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RELATION OF FARM MECHANICS TO THE FARM

“Thesis

Submitted to Michigan Agricultural College for the

degree of Master of (decriculture

BY

a.

Herman Joseph Gallagher
1923
THESIS
96346
In the spring of 1916, having been graduated from the
Agricultural Division of the Michigan Agricultural College
the preceding year, I moved into the country and beran the
entirely new adventure of farming. An entirely new adven-
ture for me, as it was the first I had ever worked on a farm,
my home having been on Mackinac Islani where no farms existed.
At the present time I am still on the same farm of 100 acres,
located on Miller Road 2-1/2 miles south of Lansing. I trust
the above details will rive a clear conosption of the position
in which I had placed myself, and a fuller conception of the
relation and adaptibility of the meahanical side of farming.

My first work was getting in ths spring crops, which in-
Gluded the operation of the plow, drag, roller, drill, manure
spreader and corn planter, each implement an iniividual problem

in Farm Mechaniass.
Othar Medhanical problems whish nava sinca baan solved
were tha ramodalineg of hous) and barns, the installation of
a water ani sewage system, the erection of a silo, 400 rods
of new fence, builiing a stock tank, portable hor houses,
eraline roais, tiling ani clearins fields.

By using thse aforesaid farm as a background for the pre-
viously mantionsi onveration, tocather with three winters aiii-
tional expsrience as a Short Course Instruotor of the Farm
Mechanios Department of the Michican Agricultural Collere, I
present this thosis as a summary of seven years work ani obser-
vations which has oonvino34i m9 that tha relative importance of
Farm Meohanias to tho farmer ig far eraator than any other phase

of aerisnlture.
PART I
PRINCIPLES.
RELATION TO FARM HSCHAUICS TO THE FARM.

Warm Mechinics is the prastical arnplication of ontinserine
‘to the farm. It sonsists of thr9e miin livisions: Bniliincs

ani sonv3nian33s, mashingary, irainaca and lani cl2zurine.

Biiliin-s ani Convanisnsis.

In this logality ths stndiy of ths farm buildin vroup is
of tha most vital importancs. In this vronp b3len7s the farm
house, the a3ntar from Wwhign all aastivity radiates. thse iairy
barn, a fautory whers human food is proiucai, and where the
sanitary reyuirements of Licht, ventilution and alaanliness can-
not be ovar-emphagizei.

Here also we have invasted 40% of our total investment, it
is here where aonvanient buildings bacome an accumulative saving
of labor, whare comfortable buildings conserve feed and insure
maximum proiuction. Small wonier is it that we could well stop

and meditate hers befors taking any momantus step.

Out Buildings.

The outbuiliines on this farm consisteail of a 40° x 58"
timber frame cambrel roof, baseront barn, a 24' x 30 eabel roof
horse barn ani carriace 3h9i, a 16' x 30' eraginary, a corn orib,
poultry house ani iad houss.

411 thesa builiines were built at a tims of ah3an labor from
10941 material with no 20nsiilaration as to intorior 3zonventenaas,

but with cool ralation to 9a3h oth3r ani to tno farm.
With thse chanz9 of tim? ani tyo9s of farmine tno orivinal
usefuiness of tn3as9 brillines hai lepreciatodi to a marked le-
rree so that, in orliar to m23t tna lamanis of tna :resent, I

nal to 3ither rebrili or ramoisal.

Financing.

Immediately tho finangial ynestion vresented itself, just
now much conli I sceand on each of ths different exneniitures
tnat were absolutaly necessary withont running the risk of tyine
too much wrkine capital in two or thrae ventures ani thus so
seriously cripple a rasarve funi as not to ba able to continue
business. I -rronpnali my n3a3is into two classes, Class A, those
neeline immediate rapair or rurc hase ani Class 38, as those ie-
ponient on Class \ for future attainmant.

Hai I the nasassary finances 7 conli rave attackod this
gproblam in an antiraly litiereant manner ani conli hav? more
rapidly arriv3d, at laast triesoratically, to tna point of effi-
Giency o~ success, as 21 far ™r, to whith I am strivine. Tn this
case Class 3 wonll hav3 bean consiitarably sma’ler ani class A pro-
portionally larv3r. 7n9 powar of mony micht hava riven m9 a
trananious alvantaz3, in raality, gsuscially consilerin: my inex-
-9rienca as a farmar, I think it wonli have b3an a lisadvantare.
Cirdgumstancss x3epineg the orizinal Class Aj vary small mais success
@ premium ani a necassary stay to aivance any of the 8 factors to
the 4 Class.

To b9 more accnrat’ ani arrivs at a just iivision of the two
Glasses I stniiedl lata ralativs to Listribntion of capital invasteai

in local farms of similar size and oneration, ani derivei the fol-

lowing gonalusions:
‘A

Inv3asiel Capital.

Lani 33.0
Buildings 40.0
Live Stock 15%
Machinery & Tools 103

Knowing the land invastment the buildins proposition was
reinced to ramoisline or new bruillines, here my Farm Machsanics
trainine proved invalnable, for out of a chaos of poor interior
arranzements arose tn? strons framinz skeletons ani 2 few hours
with a maasnrine stick ani drawins aqnirment convinesd me as to
tne sconomic possibilitia3s of reroialine. Yavine a renaral ilea
of what percent of t:3 allotment the bnillines wire really worth,
I couli gasily istermina how mish I gould affori to expend,

Rourvhly classifvine all imrcrov2a ant then into Class 38 as a
resultant of the bisiniss ani, J n39a191 Class A with machinoiry,
tools ani liv? stock. Hr actain aros3 the croblem of ov2ir in-
vVastrant in tnacs two factors, shouli I bevin witn purevrel or
zrala cattls? fo invast too rAgavy in nizh xricad rurea-bred cattla
Witno no a. Topiatea olac3 to Ksac tham s3: emai unvisa, or to sturt

Wwita too lare3 a hard for tn? sama reason.

Type of Farming.

Dairy farmine navine b39an Asaciitasl as the major i::sue, the
relativs importancs of the nerd ani barn was immenant. B87 playines
an extremaly small tame on my financial cnaquer board and usines
Class 4 ani 3 as opponents I finally iscided that by buyine only
part of my machinary I wonld have anourh cavital to invast in tan

eraie SJolst3in cows, gract a silo ani r2moiel the lairy barn.
By so doing I could immediately put my milk producing machinery

in operation.

Farm Returns.

Another most important factor, in reality the most impor-
tant factor, was what wonld the farm return? of what would it
avail me to invest in anything unless [I could get a reasonable
interest on the investment? The result was somethine like the
following: Dairy farming was tha most profitable in my locality,
such farmine couli not be persuei without iairy cattle, dairy
cattle were iepenient upon gooi care ani manazement, which in
turn conli not be sivoen without adequate housine.

