iON aa ag ae ae tee eG -vewnen osm an ries ceceemeaee Se y my f i S. E. JOHNSON i t ‘ S Se AT CO ee mea | EFFEC? 7 3 SALTS UPON ste x ¥ ~] am est 17) car! a 1 ¥) NGHT OF CONCRETE CURED AT LOW TEMPERATURES SNS is THESIS Cen) ct — “ _ for Ty CDRA TA. 1 THE LFFECT OF SAUTS UPOM UIL STRAUGDT OP COMCRLTE CURED Av’ TOW DE TPLRAPTURES by . SIDNLY EGBERT JONSON Thesis Subnitted for the Derrece of Civil kneineer Raichigan Agrictltural College 1913 THESIS INTRODUCTORY, This is a report of tests made durine the winter and srring cf 1912 by ir. H. he Pulver, C. b£.,Research Assistant in "echanics at the University ef Wisconsin and 9 the writer, instructor in Jechanics at the same University. The object cf the tests conducted was tc determine if tnere were any virtue in using salts te lower the freezing temperature, and incidentally to increase the rate cf hardening cf ccncrete, and if so the preper per- centage to use to fet the most desirable errect. In performine the tests, ccnumon salt (aCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl) were used dissolved in tne mixing water, the Perce nyase of the salts beins varied over what seemed te be anv practicahle rance. The effort was made to ret the ccnditions as clese as possible te the mest rigorous obtainine erdinarily in the field. Yo this end the agrrerate was taken directly from the outside atmcs- phere cr fron a refricseratcr in which the temperature was maintcined below freezinz, the water was taken from the city mains, and the cuhes when made were placca, as quickly as convenient in the atmosphere in which they were te be cured, the maximum time betveen mixdne and exposing beine about half an hour. The water was usually at a temperature of anout 55°F., the sand and stene anout 20°F. Since it seemed desirable te know if all tne change in strength obtained were due to the lowering of the 100218 freezing tomperature, and ulsoa to know if the salts had a Geétrimental effect on concrete as ordinarikby made, tests were alsc made On cubes mixed with materials at nornal temperatures and stored in the lahoratory under normal conditions. Scope Of the Tests. All cubes were four inches ona side. For tne first set ef specimens the rercentaze of TaCl to water was varied between tre limits 55 end 18% by weicht. For the secend set the percentace of Call was varied fram 2; to 10”, For the next set the water ccntainec noth cTaCl and CaCl ys “NaCl varyireg fron Bf to LS ana CaCl, varyinr from O to BC. ALI the above were stcred in air imswediately after beiny mixed, at an Initial temperatire Of between 10° and 20° Fahrenheit end the temperature kept below 32° throusrnout the curing, excerpt treat cn two Guys before sore OF the specimens were placec in the refrireratcor the cutsice temperatiire rese te about 35°. For atner sets of specimens the same variables were used as in the first set but miterials used were at normal temperature, around 70°, and eubes, after curing in air for 24 hours were placed under ruvnine water at about 68° for thirteen dais, then stcred in air till breken. Specimens, four for each point wanted, were brovzen at fourteen and at sixty days. AL] lew texrperature « specimens were stcred in the laboratory for one aay hefore breaking to permit of thawing. All the nomwl tezrperature cubes were talen from the water of the tan’: at fourteen days, four of each being breken, the others hein stored in tre air in the laboratcry. -aterial Used. Tre céerent used was Atlas Portland, tensile tests cf which follow on Table I. These tests were made ir accordance with the rules of the American Seciet: for ry i tad ' wt estint Matericls. In order that there micht be no variation in the quality a sufficient quantity for the entire work was mixed theroucshly at the reriimmine anda stored in air tintnt cans until used. Wne Sand was of «ced quality fron Jdoauesville, Wisconsin, ana all used was fram the saré bin. The stwme was limestone from quarries near “adison, Wisconsin. Tne WaCl used was ccrnon prainer salt arc the CaCl, was frama barrel obteineac for use in the Llebcratory. : “he concrete used was a 1:8:4 mix Ly volun, this be ine. adcpted «eS being typical of tnat whicnm woula be e 3 € . ; an] 7 7 :* 3 am Uf e* ras c my - 7" = 7 ~“ ~ ; a USEG 1% practice In most 2nstga..cese ahe wea LY CL GeeLiG. ore = 4. c - ° at - ; . ’ was Tomd tc averaze 110 lbs per ci. fte, stone GO lbs. OO lis. per +~ per cu. ft. anc cement was assimed as weiphings cu. ft. Sines the tetal quantity cf concrete Os any one bhaten was less tran a half cubic fovut it vas considered best to weish quantities used. All materials were thoroughly mixed tcegether by hand, dry, tnen the Liquid added in sufficient quantity toe give a just wet mixture that would flow and form a smooth surface in the meulas. Vhe wet mixture was turned wits a trowel until it srpeured te be of unifcrm consistency. About 10%; ui wedge’ "nit ef water was required te preduce a mixture cf the proper consistency theugn tris percentage was varied slicntly for tne different batches. Specimens were surfaced by trevelling till fairly smocth. The Yempart ne Liquide A mixture of water and NaCl was made using 25% by weirht of salt. This was stored in a can ened sufficient used with water te pive the proper