— SSS SS — = em 5 —————— SSS SS Se SS SS SS SS SS SSS SS _. Sensiimern > | ora - Ss , a > elt ee oe, oe —_— THESIS f L8 THES FT 'ua Orns Thi DrR HIGU Preegyrm ANT PTT TD TTA TPT 1913. GF THESIS THRSTS J AN INV’STIGATION OF A MPTHOD OP IVTROMICING LIQUID FIP INT) AN INTURNAL COMBIS™TON FNGINT MICHIGAN AGPICULTU?AL COLLTGE Fast Lansgsins, Michigan Seennannavcneane }D}3 Sprin rf Terme=o By H. M. JACKLIN INTRODUCTORY Originally the purpose of this thesis was to try to operate a specially fitted ¢as ersine with the cheaper fuels -- kerosene, distillate, or even orude ofl. The snaciai fittines were to in- SClude such apraratusa as vould be necessary to inject the fuel threuch a suitable neouzle inte tne workin: ovlinder near the end of tha oorrpression stroke; the ofl or fuel being heated and under a pressure cf gav 50 lbs. per sq. ine more than the come pression. It wus thousht that it richt be rassibie to eliminate the tendency of ths heavier oils to crack and leave carbon de- posits in the evlinéger by this means; since the fuel, dveinzg heated (nearly to critical temnerature) and ressins throuch a nozzle, would probably ha cormrletaly varcrized. This a more romnogzenrsous mixture weuld be rrocured and ti erefore rore come pleta ocombusticn. In detail, it was preposed to use some of the heat in the exhaust taise3 for the purnose of leatine the e121, which vould pass at a relative hich rate of svaed throuch asrall stron: tube. The pressure in tha tude was to be kept gav 40 lbs. to 50 lbs. abcva that at woijieh the oil would vapor- iz2 at tho terperature possible from the exhaust. Thia would not alle of varorization until the ofl had rassed throuzn the nozzle into the oviinder, thua obviatins ary rosasibility af carbon deposit in the tube. No deta was obtainable on the action of fvel cils under hivth pressures and ternpmaratures, and thus & large field of in- vastisation was onened up. Due to the limited time, the orig- inal purpose was avandoned and the necessary dita was sought aftore APPARATUS. The anvaratus was made up from stean fittiness as shom in the plate. A- Pp. PC- part to which heat was applied and which enclosed (P). the pyrometer point - the readings from wich were: taken cn (D). pyroneter dial. wag an auxiliary resgrvolir for the oonmpressed air which wig carried some distance in (7). air tank. also wmcted as a san] since it was filled with oil up ta t? lavel of tha pat-cock on (A). & Sauce Clus3s arclesad in a sheet metal 3).2214 in whion vara (). observation holes. gtandard test on73 used on the auxiliary rsservoir. Srall plucsed hole throussh whieh the oif1 was poured wren filiins. pet-goock through which the anparatus was enptied. Bheanical Apparatus Used 1. Wurtz flask and ecndenser -e= to obtain hboiline points of liquids used. Qe Pyvknoneter and scales -- to obtain sapeocifio gravities. De Flash point anparatus.e DIFFICULTIES FNCOUN TERED. Bein new and orivinal work, much difficulty was ex- periensed in sgettine suitabl? apparatus. The set show in th? plate was arrived at onlv after six trials and proved sucoessful as far as usad. Hovever, it was not strons enouzsh to withstani tenyaraturas cf cver 200° C. with a pressure of over 175 los. rer sq. in. without serious leaks developing. The coast iron fittines become quite weak above 3200 6. and ware not tried at any hisher point, althcus;sh the rest of the apnaratus micsht have been tishtened up sufficientiy. A Ohance for error in result3 jg apnvarent since the giand for the guuse tlas3 had to bea filled hefore any raeadinsts gould be taren -- this error vould bs sreater at hisher than at lover tenperatures. ‘thre seal way provided to obrlate the poge sibility of air cettine into the anraratus when any leake occurred. Sore treuble was encoimtered by the breaking of gage Slasses-- but this was obviated bv using as thin a glass ase possibls and by enclosing it in the sheet metal shield, no part of which touched the glass. o4a PROCRDURY After fillins: the apparatus through (V) with the pet-cock on (A) orened, th whole arnparatus was than closed and the pres- sure turned on from (T). The haat was than arpniied by maangs of a vbunsen flame. In the case of the kerogsens tha rressure ae kept near 175 lbs. per aq. in. end the haat applies until the vapor shoved throuzh the peep