REPORT PROPOSED SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION FOR THE POLYFUEL ENGINE CO. Herbert West Finnigan SECO ROS Frederick William § pletstoser hoe a hives ee / fh 5 eat Behe tie” 2 oMu 6 ‘ ¥ Ya A ah Ny x sc PROPOSED SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION, for THE POLYFUBL ENGINE CO. A REPORT SUSuITTED to THE FACULTY MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE by Herbert West Finnigan. Fay Sydney Reynolds. Frederick William Spletsteser. Candidates for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. June, 1921 @ yHESIS 96297 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Title Page. Frontispiece. Introduction. A Proposed System of Forms for The Polyfuel Engine Company. Bibliography. The Theory of Employment Payshology. Part One. A Demonstration of Applied Psychology. Part Two. Bibliography. Page. 46 49 65 9£ INTRUDUCT 1un The total wealth that any people can create is governed primarily by two factors; the natural resources of the count- ry that they inhabit, and the tools of production, both ment- al and physical, which they possess for developing these re- sources. Thus, savages living in a rich and fertile territory do not rise above the level permitted by their tools of product- ion, while nations with comparatively small resources may easily occupy a foremost position among civilized people be- cause of their highly developed Industrial £rocesses and Organizations. In order to have an efficient organization it is necess- ary to have efficient factory routine. Factory routine is the cugtom and practices which guide and direct the men in their work. it produces desired results only when it accomp- lishes the work in the least amount of time and with the least expenditure of energy. ‘the forces of competition are so strong at the present time that any organization having a routine which is lax in any respect and not based upon a thorough analysis of its business will not reap full profits and possibly suffer failure. ‘therefore, it behooves every organization to adopt its routine only after a thorough study and careful anilysis of its particular problems. Factory routine covers a very broad field and can be divided primarily into two divisions; mnufacturing and selling. Of these two, manufacturing is all important to the Industrial sngineer for he is concerned only with the manu- facturing and not the selling of the product. Therefore, it becomes our problem in this Report to devise a system, where- by the product can be produced at the lowest possible cost. In devising a method for manufacturing we must consider two important problems; that of producing and that of cost accounting. Production depends upon two things; the equip- ment and the Human Being. The equipment once procured, be- comes a stable fixture, whereas the Human Being once pro- cured, may easily become dissatisfied and therefore his length of stay is indeterminable. This fact has become so disturbing to production routine that it has long since be- come policy to place the problem of employment in the hands of an employment man, thus leaving the production man free to concentrate all of his thoughts and efforts to production matters only. It has become a recognized fact that tne proper selection of employees results in better satisfied and more efficient workman. Proper choosing of employees constitutes in itself a big problem. A large organization can profitably carry out an elaborate system of selecting their employees. The size of our organization at the start will not warrant any suchelaborate system. However, we have deemed it advisable at this time to make a study of Scientific Employment for future use. In short the object of this Thesis is to propose a method of carrying on production, keeping of factory cost and employ- ment records, and a discussion on scientific employment, The Polyfuel sngine Company is a mythical organization formed for and by the members of the first Class in Indus- trial Engineering at Michigan Agricultural College. The purpose of the course is for the study of factory organiza- tion, planning, and supervision. The product "manufactured" is a one and one-half horse power Hvid type internal combust- ion engine. At the time of this writing, all designs for the engine have been completed. One engine has been built and is in operating condition. However, the engine is undergoing cer- tain stages of perfection. When this development work has been completed, it is the intention of the Mechanical sngin-~ eering Department to manufacture the engine by production methods, all of the work being performed by student members of the engineering college, supervised by the members of the Industrial Management class. Up to the present time our articles oir incor;oration and by-laws for the Polyfuel sngine Company have been drawn up and accepted, Board of Directors chosen, officers elected and standard practices and instructions for all executives discussed and approved. Our location and site decided upon, plans for our factory with reference to our present needs and future growth made, choice of machines and necessary equipment completed, operations on all parts decided upon. In fact every thing lies in readiness for the relization of mS our plans with the exception of the necessary technique and forms for. the actual operation of the Polyfuel s«ngine Company. In view of these facts, we have undertaken, that may really be deemed a completion of the work thus far carried on by our Industrial Management class. ~ e) A REPOR? of a PROPOSED SYSTEM OF FORMS for oarrying on PRODUCTION in the POLXYFUBL ENGINE COMPANY -G- in this section of the Xeport the equipment for hand- ling produetion on a more or less soientific basis will be desoribéad in considerable detail. By equipment we mean the necessary forms to handle routing, soheduling, dispatching, eostKkeeping and employment. Routing is the inclusive term which refers to that division of the Planning Department that has to do with the analysis of orders, the requisition of material, the pro- vision of operation cards and instruction sheets, ani, in general, the arrangements of all details both informative and material that are required for the actual aoccomplish- ment of the work. | Scheduling defines that part of the Planning Department activities that has to do with the assignment of the work to the machine in the sequence or distribution required. It also should present the status of the production or process goods by means of some suitable form of control mecanism which will reflect the condition ani at the same time indi- cate dates of completion. Dispatohing refers to that part of the work of the Planning Departiient which authorises or initiates the start ef actual operation and the start of the suceessive comple- ting processes Cost Keeping is taken care of in the Planning Depart- ment ani has to do with recording all direct and indirect factory cost. A good Cost System should contain all forms necessary to keep the actual cost of the product. It is not. sufficient to know that the factory is paying as a whole, especially when competition is strong in a special line. With a good Cost System the iianager can keep himself inforu- ed regarding Shop Operations as they prozress and can often avert losses and difficulties instead of waiting until the work is finished, when remedy will come too late. Employment is taken care of in the Planning Department, and has to do with the employing of all men. The employment manager keeps a directory of all employees, while at work, and this reoord is kept on file after the employee leaves the employment of the factory. The forevoing five functions interlace to a certain extent, and it is necessary for the smooth running of the machinery of the Plaming Department to have a complete set of formes to take care of the factory routine. On the followin. pages are found all the necessary forms that we proposed to use in the mythical plant of the Polyfuel Engine Company. fhe forms are grouped according to the departments in which they originate. A drawing of the forms along with its complete description is given. The forms themselves are all of standard sises, and we think that they would take care of the entire produotion of an engine, similiar to the one proposed to be manufactured by the Polyfuel Engine Company. Preceding the forms, ig ziven a chart of authority of all the officials who are concerned with these forms. Another chart is given showing the routine of orders and material, this is self explanatory as it shows the path ef orders, and the transfer of materials. These charts are given in order to olear up any disputes which mi;ht arise during the process of manufacture. No more discussion is necessary here as a complete discussion is given a long with each form. OEE tI ee) | B7U2UOZU/OL/ UOIZINPOLY -2 YIPA/D UO/ZINPOASY - 9 UOWUISITLOAG? £194] -S 2UPPUPZQUIMIIONG -GF EL Me AeA PIL MA ELL B ar re ne A ve “AY .. V's) =] 4 ‘Tare. woods buickdiyc ~ f/ OSS ET To Ly Le ay CAL he fol Ao Rae ELLA ae Tae En goa CLE Bae B| TET Ye. ay TPT) ra — ’ * x eI ala OM): |aga/ a Oa se e Z£-1. Drawing Index Card ate 3 7214 Led Ta a had Word 184 idee de ited ree Perr, Td Pi MALT eee) of Tokes atter Mach. Wo. yea x write word OVER. Bae 2: Hachine Farts Card. te a. ow 3 é ; “~ <5 5 “4, ' ei 2 = q : ‘ 7 ° y “ * 4 4 a7 oo P 4 7 et a> ia 5 ) 4 ¢ ~ ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT }F ORMS Form E-l1. Drawing Index Card. This form is made of lizht weight white card board. Sise, Sx § inches. This form is made out and filed according to part numb- er in the Engineering Department. It contains all necessary data io locate drawinzs, tracings, and blue prints. It also contains a brief description of the part as well as the signatures of all men concerned. Form E-2 ##Machine Parts Record Card. This form is made of 11i;:ht weight white oard board. Sise 4x 6 inches. This form is made out and filed according to part numb- er in the Engineering Department. On this card is recorded the use ani position of the certain piece on the machine. It contains a complete history of the part. Form E~S Castings Record Card. This