Even thouch 9a man had a fair workine capital, had infor-
mation relatives to what he could invest on various farm vantures,
if he 1142 not have definitsa information on the farm's retnrn he
stool in a iangesrons position of makin an irrevocable error.
However, if he is careful to consider his market, the present de-
mand ani opportunity for expansion, and will take a summary of
market coniitions over a period of years,then only is he in a
position to combine this information with his previous calcu-
lations. His investment now can be in direct proportion to what

the farm will return.

Sentiment.

Another factor of great importance, is the pride and senti-
ment of the owner. Often where capital is more easily obtained
it is this factor that over-balances sood business reasoning and
bscomes too alluring a temptation for over-investment. On the

other hani it is a potential factor, furnishine a lastine stimulas
ani is dirastly resvonsibls3 for t23 majority of onr bpettor

looxinz farms.

Ralation to Farm Activities.

The relation of farm buillinss in tna builline croup must
never be nerlactai. Wsanally tne plan of tha farm has alreaty
baen tetermineal by rravions owners. The bnillinss have been
locat?1 anil a ranaral parmanancy exists which is saliom prac-
tical to chane?3 anit wich at tre least consileration would taxe
Gonsilisrabl9 time. So +73 imvortancas cf a well Lla.ned beildins
eroup ba3comas marnifi2zl wi1an consilsrad in connaction with now
bniliinzs ani nas fIinews. Fowavar, chintsas cain always be rade
for th? bettar avan on t22 012 agstablishald farm, ani ,:its fre:
qnantly many convaniinsas gan 09 vainwd .ithont invelvine any
ergat amount cf mona or tinm?, vnroviline trore is consiisrad a
raneral sechomsa of fTntunra Levalountant.

(ith raspact to t13 22blic hiraway, th

-

wb

biillilurws ara uc-

ually witnia 199 to 29) f.

wow

ate Dnporaticall; tn37 shevli ve in
tna canter of tna farm, in sush vosition all fieslis would ba
accessibls from a senta3r noint, woaish would maaan a treat savine
of tima and labor.

Buililiness so located near tno hirhvway saicrificas tha many

aivantaces of a aantral position, bnt in tnrn possess distinct

G2

aivantaze of thair own. So locatal they havo a mora humane touch
ani intimats connaction witn the neaicthborhco?, church, se 001 and

towne N331 the buillines bo newly erected tne followine relaticn-

Ships sheonli ba consijeradi. The nouse shonli, if possible, be

oy
On a slignt levation, thus artordine a b3ttar lookout ani
Dattar irainag3. 33tW3an nons?3 and hiznway snonli ba a good
axoanse of lawn with snrubdoary iseorating tne borier ani ap-

proach, which should ba mora winiine than straicht.

Location.

Rarns shonli, as a ruls, ba back of tha houses at a ilis-
tance of abont 199 faet andi not in ths tlirection of nrovailine
Winis. The barnyari shouli ba on th) opporite site of tna barn
to which the honse is.

Othar important factors to consiler are:

1. Siza of fi3lis, which shon]1 b?2 nniform.
2. ivailibility of fi3lis to barn lot ani implement house.
3e NaI{Llass Tancine an objryaation.
4. Pasturas alijaceant to bnillincs.
5. Natural aivantarys snen as vsator sureply, imainac3s, winid-
oraaxs, to be "ale is9 of.
Se Soutn or 3ast slo.,e8 mora leasirabls.
7. Garian plot to o3 naar hons3.
Be Valleys as bnilling spots shouli 03 avoiisl, they lack
lrainaztes aul air.
Ye Saveral viaws from the house are desirable.

1D. 4ll builtines shonli serv? as winlbreaks.

Conveniasnces.
Primarly sgonvanienc 9s ara of two Kinis, interior arranze-
ment ani ascassorias of builiines, and th? arrancerent of thea

builtines in the building troup. In case of naw builiines tre
farm layout is tna first and most innoortant, in case of estab-
lished farms tn? intorior arranzamant ani accassorias taka a
similar role.

Convanieness ara ietaerminald by nacessity ani value raceived.
If it were not nocessary” to asconomiza on tins, save labor andi do
the same work sasier there wonli bea no neei of convenisances. B87
valne reoasiv3l would not nacassarily mean casn valve, on most
every farn there are son? partisnlarly distastefn] jobs, varyine
witn tha nature of tr? farmer. 3neh a chore, maarver tnourh it be,
is -anerally nazlectal or nas an ill in*luencs on £13 worker's
Spirit, conli that offanline chorea ba aliminatal by tro altition
of a niese of ~acrinary it wonli inita cranerally ba a justified
OuUTCHhASa.e

Lo

Funianantally a tarmer salls nis tim? to toa farm anil collects

Nis pay by p2rforming tr intisas lemanied. Ysa can, by trea in-
Stullation of propsr convaniansas, so minimiza ths time on labor

ag to have consitlerabl? time left, which he can amploy in varicus
ways, such time sained becomes an asset wien usad to rool advantarca,

but a Labit wren wastad, as in this case it has worxei such a van

ont of his job.

Home and Conveniences.

In ths construction of a new heusa, durability and beanty are
of er3at importancs, but treater still to be consiierei is the
function of ths house. Primarily it is for shelter, nut hapri-
n33s ani comfort ar? so vitally necrssar; to our livos that tne
home should ba the ambolimant of 3ach, all thase can be achieved

by proper arranzamant ani siza.
The size, to a reat axteant, bainy istoerminel by ths arrance-
ment. The proper application of the above iegiuction is of an
economics nature sa3ldom appreciated by ths farmer. Too often he
iemands a maximum of room as testified by tha majority of farm
houses in any locality, the outstanding feature of which is the
large kitchen and inaccessibility of rooms.

The possibility of installing conveniences in an 01d house
is a more difficult problem, but very satisfactory results can
be obtained with time and study. The house where I am now living
furnishes an excellent example of the 014 stvle farm house and
how simple convanisnces can be added as shown by blue-prints.

The main livision of home conveniences in their relative
importancses aro wator, heat, light and seware. I am showing,
by bliune-print, tho tyve of gravity water systam installed and
Which has givon excellent satisfaction for seven years. As yet
we are still usine stovas, ani ownine our own wooilot find it an
aconomical heatine system. ‘leatric livhts are still in Class B
and kerosene lamps have ben onr source of livht so far. I have
found that the mantel lamp cives a hirhor efficiency than any
other type of kerosene lamp. The mantle, whioh is suspended above
the flame, is composai of materials which reach a high degrae of
inganiescence when properly heated, and in consequence yields a
soft ani pleasing white light. These lamps require considerable
Gare in trimming and adjusting the wick and as the mantles are
very fragile they frequently need replacing.

