RESPONSE OF SLASH PINE
( PINUS CARIBABA M o re let) TO VARIOUS NUTRIENTS
IN NORFOLK SOILS IN FLORIDA
By
R u th fo rd Henry W estveld

A THESIS
Subm itted to th e School o f G raduate S tu d ie s o f M ichigan
S ta te C o lleg e o f A g r ic u ltu r e and A p p lied S c ie n ce
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e deg ree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE

19146

Gp"
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The a u th o r i s in d e b te d t o many p e rso n s f o r a s s i s t a n c e , a d v ic e , and
encouragem ent i n th e p r o s e c u tio n o f th e r e s e a r c h upon w hich t h i s manu­
s c r i p t i s b a se d and i n th e p r e p a r a t io n o f th e r e p o r t .

Those who w ere p a r­

t i c u l a r l y h e lp f u l in c lu d e d th e fo llo w in g members o f t h e f a c u l t y o f th e
C ollege o f A g r ic u ltu r e , U n iv e r s ity o f F lo rid a * Dean H. H arold Hume
and H. S . Newins, D ir e c to r o f th e School o f F o r e s tr y , who th ro u g h t h e i r i n ­
t e r e s t , encouragem ent, and p r o v is io n o f a s s is t a n c e f a c i l i t a t e d th e exe­
c u tio n o f th e r e s e a r c h ; D r. George F. W eber, whose a d v ic e and a s s is ta n c e
on a l l photographs c o n tr ib u te d much to th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th e i l l u s ­
t r a t i o n s ; D r. R. V. A llis o n , whose a d v ic e , p a r t i c u l a r l y on th e u se o f t r a c e
elem en ts and c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate , was in v a lu a b le ; D r. F red B. S m ith, who
made greenhouse and la b o r a to r y space a v a i l a b le and gave c o u n se l on v a rio u s
phases o f th e problem ; D r. J . R. N d lle r , who gave a d v ic e on c e r t a i n a s p e c ts
o f phosphorous n u t r i t i o n and made some o f th e phosphorous d e te rm in a tio n s
on th e s o i l s ; and P r o f . J . W. M ille r , J r . , who s u p e rv is e d much o f th e c u l­
t u r a l work co n n ected w ith th e 191+5 N u rsery E x p e rim en t.

Members o f th e f a c u l ­

t y o f th e M ichigan S ta te C o lleg e o f A g ric u ltu re and A p p lied S c ie n ce who con­
t r i b u t e d e s p e c i a l l y t o th e p ro g re s s o f t h e stu d y were D r. C. E. M illa r ,
(Chairman o f guidance co m m ittee), who s u p e rv is e d t h e p r o j e c t ; D r. N. S .
H a ll, who gave g e n e ro u sly o f h is tim e and a d v ic e i n c o n n e c tio n w ith th e
s o i l a n a ly s e s ; Dr. W. D. B aten , who a d v is e d on th e e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n
and a n a ly s is o f d a ta ; and Dr. Erw in Benne, whose a d v io e and h e lp on th e
phosphorous and calciu m a n a ly s is o f th e p l a n t t i s s u e s w ere in v a lu a b le .
th o se s t a f f members o f b o th i n s t i t u t i o n s who made s m a lle r b u t e q u a lly

181

To

im p o rta n t c o n tr ib u tio n s th e a u th o r i s lik e w is e in d e b te d .

R ic h ard Fewberg

who made many o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s , E t t a Means who ty p ed th e manu­
s c r i p t , and Amy L. W estveld who a s s i s t e d in e d it in g th e m a n u sc rip t p e r­
formed v a lu a b le s e r v ic e s in th e f i n a l p h ases o f th e work.

CONTENTS

Page
In tr o d u c tio n

1

Review o f L i t e r a t u r e

3

Scope o f E x p e rim en ta l Work

lit-

Greenhouse Experim ents-

16

E x p erim en tal Methods

16

P h y s ic a l and Chem ical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e S o il

22

19i|.l-i|2 E xperim ent

33

I 943-I4J4. E xperim ents

39

19Uk-k$ E xperim ents

111

N ursery E xperim ents

165

19k2 N ursery E xperim ent

168

19U5 N ursery E xperim ent

181

Summary o f a l l E xperim ents

192

L i te r a tu r e C ite d

203

F ig u res

207

Appendix

1

230

E f f e c t o f T em perature and Length o f Day on S e e d lin g
C h a r a c te r is tic s

230

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a ly sis o f D ata

238

Loss o f W ater i n G reenhouse th ro u g h E v a p o ra tio n and
T r a n s p ir a tio n

Pi|2

Annual use o f Phosphorous by O ne-year S la s h P in e S e e d lin g s

250

The Economics o f N ursery u se o f C o llo id a l P hosphate

250

RESPONSE OF SLASH PINE
( PINUS CARIBAEA M o re le t)1 TO VARIOUS NUTRIENTS
IN NORFOLK SOILS IN FLORIDA2
By
R u th fo rd Henry W estv eld
INTRODUCTION
S la s h p in e h as been used e x te n s iv e ly f o r r e f o r e s t a t i o n i n th e S o u th ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y in F lo r id a .

Of th e 51*599*00° s e e d lin g s d i s t r i b u t e d from

th e n u r s e r ie s o f th e F lo r id a F o r e s t S e rv ic e s in c e 1929* 98 p e rc e n t were
s la s h p in e .

The peak p ro d u c tio n i n th e s e n u r s e r i e s o f 8 ,3 1 0 ,0 0 0 s la s h

p i n e ‘s e e d lin g s i n I 9I4.I w ould r e f o r e s t more th a n 12 ,0 0 0 a c r e s w ith t r e e s
spaced 8 ’ x 8 *.

Because o f i t s r a p id grow th, i t s u t i l i t y f o r numerous

wood p ro d u c ts and n a v a l s t o r e s , i t s low s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o s e r io u s d i ­
se a se s and in s e o t s , and i t s r e l a t i v e l y h ig h s u r v iv a l i n p l a n t a t i o n s ,
1 . There i s some e v id en c e t h a t two s p e c ie s c o n s t i t u t e w hat has
been a c c e p te d a s a s in g le s p e c ie s known as s la s h p in e ( F o r e s t S e rv ic e
I9il4)^»

Sm all (1933) to o k t h i s p o in t o f view when he d e s c rib e d a

n o rth e rn F lo r id a s p e c ie s - s la s h p in e ( P in u s p l u s t r i s M i l l . ) , and a
s o u th e rn F lo r id a s p e c ie s - C arib b ean p in e ( P in u s o a rib a e a M o re le t),
De V a il (1 941), a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i n g th e problem , co n clu d ed t h a t S m a ll's
nom enclature i s c o r r e c t .

The s tu d y h e r e in r e p o r te d d e a ls w ith w hat

Sm all c a l l s P in u s p a l u s t r i s and th e F o r e s t S e rv ic e , U. S . D ept. A gr.
c a l l s P in u s c a r ib a e a .
2 . S u b m itted i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e
degree D octor o f P h ilo so p h y t o th e School o f G rad u ate S tu d ie s o f M ichigan
S ta te C ollege o f A g r ic u ltu r e and A p p lied S c ie n c e .
3* Name8 and d a te s r e f e r t o " L i t e r a t u r e C ite d " •

- 2 s la s h p in e sh o u ld c o n tin u e to be a p o p u la r s p e c ie s i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n .
In g e n e r a l, s u r v iv a l and e a r ly grow th o f th e p la n te d t r e e s have been
s a t i s f a c t o r y when p la n tin g h as been done p r o p e r ly .

However, m o r t a li t y

sometimes has been r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d u rin g th e f i r s t y e a r when p r e c i p i ­
t a t i o n i n l a t e w in te r o r i n s p rin g was d e f i c i e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y on s i t e s
w hich a re n a t u r a l l y d ry .

W akeley (1935) r e p o r ts t h a t q u a lity o f p la n t­

in g s to c k a f f e c t s n o t o n ly s u r v iv a l o f s l a s h p in e t r e e s i n p l a n t a t i o n s ,
b u t a ls o t h e i r r a t e o f grow th d u rin g th e f i r s t s e v e r a l y e a r s .

W ak eley 's

o b s e rv a tio n s on s u r v iv a l were c o rro b o ra te d by th e a u th o r i n 19^1*

U sing

W akeley's th r e e s la s h p in e g rad es o f p la n tin g s to c k , th e a u th o r found a t
th e end o f th e f i r s t grow ing sea so n , th e fo llo w in g p e rc e n ta g e o f s u r v iv a l:
b e s t- g ra d e t r e e s , 100; seco n d -g rad e t r e e s , 7 2 ; th i r d - g r a d e t r e e s , 55*
Wakeley a p tly p o in ts o u t t h a t poor s o i l q u a lit y i s one o f th e f a c t o r s t h a t
a re r e s p o n s ib le fo r th e developm ent o f low -grade s e e d lin g s i n th e n u rs e ry ,
th u s im plying t h a t th ro u g h s o i l im provem ent, th e q u a l i t y o f f o r e s t p l a n t ­
in g s to c k m ight be im proved.
I t i s a w ell-know n f a c t t h a t some f o r e s t n u r s e r ie s i n th e s la s h
p in e b e l t a re s i t u a t e d on s o i l s t h a t a re poor i n n u t r i e n t s and so low
i n c o llo id s and o rg a n ic m a tte r t h a t th e y have u n d e s ir a b le p h y s ic a l q u a li­
tie s .

Even when a s o i l has good c h e m ic a l, p h y s ic a l, and b io lo g ic a l c h a r­

a c t e r i s t i c s , th e warm humid ^climate o f th e South makes th e. m aintenance
of s o il f e r t i l i t y d if f ic u l t.

C o n seq u en tly , an u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e

n u t r i e n t re q u ire m e n ts o f s la s h p in e , i n t e r p r e t e d i n te rm s o f th e s o i l
and i t s management, i s e s s e n t i a l i f th e s o i l i s n o t t o be a co n sp icu o u s
lim it in g f a c t o r i n t h e p ro d u c tio n o f h ig h - q u a lity p la n tin g s to c k .

In

1941) an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e l i t e r a t u r e and c o rresp o n d en ce w ith th e
o p e ra to rs o f s t a t e and f e d e r a l n u r s e r ie s w hich w ere p ro d u c in g s la s h

- 3 p in e re v e a le d t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y no r e s e a r c h had b een done on th e r o le o f
n u t r i t i o n i n th e q u a lity o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s produced i n th e s e
n u rs e rie s .

A s tu d y o f t h i s problem was im m ed iately i n i t i a t e d .

The r e s u l t s

o f t h i s i n v e s t ig a ti o n from i t s in c e p tio n t o e a r l y i n 1946 form th e b a s is
f o r t h i s p a p e r.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
That p ro p e r n u t r i t i o n has been re c o g n iz e d qs an im p o rta n t f a c t o r
i n th e p ro d u c tio n o f h ig h - q u a lit y f o r e s t p la n tin g s to c k i s e v id e n t
from th e numerous s tu d ie s o f th e use o f f e r t i l i z e r s and o th e r means o f
s o i l improvement t h a t have been made i n f o r e s t n u r s e r i e s .

N early e v ery

t r e e s p e c ie s t h a t i s u sed e x te n s iv e ly i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n has re c e iv e d some
a tte n tio n .

E a s te rn w h ite p in e ( P in u s s tro b u s L .) , one o f th e f i r s t

s p e c ie s to be used i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n in th e U n ited S t a t e s , h as b een s tu d ie d
by s e v e ra l i n v e s t i g a t o r s (K o p itk e , 1941; L arsen and Stump, 1939; M cIntyre
and W hite, 1930; M itc h e ll, 1934 and 1939; W ild e, 1 9 3 8 ).

The n u t r i e n t r e ­

quirem ents o f o th e r n o r th e r n c o n if e r s have re o e iv e d c o n s id e ra b le a t t e n t i o n
a ls o (L arse n and Stump, 1939; L u n t, 1938; M cIntyre and W h ite, 1930;
M itc h e ll, 1934; W ilde, 1938).
On th e o th e r hand, th e s o u th e rn c o n if e r s have been s tu d ie d o n ly t o
a v e ry lim ite d e x te n t, a l l o f th e work h av in g been done v e ry r e c e n t ly ,
due undoubtedly t o th e f a c t t h a t r e f o r e s t a t i o n i n th e S o u th s t a r t e d muoh
l a t e r th a n i n th e N o rth .
That th e n u t r i t i o n o f f o r e s t t r e e s in v o lv e s more th a n th e d e te rm i­
n a tio n o f th e amounts o f th e v a rio u s p l a n t n u t r i e n t s needed t o produce
op tim al grow th i s e v id e n t from t h e v a r i e t y o f s tu d ie s t h a t have b een made.
S tu d ie s o f t h e n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m re q u ire m e n ts o f
n u rsery -g ro w n t r e e s have been th e m ost p o p u la r.

O th er p h ases o f t r e e

-in ­
n u t r i t i o n t h a t have coma i n f o r s tu d y a re th e fo llo w in g * ( l ) a d a w
e le m e n ts , ( 2 ) o rg a n ic v e rs u s in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s , ( 3 ) th e v a lu e o f
p e a t and o th e r o rg a n ic m a te r ia ls i n m a in ta in in g o rg a n ic m a tte r i n th e
s o i l , (k ) th e r e l a t i o n o f m y co rrh izae t o n u t r i t i o n , and ( 5 ) e f f e c t o f
pH o f s o i l on n u t r i t i o n .
Many o f th e s tu d ie s o f n u t r i e n t re q u ire m e n ts have d e a l t w ith t h e
th r e e m ajor e le m e n ts, n itr o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m ; b u t i n
re c e n t y e a rs s e v e ra l s p e c ia liz e d s tu d ie s o f in d iv id u a l e lem en ts have been
made,

M itc h e ll (1934) made e x h a u s tiv e s tu d ie s o f th e e f f e c t o f n itr o g e n

on e a s te r n w h ite and S o o tch p in e (P in u s s y l v e s t r i s L « ),

Growing th e s e

s p e c ie s i n sand c u l t u r e s , he found t h a t grow th was b e s t when th e y were..,,,
su p p lie d 300 P* P«

o f n itr o g e n .

a r e d u c tio n i n s e e d lin g w e ig h t.

G re a te r amounts o f n itr o g e n caused

N itro g e n c o n te n t o f t h e s e e d lin g s i n ­

c re a se d w ith n itr o g e n su p p ly up to 200 p . p . m .

R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o

was a f f e c t e d a d v e rs e ly by in c r e a s in g t h e n itr o g e n su p p ly , and th e h ig h e s t
r a t i o was produced below t h e n itr o g e n c o n c e n tra tio n t h a t was o p tim a l f o r
grow th a lo n e .

S ince f o r p la n tin g p u rp o s e s, a t r e e w ith a la r g e r o o t- s h o o t

r a t i o i s g e n e r a lly re g a rd e d as s u p e r io r to one w ith a sm all r o o t- s h o o t
r a t i o , i t m ight be i n f e r r e d t h a t n itr o g e n su p p ly o f l e s s th a n 300 p . p . m.
m ight produce a t r e e s u p e r io r f o r p la n ti n g .

S in c e f i e l d t e s t s w ith t r e e s

re c e iv in g d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts a re n o t r e p o r te d , th e r e i s no ev id en ce
as to w hich t r e e s proved b e s t i n f i e l d p l a n t i n g s ,

M i t c h e l l 's s tu d ie s show­

ed t h a t f o r grow th th e o p tim a l c o n c e n tra tio n s o f o th e r e lem en ts i n p , p . m.
were* phosphorous, 350; p o ta ssiu m , 150; c alc iu m , 2 0 0 ,

In a p p ly in g th e r e ­

s u l t s o f h is p o t- c u ltu r e t e s t s t o t h e n u rs e ry , he fo u n d , by p e r io d io t e s t s
and a d ju stm en t o f th e n u t r i e n t ev iro n m en t t o a p p ro x im a te ly th e o p tim al
i n t e r n a l c o n c e n tra tio n s o f th e t r e e s , t h a t b e t t e r w h ite p in e p la n tin g s to o k

- 5 c o u ld be grown in 2 y e a rs th a n by th e u s u a l methods employed in f e r t i l i ­
z a tio n i n av erag e n u r s e r ie s i n 3 y e a r s .
Auten (191+5) found t h a t i n u s in g s o lu b le in o rg a n ic n itro g e n o u s f e r t i ­
l i z e r s on s h o r t l e a f and p i t c h p in e ( P in u s e c h in a ta M ill, and Pin u s r i g i d a
M i l l .) i n n u r s e r ie s i n th e C e n tra l S ta t e s damage t o s e e d lin g s c o u ld be
avoided i f f e r t i l i z a t i o n was p o stp o n ed u n t i l a t l e a s t 2 weeks a f t e r s e e d lin g
em ergence.

When th e y were a p p lie d a t se e d in g tim e , s e e d lin g d e n s ity was

red u ced .
Bensend (191+3) found th e o p tim a l n itr o g e n su p p ly f o r grow th o f
ja c k p in e ( P in u s b a n k sia n a Lamb.) to be 200 t o 250 p . p . m.

W eight o f

ro o ts in c re a s e d w ith in c r e a s e i n n itr o g e n su p p ly up t o 100 p . p . m ., above
w hich th e r e was l i t t l e change i n r o o t w e ig h t.

R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o d e c re a se d

w ith in c re a s e i n a v a il a b le n itr o g e n u n t i l 100 p . p . m. was re a c h e d , above
w hich th e r e was l i t t l e o r no ch an g e.
same as f o r e a s te r n w h ite p in e .

These r e l a t i o n s h i p s are n o t th e

M itc h e ll (1939) found t h a t r o o t w eig h t

in c re a s e d w ith in c r e a s e in a v a il a b le n itr o g e n su p p ly up to 300 p . p . jn.
and t h a t th e maximum r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o o c c u rre d w ith a n itr o g e n su p p ly o f
50 p . p . m.

I f a r e l a t i v e l y la r g e r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o means s u p e r i o r - q u a l i t y

p la n tin g s to c k , th e s e s tu d ie s in d i c a te t h a t n itr o g e n sh o u ld be u sed s p a r in g iy .
Bensend found t h a t d r o u g h tr e s is ta n c e , a lth o u g h n o t im proved, was n o t
im p aired by in c re a s e d amounts o f a v a il a b l e n itr o g e n up t o th e optimum f o r
growth (200 to 250 p . p . m .) .

When th e n itr o g e n su p p ly was r a i s e d above

th e optimum, d ro u g h t r e s i s t a n c e d e c lin e d , how ever.

S h ir l e y and M eu li,

(1939) u sin g th r e e l e v e l s o f n itr o g e n (0 , 21+5, and U90 P* P* » • ) on
2 -y e a r-o ld re d p in e ( P in u s r e s in o s a A i t . ) , found t h a t n itr o g e n re d u c ed
dro u g h t r e s i s t a n c e j b u t th e y add t h a t p la n ts t h a t r e c e iv e no n itr o g e n

- 6 a re n o t n e c e s s a r ily th e m ost s a t i s f a c t o r y p la n tin g s to c k because th e to p s
a re to o sm all t o su p p ly th e food needed f o r ra p id r o o t p e n e tr a tio n , a
c o n d itio n w hich i s e s s e n t i a l to s u rv iv a l on d ry s i t e s *

Phosphorous w ith o u t

n itr o g e n in c re a s e d drought r e s i s t a n c e .
McComb and Kapel (19^4-0) u sin g an a c id , i n f e r t i l e , g l a c i a l c la y exposed
by e ro s io n , found t h a t b la c k lo c u s t ( R o b in ia p se u d o a c a c ia L«) and g re e n ash
(F ra x in u s p e n n sy lv a n ic a v a r la n c e l o t a (B orkh*) S a r g .) made l i t t l e r e s ­
ponse t o f e r t i l i z a t i o n w ith n itr o g e n ( 1/+0 pounds p e r a c r e ) , b u t made marked
re sp o n se to phosphorous a lo n e (270 pounds p e r a c r e o f P) a t c o n tr o lle d pH
ra n g in g from i+»3 to 7»7»

B lack lo c u s t t h a t re c e iv e d phosphorous was tw e n ty -

fo u r and g re e n a sh th r e e tim e s a s heavy a s t r e e s grown i n u n tr e a te d s o i l .
Nemec’ s s tu d ie s (1931, 1937) o f phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n demon­
s t r a t e d t h a t th e re sp o n se o f b o th p in e and sp ru ce v a rie d on d i f f e r e n t s o i l
ty p e s .

In h is f i r s t b u l l e t i n on t h i s s u b je c t he r e p o r ts t h a t sp ru c e and

p in e make no re sp o n se t o p h o sp h o ric a c id f e r t i l i z a t i o n on s o i l s c o n ta in in g
more th a n 250 p . p . m. o f P2O5 s o lu b le i n c i t r i c a c i d .
he red u ces t h i s minimum t o 160 p . p . m.

In a l a t e r b u l l e t i n

On s o i l s d e f i c i e n t i n phosphorous,

a d d itio n s o f phosphorous s tim u la te d grow th o n ly when th e su p p ly o f a s s im ila b le
calciu m compounds was a d e q u a te .

When c alc iu m was in a d e q u a te and r e a d i ly

s o lu b le ir o n compounds a b u n d an t, th e e f f e c t o f p h o sp h o ric a c id f e r t i l i ­
z a tio n was c o m p le tely n u l l i f i e d .

E s p e c ia lly on a c id s o i l s , Thomas meal

was a more s a t i s f a c t o r y so u rce o f p h o sp h o ric a c id th a n su p e rp h o sp h a te .
C e rta in a s p e c ts o f p o ta s h f e r t i l i z a t i o n have been s tu d ie d by W ilde
and E o p itk e (1 9 ^ 0 ).

