method of Studying the Ground Water = = — — _ 13 The Duty of Water. Definition —_ 14 Conditions Affecting the Design of Ditches 14 Actual Duty, Season of 1911, Shoshone Project j= 15 Some Observations on the Flow of ‘Jater. List of Maps and Drawings. General map Showing Location of Projeot, and area developed to date —_ 1 General map Showing Location of Canals No. NO. No. NO. 06 No. No. NO. HO~. No. No. No, iO. NO. lio. NO. and Laterals _ — | eee A, Acouracy of Current Meter Work _ B. Discharge of Ralston Paved Sedtion _ 1270, Cable Gaging Station = 6 ss | W-3097, Ratings on Garland Canal Paved Sections GC. Flow of Water in Canals (Exponential Formula) D. Coefficient of Ralston Headgates _ H. Errors due to Velocity of Approach _ &. Discharge of Check as Weir _ mm oa NUN DBD KF KF KY F&F FF o 5202. Discharge of Alkali Creek Flume _ 2316. Comparison of Errors in Connection with Veirs _ S-3676. Stilling Box for Weirs _ F. Test on Silted up Veir _ G. Length of Apron for Veirs and Drops _ 1294.20, Ten Day Reports _ VN vr oOo @m @O® O Cd-286, Discharge of Corbett Dam _ 2322, Vater Delivered to Farms, 1911 _ 14 © so RR fF OG © so ff ® Q No. No. No. Yo. No. TO. No. No, Wo. vO. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Some Observations on the Flow of ‘iater. List of Photographs. ., Rating Station, Garland Canal, Sta. 564 _ » rating Garland Canal, Sta. 295 _ > Corbett Paved Section _ , ralston Paved Seotion _ 1 2 3 4 5, Gate Seats in Ralston Headgates _ 6, Ralston Structure _ — 2 Dk 7, Garland Canal Drops as Weirs _ 8, Drop, Garland Canal, Sta. 843 _ 9, Bitter Creek (01d) Station _ 10, Bitter Creek Weir _ 11, Bitter Creek Weir _ lz, Zight-B cheok as Vieir _ 13, Check in Frannie Canal _ 14, Alkali Creek Flume _ 15, 20 ft. Cippoletti Weir _ 16, 10 ft. Cippoletti Weir 17, Test Weir (For Sffecot of Silt) _ 18, Shoshone Dam _ 19, Corbett Dam _ £0, Evaporation Pan _ £1, Weather Bureau _ £2, Evaporation Pan in Ralston Reservoir _ IY nna rh PB VQ A aA ww YW WY WY KY KY FP cove Wo Fe FSF ® oocUCWmlC WlhlC PBDmUUChOmUCOFOhClCOCCOULUCUCUh)!hUwM]}! oo © © Some Observations on the Flow of Water Introduction. It was the writers privilage during the irrigating sea- son of 1911, to be at the head of the Hydrographio Depart- ment of the Shoshone Project, Wyoming. This department was not organized on the Shoshone Projeoct until the season of 1911. At that time two paved sections had been installed in the main canal, but beyond this there was nothing bequeathed to this new department from any previous organization. Rating curves were determined and weirs were installed after the beginning of the season. The following maps, the one showing the general location of the Project, and the other the location of the canals as at present completed, are inserted here for reference in the pages that follow. The second feet is the unit uséd to denote rate of flow, it, as its name implies means one oubio foot per second. Quantities of water are expressea in terms of Acre feet. One acre foot is 45560 oubic feet, or the amount nedessary to cover one aore, one foot deep. . One second foot flowing for 24 hours, equals 1.98 acre feet, For rough salculations, one second feet is taken as two ache ‘per day. Description and Accuracy of Current Meter Work, and Miscellaneous Data Deducted Therefron. At the ond of the season, the computations of all ratings were checked and plotted and final rating curves established, These curves were then assumed to be correct, la. Observations on the Flow of Water. megs Nh NSS ~N OSS WAZ. Ly } / { ae \) = — "N PS OL ‘N €S OL ‘N SSL Some Observations on the Flow of Water yay, SCHAAGE OF FALSTON Ve - yey uy oO ~ £ tH ° Ee °o co ey oO G > Ss ° Q Ss °o of ~ & > uy oO Q a oO oO 8 ° nm CLc/ DPIINMSINT ADP OB ee es Se ee Ye MS hee Aeon ae, Zell 5 oe oe oe Pel Pe etd YT se a he Lee Pee FN ’ BT # | ee yao cd SNOILPLS DW9O FIFI SNF ai QDAIWNOAM, LITTONA INOASOHS Se LE ME = home ETL A LIL A ah eH a MW? = (e) ise ae oe, al SPAWN 90 TIPIE Elta Ea aeA yi Ae, a aennneeacestLe PAU ue G6S*E9G Sa Bt: AL , , 042 Some Observations on the Flow of Water. ~ 7g oe on JS Pe ro ar ee LT A Riee SEY. ; Sonal {itt 5 is orgs Nae CET) Garland Canal, Sta. 29S. OLY kk Pe aaa or a’ — tn Photo No. 2, le. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. = . a (A), 0:) ae a Pa ay er i ei seman ’ ae ere oer Tet ere enecerterere Seg Photo No. 3. s7Ton Favéo SECTION. February if 7) fe CMF, Photo No. 4. Heme ObsServations.on the Low OF Weta. Lo. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. and the error of each individual rating was computed in percentage of flow and tabulated on Drawing lio. A. This gives a general idea of the consistency of the work, and as it was done by two different men and current meters, of its accuracy, also. The Corbett and Ralston paved sections are located on the Garland Canal (The Main canal) at stations 295 and 564 respectively. ‘hey consist merely of a strip of paving of cement blocks, 6" thick, 15' wide, and conforming to the section of the canal, which is 40' bottom and 2 : 1 side slopss. This paving is too short to be of much value as a rating flume, but it affords a constant section, which is desirable. Three ratings by wading were taken at each of these stations, after which a cable and oar were installed, as shown on Drawing No. 1270, and Photos Nos. 1 end 2. These cars have worked very satisfactorily. Wading measurements are undesir- able, es it is difficult to hold the meter where it is not affected by the eddy around the legs of the observer. The contractors had borrowed out of the bottom at the side of the Corbett paved section, and the paving was built up to grade, so that it has an action somewhere between that of a rating flume and a submerged weir, This difference is shown in photos Nos. 3 and 4, and in the rating ourves for the two stations, Drawing No. W-3097. It is noticeable how closely the Ralston curvef resembles Kutter's ourve for that seotion, From the ratings of the Ralston section an exponential formula has been deduced, for which see drawing No. B. 030 J LILIA! w L¢ LLP BRS 9fS00} G4) YII/PD A WA JPIUUDY) DIAWO0/ 7 Ltt Ae Bd] ea Ey, iF A AML 2A ee La Le 9204 ybne4s "yauuny) MYOIIA LE UOlLOAOINP YICA IIA YS CIT=A 9IOf YONOA "JauUUOYI p? WOOD UOILONOIXI YIOA PD TLE @ TE Ee es ThA CLT AE LATA Ete ee eB ee) Yi409 U/l Yip pjO YVAMOLL AAA a ee he LIAR a? LAE YlAik Drawing No. C. Drawing No. D. O (F4UUOYD sYO/IAJS Yj4o2 4) YIJID Man le ak Bee 4 4 7/7 P ' / 7 OA} Lf AO YLs00 eae testis e u oO rr) a E YH °o E fo} ci Fy ® a ~ R oO Q a ° oc ae) @ b & © n a2 oO ® = °o n vesuyos’ '/ 79 1S) a, MULLOS LARUE AAD a J Geo. Henry E/) “i LL Ed (17 aw 4 7 1B Tf Some Observations on the Flow of Water. Photo No. Ce or ls Photo No. 6. 2b. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 20 oF TaD oa NA vane As WEIPS. ea TL lee ak ae ae) P ay alk IP TE a PTs Pte A EN Pe el Bie LNA! ER Oe ees Photo No. 7. DAor, GARLANO Ss Rye ae y Tce Be EE ALO ae DY ed TS a Seek TL) Photo No. 8. “+ ws -* Some Observations on the Flow of Water. . Drawing No. C. is inserted for comparison with other data of similar nature. The headgates which control a small equalizing reservoir at Ralston are situated at Sta. 555, as shown on the map, Just above the paved section; and the attempt was made to find a coefficient for their discharge. See drawing No. D. Quantities were taken off the rating curve, rather than from individual ratings, so that the wide ‘scattering of the points is due to errors in reading the gages and gate openings, rather than in the quantities. The coefficient for these gates, (see photos Nos 5 and 6) will vary with the gate open- ing, as the ratio of full contraction to suppressed contraction. The attempt will be made to get some better data on these gates during the coming season. A portion fo the Garland Canal runs across a country so steep that it is provided with concrete drops spaced about - every 10 to 20 stations. These drops, (photos Nos. 7 and 8) are of three different lengths of crest, but are all of the same general design. It was desired to find the loss of water between these, and reting stations were therefore estublished at each of then. Three of these were provided with foot-bridges supported on bents which caused some eddying. The weeding measurements were taken under conditions which were sometimes favoreble, and sometimes otherwise. The ratings were all reduced to one formula, Q=4(1-0. 3H) HL: 50 and the errors of individual ratings, shown on drawing No. A. 3a. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. Ti eal Aka ed | Cb By Ma 5 a ae aa eA hse Pn A= BA ie ya Ae ae 1° M 4 e as a Aon c2 abd 90°0/ |899 |LLE 1: n c LEY | 68L |SSir | 92 ea ee Yo Ta a ee Bd A [Tk a ome ea ons Tra Ta Oem TRL aaa Rd Te tabs coh Axa ma AD (oi an ee HIWOdd bf SO ALIDOTIA Bate Mae “ lh Ma Aa Me ve stay A Lae Te ak he 4G LAL (54 MA fd | Py EL) Mad EAL LL Ah DAE A TL Me Lf gd LN La) fi SOE te oar | ~~NN AN YZ OZ f297109 AlQoGC4"G A G Pevy2ay? puo pasndwo7? kT MTL: MMe Mek Ld dete) bald “17 a f . a 1 | 6 - 19 LB; (an a) ~a “i Drawing lo. H. ——E 9. Photo No. Geo sentry Lis, 7113 Trecing. DISCHARGE OER FLASHBOAROS Of @ Two-ponel checth, as per Drawing No0.86%7, located in Lateral 8 tae Ta ae butfory 88. This check grodwol/y accumu- lated moss, until / eleoned ‘t Sept 5, after which dote, / er ha c/eon. 4) ‘SILOS 40 YsbuarT7 PG Ee Y TP, Me 1 da» A A a Ae Drawing No. E. a WMATA oe Palas Q= 23.25 H* fee Disregerding End Contraction we 3.4385 bH°47 See Drawing B.S. 864 for LBL TLE s IE HOc tober 30, 19. GHEE. _ a Sa — Photo No Some Observations on the Flow of ‘iater. zre based on it. This method introduces errors caused by the individuality of each station, but it was thought best to have one formula for all drops. It has been thought that by corresting each rating for the velocity of approach, and then finding a new formula, allowing for the velocity of approach, the error of individual ratings would be less than those shown on Drawing No. A; and the table in Drawing No. H. was gotten up for that purpose. This method would however require a knowledge of the velocity of approach for each tenth of head on each drop, and would be to cumbersome for practical use. The Bitter Creek (014) station was merely a footplank aoross the creek, from which ratings were taken. See Photo No. 9. The bottom is rocky and subject to change. Two different curves were used for this station,one before, and the other after a certain heavy rain in July. The average error shown on drawing No. A is based on the two curves. The bitter Creek station has since been moved farther down the creek, and a weir installed. See Photos Nos. 10 and ll. The crest of this weir is hinged so that it oan be let down, and the silt sluiced out. The check in Lateral "B", for the "8B" distributary, was the division point for two of the ditoh-riders, & rating station was established at this point, at the request of the Operation and Maintenance Department. These ratings were plotted on drawing No. B, and the formula deduced as shown there and in photo No. 12, Some Observations on the Flow of Water. Rad Aad | | Ia a IM, vee ae eS ko Photo No. 14, 4a. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 4b. Some Observations on the Flow of Water, Ps Photo No. 13 shows a larger check of the same general design. The Alkali Creek Flume is a small temporary structure, carrying the main canal down a sharp incline and across the creek, See photo No. 14. The quantities actually carried are based on the bating curves of two current meter stations. Depth of water in the flume was measured during the last days of the season at four different points. One of these points proved to be too close to the entrance, where the grade for a short distance is very much steeper, so that the average of the other three was taken as the depth. The ratings obtained in this manner were platted on drawing No. W-3202. fonsasy comparison with the computed discharge for different values of N. Description and Accuracy of Weir Measurements. Photo No. 15 shows the general design of the 10, 15, and 20 ft. weirs. Francis’ formula (Q23.33LH1-50) was used in connection with all weirs. There was some question as to whether Cippoletti's formula should not be used with Cippoletti weirs. The outward slope of the ends of the Cippoletti weir is theoretically just enough to balance the end contractions determined by Francis. Cippoletti derived his formula from a disoussion of Franois' experiments, selecting a coefficient 1.11% greater; Q=3.367LH2: 50, Suppose, for a minute, that Francis’ value of the end contractions were incorrect, and that the flared ends did make a difference of 1.11%4in the discharge of Cippoletti weir, say 10 ft. long. It is subject COMPARISON. OF LABORS LM CONNECTION WITH! WETAS. Date __ pe ht ty a a at lait s tog eae Prod He aon Oey oie Wa 5 ae Checked by Va: Ba re . leh Me Lge