Provisions are to be made in my next house for electricity

which will be furnished by the Consumers Power Company.
The Mishican Saptio Tank, as iesienei by the Farm Mechanics
Department of ths Michican Aerioultural College, has given ox-
Cellent service. After six years us3 withont having even been
uncovered I took a alass of stuients and made observations of its
coniition. Our conclusions wore that I conli rxasonably be assured
of an aiditional six yaars of constant servics without its having
been cleaned.

Tne septic tank has had a great inflnencs on rural life, its
simplicity and economy has appealed to the farmer and has gener-
ally been a fore-runner to aiditonal conveniences. There are ten
in our neithborhood.

Inflnences of Conveniences on Parm Tife.

In a recant aivertisement the Delco Light Company published
the following vo3am which, I believes, is a most apt description of
the influence of conveniences in the farm home.

WHICH SHALL If Bu?

An even-balancei day of work well planned;

An avening time of work well jione,

Of rest ani ieep content?

A home where power and lieht combine for happiness;

Where power @liminates the osaseless round of iruizery,

The tedious, irksome tasks of husbaniry;

Where licht takes up the burien of the settine sun

Ani makes the 9voanine hours th3 bast of all;

Where chgerfulness ani helpfulness join hanis to lichten labor‘

Or shall it b9 a home of gloom ani iiscontent,

Where toil takes toll of hsart ani mini and soul?

Whare toilers eat - ani sleep - ani saat - to toil again;
Where Ghiliren bow beneath the weight of never-eniing chores,
Where men ani woman barter love and hope for paltry gain?

Then choose the home where power and light do their full part,
fransforminc, at your touch, the tedious task, the darkened way
Bringing the balanced day.

The evening time of rest and deep content,

The home where haopy children play;

Where langhter lives, and joy and cheerfulness;

The home where leisure lengthens out the years--

Broaiens the mind and lifts life to a grander plane,

As God intends.
10

FARM MACHINERY.

Until the beginning of the last century the farm work was
performed by crude hand tools, with the application of power
other than man power the ievelopnent of machinery was most rapid.
Previous to the advent of the steel plow in 1833 a crude cast
iron affair was in use, which was a decided advantage over the
014 crooked stick of still earlier iays. Up to the advent of
the binder in 1834 ani the erain drill in 1857 wheat, the universal
grain crop, was sown by hand, cut and bound by hand with a oradle
ani rake and throshed with a flail. From that period until the
present time new inventions ani improvements have made wonierful
progress. Next to becomine a free nation in 1776 the aivent of

farm machinery was ths e-eatast occurance in imerican History.

Sffect on Acrionlture.

The effect on agriculture was tremendous. From the be-
ginning the cultivation of tha soil has been synonomous with
deadening toil and drudgery. Farm machinery changed all this.
‘It opened and subdued our vast western country, it shortened the
length of th® working day. It increased the worker's wages, by
working with a machine more could be accomplished, and it in-
creased the quality of the product, allowing for a better and
more uniform output. It is very ioubtful if farmine would appeal
to the yvonne man of toiay had not this change from hand methods
occured.

Sffeot on other Industries.
In 1800 the population of the farm was 97%. Today it is

ratei at 23%, in the course of one hundred twentythres years 643

of the rural population havs gone to the citias. Only one thing
11

ever permittei of such a change. In 1880 but a small excess
could be grown over the family need. The advint of farm machinery
so inoraasei mans efficisancy that now one man can io what it for-
merly took five to io. Farm machinery was a help to the farmer
in two ways, it maile the man who wanted to stay on the farm as
efficient as five men and provided emplpyment for those who didn't.
The result was the creation of countless other industries to
supply the manufsoturing need, until now the industries of this |
country are so intermingled, so iependent oneach other that to
distinguish their dependenscy wonld be a most difficult task, but
if it be true that agricnliture is the mainstay of a nation then

farm machinery will always rank as foremost in importance.

Selection.

In equipping a farm with machinery there ar3 again many
factors that need be taken into consideration.

First is the size of the farm. This factor, in at least
ninety percant of the cases is the limitine factor in buyine
machinerye A small general farm of about forty acres growing
Grops Similar to a two hunired acre farm cannot support the
machinery that the larger farm can. Here th? man on thea small
farm must figure the cost of machinary with the net returns of
the farm and determine tha machinery most economical for him to
buy, and the type best suited for inal purposes. The man on the
large farm can best afford machinery snitei to his various lines
of production.

The type of farm is the jetormining factor of the kind of
machinery to ba used. ifter knowing what the machinery will
cost it ia most important to selact the type best adapted to
12

the work. Here again, a3 in most cases, the man on the large
farm has groaater range than the one on the small farm. A farmer
ought to have somo definite system of farming and purchase the
best machinsry for that system. If for instance he has a regular
rotation with an occasional change of one crop, can he afford to
adi to his regular equipment machinery for that crop? In my mind
it wouldn't be profitable to io so, but would be a battor practice
to select a crop that conld b9 haniloi with the machinery on hand.

(The next factor wonli ba the cost of machingry, but by a)
knowleige of the preocseding faators this wuld automatically take
Gare of itself. Closely allied to this is the labor problem which
Gauses a necessity for different machinery in certain localities
where labor ia scaros or too high priced, that could be more econon-
ically left ont in other localities where labor is plentiful and
oheape

After considering these factors and before purchasing the
farmer shoulil also consider the availability of renting machinery.
If his neighbor shoul have a grain binier, and neither had enough
grain that a day or so at harvesting would make much difference,
would it be aivisablo to rent or buy? This wouli apply to many
other machines, not affecting the larger farmer as much ag the
Bmaller one. Also would it be bast to pool in with two or three
neighbors or own your own machinory?

The next thine to consider would be power, all the other
factors taken with tho ceneral condition of the locality would

determine this problam.
13

Standard Machinery.

A more universal staniarilization of machinery wonli be to
the aivantags of the farmer. His one weakness has b3en his
gullibiility to the olever salesman with no reeard as to the
availability of local repairs. A farm implement or machine is
efficient Only when it gives gooi service ani if delay is occasioned
in securing parts thse efficiancy of the machine ig lost. Also
by buying of a reputable manufacture the farmer ig more assured
of satisfaction. The Jetermining points between like machines

should be:

Durability.

