| | | | | | | | ] | || | | | | | | | | | | | \ | I | | --| og = © |) 00 THESIS Ce ELIS ae Sa ee Lh J, B. CHYNOCWETH soe, THES'S the Water Supply ef Oweese, Miehigan. A Thesis Submitted Te The Faeulty ef MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Al he a? iN a Road J. Be Ohyneweth Candidate fer the Degree ef Baeheler ef Selence Jane, 1920 THESIS Introduction The investigation of the water supply of Owosso was under- taken with the idea of showing just what the prevailing conditions of tne water system are , with the view of determining its ad- equacy and efficiency, It is proposed to criticise favorauly or Otherwise and to recommem needed improvements in different parts of the system, Criticiems, recommendatiois, and conclusions are oased on references taken from treatises of good water sup- ply methods ag presented by recognized autonorities, The autaor- ity in most cares being: id. Public Water Supply, Turneaure and Russell 8, Hydraulics, Hughee and Safford 3. Compressed Air, Harris 4. Clean Water and How to Get It, Hazen 5, U.S. Geological Survey Monograph Vol.LIII 6. Water Supply of Municipalities ,U.S. Geological Survey The author wisues to thank H,K.Vedder, professor of tue Civil Engineering Department , who suggested thie subject to him a£tor hie failure to find eufficient data on a former thesis. To Pro:éaeor Rich of the Publio Department of Health, Jack Rosevere, Commiseioner of Public ‘Yorke, C.L.Raymond ,City Engineer and Professor Ren Saxton, gratitude is expressed for the helpful suggestions anda time spent on this investigation, 94644 Histery: The histery of the Owesse waterworks is similar to that ef many others in the United States. It mirht be said that. it just grew up. Abeut thirty years ago it was the practise for city fathers to install a waterworks at the least anek ameunt and as furture rrowth foreed extra requirements on the plant, additions were made at the least expense and the least treuble to the eity officials. The water supply system ef Owesse was built at a time when a wave ef waterworks building swept the country. Orginally the plant installed was a small affair, with abeut two thirds ef the present equipment. Two Gordon een steam pumps with boiler plant and the necessary plant equipment, together with the watur supply of eirht flow- ing wells; a small sterage reservoir anid twelve riles of distribution mains, cempleted th* layout. The cost was abeut $92,000. Thirty years have elapsed since thenand many addite ions and imprevements have been made. The distribution milage has increased from twelve toe thirty two miles ef pipe. New wells have been added while others haves been abondened. Additional land has been purchased and the pumping plant enlarged. New equipment has been adde ed as follews:- a. In 1895 a large covered reservoir was built. be In 1909 the old boiler equipment was removed and to new Seoteh Marine type boilers were installed. 6, In 1910 a Laidlawelunn Gordon Cross Compsund Duplex Air Compressor an’ air lift purps were installed. Histery continued: da. In 1912 the Snow pumps were installed. @e. In 1915 the brick coal shea wis built. f. In 1918 the workshop on Comstoek Street nurchase.. Source: Owosso ic situated a little north of tue central part of Shiawassee County, Michi-an. During the glacial period this county and tne surrounding region were covered by the North American glacier as it moved southward to the northern part of Indiana where progress was halted and reversed, Dur- ing the backward journey, at successive intervals, terminal moraines were deposited, one of which passes through Fort Wayne, Indiana, As the glacier retreated eastward from this moraine 4% uncovered what is now the upper Maumee valley. However it continued to occupy the lower part of that valley and therefore to obetruct ifs normal northward drainage. As @® result a lake known in geological terms as Lake Maumee was formed between the moraine and the receding ice front. Later ag the ice front wae halted, new moraines were formed from the debris of the glacier and the area of Lake Maumee was changed, thus making the area smaller. One of these moraines is known as the Defiance moraine wnich followed the following couree ,-from Defiance, Ohio, nortn to a point the same latitude as Port Huron, tnrough Lansing and north to Manistee; thence it turned south and passed through Chi- cago. When the ice front retreated from this moraine it fell back a long way to tne eastward and opened an outlet some- where near Imlay in Lapeer County, Michigan. This outlet passed just north of Durand, south of Owosso and carried at One time the water of the larce glacial Lake Miumee. The #and and gravel in these peach ridses and on lake veds frequently serve as a source of water eupply in wells, water being found at the base of the sand and gravel. (Flowing Welle and Municipal Water Supplies in tue Southern Part of the Southern Peninaula, published by the United States Geological Survey, November 1919) It is to thie geological formation that Owosso must look for her water possibilities. The greater supply comes from wells driven thruogh sand and gravel to a depth of fifty to seventy-five feet. The geological formation is clearly shown from the following Driller'sa Reports of Wells in Owoaso, Well No. 2 Character Width in feet Deptao in feet Remarks $012 2 3 Near Pump House Clay 5 7 Sand 15 22 Coarse Sand 5 a? Gravel 3 20 Clay 3 a3 Gravel 3 25 Water Elowed 5 40 Fine Sand S 46 Quick Sand 6 52 Coarse Sand 16 68 Gravel & Water Flow 15 73 Well ho. 3. Character wicth in f et Depto in feet Remarke Muck 7 7 Located 300 feet east of Well No.2 on the same line. Sand 5 12 Gravel 1 13 Clay 14 27 Sand 15 42 Clay 1 43 Gravel 13 55 Quick Sand 13 68 Gravel with Flow 3 71 Well No.4. Clay 3 3 Bravel 6 9 Clay Q 18 Quick n8and 16 34 Clay 6 40 Gravel 13 53 Quick Sand 13 66 Gravel 7 73 Water Gravel 1 74 Charaster Width Soft Clay 3 Quagmire 6 Gravel 233 Quick Sand 6 Clay 5 Gravel with Flow 5 Clay e Quick Sand 3 Clay 4 Quick Sand 11 Gravel with Flow 13 Vuck 4 Gravel 3 Clay 11 Gravel 8 Clay 13 Gravel with Flow ec Well No. in fcet Well No, Quick Sund 16 Coarse Sand 10 Gravel with Flow 4 GS " @ Leptn in fret Remarks E. 18 26 41 57 R7 7L Does not flow as etrongly aa other wells do, There are large Quantities of coarse sand mixed witno the gravel, presumably keep ing the water pack, One of toe pest Charactcr Goft Mire Gravel Clay well No.7. Gravel with Flow ll Coarse Cand Gravel Quick €and Blue Ciay Quit Crilling Yellow Clay Sand Clay Width in fcet Depth in feet Remarks 22 22 A failure, gravel at 70 feet has quick eand below it whicno pre- 17 29 vents flow, 4 43 54 12 67 3 70 15 85 © § 88 Well No. 8. 