ey on NY ’ " Kk» *< ew Nek Se A RRS SSRD,. NEN CS ae yy WK aN NES RAR ENTS Sa SEES ye BS Se TG N Ns AN WS Ne S& ee NY J6 fests were aie Re BENS ts me od Se ee ME Ld S SSH Ss | 84 eS Sas gM kat ae BV} Cosby | aS N rea TM MOL 2 as ee NN SNES and over @ sitalar weir A NN A whith had prot silved yp. SS S MS &| 8 MS ce SN y Le Egil Vd lis gop SAT SP | Gse Ny SBR. RY Te oe SI [OES NN ENC a ee ama Oa G/ | O53), 21.2) 1 G5.F| +219 pv > Sat OZ Mae oe 7 ta ee ee, 7.6, -~0./0 THe Tests. oe A SF#72\t S4 5.0| -O.57 ‘N OM TELA OF 6424 |+ FS) 3B) -O065 XN ae ale MRL Le BG WES 79 | F253). FO HOTS Ne eee MPO LE Ls 6 |/1.5476\)4% /.5| 2.5| -~0.88 iS lee eM LYLE, a7 VIGPSOF\ F OM _21/\ -O8S 0” 7,17 Céad OST highe 06 |\2582Z8\+ OF; 1.9| -O84| & | on S, it read .OO51t lower a4 |\2E84F5F2\)F O2 /.7| - 08Z N MO MCL MLA ee “0 |FFFOO|~ O/\ 1/5| -090| By “1 |5.84-/8\- O03; /4| -087) $8 /21FTTT4| - OF| +/3| - 0.88 e N 4Z 1\F#PFSE|\- 06 1.2) ~O89 an Ae ee Ae et A “S| 6/476\~- 09) 7.0| -087!| SX 46 O75 948 — if 0.9 —-O89 o> 47 |7.98/O}- 7/./ 1 4 eel (Xk 2 NE | Ae a ne a] ee ee ea 49 16.721 2\- 74.2). 06| —0.87| SX_ 20 \%4/87\- /.3| 06@| -08eg| KX een ~ NN , ; S N N 5 “ gt Aa i : Checked by AY F Neca Some Observations on the Flow of Water, Photo No. 15. hl a 12a iat be rs Hook boge aT ES 5b. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. evident that in a 100 ft. weir for the same head, the in- crease due to those flared ends would not be such a large peroentage of the whole, and yet Cippoletti's formula would still give a discharge 1.11% greater than Francis’. It is therefore proper to seleat either one or the other of the formulae and use it throughout. In the accompanying table, drawing No. 6-2316, the attempt has been made to compare some of the different ways in which weir measurements may be in error. It is noticeable that the error obtained in any of the assumed cases compares favorably with the difference between the formulae proposed by the original experimenters. Drawing No. H has been made up later, to show the effect of different velocities of approach. Hook gages were used at all weirs, with stilling boxes placed ten to twelve ft. up-stream from the orest,. The openings to these boxes silted up so that they did not act properly, and the boxes themselves settled inthe mud so as to be inaccurate, so that finally, inclined rods were nailed direotly to the face of the weir, as shown in photo No. 16, for a cheok. The scales on these rods are exagerated three times’ were marked as follows. First the rod. was made up of 1" X 4" stuff, given two coats of white paint. Then each hundredth (actually every three hundredth) was marked by a saw cut full of black paint. The tenths are distinguished by brass racks, half feet by two brass tacks, and even feet by four brass tacks. After allowing for inaccuracies due to setting, WMS * "Mayon? LTE © POPOL. wr es Guavrwe : LISI WM yp HIM eeOwWaITS LES SEAN OT ‘ ——— 3 hI SO I IOIS a ee AUN LLLI TAS OF AO NOMS SHIM POS KNOG MWA IMMS Some Observations on the slow-of Water. 6b. ‘Ouiry, PluOsS ht Me A TA ee PG A ML EL eS Lig Be BR CTAB Some Observations on the Flow of water. S4YSdp OSEY2 Us pasP 100M 4/Q JO 40ZUAQ PAOD B/ 1/044 DT CLE ae Leen) PUD SIPUOMAS UIPMLIG PIUPABS J Ip @YR HOYZ AOHIP JO Y% SSas SIYOUL TTL. ae LL LE] cto Ea LS ae LP 2 dp) ‘4OMO] £00°' povas 2/ ‘Sysaz GUO 4ayb1y $0Q' poet 2) ‘Szsaz LZ ug kT MLA ee LP ee AS 22D a, “Oo a “0YE/Y O/O° poor ie La? ae ad) ia PRAT PLD Lo VE, ee ae PP LD 8 OE ee ek 1-0) OD ‘aay] “wo Apout SbuIpoel SROIUO{INUIS PUD OTe LP Me A Oe MEL ae es i A UL) dee ee Sh ee paroje som saM Mad py “Zt hg ih Rome SAL Sie dM MD ee aA) EE hey) aye { SO #F040 worsane ayy puo “Avomnsou f/m senda ff 80 Yoh so Aygegord On poj//s Poy L41A4 Lfef0W17 ep ‘FHI AG ‘NGS ES 4290120 ‘WDM AN-CILIIG: NO LSF/ ak eed cA (JF Ataapoo9g “FS > 7g ‘SU/ = L Drawing No. eyed no LETT ae 72 an ee] egy Rh Od rr) Tes exposed Oct 30491. GHL. Paw ae th 7 I ifort Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 6c. | Sa LE sy OT 7 PERIL EL LLL a That the woter wl) throw. Prociically, because of ALE LE distance s/s less, so thar a e7 ae The distance,S, /s hord to measure hut measurments hove been token of DH. &S, and the follawing volues of ye Ce Pa Ma TOLLE Sharp Crested Weirs. rn ya A iad 1.47 bei NS /.42 /. 3) /. 