form is made of li-sht weight, white card board. Sise 5x8inches. This form is tilled out and filed according to part number in the Engineering De, artment. On this card is found all data concerning and relating to the casting as can be seen by looking at the form. Fattern faltern Aade a pre Piri Pracesen Plate ee £-3. Casting ffreeord Card. Ol a VALS ee aes 1). / a -: , , O OPE RATION mara NAME OF PIECE . ed at mee Tat IL. Unit Speertication Sheet. oe met Bas fot sea u ~l5-< Form E-4. Operation Sheet (Parts Only) This form ia made of plain white paper. Size llx 8+ inches. This form is made out as far as possible by the Engin- eering Department and sent te the Plannin: Department for completion. This sheet gives the operations required on each part, the Department in which the work is to be done, atandard time per 100 and the number required on each engine. This form is kept in a standaré 6&4 by 11 ineh binder. \ Form E~§. Unit Specification Sheet. This form is made of plain white paper. Size 8x 1l inches. | This form is tilled out in the Bngineering Department, copies going to the Planning Department and the necessary Production Departments. This form gives the necesgary re- quired parte to make up a certain unit. They are bound ina atandard 8x 11 inoh binder according to unit number. Borm i-6 Pattern Record Oard. This form is made of light weizht, white cardboard. Sise Sx 5 inches. Tila card is filled out by the Engineering Department and sent to the planning office along with the blue prints. From there both are sent to the Pattern Shop. When the pattern is completed this card accompanies it to the pattern storace which is in connection with the foundry. Here the card is filed for reference. x eS PEN et e ae epi DECISION ME10 BS), ee Ta TTT Aa a A's VaE Tre Id eT LM Ct hd eh eg kd ye Bi yar Re SS Rs Sn aa ear. ps Fay ak aa oe Ti Copies Sent Ta EEN Gongag oe o8 | ee 7 eee : Sa aah 3 5) tN fe, 2 NR Sa: Pid Bi A ag ih, eR ete : 2 vs ae Mepe og Rea (y's ea poe a a i a eee rrr gts 8 ) a Fe Sabine creel PS DRE el Sepeimett | ara £-1 Decision Memeo ae Py ~y . “ay ; Wiese PRODUCTION FORMS ae ole AVOID VERBAL ORDERS ae ey as Sh Se a yar a Pe Ya BP Sat Aiea ite calon, Oe RIAs oe Ltr a ~ - YB ae t 7 oe Sa la oo ese ars pentane edie mean. ho a dant aller sak Cee ahs abe th re wil . ‘ oy 5 Ei ge ee ao —- --— — lc lh OT 1 eee tls a es we) pegs EP Se De hes r eee & Form B-7. Decision Memo. Thige form is made of erdinary yellow paper. Sise 6x 8 inches. } This form is used by the Engineering Department to inform other Departments of changes made in specifications. Copies are sent to the necessary efficials and production Gepartments. One copy is kept om file in the binder in the Engineering Department. PRODUCTION DEPARTIENT. | (planning) Form Pel. General Order. This form ig made of plain white paper. Sise 4x 6 inches. It is obviously conyient to have a standard form to be used by heads of Executive Departments in issuing orders and for correspondance when special forms are not available. When used for correspondance one copy is sent to the Depart- ment concerned and one copy filed by the Issuing Department aceording to number. In case the General Manager uses it for ordering yearly production, he makes one original and two carbons. He sends all three to the Production Superintendent who alse signa it, files the original and sends one copy to the Planning Office, and one copy to the Engineering Depart- ment. ety Futterv. Order a . i * te PROGRESS RECORD Order Na » dat Ae ! Part Wo. hme a Ae Be Completed Nar Later Tharp vert a Tota/ va a & | wea ‘at 3 Fregress Frecord pan Form P-£. Pattern Order. This form is made of ordinary yellow .aper. Sise 4x 6 inches. This form is filled out in the Planning Department and sent to the Engineering Department where the necessary blue prints are attached. The order is then signed by the Sup - erintendent whe forwards it to the Pattern Shop and the pattern is made. The pattern having been made and approved, form 2 then goes to the Cost Clerk, by whom the workmans time is charged in spaces designated, from the pattern makers job tickets filled out by the pattern shop time clerk. ‘The cost clerk, aleo fills in the cost of material in material cost spaces from "Material used Oards", filled out in the pattern Shop. The "Class", space at the bottom tells to which of three classes the pattern belongs; Class-1. Standard Patterns, which may be either of wood or metal. Class-2. Special ratterns. Class-3. Special Patterns, which have no inventory value. } The class number is applied to the planning department when the order is made, and informs the pattern forman as to the quality of workmanship demanded. Form P=Se Progress record Card. Teis form is of bluish gray color and made of lizht weight cardboard. Sise, 4x 6 inches. The back of this form is a continuation of the record spaces on the front side. This form is filled out in the Planning Office and serves as a working order and record card. A card is sent te Respective Departments for each operation. The daily progress both time and production is recorded on this card. When the order is completed the clerk closes the order and forwasds it to the Planning Office which in turn senda it to the Cost Department. From this data a complete record is kept of the actual cost of production of each part. Form P=4. Lot Card, This form is made of heavy yellow cardboard. Size 5x: 7 inches. This form is made out by the planning department and will be furnished working departments, when material is in such departments, Department foreman are held responsible for the proper handling of this card while card and material ere in their departments. When ready to start work on material covered by Lot Card, the foreman will zive card to employee, who will present same _ to time clerk when starting time on job. The time clerk will enter on card the information called for and employee will return card to material. ihen the employee has completed his work on this mat:rial he will put down, or have put down PS p | T CARD TAG lat tee ld at Red Clerk’s O.K. Lot Card STOCK RECORD ROVGH STOCK FINISHED LOCATION LOCAT Fecelveo on HANO Tie aa a) oN HAND 7 A Or in ey a7, lata ye 4 , t va’ -20- under man's count on the Lot Card, the number of pieces he has completed. When material is moved to next department the Lot Card must aocoompany it. In the event that a lot of material is to be split the Planning Department is notitied ani they see that new Lot Cards are made up to cover the 6ifferent lots. When the final operation is completed material and Lot Card are sent to the stock room foreman, the stock room foreman will cheok the count ind place card in receptacle to be picked up by stock record clerk for posting, after which will be turned over to the Planing Department to be checked with the progress record, Envelopes are used in connection with Lot Cards for protection through the shop. Face of envelope to show part and erder number. Porm P-5. Stock Record Sheets. This record sheet ig made of light yellow paper. Sise 8#x 11 inches. When material is received in the stock room, either rough or finished, the stock room foreman inspects it and checks the count against the transfer. The transfer is sent _to the record clerk in the Planning Office who records the amount received on these stock record sheets. He also keeps recerd of stock delivered from stock room on these sheets. These sheets must be kept up to date in order to have acourate check on material. aC aaa aA Wey aa: ni ae, . i ae Please attend tathe business described hereunder and after corm | petier, return this sheet to Plonaing Office, i On back here of, (temise al! Molterials £ all Labor, wrt account of this job. ii , Give No. ofthis jeb, inreperting Customs Werk to Cost Nevartment. Jhts work is for 3 CY * % A.) ,;2 Poe. kT Ce BY eg N over Names af /ler Pat ed ond SYaterials ea AeA i, ta ae Mae, ed Form P-6. Customs Job Order. This form is made of plain white paper. Size 4x 6 in- ches. This form is used by the Planning Office in authorising department foreman to allow special outside work to be done on machines under their supervision. On the back of this form spaces are provided to record factory expense to be char ged. Form P-7. Control Chart, This form is made of plain white paper printed in light rea. Sise, large enough to tace care of all part numbers. The headings are filled in according to production orders issued from the Planning Office. One of these charts is Kept for each of castinzs and finished parts. The engine production is figured for each week and as the daily production reports come in, the production clerk who has charge of the Control Charts post the report. If product- ion is up to date, he sticks a blue headed pin opposite the date and part number. If behind he sticks a red pin opposite the date to which production is 0. Ke If production is the head he sticks a white pin opposite the date up to which pro- duction is completed. If parts are purchased he uses a brown pin. Phese Charts are kept on the wall beside the Production Clerks desk. The ideal condition would be to keep a straight line of blue ping on any certain date. FS ee ieee ae OR + Pe Oe x ow SO PNR Seep eu al’ aK / Hah a REQUISITION ON STORES — a, Order No. iD SONI REE SEY rin-FP?-8 Stores requisition a OT ada Cian + No. Le Le ia eo "re Tm Pra > wy ey Nee hae AA ee acd A ma, te oe LCN ea ed W277 - Form P-8. Stock Requisition. This form is made in duplicate, the original of lixht weight pink paper, the duplicate of licht wei cht straw color- e@ cardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. This form is made up by the Planning Office and sent to the stoak room. The stock room foreman fills the order send- ing the duplicate to the specified department with the material. When the order is filled the original ig gent back to the Planning Office, where the record clerk records the amount on the stock record sheets, Cos? DEPARTMENT FORMS Form T-1. Pay Roll Time Oard. Thig card is made of stiff yellow cardboard. Size 4x 7 inches. | This card is the standard type of Stromberg Glock Cards. ‘This clock card should be used in keeping the daily time of all employees. They are required to ring "In" the morning and "Out" at noon; "In" at noon and "Out" at night; "In" for extra time and "Out" for extra time. The record for all of this is provided fer on the card, each card showing slae the pay period and the time it covers. The factory clerk tetals each days time and cheoks it with the time total on the job cards. At the end of a pay period the factory clerk gatheres the clock carda and sends then to the time office, where the pay master has the Pay Roll made up. MS, POP alae be? VS “ # Te ‘ VIATLEIAL COST FECOFD Amount 72777 Vi a Ld Oe Ae hea terial Cost Card bh eA ook Cost Card. y mT-4. Parts Cost Cord rzTas| Gross | Meduc-|| Wet SA ead od Form fe2, Material Cost Card. This eard is wade of white, 11;;ht wei..nt oardvoard. Sise 4x 6 inahes. 