4 4 This well was a failure at this depth 12 16 but a dynamite cartridze Gravel wit. Flow 10 Clay ‘Sand Gravel Quick Sand Caay Fine §and td Oo m oO placed at 47 feet voelow 37 the surface blew the casing off. 47 7 6E Ge 77 el 90 MT fm 5 4 Lay 4 MAE wr - atte i ar AP a) 6 BS it dae) Ree Bal 1A Yields. The subject of yield is of prime importance in connection with any water works, since its euccese depends materially upon the reliability of the source, A thorough study of the subject would necessitate considcrable investigation. Annual reports of rainfall , data on tne percolation of a given area and in- formation on abnual evaporation are all of great value, The yiled of a water bearing area is dependent on three things: (1) No more water can be continuously taken out of a well, than goes into it; (3) The yield of the ground water is dependent upon the character and extent of the c&lculated area; (3) The velocity of flow of ground water depends upon the ochar- acter of material through which it must pass in gravitating from a@ higher to a lower level, | Rainfall ie the chief source of water and yield is depend ent upon the amount of rain during successive seasons. One 6f the duties of the United States Weather Bureaus is to keep a careful reoord of the rainfall in inches. Monthly and annual precipita- tion tables are published in which any required information of this subject may bc found. There is no such station at Owosso, nor are reports of the immediate vioinity obtainable, East Lans- ing is sufficiently close to warrant the use of data compiled at that point. From a pamphlet printed and published for the Weather Bureau, known as “Monthly and Annual MeteorologicalSummary and Comparative Data for the Year Ending December 31, 1919, of Lansing, Michigan$ the following data on rainfall was obtained: Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1°08 L909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1918 1916 1917 1918 1919 N'ml years Jan, 1,17 1.51 0.43 1.30 2.°2 1.07 1,99 3.97 1.89 2.16 2.A'3 1.42 0.80 3.10 2.98 1.54 3.11 1.55 2.08 0.26 2,09 Monthly and Annual Precipitation Feb. 5.44 1,83 0,44 1.58 3 1.77 2.04 1.65 0.79 2.10 0.€9 0.62 32 3.94 1.50 ane Note: The ® Mar, 1.28 3.94 Apr. 32.00 2.14 : l. 70 4.40 0.50 1.49 2,.e1 2.15 5,8 2,48 3,11 3.12 ' 3.10 2,°0O 1.On »1.°1 § BenA4 May 4.17 B48 4,938 B,F2 2.40 2.89 4,29 oer June 2.57 5.57 7.28 GE. 28 2.49 7.47 § > 4.61 2.37 1.23 2.86 1.°5 2.77 0.97 1,01 4,11 3.96 ! em 20 — @&.s 4,54 2.07 3.18 3.49 July 4.15 8,08 7,13 1,69» 3.58 Aug. 2.98 3.49 0.68 6.72 OES Sept. 0.89 1.67 5.88 2.86 > 3.35 2,31 O.7F 2 4.68 2 0.66 1.51 3.74 cn © eS eo a. tb - CA 7? mn CQ sy tN = >>) Pa} Cc e- 1 2.17 4.0 3.88 261 2.E3 Oct. 277 4.61 1.83 2.01 1.90 1.758 D2 ie Be 2.41 averaces are for the years 18872-1919 and not 1900-1919. for the Yield Continued: Of the rain whicn falls, a part passes off immediately into toe strcanse and forme wiat may ve called tne flood flow, & part is evaporated directly fron tne surface of tne ground; and a@ portion percolates into the ground. Of the last portion &® part is caught by vegetatéon, passes upward and evaporates from the leaves, the rerainder pissing on downward and laterally sooner or lager finding its way water-bcaring stratum, The part which passes downward and laterally is the part in which tue water engineer ic interested, Water will not per- colate as well in cluy as it will in sand, Coneequently, ex- periments have peen made and tue perceit of percolation of the rainfall in inches for different clusses of soils deterznined. For a region such as Owosso, in whico tue soil is more or less eand and gravel, tne percolation is from twenty-five to thirty percent of tne rainfall, (Table No.19 Public Water Supply). Thus @ight to ten inches reaches wells or springs and con- tributes to tne watcr supply of Owosso. The inveatigation of tse arca and character of tne ground contribyting to the wellea is a complex subject, and one that should be carried on by an exvert.A contour man of tue region siuows that anproximately one hundred forty-six acres contributes water to the supply. 146 x 43,560 # 6,400,000 square feet. If ten inches a year is that part of the rainfall wnico perco- lates into the ground and 6,400,000 square fect is tue con- tributingz area , €,400,0000x 10 # 64,000,000 cubic feet of water, wiich will oc the capacity of the area for a year, Yielc Continucd: Tucre are 7,481 U.S. gallons to one cuvic fovt or water, €4,000,0°0 x 7,481 ® 477,000,000 gallons wuich the area will suvply in one year, The vclocity of flow can be detsrmined by two methoacs: fl) The velocity of flow of a ground water stream is a function of tne hydraulic gridicnt or siope anc tne resietance to flow Offered by tic oartioles of goil. The slove is determined py oorings sunk to tne ground-water level, cile veing taken to neasure it in the direction of the greatest declivity. Tue glove is tnen found " vy determining the helsut to waica tue cater will rise in tuves sunk to tic poraaus stratum, The size of tow grain and compactness of the material will influcnce the fiow., Samples of the soil are takem at tne tine of voring. This method , however, is tedious and uncertain unlusse one is experi-nced with it, (2) The rate of flow of ground water may ve directly dcte minced vy tracing the movement of a goluole 62lt introduced into tue ground water stream, This method is tic Jest and is uscd in practice nore generally t an the first method, Three or four porings are sunk to ground water,on a line in the direction of dlow. A la:ge dose of salt is tnen put into tne upper hole, and at frequent intorvals analyses are midc of watcr drawi. from euch hole poelow until tne sult content hia reachscd its maximum in cach case, Thik experinent was to Lave been perforned but due to the inaccessivilitges of tne welle, wiich were built up with masonry , tie experiment wae not carried out. However, comparing the soil, the nature of the country, and the compactness witn other localities of sinilar natures, tic veloci ty is aseumed to oe about ten feet per diy. (Puolic "ater Supply) P.,101. Yield Continued: The velocity of flow, the porosity of tne material, and the cross section of the porous stratum at right angles to the direction of flow having been determined, the total rate of flow will be the product of these three factors or Q # velocity x the are of the eross section x the porosity. By averaging the depth of porous stratum from the driller's reports the depth was taken as ten feet, From th: contour map the width wae taken to be 8000 feet, Bhe porosity of the soil as 25 percent. Then Q # 10 x 8000 x 10 x .25 Q = 300,000 cubic feet per day. 300,000 x 7.481 = 1,496,206 gallons per diy. From investigations of the