03 VERY) fF! / 349 / 36 ih) pee 4 OTe Ila aL Ee ae Ta T lean 14 Drawing Ilo. G. Some Observations on the Flow of Water. settlement, etc., these two forms of gages checked each other to the nearest hundredth of a foot. It is the opinion of the writer, therefore, that for practical work, outside of a laboratory, the inolined rod is preferable to the hook gage, because it is handier, and easier to read. One of those in the photo is graduated to read directly in second feet. The rod should however be protected by a stilling box with the smallest possible inlet, and should be adjustable. The stilling box should be rigidly attached to the weir structure, and arranged to be easily cleaned. The writer has put his ideas of a stilling box into drawing No. S-3676. This design has been approved and will be installed on the targer weirs this season. Some of the smaller weirs silted up and tests were run to show the effect of this silt on the discharge. These tests are desoribed in drawing No. F and Photo No. 17. The writer is not yet ready, however to ignore the effect of silt on his weirs, and the later designs provide an opening just under the orest for sluicing. The data in drawing No. G was gotten on the side, It is self explanitory, except that it might be well to add that the nappe of the Garland Canal drops is suppressed, that ia, there is no provision for air to get under it, and the waeuum thus formed tends to pull it down. The Ten Day Reports. It was the duty of the Hydrographic Department to gather data for and make up the ten day reports, and to cooperate in so far as possible with the Operation and some Observations on the Flow of Water. = Se La Tae es 50. a SSG an glial tatek eee EPA IP INL INT & PIE INVIERVOR” i LS AECLYPAGTION SERVICE SIOS!AWE LS RCOHET WIM Ws ae ol OM me MEE he ae ee ; MOL BMA II TTES MV RAE F /- Fe RIVE LAD ZEGINNIMs OF FERIOl? CIGE ATF Sa 2 S TOPAGE -S i f£NQ 77 — - - | INFLOW ANIMAS 6 O58 LURIMG FERRO = ne ) fo Uae Fe 1 , y a : = whe il tA i Qvrer Corbet Darr ae tak wd } L? CORPBEVT TUNNEL INTAKE TO GARLAND CANNEL (1 TMAF ng OMe atin Men ae a ae a Be Lalas oe af) TL ed October 24, 7OD? O/TFLOW. «+ “ oes Poa LT ay A ; WASTEO AT SLUICE GATES ee : oR hora Cee ike + Da LaAs ia ol os gc i 6 zhane ne cote fe OS a aead C GF MoO Me RAE hee rae 20 lee dictivdec” Aur im = ashe FD Sage se polaris > (SE a ae Xa Fa Lae WM PEAS TON PPE SER VOIR?” FO BL cI NUNG ae = cy 7 7 : iecas OSTKLOW 5 RALSTON HEP OGATE SIIPZ 2 = ee , ee at) OM LO Re a ad me ne ’ WWAS TED +) | FOGLBNEST ANORASTOW AGF op Gf, ) SCFLZF UN EL SION CASE! PVR, ENL’ E FERIOD __ LOAma tds : Le eye 2 Aa eal 7 oe iG OS a oe Me a: | AT a = RE OP Tp PO ri lathe ay Tae aed se a oa AIGO2Z2Z ae Ae hie Sn a ea APS TED "LOVER EVO ee Pe Vie RA 7 aeons ee. ee a = oI eM B77 IRM) 2 ee De 0 Oe MELO OUVRPIME PERIOO dd oe QL WER ED FO FRRRATERS ere eae Pa co a a ee LM Og i a 2 LEA _= By OSS QLOVE PEP/OL? yee Cy eb Fry att i ae et a ee oS ee A ee eee NELOOWN DURING SERIOD IS7 AZ PETAUNEO Ys LANL? to So wae WASTEO \ LEAT = 139-6 of ack Sit teg To Grave Ft astalled had a MEI TO Foe ile ip oa Pom 4 Ea = aaa eA rH Var > a a ae in aa aed Cat tte aa FILOO _ MNETCIAL LY LSEO [F Fe ood aS | j WASTEO GY US (EC ORL | ; NYE Mend Fad bfx 00.94, LOWE? MOS CLD = a eed in WISIED BY FRPNENAS F/ ee ee a , ‘OSSES (BO ORE ! i 1 ee OL A | NOPE SE INS PORTAL (PA SONA) —d0# 21-3 SIFOO.. | 2 Tez ae Cribtn Ee? By LUEL sie oe a oan hal MP ata tee a de ‘ | V G-/29420 ter. 7b. Photo ijo. 18, Photo No. 19, - _—— CorseTrT Dam. (ce formed clear over thé crest. Thi's VE ad was taken Jan, /8,/9/2, after a few Che mpl PLT acd dei LE a of TT Was RG -. 7c. e Flow. oO s on the Some Observation x vo Wo BOT» 982-P2 Peer w = Fe Se eease aaa awe elekehadin da ee, On al ek a a | a ” PP aa el Se re ear MLL ain OE pated 2-7 222s wee ae ord ees AVE fed A, ete 4 rl galad OE UELLE ( Beee ae tee foray ei VWOAA4 L all = MLA ASKS) ‘ OO enh ek ERT etal Ee Lae ITT ET SOME TT Uf AP OF1SIPONS, YIEC 2Q VIAWLOS WOM ILM) Fri AO Tee a Oa le Ble Se ee ei ae eT ee hh ol 597 alten bl N AL, Me Mea Me ede TEE te ead ake Se A EE Ae EL LGA ATs ATK} ale aay + + +~4 2+ LIDS NEL OVYY FICO Some Observations on the Flow of Water, ° By Maintenance Department in the measurement of water. Drawing No. 1294.20 shows the totals for the entire season, made up on a ten-day report blank. Referring to this sheet, the waters of the Shoshone river are stored in the reservoir above Cody, by the highest dam in the world, photo No. 18. They are allowed to run down the river and are picked up again by the diversion dam at Corbett, Photo No. 19. Shoshone is the Indian word for "Stinking Vater", so called because of the sulphur springs near Buffalo Bill's town of Cody. Water is measured over the Corbett Dam by using the crest as a weir, by the formula, g=3. 