Mechanical Construction

Simplicity of Construction

Base of replacing parts

non fF WF wo FH
' .

ase of overation
The following list aomprises the equipment I found necessary

to own for a four year rotation of corn, oats, wheat and clover,
ani is typical of the local 80 to 160 acre farm:

Preparation of $991 304.
- Walkine plow
- Snlky plow
Spring-tooth harrow

- Roller, cultipacker preferred

Poe oe
‘

- Disco harrow

Planting
1 - Clover seed sower
1 - Diso grain drill, fertilizer attachment

1 - Corn planter, fartilizer attachment
a oe ee

1
2
1
1

Cultivation
Riding cultivator
Walking onltivators

Harvesting
Corn binder
Grain binier
Mower
Dump rake
Side-delivery rake
Hay loader

Barn Equipment
Hay oar
Slings
Hay forks

Litter carrier

Miscellaneous
Manure spreader
Wagons
Gas engine

Set fence stretchers

Other machinery of necessity which has always been procur-

able by hire is threshing and silo filling equipment and other

jobs requiring belt power. Special machinery for a crop out-

side of the staniard rotation, is seldom a profitable investment

and it would be bett3r aconomios if such 3 Grop was selected so

that available machinery could be used.

An additional list of hand tools could be given but would

14
15

be of no partionlar value as ths assortment would possess too
great a variance. The limiting factor of purchase in this olass
is practioally unlimitel as necessities are continually arising

Whioh would warrant ths use of these tools.

Power Machinery.

A machine ig a device consisting of two or more parts
arranged to modify forces and motions to produce a desired effect
or do some useful work.

Wind is the oldest power and due to its esonomy and permanency
of scouroce hag ever proved most satisfactory.

The most universally used farm power is the horse. For cen-
turies he has been a -most faithful servant of man; "Where-ever
has been a foot print, there also was the hoof beat". As compared
with other domestia animals, the horse is peculiar in the ability
to work and not as a scource of food.

Some of the more modern transference of power is through the

gas engine, electric motor and steam engine.

Need.

The relative uses on the farm of gach vary according to the
requirements. The three methods of pumping water are by the wind-
mill, gas engine and electria motor. Where facilities for storing
water ig considered, the windmill has proved the most popular power.
It requires less efficient oare and the initial cost ig practically
the final cost. The disadvantages are that it can be used only
when the wind blows and is not desirable to operate a line shaft.

The gas engine, requires a continuous cost of operation, and

more efficient care. In return it is always available for power
16

and of a convertable nature. Effeotively operating different
units at the same time. |

Where electricity is availablo the slectria motor is provine
more popular than the cas engine, while it does not develope its
own power as does a gas engine, it transfers power to greater ad-
vantage.

The larger gas engine, formerly of a stationary nature, is
being replaced by the tractor, whose application to the farm will
be discussed later.

The steam engine has its greatest use on the farm for belt
power and was most popular in threshing ontfits. The local de-
mand seems to be changing and the requirements are lightor thresh-

ing machines operated by gas tractors.

Need.
On all Yarms there is need of power, pumping water and working
the land is universal, thse amount of power required varies with .
the size of the farm and the amount of work done.
The kind of power is determined by:
1 - The initial cost
2 - The operating cost
3 - Adaptability to desired coniitions
4 - Type of farm
A dairy or truck farmer sponding less time in the field make
more economical use of a tractor than if they were enabled to work

longer hours.
17

Horse versus Tractor on 100 acre farn.

Ghe problem of horse power or tractor power on all farms
of 100 acres has to be solved by the farmer. It would be im-
possible to state definitely which would be the more profitable.
An efficient operator oould economically run under the same con-
ditions a tractor that under different operation would show a
loss, which means a high type of labor required for tractor oper-
ation.

Farms of similar size vary considerably in the amount of
land under cultivation, the more land being worked the greater
the tractor need.

As this problem is chiefly an individual one I will discuss
in on that basis, only, and enumerate the points I considered
in determinatines it.

The advantage of farming with machinery is that work is
done with 198s man labor and more accomplished in the same length
of time. This applies to the tractor, it will do more work in less
time than a horse.

Were this the only ieciding point probably every farmer would
be equipped with a tractor. But if the previous mentioned factors
which determine the kind of power be true, then a more complicatei
condition results, namely;

1 - The initial cost.
2 - The operating cost.
3 - The adaptibility to desired conditions.

4 - Type of farm.
18

The initial tractor cost on the average 100 acres is within
reach of most farmers. The Fordson costing no more than a good
team of horses, however, on the established farm any duplicate
machinery would inorease the initial tractor cost. In this re-
spect to continue with horses no new machinery is needed. On a
new farm this difference would be less pronounced. The cost of
horse machinery is less than that of tractor machinery.

Cost of operating.

The labor required for tractor operation calls for higher
type, which necessarily is mors expensive, the tractor doing the
required work in less time than the horses leaves more time for
other farm work. This is a disaivantaca to ths farmer, for while
he could afford to pay higher wasgss for tractor overation he ocan-
not afford such wages for other farm work, thus he cannot so well
utilize his labor.

The consumption of gas and oil takes tangible cash from the
farmers's possession. The upkeep of the tractor itself is more
expensive, as the more complicated the machine the more parts to
go wrong, the more expensive the machinery the more expensive ti
repairs. The deterioration is more rapid, the average life of the
tractor, as determined by the U. 8. Government is six to sever
years, the avarage working life of the horse is twelve years.

The horse is a self producer, which gives the farmer the
privileige of manufacturing his own power ani saving a profit on
an initial cost. He is self foeline and utilizes for fuel home
grown products which doa3s not necessitate the actual transference
of cash, and which often have no ereat market value. He is self

controlling, which tremeniously increases his value on the farm.
19

From January 1, 1922, to January 1, 1923, I conducted a
test on four horses to satisfy myself as to the relative cost
per hour of the horse as a motor. Accurate accounts of feed
used and hours of work dione were kept. The following iata shows

the economy of the horse.
Eoonomy of the Horse.

Number hours work - 1920, Number horses - 4 - 1400#, period of
feed and work - 1 year.

 

 

Roughage Market value at farm Manurial value.

1. 6 ton corn stover $3.00 per ton $18.00 $6.00

2 S&S" hay left by cows } 6.00

3. 5 " =timothy hay 13.00 " " 65.00 10.00

4. 200 bushel oats 40 " Bu. 80.00 15.00

5. 150 " corn 40 " ne 60.00 10.00
Cost of feed $223.00 Credit $47.00

Value ierived from manure 47.00

Total cost of feed $175.00

Cost of Shoéing 16.50

Cost of Feed and Shoeing $192.50

Total cost per horse per year equals $192.50 divided by 4 or $48.125
Total cost of $192.50 divided by 1,920 (total number of hours) or

10¢ per horse hour work.

 

Items 3-4-5, incluiing timothy hay and crain were the items
Which comprised the expense of the ration and were needed to furnish
sufficient energy to enable the horse to maintain his flesh and do

hard work.
20

Items 1-2 were of a nature which increased their value by
having been consumed and furnished sufficient nutrient to main-
tain the horse in good condition at rest.