2oig form is mde on whioh to record the cost of all purchased material. the data on each card is obtained from billie received of curchase material. ko Ke Form 1-3. Unit dost curds. This :orm ia made of white, li ht wei ht cardboard. Sise Sx & inchese Toese oxrde are Kept on iile in the Cost Lepartnent and ere filled in with date takes from form T-4(parts cost cards) which go te mke up the certein unit. From theee cards the actual cost of the product is figured. Form Teg, Parts Cost Card. fhis form is made of white, li -bt weiht card neard,. Sise 3x & inches. On the front of this form is found individual costs, each as material, ocurden and Lavor costs, which make up the totai cost per piece. | On the bask of this ourd our spaces to fi:ure and record the average cost per creration. These cards are kcpt on file in the Cost Department according to Pert number. ‘The data is taken from reports sent im from the shop. DAILY TIME SHEET DEPARTMENT Form-T-6 PAY ROLL RECEIPT NO. RECEIVED from The Polyfue/ lt la as | CUM AT A Ld eM ee) La LL eR Lee LAER a Frote IVT a No. HouRS WORKED TOTAL DIS TRIBUT/ON Fe eel ATE TE Weed Le T T | mS ee ee baat he} a rahe ae lat did iia, lax, a NAA RW eT TTA ae a ars NAME Fn re, See aiies aT del a Forra-T-7 Time Clerhs Nove Book Sheet 447" FORM -T7-8 PEL ee) BP RL la ae es: ay Freceipl il a a Form T-5, Depreciation Cards. This form is made of red, light weizht cardboard. Size 3x 5 inches. These cards are used to keep accurate depreciation data om each machine. On this card is alse kept the value of improvements and the net value of the machine itself. Form T-6. Pay Roll Sheet. This form is made of ordinary yellow paper printed in black and rulled in red and green. Sise 5x 8 inches. These sheets are filled in by the Time Olerk each day before the job tickets are sent to the cost department. Spaces are furnished to distribute the cost according to job mumbers. These cards are kept by the time clerk until after the pay peried is closed and then sent to the Cost Department. Form T~7. Time Clerk Note Book Sheets. These sheets are made of white paper for a standard 4x 7 inch note book. This note book is kept by the time clerk for his ow re- ference. It contains the man's mame and clock number, depart- ment in which he is employed, time he started to work and his present rate of wazes. Form T-8. Pay Roll Receipt. This form is made of white light weight cardboard. Sise 2x 5 inches. This form is a receipt for the wages received by all emp- loyees. This form is kept on file in the Pay Masters Office. EMPLOYMENT _fOFRMS N a we xe 5 ba.) 3 DN re ps i 1 a z iF Bae N VVA ere fee TL) Bore ! A Lad z PD Married or e 3 » Phone Wa. @ ea Tas ee A My Father Bort € M other Born Citizens of U.S. ‘ Pel p OTe ete ae maa if Fortn-C-1. Employment Flecord Card ike ey ee gs AE ool | Langs Ls ss fed INTRODUCTIONGHRD La MLA LaLa A TZU ae) in Dept. No, 7 bearer is Ser to you ip respanse Te TT Ac Ade inten Say Sea For ee oe te boos . ary es 7 ae aT z fees Shere ot___aecleck. Month ___Da Noted. Supe, F ortr-C-2 ite Slip BX 5" ~%4- EMPLOYMENT *ORMS Form Cel. Employment Record Card. This card is made of white, light weight cardboard. Sise ox 5 inches. The employment man makes out one of these cards for each man hired. On one side it contains all personal information of interest to the Company. On the otherside is recorded the man's standing with the Company. when the man quite or is discharged, this data is reoord- ed on the card and kept by the Employment Department for fature reference. Form C-2. Hire Slip. This form is made of plain white paper. Sise dx 5 inches. fhis form is filled out by the Employment Man and given t¢ the employee who presents it te the Time Man, who records ali desired data ani gives the man his time card. The mam also presents this eard to the foreman when reporting for work. vad ot te) ae ae form @-l. flelzase Slip. IKS, OVEA TIME SLIP Je be atlewed must becov ered by this form, sign ed by Farman Vaated 2 Ae Ae) LS ap Nene Bee Foe sd SACRE ee Re se Ver tee Mand ta Zn Filled by Fore mart Pe E Ts Ry a eee eS. a ae ies et Pe ne Charye to Toh Wo. Ms form G-2. Overtime Lo WA = ME ae a2 Cie dt RY Lee ay eek anal alee These €e © F at Ded Mee) , <= =e ieee 2 ae » - P| alae Le ee ae fe. a a ed GoeNZRAL DAPARTUENTAL FORMS Form G-l. Release Slip. This form is made of white, light weight cardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. One of these forms is made out by the toreman when a man quits or is discharged. When 0. K'ed. by proper offic- ials, it is presented to the Pay Master, who is authorised to pay the man his wages. Form G2. Overtime Slip. This form is made of ordinary pink paper. Sise 3x 5 inches. All overtime is covered by one of these slips which when properly signed authorises the watchman to allow the workman to pass in and out. Form G-3. Job Ticket. This form is made of plain white paper. Sise 3x 5 inches. This form is made up by the Factory Clerk when the work- man presents his Lot Card. The elapsed time is figured upon completion of each job or at the emi of each day. This elaps- ed time is recorded each day on the Pay Koll sheets and then the job tickets are sent to the Cost Department. Form G-4. Daily Tally and Production xeport. This form is made of ordinary pink paper. dSise 5x 8 inches. This report is made out daily by the Factory Clerk and =) foe te , "Ss 2% tel * eae) ron mia PT Vina ry PART Wd. | ORDER Wo. OPERATION _G-F Wey) Tally and Production Frepor? mee ¥ Se Nemec (Onc aa DESCRIPTION aw} LE, Lepartmerfal Froductiar apa om TRANSFER Ag LAs ~Z8- forwarded to the Planning Office. This report shows the pro- duetion by operations, it is also a check on operations that _have been assigned and performed. Porm 6-5. Daily Departmental Production Report. This form is made of ordinary Light blue paper for a standard 7x 10 inoh note book. The report is made out in duplicate each day by the Department Foreman, one copy sent to the Planning Department and one held by the Department Foreman. From these reports the control charts are kept up to date. Porm G-6. ‘Transfer. This form is made in duplicate, the original of ordinary yellow paper and the duplicate of light yellow cardboard. This form is used to transfer material from one depart- ment to another or from departments to stores. When used departments to stores, the original is filed in the Issuing Department with the transfer on which the material was re- ecived. The duplicate goes with the material to the stores, where the material is counted and inspected. Then the card- poard copy is sent to the Planning Department where the record clerk records the shipment. Porm @-7, Shortage Slip. This form is made of ordinary paper and in triplicate. Sise 3z 5 inches. This form is issued by the Stock Room when a requisition 7 -29- is only partially filled owing to the shortage of material. Such items as are ghort will be crossed off requisition and shortage slips issued to cover same. The original (yellow slip)is held by stock room. The @uplicate (blue slip) is sent with the material to the Depart- ment foreman. ‘The triplicate (pink slip) is sent at once to the Planning Department. When material called for on shortage slip is received in Stock Room, it is delivered at once to department holding shortgace slip and the duplicate held by such department pick- ed up and with the original sent to the stook record clerk for posting. Form G8. Indentification fag, This form is made of heavy red eardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. This form is used by all departments sending material in- to machining or assembling departments. Each lot of material entering these departments must be accompanied by one of these tags, showing part and order number. If the lot is delivered in two or more boxes or trucks each box or truck must have a separate card. These tags remain with the material at all times in these departments and will accompany material back to stock room. SHOR ODA te me LO (ol me Dote Filled PRESENT THIS SLIP WHEN CALLING FOR MATERIAL - 6-7 Ta ET CF) Aaa ee FPHRT NO ORDEF NO. rin-G-8 Identification Tag 3X5 ae = = fy =. = = et e,* -4l]- STOOK ROQM FORMS Ferm S-l1. File Card, This card is made of medium weight, yellow cardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. These cards are filled out by the Stock Roem Foreman. They are kept in a card index file aecording to part number, simply for convience of locating desired parts. ‘Porm 8-8. Bin Card. This form is made of white, licht weight cardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. _ This form is made for convience of the Stook Room Men, and is placed in « pocket on the bin or drawer. INSPECTION FORMS Porm I-l1. Defective Stock Tag. This form is made of heavy, red cardboard. Sise 2tx 44 inches. | } These tazs are filled out and attached to defective mater- ial by sub-inspectors s0 as to hold material until it can be inspected by the chief inspector. The chief inspector either attaches a Salvage Tag or Scrap Warrant. Form I-2. Salvage Tag. This form is made of heavy, blue cardboard. Sise 3x 5 inches. | These tage are filled out by the inspectors and attached e778 La Se y g “Ti Va “od 4 A BIN Cpe a 1 OT ee + Se cH 20d su) Me eke] Ee EOE MOLLE ul) ~~ — oe > aaa & a a A ne Be TS R ae ~~ * a a a tel lide eve we = . ; y at 3 hae ee en 2 er i Gol yrog aAipaeseg /-[ -#4/0 = py SF Vf Ys mom 217) SALVAGE T AG ‘ fon Part No. Deliver to ea FT L2G) | Lea ot ae ey Led ¥ a ‘ CET TRS bp / ae REA - > ‘ Py -< : . . Z ‘ ain —- . - , d (ef Seen ett me ‘ sa eR OY 7) de. i), ieee Fe Ae Pe ENG EF ec 5 an tat r : . 