holes. Readinss were then taken on the -nve and on the pyrometer as soon as meniscus shoved on or below tr2 brass nut on the gace flassa sland. The anraratus was ti:an allovred to ccol sufficisantly to allow of a drop in presaura of 15 to 20 lbs., after hich it was rehexted until vaner formed. “na readins:3 were then taken as boforea. The raade inita ver? antered on alo: 3heat as fivan in Tats anid also rnlotted on cross-seoticn paper 23 shevwm on bhlue-prints. CON CLUSTOMS lL. a..2 testa so far heave net sbeom mich erecernt trt vith better aprar:tus and mere tira, gom2 interesting and perhaps useful facts could be sained. Fee inatence, if ons teck, sav ten or tventy valions of kerasene and distilied, savin; the first 8? or 10% ani the saat 53 or 10°) and uged them in thes improved apraratus thus ontainin:: tva cutves ashevine: hich ari tov linits fer that O12. One could thm se3 at a slange tie terrerature and prese sure necessary to hold the oil in liquid form outside the entine cvlinder and the pressure aron nacassary to ocommletely vanorize thie ofl when inside tha cylinder. This, of course, “ould raquire quite a lars:a amount of work and also time and studv. comcLustons (Continued) Ze After ths testes the ksrosene savyles sheved a slight forma-e tion of cartden, due, it is haliaveg, to allowin= th2 saa to form in too large quantities and also dus to the leaks lettins out the lover hydro-carbons. ‘This carbon was vaerv fine ani took several dava to aocmrlatealy sattle ta the bottom of the bottles in which the samples ware placed. Tha alachol aara out of tha arraratus in practically ths sana form as it went in, there bains no carbon formed and the scolor not chansinzs 80 asa to be noticeahle. 36 It is bvbaliaved that, with the prover anpraratus and selection of savnleas, 2 set of curvas far Piva cr six distiliates could be plotted and fron these the charactariatios of anv distillate could ba found by findings tre boiline point and int+tarrolating betysen sana to of tha survas rrevicusly obtained. 4. It vould be weil, rerrans te try the results so far obtained on an ancine bwtora trvin: for anv furtier results. 5. vo have envthins of any valua, results srculd be had ur to at lenwst 5090 lbs. per 3aqe in. rreas3sur2 and up te ternzratures of 1000 snd 1100 desreag Fahrmhait. é. In the cese of the distillate no data eo -ncarnin™ snecifie gravity,ata., vere taken since it was irmossihle te use the a-naratus on this oj2. 7. Ir. @he case of tha denntured alcorcl, t:2 ley hoilin: points, found in the arparatus, are accountable fer the fact that the denaturin«: artency could have such a hoilin: pejint and it vould gnov jn the arraratus but not in one air. Samples Kerosene Test #1 *. go * #3 Av. 1,2,&3. Sample-Av. Sample Alcohol Test #1 e #2 | nis Av.1,°?,3. Sanpla-Av. Specific Gravity 0.8162 0.81613 0.81612 0.81612 0.81612 0.00008 Speoifio Gravity 08262 0.8262 0.8763 0.82°59 -~DATA= Kerosene Flash Point 64° C. Denaturad Alcohol Flash Point Belov 28° C 0.8°613 0.00009 Boilin:: Point Boilinzs Point in Aprnaratus in Air 138° ~236° 136° © 138° C 140° © 148° C 0° & 92° Bollinz Point Boiling Poin: in Apparatus in Air 760 «78° G8 C 44° © 47° C¢ 4.69 G. = Jeo -(DATA)- -K erosene- Test No. a. Test No 7 2 Test No e 5 Pressure temperature nressure tazirernture pressure Verneratur? 172 315 168 310 179 320 92 270 132.8 290 162 | 30a 70 208 122 a? LEO 310 64 250 110 279 132.6 390 60 24S 700 O72 24.0 O00 55 £45 9] 216 §) 7 280 50 240 9 a5)? aS 270 44 230 70 754 72 267 39.58 O08 60 240) RS 269 35 220 81 232) 86 240 30 215 26 14 33 220 25 208 25 LQ2 22 209 2 195 12 135 15 LAN 10 160 -Aloohcl- Teast No. l "east No. 2 Test Ne. 3 19°85 1.40 200) 13% 20) 12% 187 1.40 LAY 125 163 120 168 125 14°? 1°0 14? 118 140 120 143 118 116 110 110 110 115 120 Oo? 107 RD qo. ag 103 qe QR 55 Ot) 74 V4 6 5 90 4 76 4], AK 33 an 10 62 can 73 J 71 6 60 1° J 8 AO 0 4§ 5 89 0 47 3 5) Q 44 - Distillatee Test Ka. lL 49 QRaO © 7 200° C a 0 1s28 ¢ LS URVES weet . “a Qh. eS we ee we ee ee we z Se aia Ean neneneantlaneone "oar iar Set SEaR—aa eo a Ie irae oe eee an oa ae ae Sa Ge i Eh ge Ae emia ieniatene sienna yu as ei 4S - at ae te ta we ta rid ae Sra sar SOI i Gl Pt ae aay i ate a Se iti el ata as - Nee te aos rei . ee ee ee Photomount Pamphlet a Binder Gaylord Bros., M 8 UNIVERSITY LI THI