I conclude that a non-working horse instead of a debit, is
really an asset in converting the practically non-marketable
roughages into a more readily and more valuable form of manure.
The manurial value of items 1 & 2 being greater than their market
value as feeds.

I have made no attempts to determine the deteriation of the
horse,as a motor, or the cost of housing necessary, harness re-
pairs, eta.

I have had no need of a veterinary for horses in seven years
of farming, and except where weather coniitions prohibited, there

has never been a time when one or all were not available for work.

Adaptibility.

A farm of 100 aores is considered a one man farm, on that
farm machinery must necessarily do the work. Good farming re-
quires a crop rotation and the kseping of livestock, which again
necessitates the division of the land into fields. The orop ro-
tation ievides the field work into seasons which better enables
the horse to furnish the power, and the land division usually re-
stricts the efficiency of the tractor by either irregularity or

size of fields.
Ono this farm the work is greatly diversified, no one line
of work being of long duration, to meet these conditions the

tractor is not readily adaptable. <A typical day in hay harvest
21

is a few hours cultivating corn while the hay is drying in the

morning, then a transfer to some haying implement. Under this

and similar operations the horse has proved more adaptable than

the tractor. On hilly and stony land the horse vives satisfaction.
By his adaptability, the horse has proved himself indispen-

sable. The tractor is not indispensable, but is a wonderfully

good supplement to the horse. Consequently,when one team of horses

are a necessity, and an additional horse or two will furnish the

required power, the average farmer is better off without a tractor.
22

LAND CLUARING.

Bvery possible acre of farm land should be used to its max-
imum capacity. A few acras of waste land on any one farm are a
loss to the individual farmer, and the total of thsse patches
throughout the country, enormous in the aggregate, is of most
serious concern to the entire nation. Serious, not because of
the necessity of aiditional cultivated land but because the space
taken up on farms already equipped to do farm work prohibits an
economical cultivation.

Bouliers, stumps, worthless timber, swamp land, mud holes
and meanierine streams present obstacles to the farmer's progress
and rob him of time, sonjoyment and the efficiency of his machinery.

My experience in land olesaring has been of a most elementary
nature, consisting of ths removal of boulders from the fields by
the use of a stone-boat and horses or by the diccine of a hole and
burying them. When a few stumps wers the offenders I have burned
or dug them out. When those obstaolss exist it is necessary to
leave consiierabls area of uncultivated land around them as it
igs impractical to try and work too clos3 with machinery. In ad-
dition to its other disadvantages this area provides a broeding
place for weeds and crop pests.

My immediate problem of land olearing is removing stone piles
in every fieli, the method I intend to employ is the excavation of
a hole by the use of a team and sorapper and then burying the pile
so the bottom is below the frost line and the top below the plow.

Land olearing is one of the oldast and least developed phases

of agriculture. From the early pioneer days it has first been
23

essential to olear land, the methods in use then are atill greatly
used. The axe and saw were used to fell the trees, the timber then
used commercially, for fuel or burned in great piles and the stumps
allowed to remain in the ground for the full period of decay or
when partially rotted to finish by burning or pulline by team.

Such land was put in a grain crop, seeded and the resulting
grasa left to pasture iurine the period of decay. The time re-
quired variei in accoriance with the kind of timber. On the average
Michigan farm this proosss extended over a period of years.

Land clearing methois failed to develope with other phases of
agrioulture because it was the land alrsaly cleared that furnished
the great necsssity for farm machinary. The vast western areas
that 414 not require clearing could now be subjugated with machinery,
and sonsequently toe ease of breaking this new land as compared to
Glearing a farm so appealed to the farmer that a general migration
westward resulted. The men who still had a few stumps to remove
or an ocdaBional fieli to clear furnishad no ver: attraotive market
for machinery of this class.

Within the past ton yoars farming has been revolutionized, land
has inereased so in value and labor become so scarce and expensive
that to pursue many of the 011 methods has proved ruinous. Time
has become so important an element as to almost eclipse any others.

Under these changei conditions the vast areas of lumbered stump
land, of which Michigan has thousands of acres, has become an object
of desire and consequently furnish a derand for more rapid and effi-
Gient land clearing methods. “xplosives and stump pulline devices
have solved the problem. The graatest and most economical effi-

Giency is rained when thes two methods work hand in hand.
Dynamite and picric acid, the two explosives in general use,
prepare the stump to be pulled by cracking it and loosening it in
the ground. Where the puller is used first the explosive is used
to orack the stump and blow loose the dirt adhering to the roots.
Explosives are also increasing in popularity as a means of shatter-
ing rooks and tearing throuch ths hard pan of mud holes and pro-
viding drainage.

Where the commercial puller is used the vartical drum is
more popular, but in general a strairht line pull or some other
home made device, such as the Mallet Stump Puller, furnish all the
power necessary to pull tha stump after it has been loosened and
Qracked by an explosive.

On large areas of coniferous stumps, which have a tap root
and pull fairly olear of dirt and which are very resistant to
decay,the commeroial puller works to its greatest advantage.

Where the stumps are of the deciduous variety with a branching
root system the tendency of the puller is to raise too much land
with the stump. Here explosives can best be used to prepare the
way and when the stum is loosened, cracked and freed from adhering

dirt the more simple homs made pulling devices prove most economical.
26

DRAINAGE.

All vegetation is iepsndent upon the water or moisture
in the soil for life and growth. Nature does not always supply
water to the soil in quantities conductive to th: most satisfact-
ory growth to the plant. Often there is too little water and
Many times thsore is too much. Land is drained for the purpose
of relieving the sg0il of the surplus water.

The practiae of lani drainage runs back to a very early date.
Land drainage by means of tile was introduced in Europe as early
as 1620 and in the United States in 1835. The first tile making
machine was introduced about 1848 and was a rreat impetuous to tile
drainage. Up to that time all tile was hand made and the ditches
dug by hand. Hand labor in digging is still in general use and
probably always will be, especially where the jobs are small, but
there is on tho market, and in reneral use, most efficient machinoary
whioh jig the ditches ani leave the bottom ready to lay the tile.

The area of lani in this country which can be reclaimed by
drainage is estimatel by the United States Department of Agriculture
as 70,000,000 acres. In addition to this there are larea areas of
land that couli be made more prodinotive and more valuable by drain-
ATA.

The two methods of drainage ars by the open ditch and by the
use of tile.

Necessity.

A consideration of the benefits to be derived and an estimate
to determine the advisability of the expenditure required, from the
standpoint of an investment, should always precede the installation

of a farm drainage system. In general drainage is expected to either
— - | 27

reclaim the lani for farmine purposess or make it more proiuctive.

Benefits.

The soil is made firm by lowering the level of the free
water.

Soil is made finer in texture, the particles becoming smaller
and the capillary action of water inoreased.