5LHt? 58, This crest has never been rated, but the different proposed formulae agree pretty well, see drawing No. Cd-286, and the above has been adopted by the U. S. Geological Survey. In the first section of canal, noted as B on the drawing, the water is measured out at the Corbett paved section. The entire flow was wasted for a period of three hours during the summer, making the 58 acre feet, The loss is estimated at 14 second feet by watohing it where it comes out as springs on the river bank below. This is easy, as it all comes out above the rim rock, The first 182 stations of this section are in tunnel. In the next section the water is measured in at the Corbett paved section, and out at the Ralston paved Section, allowing each time for the storage in the small equalizing reservoir at Ralston. Land up there was opened to entry last season, and one man took 16 acre feet of water dutingthe last few days of the season's run. Some Observations on the Flow of Water, 9. There is a Wasteway at szaglenest Creek and a sluice gate in the Ralston Reservoir. After everything measurable has been accounted for there are still left 3777 acre feet needed to balance the amount measured in. This loss aver- ages 10.25 second feet for the 186 days of the season. Assuming an average flow of a little over two feet deep, the wetted perimeter of this section (same as both paved sections) is 5000 sq. ft. per station. If the loss per station of reservoir is the same as the loss per station of canal, and if the area through which loss by scepage occurs from the reservoir is the same as the wetted ‘perimeter of the canal, then in the 269 stations between the two paved sections, there are 1345000 sa. ft. of wetteé perimeter. This gives an average loss of 1 sec. ft. per 131000 sq. ft. or 7.63 sea. ft. per 1000000 sq. ft. of wetted perimeter. The Garland Canal below xalston se:dgate gets into the irricated country, on some of which, seepage conditions are apparent. In this section are located the drops, on which observations were made, as noted elsewhere in. this paper. Some of them showed a loss of a few second feet, and some a gain, but the net result as shown by this final report, is a gain of 781 acre feet, or an average of 2.12 second feeb for the 186 days of the irrigating season. water was measured into this section at the kalston paved section, and out over thirteen Cippoletti weirs, ineluding the one in the wasteway at the lower end. Gages on these weirs were read as soon after noon as possible, when the cenal was settled after changing the Some Observations on the “low of Water, 10. gates in the morning, and compared with the noon reading at Ralston, to get the loss. This loss was then compared with the average of three readings at xalston, to get the amount diverted to laterals. In the Laterals and Distributaries, the inflow is the amount computed as above, plus the 16 acre feet diverted above kalston. The amounts wasted and delivered are measured and estimated by the ditchriders, and the loss is the required balance. The inflow to the farmer's individual ditches is the above estimate by the ditchriders. s@arly all of the territory under cultivation drains into Bitter Creek, The amount of surface waste water getting directly to the river is assumed to be offset by the amount of seepage in Bitter Creek. This seepage was measured, after the close of the season, and was about seven second feet. The main canal and three of the laterals waste into sitter Creek. Deducting these amounts from the total flow of the creek gives the farmer's waste. The amount retained on the land is the required balance, The Drainage System is still being installed. This final report has been computed in percentage of the total amount diverted. 