They found t h a t th e a v a il a b le p o ta s h r e ta in e d i n th e

s o i l v a r ie d w ith th e b ase-ex ch an g e c a p a c ity o f th e s o i l , v a ry in g from an
average o f 70 pounds p e r a c re i n a s o i l w ith a b ase-ex ch an g e c a p a c ity o f
3 m. e . t o 260 pounds i n a s o i l w ith an exchange c a p a c ity

of

9

m * ®»

- 7 Recommended r a t e s o f a p p lic a tio n o f K2O a re b ased on th e s e f a c ts *

On s o i l s

w ith a low base-ex ch an g e c a p a c ity where h ig h le v e l s o f p o ta ssiu m a re needed
th e y su g g e s t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f in c r e a s in g th e s o i l exchange c a p a c ity
th ro u g h th e a p p lic a tio n o f p e a t o r o th e r m a t e r ia ls o f h ig h base-ex ch an g e
c a p a c ity and th e use o f c a tc h c ro p s , com posts, o r l i q u i d f e r t i l i z e r s *
K opitke (1941) found t h a t p ro v id in g w h ite a p ru c e ( P ic e a g la u o a (Moenoh) Voss),
re d p in e , and e a s te r n w h ite p in e s e e d lin g s w ith a d eq u a te p o ta ssiu m caused
c e r t a i n p h y s io lo g ic a l changes i n th e p la n ts w hich sh o u ld d e c re a se t h e i r
s u s c e p tib ility to fr o s t in ju ry .
Both M itc h e ll (1939) and P e s s in (1937) have d em o n strated t h a t c alc iu m
i s e s s e n t i a l t o s a t i s f a c t o r y grow th o f th e c o n if e r s th e y s tu d ie d .

M itc h e ll

found t h a t 200 p . p . m* was th e o p tim a l c o n c e n tr a tio n o f calciu m f o r w h ite
p in e .

Chapman (1941) who grew s h o r t l e a f p in e s e e d lin g s i n q u a rtz sand

c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g 0 , 249, 1245* 2490, and 3735 P* P»

° f w a te r - s o lu b le

calcium found t h a t c o n c e n tra tio n s o f c alc iu m above 249 P* P*
seed g e rm in a tio n and s e e d lin g s u r v iv a l a d v e r s e ly .

a ffe c te d

S in ce th e gap betw een

249 and 1245 P* P* u . i s l a r g e , th e e x a c t c o n c e n tr a tio n a t w hich c alc iu m
i s harm ful cannot be i n t e r p r e t e d from t h i s s tu d y .
o f lim e has n o t alw ays been b e n e f i c i a l t o c o n i f e r s .

In n u r s e r i e s , th e use
Lunt (1938) p ro ­

duced b e t t e r re d p in e s e e d lin g s w ith o u t lim e th a n w ith lim e , and A uten
( 1945) found t h a t th e a p p lic a ti o n o f ground lim e sto n e red u ced th e s e e d lin g
d e n s ity .

On th e o th e r hand, M cIntyre and W hite (1930) were a b le t o produce

b e t t e r w h ite p in e when th e s o i l was lim ed th a n when i t was n o t lim e d .

The

in c o n s i s te n t e f f e c t s o f lim e on c o n ife ro u s s e e d lin g s sire due t o d if f e r e n c e s
in s o i l r e a o tio n and b u f f e r in g c a p a o ity , and i n d i r e o t l y , t o th e d am p in g -o ff
d is e a s e , (commonly caused by v a rio u s s p e c ie s o f Pythium , Fusarium , and
R h iz o c to n la )( Boyce, 1 9 3 8 ).

An in c r e a s e i n th e pH o f th e s o i l o f te n

- 8 in c r e a s e s damage to s e e d lin g s by dam ping-off*

In t h i s c ase th e caloium

does n o t in j u r e th e s e e d lin g d i r e c t l y b u t, by in c r e a s in g th e pH o f th e
s o i l , i t in c r e a s e s damage from dam ping-off*
Minor elem en ts have re c e iv e d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n i n t r e e n u t r i t i o n s tu d ie s *
Auten (1945) r e p o r ts no re sp o n se by s h o r t l e a f and p i t c h p in e t o c o p p er,
m anganese, z in c , and b o ro n .

Sm ith and B a y lis s (1942) found t h a t z in c i s

e s s e n t i a l f o r h e a lth y v ig o ro u s grow th o f M onterey p in e ( P in u s r a d i a t a D* Don).
S e e d lin g s o f t h i s s p e c ie s grown i n w ater c u l tu r e showed no z in c d e f ic ie n c y
symptoms f o r ab o u t 2 m onths, b u t a t th e end o f 6 m onths, th e stem s and
n e e d le s o f z in c - d e f i c i e n t t r e e s w ere muoh s h o r t e r th a n th o s e o f t r e e s r e ­
c e iv in g zino*
Numerous i n v e s t i g a t o r s have c a r r i e d on f e r t i l i z e r ex p erim en ts in
n u r s e r ie s w ith n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m ; b u t s in c e th e i n ­
v e s tig a tio n s g e n e r a lly d id n o t in c lu d e s o i l a n a ly s e s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to
i n t e r p r e t from th e s e s tu d ie s th e n u t r i e n t req u rem en ts o f th e s p e c ie s
concerned.

T y p ic a l o f t h i s ty p e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n a re th e s tu d ie s o f Lunt

(1958)* Auten (1945)* W ahlenberg (1 9 3 0 ), M cIntyre and W hite (1 9 3 0 ), Andrews
(1941)* and L arsen and Stump (1939)*

Most o f th e s e s tu d ie s d em o n strate

t h a t th e s o i l s d e a lt w ith c o n ta in an a v a il a b le su p p ly o f one o r more nu­
t r i e n t s in a d e q u a te to produce th e m ost s a t i s f a c t o r y p la n tin g s to o k , and
t h a t by supplem enting th e su p p ly o f th e s e n u t r i e n t s , th e t r e e s a re b en efitte d .

G e n e ra lly th e s e s tu d i e s do n o t show th e a c tu a l t o t a l n u t r i e n t r e ­

q u ire m e n ts.

However, L unt (1938) made cham ical a n a ly s e s o f some o f th e

t r e e s he grew, and from th e s e a n a ly s e s concluded t h a t th e N-P2O5-K2O
re q u ire m e n ts o f 1- 0^- re d p in e i n pounds p e r a c re a re 4 l» 14» ar|d 18;
4* The f i r s t d i g i t r e f e r s t o th e number o f y e a rs th e t r e e grew i n th e

- 9 seed bed, th e second d i g i t r e f e r s to th e number o f y e a rs th e t r e e grew
i n th e t r a n s p l a n t b e d .
o f 2 -0 re d p in e , 154* 3 2, and 59*

2 -1 re d p in e 8 4 , 2 3 , and i+1 •

The

N-P2O5-K2O r a t i o s f o r th e s e th r e e c la s s e s o f s to c k would be 3 - 1- 1* 11- 2-4 *
and 6- 2- 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
W ilde (1938) u sed th e a n a ly s is o f v i r g i n s o i l s from h ig h ly p ro ­
d u c tiv e s i t e s f o r v a rio u s s p e c ie s a s a b a s is fo r i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e i r needs
f o r n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, p o ta ssiu m , and c a lc iu m .

He found t h a t th e

N-P2O5-K2O r a t i o o f s e v e r a l c o n if e r s i n th e Lake S ta te s was a p p ro x im ate­
l y th e same f o r a l l s p e c ie s - l-2 -5 »

The N re q u ire m e n ts ranged from 20 to

45 pounds; P2O5 re q u ire m e n ts , from 4 0 to 100 pounds; and KgO re q u ire m e n ts ,
from 100 to 275 pounds p e r a c r e .

The r a t i o from hardwoods was 1-3*5•

It

i s n o tew orthy t h a t W ilde’ s method o f d e te rm in in g n u t r i e n t re q u ire m e n ts
shows th e h ig h e s t need i s f o r p o ta ssiu m , w h ile L u n t’ s method shows th e
h ig h e s t need i s f o r n itr o g e n .

M it c h e l l’ s d a ta (1939) when

e x p re ss e d

as a N-PgO^-KgO r a t i o g iv e s a p p ro x im a te ly a 2 -4 -1 r a t i o , w hich shows t h a t
th e h ig h e s t re q u ire m e n t i s f o r p h o sp h o ro u s.

S in ce b o th M itc h e ll and W ilde

worked w ith w h ite p in e , th e d if f e r e n c e s i n n u t r i e n t re q u ire m e n ts w hich
th e y se c u re d m ust be a t t r i b u t e d t o th e methods u sed t o make th e d e te rm i­
n a tio n .
W ahlenberg (1930) found t h a t on th e s o i l s i n th e Savenac N u rsery ,
ponderosa p in e (P in u s ponderosa L aw s.) was b e n e f i t t e d m ost by a com plete
f e r t i l i s e r c o n ta in in g a sm all amount o f p o ta ssiu m , a r e l a t i v e l y la r g e
amount o f n itr o g e n , and an in te r m e d ia te amount o f phosphorous*
M cIntyre and W hite (1 9 3 0 ), i n n u r s e r y ex p erim en ts on H agerstow n s i l t
loam and DeKalb s i l t loam , found t h a t o n ly sm all a d d itio n s (20 pounds p e r

10 a c r e ) o f n itr o g e n b u t l a r g e r a d d itio n s o f phosphorous (80 pounds o f P2O5 )
and p o ta ssiu m (50 pounds o f K2O) w ere needed to produce g o o d -q u a lity
p la n tin g s to c k o f w h ite p in e , p i t c h p in e , and Norway sp ru ce ( P ic a a b ie s (L . )
Kar6t . ) .

In some in s ta n c e s th e a d d itio n o f calciu m was n e c e s s a ry to g e t

th e b e s t r e s u l t s .
On a sandy s o i l i n N orth C a r o lin a - 90 t o 95 p e rc e n t t o t a l san d - Andrews
(19 ijl) found t h a t l o b l o l l y p in e ( P in u s ta e d a L«) s e e d lin g s produced th e
l a r g e s t r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s when 1+0, 8 0 , and 1+0 pounds p e r a c re o f N* P2O5,
and K2O, r e s p e c tiv e ly , were a p p lie d ab o u t 1+ weeks a f t e r g e rm in a tio n .'
L arsen and Stump (1939) r e p o r t on th e re sp o n se o f w h ite p in e , D ouglas
f i r ( P seudotsuga t a x i f o l l a ( P o in .) B r i t t o n ) , Norway s p ru c e , re d p in e , w h ite
sp ru c e, and ja c k p in e t o numerous f e r t i l i z e r s , b o th o rg a n ic and in o r g a n ic .
In g e n e r a l, n itr o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s s tim u la te d to p grow th o f s e e d lin g s and
tr a n s p la n ts w h ile f e r t i l i z e r s c o n ta in in g phosphorous in c re a s e d r o o t d e­
velopm ent.

In th e n u rs e ry , f e r t i l i z e r s c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s,

and p o ta ssiu m were more e f f e c t i v e th a n f e r t i l i z e r s c o n ta in in g o n ly one o f
th e s e e le m e n ts.

In greenhouse t e s t s , s in g le elem en ts f r e q u e n tl y proved

more e f f e c t i v e .
S e v e ra l in v e s t i g a t o r s i n r e c e n t y e a rs have s tu d ie d th e re sp o n se o f
f o r e s t t r e e s e e d lin g s to v a rio u s n u t r i e n t s e i t h e r i n q u a rtz sand o r s o i l
c u ltu r e s under greenhouse c o n d itio n s .
mented by work i n n u r s e r i e s .

Some o f th e s e s tu d ie s w ere s u p p le ­

Addoms (1 9 3 7 ), i n h e r s tu d y o f l o b l o l l y p in e ,

found t h a t a f t e r s e l e c t i n g p la n ts on th e b a s is o f u n ifo r m ity , g r e a t v a r i a ­
tio n s i n th e grow th o f in d iv id u a l p la n ts o c c u rre d , and co n clu d es t h a t
s t a r t i n g w ith p la n ts grown from seed o f un ifo rm s iz e would be b e t t e r te c h ­
n iq u e .

M itc h e ll (1939) found i t n e c e s s a ry t o ta k e seed w eig h t in to a cc o u n t

i n o rd e r to i n t e r p r e t th e r e s u l t s o f h is n u t r i t i o n s tu d ie s c o r r e c t l y .

- 11 Addoms a t t r i b u t e d th e y e llo w in g o f th e le a v e s o f th e t r e s s t o a de­
f ic ie n c y o f n itr o g e n ( n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g 136 and 156 p . p . m.
were used)*

P e s s in (1937) grew th e m ost v ig o ro u s and w e ll-d e v e lo p e d

lo n g le a f p in e ( P in u s p a l u s t r i s M ill* ) s e e d lin g s when sand c u l tu r e s were
su p p lie d w ith calciu m , n itr o g e n , p o ta ssiu m , phosp h o ro u s, magnesium,
s u lp h u r, and i r o n .

L eaving e i t h e r phosphorous o r s u lp h u r o u t o f th e nu­

t r i e n t s o lu tio n produced th e l e a s t e f f e c t on th e s e e d lin g s .

Laok o f

magnesium, p o ta ssiu m , o r ir o n produced co n sp icu o u s a b n o rm a litie s v e ry
e a r ly i n th e e x p e rim e n t.

P e s s in (1941) grew s la s h p in e s i n washed sand

w hich re c e iv e d no n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n f o r th e f i r s t 9 m onths, a f t e r whioh
th e y were t r e a t e d f o r 8 months w ith n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s c o n ta in in g te n
elem ents i n w hich th e amounts o f n itr o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m
were v a r ie d .

.

Maximum d ry w e ig h ts were produced i n c u ltu r e s t h a t c o n ta in e d

213 p* p . m. o f n itr o g e n ,

Phosphorous produced ho s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on

d ry w e ig h t, w h ile p o ta ssiu m i n in c r e a s in g amounts d e c re a se d th e d ry w e ig h t.
S e e d lin g v ig o r was improved by in c r e a s in g amounts o f n it r o g e n .

The su p p ly

o f phosphorous end p o ta ssiu m d id n o t show any such r e l a t i o n s h i p .

The t r e e s

produced th e lo n g e s t r o o ts when th e n itr o g e n su p p ly was s m a l le s t.

W hether

th e resp o n se o f th e t r e e s would have been th e same i f th e y had re c e iv e d
n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s from th e s t a r t may be open t o q u e s tio n .
The r e l a t i v e m e rit o f o rg a n ic and in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i s e r s has been
s tu d ie d by s e v e r a l o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r s m entioned p r e v io u s ly .

In th e

s tu d ie s r e p o r te d by L a rse n and Stump (1 9 3 9 ), m ost o f th e o rg a n ic f e r t i ­
l i s e r s seemed t o be as e f f e c t i v e as in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s b u t th e r e were
«

two e x c e p tio n s .

Red p in e f a i l e d t o respond t o d r ie d b lo o d a lo n e and 1 -0

e a s te r n w h ite p in e d id n o t resp o n d £0 steam ed bone meal a lo n e .

Andrews (1941)

r e p o r ts t h a t on th e sandy s o i l w ith w hich he d e a l t , th e b e s t l o b l o l l y
p in e s to c k i s produced when b o th o rg a n ic m a te r ia l and c o n c e n tra te d i n o rg a n io f e r t i l i z e r c o n ta in in g a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f phosphorous i s u se d .
W ahlenberg (1930) was a b le t o produoe n e a r ly a s good p o n d ero sa p in * p l a n t ­
ing s to c k by f e r t i l i z i n g w ith a m ix tu re o f s u p e rp h o sp h a te , bone m eal, ta n k a g e ,
and guano as by f e r t i l i z i n g w ith an in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n ,
phosphorous, and p o ta ss iu m .

On th e o th e r hand, Lunt (1938) found o rg a n ic

f e r t i l i z e r s s u p e r io r t o in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s i n growing re d p in e seed ­
lin g s i n n u r s e r ie s on san d , loamy sa n d , and sandy loam .

He, as w e ll as

Auten (19i+5), g iv e w arning o f th e dan g er o f i n j u r y t o s e e d lin g s when i n o r ­
gan ic f e r t i l i z e r s a re u sed on r e l a t i v e l y sandy s o i l s .

M itc h e ll (1939)

p r e f e r s h ig h - a n a ly s is in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s t o o rg a n ic o r lo w -a n a ly s is i n ­
o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s and was a b le t o u se th e fo rm er w ith o u t i n j u r y i n n u rs e ry
beds by making l i g h t e x p lic a tio n s .

W ilde (1937) has found t h a t th e r e i s

le s s danger o f in ju r y t o s e e d lin g s by in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r s when th e y a re
a p p lie d as l i q u i d humate f e r t i l i z e r s - a m ix tu re o f th e in o r g a n ic m a te r ia ls
w ith w a te r and f o r e s t d u f f .

A p p a re n tly th e e x c e p tio n a l re sp o n se o f weak

s e e d lin g s t o t h i s ty p e o f f e r t i l i z e r i s due i n p a r t to v ita m in and hormone
su b sta n c e s i n th e d u f f .

Such f e r t i l i z e r s a re to o e x p e n siv e , how ever, f o r

g e n e ra l u s e .
P e a t has been found e f f e c t i v e f o r f o r e s t - n u r s e r y use n o t o n ly as a
source o f n u t r i e n t s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y n itr o g e n ) b u t a ls o to in c r e a s e th e b a s e exchange c a p a c ity o f t h e s o i l , and t o change s o i l r e a c t i o n .

W ilde and

H ull (1937) were a b le , by u sin g an in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r p lu s p e a t , to
produoe re d p in e s e e d lin g s t h a t were n e a r ly tw ic e a s heavy as th o s e f e r t i ­
li z e d w ith in o rg a n ic f e r t i l i z e r a lo n e .

A uten (19^5) found t h a t p e a t was

th e b e s t source o f o rg a n ic m a tte r i n s tu d ie s o f s h o r t l e a f and p i t c h p in e .

- 13 I t in c re a s e d b o th th e d e n s ity and h e ig h t o f b o th s p e c ie s , b u t r e s u l t s were
n o t e n t i r e l y c o n s is te n t*
Very lim ite d stu d y h a s been made o f th e tim in g o f th e a p p li c a ti o n o f
fe rtiliz e rs *

P ro p er tim in g seems t o be o f g r e a t e s t im p o rtan ce i n th e

a p p lic a tio n o f r e a d i l y s o lu b le form s o f n itr o g e n .
s e e d lin g s may be in ju r e d (A uten, 1945)

When a p p lie d to o soon,

l i t t l e b e n e f i t i s r e a l i z e d from

th e f e r t i l i z e r becau se i t le a c h e s from th e s o i l b e fo re th e s e e d lin g can use
i t e f f e c t i v e l y (Andrews, 1941)•

S im ila r r e s u l t s o ccu r when r e a d i ly

s o lu b le form s o f p o ta ssiu m a re u sed (W ilde and K o p itk e, 1940)•

T h is i s

e s p e c ia ll y t r u e on s o i l s o f low b ase-ex ch an g e c ap a c ity *
The r o le o f m y co rrh izae i n t r e e n u t r i t i o n has been s tu d ie d r a t h e r ex­
te n s i v e ly i n th e p a s t 10 y e ars*

No a tte m p t i s made h e re t o re v ie w th e

e x te n s iv e l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s s u b je c t, b u t r a t h e r to c a l l a t t e n t i o n to th e
f a c t t h a t n itr o g e n o r phosphorous a b s o r p tio n by t r e e s e e d lin g s may be
in a d eq u a te i n th e absence o f m y co rrh izae (MoComb, 1943i M elin, 1923;
M itc h e ll, F inn and R osendahl, 1939)•
Comprehensive stu d y o f th e e f f e c t o f pH o f t h e c u lt u r e s has n o t been
made, b u t some lim it e d work on th e s u b je o t has been done in- c o n n e c tio n w ith
o th e r s tu d ie s p re v io u s ly r e f e r r e d t o .

Chapman’ s s tu d y o f s h o r t l e a f p in e

(1941) re v e a le d t h a t d if f e r e n c e s i n pH betw een 3*7 and 4*82 had no
n o tic e a b le e f f e c t on s e e d lin g b e h a v io r b u t t h a t a t pH o f 6*23, s e e d lin g
growth r a t e was slow and m o r t a l i t y h ig h .

A uten (1945) r e p o r t s t h a t s h o r t­

l e a f and p itc h p in e made more re sp o n se i n h e ig h t grow th to v a rio u s form s
o f phosphorous f e r t i l i z e r a t pH 4*0 and 6 .0 th a n a t pH 8 .0 .

Addoms (1937)

found t h a t th e o p tim a l pH f o r l o b l o l l y p in e v a r ie d w ith d i f f e r e n t so u rc e s
o f n itr o g e n .

When calciu m n i t r a t e was u sed , a pH o f 3*8 to 5*0 r e s u l t e d

i n th e b e s t developm ent o f l o b l o l l y p in e s e e d lin g s ; b u t when ammonium

- 14 s u lp h a te was u sed , a pH o f 6 .0 produced th e b e s t developm ent.

McComb and

Kapel (1940) se c u re d trem endous re sp o n se i n h e ig h t grow th o f g re e n ash
and b la c k lo c u s t to phosphorous f e r t i l i z e r s on a g l a c i a l c la y i n Iowa a t
pH le v e l s ra n g in g from 4*3 to 7*7 b u t th e b e s t re sp o n se was a t pH o f 4»3«
In c o n tr a s t Nemec (1931* 1937) g o t l i t t l e re sp o n se o f sp ru c e and p in e t o
phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n i n s o i l s w ith low pH (3*19 to 5 * 0 ).
The o b je c t o f a l l n u t r i t i o n and f e r t i l i z e r s tu d ie s on f o r e s t t r e e s
i s t o determ in e th e r o le o f p ro p e r n u t r i t i o n i n th e p ro d u c tio n o f h ig h q u a lity p la n tin g s to c k .
q u a lity .