The growing season is lengthened, drainare is conductive of
a more uniform movement of the water resulting in a less cracked
surface and consequently in less evaporation. Less water being
in the soil the temperature is mores easily raised and retained.

The ventilation is inoreased by air occupying some of the
space formerly filled with froo water.

The water handline capacity of the soil is so increased that
surface wash is preventsi.

The soil iepth is inoreasel, roots workine deeper in warmer
and better aerated soil.

The danger of drouth is iscreased as the treater depth and
fineness of the soil snable a mors pronounced capillary action to
take place.

The action of frost is reiucai as the drained soil stays

warmer longer and does not heave so badly.

Land unier Cultivation.

In the spring of 1922 under the auspicies of the Michiran
Agricultural College I made a colleostion of different sized samples
of tile from practically every tile factory in thig State. These
samples were wanted to determine their relative merits. It is not

my purpose to describe this exneriment but to relate the impression

of drainage I receivei. I was formerly of the opinion that if mui
holes were present in a field or water readily apparent to the
eye it needed drainage, imagine my inoredulity when an old tile
man issued the information that an acre of ground that was worth
farming was worth tiling. As I continned from factory to factory
I discovered this opinion universal.

My own experience justifies the importance of tile drainage.
Five aores of low muck land adjacent to the road and west of the
house was nearly always under water. <A year ago last fall I had
it surveyei and tiled it, last summer I raisod the rreatest crop
of corn on that five acres that I had ever raised on any similar
sized piece, ani now instead of its being an unsightly and annoying
piece of swamp it is a most produotive tract of lam.

Without givine consideration to tha cash or asthatio value
thig may have increased the farn, the actual returns Was corn
@nough to fill a silo that formarly had slways consumed twice that
acreage. By the expeniiture of $118.00 for tile and $80.00 for
labor or a total of $198.00 to convert nothing into something, I
harvested a crop that produced at least 70 ton of ensilage valued,
as compared to hay, at $3.00 per ton, or a gross proceed of $210.00.
Considering the fact that this land now works in the regular ro-
tation I am well satisfied with my investment, and expect as soon
as possible to tile 15 acres of low pasture land on the back end of

the farm.
CONCLUSION.

In the past few years many editorials havs appeared before
the public lamentine the movement of the farmer to the city.

Much emphasis has been laid on the abanioned farm house ani the
agricultural orisis on the horizon, much unnecassary sympathy
has been wasted on the farmar, while the farmer, and by that I
mean the man as well versed in his work as a man Would expect
to be in any other business, has steadily gone forward,and not
only kept up the agrioultural supply with its ever increasing
demand, but actually inoreased it.

A reduction of 60% of the farm population from Washington's
time to the present would necessitate an inoreased production of
at least 120%. In the meantime our exportations have inoreased
enormously, yet our production more than supplies the demand,
nor does it even keep pace with our ability to produce. Apparently
there is no limit to the application of farm mechanics to increase
production.

There are still too many of ths so called farmers who con-
tribute nothine to arriculturse, who by their inefficiency prohibit

economical production and stand in the path of the farmer who has
the ability to adjust himself to changing conditions and profit
by the knowledge of the day. The present agricultnral condition
is an evolution whereby the better farmer, as in other business,
will steadily crowd his less adequate competitor out of the field.
It is this man, already equippsd with knowledre and other
facilities who will gladly shoulder thse burden of production. It
is for this man that land clearing, drainare and other improvements
are especially aivocated so that he can still more efficiently and
economically cultivate the soil to its maximum capacity.
Inatead of lamentations and pessimism it is my opinion that a

monument of optimism and achievament be erected to the agricultural

encineere
PART II
The following blue-prints are the application
of Part I. The evolution of a training in Farm
Mechanios. They embody the main issues and expenses
of my agricultural work and have proved the most pro-
ductive in the promotion of sontentment and efficiency,

and the saving of that all important element, time.
THE FARM LAYOUT.

In purchasing an established farm but little oan be done
in changing the builiing relations, consequently this is a
point well worth considering in 2 contemplated purchase. The
illustrated "Farm Layout" shows good relation of buildings. The
house is well back from the highway, of a good distance from
the barn, and is located on a well drained site. The ice house,

warden ani poultry house ars well related to the house,

The barn fac3s in the approved direction, provides an east
and south barnyard ani an approach on the west side, accessibility
to the lane and hichway without havine to drive thronch the barn-
yari, which is a decided advantar3. 4 barnyard approach usually
necessitates considerabla time lost in opening and oclosing gates.
The oorn-crib ani grai\nary are both well related to the group and
the implement house is acce:ssibls from both sides.

In erecting the three new units, silo, milk house and stock
tank these conditions wers considered. The stook tank should
accomodate both cattle and horses, should be near the entrance
to the horse stable and accessible from either side of the barnyard
fence. The milk house is closely related to the stock tank on
account of cooling the milk. The interior plan of the barn, with
a central feed alley, ietermined the silo to be on either end.

The south exposure is more dasirable on account of freezing.
 
  

 

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Q EEL WAS forinly tC AOorsé bere:
THE REMODELING OF THE DAIRY BARN.

As a rule it ig better when capital is limited to pro-
vide for the business end of any enterprise first. Farmers
are severly critized by othsr people for either remodeling or
building their barn before they do their house. Such oritism
is hardly justified. The farmer can better withstand temporary
inconveniences or hardships, if necessary, for a period than
subject hia live stock to them. He has the advantage of intell-
igence, the stock sre utterly dependent and through lack of care
become a financial loss.

In order to farm I required an immediate income, my in-
Glinations wers to better our livine oconititions at once, one had
to be postponed, the barn was remodeled, living conditions were
improved sons two years later.

Without ever having worked in a dairy barn I designed the
plans as illustrated and remodeled the barn acoordingly. After
continuous use of this barn for seven years with an average number
of eighteen to twenty head of dairy cattls I have had no need for
improvement. The application of a Farm Mechanics training enabled
me, with my lack of previous experience, to remodel this barn so
efficiently from the standpoint of economy, conveniences and sav-
ing of labor, that after years of practical experience I am still
thoroughly satisfied with the results achieved. Instead of finding

chores a drudgery they have been more of a pleasure. Entering the

barn of a morning to encompass a row of fift2en cows alig-hned in
a flood of sunshine is an infinitely more pleasing sensation than

to go into an ill lighted barn with its depressing gloom. If it is
a fact that on the days work is reflected the mood of the worker,
this factor is well worthy of consideration. It is a fact, too,
that on a farm with well planned builiines hired help is better
satisfied ani easier to rotain.

The original barn floor plan provided only for the necess-
ities of shelter, restraint ani feeding.