4 i Gi | ‘ i ie < -44- to defeotive material recommending repairg necessary to change parts se they will pass inspection. Form 1-3. Sorap Warrant. This form is made in triplicate of ordinary paper, the original light blue, duplicate yellow, and triplicate pink in color. Sise 3x & inches. } These are filled out by the Chief Inspector who retains the original copy. The duplicate is sent to the Planning Department where new stock is requisitioned if necessary, record made and then sent te Engineering Department where it is filed. fhe triplicate is sent to the Cost Department where it is charged against Department Sorap. Form 1-4, Short Tag. This form is made of heavy weight, red cardboard. Sise This form is made out in case some pert is missing at final inspection. An engine bearing one of these tage is returned to the necessary department where missing part is to be attached and returned for final inspection. Ferm I-5, Inspection Tag. This form is made of white, licht weicht cardboard. Sise x 5 inches. One of these tages ie made out for each engine as it leaves the assembly floor and stays with the engine until it is sent to the shipping department at which time the shipping clerk collects -45- 1% and sends it to the Planning Office where it is filed for reference concerning the diffcrent stages of manufacture. o46< BIBLIOGRAPHY. "Factory Manager" "Planning and Time Stadies" Faccounting Methods for Industrials" "Principles of Industrial Organisation" "Applied Methods of Solentific Management" "Installing Efficiency Methods" "Manufacturing Costs and Accounts" "Pactory Organization and Administration" Arnold. Armstrong. Woods. Kimball. Parkhurst. Knoeppel. Church, Diemer 47. A REPOR? on the POSSIBILITIES AND ADVANTAGES of employing labor by APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY -48- PART ONE. fhe Theory of Employment Psychology. PART TWO. A Demonstration of Applied Psychology. -49- PART ONE. The word "Psychology" is one of the most misused words in the English Language today. It is assumed to be a science of uncanniness. An amusing fact of the matter is that the common layman can give an explanation of any phenomena where- in the personal element enters by simply saying, "It is the psychology of this or that", and we all understand perfectly. The trained psychologist, however, knows the point where phaychology ends. He Knows that it is not a cure-all for every perplexity that may arise. This fact places psychology in @ wery embarrassing position at times. Psychology can accomplish very good results only in the field of psychology. Paychology is defined as a science of the human mind. The word “science” comes from the latin word "goire" which means "to know". However, to know is not necessarily to be a scientist. Science means a knowledge systematised and Classified, a knowledze of certain laws, causes, and re- lations. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek meaning "knowledge about the mind". From this, we might rewrite our definition thus, "Psychology ig a systematised, classified knowledge of the laws, Gauses, and relations of the human mind. smployment psychology, therefore, oan be taken as the application of the scientific metinods to the mental actions concerned in employment. Paychology is no more indefinite than is chemistry or -50= physics. During the last fifty years, in small secluded laboratorics, paychology has been rapidly developing inte @ real science, The days of speculation are over. It ia true that in the sciences of cheaistry or physics, the sub- stances under investigation can be weighed or measured. We have the feeling, and rightly so, that our mental facts are our own personal affairs. I have my own memories, imagination, hopes, and resolves. Likewise, you have yours. Mine can never be made yours nor can yours ever be made mine. Altho mental facts and physical facts are widely different in 111 essentials, there is a very close sonnection between them. To illustrate, notice a person when angry. There we have the mental fact, the feeling; and also the physical fact, the actions, and looks. If my mind is active, I am paying close attention, my jaws are tight, my head is set firmly, and perhaps I seowl slightly. These instances show that in some way or another, each mental fact is ceonnect- ed very closely with a physical fact. Another way of distinguishing our mental experiences is by analysing the facts of our every day life. These exper- fences contain facts which are studied by two sciences, the physical seiences and the science of psychology. It is the results coteined from this angle of study that are of ao much use to the psychologist in solving the problems of employing scientifically. These experiences eome from the objects | whioh we daily see, hear, taste, smel)], and handje. We are more or less interested in these physicul objects and their ways of behavior. ie say that we gee them, hear thea, taste them, etc., and that we are pleased or displeased with then, we remember them, we use them for our purposes, or they gatisfy our degires. This again shows us that physical facts are widely different and yet very closely connected. That is to say, there can be no mental fact established in the mind without there being an accompanying or resulting physical fact. | But to be able to merely distinguish mental facts is not to be a psychologist. To properly study our subject, then, we must study the phenomena that we may properly classify them and attempt to ascertain the causes of them. To do this we are equivped with a faculty known pupularly as Conscious- ness. To be conscious is to have feeling and memories. Thus, in order to investigate the phenomena, we must bring them up for thought in the same manner as in study of the phenomena of any other science. We must pay attention to the ha:pen- ings in our mind. This ig by far the most important method of obtaining the facts and is known as introspection, whioh means to look within. This method is accompanied with considerable confusion to the novice, for the facts we are searching for are so close at hand that they are more often overlooked than comprehended. | Other important methodg of studying the phenomena are by observing what is going on in the minds of those about us. To do this, however, we translate their mental states from their actions, looks, manners, and words. ie can do this by what we already know of our own thoughts and feelings in connection with our own actions, looks, manner, and words. This method is known as observation. By introspection and observation, we obtain for exemination all of the phenomena. Now that we know th:t there are mental facts esteb- lished in every mind, that these facts are very closely related to cortain physical fact#, that the mental facts ean be obtained both by introspection and observation and can be grouped for a study of their laws and causes, let us attempt to apply these facts in a practical way. For ex- ample, let us take a piece of green cloth and display it to a group of persons. There will result as many different mental facts from this display as there were persons. To some, the cloth will be a light green, to others, a dark green, to still others, just green, and perhaps some may not be able to distinguish it as green at all. Again, let us bring up for display a button hook. This may bring to one's mind a pair of shoes, a smoky steel mill, a factory wherein the hook or shoes were made, or it may only produce the sight of a bent piece of heavy wire, and so -e could go on indefinately. But if I am granted the truth of this, does it seem in- practical to devise a test, a measurement of one's mind by which certain mental activities and inborn intelligence can be acourately gaged? This is not a new idea. Mental tests were first used by Alfred Binet, in France, in caging the intelligenee of school children. Binet's first works on his investigations appeared in 1905. Unusually wide spread populer interest has been aroused over the subject. Practical applications of psychology have made rapid strides since this time, particularly among American psychologists. fhe best knowm examples of the application of paychology, of course, are the mental teste used in the Army during the World War. The teets, naturally, were devised primarily for military needs, but would, nevertheless, have yiclded inval- uable date in the relation of intelligence to oocupation if it were not for the artificial methods of selection used in the Army. Many tests have since been devised for civilian use, the literature and standards of which are obtainable in Whipples "Manual of Mental and Physical Tests". But why go to all this extra trouble and expense in hir+ ing, you say. You point out that wien an employer wants a man for a job, he looks over a nuaber of applicants, hires the one who “looks good", and that is ell there ia to it. Yet the same employer would not even dream of picking out a machine im such a haphasard mamer. Choosing machines and labor is assumed to be two entirely difforent problems, but this assumption o:n only stand it's ground so long as ignorance of facts prevail. The factory owner well knows the logic of standardising his equipment and machines. Then why not standardise the labor, that is, ascertain the necess- ary qualifications for each job and place the man on that job who possesses those qualifications. Do away with the old style method of hiring according to the fraternity pin the applicant wears or the particular mood in which the employment =f4- agent happens to be in. Choose your employees scientifio- ally. This method places the right man on the right job which means a direct increase in production, It also gives the right job to the man which means a satisfied and contented workman. wWhen authorities agree that it costs from $25 to $200 to train a new employee, and that by plac- ing employees where tuey are most fitted and satisfied means a decrease in labor turn over which