V arious f e a tu r e s have been used as in d ic e s o f

The m ost common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t have b een u sed a re h e ig h t,

dry w e ig h t, and r o o t- s h c o t r a t i o .

T rees w ith th e g r e a t e s t h e ig h t and

w eight and w ith th e l a r g e s t r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o have been re g a rd e d a s th e
b e s t t r e e s f o r p la n tin g .

These f e a tu r e s have b een supplem ented i n some

cases by o b s e rv a tio n s o f re c o rd s on f o li a g e d e n s ity and c o lo r , s id e
b ra n c h e s, g e n e ra l v ig o r , n e e d le le n g th , o r d ro u g h t r e s i s t a n c e .

Only

r e c e n tly has th e b e h a v io r o f d i f f e r e n t g ra d e s o f p la n tin g s to c k i n
f i e l d p la n tin g s b e en s tu d ie d .

In g e n e r a l, t r e e s t h a t had been

c l a s s i f i e d as h ig h - q u a lity p la n tin g s to c k su rv iv e d b e t t e r and made
f a s t e r grow th th a n t r e e s t h a t had been c l a s s i f i e d a s lo w e r - q u a lity s to c k
(L u n t, 1938; W ild e, W ittenkam p, Stone and G allow ay, 1940)*
SCOPE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The stu d y a s con ceiv ed i n 1941 was t o be com prehensive i n sc o p e .
I t was t o c o n s is t o f th r e e p h a s e s : ( l ) g reen h o u se e x p e rim e n ts, (2 ) n u rs e ry
e x p e rim e n ts, and (3 ) f i e l d - p l a n t a t i o n e x p e rim e n ts.

The r e s u l t s o f th e

f i r s t two o n ly a re in c lu d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t s in c e i n s u f f i c i e n t r e s e a r c h has
been done on th e t h i r d t o w a rra n t i t s in c l u s i o n . The greenhouse ex p erim en ts

were t o in c lu d e a la r g e number o f tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv in g n o t o n ly v a rio u s
com binations o f n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m b u t d i f f e r e n t
q u a n titie s and modes o f a p p lic a tio n as w e ll.

A n tic ip a tin g t h a t an im­

provem ent in th e p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n o f th e s o i l m ight be n e c e s s a ry to
s e c u re o p tim a l e f f e c t s from th e n u t r i e n t s , tre a tm e n ts t h a t m ight throw
some l i g h t on t h i s problem were in c lu d e d .
th e n were to be t e s t e d i n th e n u r s e r y .

The m ost p ro m isin g tre a tm e n ts

The n u rsery -g ro w n t r e e s w ere to

be p la n te d i n f o r e s t p l a n ta tio n s where s tu d ie s o f m o r t a lit y and grow th
would make p o s s ib le a p r a c t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e v a lu e o f th e d i f f e r e n t
n u rs e ry tr e a tm e n ts .

As a supplem ent to th e l a s t p h ase, p la n s were made

to stu d y th e e f f e c t s o f th e a p p lic a t io n o f n u t r i e n t s t o f i e l d p la n te d t r e e s
on s o - c a lle d lo w -q u a lity s i t e s .
Soon a f t e r th e work was i n i t i a t e d problem s d e v e lo p in g from th e war
d is ru p te d th e s y s te m a tic sequence o f h a n d lin g th e work, and th e n u r s e r y
and f i e l d p hases had t o be c u r t a i l e d g r e a t l y .

E x p lo ra to ry greenhouse

work was done i n 194l “4 2 > and com prehensive greenhouse ex p erim en ts were
c a r r ie d on i n 1943-44 and 1944-45•

N u rsery ex p erim en ts w ere i n i t i a t e d each

y e a r from 1942 to 1945* in c l u s i v e , b u t owing t o v a rio u s d i f f i c u l t i e s caused
by th e w ar, o n ly th e 1942 and 1945 e x p erim en ts re c e iv e d s u f f i c i e n t a t ­
t e n t i o n to y i e l d enough d a ta to form th e b a s i s f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s .
The t r e e s from th e 1942 and 1945 n u rs e ry e x p erim en ts w ere u sed t o e s ­
t a b l i s h f i e l d p la n ta tio n s f o r stu d y in g th e s u r v iv a l and grow th o f t r e e s
re c e iv in g d i f f e r e n t n u rs e ry tr e a tm e n ts .
The greenhouse ex p erim en ts were co n d u cted on th e campus o f th e
U n iv e rs ity o f F lo r id a i n a greenhouse made a v a ila b le th ro u g h th e co o p era­
t i o n o f th e S o il s D epartm ent.

The n u r s e r y e x p erim en ts were c a r r i e d o u t in

th e A u stin Cary F o r e s t N u rse ry o p e ra te d by th e School o f F o r e s tr y o f th e

- 16 U n iv a r s ity .

The n u rs e ry i s a p p ro x im a te ly 10 m ile s n o r th e a s t o f G a in e s v ille .
GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
E x p e rim en ta l Methods

Seed S e le c tio n and G erm ination
S ince o th e r w orkers (A ld ric h -B la k e , 1930; Champion, 1933; K o rs tia n ,
1927; McComb, 191+3; M itc h e ll, 1939) have d em o n strated t h a t th e c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s o f th e p a r e n t t r e e and seed w e ig h t in f lu e n c e th e b e h a v io r and grow th
o f t r e e s e e d lin g s , an e f f o r t was made to c o n tr o l th e s e v a r ia b le s as much
a s p o s s ib le i n o rd e r t o m inim ize t h e i r in f lu e n c e .
p r a c tic a b le t o

I t was n o t always

use seed from a s in g le t r e e , a lth o u g h t h i s was done i n

th e I9l+3"M+ e x p e rim e n t.

A r e p r e s e n ta tiv e sample from each l o t o f seed

was weighed and th e number o f seed s i n i t co u n ted i n o rd e r t o d eterm in e
th e av erag e seed w e ig h t.

Seed w e ig h t- c la s s e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d , th e ran g e

i n each w eig h t c la s s b e in g 3*0 mg.

When o n ly one w e ig h t- c la s s was u se d ,

i t s mean w e ig h t was th e mean w e ig h t o f th e e n t i r e l o t o f s e e d .

When

more th a n one w e ig h t- c la s s o f seed was u sed , th e a d d itio n a l w e ig h t- c la s s e s
were th o s e n e a r e s t th e w e ig h t- c la s s h aving th e mean w e ig h t o f th e e n t i r e
l o t o f se e d .
A fte r th e seed was s e g re g a te d i n t o w e ig h t- c la s s e s , i t was s p re a d

in

t h i n la y e r s i n m o is t a c id p e a t moss and r e f r i g e r a t e d a t i+0°F. f o r a p p ro x i­
m a te ly one raonth.5.

Upon th e rem oval from th e r e f r i g e r a t o r , th e seed was

5* Such tre a tm e n t o f s la s h p in e seed i s alw ays d e s ir a b l e i n e x p e rim e n ta l
work b ecause g e rm in a tio n o f t r e a t e d seed b e g in s so o n er and i s com pleted i n
a much s h o r te r tim e th a n i n u n tr e a te d seed (B a rto n , 1 9 2 8 ).

When s la s h p in e

seed t h a t has r e c e n tly m atured i s u sed , s t r a t i f i c a t i o n and r e f r i g e r a t i o n
a re e s s e n t i a l b ecau se g e rm in a tio n i s g e n e r a lly v e ry e r r a t i c and may e x ten d

- 17 over a p e rio d o f more th a n 2 m onths.

The s h o r te r th e g e rm in a tio n p e rio d ,

th e s m a lle r th e a v erag e d e v ia tio n i n s e e d lin g age w i l l b e .
sown prom ptly i n g e rm in a tin g f l a t s t h a t c o n ta in e d th e same s o i l a s t h a t used
i n th e greenhouse p o ts .

Three to 4 weeks a f t e r th e s t a r t o f g e rm in a tio n ,

th e s e e d lin g s w ere t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e p o ts , te n s e e d lin g s b e in g p la n te d i n
each .
P r e p a ra tio n o f S o il P o ts
The s o i l , w hich i s d e s c rib e d e lse w h e re , was a i r d r ie d and th o ro u g h ly
m ixed.

Then i t was p u t th ro u g h a -j|-in ch s c re e n t o remove r o o ts and o th e r

f o r e ig n m a te r ia l, and f i n a l l y th ro u g h a 2 mm. s c r e e n .
o f s o i l w ere p la c e d i n each p o t.

N in e te e n k ilo g ram s

T h is amount b ro u g h t th e s o i l t o w ith in

a p p ro x im a te ly 1 in c h o f th e to p o f th e p o t.

When c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate^

6 . C o llo id a l phosphate i s a m ix tu re o f v e ry f i n e ro c k p h o sp h ate and
c la y w hich i s washed from th e p h o sp h ate ro c k a f t e r i t has been m ined.

It

i s g e n e r a lly re g a rd e d as a w aste product, o f th e m ining o f ro o k p h o sp h a te ,
b u t i n r e c e n t y e a r s , c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate has been s o ld u n d er v a rio u s
tr a d e names as a f e r t i l i z e r .
o r p e a t moss was u sed as th e s o le o r p a r t tr e a tm e n t, t h i s m a te r ia l was
mixed th o ro u g h ly i n th e upper 4 in c h e s o f s o i l , w hich, to s e c u re p ro p e r
m ixing, was removed from th e j a r .

N itro g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, p o ta ssiu m , and

o th e r chem ical n u t r i e n t s w ere a p p lie d i n s o lu tio n l a t e r , e x c e p t phosphorous
and calciu m , w hich i n th e 191*4 -4 5 ex p erim en t, were mixed i n t h e upper 4
in c h e s o f s o i l .

W ater was added t o th e s o i l i n t h e j a r s a day i n advance

o f p la n tin g th e t r e e s .

To e ac h p o t, 2700 m l. o f d i s t i l l e d w a te r were added

to g iv e th e s o i l a m o istu re c o n te n t o f s l i g h t l y o v e r 14 p e r c e n t.

- 18 T ran sp la n t in g and Subsequent Care o f T rees
In o rd e r to s e c u re u n iform d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e t r e e s i n each p o t,
th e a v a ila b le a re a p e r t r e e was c a lc u la te d , and by t r i a l and e r r o r a de­
s ig n f o r th e arrangem ent o f th e te n t r e e s was d ev elo p ed w hich p la c e d s ix
t r e e s i n an o u te r c irc u m fe re n c e , th r e e i n an i n t e r i o r c irc u m fe re n c e , and
one i n th e c e n te r o f t h e p o t.

T his d e sig n was o u tlin e d on a p ie c e o f

cardboard w ith a c ro s s s e c tio n i d e n t i c a l to t h a t o f th e in s id e o f a p o t,
and h o le s a p p ro x im a te ly • |- in c h i n d ia m e te r were punched i n th e card b o ard a t
th e te n d e s ig n a te d p o in ts .

This c a rd b o a rd was p la c e d on th e s u rfa c e o f

th e s o i l , and a le a d p e n c il pushed i n t o th e s o i l a t each h o le to a d e p th
of about 3 in c h e s .

When a t r e e , b ecau se o f l a t e r a l r o o t developm ent,

re q u ire d an opening w id e r t h a t - |- in o h , th e s iz e o f th e opening was i n ­
c re a se d by a r o t a t i n g m otion o f th e p e n c il i n th e o r i g i n a l h o le .
At th e tim e o f t r a n s p la n t in g t o th e p o ts , th e m a jo r ity o f th e
se e d lin g s had a 2 - to 3 - in c h ta p r o o t , and some had developed one to fo u r
l a t e r a l r o o ts from l / 8 - t o l/l^ -in c h lo n g .

The s e e d lin g s w ere washed o u t

o f th e s o i l by a stream o f w a te r i n o rd e r to m inim ize th e dan g er o f
b re a k in g th e v e ry d e l i c a t e ta p r o o t .

Every e f f o r t was made t o p la n t each

se e d lin g i n th e p o t a t th e same d e p th t h a t i t o c cu p ie d i n th e g e rm in a tin g
f l a t , and to b rin g a l l r o o ts in to in tim a te c o n ta c t w ith th e s o i l by ample
com pression o f th e s o i l i n c lo s in g th e h o le .
The p o ts w ere w atered w ith d i s t i l l e d w a ter o f te n enough t o keep th e
s o i l m o istu re above 10 p e r c e n t.

The tim e i n t e r v a l betw een th e a p p lic a ­

t i o n o f w a te r v a r ie d w ith th e age o f th e t r e e s and w ith te m p e ra tu re and
atm o sp h eric h u m id ity .
a p p lie d once a w eek.

D uring th e f i r s t month 14.50 m l. o f w a te r w ere
Toward th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n ts, as much a s 800 m l.

o f w a te r had to be added t o some p o ts e v e ry day o r e v ery second day.

- 19 As r a t e s o f grow th showed marked d if f e r e n c e a f t e r th e f i r s t 6 w eeks, i t
was e v id e n t t h a t w a te r l o s s , c h i e f l y th ro u g h t r a n s p i r a t i o n , v a r ie d more
or l e s s i n p r o p o r tio n t o grow th .

To m a in ta in th e m o is tu re c o n te n t o f

th e s o i l o f a l l p o ts re a so n a b ly u n ifo rm , th e p o ts were w eighed ab o u t e v e ry
2 weeks and t h e i r m o is tu re c o n te n ts a d ju s te d .?

Average d a i ly w a te r lo s s

7* S ince th e w eig h t o f th e p o ts in c lu d e d th e w e ig h t o f t h e , t r e e s , w hich
v a rie d , i t was n o t p o s s ib le t o m a in ta in a b s o lu te ly uniform m o is tu re c o n te n ts
in a l l p o ts .

The f a s te r -g ro w in g t r e e s were th e h e a v ie s t and th u s were

c o n tr ib u tin g more to th e t o t a l w e ig h t o f th e p o t th a n slow -grow ing t r e e s .
In consequence th e f a s te r -g ro w in g t r e e s w ere grow ing under c o n d itio n s
o f low er s o i l m o istu re them th e slow -grow ing tr e e s ,.
between w eighings was computed to s e rv e a s a b a s i s f o r th e amount o f w a te r
to be a p p lie d u n t i l a n o th e r w eig h in g was made.

In o th e r w ords, each p o t

re c e iv e d a p p ro x im a te ly th e amount o f w a ter i t was lo s in g th ro u g h e v a p o ra ­
ti o n and t r a n s p i r a t i o n .
D esign o f E xperim ent
As s t a t e d p re v io u s ly , each p o t c o n ta in e d te n t r e e s .
ment was r e p l i c a t e d fo u r tim e s .
random ized.

Each s o i l t r e a t ­

W ith in e a c h o f t h e fo u r b lo c k s , th e p o ts w ere

In o rd e r t o n e u t r a l i z e th e e f f e c t s o f any m inor d if f e r e n c e s i n

th e m ic ro c lim a te o f th e g re e n h o u se , th e p o ts were r o t a t e d from one b lo c k to
a n o th e r so t h a t each p o t o ccu p ied an e q u al p e rio d o f tim e i n each b lo o k .
F urth erm o re, p o ts w hich w ere lo c a te d on th e e x t e r i o r s id e o f t h e bench d u rin g
one p e rio d w ere moved to th e i n t e r i o r s id e o f t h e bench d u rin g th e n e x t p e rio d
and v ic e v e r s a .
v a ria n c e .

W ith t h i s d e sig n , a l l d a ta co u ld be s u b je c te d t o a n a ly s e s o f

Thus, a sim ple m ethod o f i n t e r p r e t i n g th e e x te n t o f s i g n i f i c a n t

d if f e r e n c e s was p ro v id e d (B a te n , 1938; S n ed eco r, 19i+0).

20 W eather R ecords
D uring m ost o f th e 1943*44 greenhouse e x p erim en t, a re o o rd o f
te m p e ra tu re was k e p t on a therm ograph*
1944-45 greenhouse experim ent*

T his was done a ls o d u rin g th e

D uring th e l a t t e r e x p erim en t, th r e e s e ts

o f b la c k and w h ite L iv in g s to n atm om eters w ere i n s t a l l e d t o m easure r a t e o f
e v a p o ra tio n (L iv in g s to n , 1935)*
When i t was a p p a re n t t h a t marked d if f e r e n c e s i n th e grow th and b e ­
h a v io r o f th e s e e d lin g s i n th e 1943*4 U and 1944*45 e x p erim en ts e x is t e d

. .

and t h a t c lim a tic f a c t o r s o th e r th a n te m p e ra tu re m ight be c o n tr ib u tin g
f a c t o r s , le n g th o f day was computed from d a i l y maps o f th e W eather B ureau.
The o nly c o n tr o l o f greenhouse te m p e ra tu re t h a t was p u t i n t o e f f e c t
was to c lo s e a l l windows l a t e i n th e a fte rn o o n when o u td o o r-n ig h t tem p era­
tu r e s were e x p ec te d t o f a l l below 60°F . and to t u r n on stew n h e a t when
o u td o o r-n ig h t te m p e ra tu re s w ere e x p e c te d t o f a l l below 3 5 °F .

W ith th e s e

c o n tr o ls , th e greenhouse te m p e ra tu re r a r e l y f e l l below 60°F* d u rin g th e
1943*44 e x p e rim e n ts, and r a r e l y below 55°F» d u rin g th e 1944*45 e x p e rim e n ts.
O b se rv a tio n s and M easurem ents o f T rees
A fte r th e s e e d lin g s were p la n te d i n th e s o i l p o ts , th e number o f
c o ty le d o n s and th e h e ig h t from th e s o i l s u rfa c e t o t h e b a se o f th e c o ty ­
ledons w ere re c o rd e d .

T h is h e ig h t m easurem ent and a l l su b se q u e n t ones w ere

m easured to i 1 .0 mm.

H eig h t grow th was m easured a t r e g u la r i n t e r v a l s -

e i t h e r 5 o r 6 w eeks- to c o in c id e w ith th e a p p li c a t io n o f n u t r i e n t s i n th o s e
tre a tm e n ts t h a t r e c e iv e d s p l i t a p p l ic a tio n s o f n u t r i e n t s , and j u s t p r i o r
to h a r v e s tin g th e t r e e s .

Growth was m easured from th e b a s e o f th e c o ty ­

led o n s to a p o in t n e a r th e t i p where th e o v e rla p p in g o f th e p rim ary n e e d le s
obscured th e i d e n t i t y o f th e stem .
f o r v a rio u s re a s o n s .

These two p o in ts were chosen a s te r m in i

Of g r e a t e s t s ig n if ic a n c e i n cho o sin g th e b a se o f th e

- 21 c o ty le d o n s as th e low er te rm in u s f o r grow th m easurem ents i s th e f a c t
t h a t grow th p r i o r to t r a n s p l a n t i n g , which v a r ie d from 33 t o 79 mm.
in th e

e x p erim en t, and from 3h to 95 J®1* i n th e l^kb~k5 e x p e r i­

ment, i s n o t in c lu d e d , th u s e lim in a tin g v a r ia b le grow th which was in h e re n t
in th e seed , and n o t a r e s u l t o f s o i l tr e a tm e n t.

F u rth erm o re , th e b ase o f

th e c o ty le d o n s i s d i s t i n c t and s t a t i o n e r y , th e l a t t e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e in g
in c o n tr a s t t o th e s o i l s u rfa c e w hich v a r ie s b ecau se o f s l i g h t s o i l wash­
in g .

Any p o in t chosen a t o r n e a r th e t i p o f a grow ing p in e t r e e i s n o t so

w ell d e fin e d a s th e b a se o f th e c o ty le d o n s .

The p o in t a t whioh th e p rim ary

n e e d le s o v e rla p and th e re b y o b scu re th e i d e n t i t y o f th e stem i s q u ite c l e a r c u t and sh o u ld r e p r e s e n t re s o n a b ly w e ll th e te rm in u s o f stem e lo n g a tio n .
O b se rv a tio n o f number o f s id e b ran ch es was made c h i e f l y d u rin g th e
p e rio d o f m ost a c tiv e s id e - b ra n c h dev elo p m en t.

These o b s e rv a tio n s w ere

n o t made a t r e g u la r i n t e r v a l s , b u t r a th e r i n accordance w ith th e amount o f
change ta k in g p la c e .

D uring th e p e rio d o f g r e a t e s t a c t i v i t y , re c o rd was

made o f th e f i r s t ap p earan ce o f seco n d ary n e e d le s and o f th e developm ent
o f a te rm in a l bud in th o s e few in s ta n c e s where t h i s o c c u rre d .
o f th e d e a th o f c o ty le d o n s was a ls o re c o rd e d .

The p ro g re s s

When an abnorm al c o lo r d e­

veloped in a p l a n t , n o te was made o f t h i s f a c t .
J u s t p r i o r t o h a r v e s tin g th e t r e e s , a r e p r e s e n ta tiv e p o t o f t r e e s
from each tr e a tm e n t was p h o to g rap h ed .
H a rv e s tin g o f th e t r e e s was accom plished by ru n n in g a stream o f
w ater from a g ard en hose in to th e s o i l , th u s slo w ly w ashing th e s o i l away
from th e r o o t s .

D uring th e w ashing o p e ra tio n , th e p o t was p la c e d on i t s

sid e on a s ta n d o f c o n v e n ie n t h e ig h t, th e to p o f w hich was made o f
l/V -in ch -m esh hardw are c l o th , su p p o rte d by s e v e r a l s t r i p s o f wood.

- 22 Quick d is p o s i t i o n o f th e s o i l wa3 accom plished in t h i s m anner. Extreme
c are i n th e o p e ra tio n was n e c e s s a ry t o m inim ize r o o t b reak ag e and lo s s
o f sm all segm ents o f th e r o o t s .