64.6% was delivered to the farmers, of which 79%, or 61% of the tatal amount diverted, was retained on the land. ivaporation. Evaporation records were kept from the latter part of July to the end of ths season. The Weather Bureau is Some Observations on the Flow of Water, 10a LVAPORATION PAN. Slay 6, 1912. GHEE. Photo No. 20. ¢ WEATHER BEUREAU ; Powell Wyoming. yO me Le aa Some Observations on the Flow of Water, EPVAPOPATION. PAN IN RALSTON AESER WOsA. Voly 26,194. 10b. Some Observations on the Flow of Water, ll. attempting to find a formula so that knowing the temper- ature, humidity, wind velocity, and a few other things, the evaporation at that particular instant oan be computed. No attempt was made on this project to go into any such refinement, the object being merely to obtain the evaporation for this looality. Four pans were used, of the type regularly supplied by the Yeather Bureau, three and four feet in diameter, Index points were soldered in the oenter of these and protected by stilling boxes, as shown in Photo No. 20, and the evaporation was messured by weighing the amount of water necessary to bring the surface up to this point each time, and allowing for precipitation. Of the four pans, one is on a tower, eleven ft. high, shown in photo No. 21, and another on the edge of a field of alfalfa, poth at Powell. A third is out on the unbroken prarie at Ralston, protected by a chicken wire fenoe, and the fourth, shown in photo No. 22, floats in the reservoir, protected from wave action by a raft. Average Evaporation on Shoshone Project, Wyoming, in inches per day. Month Tower Pan;Alfalfa;Pan;Prarie Pan;Reservoir Pan July Avg. of Observations. ~ 405 e254 0452 ~ 500 Aug., 31 deys.: .391 : .266 : 342 : . 246 Sept.,30 days.: .287 + .188 . 246 : 183 Oct., Bl days.: .146 : .loe : Oct., 23 days.: , 6145 C: £103 Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 12. The Fluctuation of the Ground Water Level. - The fluctuation of the ground water level is fast be- coming a necessary study, as the reclamation of seepage lands, and the prevention of further damage by seepage is one of the most serious problems in an irrigated country, today. It is as impossible to prediot ina country which is to be irrig:ted, just where the seepage will break out, as it is to tell where a fire is liable to start in a town of wooden buildings. Prior to any irrigation, water was obtained for domestic purposes at Camp Colter (now the town of Powell) at 35 ft. At camp F. 3% miles up the canal (where the Framnie takes off) water was found at 70 ft., but not in sufficient quantities for camp use until a depth of about 110 ft. had been reached. Today, after four years of irrigation, water stends in the cellars in the town of Powell. The country around camp fF. has not been irrigated so much, but water stands at about 30ft. The ground water travels down the general slope of the country, until it comes out in some drain, either natural or artificial. Any strata of impervious material in the soil acts as a check in a oanal, and forces the water up, until in the more aggravated cases it comes out on top or so close to it that the capillary aotion of the soil brings it out. All the soil in this western ocountry contains a greater or less percentage of alkali salts which have not yet been leached out as they have in the eastern states, where it rains. These salts disolve in the ground water, and are carried with it wherever it foes, When this water is Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 13. allowed to come to the surface and evaporate, the alkali is left, just like the crystals of salt on the surface of butter which has been left some time. Thes process goes on until the alkali is concentrated so badly in some places that all plant life there is killed. The writer has seen a tenderfoot mist:ke a bad patch of alkali for snow in October. The remedy is to have less ground water. This can be done by inducing the farmers to be more sareful in their use of water, and by drains to carry the ground water off faster. The attempt has been made on this project to limit the farmers to three acre feet per acre per season, but when a man has used his total amount by the middle of July, it is hard to ruin his orop end see him suffer by refusing him any more water, The writer is of the opinion that — the