| wi il é Iiiilk of =H o— LIBRARY Michigan State University MSU LIBRARIES a — RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES wil] be charged if book is returned after the date Stamped below. COMPRYOSLON AXD ABSORPTION Tests ON DRALK Titis waAnUPACTURED Lis wiChiGAN A Treetise submitted to The Faculty of The withigen Agricultural Colleze by Wayne A. Gingrich Candidste for tne wepgrve of pacneior of ocience June 1922 TeHESi¢ Cb {o \ l am indebted to Ho. n. Vedder and C. EF. Robey for information and aid in preparing, this treatise. W. A. Gingrich 96410 Compression and Absorption Tests on Drain Tile wenufactureu in iwichigan The discussion and experimental tests for compres- Sion and absorption qualities was tie subject developed by me to be Submittea to tne faculty for the degree of Bachelor of science. The drain tile used in the compression and absorption tests were secured by the Farm wechanise Department from the tile manufacturers in wichip,an, except one. An Ann Arbor concern would not favor us witn test specimens. Kach factory sent three to five samples of each size menufectured by them. The tile were shipped to the testing room packed in straw in barrels. Occasionally a specimen was broken during Shipment. The compression tests were made in a home-mede machine. nee picture. A Fairbanks scale Was used to determine the compressive breaking, stren,th. The pressure was applied by a ratchet jack-screw fastened rigidly upside down to a framework several teet above the middle of tne scele plattorm. The Specimen to be tested was pléeced in & pox of sand the depth of sand being equal to tne diemeter of tne tile. Another box of send with a feirly loose canves bottom was pleced an top ot the specimen. a wooden block was placed ~2~ in the top of the box free te move up or down. Both boxes of sana witn tne tile between were ,léeced upon the scales and the scales balanced. Pressure was then applied to the moveable block in the top box.thru the sand to tne specimen by the jack screw. The scale beam was kept balanced while the pressure wes being applied. «8S Soon as the Specimen broke the compressive load wes recorded. The lines of failure were also noted. Failure usually occurea in four places, Namely where the horizuntel and vertical axes intersected the tile shell. Tre compressive strenztn of tile vériea fron about three hundred to ei;nteen hundred pounds per foot of length. This varigtion was probebly due to two things, the first bein, the greae ot material used and the second the workman- shiv in manufacturin; the tile. A tnird reesun for the Vvari- ation mi, nt be a combination of meteriel and workmenship topetner. The absorption tests were made on three pieces of each tile tested, a piece from each end and one from the middle. Tnese pieces Were ebout two vy two inches to three by three inches, The test pieces were bsked in & not oven for five hours ana then wei;ned accurately. Tney were then boiled for five hours and weizhed agein. From tnese operations the percent ~3- of water sbsoibed wes computed. Tne percent of absorption veried trom fifteen to tnirty in soft cley tile. The cement tile aversged about seven .ercent and the glazed clay tilc Varied trom tive to eleven percent. Absorption is @ quality tile should NCT heve, because it decreases tne quality of the tile. When in use if tne druin tiie absorb weter ana are not buried below the freezing line, the result will be freezing, eXpansion and breaking of the tile,and drains:;e will ce&se. Tiles tnat absorb a large percent of wéter, if left piled up and expused to the elements for a year will be wortnles: because ot deterioration. it also seems evident that tiles that absorb water are porous, and if porous, will be weak in compression. Porous tile also increése the coefficient of frriction, and usually the drainare ,-rade in dréin tile 1s too low to over-come any extra frictional resistance because of @ poor prede of tile. soft cley tile ere made ana used more than eny other kind of tile bec&use the first cost is cheap. anotner reason for their use may be due to tne ignortence vf tuc fermer in thinkin, that the water must soak thru tre tile rether tnan;o thru the joints. Vitrified clay