C o n sid e ra b le w a ter had to be ru n o v er th e

ro o ts a f t e r th e y were e x t r i c a t e d from th e s o i l i n o rd e r to w ash o f f th e
more t i g h t l y a d h e rin g s o i l p a r t i c l e s *

This was e s p e c ia ll y t r u e w ith th o s e

s o i l s to w hich c o l l o i d a l pho sp h ate o r p e a t moss had been added.

S ep ara­

t i o n o f th e in d iv id u a l t r e e s was d i f f i c u l t b ecau se th e r o o ts o f th e te n t r e e s
in each j a r mere b a d ly e n ta n g le d .
R e p re s e n ta tiv e t r e e s (a v e rag e h e ig h t and b ran ch developm ent) were
chosen from each tre a tm e n t f o r p h o to g ra p h in g .
A fte r th e h a r v e s t, th e d ia m e te r o f th e stem o f each t r e e was m easur­
ed w ith a m icrom eter t o i 0 .0 1 mm. a t l / 4 in c h above th e ground l i n e w hich
was assumed to be above any s w e llin g o f th e stem .

Each t r e e was th e n c u t

in to two p a r t s , sh o o t and r o o t , and each p o r tio n p la c e d i n a p ro p e rly
la b e l le d p ap er b ag .

The open packages were p la c e d i n a d ry in g oven where

th e y were l e f t a t a te m p e ra tu re o f 65°C f o r a p p ro x im a te ly 72 h o u rs . Each
sample was th e n w eighed t o cJ 0 .0 1 g r .
A re c o rd was k e p t o f th e amount o f w a te r added t o each p o t, and o f
th e w eig h t o f e ac h p o t a t e ac h w e ig h in g .
P h y s ic a l and Chemical C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e S o il
The s o i l s e le c te d f o r t h e greenhouse s tu d ie s i s a N o rfo lk san d .

It

was ta k e n from a rid g e on th e A u stin Cary F o r e s t w hich a p p ea rs to have
su p p o rted a lo n g le a f p in e ty p e o r i g i n a l l y .

C lose c u ttin g o f th e p in e

allow ed th e oaks t o in c r e a s e t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t io n , and now, tu rk e y oak
( Quercus la e v i s W a lt.) and b lu e ja c k oak ( Quercus o in e re a M ichx.) dom inate
th e s ta n d .

P r i o r to 1937 th e a re a b u rn ed more or l e s s r e g u l a r l y each

y e a r , b u t s in c e th e n f i r e has been k e p t o u t.

- 23 The s o i l was ta k e n from th e upper 6 to 8 in c h e s , w hich in c lu d e s a l l
th e Ai h o riz o n and 3 to 5 in c h e s o f th e Aq h o riz o n .

H enderson (1939) de­

s c r ib e s th e Ai h o riz o n as g ray to y e llo w is h g ra y sand and th e Ag h o riz o n
as y e llo w san d .

The s o i l was th o ro u g h ly mixed and allo w ed to a i r d ry ,

a f t e r w hich i t was scree n ed th ro u g h l/l^ - in c h hardw are c l o t h t o remove
r o o ts and o th e r c o a rse p la n t p a r t s .

The a i r - d r y , mixed s o i l was g ra y ,

y e llo w -ta n i n c o lo r .
S in ce c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate , when mixed i n v a ry in g q u a n t i t i e s i n th e
upper

in c h e s o f t h e s o i l , produced such s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on th e grow th

and o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s la s h ;.p in e s e e d lin g s (s e e pp. 81-100 and
113-130) an e f f o r t was made to d e term in e th e p h y s ic a l and chem ical e f f e c t
o f t h i s m a te r ia l on th e s o i l .

When v a rio u s a n a ly s e s o f th e s o i l were made,

s im ila r a n a l y t i c a l p ro c e d u re s w ere a p p lie d to s o i l to w hich had been add­
ed q u a n titie s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate e q u a l to th e amounts u sed i n th e
greenhouse e x p e rim e n ts.

I t was soon a p p a re n t t h a t m easu rab le e f f e c t s were

n o t produced on th e s o i l by c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate when such sm a ll amounts
as 0 .5 and 1 .0 to n p e r a c r e were a p p lie d .

Most o f th e a n a ly s e s on s o i l

to which th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate was added were made, t h e r e f o r e , w ith
m ix tu re s c o n ta in in g 5 “ id 25 to n s o f p h o sp h ate p e r a c r e .
M echanical A n a ly sis
M echanical a n a ly s is o f th e s o i l as w e ll as th e c o l l o i d a l phos­
p h a te was made by th e hydrom eter m ethod, em ploying th e te c h n ic o f Bouyoucos
(1 9 3 6 ).

The r e s u l t s , w hich a re b ased i n each c ase on two sam ples, a re p re ­

s e n te d i n Table 1 .

S o il o rg a n ic m a tte r a n a l y s i s , b a se d on th e method r e ­

c e n tly d e s c rib e d by S c h o lle n b e rg e r (19^4-5) i s shown a ls o in t h i s t a b l e . I t
i s b ased on fo u r samples*

-

2k

-

Table 1* —M echanical a n a ly s is o f g reen h o u se s o i l sam ples
find c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate , and s o i l o rg a n ic
m a tte r c o n te n t o f s o i l
}
t
t
S o il
:
t
S o il + 5 to n s o f:
c o llo id a l p h o s- :
phate
:
S o il + 25 to n s
of c o llo id a l
phosphate

S i l t & C lay 1 S o il o rg a n ic m a tte r
P e rc e n i
<
8
:
2 .1 8 + 0 . 25*

Sand

:

92

:
:

90

:
:
:

10

88

:
:
:

12

:

13

:
*

87

:

Type o f Sample

*
:
:

C o llo id a l p h o s- 1
p h ate
:

:
:
t
:

♦S tandard d e v ia tio n .
The sandy c h a r a c te r o f th e s o i l i s e v id e n t i n th e d a ta i n th e
above t a b l e .

In c o n tr a s t th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate c o n ta in s n e a r ly as

much s i l t - and c l a y - l i k e m a te r ia l as th e s o i l c o n ta in s san d .
an

A lthough

a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f t!he d a ta on th e th r e e d i f f e r e n t s o i l sam ples

does n o t re v e a l s ig n ific a n t® e f f e c t o f c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate on th e
8 . The word " s i g n i f i c a n t '1, when used i n d is c u s s in g e x p e rim e n ta l d a ta ,
i s used th ro u g h o u t th e m a n s c rip t i n a s t a t i s t i c a l s e n s e .

V ario u s de­

g rees o f s ig n if ic a n c e can be re c o g n iz e d , b u t tth e two m ost commonly
used a re th e 5 an<l 1 p e rc e n t p o i n t s .
th e re

The fo rm e r, w hich i n d i c a t e s t h a t

a re n in e ty - f i v e chances in one hundred t h a t t h e d if f e r e n c e

in means i s n o t due to random sam pling o f a homogeneous p o p u la tio n ,
i s commonly spoken o f as s i g n i f i c a n t ; th e l a t t e r , which means t h a t
th e re a re n in e ty - n in e chances i n one hundred t h a t th e d if f e r e n c e in
means i s n o t due t o random sam pling o f a homogeneous p o p u la tio n , i s r e ­
f e r r e d t o as v e ry o r h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t .

- 25 s o i l , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t a g r e a te r number o f d e te rm in a tio n s by a more
s e n s i t i v e method m ight have shown a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t .

T h is i s more or

l e s s b o rn e o u t by th e m o is tu re e q u iv a le n t d a ta (m o istu re h o ld in g c a p a c ity
i s r e l a t e d t o p a r t i c l e s i z e ) , and th e f a c t t h a t c a lc u la te d v a lu e s f o r
amount o f s i l t p lu s c la y i n th e s o i l p lu s 5 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h osphate
and in th e s o i l p lu s 25 to n s o f c o llo i d a l p h o sp h ate a re 8 .6 3 and 11*16
p e rc e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In view o f t h e i m p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f re a d in g v a lu e s

on th e hydrom eter in u n i t s o f l e s s th a n one p e r c e n t, th e v a lu e s from th e
a n a ly s is a g re e c lo s e ly w ith th e c a lc u la te d v a lu e s .

Even w ith th e ad­

d i t i o n o f 25 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate p e r a c re t o th e upper 4 in c h e s
o f s o i l , t h i s m a te r ia l c o n s t i t u t e s l e s s th a n 4 p e rc e n t o f t h e t o t a l m a te r ia l
in t h a t s o i l zone.
M oisture E q u iv a le n t
M o istu re e q u iv a le n t o f t h e s o i l sam ples and th e c o l l o i d a l phosphate
was d eterm in ed by th e c e n tr if u g e method (W rig h t, 1939)* th e sam ples b e in g
l e f t i n th e c e n tr if u g e f o r 15 m in u tes a f t e r a speed o f 2200 r e v o lu tio n s
p e r m inute had been a t t a i n e d .

Four sam ples were u sed i n th e d e te rm in a tio n

o f m o istu re e q u iv a le n t o f u n tr e a te d and t r e a t e d s o i l s , and two sam ples were
used f o r t h e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .

S o il

M o istu re e q u iv a le n t
% m o istu re
5 .3 9

S o il p lu s 5 to n s c o l l o i d a l
p hosp h ate

5*60

S o il p lu s 25 to n s c o l l o i d a l
phosphate

7*23

C o llo id a l phosphate

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

0 .2 0

47*60

A sm all in c re a s e i n th e m o istu re e q u iv a le n t i s produced when c o l l o i d a l
phosphate i s added to th e s o i l a t a r a t e o f 5 to n s i n th e upper 4 in c h e s .

- 26
and a marked in c r e a s e o ccu rs when 25 to n s i s added*

An a n a ly s is o f

v a ria n c e r e v e a ls t h a t t h e in c r e a s e caused by 5 to n s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ,
b u t t h a t th e in c re a s e caused by 25 to n s i s v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

The m o is tu re

e q u iv a le n t o f s o i l p lu s 25 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate i s a ls o very
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t o f t h e s o i l p lu s 5 to n s , a d if f e r e n c e
o f 0 . 914. p e rc e n t b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.
I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t th e m o is tu re e q u iv a le n t o f th e s o i l w ith 5
and 25 to n s p e r a c re i s 1QJ+ and 13k p e rc e n t o f t h a t o f th e u n tr e a te d s o i l
and t h a t t h e c a lc u la te d p e rc e n ta g e o f

s i l t p lu s c la y f o r s o i l p lu s 5

to n s and s o i l p lu s 25 to n s i s 108 and 139 p e rc e n t o f t h a t o f th e
s o il.

o rig in a l

In o th e r w ords, th e m o istu re e q u iv a le n t i s in c r e a s e d i n alm o st th e

same p r o p o r tio n a s th e p e rc e n ta g e o f s i l t p lu s c la y .
Large and Sm all P o res
U sing th e method d e s c rib e d by Learner and Shaw ( I 9I4.I ) . th e p e rc e n ta g e
o f la rg e and sm all p o re s was d eterm in ed f o r t h e g reen h o u se s o i l and f o r
th e greenhouse s o i l c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate a t r a t e s o f 5
to n s p e r a c r e .

25

The r e s u l t s o f th e s e d e te rm in a tio n s b a se d on two sam ples

o f each , a re shown i n T able 2 .
Table 2 . —The p e rc e n ta g e o f sm all and la r g e p o re s and t o t a l
p o re s i n greenhouse s o i l w ith and w ith o u t c o l l o i d a l
phosp h ate
Sm all
p o re s

Large
p o re s

T o ta l
p o res

S o il a lo n e

i+l-5

1 5 .5

5 7 .0

S o il * 5 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate

3 8 .0

2 0 .0

5 8 .0

S o il + 25 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p hosphate

3 9 .5

17*5

5 7 .0

Type o f sam ple

The a d d itio n o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate to th e s o i l d id n o t change th e
t o t a l p o re sp a c e , b u t i t d id a l t e r th e r e l a t i v e amounts o f sm all and
la r g e p o r e s .

The p e rc e n ta g e o f sm all p o re s was re d u c e d , and th e p e rc e n ta g e

o f la rg e p o re s was in c r e a s e d by th e a d d itio n o f c o llo id a l p h o sp h a te .

An

a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e showed t h a t th e d if f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ,
however.
O ther P h y s ic a l E f f e c ts o f C o llo id a l P h o sp h ate on S o il
An ex am in atio n o f th e s u rfa o e o f th e o v e n -d rie d s o i l sam ples
(d ia m e te r a p p ro x im a te ly 3 in c h e s ) used i n th e fo re g o in g t e s t showed ev id en ce
t h a t th e sam ples t o w hich o o llo id a l p h o sp h ate had b een added had been a l t e r e d
p h y s ic a lly .

C racks had develo p ed on th e s u rfa o e i n d ic a ti n g t h a t th e c o l­

l o i d a l phosphate had caused some b in d in g o f s o i l p a r t i c l e s , and a s s h rin k ­
age o c c u rre d i n d ry in g , c le a v a g e li n e s d eveloped a t some o f th e w eaker p o i n t s .
The e x te n t o f c ra c k in g i s shown i n T able 3 .
Table 3* — The e x te n t o f s u rfa o e c ra c k in g i n o v e n -d ry s o i l con­
t a i n i n g d i f f e r e n t amounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate

S o il sample

Sample #1
Sample jfe
tNumiber 2
Number
of
* o f aSize o f c ra c k s
S ize o f c ra c k s
1c ra c k s a
c
ra
cks
mm.
mm.

S o il f 5 to n s o f
c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate a

2

a

10 x 0 .2 5

2

10 x 0 .2 5

1

5 x 0 .2 5

S o il * 25 to n s o f
c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate a

1

a

50 x 1 .0

1

25 x 1 .0

:

2

a

4 * 0 .5

1

10 x 1 .0

1
U n tre a te d s o i l

a

0

#

m

0

-

I t i s obvious t h a t th e amount o f c ra c k in g o f th e s o i l i s r e l a t e d
to th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l ph o sp h ate i n th e s o i l .

The c ra c k s i n th e s o i l

sample c o n ta in in g 25 to n s o f c o ll o i d a l p h o sp h ate w ere two to fo u r tim es
as w ide, and th e t o t a l le n g th was a p p ro x im a te ly tw ic e as long a s i n th e

- 28 s o i l sample c o n ta in in g 5 to n s p e r a c r e .

No c ra c k s o c c u rre d i n th e u n t r e a t ­

ed s o il*
The s o i l c o n ta in in g v a r ia b le amounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate was t e s t ­
ed f o r p l a s t i c i t y .

None o f th e sam ples became p l a s t i c *

T his i s n o t s u r ­

p r is in g inasm uch a s th e s o i l c o n ta in in g 25 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate p e r
a c re c o n ta in s l e s s th a n 15 p e rc e n t c la y , th e minimum amount g e n e r a lly con­
s id e r e d to be needed t o cause p l a s t i c i t y .
The s o i l sam ples u sed f o r th e p l a s t i c i t y t e s t s were molded i n t o b a l l s
ap p ro x im a te ly one in c h i n d ia m e te r and th e n allo w ed t o a i r dry*

A fte r th e y

were d ry , p r e s s u r e was a p p lie d t o t e s t th e r e l a t i v e s tr e n g th o f th e s o i l
masses*

The amount o f f o r c e r e q u ir e d t o b re a k them was more o r l e s s

p ro p o r tio n a l t o t h e i r c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate c o n te n t .

Upon b re a k in g th e un­

t r e a t e d s o i l s e p a ra te d i n t o sm a ll a g g re g a te s w h ile th e s o i l c o n ta in in g
25 to n s p e r a c re o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate b ro k e in to r e l a t i v e l y la r g e ag­
g r e g a te s .
Base-Exchange C a p a c ity and Exchangeable Bases
B ase-exchange c a p a c ity and ex ch an g eab le b a se s o f th e u n tr e a te d s o i l
and o f th e s o i l c o n ta in in g v a r ia b le amounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate were
determ in ed by th e method d e s c rib e d by S c h o lle n b e rg e r and Simon (1945) •
The r e s u l t s o f th e s e a n a ly s e s a re shown i n T able 4*

- 29 Table 1+. —The base-ex ch an g e c a p a c ity , exchangeable b a s e s , and
p e rc e n t o f b ase s a t u r a ti o n o f g reenhouse s o i l w ith
and w ith o u t c o l l o i d a l p hosphate

Type o f
S o il sample

x f o ta l
ib a se e x 1change
1 c a p a c ity
t

U x*Exttf o ta l e x - tA p p ro x iEx­
change­ t change- change­■*change- tm ate p e r ja b le
tc e n t s a tu ­
ta b le
a b le
a b le
tb a s e s
ra tio n *
K
Ca
*Mg
M ille q u iv a le n ts p e r 100 grams
s

S o il on ly

1 1+.31+
3

S o il + 0 .5
to n c o l l o i d a l
phosphate

•
e

i

3 .9 7

0 .3 1 1 0 .0 9
•
>
••
0 .3 3 : 0.0 9

0.1+3 t

0 .8 3

*

19.1

O.93

*

23.1+

0 .9 3

:

2 3 .5

*
•
•

0 .5 1

1

e

S o il
1 .0
to n c o llo id a l
pho sp h ate
+

«
•

t

e

*

•

3 .3 0

0 .3 6

*

:

0 .2 1

0 .3 6 *

3

S o il
5 .0
to n s c o l l o i d a l
phosphate
+

•

:
:

•

t

3*46

+

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

0 .1 6

0.1+3

t

1 .1 2

t

32.1+

0.2 1

:
t
0.61+ :

2 .0 2

t

52 .2

t

t

1
:
•
:
:

:

•

•

•
S o il
2 5.O
to n s c o l l o i d a l
phosphate

0 .5 3

t

3.87

••
1 .1 7 1

3

t

0 .2 1

0 .0 3 :

t

0 .0 5

0.0 8

••
t

♦Since b a se s o th e r th a n Ca, Mg, and K were n o t d e term in e d , and pos­
s ib ly o c c u rre d in th e s o i l i n v e ry sm all q u a n tity , th e p e rc e n t o f
b ase s a t u r a t i o n i s p ro b a b ly s l i g h t l y h ig h e r th a n t h a t shown i n th e
ta b le .
The mean base exchange c a p a c ity f o r a l l s o i l sam ples i s 3*89
m .e./lO O g r . o f s o i l .

A lthough th e in d iv id u a l sam ples v a r ie d somewhat,

an a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e re v e a le d no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e
v a rio u s sam ples c o n ta in in g d i f f e r e n t amounts o f c o l l o i d a l phosphate*
Amount o f exchangeable b a se s i s v e ry low as i s a ls o th e p e rc e n t o f
b ase s a t u r a t i o n .

The s o i l s c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate a t r a t e s 3 and

25 to n s p e r a c re c o n ta in a p p re c ia b ly more ex ch an g eab le c alc iu m th a n th e
u n tr e a te d s o i l and th e s o i l w ith sm all amounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .

The

d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e form er and l a t t e r s o i l sam ples are v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

-3 0 There i s a ls o a v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n th e amount o f calciu m in
th e s o i l c o n ta in in g 5 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate and th e s o i l c o n ta in in g
25 to n s o f t h i s m a t e r i a l .

U ndoubtedly o n ly a p a r t o f th e c alc iu m i n th e

l a t t e r sam ples i s exchangeable c alc iu m , th e rem ain d er ( th e amount above t h a t
found i n th e s o i l a lo n e ) b e in g c alc iu m t h a t went in to s o lu t io n from th e
c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate when th e s o i l was le a c h e d w ith ammonium a c e ta te *
A lthough th e r e a re s if f e r e n o e s i n th e amount o f exchangeable K and
Mg in th e v a rio u s s o i l sam ples, none o f th e d if f e r e n c e s a re s ig n if i c a n t*
The g r e a te r amount i n some o f th e s o i l sam ples c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l phos­
ph ate was p ro b a b ly caused by sm all amounts o f K and Mg from th e c o l l o i d a l
phosphate going in to s o lu tio n i n le a c h in g th e s o i l .
A v a ila b le Phosphorous
A v a ila b le phosphorous was d e term in e d on two d i f f e r e n t s o i l e x t r a c t s ,
one se c u re d by u s in g sodium a c e ta t e (M organ, 1935)>

th e o th e r se c u re d

by u s in g c a rb o n ic a c id (McGeorge and B re a z e a le , 1931) &s an e x tr a c ti n g
s o lu tio n .

The r e s u l t s o f th e s e d e te rm in a tio n s a r e shown in Table

Table 5» --C a rb o n ic -a c id s o lu b le and so d iu m b a ce ta te s o lu b le
phosphorous i n v a rio u s ty p e s o f greenhouse s o i l
sam ples
■ Type o f
s o i l sample
U n tre a te d s o i l

1
t
s
t

C a rb o n ic -a c id
s o lu b le F

1
Sodium a c e ta te
t
s o lu b le P
p . p . m.

5 .0

*

8 .0

t
S o il + 1 to n
t
c o l l o i d a l phosphate 1

5.5

*

8 .5

S o il ♦ 25 to n s
1
c o llo id a l phosphate *

2 5 .0

t

-

•

A ccording to R ogers and o th e r (1939)» th e t o t a l phosphorous i n v i r g i n
s o i l o f th e N o rfo lk s e r i e s ran g es from 0 .0 1 to 0 .0 5 p e rc e n t in th e s u rfa c e
s o i l and from 0.01 t o 0 .0 6 i n th e s u b s o il .

E x p ressed as p . p . m ., th e

31 range would be from 100 t o 60 0 .

I t i s e v id e n t from th e d a ta i n T able 5

t h a t a r e l a t i v e l y sm all p r o p o r tio n o f th e phosphorous i s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b le .
Taking th e s o d iu m -a c e ta te -s o lu b le phosphorous a s a b a s i s , th e 60i l con­
t a i n s n e a r ly enough a v a ila b le phosphorous t o m eet th e an n u al re q u ire m e n ts
(a p p ro x im a te ly 1 6 .7 pounds) o f a crop o f 1 -y e a r s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s (s e e
A ppendix).