only way to handle this is to actually measure the water to each individual farmer, and charge him accordingly, with a graduated scale, which makes the third acre foot cost him considerable more than the first. There is at present being installed a system of drains which it is hoped will relieve conditions. For the study of the ground water level there have been installed on this flat nearly 100 wells. Some of these are dug wells, owned by entrymen, but the majority are one inch galvanized iron pipe. A steel point is welded into the end, and holes drilled just above it. Pe ee ae — | AZ yr apne t sey Pe a ee ad a gn Ld Opt acne OO he ee Whew hhh Bh HA PVNVQM LID OLS IPI SS Oe 2a — eed he — en ed Fd ma hg ek ad, ae tl wn A a a cine ” 4 cP od OPZGZ all a el heh * re (ALA a A a — ak — hs Oe Yo a ee ” a ee gh le I al a Ot Ford Me MED ah an MM mt ap i te el Nel Pio TA eae nt ad Ml scar all ALN a ge Oe EN id OL SM ed Mle i a le = ah | ae 24 eee ss ee see as ee a> (dae 48 wae. A Lee el hd a, (ae ye EPs 4 bd a a ee 47tzZ | wlze 5 tS ae ok 4709 Ene or /2z oye x) Aa Pe te 62ISY | Elser Roy) O58? | Pzes/| Gkror | OFLF 5 Pat ted eA COsbEE/ Wo dd Qez7e | Leow | @fb/ 9497 \|o0909 | evée | ze9e | Gz = | dd OF GZL/ Fe eed ae ae le 4 CSze| 482F\| 2464 | GF vec Pee ane rs ee oye aa WP i> ae eS oe od es aoe ee ay po aa Re TF 2 ye Oe eee ae E2S Ft a a Var ro re edad Tn 4658 | Lb6rr| 9:99 \| £v99 | £6 | Bort | C2Re Sy We OFSEGSF Zh 8 Cet: E42 \ e662 | S¥0e | Case | Osos | FO 44 Bs Pe Van ee Z2a/KzZ Anak te Uhh at 24 Pa) i hd da a g | EF 3 cise AE d Sore | Serr) 927er | A.25F | €:970/\ 9099 | Sor? | Doz 4 aE 3 yy 7 eee 2 2 7 te ae ee ) a Peery S Pe a tae tae gr RORR 2 ONRETN oa\| ewes isag | mq | aw | ew | meer N SOMET | FAYZLET| TON RLOT PU Ox N aor | IRN? | SSCA? Pa 797 ng ee = oe ae ? DS Ay ee ad a ton nO FO ate Wan od = ol N age a a FELL i) Some Observations on the flow of ter, 15. Which is the duty often assumed, this distributary should carry 2 second ft. If they all wanted water at the same time as they generally do, they could each have 0.5 Sec. ft. which is not enough for a man to use economically. The quantity of water which an irrigatdr oan handle to advantage depends on ti:2 charactor and topography of his land, and on his own personal equation. The writer, when in charge of tha Operation and Maintenance on the Williston project, had on his division, some farmers who handled five seo. ft. without wasting a drop. Others could not care for one seo. foot. On porous ground a large quantity is necessary, in order to force it over all the land, as @ small quantity will soak in close to the farm lateral, and seep away as fast as it comes, thus raising the ground water. There is being tried on some projects and advocated for others a system called the Rotation System, whereby half the farmers take water for & certain number of days and then wait the same number of days while the other half take it. Referring egain to drawins Wo. V-G-2322, the amount of water delivered to the farmers during the season, was as follows: Month;Acre Ft. ;Acre Ft. ;Depth in;Precipitation;Total Water sD'l'd. sper Aore.;inches ;:in inches sin inches April: 126.2: 0.01; 0.182: 498: sd. May ; 4133.4; 0.25; 3.00; 80; 3.80 June ; 7769.9: 0.48: 5.76; 1.33; 7.09 July ; 9661.3; 0.59; 7.08; 82: 7.90 Aug. ; 6627.6; 0.35; 4.20; 51; ° Sept.; 4024.5: 0.25; 3.00; 267: 3:67 Oct. ; 4444.1; 0.27; 3.24; 259; 3.63 Some Observations on the Flow of Water. 16. In the above table, the ecre feet delivered to farmers is taken from the drawing, and the precipitation is from the records of the rain gage shown in photo Ho. 2l. The above 2.2 acre feet per aore. duty of water last season, is equivalent to 1 sec. ft. per 169 acres for the 186 days of the season, ifit could have been dis- tributed evenly over the entire season. The maximum flow past the Ralston paved section for the season was 285 sec. ft. on July 13. This, for the 16216 acres is One second foot per 57 acres. It is thought that this duty will be decreased as the farmers learn more about the use of water. The Wyoming State Law limits the water which may be appropriated for any project to one second foot for each 70 acres. GAGE 1N ALKA \ Ea 1391 \" felon! o ao MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ii ==8 | B94 b= = ‘si ; IG. ii