common sense and facts will prove; does it take much stretch of the imagina- tion to see an increase in the profit account by adopting | a scientific method of employing? We have already dwelt, to some extent, on the method and advisability of choosing employees of the proper char- acteristics for certain jobs, but have only inferred that each job requires certain characteristics. It is very obvious that without an analysis of a job, it would be us- eless to attempt to analyse people for that job. It is much more difficult to analyse jobs today than it was a few years ago. In times past, trades and occupations were limited in number and it was an easy matter for one man to be familiar with all of them. However, with the advance of time came the great advance in mechanical discoveries and inventions which has brought about about the extensive division of labor, Then too, the growth of great industries have gathered together under one roof many trades and occupations that were formerly conducted in seperate smell shops. Centralisation has brought with it the central employment office, where, und r the direction of one man, all of the employing is done. This has displaeed the custom of each foreman hiring his own men. The advantage of the cmtralised method is apparent when you picture the dosens, yes, hundreds of foremen in the modern factory all doing their own hiring. Think of the confusion that would result, of the many different standards, rates, and methods that wuld prevail in the same shop under this old system. Yet, it had it's advantages in thet, every foreman is familiar with the jobs in his department am oould interview his applicants with reference to the work which he expected them to do. In short, centralised function of employ:ient hos done away with the first knowledge of the different jobs, and as a result, hiring has been carried on in the most superficial manner. One of the direct results of this has shown itself in in- dustry by the high labor turnover. All of this goes to show how important it is that the employment man should be given a careful and accurate analysis of each job for which it becomes his duty to supply the labor. Already, many attempts have been made to analyze and draw up specifications for jobs. It seems to be the pre- valent method in making such an analysis, however, to des- cribe the job in terms of human qualities which are re- quired in it's performance. For instance, the job of vook- keeping is described as a job requiring aceurac, pationce, application, neatness, routine temperment, not much initiative or creative ability, unwavering attention, and so forth. Other familisr terms used in the description of jobs are; dynamic, static, large dimension or small dimen- sion worker, industrious, intellectual, volitional, manual, deliberate, impolsive, rapid or slow mental oco-ordinu tion, adaptable, self-centered, roving, settle., loyal, sincere, directive, dependent, responsible, irresponsible, phleg- matic, live-wire, slow but steady, and so on. To attempt an analysis of jobs in this manner is impractible beeause the terms are vague and really mean very little when tied down to a particular job. Also, it is impossible to measure patience, loyalty, or any other of the qualities named. Unless some reliable method for the measurement of these qualities can be devised, of what use. is the Knowledge of the qualities? In fact, this method is net a job analysis at all but only a sort of a character analysis. These qualities are far removed from the practical aspeets of employment. What then must a correct analysis do: what conditions must it meet? First, it must be comprehensive; that is, it must include all of the important factors which enter in to make each job what it is. ‘Second, it must be brief; that is, it must give only the most necessary and fundamental facts concerning each job. Third, it must be made in satendard terms. Fourth, it must be concrete; that is it must not describe the job in abstract and gemeral terns, but only in terms of measureable abilities. -57- The following outline embodies the conditions set forth above. Altho, it does not contain many items which are important of certain kinds of work, especially the highly skilled trades, 1t woes suffice for the description of a large majority of factory jobs. Bame of job JOB ANALYSIS Physical characteristics of job: Le ae Se 4. S 5. Ge Machine Number —_—~ Hand Work Heavy Light ___Medium Lifting Hauling Climbing Standing Sitting Walking Clean Dirty Hot Cod Kind of eyesight required _ Montel characteristics: 1. Héucational 2 Prerequisite experience ds Ability in english: Read Write Spell Talk 4. Ability in Mathematics: Copy figures add subtract __ Multiply Divids_ ss Decimals Miscellaneous: le Sarnings a. Day work Max. Mine AVOre be Piece work_ Max. == Min. _—s_— Aver. 2. Hours 5. Possibilities of promotion -~58-= 4. Time required to break in new man 5. Remarks of otier essential features of the job. The outline is divided inte three main parts; physical characteristics mental characteristics, and miscellaneous charteristicos. Briefly, the physical ¢haracteristicsa are given much importance because from the paychologic:.1 point of view, nothing does more to upset a workers stute of mind than physical incompatibility. Many jobs also require ° a minimum of education along certain lines and hence the mental characteristics of a jod must be given considvcrable weight. Under Miscellsneous are listed some very important items such as sarnings, Possibilities of Promotion ete., that bring the job out before the applicant in its true light. The following form serves as an excell@mt zuide in the analysis of office positions. OFFICE JOB ANALYSIS ‘Name of job ___ Classification Dept. Division, __» estion Characteristics of Work: Manual : Writing Figures__Drawing ___ Posting Sorting Machine; Typing: Copying Statistica _ Dictation_ Forms Stenography: General Dictation Technical _ Seorectarial Comptometry: Add Multiply Divide Decimal Miscellaneous ; __ Mental. Filing: Alphabetical Mathematics: Add Multiply Divide Subtract , uti: : Topical Symbolical Percentage Deo imals English: Conversation Correspond: nce Grammar Spelling Handling Inquires__ Posture; Standing Sitting _delking _ Education (in years) : Grammar digh School Business school College Prerequisite sxperience General Description of Duties These forms are sent to the various foremen of the departments who, by means of this guide, are able to providd the Employment Office with a fairly accurate analysis of each job in their department. It has been argued that the foreman is frequently the last man who can adequately an- alyse his jobs, since he knows them so well that he cannot describe them in any but tecimmical and colloquial terns. This outline of specifications, however, serves to confine the analysis to certain ohamels and predetermined essent- false. The entire process, moreover, whould be under the super vision of a group consisting of the employnent | manager, medical examiner, and psychological examiner. -SO- When the smployment Office is supplied with an an- alysis of all jobs in a satisfactory way such as outlined, it is possible for the employment examiners, by determin- ing the specifications of the applicant, to match the specifications of both applicant and job together. only when there is the proper mateh will the best union between them result. As has already been stated, standard tests have been devised for all types of jobs and positions. However, this does not mean that all that is necessary is to pick out a standard test and hire the applicants who make satisfactory grades in the testa so decided upon. Far from it. It takeg a great amount of thought, time, and energy to decide upon the preper test to use. The preliminary step is, of course, to choose what the trained psychologist believes to be the proper test or tests. Even this preliminary choice is the result of much investigation and application of paychological principles to the particular job under investigation. The next step is to give these tests to as many workman of the same kind as possible. Obviously, more conclusive results ean be drawn from several hundred tests than from only several. The tests of all the workers are graded. Acourate records are obtained ag to each workers individual output and these records compared with each one's score made in the tests. The tests which are finally chosen as the ones with which to choose future imployees are the ones which are said to correlate closest to tie actual job conditions and specifications. To understand correlation, one must first under- etand the laws of chance. We must know what chance there is of accidental correlation. Let us, for example, write numoers from 1 to 10 accross the sheet to represent, in order, the standings of 10 men. Then write the corresponding numbers on slips of paper, mix them, and draw haphaszard, placing the number drawn under the drawn number. Below is shown the smallest and hizhest misplacement in 20 trials. 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 2 8 4 6 7 5 9 1 10 § QO 5 0 0 1 4 1 8 0* Twenty-four points out of place. Averaze misplacement 2.4 places. 1 2 83 4 6 6 %7 8 9 10 7 9 410 2.8 1 3 5 6 6 7 1 6 3 2 6 5 4 4 Fourty-four points out of place. Averaze misplacement 4.4 places. The ruling average misplacement is about 5.5,places. In other words, there is a possibility of obtaining a chance misplacement of 4.4, places, 2.4 ¢laces, and an average eance of 3.3 places. Aside from chance, there is tie possibility of obtaining a deliverate misplacement of 5 points. This is shown as follows: -32- 1 4 6 6 8 9 10 212 Z § S 2.2 9 78585 8&6 }y 1s & F YM 5O points out of place io ww jo ww Io je w~ Average misplacement 5,0 places, We have 100% correlation in a test when test records and actual operators piece records come out the same, The opposite of this would be 0% correlation when test records and operator's test records sowed as average misplacem:nt of 5 points, or, to make this a general rule, the correlation is 0% when the average misplacement is a number equal to half the number of operators rated, To find the correlation of a test, then we must first find the average misplacement of the test records to the ability of the persons tested. Divided into this the extreme possible error in places (a number equal to half the men tested). This percentage subtracted from 100% gives the correlation of the test. sy this method, a correlation of 33 1/3% indicates that the test is useless since this could be secured by chance. A higher correla- tion indicates that the test has some significance. Any correl: tion over 50% indicates that the test is a very good one. Suppose, for illustration, that a test was given t a group of 10 men and that the amount of work turned out by the men and their respective standings in the tests were as shown below, and it was desired to correlate the test. Ability of men in order l] 23 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 24319765106 & 12035 4434 22 8 2 «19 Average mieplacement 1.9 places. Hizhest possible misplace- ment 6. 