supply of Owosso made in 1917 by Mr, Chaupe, a Toledo enginaer, the following information: was Optained, Water from the gravity wells amounts to 6,800 gallons per day. The spring supplies approximately 410,000 gallons per da y The air driven wells appear to have a total output of from 800,000 to 960,000 gallons, This makes a total of lese tnan 14 million gallons per day. In the report Mr. Cnaune states that gravity wells have fallen from 700,000 gallons to 62,000 gallons i1 less than a year, The city of Owosso in the year of 1°17 pumped 30° ,905,700 gallons of water or an average of 830,000 gallons per day. From @ series of diagrame ( Pupdlio Yater Supply, page 37) and tables it 4a concluded that the maximum monthly rate is agout 115 percent of the average monthly rate, The diagram further shows that ex- cessive consumption is likely to continue for two or three conscc- utive months. Using the above figures as a basis we find that per day Owoseo will use an average of 1 million gallons of water during the maximum period. This means that the supply is not enough to warrant any great increase of population, For the present popu- Yield Continucd: lation it ie adequate out for any proportional increase new water bearing areas will have to ve looked for. Purity: In examining this water , as to its suitability for pub- lic use, three different kinds of tests have been applied, These are as follows: Physical Examinations Chemical Examination Bacterial Examination The water to be perfectly sati-factory as to its physical requirements should be colorless, free from any turbity, undesir- @ble o@or or taste an of sufficiently low temterature to be re- freshing, The water at Owosso is colorle:s, plessins to the eye, a:d entirely suited for public usages, A sample of water was taken and allowed to stand in a test tube for a period of tx0o weeks. At toe end of tnat time, tae opottom of the tube was examiniad. and several small particles were found on the bottom but not enouch to diecolor the water and make it turbid. A sample of the water was taken and warmed to avout 60°F, the bottle being tightly corked during the heating. The cork was removed and the nose placed at the tov of the bottle. No odor was detected. The taste is normal, not particularly pleasant but not disagreeable, The temperature of the water was ta:ena fountain near the city hall, at a watering trough and from a free running hy- drant, The temperature was found to average 50°F, wnich makes the water suitable for domestic use, This analysis of tue physical properties snows that tue Purity Continued: water of Owoeso is all that s-ecifications require. A chemical analysis of tie Owosso water proves it to ve @ hard water. One poum of chlorine is used per million gallons as a softener, A chemical anulysis of a sample taken in the Ann Arbor Railroad freight yard by Dr.R.M.Olin of tne Michigan De- partment of Health is as follows: Report on Chemical Examination of Yater April 16,1920. Chemical Analysis Parte per Million Gals. Grains per Gal. Solids, total 363 21.16 S102 14.4 85 FeOs+ Al,0s truce Ca 77.5 4.52 Mg 26.8 1.55 Na+ K 3 217 Cl 10. = . 58 (S04) 43.4 2.53 H(COs) 306 17.84 Lime Ca(Oll )z to soften 1090 gale. 8.3 lbs. Soda Ash NazCOs to soften 1000 gals. -46 lbs. The vacterial examination of water is one which sani- tary enginecr must make, Cever2l analyses follow wnicn the author will not attempt to discuss, Report on bacteriological Examination of Water Samples. Michizan Department of Health Date March 26, 192320 Soruce Tap at J.Bowerfs Meat Market Bacteria per cubic centimeter. Apgar at 37°-- 24nours----- 7,090 Gelatine at 30°--48 hours Purity Cont inucd: No, of Pcseitive Ferrentut icons In & --10 cc Carnles.....4 In 1 -=- ] oc " oe ee OD In ,ie- .lice " eee ee OD Endo's HMedia........rositive Refermerntation., ...e. " Coli Group.......cse5 " Potavoiiity........6.. Loea not conform to standard, Late ctovuer 2%, 1ei®. Cource Taken on Tiscaarce Five of purpes in station bractcria per ouvic centineter Amar at @78--=54 houre=--17 Ceiatina 2t 30°--4f noura--- Ko, Of Positive Ferrcentations In © 10 cs Sampics,...d . Tn & locc " oes None Endo'g Media,.,......Positive Fefermentation.,..... " Coli Group. .......2.. " Potability......+6... Safe Cate Marcon 35, 19380 Source Tap it Cprague's Lrug Ctore bact:ria per cubic centineter Agar at 37@\--24 nourgser-- 16,0200 " Gelatine at 20e--4" jnours= Ko, of Positive Ferment2tioi.s Tn § 10 co Camoles......% Tn & i cco " acoeee db Purity Continucd: Endo's Medi&a.......,ro0s8itive Refermentation....... " Coli Group.........+e. Loes not conform to standard From the tabie and typhoid curve which follows, a high typhoid rate is noticeavle in tue yeara 1902, 1°08, 1909, and 1910, Typhoid Taole of Owosso, Michigan, by the Michigan Board of Healtan. Year Population Number of Cases Rate per 100,000 1°O, 8 ,FCE 3 34.5 1901 g ,808 2 23.7 1902 & ,e21 4 44.8 1903 9,033 1 11.1 1904 0,145 O 0.0 - 1905 O 259 3 21.6 1906 9,370 0 0.0 1907 © ,4832 1 10.5 1908 9,694 3 31.3 1909 9,707 3 20.9 1°10 © 739 31.1 1911 9,721 1 10.3 1912 ~,804 1 10,2 1913 9,886 1 10.1 1914 Q AEF O 0.0 1915 10,050 1 o,9 191é€ 10,124 Z 29 ..€ 1917 10,223 1 9.8 Purity Continucc: The rute during these years is not alarring for in 1902 there were Ooniy 4 cases in Owosso wnilec in tne same year 9° eases were repptted in the County of Chiawassee. Reports of the Bureau of Public Health state tiat the water of Owosso was not contaninat ed at this time put cases were srought into tne city oy infected patients, In 1908 ,1°09, and 1°10 the same conditions existed. The typhoid rate is tse best indication of contamination and is taken is euch py the Board of Health. A water supply which whigh shows a low typhoid r.te is considered 2 very good asset to a municioality. Owosso is fortunate in tuie respect. Pumping Plant: The pumping plant of tne Owosso Water Works is located in the south eastern part of tue city on the south bank of tne Shiawassee River, The main station building is built of orick and appeirs to ve in good repair, It is ninety-four feet long, forty- two feet wide, and twenty-cicht feet nigh. A steel and frame truss with slate roofing covers tne nain part of the building and the e end wins. The equipme::t consists of the following machinery and material: (1) Two Gordon Compound LDuplex Force Pumos with a dis- placement of ten oy twelve inches, capable of pumping 725 gallons each per minute, at a soecd of forty-five revolutions per minute, These engines were installed in 188° , thirty years azo, and have cecn completely worn out since that time. In the valuation report which accom>oinics this thesis they are rated a6 scrap. ; (3) One Snow Compound Tuplex Force Pump, Crank