Based on th e c a r b o n ic - a c id - s o lu b le phosp h o ro u s, vhe s o i l may

n o t m eet th e s e re q u ire m e n ts .

I t i s ob v io u s t h a t a o n e -to n a p p lic a t io n o f

c o llo id a l phosp h ate does n o t remedy th e s i t u a t i o n .

On th e o th e r hand, a

25- to n a p p lic a tio n in c r e a s e s g r e a t l y th e su p p ly o f a v a i l a b le phosphorous
and th u s g iv e s in s u ra n c e a g a in s t an e x h a u s tio n o f th e s u p p ly .

The c o ll o id a l

phosphate can be an im p o rta n t so u rce o f a v a il a b le phosphorous i n th e s o i l ,
p ro b a b ly f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s .
S o il R ea c tio n
The pE o f th e s o i l was d e te m in e d e l e c t r o m e t r i c a l l y w ith a g la s s
e le c tro d e a t a s o il- w a te r r a t i o o f 1*1 by w e ig h t (R eed, F ie ld in g , and
Cummings, 19U5)*

Based on fo u r sam ples, th e pH o f th e s o i l i s 5*13.

In o rd e r to determ in e th e a b i l i t y o f th e s o i l t o r e le a s e b a s e s to th e c la y
f r a c t i o n , s o i l sam ples w ith and w ith o u t c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate w ere le a c h e d
w ith 0.05N HC1, washed w ith d i s t i l l e d w a te r and w ith a lc o h o l, and allo w ed to
s ta n d a t room te m p e ra tu re f o r 2 w eeks.

The pH o f th e sam ples was d e term in ­

ed f iv e tim e s d u rin g th e f i r s t week and a t th e end o f th e second week.
re c o rd o f th e s e d e te rm in a tio n s i s p re s e n te d i n Table 6 .

The

- 32 T able 6 . — Change In pH and H -ion c o n c e n tra tio n o f greenhouse
s o i l w ith and w ith o u t c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate d u rin g
a 2-week p e rio d fo llo w in g le a c h in g w ith 0.05K HC1
T y p e o f s o i l sample
* S o il + 5 tS o il * 25*
iS o il f 5 *S o il f 25
ito n s c o l - i t o n s c o l - j
to n s c o l - i t o n s c o l­
tlo id a l
ilo id a l
j
lo id a l
ilo id a l
S o il *phosphate*phosphate* S o il p h o sp h ate t phosphate
pH
* H -ion c o n c e n tra tio n
*

days
0
1
3
1+
6
14

:
t
t 3»44t
*
t
1 3*70*
*
*
1 3.81*
*
*
:
3 .8 1 :
:
*
*
l+.OOj

t

3 .5 8 i
t

3*931
*
3.99*
*
3.99*
:

4.14*

«
•

4 *0 0 *
*
4 *2 2 *
s
4.42*
*
4*42 s
1
4 . 5 9*

*

i

1

:

*

l+.li+J

4*39*

4*80*

VJ

0
1

Time a f t e r

t

36*3
2 0 .0

26. 0 *
:
15. o*

10.8
6 .1

t

15*0

10. 0 *

3 .8

*

15*0

1 0. 0 * .

3 .8

t

1 0 .2

7.2 *

2 .6

t

7 .3

4.It

1 .6

L eaching w ith Q.05N HCl d id n o t reduce th e pH o f th e s o i l c o n ta in ­
in g c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate as much a s t h a t o f th e u n tr e a te d s o il*

It

i s e v id e n t t h a t th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate produced a d e f i n i t e b u f f e r in g
e f f e c t on th e s o i l .

The b u f f e r in g e f f e c t i s e v id e n t a ls o i n th e s m a ll­

e r change i n H -ion c o n c e n tra tio n i n 2 weeks i n th e s o i l s c o n ta in in g
c o llo id a l phosp h ate th a n i n th e u n tr e a te d s o il*

T his i s e s p e c i a l l y tr u e

in th e s o i l tr e a tm e n t a t a r a t e o f 25 to n s p e r a c re o f c o ll o id a l p h o sp h a te «
Change i n H -ion c o n c e n tra tio n was much g r e a t e r d u rin g th e f i r s t week th a n
d u rin g th e second week*

In o th e r w ords, as th e pH p ro g re s s e d tow ard th e

o r ig i n a l pH o f th e s o i l , th e change i n H -io n c o n c e n tra tio n slow ed down.
T his would i n d i c a t e t h a t a v a il a b le b a se s would be r e le a s e d t o th e * c o llo id ­
a l complex v e ry slo w ly a s a r e s u l t o f minofc changes i n pH i n th e s o i l
caused by th e w ith d raw al o f b a se s by grow ing p la n ts *

- 33 191+1-1+2 E xperim ent
The I 9I+I-I42 ex p erim en t was n o t c o n tr o lle d so e f f e c t i v e l y as l a t e r
experim ents and was v e ry lim ite d i n scope tawing to th e developm ent o f
u n fo re se e n d i f f i c u l t i e s .
and i t f u r n is h e d some s a t a
Because

I t was u s e f u l f o r t e s t i n g e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re ,
f o r com parison w ith t h a t from l a t e r e x p e rim e n ts.

o f th e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s p r o j e c t , i t i s d is c u s s e d o n ly b r i e f l y .

The p la n f o r t h i s experim en t d i f f e r e d a s fo llo w s from t h a t d e s c rib e d
e a r l i e r under "E x p erim en tal Methods"}
1.

The s e e d lin g s were n e a r ly 2 m onths o ld
see d in g tim e ) when

tr a n s p la n te d i n th e

( e x a c tly 2 months from
s o i l p o ts .

2 . S ix t r e e s were p la n te d i n each p o t.
3* Commercial f e r t i l i z e r s were mixed i n th e upper 1+ in c h e s o f s o i l
i n advance o f p la n tin g .

Ammonium s u lp h a te and sodium n i t r a t e w ere

used as so u rc e s o f n itr o g e n i n such p ro p o r tio n s t h a t th e y y ie ld e d
e q u al q u a n t i t i e s o f n itr o g e n ; su p erp h o sp h ate and m u ria te o f p o ta s h
were th e so u rc e s o f phosphorous and p o ta ssiu m , r e s p e c ti v e ly .
I4.. H eight o f th e s e e d lin g s was m easured from th e ground l i n e to
th e t i p o f th e lo n g e s t n e e d le .
F iv e d i f f e r e n t tre a tm e n ts were a p p lie d t o th e s o i l a s fo llo w s i
1 . No n u t r i e n t s added (d e s ig n a te d i n th e d is c u s s io n w hich fo llo w s
" c h e c k " ).
2 . 20# N,

20# P2O5, and 20# K2O p e r a c re (d e s ig n a te d a s

"2CNPK").

3 . kO# N,

kO# P2O5 , and 1+0# K2O p e r a c re (d e s ig n a te d a s

"i+ONPK").

i+. 60# N,

60# P2O5, and 60# K2O p e r a c re (d e s ig n a te d as

"60NPK") •

5» 1*0# N,

UO# P2O5#and i+Q# K2O p e r a c re p lu s 20# F e, 20# Mn,

20# Cu, 10# Zn, and 2# B (d e s ig n a te d a s "NPK ♦ m inor e le m e n ts " ).

V ario u s f e a tu r e s o f th e t r e e s t h a t w ere m easured a t th e end o f
th e ex p erim en t a re shown i n T ab le 7•
Table 7* — The mean h e ig h t, w e ig h t, r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o , and number
o f b ra n c h es o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s grown i n d i f f e r ­
e n t o u ltu r e s f o r 128 days ( t o t a l age o f t r e e s - 178
days)
T reatm ent

t

Check

*
1
*

20NPK
i+ONPK

*
s
80NPK
*
s
NPK + m inor
*
elem ents
*
t
S ta n d a rd
*
d e v ia tio n
i
t
D iffe re n c e b e - j
tween t r e a t - *
ment means t o *
be s i g n i f i c a n t :
a t 5 p e rc e n t t
*
P v a lu e t r e a t - *
ment
*

H eight
mm.

*
*

Dry w eig h t
grams

R o o t-sh o o i
ra tio

225*4

*

1 .3 9

0 .4 5

*

1 .71

2 4 3.8

*

1.5 5

0 .4 5

*

1*54

240.8

*

1.68

0 .4 3

*

3 .0 0

2 5 3 .0

1

1.81

0 .4 6

*

4 .0 0

207.3

1

1 .39

O.56

*

2 .2 5

0 .1

t

0 . 1?

0 .0 4

*

0 .5 6

*

1 .7 2

*

3 . 29*

1 .5 6 *

O.98

1.97

* Branches
s number

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
The a d d itio n o f n u t r i e n t s to th e s o i l a f f e c te d th e grow th o f th e
s e e d lin g s , b u t o n ly th e e f f e c t on number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e was
s ig n ific a n t.

The la c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e t r e e s

from th e v a rio u s tr e a tm e n ts , a t l e a s t i n h e ig h t and w e ig h t, p ro b a b ly
was due to th e la c k o f u n ifo rm ity i n th e age o f t h e s e e d lin g s caused
by i r r e g u l a r g e rm in a tio n .
p o tassiu m

As th e amount o f n itr o g e n , p h osphorous, and

added t o th e s o i l was in c r e a s e d h e ig h t and d ry w e ig h t o f

th e s e e d lin g s in c re a s e d , th e h e ig h t o f th e 1+ONPK tre a tm e n t e x c e p te d .
There i s no t r e n d i n th e ro o t- s h o o t r a t i o s .

The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e

-

35

-

of th e number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e r e v e a ls t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
ences e x i s t betw een th e tr e a tm e n ts .

S in ce a d if f e r e n c e o f 1 .7 2 b ran ch es

in th e means o f any two tre a tm e n ts is s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t, an
exam ination o f th e v a lu e s in T ab le 7 shows t h a t th e 80NPK tr e a tm e n t was
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th e ch eck , 20NPK, and th e NPK + m inor elem en ts
tr e a tm e n ts .

E xcept f o r th e in c o n s is te n c y o f th e 20NPK tre a tm e n t, as

th e amount o f n itr o g e n , phosph o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m added to th e s o i l
was in c re a s e d , b ra n c h in g in c r e a s e d .

. .

Table 8 shows th e p ro g re s s o f b ranch developm ent from th e a p p e a r­
ance o f th e f i r s t b ra n c h es (8 weeks a f t e r t r a n s p l a n t i n g j t o th e end o f th e
e x p erim en t.
Table 8 . —The p ro g re s s o f b ra n c h developm ent on g reen h o u se grown
s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s d u rin g a two-month p e rio d
8 weeks

Treatm ent
Check

o .o U

20NPK

0 .5 0

Time a f t e r t r a n s p la n t in g
: 11-g- w eeks: lh g weeks 1 15s weeks s 17-2 weeks
Number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e
:
s
t
3
s
0 .2 9
*
0 .9 6
1.71
s
1.5U
*
3

s

3

0 .6 7

*

1.0U

:

1 .3 7

3

J+ONPK

0 .9 2

:

1.1 7

3

80NPK

0 .3 7

NPK 4 m inor
elem ents

0 .7 5

t

2.71

3

2 .9 6

3

3.0 0

0 .5 8

»

2 .9 2

s

3 .7 5

s

U .0 0

:

1

0 .9 2

«

1.3 3

t

i
2 .1 2

3

S tandard
d e v ia tio n

3

0 .2 1

:

0 .2 6

3
3

0 .5 1

♦ S ig n ific a n t

2 .5 9

1

3

(

1

:
:
*

<
*

t

a t 5 p e r c e n t.

1.5 7

1

1.6U

>

0.5U

s
>

i

s

s

1

i

1 .6 6

3

3»37*

i

3

2 .2 5

i

3

D iffe re n c e b e ­
tween t r e a t ­
ment means t o
be s i g n i f i c a n t
a t 5 p e rc e n t
^ v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

1.5U

3

1

!

*

*
3

j

0 .5 6

1 .7 2

3

3.36*

3

3 . 29*

-

36

-

A ll n u t r i e n t tre a tm e n ts , e x c e p t th e 20NPK c u ltu r e , produced t r e e s w ith
more b ran ch es th a n th e check th ro u g h o u t th e e x p erim en t.

Even th e a f o r e ­

m entioned tre a tm e n t produced t r e e s w ith more b ra n c h es th a n th e check d u rin g
th e f i r s t 12-g w eeks.

D iffe re n c e s i n th e number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e b e ­

tween th e v a rio u s c u ltu r e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l

weeks a f t e r

tr a n s p la n t in g , and th e y c o n tin u e d to be s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l th e end o f th e
ex p erim en t.

A fte r lljjr and 15-3 w eeks, th e J+ONPK and 80NPK tre a tm e n ts

produced t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ra n c h es th a n th e check o r 2DNPK
tr e a tm e n t.

Only th e 80NPK tre a tm e n t produced t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i c a n t l y more

b ranches th a n th e NPK f m inor e lem en ts tr e a tm e n t a t th e end o f llj.-§- w eeks.
A fte r lii^ w eeks, th e 80NPK c u ltu r e had t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i o a n t l y more b ra n c h es
th a n th e check, 20NFK, and NPK + m inor elem en ts tr e a tm e n ts .
A lthough th e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ran ch es
per t r e e betw een th e l+ONPK and NPK I m inor elem en ts tr e a tm e n ts , th e d i f ­
fe re n c e was n e a r ly la r g e enough a t li|.-g- weeks to be s i g n i f i c a n t .

Prob­

ab ly th e minor elem en ts were c o n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r s i n re d u c in g th e amount
o f b ra n c h in g .

I t was e v id e n t when th e t r e e s were h a rv e s te d t h a t th o s e

from th e tre a tm e n t re c e iv in g m inor elem en ts were abnorm al i n th e appearance
o f th e f o l i a g e .

The extrem e t i p s o f th e p rim a ry n e e d le s o f t h e s e t r e e s

were brown, and e x te n d in g back from th e brown zone f o r a d is ta n c e o f l / 8
to 1/J+ in c h , th e y w ere y e llo w .

N eedles o f t r e e s from a l l o th e r c u lt u r e s had

a norm al g reen c o lo r th ro u g h o u t t h e i r e n t i r e le n g th .
I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t th e a d d itio n o f 20 pounds o f n itr o g e n , phos­
phorous, and p o tassiu m to th e s o i l had no e f f e c t on b ra n c h in g .

When th e

amount o f n u t r i e n t s was doubled, b ra n c h in g was in c re a s e d enough t o produce
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s a t l^-g weeks and n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s t h e r e a f t e r .
When th e o r i g i n a l q u a n tity of n u t r i e n t s was q u ad ru p led , e a r l y b ra n c h in g was

-

3.7

-

n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t once th e e f f e c t o f th e n u t r i e n t s was
e s ta b lis h e d , i t was m a in ta in e d u n t i l th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

A lthough

t r e e s re c e iv in g 80 pounds o f each o f th e th r e e n u t r i e n t s developed more
branches a f t e r li+g- weeks th a n th o s e re c e iv in g 4 0 pounds, d if f e r e n c e s in
th e b ra n c h in g were n e v e r s i g n i f i c a n t .

A lthough th e d if f e r e n c e s i n b ran ch ­

in g betw een th e t r e e s from th e 2 0 - and i4.0-pound tre a tm e n ts was s i g n i f i c a n t
only a f t e r li+g- w eeks, th e d if f e r e n c e s were n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t a t 15^ and
17^ weeks a l s o .

O b v io u sly , th e in c r e a s e i n n u t r i e n t s from 20 t o 80 pounds

p e r a c re has a more pronounced e f f e c t on b ra n c h in g th a n in c r e a s e s e i t h e r
from 20 t o 1+0 and from i+0 t o 80 pounds p e r a c r e .
A lthough th e d if f e r e n c e s betw een tr e a tm e n ts in th e number o f b ra n c h es
per t r e e were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e number o f bran ch ed
tr e e s p e r p o t vrere s i g n i f i c a n t a t 8 and 11^-w eeks, b u t were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
la te r.

B ranching was slow to develop on t r e e s i n th e check c u l t u r e .

At

th e end o f 8 weeks, th e p o ts o f a l l c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g su p p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s
c o n ta in e d more branched t r e e s th a n th e check c u lt u r e , and a f t e r 11^ weeks
th e p o ts o f th e fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n ts c o n ta in e d a g r e a te r number o f b ran ch ed
t r e e s th a n th e check*

20NPK, 40NFK, and NPK + m inor e le m e n ts .

The p ro ­

p o r tio n o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t 11^ weeks ranged from 4 p e rc e n t f o r th e cheok
to 45«9 p e rc e n t f o r th e NPK + m inor e lem en ts; a t li+i? w eeks, i t ran g ed from
12.5 p e rc e n t f o r th e check t o 50 p e rc e n t f o r th e NPK + m inor elem en ts t r e a t ­
m ents.

There w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e number of branched

tt r e e s produced i n th e f o u r d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t tr e a tm e n ts .
A lthough d if f e r e n c e s betw oen tre a tm e n ts w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , th e
1941-142 greenhouse experim ent in d ic a te d t h a t th e a d d itio n o f v a r ia b le amounts
o f n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m t o N o rfo lk sand r e s u l te d i n th e p ro ­
d u c tio n o f t a l l e r , h e a v ie r t r e e s .

The amount o f in c r e a s e i n h e ig h t and w eight

- 38 i s r e l a t e d to th e amount o f th e s e n u t r i e n t s added over a range o f 2 0 to
80 pounds p e r a c re o f N, P2O5 , and K2O.

When Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B were

added to th e i+0-pound a p p lic a tio n o f N, P2P5 , and K2O, h e ig h t was d e p re sse d ,
a lth o u g h n o t s i g i n i f i c a n t l y , and w eig h t showed no change.
The 20-pound a p p lic a tio n o f N, P2O5 J and K2O had no e f f e c t on b ra n c h ­
in g o f th e tr e e s * b u t when th e amount o f th e s e n u t r i e n t s was in c re a s e d to
40 o r 80 pounds p e r a c r e , b ra n c h in g a s e x p re sse d by number o f b ran ch es p e r
t r e e was g r e a t l y s tim u la te d i n th e l a t e s ta g e s o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

As

e x p ressed by number o f b ranch ed t r e e s th e s tim u la tin g e f f e c t o f th e nu­
t r i e n t s was most pronounced d u rin g th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f t h e e x p erim en t, when
a l l fo u r n u t r i e n t c u ltu r e s produced more b ran ch ed t r e e s th a n t h e ch eck .

-

39

-

1943-44 E xperim ents
S o il T reatm ents
Three s e p a ra te e x p e rim e n ts, in v o lv in g tw e n ty -fiv e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t ­
m ents, were s e t up* E xperim ent I i s a sim p le f a c t o r i a l d e sig n o f e ig h t
tre a tm e n ts in v o lv in g th r e e n u t r i e n t s , N, P2 O5 , and KgO, a t two l e v e l s .
E xperim ent I I c o n s is ts o f s ix tre a tm e n ts a t th r e e l e v e l s o f N, P2O5 ,
and K2O i n two modes o f a p p lic a tio n , nam ely: a s in g le a p p lic a tio n and fo u r
equal a p p lic a tio n s ( r e f e r r e d t o a s " s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n " ) a t i n t e r v a l s o f
6 w eeks.

E xperim ent I I I c o n s is ts o f e le v e n m is c e lla n e o u s tre a tm e n ts

d e a lin g c h ie f ly w ith c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate, p e a t m oss, and wood ash es w ith
o r w ith o u t N, P2O5 , o r K2O.

The d e t a i l s o f th e c h a r a c te r o f each t r e a t ­

ment a re shown i n T ables 9» 23, and 33*
K itro g e n was s u p p lie d by

phosphorous was s u p p lie d by

KB^POj^, e x c e p t i n tre a tm e n t 12 i n w hich i t was s u p p lie d by Ca (HjpPOj^g
H^O and i n tre a tm e n ts 16, 17, 18, 2 1, and 22 i n w hich c o l l o i d a l phos­
p h ate was th e s o u rc e ; p o tassiu m was s u p p lie d by KHq PO}^ and KCl.
th e s e m a te r ia ls were C. P . c h e m ic a ls .

A ll

The c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate used i n

th e s e and a l l o th e r ex p erim en ts c o n ta in e d 20 p e rc e n t t o t a l P2O5 and
17 p e rc e n t Ca.

A q p ic k - te s t a n a ly s is (Spurway, 1938) made on t h i s m a te r ia l,

le ac h e d w ith d i s t i l l e d w a te r, showed th e fo llo w in g c o m p o sitio n o f th e
le a c h a te i n p . p . m. 1

P205, 2 .5 ; Ca, 100; Mg, 4 ; NO2 , 1; NO3 , 25 ; and

tr a c e s o f SOj^, K2P and Na.

T e s ts f o r AI2 , CI2 , MtU ^®4» and Fe were b la n k .

A lthough th e c o llo id a l phosp h ate was n o t a n a ly z e d f o r m inor e le m e n ts, th e s e
i s e v ery re a so n t o b e lie v e t h a t i t c o n ta in s such e le m e n ts.

Gaddum and Rogers

( 1936) i n a n a ly z in g com posite sam ples o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate f o r f o u r te e n
minor elem en ts found t h i r t e e n d e f i n i t e l y p r e s e n t and a n o th e r p o s s ib ly p r e ­
s e n t.

- 4o O rig in o f S e e d lin g s
S la sh p in e seed was c o lle c te d from a v ig o ro u s , fu ll-c r o w n e d , 1 2 -in c h
s la s h p in e on th e A u stin Cary F o r e s t n e a r G a in e s v ille on Septem ber 26,
1943.

The cones were d r ie d a t a i r te m p e ra tu re and th e seed e x tr a c te d from

th e cones w ith in 2 w eeks.