1.9-52 .38 100% - 38% =62% correlation of the test, By the laws of chance, it micht have been possible to have made such a close estimate once, but there is pract- ically no possibility of ever repeating it. By actual trial, you can come as close as 2.4 places once in 10 trials and 1.9 places once in 3O trials, whereas the average nmis- placement is about 3.3 places ‘or all trials made, vuut of the thirty actual trisls made by drawing slips of paper haphazsardly, sixteen of those trials resulted im misplace- ments below the average, or, in other words, in sixteen of those trials, the average misplacement was 3.4 or above, This is exactly wiat is true in employing men. Chance will allow you one exceptionally good man out of every thirty you employ, but at least one half of those men will be below average qualifications, And this is just what can be illiminated by adopting the method of employing by test, or scien'ific employing. There will then be no "below the average" men in your employ for the tests will point out the good and the poor men for any particulsr job even before they are hired, I have attompted, in this re, ort, to mike clear five -64- points, namely; (1) what psychology really menss, (2) mental tests are practical, (3) how to analyze x job in the most useable way, (4) how to choose the proper test or teats for the job, and (6) that employing by test is necessary if you are to obtain the most efficient grade of working men in your factory. ~o5~ PART TWO. In order to bring out the practicability and value of ment- al teste in determining the qualities and abilities of individ- vals in a more forceful way, actual tests were devised anf tried on a number of Freshmen Engineering students of M. A. C. Prom the results of these tests, an attempt was made to estimate the grade which each student made in his Machine Shop course during the Winter Tern. The reason for selecting the grades made in their Machine Shep course and net grafes made in their carriculum as the basis for demonstrating the value of the tests was primarily this: the qualities that go to make up a good student in academic work are not necessarily the qualities that go to make up a 200d student in Machine Shop werk, and since this report is made on the application of mental tests te the proper and scientifie employment of labor for the Polyfuel Engine Company, which labor will be, tar the most part, of a mechanical nature; it is only natural and proper that the demonstration tests should be de- vised with that aim in mind of being as elesely related to the real tests which will be drawn up in the future as possible. And, of course, the results of these teats weuld be avsolutoly worthless unless they were compiled and correlated against the oerresponding grades which the student made in his Mechine Shop Work. Merely for the purpose of establishing the truth of this ‘last statement, the average oollese grade of each student will also be found in the tabulation of results. After a thoughtful analysis of the qualities necessary, or in other works, after a job analysis had been made of the “36 Machine Shop Course, the following tests were chosen as the ones which would be given, mamely; the Technical Test, the Expres- sion Test, the Cube Test, the Peg Fitting Test, and the Matoh Board Test. The Technical Test, a sample of which is herein given, is one of a series of six tests prepared by Dr. L. L. Thurstone of the Carnegie Institute of Teehnolo.:y. ‘The tusts were prepared for the Society of the Promotion of Engineering Education in an attempt oy it to find some means of advising a High School Graduate whether he is properly qualified to study and enter the field of Engineering or whether he micht better devote his energies to some other field of endeavour. This test was chosen far this work in the desire to deter- mine whether or not it was significant with regard to the reci- tation work in the Machine Shop Course. ‘The test is self explan- atory and the grading of it is a comparatively simple matter. There being aR even one hundred questions, written out, all that ig necessary is to count the number of wrong answers, subtract the amount from the total number of questions ani the remainder will be the percentage which the student has made in the exam- ination. As time is alse an important factor in any psyoholog- ical examination, it was also taken into consideration in this examination. The grading for the time consumed was done by assuming that the Theoretically perfect time in which to comp- lete the test would be sero time and that each minute consumed in writing the test subtracted ome percent from one hundred per- cent perfect mark, However, since the test was not primarily a -G7- INTELLIGENCS TUST for TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Naine - Date The object of this test is to determine how much technical information you have absorbed not only in school, but also in your activities outside of school. ~ Bach question has four printed answers and you are to underline one of the four printed answers. Thus; plectricity is conducted by ropes wires twine yarn Underline the word “wire™ because thst makes the truest staterents in this test. Do not write any other answers. Simply underline one, and only one, of the four printed answers. Be sure to underline one of the four snswers for each question even iit you have to fuess. Even if you do not know the answer vou will maxe a guess. Try to giess the answer t you the most reasonable even if you know very littie about the question. You are exvected to finish this test. Zaizce as much time as you reasonably need to answer all tne aquestions. ‘When you have answered all the questions, return this test to the examiner end leave the room quietly. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU 4°05 DOLD TO BEGIN UNDARLINS OUS OF Df) POLK ANGwaRsS Ton ELCE STATELGHT. l. & magnet attracts | vrass copver iron platinun. 2. The rear hub or a bicycle is orten fitted with e coaster brake cyclometer grease cup tail light 3. An air rifle uses for anmnition eco short BB saot eokx center fire CB cavs 4. Oil is ordinarily used as s lubricant when drilling holes in cast iron steel wood brass Do. «a cGommon dia»vhragsm opening sor sna shots is & 64 123 490 6. In nmekins a gore Yur an induction coil one ordinsrily uses Iahogany rubber copper iron 7. Harley-Devidson is the neme 0: a motor-cycle electric clock wireless detector aeronlane 8. The distributor in en arttomodbile is a yvoart of the cooling svsterm ignition sevstem oiling system transmission 9. re P. if. reoresents volume syeed content cirection 10. In order to weke solder adhere to metal surfaces it is necessary to use oil flux glue gasolene ll. To keev the: barrel of s target rifle in good condition one often uses carborundun veste dutch cleansctr vinegar tiree-in-one oil 12. Low voltage fuse vire ordinarily contains lead Silver brass platinum 13. The regulation Tord is equi»nned on the rear wheels with tires of a diameter of | 2-1/2" a" 3-1/2" 4n 14. The boiling point of water on the “‘ahrenheit scale is 212° 312° 512° 100° oY em; \ = Sal 15. A gas engine in which the explosion ta.res place in each cylinder Once in every two revolutions oi the ehaft is celled one cycle two cyclo three cycle four cycle i6. The wterial used for trolley wire is salvanized tron aluninun copper brass 17. Detorest invented the triple-vaive vacuun-valve neddle-valve safety-valve 18. What sixe wire is most commonly used for wiring a house for 110 volts? 6 8 14 20 19. The wrench to turn smali sizes of gas pipe should be a i gocket monkey Stilson box 2O. Broaches are used in a lathe boring mill drill press arbor press el. ‘what is the anproximate daylight limit in miles radius of a quarter kilowatt svark gap wireless telegraph sending set? one mile 10 miles 200 miles 1000 miles cee. The motion of the talbe of a planer in a machine shop is rotary recivrocating cont inuous endless 2d. 3ricks are made or Glay grenite Sanastone gneiss 24. the gears used on a lethe ror tnresd cutting sre known as helical bevel snur worm 25. she ci.rrent obtained from dry cells is rotary interrupted direct alterneting £60. Tie purnose of beck gears on a lethe is to increase the s»veed cut threads turn tarers decresse sv eed. o7. Balioons are rilled with compressec air hydrogen oxygen steam 28. Circles which pess thru the North ang South poles are called equator latitude longitude equinox. 29. Board measure nertains to lumber cardboard pa er metal 30. A tile may be made to "bite" into cast iron by using vaseline tallow beeswax chalk OT 38. 39. 40. 41. 42-6 43. 44. 45. 