apa Fly Wheel Type with a displacement of ten by eighteen inches,, at the rated spved , fifty-six revolutions per minute, this engine will pump 1370 Oo Pumping Plant Continued: gallone per minute, The cylinders have veen revored to a diameter of 114 incnes which gives a canacity , at tue ratec specd, of 1600 gallons per minute. This engine is in fair repair, ; $3) Two Loos Scotch Marine Type Boilers , each 200 horece power, 9 feet € inches in diameter by 12 feet & inches long and contain- ing 1083.3! inch fire tubes. ; (4) One srall storage rescrvoir with brick walls covered with a conical wooden roof, 20 feet in diameter py 27 feet dicen, witu 4 capacity of 25,000 gallons. ; (S) One large storage reservoir puilt with vrick walls, concrete bottom and a concrete slab roof on steel I veans. Capacity 412,000 gallons. ; (@) Onc Laidlaw -®un Gordon Cross Compound Luplex Air Compresso with a capacity of &50 cubic feet of free air at 60 to 70 los. pressure per minute, Fatcd sepecd -123 revolutions per minute, ; (7) Three Boiler feed pumps, together wath tue innumeracle emall accessories that are found in any plant or similar nature. A summation of tnese can be found in tue valuation renort accomouany> ing this thesis. At prese:.t tue plunt is civins fair service at a high rate of cost. Mr.H.E.Riges of tuc University of Miciigan ina report submitted to tne City Council of Owosso in 1°19 revealed this fact and summarized his findin:s as follows: tne average daily consumption has not inorecascd , the fuel cost has increased 100 percent, the total pumoing cost 84 percent, and the coat of coal G00 percent. The accompunyins statistics brings out more forcefully these facts, Pumping Gtation Cont inucd: Pumping €tatistics and Fuel Coat Year Gals.pumped in Average per no, Services Av.gals. pumped 1000 gals, gay per eervice per dg 1910 176,635 4@z O23 1,264 354 1911 233 493% F40 ,O 29 1,818 422 1912 B48 ,177 E73,F1F 1,675 422 1913 217,865 ROF 200 1,725 BAS 1914 B62 ,OF7 739,79 1 ,&20 415 1915 265,721 70N ,F07 1,28°8 BER 191¢ 374A O23 751,390 3, 98° 395 1°17 772, 8R] 912,109 3,104 A°3 191¢ 347,201 ORF ED 3,163 454 1919 Z201,0¢7 824 ,R40 3,174 Z81 The uvove statistics show tuat the average numoer of zslloa pumped per service per day has constetently averi_ed about 400. Analysis of Cost Year Coal used Los, Avera:;e Los. Lvus,Coal per Coal CostTotal Coal per day 1,090,000 ~ale., 1,090,050 Coat gale. mill gals, 1910) 1,992 ,09n p4FS 11,366 16 ,¢°9 55,90 1911 32,741,100 7,°10 11,717 1°,76 48.70 1912 3,FF8,400 7,290 10,840 19,24 57.30 1913 2,308 ,800 p23 10 ,€10 18.22 56.40 1914 2,065,800 R209 11,654 eens scence 1916 2,902,709 7 O83 11,25 1€.33 57,20 191E€ =2,709,200 7,405 ©, R55 17,22 £4,10 1917 2,429,100 Q 305 lo ,212 cee ee eee 1918 3,542,€00 9,708 19,157 25.89 58,80 1°19 2,012,800 8,254 10,090 32,15 103,00 Pumping Plant Continucca: 1919, *33,18, or an increase of 100 percent. Year 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1901 1902 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 19 LO 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1918 1919 6 9,€80.00, euowii. an inercas Oncrating;s Expenses Salaries 3,181.09 3,323.00 2,543.07 8,542,00 2,542.00 2,843 ,00 2,760,009 3 ,3200,00 3 ,29AR,00 & ,300.00 3,300.00 3,300.00 3,586.00 4,5°0,00 Zz ,0€4.0, z 300000 3,510.00 2,769.00 3,70,.00 © ,486.00 Fuel 1,164.00 1,195.00 1,377.09 1,301.00 1,440.00 1,034.09 1,370.00 1,744,00 B,050,0n 1,721.00 2,806.00 3,509.00 2,834.00 4,233.00 4,737.09 3,964.00 4,173.00 4,737.00 9,032.09 © ,EF80.,00 Coal cost per million gallons in 1910 was £16.00, in Air lift began Tne fuel cost in 1893 was * 1,164.00 , im 1919, of 80% percent. Tne report fur- ther shows thut the air lift douoled tac consumption of coal. Authority states that t e air lift ie applied to raising water from bore holes, not to ve used in permanent plants, vo2cause of its inefficiency, Lue to its sinplicity aid ease of mobility the a'r lift is used for temporary work, Pumping Plant Continued: The two Gordon Compound Duplex Force Pumpe are considesed aga ecrap but are still in use. At any time these pumps should fu fail , Owosso wauld face a water shortage which might mean a considerable loss to the city. Owoseo under the existing circumstances must realize that the life of its plant is fulfilled, Ite equipment ia obsolete , expemsive and inadequate. Modern machinery which will oe effi- cient in fuel and labor costs must be installed , Household Consumption: The service mains of tine city of Owosso are equiped witna meters of the positive displacement type; that is in which @ definite quantity of water passes at each complete movement of @ disk, To receive a service, the property owner isa required to p Oay the city a eum of money which in all cases is equal to tne coset of the service, The service used is a 3/4 inch lead pipe connected to the main with a corporation cock, The pipe is laid at a depth of 5 to 6 feet, the length averaging 25 feet on a 66 foot etreet and 50 feet on a 90 foot satreet, At tne present tire there are 8170 services , all of which are retered, In 1°19 approximately 175,000,000 gallons of water were delivered to customers, an averace of 40 gallons p r customer per day. O f this amount, approximately 35 were for domestic consumption and 15 for ocom- mercial usages, This is the normal consumption for domestic and commercial requirements. ( Public Water Supply, page 27) Tne water rates of Owoeso compare favoraplt with tae Household Consumption Continued: rate of other cities nearby, vei. ¢g aoout normal, The comparative water rates of Owosso ,East Lansing, and Laneing were made, The respective rates veing ae follows: Water Rates of Owosso. For the first 900 cuvic feet uscd during any one qQuarte: of tne year , seventeen cents (* ,17) ver hundred cubic feet. For the next 17,090 cubic feet used during tie Bame quar- ter of the year, ten cents (# .10) per nundred cuvic feet . All water used over and above 128,009 cubic feet during ta same quarter of the year, ae avgve set fortn, a charce at the rate of six and one-half cents (* .0€}) per hundred cubio feet. ‘inimun Charges for Services, For a service using a 5/@ inch meter, 3 minimum charge 6f €1,50 per quarter, For a service ueing a 3/4 inch meter a mininum charge of €3,38 per quarter, For a service using a1 iach meter , a minimum charge or 3.50 per quarter. For a service using a 14 toch meter, a minimum charge 4.50 per quarter, For a service using 2 inch meter , a minimum charge of 8.00 per quarter, For a eervice using a 3 inch meter, a minimum charge of $13.00 per quarter. For a service using a 4 inch meter, 1 minimum charge of #25.0n per quarter. For a service using a € inch meter, a minimum charge of €60.00 per quarter. Household Consumption Continued: Vater Fates of Kast Lansing. For the firet 3,000 gallons used during any one quarter of tne year , fifty cents (* .50f For each additional thousand gallons during any one quarter of the year, twenty cents (*.20) . Minimum Charges for Water Services For all services , the minimum charge of *1550 per quarter. Water Pate of Lansing. For the firet 38,000 cubic feet during any one quarter of the year, nine centa (* ,09) per hundred cubic feet. For tne next 3,000 cubi feet used during the same quarter of the year, eight cents (* .0&) per hundred cuvic feet. For tue next §,000 cubic fect used during tne same quarter of the year, seven cents (& .07) per hundred cubic feet. For the next 2°,000 cubic feet used during the same quarter of the year, six cents (# .0€) per hundred cubic feet, For the next 300,000 cubic fett used during the same quar~ ter of the year, five cents (* .O*) per hundred cuoic feet. All water used over and a2oove 225,000 cubic feet used dur- ing tne game quarter of the year as avove set forth , a charge at the rate of 4+ cents per hundred oubic feet. Minimum Charges for Yatcr Cervices, For a service using a 8/8 inch met-r, a minimum charge of € .45 per month, For a s_-rvice using a 2/4 inch meter, a minimum charge of &€ ,6€0 per month. For a service using a 1] inch meter, a minimum charge of #1.00 per month, For a service using a 14 inch meter, a minimum charge of Aan 34a a Household Coneumption Continued: For a service using a 2 incn meter, aminimum Charge of 62.00 per nontn, For a service using 4 3 inch meter, a minimum charge o: 4,0. pr month, For a service using a 4 inch meter, a minimum charge of #8.00 per month, For @ service using a @ inoh meter, a minimum charge of @#12.00 per month. For a service using#a 8 inch metcr, a minimum charge of #230.0% per mont:. Comparative “ater Rates~--------- Quarterly No. Cubic Feet Lane ing Owosso East Laneing 3,000 ¢ 3.06 ¢ 3.63 ¢ 5,98 10 ,000 7.70 10.63 15.86 20 ,000 13.70 18.15 40.82 40 ,000 36.20 21,13 60.74 CO ,000 35.30 44.13 90.64 100 ,000 €§,30 70.06 150,50 500,090 257,20 329,53 748.04 The comparison «ith Lansing and East Laneing is hardly a fair test but shows that the water rate lies somewhere vetween — the rate of a larger city and that of a smaller one. Lansing is a city with a population of 60,000 . A main- tenance department is efficiently operated and conducted vy ekilled workmen . There is constantly work to ve done in; the inetallation of new services , the renoving of obsolete mains and the relaying of new ones, placine hydrants and so forth to keep separate gangs employed for each kind of work. Tne practice developes experts, in the particular phase of work in whioh they Household Consumption Continucd: are enguged, therevy decreasing tie cost of oneratinui., Owosso is a city with a population of 12,909, Tne mrin tenance dcenpartment ia aardly to ov comprred witi tuut of Tansing, Whereas in that city, the work is diviced, one «anc does all tue taintenance work in Owosso, Ti.is practice results in less economy and increased cost of onceration, East Lansing 218 & population of wvoout 3,090. Its maiite= nance dcoartment consists of a forenzan who hires unskilled lavor when work is to uo. Gore. In addition , the plant at Bast TLansin_ is conprratively new with a@ iivavy dcot to etrug-ie unicr, asa a consegucnce the water rites are slishtiy higher than thove in Owosno or Lanning, Fire Service: For firc purpores the presaure required in tic nalna dco pemis upon whether it is intended tuat fire streans sall oc fur- nished directly from tine hydrate or whether stean engines suail be used, In thu csee of srall cities and towna it is of creator advantaze to supply fire stroans wituout tac usc of enginc:. a and in mrcct places tuis methoa is adopted, Owoseo is on- of tice cities tnat foliew in tunis ciass, Conscquently fire s are fournt from oydrant prossure alone. If hydrant fire pressure is to ve supolicud, it nay be eaid tuat in general the pressure in tie mains snould ve eus., and tne hydrants so pliced tig¢a larze proportion of tac fire etresans required in a cusincss district gi,ould be of a 240 to S590 .allan capacity, and in a residence district of 17° to 299 silion capaco-~ ty. Authority states tout a sycrant pressure lower than EF) pounds Fire Service Continued: for residence districts and 70 pounds for pusincess districts is undesirable, However, such pressures are common. In Owosso the preesure at the pumping station ig 65 pounds, From the above it Can readily be seen that the city has less than 65 pounds to rely on for fire protection. The working pressure at the hydrants in the business district wili not average over 60 pounds, which according ty previous statement s, is inadequate, From calculations which follow the pressure of 60 pounds is & reasogable one at which to figure the pressure int the bus- iness district. S pumps deliver 3070 gale per min. over 38 12 inch mains. } " " 1035 * " " " 1413 " 3096 feet *,the distance from the pump house to the pusiness district. , From a diagram for calculating C.I. pipes (Public Water Sup- ply page 242), the loss in head ia@ pounds for 1035 gals. per 1000 feet through a 12 inch main = 8.2 2.8x3.1 2 6 , no. pounds loss in 3096 feet. 65 - 6 = 59 pounds , the preasure at the hydrant. Some water is drawn from the 12-inch main pefore it reaches the business district. This reduction in quantity will decrease the loss of head from 6 to 5 pounds. The head loss per 1000 feet for $960 five 350 gallon streams is 1.9 pounds or 5.7 pounds for 3000 feet. ( Pubaic Water Supply Table 98) Assuming a 60 pound pressure at the hydrant the following fire streams can be obtained Example: ( Bughes and Safford'a Hydraulice, p. 1838) The pressure at a fire hydrant is 60 pounds per square inch. To the hydrant is attached 300 feet of the best quality b rubber lined 34-inch rubber hose. What is the pressure at the pase of the nozzle with a l-inch smooth nozzle? rn ra) Oo Fire Service Continued: p = effective pressure at vase of play pioce P = pressure at hydgant in pounds per sq.in. = lenzth of hose in feet =diameter of nozzle orifice in inches P p= TFa4 41 6822 = loss of head in feet me} O: 4 Using 309 fect of hosc p = 40 los.effective pressure at vase of play pipe. Using 40n fect of nose p * 24 lps. effective pressure at the base of the play pipe. “ith the above nozzle pressures , the following fire atreams Can ve obtained: i 40 lbs. nozzle pressure, 300 feet good quality ruover-lined hose, 24 inches in diameter, 1 inch smooth nozzle, Vertical Jet Average hizheet drop, still adr # 83 feet Highest good fire etrean = €4 feet H Horizontal Dieatance, jet elevated 30° to 