tile would probetly te tne vest tile to use in tne end cecéuse they ere mure duretie ana vf course more exkXpensive. ~4- Cement tile have not voecoume @ greét commercial product althougna the Consolidsted Coal Company of »~a;inaw m&ke cement tile in ali Sizes and the tests snow them to te among the best in Gompression and ébsorption. The compressive strength was higuer then any cley tile averéginyg about eighteen hun- Qreu pounds, and tie percent of absorption was ebout the same as vitrified clay tile, from five to eleven percent. A few years more will see conerete tile amon, the le:ders of drain tiles. Large tile from three feet and up in diameter are made almost exclusively of concrete now. Gra,hs were made oF compression and absorption in an at- tempt to shom thet as the compression inecressed the absorp- tion decreesed and vice versa. The grepons in somc ceses shored this ract very weli wihiie in Ovfer8 Duo Compar1lson coulda ove made, although in no cese was the absorption and compression at @ maximum or minimum. The labo:étory results ena the n&me and number of tne manufacturer are on the last few pages. The factories were numberea to make it casier to follow throuzyn the tests, and @lso to partielly kee, tne manufacturers names unpublished. The conclusions to draw from these tests on compression and ebsorptiun Show tust wichiz,eun manufacturers make tile Suitable for any purpose, all tiles bein; strony, enough in Compression and tiles eitner of high or low percent of ~5~ absorption may be obtéeined, tne price usuelly determining this fxctor. Factory sind Diam. humber O02 Cc) O TW O02 O14 C14 014 of of Tile Tile soft 4" Clay Web. st Yeu. Ee" Deve LO" wee qt aC. €" wele nl we. 4" approx-Thick- imate ness Length of wheil 12" 9 fit Le" 5 /3 1s" 5 /é 24" 15/16 Le" i/fe le" 3/4 12" 7 /e Le" od —~t— g /1L6 brcok- ing Load rer ¥t. lzec4 1400 1334 £0% 767 gsOO 997 1145 o9O €34 L150 935 1447 L512 959 LOEO 1094 “egg LZ1LO LELO LE97 9u4 LZgd L1isO L346 L7ES LO€e Lis? 1837 “SYN OM OH OM wm GO. OI cm es &O tI tr Mm wean bre oeking Load Por Foot 9QE 1179 gen Tercent obsorp- tion 15.95 15.50 16.21 16.37 1E.69 17.62 ~7- Factory mind Diam.srypprox- Thics- breek-~ uean tercent Numcter of ot imete ness ins breéring absopp- Tile ‘file Len;.th o1 Load Load tion wouell Yer #Ft.ier rt. h wc YF a km 030 o.C. 6" le" 3/4 br? 0209 mM ©O W ©) Qe ty O30 , De. oo" LE" 7 [s tO © tO léel "7 Geo 17.03 cEe4 i? a wo CS1 S.C. 4" le" 9/16 694 456 b47 6&1 21.50 C40 lite O21 wile €" 1g" 3/4 770 646 755 699 £5.76 Om Om “I 0 Om O31 ee 6" Lz" bo NWI OF ON cond Em &y % ®) © @>) aw) O06 21.09 'O€ 04d De © 4" Le" 9/16 423 SEs S56 954 16.96 940 145 043 Cement 4" Len L/S 1ex0 L500 L7&3 L5CO LE4E c.e3 ractory 2.1nd Dinm. Approx- Thick-sreek- ween >erecnt humber ot ot imete ness ing pYv&king Absorp- Tile Yile Lungtn of Lozd Loed tion yuell sor Ft.erer zt. 043 Cement 4" le" by Aes Lbovy / O49 " on le" 11 /Lé 16bdt Leo LOVE L172 6.YC Lol” Le4e C4d " ol Le" 3/4 Léte L170 Live Lid See licy ag " ie! Ls" 7 /é LETS Z000 L$47 Lycl (ol yur Lius CO% sott 4" Le" 1/f YoY Cley VEG YES £0.66 LCSD G10 wort 4" ev 9 /Le 4S€ vley orere: 8e0 cul 16.66 YLls vo ULL See Cb" Li" 9 /le S06 200 24.5 1lé€.le 695 543 CLO oeC0. oo! Le" w 2 TOK (OS Gea CUS Laeae oCC ECL rectory humbor Qll Cla Ca4 of Gade soft Clay wea Wee wee Dee of aad 4" g" Ee" op pLOk- linate bei tu le" 12" LE" 9 /lLE ©) DICEK- - mor 15 wud eor rteber #t. 1166 15C5 lye Lose fv wa 775 Tsu L190 o1LO 9 LO }-2 —=72 © wom C2 GH ~~ een GC etn ©> > O&O oN ee mA wen OE OI Om QA Cy a ©r pe OF LOCk LETO L6EE LOZO LOGS moon et woed Selle 1457.6 € O47 Cn C nN oO en Cx 047 Gl. 10" = 24" 11fle 16500 1260 1531 lilsl 4.44 900 GOO Se eye PNT tye ce eee reeg oye mewUSACTURM AS AND DUE Re a r 7 in Typo. _ +5 8 7 A et vO + . Te 7: ainvitican vVWitraliead Cley scroaucts JaCnyuON Grand Ledge bitéy Products Co. Grend LuaGee St. Cleir Clay fredaucts vo. yt. Cleir Consolidasteu Youll Co. wG,inaw ecelernd prick and Tile vo. weelend Colemen Tile Uo. Colzsméen Croswell Cley sroauct vo. Uroswell horti oter Tile and brick vo. whurtn Star en2ohley Tile vo. oShley bunte bros. Tile Co. rléet soci. South Rockwood Tile Co. South sockwood ot. Louis tile Uv. ot. Louis +030 #OS1