One window 2' x 2' furnished the light for 1443 square feet
of floor space alotted to cattle, or one square foot of light
for every 361 square feet of floor space. An idea of the oeffi-
Giency of this window can be gained by a comparison to the gen-
erally accepted standari of one square foot of Light to twenty
square feet of floor space. To go upstairs it was preferable
to leave the barn and enter from the approach outside then to
wade throuch the mud and manure to a stairway at a remote end
of the barn.

The handling of the manure was a most detestable job, zreat
holes having been dug in the dirt floor back of the cattle by
this continuous chore. The plank platform upon which the cows
stood was a most unsanitary affair. The wooden manrers were full
of holes and next to imvossible to keep clean. Nine hundred
square feet of floor space, back of ths cattls was devoted only
to the accumulation of manure, ani no door on the east side to
facilitate its removal, sxcept a narrow one immediately back of
the cattle.

In handling this manure, planks were laid over the mud and
the wheelbarrow used, that too was the method used when horses

were kept on the south side. Provisions having been made to
accomoiate horses here as well as providine a separate building
for the same purpose.

To have tried to bolster up the weak spots of existing con-
ditions looked like a discouraging job, everything was so out
of relation. Raalizing the necessity of careful planning on
tois building, that the dairy herd required daily care, sanitation,
comfort and ventilation, I decided to clean out the whole interior.
This was done, after the east side, except supporting columns
were torn out. The floor was graded eight feet in the clear.

The interior planning was comparatively easy. It wae
economy to incluie the horse barn in this plan, hay left by
the cattle furnished the greater bulk of the horses roughage and
the chores all centered in one place. As a matter of convenience
in waterine and accessibility to the fields it was desirable to
keep the horses, as shown in the remodeled plan. The law re-
quires a partition between horses ani cattle. <A slide door in
the rear and trap doors to the manvers fulfilled the require-
ment, the trap doors aidiine in fseding.

Dairy cows are so extensively fod that time so used is an
accumulative expense, a central feed alley is the best solution,
supplemented by a feed truck. Sunlight is the cheapest and best
antiseptic known to man. The gutter of a dairy barn, one of the
worst scources of infection, to relate the two was an easy matter
and provided the additional advantage of handling manure from the
One alley.

Box stalls are necessary for calves and maternity pens, it
is desirable they be about four feet high and of a convertable

nature, a oorreot system of gates makes this latter possible.
Where the limitine factor of size is the manger space, entrance
should always be otherwise provided. The expense of a bull pen
was minimizei by taking advantage of the strength of wall con-
struotion at the corners, erecting a conorete manger and pro-
viding twelwe feet of one-half inch horizontal steel scable,for
exeroige to which the bull is chained with a six foot length of
chain from the neok to a sliding ring on the cable. This open
pen gives him full view of the herd and barn activities, permits
of free air circulation and ease of feeding and cleaning.

A replacement of weak floor joists allowed a straight align-
ment of columns under the main girders, 8" iron posts were set
on conorete piers ani spaced to serve as nartitions between COWS.
To provide for passage of litter oarrier to bull pen and box stalls
and also allow for passage of manure spreader when desirable to
draw directly to the field, an eleven foot drive was left on the
north end, the gutter was carried throucth to the wall. The con-
vertable feature of stanchionine three alilitional cows ani still
uging this drive was accomplished by the use of this gate. Detail
of which is illustrated in accompanying blue-print.

Convenient feed alleys shouli be four to six faet wide and
Glear of any obstructions. The mangers should be easy to clean.
I use the open type with conorete trough which sweeps out very
easily and permits of watering the cows on stormy days by attaching
@ hose to a faucet in the stook tank. The eight windows in the
@ow stable allow one square foot of light per eighteen square feet
of floor space and in the horse stable one square foot of glass

for nineteen square feet of floor space.
The silo was built at the south ond as a result of the
plan for a straight feed alley and less probability of freezing.
Provision was made for the oereotion of anothsr silo, when found
necessary, to the east ani feeding into the present chute. A
wooien stave silo was selected on account of its initial invest-

ment, it being considerably less, and of rood durability,

By moving the stairway, as shown, it became more accessible
ani the space underneath provided a convenient feed bine A grist
of grain driven on the floor above is easily emptied into this
bin by lifting up the top step which is hinged to the riser be-
neath. The floor of the ensilage room is on a level with the
feed alley and three feet above the erade, the slope being to
the south. The vnrovision of an outside door here made it most
convenient for the loading of cattle or hogs, as the bottom of a
wagon box when backed up to the door is level with the floor.

To supply a ventilating system I hinged an eighteen inch
section of the bottom of the door between the barn and ensilage
room and insulatod the silo chute ani ensilaze room. Under
most conditions this has proved a satisfactory out-take. The
in-take, on the othor end of the alley, anters between three
floor joists and is built down two feet on the outside to chack
a direct draft. While this couli not be advocated as an entirely
efficient ventilating system, it has proved a satisfactory sub-
stitute. No provision being made to correct tha d3ad air pockets

ocouring on the west side.
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IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS IN TH% HOME.

The disadvantages of the original houss as we encountered
them were the lack of running water, no sink, no bath or toilet
or no relation of rooms to gach other. To eat water we went with
&® pail to the well 4 distance of thirtyfive feet from the kitchen,
quite often the pump hai to be detached from th> windmill, often
too, it needed priming, annoying features both. Our daily supply
of water vreant an avaraca of five trips to the well, 1 iistance
traval9i daily of 350 f3et or 25 mil9s 4 yoar, a waste of time
and an asopalline waste of anoervy, fortunately thsre was but a
one step rise to the porch. Wash lays wero especially tedious.
What water was broucht in, of conrse, had to b> taken out again,
dishwator, aeta., ani to opan a ioory from a warm room in winter
to throw away such refuse was not only a most disarreeabls task
but coniuctive of ill results in ths sudden chance of temperature
upon the heated boty.

Having no bath or aocess to an insile toilet provad another
very annoying inconvenience.

The relation of tha rooms were such, as shown by the blue-
print, that considerable time was wasted in performing house
work, the pantry was larger tnan necessary and was too far re-
moved from the dining room. The west wing of the house was access-
ible only throuch the dinine room, which reduced its use sconside2r-
ably. The upstairs too was accessible only through the living
room, which meant not only the trackine of dirt through the kitchen,
dining room ani livine room but continuous waar of rugs, etc., and

a lack of sealusion whan halp was employed.
A persual of the plan after the house was remodeled shows
how most of the previously mentioned objections were overcome,
and how conveniences were installed.

The installation of but one ioor maie the wast wing more
livable, ths closing of the former stair entrance into the
livine room ani tho movine of the stairway cave mors wall space
for furniture in the livine room, sradicatsi the iiaronal path
from tha front door to stairs, and made the stairway more directly
ascessibls from a e¢raatar number of rooms.