A s u f f i c i e n t q u a n tity o f seed s w eighing b e­

tw een 3 8 .5 and 4 1 .5 mg. each were w eighed i n d iv id u a lly , s t r a t i f i e d in
m o ist a c id p e a t moss, and r e f r i g e r a t e d a t 4 0 °F . on O ctober 26, 1943*
On November 26 th e seed was removed from th e r e f r i g e r a t o r and sown in
g e rm in atin g f l a t s f i l l e d w ith th e same s o i l t h a t was used i n th e g re e n ­
house p o ts .

G erm ination was f i r s t e v id e n t on December 1, re a c h e d i t s

peak on December 5* and was 92 p e rc e n t com plete by December 7»
lin g s t h a t g e rm in a te d a f t e r December 11 w ere d is c a r d e d .

Seed­

The t r a n s f e r r a l

o f th e s e e d lin g s from th e g e rm in a tin g f l a t s to th e p o ts was made on
December $1 and Jan u a ry 1 .
N u trie n t S o lu tio n s
On Jan u a ry 7 , n u t r i e n t s o lu tio n s w ere a p p lie d to th e p o ts o f a l l
c u ltu r e s e x c e p t th e checks and th o s e in tr e a tm e n ts 24 and 2 5 .

Wood ash es

were a p p lie d t o th e p o ts i n th e l a t t e r tr e a tm e n ts on Jan u ary 10»

Those

c u ltu r e s r e q u ir in g more th a n one a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s w ere t r e a t e d
on F eb ru ary 17* March 30* and May l l 9 .

9» The i n t e r v a l betw een th e a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s in th o s e tre a tm e n ts
r e c e iv in g more th a n one a p p lic a ti o n was 6 w eeks.

I t was th e o r i g i n a l

p la n t o h a r v e s t t h e t r e e s 6 weeks a f t e r th e f o u r th a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s
(June 2 2 ), b u t th e abnorm al grow th, i n consequence o f 100°F. te m p e ra tu re s
i n th e greenhouse d u rin g May, made te r m in a tio n o f th e ex p erim en t on May
26 a d v is a b le .

- ia T em perature and L ength o f Day
A therm ograph was i n s t a l l e d i n th e g reenhouse on Jan u a ry 2 8 ,
4 weeks a f t e r th e t r e e s were t r a n s f e r r e d to th e p o ts*

A c o n tin u o u s r e ­

cord o f te m p e ra tu re was m a in ta in e d t o th e end o f th e experim ent*
Mean w eekly te m p e ra tu re s w ere computed a s a v e ra g e s o f t h e h o u rly tem­
p e r a tu r e s d u rin g th e week*

The mean te m p e ra tu re s shown i n T able 86

(A ppendix) f o r th e f i r s t 4 weeks a re o n ly a p p ro x im a te .

They were com­

p u te d a f t e r com paring th e o u td o o r te m p e ra tu re s o f a n e arb y w e ath e r s t a t i o n
m a in ta in e d by th e A g r ic u ltu r a l E xperim ent S ta tio n w ith g reenhouse tem­
p e r a tu r e s o f days having t y p i c a l te m p e ra tu re p a t t e r n s f o r t h a t tim e o f
y ear.

L ength o f day, shown i n T able 8 6 , was com piled from l o c a l d a i l y

w eath er maps o f th e W eather B u reau .

The le n g th o f day re c o rd shows one

a s p e c t o f l i g h t c o n d itio n - d u r a tio n o f l i g h t .

R ecord o f l i g h t i n ­

t e n s i t y and q u a lity was n o t k e p t.
R eferen c e w i l l be made to T able 86 l a t e r i n d e s c r ib in g c e r t a i n
d if f e r e n c e s i n p la n t b e h a v io r i n th e 1 9 4 3 and 1944-45 greenhouse
e x p e rim e n ts.

-142E xperim ent I
S o il T reatm en ts
The n a tu r e o f e ac h s o i l tre a tm e n t i s shown i n Table 9
T able 9» —N u tr ie n t tr e a tm e n ts u sed i n E xperim ent I ,

1943- 24k

«

T reatm ent
*
Number
D esig n a tio n }

N u tr ie n ts a p p lie d Ja n u a ry 7
N
} P205
i
K20
Pounds p e r a c re

}

7

Check

t

}

0

t

60

}
:

}

8*

60NP

t

60NK

t

10

6 opk

3
}

11

60N

9

60

}

}

0

t

0

60

}
}

0

0

}
t

60

}

0

}
3
»
}

60

}
}
}

60
0

}
t
t

60
0

3

0

12

6op

13

6 ok

t

0

11+

6 onpk

i

60

}
}
}
}

60

t
1

0

0

*
3

60

}

60

t

60

♦T reatm ents 8 to li+ a re a ls o r e f e r r e d to i n th e. manu­
s c r i p t as n itro fce n -p h o sp h o ro u s, n itr o g e n -p o ta s s iu m ,
p h o sp h o ro u s-p o ta ssiu m , -n itro g e n , phosp h o ro u s,
p o ta ssiu m , and n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s -p o ta s s iu m , r e s ­
p e c ti v e ly .

-

1+3

-

Length of Stem
The a v erag e le n g th o f stem o f th e t r e e s in each tr e a tm e n t in
Experim ent I a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s o f tim e i s shown in T able 10*
T able 10. —Mean le n g th o f stem 6 , 12, 18, and 19k weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t, Experim ent I , 19U3"W+
6 weeks
T reatm ent

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
18 weeks
t 12 weeks
Length o f stem - mm.

19g weeks

9.1+

6 0 .7

175.7

230.1

60NP

10. b

53*6

129.9

173.7

6onk

10.2

5U.2

1 3 8 .6

18!+. 3

6opk

1 6 .2

8 2 .7

2 1 1 .6

2 6 3 .2

6on

9.0

3U.3

lOl+.O

11+9.3

6op

10.8

7 7 .7

200.6

251+.5

60K

13.8

6 2. 1+

1 73.9

227.1

60NPK

1 1 .5

59.1

161+.8

219.9

1.1+

8 .3

1+.3

1 2 .7

l+.o

2I4.3

12 .7

3 6 .9

5*5

33 .1

17 .3

50.3

Check

S tandard
d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e
betw een t r e a t ­
ment means to
be s i g n i f i c a n t
a t 5 and 1 per*
cen t
:
F v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

3.02+

.

3.27*

70. 3++

Q .62**

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.
The summary o f th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r stem le n g th a t 6 weeks
is p re s e n te d in T able 91 (A p p en d ix ), and th e F v a lu e s f o r 6 , 12, 18, and

19k weeks d e riv e d in th e same m anner a s th o s e in T able 9 1 , a re shown in
Table 11.

The F v a lu e s show th e e x te n t t o w hich th e d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t s

-hkTable 11. —Summary o f F v a lu e s f o r stem le n g th , E xperim ent I ,
I9k3~kk
i

Source
W ith in p o ts
R e p lic a tio n
K
P

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
t 12 weeks 3 18 weeks 3
F v a lu e s
:
3
3
0 .1 8
*
0 .0 0 5 *
1 .6 6 * 3

t
t
t
t

6 weeks

:
t

1 .8 6

*

5»29*

*
t

3

0 .7 1

i

3 .3 0

I

2 .7 8

*
:

K

«

t
9•93** *

NP

8

0 .0 9

NK

t
1

PK

3

NPK

t
3

3

19^ weeks
0.2i+
0 .7 0

t

12.61+** t
t
6 .7 *
3

336. 09**3

]+8.36*

t

87.77***

11.2+7**

I

ill.2 0 ^ e *

1 .8

3

s

0 .2 8

3

2 .9 6

*
1

0 .7 1

3

0.01+

3

0 .1 7

3

1.11+

*

0.1+1

0 .0 7

t
3

0 .5 8

3

1 .0 3

1

0 .0 0

0 .7 3

*

2U»kk**t

5 .9 5 *
0 .0 0
k '5 i*

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5?2.
♦ ♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t !%•
a f f e c te d th e stem le n g th o f th e t r e e s .
N itro g e n was an in f lu e n c in g f a c t o r i n th e grow th o f th e stem th ro u g h ­
o u t th e e x p e rim e n t, b u t i t s e f f e c t was n o t th e same a t a l l tim e s .
th e f i r s t 6 w eeks, n itr o g e n in c re a s e d stem grow th s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

D uring
However,

th e f a c t t h a t a t th e end o f 12 w eeks, stem le n g th s o f th e t r e e s i n th o s e
c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n were v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r te r th a n th o s e o f
t r e e s in c u ltu r e s n o t c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n d e m o n stra te s t h a t th e d e p re s s in g
e f f e c t o f th e n u t r i e n t d u rin g th e second 6 weeks m ust have b een a p p re c ia b le
to change i t s e f f e c t from s i g i n i f i c a n t l y f a v o ra b le a f t e r 6 weeks to v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t l y u n fa v o ra b le a f t e r 12 w eeks.
Phosphorous was slow to e x e r t an in f lu e n c e on stem le n g th .

At th e end

o f 6 weeks i t had produced no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t , b u t a t 12 weeks i t had p ro ­
duced a s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e , and a t 18 and 19s w eeks, a v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
fa v o ra b le e f f e c t (F ig . 1 ) .

- k5 The a c tio n o f p o ta ssiu m was s im i la r to t h a t o f n itr o g e n .
m ulated grow th s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u rin g th e f i r s t 6 w eeks.

It s ti­

I t s e f f e c t was

n o t e v id e n t a t 12 w eeks; b u t a t 18 w eeks, p o ta ssiu m had caused a v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t d e p re s s io n o f stem le n g th ; and a t 19^ weeks i t s d e p re ss in g
e f f e c t was s i g n if ic a n t*
Comparisons o f mean stem le n g th s o f t r e e s from each tre a tm e n t w ith
th o se from e v e ry o th e r tr e a tm e n t a re p re s e n te d i n T ab le 12.

At th e end

o f 6 w eeks, th e t r e e s from th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r i n stem le n g th t o th o se from s ix o f th e o th e r seven tr e a tm e n ts .
(F igS i 1 and 2 ) , w h ile s e e d lin g s from th e p o ta ssiu m tr e a tm e n t were
s u p e rio r to th o s e from two tr e a tm e n ts .

S e e d lin g s grown i n th e ph o s-

p h o ro u s-p o tassiu m c u ltu r e m a in ta in e d t h e i r ad v an tag e over th o s e grown i n
th r e e tr e a tm e n ts - th e n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s , th e n itro g e n -p o ta s s iu m , and
th e n itr o g e n - a l l o f w hich c o n ta in e d n itr o g e n , and l o s t t h e i r advantage
over th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t by th e t w e l f t h week, n ev er to r e g a in i t .
The p la n ts grown i n th e p h o sp h o ro u s-p o ta ssiu m c u ltu r e d id n o t show a con­
s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o th o s e grown i n th e check nor. t o th o s e i n th e
p otassiu m c u l t u r e , b o th o f w hich th e y s u rp a ss e d o n ly a f t e r 6 and 18 w eeks.
S ee d lin g s from t h i s tr e a tm e n t m a in ta in e d t h e i r ad v an tag e o v er th o s e from
th e n itr o g e n tr e a tm e n t, b u t had l o s t t h e i r s u p e r i o r i t y o v er th o s e from
th e check by th e tw e lf th week, n e v e r t o r e g a in i t .
T rees i n th e phosphorous c u ltu r e began t o show to ad v an tag e a t th e
end o f 12 w eeks, when th e y were s u p e r io r to th o s e i n th e n itr o g e n phosphorous and n itr o g e n c u l t u r e s .

A fte r 18 weeks th e s e s e e d lih g s were

s u p e rio r t o th o s e i n s ix o f th e o th e r seven tre a tm e n ts and m a in ta in e d
advantage over th o s e i n th r e e , th e n itro g e n -p o ta s s iu m , n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s ,
and n itr o g e n tr e a tm e n ts t o th e end o f t h e e x p e rim e n t.

I t sh o u ld be n o te d

Table 1 2. --C om parison o f mean stem le n g th s o f t r e e s a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
i n E xperim ent I ,
6 weeks
Treatm ent

*

a t Wo ' a t

i
1%

*

at

%

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
12 weeks
t
18 weeks
t
'
T reatm ents s u p e r io r t o tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
a t 1% t a t 5$
a t 1%
at

19~g weeks
i"

........... ’a t W

t

Check

t 60K

t

60PK

6o p k ,6 op

t

*
6 opk

6onp

i 6o p k ,6op

t

Check,60K,60P
6 o p k ,6 onpk

* Check,60PK,60P
60NPK *60K

Check,60PK,60P
6o k ,6onpk

6ok

i

6opk

6onk

*

6 0PK

*
t

t Check,60PK,60P

60PK
Check, 60K
16ONPK
j

60N

1 6ok

60P

6ofk

t
t
6 o p k ,6 op *

Che ck,60NP,60NK
6 o p k ,6 o p ,6o k ,6 onpk

j Che ck,60PK,60P

*6o k ,6onpk

6 opk
t

6ok
60NPK

i 60PK

t

6o p k ,6op

t

6o p k ,6 op

*6 opk

-

47

-

t h a t th e th r e e l a t t e r tre a tm e n ts c o n ta in n itr o g e n .
The b e h a v io r o f th e t r e e s i n th e p h o sp h o ro u s-p o tassiu m , phosphorous,
and p o ta ssiu m o u ltu r e s in d ic a te s t h a t p o ta ssiu m e x e r ts an e a r l y s tim u la tin g
e f f e c t on stem grow th w hich i s n o t m a in ta in e d ; t h a t phosphorous i s slow to
a f f e c t stem grow th, b u t once i t d o es, th e e f f e c t i s f a i r l y w e ll s u s ta in e d ;
t h a t phosphorous combined w ith p o ta ssiu m p roduces e a r l y e f f e c t s w hich a re
f a i r l y w e ll s u s ta in e d .

P o s s ib ly i n th e c ase o f t h i s co m b in atio n , grow th

i s a t f i r s t s tim u la te d by th e p o ta ssiu m , and i s l a t e r s u s ta in e d by th e
phosphorous.
None o f th e th r e e tr e a tm e n ts - 60NP, 60NK, and 60N- w hich u lt im a te ly
were i n f e r i o r i n t h e i r e f f e c t on stem grow th t o a m a jo r ity o f th e o th e r
tre a tm e n ts e x h ib ite d n o tic e a b ly t h i s i n f e r i o r i t y d u rin g th e f i r s t 6 w eeks.
Only th e 60PK tr e a tm e n t, which was s u p e r io r to a l l b u t one tre a tm e n t a f t e r
6 weeks was s u p e r io r t o th e a fo re -m e n tio n e d c u l t u r e s .

The t r e e s i n th e

potassium c u ltu r e were s u p e r io r t o th o s e i n th e n itr o g e n and check c u l t u r e s .
I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t a t th e end o f th e e x p erim en t th e t r e e s grown i n th e
n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ro u s-p o ta ssiu m c u ltu r e were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th o se
grown i n th e n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ro u s and th e n itr o g e n c u ltu r e s and la c k e d 1 .3 am.
out o f a needed 3 6 .9

(3»9?0 i*1 stem le n g th o f b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r

to th o se grown i n th e n itr o g e n -p o ta s s iu m c u l t u r e . ( F ig s . 1 and 2 ) .

These

f a c ts su g g e st t h a t n itr o g e n as a s in g le a p p l ic a tio n o f 60 pounds p e r a c re
cannot be u sed a lo n e o r i n co m b in atio n w ith p o ta ssiu m o r phosphorous i n a
s in g le a p p lic a tio n a t t h i s r a t e t o in c r e a s e stem gro w th .
i s d e p re sse d by su ch tr e a tm e n ts .

A c tu a lly grow th

On th e o th e r hand when n itr o g e n , phos­

phorous, and p o ta ssiu m a re used i n co m b in atio n , grow th can be m a in ta in e d , b u t
n o t in c r e a s e d .

-

48

-

T rees in none o f th e tr e a tm e n ts were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th o s e
i n th e check a t th e end o f th e e x p erim en t, a lth o u g h th e s e e d lin g s i n b o th
th e p h o sp h o ro u s-p o tassiu m and th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n ts , which w ere s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r a f t e r 18 weeks, were n e a r ly so a t th e end.
Branch Development
D ata on b ra n c h developm ent f a l l in to two c a te g o rie s * ( l ) number
o f t r e e s t h a t produce b ra n c h e s, and (2 ) number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e .

Dur­

in g th e f i r s t 12-|- w eeks, o b s e rv a tio n s were lim ite d to th e f i r s t c a te g o ry ,
t h e r e a f t e r th e second c la s s o f o b s e r v a tio n , which can be used as b a s is f o r
( l ) a l s o , was made.
The d a ta on number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s was e x p re sse d , f o r th e
purpose o f th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e , in te rm s o f number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s
p e r p o t.

The d a ta were th e n c o n v e rte d , f o r th e purpose o f p r e s e n ta tio n ,

in to p e rc e n ta g e o f branched t r e e s .
co n v erted to th e same b a s i s .

D iffe re n c e s needed f o r s ig n if ic a n c e were
~

The number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s i n each tre a tm e n t a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s
o f tim e i s p re s e n te d i n T able 13*

The p ro p o r tio n o f b ran ch ed t r e e s had a

range betw een th e h ig h e s t and lo w e st o f 35*0 p e rc e n t a t th e end o f 8 weeks
and a range o f 45*0 p e rc e n t a t th e end o f 19^- w eeks.
The F v a lu e s , p re s e n te d i n T able 14, show t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s
in number o f branched t r e e s a t v a rio u s tim e s were caused by phosphorous and
p o ta ssiu m , by th e i n t e r a c t i o n betw een n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , and by th e i n ­
t e r a c t i o n betw een n itr o g e n , p o ta ssiu m , and phosp h o ro u s.

Phosphorous caused

v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s from th e e ig h th to th e t w e l f t h week.

I t s in ­

flu e n c e was n o t e v id e n t a t 16J- w eeks, b u t had re a p p e a re d a t 19 weeks-when i t
produced s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s .

E v id e n tly th e c h ie f e f f e c t o f phosphorous was

to s tim u la te e a r ly b ra n c h in g .

The e f f e c t o f p o tassiu m was s im ila r t o t h a t o f

-

1+9

-

Table 13* --Number o f branched t r e e s a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s
o f tim e , E xperim ent I , 19l+3~l+l+
8 weeks
Treatm ent

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
10 weeks
12 weeks
16^- weeks
T rees b ran ch ed - p e rc e n t o f t o t a l

l^g- weeks

Check

7 .5

10.0

1 2 .5

3 5 .0

3 5 .0

60NP

12.5

1 2 .5

1 2 .5

2 2 .5

3 0 .0

6onk

17.5

1 7 .5

2 2 .5

1+5.0

1+5.0

6opk

3 7 .5

3 7 .5

3 7 .5

50.0

5 2 .5

6on

12.5

1 2 .5

1 2 .5

2 7 .5

3 0 .0

6op

27.5

2 7 .5

1+2.5

7 5 .0

7 5 .0

6ok

15.0

15.0

1 7 .5

1+5.0

1+7.5

6onpk

1+2.5

1+7.5

5 2 .5

6 5 .0

6 5 .0

6 .2

6 .2

7 .0

1 2 .2

8 .6

18.3

18.3

20 .0

3 5 .6

21+.1

2U.9

2L+.9

2 7 .5

1+8 .1+

3 2 .8

Standard
d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e
between
tre a tm e n t
means to be
s ig n ific a n t
a t 5 end 1
p e rc e n t
F value
tre a tm e n t

1+.17**

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.

1+.87*-

5 . 12++

2.51*

3 . 1+2*

'

- 50
Table

- - F v a lu e s f o r number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t d i f ­
f e r e n t tim e s a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t, E x p e ri­
ment I , 1943-44

N

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l
t 8 weeks * 10 weeks s 12 weeks
F v a lu e s
>
i
1
:
*
t
1.1 2
*
:
1.13 *
•55
t
t
2
t
0 .0
:
0 .0
:
.2 6

P

s

14.52***

2

2

K

t

8 . 79***

NP

*

.9 5

*

.3 2

t

I .03

*

.7 6

*

.97

m

*

.9 5

*

2 .0 1

*

6 .4 4 *

*

1+.77*

1

5*96*

Source
R e p lic a ­
tio n

15.91** * 16. 50**

*

2 .4 2

*

t
.03

*
t
*

.05

*

1.71

*

2 .5 1

*

3 .0 5

*

6 .6 1 *

*

1.7 1

t

2 .5 1

t

1
2

2

9 . 81** * 6.iii+*

2

PK

tre a tm e n t
i 16gr weeks 1 19jg' weeks

3 .9 6

2

1.03

t

.08

*

.3 4

* 1+.12

*

3 .0 5

*

5*73*

*
t

NPK

*

1 .5 9

*

2 .0 1

*F v a lu e o f 4*32 i s s i g n i f i c a n t o f 5
**F v a lu e o f 8 .0 2 i s s i g n i f i c a n t o f 1 $ .
phosphorous, b u t was n o t so pronounced.

I t in c re a s e d th e number o f

branched t r e e s v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y a t 8 and 10 weeks and s i g n i f i c a n t l y
a t 12 w eeks.

T h e re a fte r i t s e f f e c t was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

The e f f e c t

o f th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m d id n o t show up s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly u n t i l th e t w e l f t h week.

T his e f f e c t , w hich was t o in c r e a s e th e

number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s , was m a in ta in e d t o th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
The i n t e r a c t i o n o f n itr o g e n , pho sp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m gave in d ic a t io n s
o f b e in g th e cause o f d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s by th e
t w e lf th week, b u t was n o t d e m o n strated to be s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l th e n in e ­
t e e n t h week, when i t had redttded th e number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s .
Table 15 compares th e number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s produced by th e
v a rio u s tr e a tm e n ts a t d i f f e r e n t i n t e r v a l s o f tim e a f t e r th e i n i t i a l

-

tr e a tm e n t.