45° Averace extrene drops , level of nozzle still air= 133 ft. Limit of good effective fire stream # 55 * Gallons per minute #* 186 2 24 lba. nozzle pressure, 49% feet good quality ruvvoer lined hose, 3} inches diameter, 1 inch smootn noazle. Vertical Jet Averace hicoecet drop, etili air = 70 fect Hignest good fire stream # 5S " Horizontal Distancc, jet elevated 30° to 46° Average extreme dropa, ievel of nozzle, still air #115 ft. Limit of good effective fire etream 2 49* Gallons dischuryed per minute = 1F8, Tne above fire setrears have a low discnarge which is hazardous in tic vusiness district, They discharge an average of 175 gallons per ranute, sufficient orotection f r a residential area but not co for a vusincas district. Fron 240 to 2°00 gals. per minute is toc nornal fire stream disciiar;je required in such an :rea, Fire Cervice Continued: To remedy this deficiency would necessitate a greater by- drant pressure, Using 80 pounde per sq.in, at the hydrant, tue fol- lowing fire strean should be obt.ined: i 80 lbs. hydrant pressure, 30% feet good quality ruovoer linca hose, 324 inches diameter, 1 inch smooti nozzle. Vertical Jet, Average highest drop still] sir = 10% ft. Hignest gocd fire atrean =71 * Horizontal ietance, et ae tee atee O® to 45°, Averaz-e extrene d level of nozzle, still air #1 Limit of good effec ive fire atream = Gale, dischargcd per minute 2 209 490 ft. good quality rucver lined RO te hydrant pressure inches diameter, { inch nozzle = none, Vertical Jet Average highest drop, etill air = 94 ft. Highest good fire stream = 69 * Horizontal Distance, jet elevated 70° to 45° Averaze extreze drops, level of nozzle # 143 ft. Limit of good effective fire stream, atill air #5° ft. Gale. pre minute dischurzed # 19°F, The above fire strea:s diecuarze only a average of 3un gallons per minute,, but do so usin: 300 and 40° feet of hose. For 207 feet the diecharge will ve avou' 250 gallons, A map , of tne city of Owoaso, showirg tne distrivution systen, impresses one witu the nunber of 4-inch cross mains, many of whi h supply hydrants . The loss of naed, per 1009 feet, in a 4-inch m2in te 13 pounds, There are nuzerous hydrante located more than 2000 feet from a feeder amd are connected with a 4-inch main, This meaine that 24 pounds of pressure, for 176 gallon stream te lost vefeae the water reac..es tie nose. A low pressure in tue resi- dential results from this condition. Fire Streane: The number of fire etreana availacle in any town, should be equal to 3.8]/x , where x represent s the popala- tion in thousands, This formula is given vy Mr. Kuichling and is accepted by engineers ae standard. @@eseo has a population of 12,000, requiring from the preceding formula nine fire etreans of 350 gallons each, This would require @ pumping cap- acity of 32,3250 gallons per minute in addition to the other uses. Authority (Public Water Supply) states that 2/3 of this estimate should pe capable of being concentrated upon any one square in the compact valuable part of the city, or upon one extremely large building of special hazard, Investigating fire protection from this angle the following computations are made: A 500 ft. radius fire oircle in the business distri¢é cute ; 4----8 inch pipes, 4----4 inch pipes, and 1l----6 inch pipe. It is required that five firestreams , of 250 galdons each , o@ availavle in accordance with the above estimate. l----8 inch p pe will discharge 64 times as much as a 4 inch with the sane loss of head, le----6 inch p pe will dischar:< 3 times as mach as a 4 inch with the sare loss of head, 5 fire streams at 250 gallons = 1,250 Reducing all pipee to the redative capacity of 4 inch pipes 4----8 inch pipes = 64 x 4 = 26 1----6 inch pipe * 3x12 3 4---- 4inch pipes @ 4x18 4 OO! 1,350 #- 33 = 38 gallons, capacity of eacn 4-inch pipe, 4e--=-8 inch pipes will carry 38 x 6.5 x 4 # 988 gallons. l----€ inch pipe will carry 7@ x 3 31 # 108 « 4----4 inch pipes will carry 328 x 4 x1 # 152 " 1350 Fire Streams Continued: Loss of head in 4-inch pipes per thousand feet for 88 gallons * 2 vounde. Iosa of head in 6-inch pipes per thougand feet for 104 gallon: = .6 pounds. Lose of hcad in 8-inch pipps per thousund feet for 347 gallons = .8 pounds. Four hydrant s are available , two of which are two- way hydrants, capable of furnishing six fire streams, The loss of nead ie not high enough to warrant any change in the oross mains of this particular fire circle. In the residential districts , tuere are several local- ities in which it gould require more than 500 feet of hose to fight a fire. However, there are only a few houses in the neichoorhood and not a great deal of protection is needed. Accounting: The functions performed b> 3a water works are as follows: (1) To furni@n water for private use; (3) To fur- nich water for public on the stgeets , sewere, fountains, and public ouildinge; (3) To furnish fire protection to proper- ty. (1) and (2) the cost of service may be considered ap- proximately proportional to the quantity of water supplied but in (3) it is out of all proportion to the amount of water used for awhile tie cost of construction is greatly affected, the total amount of water consumed is slight. Tne extra cost involved in furnish'ng adequate fir protection ia due largely to increased pumping capacity , increased size of mains, reservoirs, cost of hydrants and increased cost of maintenance, Estimates of care- ful observers place the proportion of interest , depreciation and maintenance expenses shargeable to fire protection as one- third to one-haif the entire cost. (Public Water Supply) The sources of revenue are the water rates and the funds received by general taxation, The former are paid by those who use the water, and in proportion to the amount used. The latter are paid by assessment on all taxavllg property. If the revenuc be eo raised that each interest served be charged according to the cost of tue scrvice, the cost of furnishing water to priv.ite customres should be paid bynthe water rates. The cost of seup- plying water for public purposes should be paid by taxation and according to the amount used; and the cost of fire protcction should also ve met vy taxation, since the individual is bene- fitted by reason of the protection afforded to property. fPub- lic Water Supply) ir, Chaupe, a Toledo en:incer, estimated in 1917 the numver of gallons delivered to tic mains at the Owosso J Pumping Ctation, as 303,905,700 for tuat year and proportioned Accounting Comtinued: the water usage to the followinz accounts; Water delivered to Customers meters 1°°,2°8,390 gallons; water used at'nine fires 113,000 gallons; water used for street aptinkling 5,780,000 gallone; water used for street flushing 58,000 