The stairway now roainced tho oricinal vantry of 6" x 11'
to 6' x 8' which male a cooi sizei and most conveniently located
bathroom. This house has provei quits livable, but it in turn

does not comoare very favorably with tho olans for the house I

contemplate builiing this summer.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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WATER SYSTEM.

From the main well water is pumped horizontally by the pump
connected to the engine, as shown in the remodeled house plan.
The supply pipe is continuous from the storage tank in the house
to the stook tank in the barnyeard and provided only with the hori-
zontal check valve, as shown, ani a faucet in the stock tank.

By opening this faucet and starting the pump the stook tank
fills first, it being thirty feet lower than the other; when the
faucet is closed the water is foraed up in the storage tank and
held by the oheek valve. The overflow from this tank drains in
the bath tub.

Before going to milk in the evening the pump is started, when
passing the stock tank the faucet is opened, as the milk house is
adjacent to the tank it requires no inconvenience to note when the
tank if full, then the fancet is closed and when the overflow from
the storage tank runs in the bath tub anyone in the house recgsives
the notice ani stops the engine, should no one be present no harm
wouli result except the wasting of a little water.

Attached to the casing over the main outside well is a common
lift pump, this proves most convenient, especially in the summer
for watering poultry, stc., as water is thus obtainable direct from
the well without havins to enter the house.

Soft water is pumped by hand from a cistern with a pitcher
pump fastenei on the kitchen sink.

The supply pipe, overflow snd soil stack are close together

and against a wall, which permits of their being boxed up and ob-

soure from view.
A plug on the ond of the soil pipe facilitates its
Gleaning, should the necessity arise. The storass tank too is
easily aleansi by draining throuch the supply pipe which enters
near the bottom. This tank should always be provided with a
dust-proof cover. A sweat pan eliminates the danger of an ex-

Gessive aondensation causing trouble.
 

 

 

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CONCRETE STOCK TANK.

This tank was built on the surface. The feed pipe from the
pump enters the bottom from below ground. An out-take pipe is
provided for cleaning the tank.

After the concrete had set and the forms removed the interior
was plastered with cement and then washed with a cement wash. The
tank is of the right height to accomodate milk cans if so desired.

The iron rod devioe illustrated can be used to hold an empty
Gan low in the water. By straining directly into this can as soon
as each cow is milked the cooline process is effectively and effi-
Giently accomplished.

The conorete apron on each side of the tank protects the rround

from being torn up by the scattlse and horses.
 
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CATTLE CRATE.

In building up a dairy herd considerable changing of
cattle was necessary. The combination stook rack, univer-
sally used, proved too fragile and the sides too low to permit
satisfactory transportation.

The illustrated cattle crate was built to meet conditions,
it proved satisfactory ani has had four years of covmunity use.
It has been used as successfully on the auto truck as in the

wagon box. Two such crates furnish an economical double unit.
 

 

 

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PORTABLE HOG COT.

The portable hog house is unquestionably the better type
On a farm where the production of pork is only a side issue.
Tne construction is comparatively simple and inexpensive. They
are not a permanent farm fixture and are convertible into cash.
They afford individual farrowing quarters and allow for a con-
tinuous change of pasture which also promotes better sanitation.

I built three as jiesigned about four years ago and have
found them most satisfactory, a window at each gable answers
for ventilation and at farrowing time a 2" x 4" on edge 6"
from the floor across each end helps to protect the pigs from
being orushed.

A lantern hung inside maintain a more uniform temperature.

These houses ware constructed of material salvaged from

the remodeling of house ani barn.
 

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IMPLEMSNT HOUSE.

By converting the original horse barn into an implement
house the price of a new building was saved. It fortunately
was 80 located in the bniliine croup as to be convenient to
the fields.

Having a one-third pitch rable roof and a six foot height
from second floor joists to plate this building made an ideal
implement house, the space aloft was the covertible feature
of storing the smaller imolemants or for hay or grain as de-

sired.
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DRATNAGS MAP.
This map shows the general relation in which the tile
were laid in the five acre tract of land previously mentioned.
Detail & shows a good mathod of uniting branches to the
main tile. Such a catoh basin gives a sood check on the action
of each entering line and furnishes a place to deposit silt

where it ig accessible for removal.
 

 

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PLANB OF A PROPOSED FARM HOM.

These floor plans are illustrative of how the great
economics principle of sise being determined by arrangement
Gan be accomplished. In this plan there is embodied more
useable room than in our present house of twice the size,
and those conveniences which promotes permanent comfort and
ease of work. Since 1917 any changes made on the farm have

been with a view to this house in mind.
. Basement.

Provision is here made for soft water storage, fuel,
furnace, vegetables and fruit.

The furnace will be centrally located and in close re-
lation to the fuel room, the vegetable room and fruit room
Should be away from the furnace and in the coolest part of
the basement. Both fruit and vegetable rooms need light and

ventilation.
 
 

  

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First Floor.

The arrangement of this plan provides for the access-
ibility of all the rooms, except the bedroom, from a small
central hall. The combination washroom and launiry allows
the farmer and help to enter, wash and go to other parts of
the house without interferine with the kitchon work. It sim-
plifies the plumbing and saves having th laundry in the base-
ment, Which on a farm usually means more expensive drainase
and a more extensive nse of the stairs.

A main floor toilet proves so convenient in our prasent
house as to be a definite feature in a new one.

The living room is of good size and shape and the bedroom
has the convertible feature also of being used as either a den,
office or library. With its south and west exposure, fire-place
and coat closet this would bse a very attractive and livable roon.

The dining room has the desired relation to the kitchen
and living room, andi is so arranged that during threshing and
silo filling, when a number of men have to be fed, an elongation
of the table into the living room will accomodate the entire number.

The bay window, with drawers beneath adds in attractiveness
and convenience, the drawers furnishing ideal storage? for the
dining room linen.

The kitchen, on the northeast corner is a bricht cheerful
room of a morning and is provided with plenty of light and con-
veniences. The plumbing is better protected by being on an in-
side partition and the sink and cupboard arrangement conductive

of the least handling of the dishes.
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Second Floor.

The second floor plan furnishes a -7001 arrangement and
good sized beilrooms, each provided with a clothes closet and
plenty of licht and ventilation.

The hall space is reduced to a minumum and a linen closet
provided. 4 bathroom over a kitohen reduces the plumbing and
ig generally kept warmer. <A sewing room is a convenient feature

where it gan be economically provided.
 

       

      

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Elevations.

Tne end and front elevations show the square type, hip
roof architecture, not as desirable in the country where the
natural setting is more conductive to the low rambling type,
but more economical of construction, and furnishes a better
opportunity of convenient room arrangement and heating facil-
ities.

The two dormer windows aid to the appearance and enlarge

the attic space.
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