percentay:e. In the sane way a mixture containing 20°: of CaClo was used. Testing. A set of fecur cubes Of each batch was broken at the end of sixty days. A 100,000 1h Riehle Universal testing mechine was ucec for the loading. The cuhes rested On a spherical bearing bleeck and care was taken to insure the cube héeine centrally placed cn the bicocke Cucves were bedded on several thicknesses cf hlottine paper both above and below. Resul ct Ss of Vests. The results cf tests on Low teiperature cubes are piven in tables 2 te 7 inclusive. In the cubes cf table 2 MNMaCl alcne was used, in these ef table 3 CaCl, wulone was qn used, while in those cf tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 beth salts were used in varving percentures. The results of the tests wit. cubes cured at normal temperatures are eiven ir tuples 3 to 13 inclusive, the Variables ann arranrerent cf tables cteing the same as in the case of the lew temperature cubes. Curve snecets 14 to 15 inelusive show prapnically the results ontained. On sheet 14 are the curves o>tutiied usins but one salt in tne tempering water, both for Low temperature and nomml cubes at 14 and at 69 davs. On sheets 15 and 16 unit Leads are plotted as ordinates ara percents. CaCl, as aoscissae and curves arawn for varicus rercentages cf “aCl, sneé6ét 15 beim: for Tourteen days and sxneet Le fer In tne same war on sneets 17 and 18 curves are plottec for various percentages of Nall »? NaCl rercentares beinzs ordinates. 2? CONCLUSIONS, The curves shov an almost tradent Line cecrease }4 i) cr enc streuptn of ccnecrete cured unaer rnorzal conditions eb) G) ct he percentare cof VaCl is increased, up to Ly a t tne rate Of about x decrease for cach Ls salt ucacdeda te the mixing liyuid, after which there is apparently a slipfhkt increase (which: a chee on results woule rrobably show, did not occur) The effect cf NaCl alone added te concrete cured at low temperatures prehahly is to reacice the freesine temperature and so permit ef the setting anc hardening of the concrete. Phe curves shew a strencth increase of eaehcut 20" for éacn Vv salt up to twelve percent, after which there is a cGecrease in strensth. It is rreranle that neyorn: twelve percent tne Weakeninra ef the concrete due to the excess cf salt more thar offsets the rain in strenstn daue te the req@iction of the freezine temperature. The effect of the addition of Call alone tc cencrete cured eitrer normelly or at lev tenperature 1s to increase the strength by an almest straicnt line ww : : 7 . : variation up to 4, CaCl at which point maximun strenstn 2 is ebtainec. The rate of increase is the moct im:rzed in . tne case cf tre fourteen day low temperature cec:crete, probably duc to the acceleration ef the setting of the cement by the Cacl,. Sericus disintesraticon was ohbservatle C. 7 oye , on the surface in the case of the 5% and ‘y CaCl. concrete tw cured at low terperatiure, but dic net arrcear on any of ww the cubes cured nermally, or where “aCl was nlso used Aad in the mixin’ water. 16 mest desirable effect seems to he chtained ~~ he we when beth “all ane CaCl | are used in wne mixin water, and frees a study cr tre curves it seens that the use of ee? 2: CaCl, and 6: NaCl will sive the most satisfactory éu2 2 . ry : results. sanis iS is prekably due te the Fact that the per- r centage Of NaCl usec is sufficiently hich to retard freezine put not enough te preatly reauce the stren a -1- wD 0 - +f s ~~ 4 » Ws-9y While the peree:tare of CaCl ,, also doves its scare in retarcing freezing anda, further, accelerates the tine of Setuineg very appreciably. The nerral strepeth cf the concrete is red -ceed cnl: aheut 10%, and the inerease in Strength cof low temperature ecrcrete, particularily at 14 davs, over that of cconerete conteainins ne salt or containins Cacl Or NaCl alone is very mirked. The use a cf higher percentepes than the aneve is rot reccrmended, becaruce the nerval temperature curves peint to the probability that after a lone pericd there may be Sufficient Gagisintersration to cause a corsicerable requetiecn in the strengti ef the concrete. “nese tests were mane usine put one brand of cement. It is probable that there will he sow variaticn in results with cther bhrands. It is net anticipated tnrat this will be sufficiently marttec te affect the feneral O © Io ©} b—~) [4 acl. On tne setting weuld enanle the ccncrete te nardaen SO rapidly that the forms could be removed mucn earlier than 1S now done when eoncrete is potred in cola veutnuer. It would be cvell te ebtain all possible infor iwtion regaraing the effects of electrolysis on coucere tes ceCnteaininzt these salts before usins the: 21 concrete tod be uséd in structures wheres the effect of electrical currents mischt ce detrimental. At the time eof makins the cubes Por the above tests another set cf 6achn was mide te be cured tera year or mere in order te observe the efrect of the Salts Qver an extenaed reriod of time. CEMENT TESTS | A&E BREAKING LOAD NEAT rR iN DAYS!) BRIQ. |AVERAGE!| BDR/Q.| AVERAGE. i 23S pr Bite 26S PP tee) ly Bd Ys Era) mmc a oS (Coro me eo a ie — PEG: | Fez yO 32osd F36 > i aS Boo| Fo¥X |2z72 | 243 | Go no Ae Dae) 40/0 FAS PSO ee ao POST!) 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