46. = TC = . - - em ee Oe ee The ton ot a sho» vench is often made or Douglas czir mahogany Walnut maple A B8Dlit nulley on a shaft is nela zast by celent solaer friction glue a Yillet in vattern nmsxing i: ordinarily maace or leather wire twine sand a besring Yor e steel shaft, to wear well, is sometimes msde of cast iron bronsc tool steel Zine & tile is held square across the olade and level in filing a cross-cut sav rip saw back saw coping saw A&A turret lethe is used in machining bolts nails hemmers scissors Which of the following terms indicetes gages of electric wires? Winchester lRoevlinzg Brown and Sherpe ijWestinghouse The chins made by a lathe in turning metals are long svirals when turning cast iron steel aluminum zine In ordinary vattern worse patterns are mace of fiber rubber leatner wood rica is term used in navigation pr intinz artillery railroading Tne diameter of a “ord piston is 2-1/2" 3-1/2% 4” 4-1/2" Locks are manufactured b7 corbin Vaz7dole Starrett Brown & Sharve Vhich instrument is used to measure tennerature? dynamometer condenser pyromneter rheostat A tile is made of . Bessemer sveel wachinery steel cold rolled steel hich carbon cteel The number o- levelinss screws on an ordinsry transit for surveying wor. is 2 3 4 6 A soldering iron is made of iron steel coppver tin 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Dae 53. BA. 55. 56. 57. 58. 6l. -7l- How wany lets are there in the tripoca ox en ordingery surveying transit? one two three rour Ti you hed to msice e strong bolt out cor1ld not get steel to ma.ce it o<, your next choice would be cast iron leaa wrouztht iron brass whe ulede is ground on the upper sice in a smoovh nlane bloc. plane rabbet plane jack plane hich of these screws requires a counter sunk hole? fillister nead round nead hexagon head flet head ‘hich os tnese taos nas the lsrgest adismeter? 3/8" nine tan 1/2" U.S. Std.tan 1/2" 5.4.8. tap 1/2" pulley tap The contours on a tovogravhic mep indicate roads elevation streams Longitude “age tools and cutlery are made of. cold rolled steel wrought iron carbon steel cast iron io wnet a plane blade one should use emery cloth a file Band paper an oil stone The width of a stendaid gage reilroad track is 4 zveet 4 feet 6-1/2 in. 5 feet 5 feet 6 in. shellac varnish is thinned vy distilled water alcohol turventine gasoline Shatting is sometimes msde on the vlaner milier shsnexr lathe “hat material is used in mekinz tne insulction 0:1 cumnmon bell or ennunciator wire? wool rubber coutton Silk Ordinary conerete contains asphalt cement glass ruvber An automobile cylinder should be finished to a very smooth even surface. his is sometimes cone vy , leppin: -.millinz fiiing turnin; Aeronlane motor fremes are sometimes made of brass e0D)er steel cast iron 62. Incandescent lsims in houses are oidinerily wired in tandem mltiple series 63. A good fabric for aeronlane wings is wool cotton linen cenvas 64. A star wheel is used in a motion picture machine sev'ings machine steam enzine «+ odicycle 65. The split nut on a lathe is used for reducing s»veed reversing soeed driving carriage | increesing sveed 66. A window sash holds the jambs casings $ giass sills 67. The L.S. Starrett Co. manuisctures tools gso0an furniture automobiles 68. Small angies are measured on an ordinsry surveying transit by a vernier ocanstan tripod leveling screw 69. A connecting rod bearing is sometimes made of aluminum steel bronze cast iron 70. One part of the door is the jamb head sill panel 71. A man six feet tall is best fitted with a diamond frame bicycle when the Irame measures L5" 18" 24" 36" 72. In sawing off a 10" board one uses a cross-cut saw rip saw coping saw turning saw 75. & cotter pin is ordinarily used to hold in place a nut side curtain sovare tire spark plug 74. The joints in most pictire frames are dovetailed mortise enc. tenon butted mitered 75. Dhe current used by a two-phase motor is D.C. Static a.%. storege bsettery 76. Ordinary house paint conteins oil water alcohol gasoline 77. The averk plug on e gasoline engine is located on the crank case cylinder manifold carburetor ~ 75 = 78. In borinss a smell hole one some tines uses a mitre brace end dit vT-bevel spoke shave 79. « gauge point on a csrpenter's gauge should extend ebout 1/16" 1/2" 7/8" 1-1/2" 80. what is the standard comwrcial wave lenztth ior ships? 200 600 900 1200 81. A mallet should de made oz: white nine cypress bess wood. besch 82. ‘nich oF these cers nave air cooled ensines? Packard JOaLe srenklin rord 84. Hot glue is thinned with : water turvent ine alcohol linseed oil 84. She best resistance wire for electrical circuits is silver conper verman silver platinum 85. The joists in a bvuildins: support the rooxr rounde tions chimmey Yloor 86. which orf the followint metais can be case-hsrcened? wrougnt iron aluminum copper babbitt 37. A frame buildin: is constricted mainly of brick wood steel tile 88. To keen a motor commtator clean use oil sand naper emery cloth file 89. Sningles are nailed to the joists sheataings Jambs sills 90. Ifachine screws come in numbered sizes lio. 1 to Yo. 30. which is the smallest of these? No. 6 Ilo. 20 No. 12 ilo. 24 91. The uvrights of a frame building ere celled rafters lintels -oists studding 92. Lead plete storere batveries are ordinerily tilled with ea dilute solution oz hydrochloric acid acetic acid sulphuric acid nitric acid 3. When gluing two vieces of vood together the surfaces chould be shellacea YNainted Ssteined straightened 99. 100. ~74— Zhe cheepest heating s:zstem to install in a house is stcam not water electric warn sir In cebinet vor. one most rrequentily uses Osk hicxory catselra C7)ress ro { The volt is @ measure or | cur relit D)ressure resistance nover “ga roor which has. tne s.zene of a Gour-sided pyramia is celled gable gambrel manserd hin * Small twist crills come in in.mbered sizes from iJo. 1 to wi0- 60. Which is tne lergest oi these? Vo. 52 Noe 12 Wo. 21 .fio. 36 rhose parts ot a staircase into which the treads end risers are framed are celied strinrers Sv%andrels newels bracizets auger bits increese in size in steps of 1/16" 1/8" 1/4" 1/64" ~7 5 = Bspeed test it would be unjust to allow as much weicht for time as for information in the final marking of the test. Therefore, the element of times was only allowed one-fourth as mich weight in the final grade as the score made on the correct answering of the questions, For instance, ene man gave seven- teen wrong answers and sonsumed twenty minutes in writing his examination. His final grade was figured thus: (100 - 17)x 5 (100 - 20) = 82 After the numerical grades of all the tests were obtained, A's, B's, C's, and D's were then awarded each student, these letter grades being decided upon by a comparative method only. The Technical Test was ziven to a whole class at one tine. On a following day it was attempted to give the remainder of the teats, which may be termed the manual tests, to the same group of men, but due to lack of time, only twelve men finished all of the tests whereas nineteen men were given the Teohnical Test. The manual tests were given in a definite order, it being desired that the shortest test should be given first and so an, saving the longest test for the last. of the tests given, the Expression Test was chosen to be given first to serve as & “shock absorber", or to put the subject at ease. It is consid- ered very good practice to give some easy, interesting task to @ person taking examinations of this sort before subjecting him to the more difficult tests to follow. By doing this, a state of self-confidence and interest is oreated in the mind of the subject and this eliminates to a great extent the element of 76 NOMPDASILYS AMYd INFMMOdAY SIT NO/LYYOadY LNINASNWY ASNOTWAIL YOASHOH ANFIAELLNAILNOD 2 y L8S7L Nol OO FTYdIxK IT GO VYWLOS7 LENICIO -77 = nervousness. lervousness is very determental in work of this nature for it does not allow the individual to think and act in his natural way. This will spoil the value of the test. The expression test consists of nine pictures or cartoons which were drawn by Mr. K. 3. "razier each ene representing an expression of either horror, diszust, satisfaction, contentment, jealecsy, pride, disappointment, amusement, or adoratien. It was decided that they would make up inte an easy and interesting teat as could be found anywhere. ‘The test is shown on the next page correctly assembled. It was presented to the subject, however, all in disorder. The object of the test is to have the subject place each picture in what he thinks to be the proper square or frame. There are several pictures whieh could be inter changed with each other and still it would be unfair to mark off for it. For instanse, the picture representing “Horror" might easily be taken to represent "Disgust". Therefore, in grading the test, a misplaceme nt was only counted when two pictures were placed in the wrong places. Time was © CGO 9SOH OOH COCK OO DOCS VS> OOS COO OTOH OHOH CHO CRE XE © OS OOOO 090000 08 OS8OR® IA ¢ ; voziar. of Motch Board. Fast? 5 Layout 81 ~82- Test A consists of a row of uoles, twenty-one in number each hole being 3/16" in diameter. The match reteiner is located enly approximately three inches away. The sudject is ,iven only thirty seconds in which to transfer as many natches as he oan from the receptacle to the row of holes, using hig left hand and transferring only one match at a time. This teat requires only a movement of the wrist. It is simply a test for dexterity. The test is graded on a ten hole basis, that is, if eighteen matches were correctly placed out of a ossivle twenty in the tive limit ellowed the grade would be 10,518 or 9. it may be interesting to note that the average of the students tested was found te be a little hicher than that of the factory girls tested by Mr. Kemble, The students averaged seventeen matches placed while the factory girls only averaged fifteen matches placed. No signifieance can be given te this fact, however, for only twelve students were tested whereas hundreds of factery girls have been given the same test. fest B is really a repitition of test A except that it teste the dexterity of the right hand instead of the left hand, The grading of this test is the same as in test A. fest C is a combination of the two previous tests, For this test, there are two rows of holes and the subject must fill as many holes in both rows es he can in the thirty seconds allowed, using both hands and not having*more =Q5 = than one match in a hand at any one time. This test is also graded in the same manner as test A. It tests the ability of the subject to use both hande simultaneously or what is known as ambidexterity. Test D consists of ten rows of holes, each row having eleven holes. Each hole is mumbered consecutively