51

-

Of s p e c ia l i n t e r e s t i s th e f a c t t h a t no tre a tm e n t was a t

any tim e s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th e 60P and 60NPK tre a tm e n ts in
number o f branched t r e e s , and o n ly th e s e two tre a tm e n ts w ere s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly s u p e r io r t o th e 60PK tr e a tm e n t a t t h e end o f th e ex p erim en t
(P ig . 1 ) .

The p h o sp h o ro u s-p o ta ssiu m and n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s -

p o tassiu m c u ltu r e s showed s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y o v er s e v e r a l t r e a t ­
ments e a r l y .

The form er l o s t t h i s ad vantage l a t e i n th e e x p erim en t,

b u t th e l a t t e r d id n o t .

In c o n t r a s t , th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t, ex ­

c e p t f o r an e a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y over th e check, d id n o t
produce a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s u n t i l th e
tw e lf th week, and t h e r e a f t e r h e ld t h i s ad vantage r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t l y .
I t i s n o te w o rth y , t h a t o n ly th e n itro g e n -p h o s p h o rn u s and th e
n itr o g e n tr e a tm e n ts produced a s m a lle r p r o p o r tio n o f b ran ch ed t r e e s
th a n th e check and th e d if f e r e n c e s were f a r to o sm all t o be s i g n i f i ­
c a n t.

Table 15» —Comparison o f number o f t r e e s bran ch ed a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s a f t e r i n i t i a l
tre a tm e n t in Experim ent I , 19b3~bb
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t________________________
t
10 weeks
i
12 weeks
i
l6 g weeks
:
19 weeks
T reatm en ts s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o tre a tm e n ts in column 1
a t 1% t a t 5% a t 1% : a t
* a t 1fo : a t 9 ^ * a t 1% j a t 3$
a t Vfo
i
:
•
:
t
t
60P
s
60PK •
• 6 op
••
!
60P
60KPK t
60NPK I 60PK * 60NPK 1 6 OP
8 60NPK
3
!
:
:
••
:
j
60PK :
60PK :
: 60P
6 onpk i 60PK s 60NPK : 60NPK t 6 op
60NPK :
<
8
3
1
S
J
:
6
opk
60NPK
t
60P
*
60NPK :
6 onpk t
t
• 6 op
3
8
%
8
t
!
60P,601
8
3
8
3
•
t
3
t
t
8
8
s 60P
S
60P
60PK :
60PK *
:
: 60P
60NPK s
6 onpk * 60PK i 60NPK i 60NPK t
6
onpk
«
3
8
8
8
3
8
8
>
3
8
•
8
8
3
3
3
i
: 60PK *
8
8
i 60NPK :
60NPK i 6 o p
*
60NPK * 6 opk
t
t
3
:
t
:
:
»
:
t
:

8 weeks

60PK

i at
t
*
s 60P
:
:
:
i
t 60PK
i
:

<
:
*
t
:
s
*
*
i
:
:

6 on

i
:

j
s

6 op

i

:
*

Treatm ent
Check
60NP
6 onk

t

e

e

•

e

e

•

•

e
•

6 ok

60NPK

j 60PK
•
:

s

*
i

•

e
e

•
e

-

N u m b er o f b r a n c h e s

60NPK
60NP

tr e a tm e n ts

and

r e la tiv e

60N

p o s itio n

tw o l a t t e r

p er tr e e

p rod uced th e

c u ltu r e s

53

th e

is

at

s m a lle s t n um ber.

th e

tree
in

tr e a tm e n ts

l6 |r

num ber o f b r a n c h e s .

s m a ll g r a d u a l

ch an ges in

th e

60P

The

e x c e p tio n

e n d o f 12-g- w e e k s , w h e n t h e

w eek s,
The

16.

T a b le

T h ese tr e a tm e n ts h e ld

in

and

and t h e

th e

sa m e

o f th e

and

num ber o f b r a n c h e s p e r

a f t e r w h ic h t h e r e w as l i t t l e

60NP, 60PK,

and

d iffe r e n c e b e­

60NK, 60P, 60K,

The c h e c k ,

p r o d u c e d m ark ed i n c r e a s e s

b e t w e e n 12^- a n d

in

e x p e r im e n t, w it h

tw e e n t h e tw o w a s i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l .

60NPK

p r e se n te d

g r e a t e s t num ber o f b r a n c h e s p e r t r e e

th r o u g h o u t th e

tr e a tm e n ts

-

60N

num ber o f b r a n c h e s p e r

c u ltu r e s

ch an ge

p r o d u c e d o n ly -

tre e.

The F v a lu e s i n Table 17 show t h a t n itr o g e n was r e s p o n s ib le fo r
s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in th e number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e ; i t s e f f e c t
was to reduoe th e number o f b ra n c h e s .

Phosphorous was r e s p o n s ib le f o r

v ery s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in number o f b ra n c h e s a t 12-g- weeks b u t
n o t t h e r e a f t e r ; i t s e f f e c t was t o in c r e a s e th e number o f bran ch es,.
The i n t e r a c t i o n

b etw e en n itr o g e n

d iffe r e n c e s

in

d iffe r e n c e s

la te r .

b r a n c h in g .

and p o ta s s iu m

num ber o f b r a n c h e s
T hrough th e

a t th e

sta r t,

e x p e r im e n t

th is

p rod uced
and v e r y

s ig n ific a n t
s ig n ific a n t

in te r a c tio n

in c r e a s e d

- 5k Table 16. —Mean number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e a f t e r d i f ­
f e r e n t tim e i n t e r v a l s , E xperim ent I , 19k3~kk
s
:
T reatm ent :
i
Check
:
s
60UP
*
i
60NK
:
t
60PK
s
t
60N
:

12 weeks
0 .1 5

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
:
16-g- weeks
:
19 weeks
B ranches p e r t r e e - number
:
:
:
1 .2 0
:
1.20

0.13

:

0 .3 8

:

O.55

o .4 o

:

1 .1 5

*

1 .1 7

3

0 .6 3

:

1

0.93

3

*

0 .9 5

3

0 .1 5

:

0 .3 0

»

0.3 3

0 .8 0

:

2 .2 5

:

2 .3 0

0 .2 3

:

I .0 5

:

1 .12

:

1 .6 0

:

1 .7 5

3

60P

t
3

60K

*
3

60NPK

*

0 .8 0

3
3

3

S ta n d a rd >
d e v ia tio n i
D iff e re n c e :
betw een
:
tre a tm e n t :
means t o
:
be s i g n i - :
fic a n t a t :
5 and 1
:
p e rc e n t
:
:
F v a lu e
:
tre a tm e n t :

0 .1 8

1
:
:

0 .7 2

:
:
:
:
:
:

U .21**

:
:
*

0.53

3
3

0 .3 2

,
t
:

1 .2 8

t
:
*
:
:
:

3*80**

:
:
*

0.9U

0 .3 1

0 .9 1
1 . 21+

l+.OO**

♦ ♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.
W;

II

i|

- 55 T able 1<7• —-F v a lu e s f o r number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e a t
v a rio u s tim e i n t e r v a l s , E xperim ent I , I 9I43 “4 4

W ith in
p o ts

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
2
W z weeks
2
19 weeks
F v a lu e s
2
1
2
0 .4 9
*
0 .6 2
0 . 51+
t

R e p li­
c a tio n

1 .2 6

2

0 .3 7

*

0.33

w

0 .8 5

5-13

*

4*42*

p

9 . 39**

!
2
,

2 .2 2

*

3 .3 0

K

1.72

*

0 .5 9

*

0 .5 4

UP

2 .5 7

0 .1 1

2

0 .0 5

m

5 . 22*

*
I
:

*

13,57**

12 weeks
Source

lk * 55**

3

PK

0 .0 0

t

0 .8 8

2

1.Q4

NPK

2 .5 7

*

3 .1 2

2

3 .3 0

*F v alu e a t 5% i s 4»32.
**F v alu e a t 1% i s 8 .0 2 .

- 56 In T able 18 th e com parison o f tre a tm e n ts shows t h a t two tr e a tm e n ts th e 60FK and 60P- s ta n d o u t as s u p e r io r .
i n f e r i o r t o any o f th e o t h e r s .

These tr e a tm e n ts w ere a t no tim e

A lthough th e y produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more

b ran ch es p e r t r e e th a n th e check, 60NP, 60N, and 60K tre a tm e n ts a t th e end
o f 12-g- w eeks, th e 60NPK tre a tm e n t g r a d u a lly l o s t i t s ad v an tag e over some
o f them .

At th e end o f th e e x p erim en t th e n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s -p o ta s siu m

tre a tm e n t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r th a n th e n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s tr e a tm e n t
and v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o t h e n itr o g e n c u l t u r e .
From th e s ta n d p o in ts o f number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s and number o f
branches p e r t r e e , th e n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ro u s and n itr o g e n tre a tm e n ts gave
th e p o o re s t r e s u l t s and th e phosphorous and n itro g e n -p h o rp h o ro u s -p o ta s s iu m
tre a tm e n ts gave th e b e s t r e s u l t s (F ig . l ) .

The e x p e rim e n ta l e r r o r i s to o

la rg e to a tta c h any s ig n if ic a n c e to th e d e p re s s in g e f f e c t s o f th e 60NP and
6QN tr e a tm e n ts , n e v e r th e le s s , an a p p lic a tio n o f 60 pounds p e r a c re o f N
and P2O5 o r o f W a lo n e can n o t be ex p ected to encourage b ra n c h in g .
Stem D iam eter
The mean d ia m e te rs o f th e stem s o f t r e e s from each tr e a tm e n t
and a com parison o f th e d ia m e te rs i s p re s e n te d i n T able 1 9 .

D iam eters

range from 2 .8 5 mm. i n th e 60N tr e a tm e n t to 5*68 gun. i n th e 60P t r e a t ­
m ent, th e l a t t e r b e in g 29 p e rc e n t l a r g e r th a n th e fo rm e r.

Four e u l t u r e s -

60NK, 60PK, 60P and 60NFK- produced t r e e s w ith l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th e
check, and th r e e c u l t u r e s - 60NP, 60N, and 60K- produced t r e e s w ith s m a lle r
d ia m e ters th a n th e check.

Table 1 8 . --C om parison o f number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e a t d i f f e r ­
e n t i n t e r v a l s , E x p erim en t I ,
”

t

Treatm ent

tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
12 weeks
1
163 weeks
1
19 weeks
T reatm en ts s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to trea-fanents i n column 1
a t % t a t \% s a t 9$
a t 1%
a t 1%
t a t 5$
:

j

Check

6op,6onpk*

*

60NP

60P,60NFK*

i

3

3

3

3

3

3

60NK
60FK

t

60P

t

60P

60NPK

»
1

60NPK

60P

60P

t

60P

3
3

3

6 op,6 onpk*

t

6 op ,6 onpk*

3

3

3

6 op

3

3

3

3

3

60K

6op,6onpk*

t

3

3

3

3

3

3

60NPK

60P

*

3
3

6 on

60P

t

60P
60NFK, 60]

3

6op

1

60P

The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e y ie ld e d F v a lu e s o f 8 . 6 9, 17*06,
and 17*5 f ° r 'bhe e f f e c t o f n itr o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, and i n t e r a c t i o n b e ­
tween n itr o g e n ana p o ta ssiu m , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

S in ce an F v a lu e o f 8 .0 2

dem o n strates s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s a t 1 p e r c e n t, i t i s e v id e n t t h a t a l l
o f th e above e f f e c t s a re v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

P o ta ssiu m w ith an F v a lu e o f

3 .4 0 came c l o s e s t o f any o f th e rem ain in g f a c t o r s t o p ro d u c in g s i g n i f i ­
c an t e f f e c t s (F v a lu e a t 5 p e r c e n t i s lj..3 2 ).

N itro g e n has a d e p re s s in g

e f f e c t , phosphorous a s tim u la tin g e f f e c t , and th e i n t e r a c t i o n betw een
n itro g e n and p o ta ssiu m a s tim u la tin g e f f e c t on d ia m e te r.
The com parison o f tr e a tm e n ts i n Table 19 em phasizes th e s u p e r i o r i t y
o f th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t and th e i n f e r i o r i t y o f th e n itr o g e n tre a tm e n t
(F ig s . 1 and 2 ) .

The n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s -p o ta s siu m tr e a tm e n t was s u p e r io r

to th e th r e e p o o re s t tr e a tm e n ts - n itro g e n -p h o s p h o ro u s , n itr o g e n , and p o ta ssiu m .

- 58 Table 19* —Mean d ia m e te r o f stem and com parison o f d ia m e te rs
by tr e a tm e n ts , E xperim ent I , 1943-44

T reatm ent

Diameter-mm.

Check

3 .2 0

60NP

3 .1 0

6 onk

3 .,2?

6 opk

3.39

60N

2.85

6 op

3.68

60K

3 .1 9

60NPK

3*46

S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

0.08

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r t o tre a tm e n ts
i n column 1
at
i
a t !%**■
t
t
60P
t
:
60P
6 opk,6 onpk
t
t
, 6op
t
Check

»60NK,60PK,60P,60NPK
t
t

60KPK

t
t
t
t
t

P v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

7.23

*A minimum d iffe r e n c e o f 0 ,2 7 nan.
minimum d iffe r e n c e o f 0 .3 7 nan.

**k

6op

6op

- 59 Dry W eight o f S h o o t, R oot, and E n t ir e T ree and
R oot-Shoot R a tio
Mean w eig h t o f sh o o ts o f t h e t r e e s from th e d i f f e r e n t c u ltu r e s and
a com parison o f s h o o t w e ig h ts a re p re s e n te d i n Table 2 0 .

The 60N t r e a t ­

ment w ith a mean s h o o t w eight o f 1 .0 9 g r . produced th e l i g h t e s t sh o o ts and
th e 60P tr e a tm e n t, w ith a mean o f 2 .1 7 gr* produced th e h e a v ie s t shoots*
The l a t t e r w eighed n e a r ly tw ic e a s much a s th e fo rm e r.

Four tr e a tm e n ts -

60PK, 60P, 60K, and 60NPK- y ie ld e d s h o o ts t h a t were h e a v ie r and th r e e
tr e a tm e n ts - 60NP, 60NK, and 60N- y ie ld e d s h o o ts t h a t w ere l i g h t e r th a n
th e cheok.

Only th e sh o o ts from th e p h o sp h o ro u s-p o ta ssiu m , and th e phos­

phorous c u ltu r e s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r and o n ly th o s e from th e n itr o g e n phosphorous and n itr o g e n tre a tm e n ts w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y l i g h t e r th a n th o s e
from th e check.
The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f t r e e s h o o ts produced F v a lu e s o f ill *7,
2 5 . 6 , 6 . 3 9 , and 13*5

n itr o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, p o ta ssiu m

betw een n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m r e s p e c tiv e ly *

and i n t e r a c t i o n

T h is means t h a t th e d i f ­

fe re n c e s i n sh o o t w eight produced by p o ta ssiu m w ere s i g n i f i c a n t and th e
o th e rs were v ery s i g n i f i c a n t .

N itro g e n re d u c es s h o o t w e ig h t, a s does po­

ta ssiu m , phosphorous in c r e a s e s sh o o t w e ig h t, and th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f n i ­
tro g e n and p o ta ssiu m in c r e a s e s sh o o t w e ig h t.
The 60N tr e a tm e n t i s th e p o o r e s t, fo llo w e d i n o rd e r by th e 60NP
and 60NK tre a tm e n ts *

The 60PK and 6 OP tr e a tm e n ts , w ith no s i g n i f i c a n t

d iff e r e n c e betw een them , were th e b e s t .

The 60NPK c u ltu r e was s u rp a ss e d

on ly by th e l a t t e r *
Mean w eig h t o f r o o ts o f th e t r e e s from th e v a rio u s c u ltu r e s and
a com parison o f r o o t w e ig h ts a re p re s e n te d in T able 2 1 .

The 60N and 60P

tre a tm e n ts ho ld th e same r e l a t i v e p o s iti o n s i n r o o t w eight* lo w e st and
h ig h e s t, r e s p e c tiv e ly , a s th e y do i n s h o o t w e ig h t.

R oots from th e l a t t e r

- 60 T able 2 0. --M ean w eight o f sh o o t and com parison o f sh o o t w e ig h ts
by tr e a tm e n ts , E xperim ent I , 1945“^
t

Treatm ent

W eight o f
sh o o t g r .

1
j
j

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to tre a tm e n ts
i n column 1
*
a t ifo**
a t 5% *
t
:
60P
60PK

Check

1 .5 9

1

6GNP

1.22

t
t Check,6QK

60NK

1 .1+1

t

60PK

1.98

1

60N

1 .0 9

t
t
1

60P

2.1 7

t

60K

1.61

t
t
*

60NPK

1 .7 8

:

60PK,60P,60NPK

60NPK

t
t

6opk,6op

60NK

1 Check,60PK,60P,60K,60NP]
S
s

60PK
60P

t

S tandard
d e v ia tio n
P v alu e
tre a tm e n t

>
t
s
t

j

Q.1Q.
t
1 3.19

*A minimum d iffe r e n c e o f 0 .3 0 g r .
**A minimum d iffe r e n c e o f 0 .3 9 g r .

:
«

60P

- 61weigh more th a n tw ic e th o s e from th e fo rm e r.

The fo u r tre a tm e n ts w hich

produced h e a v ie r to p s and th e th r e e tr e a tm e n ts t h a t produced l i g h t e r
to p s th a n th e check lik e w is e produced h e a v ie r and l i g h t e r r o o t s , r e s p e c t i v e ­
ly , th a n th e check.

D iffe re n c e s betw een v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts a re n o t o f

th e same m agnitude, how ever.
The a n & ly sis o f v a ria n o e gave F v a lu e s o f 28.5* 9*0, and 5*5 ?or th e
e f f e c t of n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and i n t e r a c t i o n betw een n itr o g e n and
potassiu m , v a lu e s w hich d e m o n strate v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s cau sed
by th e f i r s t two and s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s by th e l a s t . P o tassiu m * w ith
an F v a lu e o f i+»27 and i n t e r a c t i o n o f n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m
w ith an F v a lu e o f 3*8 were n e a r enough t o F v a lu e s o f s ig n if ic a n c e (4*32
i s n e c e s s a ry ) to a s c r ib e to them an in f lu e n c in g e f f e c t .
The e f f e c t
to in c re a s e i t ,
p o ta ssiu m .

o f n itr o g e n i s to reduce r o o t w e ig h t, t h a t o f phosphorous
as i s a ls o th e e f f e c t o f th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f n i tr o g e n and

These e f f e c t s a re i d e n t i c a l t o th o s e produced on sh o o t w e ig h t.

In t h e i r e f f e c t on r o o t w e ig h t, th e phosphorous and n itr o g e n c u lt u r e s
stan d o u t as th e b e s t and p o o r e s t, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The 60PK, 60K, and

60NPK tre a tm e n ts a re s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r th a n th e p o o re r tr e a tm e n ts , e s ­
p e c ia lly th e 60NP and 60N c u l t u r e s .
Mean w e ig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e , r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o , and com parison o f
t r e e w e ig h ts by tr e a tm e n ts a re p re s e n te d i n T able 22.

The mean w e ig h ts

o f th e e n t i r e t r e e s fo llo w th e same p a t t e r n i n r e l a t i o n t o

tre a tm e n ts

as th e sh o o t and r o o t weigjhts w hich i s l o g i c a l i n view o f th e s i m i l a r i t y
o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een th e two l a t t e r f a c t o r s .

The s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e o t

o f p o ta ssiu m , which i s e v id e n t i n sh o o t w e ig h ts b u t n o t i n r o o t w e ig h ts ,
i s e s ta b lis h e d i n th e w eig h t o f th e e n t i r e t r e e .

- 62 Table 2 1 . —Mean w eig h t o f r o o t and com parison o f r o o t w eig h ts
by tr e a tm e n ts , Experim ent I , 19k3~kU

Check

0.8 3

t
2
*
t
i

60NP

0 .6 7

s

60HK

0 .7 5

*

60PK

O.98

60N

0 .5 5

60P

1 .1 9

6o k

O.98

6o n p k

0 .9 1

T reatm ent

W eight o f
ro o t-g r.

S tandard
d e v ia tio n

0*07

F v alu e
tre a tm e n t

7 .5 6

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to tre a tm e n ts
i n column 1
a t 594*
s
a t 17c**
2
2
60P
60NFK

,

6o p k 6 o k
2
2
60P
2
t 6o p 6o k 6 o n p k

,

:
2
s

60P

:
t
«
2
2

♦A minimum d iffe r e n c e o f o.21 g r .
**A minimum d iffe r e n c e o f 0.27 g r .

,

,

,

2 6 o f k 6o p 6 o k
2
2
60P
2
•
•

2
2 Check,60FK
2
2
2
2
2
2
•
•

t
2
2

60P

- 63 The F v a lu e s f o r n itr o g e n , phosphorous, p o ta ssiu m , and in te r a c t io n ,
betw een n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m w e 37*1, 18.3* 5 *6 , and 10. 1, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The th r e e l a r g e s t v a lu e s a re s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e rc e n t, and th e s m a l le s t,
a t 3 p e r c e n t.

N itro g e n o r p o ta ssiu m red u ce t o t a l t r e e w e ig h ts , phos­

phorous and i n t e r a c t i o n o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m in c r e a s e w e ig h t.
Table 2 2 . —Mean w eig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e , r o o t- s h o o t. r a t i o ,
and com parison o f t r e e w e ig h ts by tr e a tm e n ts ,
E xperim ent I , 192+3-2+1+

>
T r ea t­
m en t

W e ig h t o f e n tir e tre e gr.