gal- lons; water used for fountains 2,000,000 gallons; water used for horee troughs 2,000,000 gallons ; water used for drinking fountains 230,000 galions; water used fr sewer flushing E5,#00,000 gallons, At the present time, the operatinf expemees of the Owosso water works system are borne by the private custoners, the water rate being figured high enough to gover most of the expenses. A deficiency is met by a fund drawn from general taxation, Mr.Chaupe further atates that 145,607,400 gallons of water were not paid for in 1917., and has worked out the fol- lowing table in a report submitted bg nim to the city council. Loss of “ater Pumped in 1917. Total gallons pumped estimated fron revolution # 337,673,000 Lecs estimated slippage 33,767,300 Total estimated waterdelivered to mains 303,905,700 Water delivered through customers metere 158 , 298 ,300 Total loss 145 ,607 ,400 The abowe loss is not the number of gallons of water lost through leakage but the number of gallons pumped and not paid for. This amou nt will include leakage, together wita city und public usages, From what the auther could learn of past aocountinz, the city at one time paid a part of theqperating expenses in proportion to the amount of water used, but the practice has been Accounting Continued: discontinued in favor of the metnod now in use. It ie hardly faat to the private consumer to be ex- pected to puy for water that hhe public ag a whole benefits by. Therefore, it is of the opinion of the writer that a new system of proportioning water rates should oe worked out,@bere- by general taxation , ae well as the private consumer will share proportionatelyof the operating expenses. Lepreciation: Tnere ig @ large loss of value in every plant which is due to ase , inadequacy and obsolescenee, (Uniform Accounts for water Yorks, published by New England Water Works Association) Age, or the wearing out of parts due to use, or tue rusting out , due to the action of the elements, in an active cause of logs of valus in almost every plant. TInadequacy , or tne fact that due to the growth of the city and the increasing usage of water , certain pipe lines ad machines which were amply large, now do not meet requirement:, These parts will nave to be replaced. Obsolescence, or the fact that machines have oecome Obsolete and out of date on account of a recent development of -better and more economical machines, A financial statement found in toe city clerk'a office of tne city of Owosso, revealed the fact tnat no funde were set aside for depreciation, This statemant was for the yeare 1916 to 1919 and is as follows: Depreciation Continued: Financial Statement Gross income 1916 1917 1918 1919 from operations 21,852,732 € 27,482.88 * 30,893.82 Operating Expenses 14,490.83 17,052.82 $1 ,022,58 Net Farnings 6,261, 50 10,421,066 140, 76 Interest on bond 4,794,5° | 4,650.29 4,724.00 Gain or loss on operations 2,167,320: 5,780.F7 4,884.76 The above account suows notning for depreciation, At sone tire in the near future equipment that was inetalled thirty years ago will have to ve replaced, If ther ig no fund for this replacement new bonds will have to issued and the water rates proportionately raised. At tne present tine, two Of tuc pumps are considered as scrap, and will have to pe 1e- placed, An appraisal should ve made of tne depreciaple proper- ty, wuich includes work structures , equipment, wells, and tne distribution system. The value , life, and tne reniainin. life of each piece of depreciable equipment should be estimated, wherevy @ yearly anount could be eset aside for tnoat purpose. Suggeetions for Improvernent: The population curve of Ovos60 saows taat tne cit; ie growing. An incication of furtner growta, is tne fact that recently eeveral automobile factories have located there, Lanaing and Flint, two nearby cities, have doubled their pop- ulation over night vecause of this industry. Shipping facilities of Owosso are good , tie city velig entered vy connecting lines Sugzestions for ,Improyeme.t Continued: of the Grand Trunk, Micnizan Central a.d the Ann Arbor Rail- roads. As & conseqience,its location is fertile teritory for the manufacturing industry. It has been pointed out in a preceding artiole, entitled "Fire Service",that the city nas juet enough fire protection, The distrioution system hag reached its maximum ability to give the city that protection, A further increase Of population, especially in the residential section, would be in danger tarough fire risk, The foureinch mains, to waich hydrants are connected, are inadequate vecause Of pressure loat dbe to friction. In addition the system contains a number of dead ends which are objectionaole on account of the stagnatio. whico exists in the pipes and the deterioratiom of the water which is likely to ensue, It ig a peneral principle , when laying out a dis- tribution system, to arrange mains ao that the smaller crose mains may be fed from both ends, since a pipe so fed isa equiv- alent to two pipes, This system isa known as the gridiron sys- tem, It is proposed that tne principle of this system ve carried out in the following manner: Lay a twelve inch mainon Hickory Street , connectiiz the present trmelve-inch main on Coranna Avenue, thence arould the city (See map) and reconnecting a twelve-inch main, of the present systcm at the intersection of Lewey and Fast Streete, Such 2 pipe would feed the cross maine from both ends, elim- inate a number of dead encs, provide the residential areas with additional fire protection and eerve a; a feeder for any addi- Sugzestions for I*provement Continued: tional eroes mains the city cared to put in. To provide such a nain would require an cxpenditure of approximately * €4,800.00. This amount being based on the followin: catimate: 20,000 fect 12 inch C/I. pipe in place at #3.00 #& 60,000.00 1 River crossin: 500.00 300 Ecrvices changed at 5,00 1,500.00 Removing C990 fect of 4-inch at ®,20 1,300.00 Reroving &099 feet of G-inch at * .20 1,600.00 Total 64,800.00 An increage of population will also affect the prescnt consumption of water. From a previous disoussion of the power plant , it is evident that the plant is obsolete and inadequate. At the present tire , the pumps are working to théér full cap- acity , endangering the city if ane accident should happen to either pump, The situation has secome so acute taat the insurance companies are alarmed. This fact is substantiated from the fol- lowing article published May tenth, 1930 in tne Owosso daily paper, Owosso must spend over ® 75,000.00 On her water works at once or the Michigan Inspectio.:. Bureau, maintained by the ineurance companies operating in the 8tate, and which fixes the insurance class in which a city