from left to rizht beginnins with the first row at the top and ending with the last row at the bottom. Fifteen numbers were then read at the rate of one every two seconds and the student being tested endeavours to place a match in the hole whose number corresponds to the one read, a supply of matches be- ine held in one hand ready for instant use. He is then graded on this test on the same basis as in the previous tests, namely on a basis of ten. To find ones grade in thie tests, the formula Ji : 10 " is used where N represents the number of correct placements. This test is for the purpose of determining the quickmess of so-ordination between the ears and the hands. Test 8 consists of a number of holes and an enlarged duplication of the pattern on a card as shown on the follow- ing page. There are twenty black dots on the pattern to form a simple diagram. The subject is instructed to place @ match in a hole corresponding to each dot on the card, The time allowed whieh is gounted from the instant the card is brought in sight, is thirty seconds. The grade is computed by the same formula as used in test A, namely, 4 84 Le — Liye oy * where N represents the number of correct placements. This test brings out the co-ordination between the eyes and the hands. Test F consists of a number of holes forming an outline representing streets. tach hole represents a house. A slip of paper is preamted to the subject. At the signal, this slip of paper is turned over and there appears the following instructions: "Place one match in the second house on the north side of Srd Street, east of broadway. Place another match on the southwest corner vf Broadway and 2nd Sts. Plase two matches on the west side of Broadway in the block between gnd. and 3rd. Sts., but not in a corner house. Place one match at the east end of 2nd S8t., on the north side of the Street". The time taken to perform this task is recorded as also are the number of misplacements. From this, the grade is obtained by taking one minute as the allowable length of time necessary to perform the task and, giving equal weights to both accuracy and time, by substituting in the formula Ri = in which HN represents the number of correct place- ments and T the length of time taken to perform the test. The purpose of this test is to determine the power of concentration and the ability to follow out directions. Test @ is really a duplication of test A except that the holes are removed about twenty inches from the match ~O5- box. The grading for this test is also done in the same manner as in test A. The test is conducted the same as test A and ig intended to bring out the speed of arm movenmt. Test H is similar to the preceding one excepting for the fact that the holes are larger and three matches must be placed in each hole. Both hands are used in this test, the left hend counting out the matches and the right hand placing them in the holes. This is « simple test but never- theless it brings out tie co-operation betwee the hnads. Test I was not used. Pest J was similar to G with the exception that the other arm was used, Test K consiats of tw groups of nine holes each. In the first group of holes appear different oolors. In the other group, the names of the corresponding colors appear beside the holes but not in the same order. Colored matches are placed in the second group of holes in correspondence with the names of the color appearing beside the hole. Ata signal, the matches are transfered to the corresponding colored hole in the first group. The time taken for the performance of this is recorded. At the second signal, the matches are transfered back to their original holes. This test was devised for the purpose, I believe, of determining the memory qualities of each student for memory is the re- quirement necessary in replacing the matches in their holes in a short length of time. Hence, we may say that the length of time consumed measures, to some extent, the -87~= subject's memory powers. There being ten separate tests used on the Match Board, each test being given as much weight in determining the final grade as any other test, and the grade of eash test being computed on the basis of ten, all that is necessary to obtain the final grade is to add up all of the separate grades. Now that we are somewhat familiar with the tests, let us investigate the real values of them, or let us see how they correlate. For purposes of eondensing our table of results, each student who was exemined was given a number and only these numbers will appear in our tabulation. The men tested and their corresponding reference number are as follows: NAME “ABLE ONS REFERENCE NO. Armentrout, Ro. S| 1 Bunker, V. W 2 Burris, Tf. F. 3 Dressel, 0. G@. 4 Bliot, M. F. 5 Gamel, @. D. 6 Graham, F. E 9 Hughes, A. W. 8 Huntley, H. B. 9 Johnson, M. E. 10 Likens, Fe G. 12 MoBroom, R. 12 _-88- Table two show the grades made by each student on the various tests. From the grades made by a student in the Technical Test was estimated his grade in recitation and from the averaze of all the grades made by a student in the so-called "manual test", were estimated his grade in shop work. These two estimated grades were then averaged to- gether and the estimated grades made in the course obtained. This method may be subjected to some criticiam, but it is the logical method since the object of the Technical Test was to estimate recitation grades and the object of the bal- ance of the tests to estimate shop grades of the men. In this way, the estimated course grade was obtained in the Same nammer as the actual grade, mamely, by averaging the recitation and shop grades. PABLE TWO. REFERENCE NO. 123 4 6 6 7 8 ¥ 10 11 «#12 Technical Test 4cccaopdpc¢csBpe ic oO Rxpression Test C BABC)pDOdB BB AB Peg Fitting Test BBBCGos?D»DcCcBBA iC OD Cube Test Acc AX dC BCA BX Match Board Test Cc BOBDDCGAC A C B Average of all tests BB BBC)DC B B AB Recitation Grade Est. 4 C C C ABDC BC CG OD " " Rec'é. B AB ABBODOD CC BC Shop Grade Estimated B BBBCDC BBA B OC r" . Reo'as BB BBB BBBRSBRSBBB Course grade Bst. Bcc cBDCGCBB BCC r " Reotde 8B BBBBCBCB BBC Average in College cccBDCDDcCCeECEC -89~ The following table shows the correlation of each in- dividual test and the average of the tests to the actual marks made in recitation and shop work, and also in the whole course. TABLE THREE. Oorrelation of Tests. Recitation Shop Work Course. Technical Test 43% 20% 45% Expression Test 14% 49% Peg Fitting Test 36% 56% Cube Test 23% 45% Match Board Test 35% 45% Averaze of Manual Tests 50% Average of all Tests 45% From the table of Correlations, is is seen that the technical test is significant of the work done by a student both in recitation and in the course. In other words, the grade made by a student in the Technical Test will show fairly well what van be expected of him in his recitation work and also approximately the grade he will probably make in the course. Each test telis its own story. Particularly striking is the correlation shown by the Peg Test. However, the reader should not lose sight of the fact that altho the individual test correlate as high or even higher than the averave of the tests, still the average of the tests gives a much more accurate basis of estimating the ability of a student than any one test. The reason for this is obvious when it is considered that the tests were not all marked on -90- a numerical basis. There are a greater number of men whe have the same ,rade in any single test than there are those whe have the same average for all of the tests. Therefore, in correlating, the element of chance enters in to a greater extent in awarding first, second, third places and so on to the men based on their marks made in a single test than in awarding like places based on their average of all of the tests. For instance, five men made a grade of B in the peg test. And, as previously explained, in order to correlate iv is necessary to arrange these men in the order of their ability, the best man first etc., How is it possible to pick the best man out of five whe have all made the same grade? It is possible. But in oorrelating the average of the tests, altho five men may be given a grade of B+, for example, the minus sign will have @ different value for each man, for a man may have made a cgrade of B on two tests and a grade of C on two other tests or he may have three 5B grades and only one 0 grade. for this reason, the men can be accurately arran- ged aceerding to their averace grade of all of the tests and the correlation made correct. «Considering the small number of tests tried, the small number of men Tested, and the inexperience of the men who devised and conducted the tests, the results have been very gratifying. Althe a correlation of 50% for a group of tests is not as high as would be desired for practical ugze in employing men, nevertheless this correlation does not show that the tests were significant. It also should leave no -9le room for doubt that by trying a greater number of tests, devised and conducted by throu,;bly experienced men, @ group of tests could be found that would correlate very highly. In closing, let it be said that the purpose for which this report was written have becn fully covered, namely; a brief treatise of psyohology anf its application to employment, and an actual demonstration of the practicability of tests in rating the ability of men. It is hoped that the facts herein presented and demonstrated will prove to be of sufficient force to bring about the adoption of a. system of scientific employment by the Polyfuel Engine Company. -9 Pa BISLIOGRA: HY. "Kaployment Psychology” by Henry C. Link, Ph.D. "Choosing Employees by Teat" by William Frits Kemble. "How to Select Employees by Mental Tests" by William Frits Kemble. *"Rudimentary Psychology” by G. Me. Steele, LL.D. "An Introductory Paychology" by Melbourne Stuary Read, Ph.D. "Army Mental Tests" by Yoakum and Yerkes. ROOM USE ‘ONLY ee Ls ae jew hoy . { Bie Uae ty 1 ee need ay te e ay eh Des CR Seo TON ae i cf ara A fs Or aw “ q chet saat) ons ow 4 % x ee reat oN bs 0 De __ sea 5 —wT a ———— = ==> = >——_o 2S=n =>o 93 iii SaEaeReReERE EE EE SE. see ee EEREEEE HE “sn “iii”