is placed, will cause insurance rates to be raised here, As 2 result tne gity commission his decided to adopt tne plan recommended by Professor Hoad of the Engincering firm of Hoad and Tecker of Ann Arbor, to inetall & huge reservoir with a capacity of 1,800,000 gallons, and a new centrifugal num» , electrically driven . The reservoir will Suz cstiona for Trorovernent Continucea: ve ouilt at an eatimate cost of * 7£,000,009 und tue pumpe in-talle3 «t+ a coc-t of avout * 3,509.00. It is not prceposed py the Buthor to recommend 4 re- lief fer the situation oscause of hia inexovricnce and tuc Lack or availaoic data on present day machincry. However, it is of his opinion that an electrically driven centrifusal pump coul: be in stalicd which would require very little attention. Tue firsaucizl statemant( cec Purpins Plant) shows taat tne olg iten of expense, for tac sresent pumps , sare fuel and 12b0or.,.A purnp woici #ili redcice these factors is tues purp to ve investigitid. Appendix. rer Large Sforage Reser voir fo ——$ HEY al) | a ae et 7 “ss r Lith near vin p flovse Valuation of Owesse Waterworks Report Cempiied by H, E. Riggs. Present Value of Owesse Water works. Cest ef Reproduction Land $11,407 Btruetures 16,740 Equipment 61,270 Wells 7 9675 Distribution 209,831 “S305, 553 Contingencies 9 5% 15,346 Engineering 9 5% 15,346 Legal and Admin- istraSion 9 1% $,069 $340,664 Interest during Construction 3% 10,280 Tetal $380,904 Present Value. $11,407 9,754 41,801 2,543 141,032 “FS08, BI 10,22” 10,327 2,065 $829,556 10,220 $259,476 Land Cost of Reproduction Part of N.W. 1/4 and part of N.E. 1/4 Seetion 19, T.7 N.R. S&S E, commencing at a point on E Corporation line, City ef Owesso (as in 1874) where the N. boundary line of land owne‘4 and occupied by the Ann Arber Raile read intereets said ecorporation line: thence N. along said eity to the left bank of the Shiawassee River at low water mark; thenee YW. along iown the left bank of said river to a point in line with the N. line of Oakwoed St. in the J.L. Wright addition; thenee S. on same course of NR. line ef said atreet to N. line ef Railroads Companys greun4; thence easterly on the N. line of said railread land te beginning. Alse papt N.E. 1/4 sommenesing at S.&. eerner of above land: thenee N. 78-50 £.,506 feet:thencen. parallel te eity line to the left bank of river: thenes Land Cest of Reproduction Seuthwesterly down and on said river $1,547 bank te aforesaid eity line; thenee 8. on eity line to beginning. Orginal purehase made in 1889 $.867 asres 9 $400 Orginal cost $445 Lets °4e46 RLK.'5 Lets 146 :; 6 All in Aubrey's Addition Orginal purehase in 18°? Cest $1,900 8.6 aeres 9 &S50 Lets 1-21 Inelusive Blk. 56 Aubrey’s Addition. Purehased in 1911 Priee 8675 The whole ef Blxks. 37,58 Lets 9e42 Blk. 49 $ SSe87 ¢ 4) Purehased in 1915. 19.8 aeres & $5,000 $910 5,820 Land Ceat of Reproduction, Let 19 Blk. 27 Original plat ef City ef Owesse. Purehased in 1918 2,060 Tetal $11,407 Werk Struetures. Cest of RBproduetion % of Cond Piasent.’ ition Value. Main Station Eld. 9Ax42x28 feet high. Original building built in 1889 $13,900 50 &R ,500 Ceal sheds 18%150x10 feet high. Built in 1915. Cest $2,222 2,P40 a5 1,904 Briek workshop an Comstock Ave. 25x65x30 feet high. 1,590 a0 1,250 $16,745 Ro, 745 Pump Station Bquipment. 2= Loes Seeteh Marine Beilers. $7,590 70 &5 250 l= Celd water feed pump Burnham Pump Ce. 150 50 768 1e-Celd water feed pump Fairbanks Morse. 50 80 15 le Het water feed pump Unien Pump Ce. 250 §0 125 le Stillwell epen feed heater . 225 50 112 Pump Statien Cest ef Repred- Equipment. ustieon leClesed feed water heater. Purehased 1019. Priee $200 $225 le Pressure tank for feed water 50 Steam gages ect. 120 le Laidlaw-Nunrzn Gordon Cross COmpound Duplex Air Compressor. 8, 6660 2= Gerdon Cempound Duplex Feree Pumps. Installed in 1A89, Serap § ,000 le Snow Compound Duplex Foree Pump. 9,000 l= Small storage reser- voir. Construeted 1889 2,500 Le Large Sterage reser- voirs. Installed 1895. 10,000 Q= Cireular Emergency reservoir. Cenneeted to river. 1,000 le Square Emergency reservoir. Cennected with river. 750 % of Cend itien 50 75 Serap 60 60 90 50 Present Value. a) a0 2,700 400 5,400 1,500 9,000 750 RIA 1? 38 Pumping Station Cest ef Repred= 4 of Cond Present? Equipment. ustion. itien, Value. Ceal shed fror A. A. Railroad to coal shed. €800 an Aran le Industeral tank 168 RO 152 le Fairbanks Forse Seale 200 80 180 le Cast iron turn table 15 rato 12 Se Ceal ears 40 78; 0 Se Harris air lift pumps 2e Sullivan air lifts 2,075 75 1,856 6e 3 noesters Purniture of plant and shop .. 60 §0 25 Tooele, jacks eet. 600 75 450 Steek of supplies, lead pipe, east iron pipe eet. 500 | 100 500 $61,270 €41 ,f801 Wells. Ze 6 ineh free flowing wells,near pump house. 400 7K 400 Se 6 ineh free flowing welle Soandoned 1,000 No walue. le 10 inch air lift Nexnr pump house 490 7o ZN le spring Ss. plant, Aon m0) 200 Sef inch rock wells East ef plant. Drilled in 1915 Cest £275 eaeh. 8,375 75 1,071 106 inch reok well Net in use . , E. of plant 350 Ne. Value. Welle. Cest of Reprod % of Coniition. Present. - uction. Value, le 6 inch air lift S. of plant. 700 75 €&505 4e6 inch wells Abanioned due to mineral qualiti#s of the water. 2,800 | Ne value. Se Brick well housings 250 75 127 87,676 RS D4” Maine. Feet Size Kind Unit C.of Est, %of Condi. Present Price Rep. Life Value. 9,267 129 C.I. 7205 18,097 RO 365 #1°,%4A $,698 10 3 1.85 R,102 70 59 3,800 14 ,210 8 : 1.°7 18,147 ' 60 RO 10,878 71, 987 6 : 292 «©©86,210 60 4 48,998 97 747 4 : .75 80,810 50 80 20,488 1,184 2 : «44 409° 40 AC 1,7" 4e River crossinrs @ $@00 1,600 70 1,120 Hydrants, 9e Engine hydrants 405 RO RO4 2eAR regular hydrants 7 2-2/ 1/2 hese eonneetions 7,854 ' R90 S997 le hydrant 4-2 1/2 , hese eonnesction. 35 — 80 17 249 Cennections from mains | to hydrants. 8,490 70 1,74" Meters. Number Kind Pries Cest ef Rep. Present Value. 2,089 6/8 $7.50 $15.668 28 5/4 11.00 S08 18 1 14.00 262 12 1 1/2 26.00 312 13 2 41.50 546 2 s 70.00 140 Installation on 23,163 meters # $2.00 4,526 $51,556 ~~ @ 75% $16,172 Meter Equipment. Cest ef Rep. Present Value. 6= Brick wells f@ $50 #180 le Weed meter well 20 25aHeter boxes ef 18 inch tile. 250 318 Meter bexes ef 24 inch tile. S,816 1,110 Meter bexes of 6 inch tile. 3,500 116@ KMetey bexes of 18 ineh eoncrete tile. | 1,166 ~~ $6,750 a 75% 6,567 Gates. Number Size Cest Cest Rep. Present Value. 9 12 $45.00 £405 6 10 35.00 210 18 8 27.00 486 102 6 19.50 1.989 115 4 13.50 1,552 4,645 a 70% 3,240 58=@ Briek welln €@ &20 fer gate valves 1,189 189= 6.T. gates valve welk, § 66z 7 ry $5096 831 IY) SOS eee waa ~ T, ase £4 7° #148,089 Total to Summar:: Pocker Con’lQVs L110 Of OWos5C ee a a cr —-- | THM 3 1293 0304 147 6 4