*

t

T r e a tm e n ts s u p e r io r t o
t r e a t m e n t s i n c o lu m n 1
at
a t 1%*

R o o t-sh o o t
r a tio

i

C heck

2 .2+2

60FK

60P

0.52

*

C heck

6opk,6op
6o k ,6gnpk

0.55

i

60NPK

6o fk ,6op

0.53

*
X

6QNP

1.69

6onk

2 .1 6

t

60PK

2 .9 6

60N

1.62+

*
»
:

60P

3 .3 6

*

60K

2 .5 9

0.2+9
C h e c k , 60PK

6GNK

*

60P,60K,6QNPK

0.51
0.55

60P

0.61

X

6GNFK
S ta n d ­
ard
d e v ia ­
tio n

2 .6 9

*
>
>

0.51

t

1

0.17

t

Q .o ft

t

F v a lu e
tr e a t­
m ent

10.93

*

0.73

*A minimum d if f e r e n c e o f 0*50 g r .
minimum d if f e r e n c e o f 0 .6 8 g r .
The 60FK, 60P, and 6QNPK tr e a tm e n ts a re i n f e r i o r t o none, and
th e 60PK and 60P c u ltu r e s a re s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th e ch eck .
An a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s r e v e a ls t h a t no s i g n i ­
f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s can be a t t r i b u t e d t o th e e f f e c t s o f n u t r i e n t s .

- 61+ -

Sum m ary o f R e s u l t s

T his ex p erim en t d em o n strates t h a t re sp o n se o f young s l a s h p in e
s e e d lin g s t o s in g le 6 0 -p o u n d -p e r-a c re a p p lic a tio n s o f N, P2O5 and K2O
in N o rlo lk san d , s in g ly o r i n v a rio u s c o m b in a tio n s, d i f f e r s w id e ly .

Itt

g e n e ra l, n itr o g e n had a lo n g -tim e d e p re s s in g e f f e c t end phosphorous
and p o ta ssiu m , a s tim u la tin g e f f e c t on th e tr e e s *

However, th e stim u ­

la tin g e e f f e c t o f th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t can n o t be a t t r i b u t e d t o phos­
phorous alone s in c e th e so u rce m a te r ia l t h a t was u sed c o n ta in e d c alc iu m ,
which, may have been th e cause o f th e re sp o n se a s much a s o r more th a n th e
phosphorous.

The e a r l y re sp o n se o f t h e s e e d lin g s i n stem grow th to

n itro g e n and p o ta ssiu m was m is le a d in g so f a r a s u ltim a te r e s u l t s w ere
concerned.

A lthough th e y s tim u la te d grow th d u rin g th e f i r s t s e v e r a l

weeks, th e lo n g -tim e e f f e o t was d e te r im e n ta l.
The g e n e ra l in e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f t h e seven n itr o g e n , pho sp h o ro u s,
and p o tassiu m tr e a tm e n ts i s i l l u s t r a t e d by th e f a c t t h a t o n ly one e u l t u r e th e 60P- produced t r e e s t h a t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n n e a r l y a l l
o h a r a c t e r i s t i o s to th o s e produced by th e ch eck .

Only i n stem le n g th

were th e t r e e s i n th e 60P c u ltu r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o t r e e s i n
th e cheok c u l t u r e .

The 60PK c u l tu r e s produced t r e e s t h a t were s u p e r io r

in sh o o t and t o t a l w e ig h t t o th o s e i n th e check c u l t u r e .

The 6 QNPK

c u ltu r e produced more branched t r e e s th a n th e ch eck .
N itro g e n was most damaging, m ost o f th e t r e e f e a tu r e s b e in g harmed
by i t .

B ranching and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o were n o t a f f e c t e d .

When p h o s­

phorous was u sed w ith n itr o g e n , some o f th e d e p re ss in g e f f e c t o f th e l a t t e r
was n e u t r a l i z e d .
w e ig h t.
n itr o g e n .

T his was p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e o f stem d ia m e te r and t o t a l

P o tassiu m was even more e f f e c t i v e i n n e u t r a l i z i n g th e e f f e c t o f
When i t was u sed w ith th e l a t t e r , a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e

- 65 tre es

in

th e

c u ltu r e .
s till

c u ltu r e w ere

s u p e r io r t o

b e tte r -b a la n c e d
a lo n e

in c r e a s in g

d id n o t a f f e c t m a t e r i a l l y

b r a n c h in g ,

tw o e l e m e n t s w e r e

so w e ll a s

in

th e

stem

th e

la tte r

of

It is

th e

d ia m e te r ,

c o m b in e d i n

e v id e n t

in

th e

fro m t h e

in N o r fo lk

sa n d w hen s la s h

q u a lity i s

not to

to

th e

acre

ham

to

th e

tr e e s

The a b s e n c e

a

fa cto r

of
to

p in e

th e

s e e d lin g s

im p r o v e m e n t i n

a n y o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s e m p lo y e d i n

th is

th e

a t a ra te

of

s e e d lin g s

tr e e s

W hen

th e

in

th e

lo w e r e d

c u ltu r e .

a re young i f

th e

e ffe c tiv e

c a lc iu m

th e ir

P h o sp h o ro u s and p o ta s s iu m
s e e d lin g s

pro­

d id n o t r e sp o n d

ab ove t h a t n it r o g e n m u st b e u se d

o f PgO ^ a n d KgO w i t h i n I4. w e e k s a f t e r

H ow ever, n o a p p r e c ia b le

o f tre e

p a r tic u la r ly

p h o s p h o r o u s -p o ta s s iu m

b e im p a ir e d .

s o i l w ith o u t

th e ty p e

and w e ig h t o f t r e e .

a c u ltu r e

p h o sp h o ro u s c u lt u r e .

tr e e s

th e n itr o g e n

c o m b in e d w i t h n i t r o g e n

b e in g

fo r m e r t r e a t m e n t m ay h a v e b e e n a c o n t r i b u t i n g
q u a lity

in

tr e e w as p rod u ced .

d u ced , w h erea s p h o sp h o ro u s d id ,

th ese

o f tr e e s

W hen p h o s p h o r o u s a n d p o t a s s i u m w e r e

P o ta s s iu m

in

th o se

60

s p a r in g ly
u ltim a te

can b e a p p lie d
pounds p er

h a v e g e r m in a te d .

can b e e x p e o te d

e x p e r im e n t.

fro m

— 66 —
E xperim ent I I
The check tre a tm e n t o f E xperim ent I i s used in t h i s ex p erim en t f o r
com parative p u rp o se s o n ly .

The a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e th ro u g h o u t th e ex­

perim en t a re b ased on th e s ix tre a tm e n ts d e s ig n a te d t o d eterm in e t h e
e f f e c t s on th e t r e e s o f d i f f e r e n t q u a n tit ie s o f n itro g e n * phosphorous,
and p o ta ssiu m a p p lie d a t once a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e ex p erim en t as
compared to th e same q u a n t i t i e s d iv id e d i n t o fo u r e q u al a p p l i c a t i o n s .
S o il T reatm ents
The n a tu re o f e a c h s o i l tre a tm e n t i s shown i n Table 23*
Table 23* — Type and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n i n E xperim ent
I I , 19l+3-i4j.
*
T reatm ent
tD esig n aNo. t i o n
1*

60NPK

2

120NPK

3

180NPK

4

(1*x )15NPK

5
6

Date o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n
Ja n u a ry
* February 17« M&Efik.lfl 2______May 11
P2O5 ifeOt N P2O5 *20* N P2O5 KgOiN PgOij KgO
Pounds p e r a c re
t
:
t
<
t
60 60 *
1 60
e
2
:120 120 1201
t
t
t
2
*180 180 180*

(4x)30BPK

» 15
1
t 30

(4x)45NFK

* 45

15

15

15* 15
t
30* 30
*

30

15* 15
t
30 i 30

30

45

4 5 * 45

45 45

45

15

15

15

30

15* 15
t
30 * 30

30

30

45

45* 45

45

45

♦T reatm ents 1 t o 3 a re r e f e r r e d to a ls o a s s in g le a p p lic a tio n and
tre a tm e n ts 4 t o 6 a s s p l i t - s p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts . T reatm ent 7 o f
Experim ent I i s used f o r a com parison o f t r e e s i n E xperim ent I I w ith
u n tr e a te d (c h e ck ) t r e e s .

- 67 Table 24* —Mean le n g th o f stem 6 , 12, 18, and 19ir weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t, E xperim ent I I ,
1943-1(4
}
3

T reatm ent

i

60NPK

(4 x ) 15npk

*
1
:
t
:
s
t

(ipc)30NPK

120HPK
180NPK

(l*x)U5NPK

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
6 weeks 3 12 weeks : 18 d eek s t 19^ weeks
L ength o t stem - mm.
3
3
11.8
3
150.5
3
2 03.8
t
56 .3
9 .3

3

5 2 .6

3

134*5

*

1 8 3 .4

8 .7

t

5 4 .5

*

1 45.5

*

188.5

14.5

3

64*6

175.2

12.6

t

6 5 .5

3
f
*
t

2 3 3 .1

t

3
t
3
t

t

li+ .l

3

6 1 .6

3

208.8

9 -4

3

6 0 .7

3

2 3 0 .1

1 65.9

3

1 62.9

3

175.7

2 1 1 .6

S

Check
S tandard
d e v ia tio n

t
s
:
*

D iffe re n c e i
betw een
*
tre a tm e n ts t
means to b e t
s ig n ific a n t:
a t 5 and 1 *
p e rc e n t
:

s
0 .9

3

4*4

3
3

3

t
9*8

3

3

3

3

3

3

2 .8

3

13.5

3 .9

3

3

18 .6

3

8 .3

3

2 9 .6

3

3

3

3

3

2 7 .1

3

4 1 .0

*

3 7 .5

Length o f Stem
The average le n g th o f stem o f th e t r e e s i n eaoh tr e a tm e n t in
Experim ent I I a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s o f tim e i s shown i n Table 2l+.
I t i s obvious t h a t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th betw een th e d i f f e r e n t
tre a tm e n ts o c c u rre d th ro u g h o u t th e p e r io d o f m easurem ent o f th e t r e e s .
The F v a lu e s i n Table 25 ta k e n from th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e in Table 92
(Appendix) show t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s ( a c t u a l l y v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t )
a re due to method o f tre a tm e n t ( s p l i t a p p lic a tio n v e rs u s s in g le a p p lic a tio n )
r a th e r th a n r a t e s o r a com bination o f r a t e s and m ethods.

S im ila r a n a ly s is

o f v a ria n o e f o r th e o th e r th r e e d a te s , th e F v a lu e s f o r w hich ap p ear in

68
Table 25, show v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s f o r methods on two d a te s ,
12 and 19sr weeks a f t e r th e i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t, and a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­
fe re n c e a t 18 w eeks.
n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t .

Only a t 19^ weeks was th e d if f e r e n c e due to r a t e s
At th e r a t e s a t w hich th e n u t r i e n t s w ere u sed , nam ely,

60, 120, and 180 pounds p e r a c re o f N, P2O5, and K^O, s p l i t t i n g th e amount
in to fo u r e q u a l a p p lic a tio n s R e su lte d i n g r e a t e r stem le n g th th a n a s in g le
a p p lic a tio n .
Table 25» —Summary o f s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e o f le n g th o f
stem i n E xperim ent I I , 194 3 “4 4
6 weeks
Source

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t"
* 12 weeks * 13 weeks t
F v a lu e s
*
*
0 .5 1
,
0 .4 1
*

19§ weeks

t
t
W ithin pots*

O.6 9

R e p lic a tio n *

6.1 3 * *

t

3»91*

*

2 .4 5

3 0 . 55**

*

7 .3 7 *

*

9»7B**

3 .2 1

t

0 .1 0

*

0 .8 0

*
i

3 .4 5

1.63

t
*

0 .1 9

*
,

O.15

*

2 .7 4

Methods

*

R ates

t
t
t
*

Methods x
ra te s

*
t
t

0 .6 2
2 .6 3
12.38**

♦ S ig n if ic a n t.
♦♦Very s i g n i f i c a n t .
The e x te n t o f s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e mean stem le n g th s
o f th e t r e e s from any two tre a tm e n ts i s shown i n T able 2 6 ,

There were

no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een in d iv id u a l tr e a tm e n ts 12 weeks a f t e r
th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t even th o u g h , a s shown i n T ab le 9 2 , s i g n i f i c a n t
d if f e r e n c e s w ere caused by th e method o f a p p ly in g n u t r i e n t s .

Throughout

th e e x p erim en t, t r e e s i n none o f th e s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n c u ltu r e s were
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th o s e i n th e s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n c u l tu r e s , w hereas
s e e d lin g s i n one o r more o f th e l a t t e r tre a tm e n ts were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r t o th o se i n th e form er tre a tm e n ts a t th e th r e e o b s e rv a tio n d a te s

- 69 shown*

Only th e 60NPK and (ljx)15NPK tr e a tm e n ts produced t r e e s t h a t were

te m p o ra rily s u p e r io r to th o s e i n th e check tre a tm e n t a t t h e end o f 6
w eeks.

T h e re a fte r th e y had no a d v a n ta g e , and a t th e end o f th e ex­

p e rim e n t, t r e e s i n th e (l+x)30NPK tr e a tm e n t were a c t u a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y
i n f e r i o r to th e u n tr e a te d p l a n t s .

A lthough th e t r e e s from th e check

c u ltu r e h e ld no s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y o v e r th e t r e e s from th e s in g le ­
a p p lic a tio n tre a tm e n t a t t h e end o f 6 and 12 w eeks, th e y were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e r io r i n stem le n g th a t th e end o f 18 and I 9J w eek s.

E v id e n tly

th e e f f e c t o f th e s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts i s c u m u la tiv e .

T his

i s e v id e n t i n Table 2k w hich shows th e fo llo w in g r e la tio n s h ip s *
(1 ) mean stem le n g th o f t r e e s i n th e 120NFK and 180NPK tre a tm e n ts i s
g r e a te r , and t h a t i n th e 60NPK tre a tm e n t i s l e s s th a n t h a t o f t h e cheok
tre a tm e n t a t th e end o f 6 w eeks; (2 ) mean stem le n g th o f t r e e s i n a l l
s i n g le - a p p l ic a tio n tre a tm e n ts i s l e s s th a n th e mean stem le n g th o f t h e
cheok tre a tm e n t a t th e end a f 12 w eeks.
a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , however.

The a fo re -m e n tio n e d d if f e r e n c e s

At th e end o f 18 w eeks, th e d if f e r e n c e s

which w ere i n e v id en c e a f t e r 12 w eeks, had become s i g n i f i c a n t .

I t is

no tew orthy t h a t th e t r e e s i n th e 60NPK tr e a tm e n t w hich, a t th e end
o f 6 w eeks, were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n stem le n g th to th o se i n th e
check tre a tm e n t w ere l a t e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r .
A lthough d if f e r e n c e s i n r a t e o f a p p li c a ti o n produced no s i g n i ­
f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th , i t sh o u ld be n o te d i n T ab le 2U t h a t
th e t r e e s r e c e iv in g th e s m a lle r r a t e s (60NPK and (l+x)l5NFK) had lo n g e r
stem s th a n th e t r e e s re c e iv in g t h e l a r g e r r a t e s (180NPK and (lpc)45NPK)
(F ig s . 2 and 3 ) .

Table 2 6 . — Comparison o f stem le n g th a t d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s o f tim e a f t e r tre a tm e n t in
E xperim ent I I , 19^+3

T reatm ent
6 CNPK
120NPK

180NFK

6 weeks
T reatm ents s u p e r io r t o
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
t
a t 1%
a t 5%
:
(4 x )15NPK
*
%
t (i+x)15NPK
t (Ux)U5NPK
(l+x)30NPK

60NPK

*
l
I

(i4x ) l 5NPK
(i*x)30NPK
(ipc)^5)NPK

I

t
t
t
i
t

(i+x)l5EPK
(ilx)30NPK
(Ipc)45NPK
Check

6QNPK

t

(2*x)15NPK

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
16 weeks
*
T reatm en ts s u p e r io r t o
t
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
s
t a t 1%
i
a t 3$
t
t
Cheok
i
t
t
t
(4 x )15NPK
t
*
(ipc)3QNPK t
Check
*
s
t
*
:
:
Check
t
s
>
t
t
*
t
I
t
t
t
t
j
t
t
*
t

19^ weeks
T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
at
i
a t 1^
t
(4 x ) 15NPK, Check*
4
(lpc)l5NPK
*
(i+x)30NPK
*
Check
»
t
j
s
t

Check

1
t
t
t

(1+x)15NPK
Check

- 71 Branch Development
Number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t 8 , 10, 12, 16^, and 19 weeks f o r
tr e e s i n E xperim ent I I and u n tr e a te d t r e e s i s p re s e n te d i n T able 27*
The 180NPK and check c u ltu r e s w hich had produced r e l a t i v e l y few
branched t r e e s a t 8 weeks ranked lo w e st i n t h i s r e s p e c t th ro u g h o u t th e
e x p erim en t.

In c re a s e i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s was g ra d u a l from

th e e ig h th t o th e t w e l f t h week, b u t was m arked betw een 12 and l 6 gr
weeks.
The F v a lu e s d e riv e d from th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r b ran ch ed
t r e e s a re p re s e n te d i n T able 2 8 .

S ig n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s a re caused

only by method o f a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s , and th e y o c cu r in th e
l a t e s ta g e s o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

However, d u rin g t h e e a r l y s ta g e s d i f ­

fe re n c e s a r e n o t f a r from s i g n i f i c a n t w ith F v a lu e s o f
4 .0 0 when 4»5U i s r e q u ir e d a t 5 p e r c e n t.

3*32, and

L ik ew ise, th e e f f e c t o f r a t e s

o f a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s a t 16^ and 19 weeks w ith F v a lu e s o f 3*10
and 3 *20, r e s p e c tiv e ly , i s n o t f a r s h o r t o f b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t , s in c e
an

F v a lu e o f 3 .68 would d em o n strate s ig n if ic a n c e a t 5 p e r c e n t.
Four a p p lic a tio n s o f n u t r i e n t s produced b ra n c h es on a s i g n i f i c a n t ­

ly g r e a te r number o f t r e e s th a n d id one a p p lic a tio n .
The 180NPK tre a tm e n t had produced no more b ran ch ed t r e e s th a n th e
check a f t e r 16-g-weeks, and th e r e was n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e
betw een th e two tr e a tm e n ts a f t e r 19 w eeks.

The form er c u ltu r e was s u r ­

passed a t 16§? and 19 weeks i n number o f branched t r e e s by a l l o th e r
c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g sup p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s .

The (i+x)30NFK c u ltu r e had

produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more bran ch ed t r e e s th a n th e 60NFK tr e a tm e n t; th e
120NPK, ( 14x ) 15NPK, and (4x)45NPK tre a tm e n ts s i g n i f i c a n t l y more th a n th e
1§0NPK tr e a tm e n t; and th e (i+x)30NPK tre a tm e n t v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y more

- 12 th a n th e 180NFK tr e a tm e n t a f t e r 16§- weeks*

At 19 weeks th e same con­

d i t i o n p re v a ile d *
Table 27* —Number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s on d i f f e r e n t d a te s ,
Experim ent I I , 1 9 4 3 ^ 4
Time a f t e r I n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
8 weeks » i d weeks 1 l 2 weeks t l 6 g weeks * i9 g~ weeks
T rees b ran ch ed - p e rc e n t o f t o t a l

T reatem ent
60NPK
120NPK
180NPK

* 32*5
t
* 3 0 .0
1
* 1 0 .0

3 5 .0

35*0

5 2 .5

5 5 .0

32*5

3 5 .0

6 0 .0

6 5 .0

15*0

2 2 .5

35*0

3 7 .5

32*5

37*5

6 7 .5

7 0 .0

47*5

5 0 .0

8 0 .0

82*5

35*o

4 o .o

6 5 .0

6 5 .O

1 0 .0

1 2 .5

35*0

35«o

7 .0

7 .3

8 .0

8 .0

8 .8

♦

*

*

23*9

26*4

3 3 .0

36*5

(4x)15NPK j 27*5
S
(4x)30NPK 1 45*0
(4x)45NPK * 3 5 .0
I
Check
:
7 .5
S ta n d a rd *
d e v ia tio n «
D ifferen ce*
betw een
*
tre a tm e n t t
means t o be
s ig n ifi- *
ca n t a t 5 *
and 1 p e r - t
cent
t

♦No s i g n i f i c a n t d iff e r e n c e s *

- 73 Table 2 8 . ~ F v a lu e s f o r number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t d i f ­
f e r e n t p e rio d s o f tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l t r e a t ­
m ents, E xperim ent I I , 19k3m
m
kk

R e p li­
c a tio n

tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
s 3 weeks t 10 weeks t 12 weeks *16tjr weeks
F v a lu e s
•
•
•
t
t
•
t
t
i
i 2 .5 0
*
2 .0 6
*
1.17
*
2.31*

Method

t

J4..IO

:

3 .3 2

j

I4..00

«

Rate

:
1
9
1

2 .2 5

2 .1 0
*
9
S
* • 1 .2 9

1

1 .3 0

*

3 .1 0

1
1

3 .2 0

*

0 .6 0

t

0 .6 0

*

0 .2 9

Source

Method x
ra te

2 .3 2

119^ w e e k s
t
t
*

11. 20** *

2 .2 9
7.7 0 +

♦ S ig n if ic a n t.
♦♦Very s i g n i f i c a n t .
The mean number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e f o r each tre a tm e n t i n
Experim ent I I 12ig> l 6|r, and 19 weeks a f t e r th e i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t i s shown
in Table 2 9 .
The summary o f F v a lu e s p re s e n te d i n T able 30 shows t h a t method o f
a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s produced a v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on th e number
o f b ranches p e r t r e e a t l 6 g and 19 w eeks, th e s p l i t a p p li c a ti o n b e in g
s u p e rio r to a s in g le a p p lic a tio n .
At 16^ weeks th e s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts a re s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r t o th e 60NPK tr e a tm e n t, th e (i|x)30NPK tr e a tm e n t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r t o th e 12QNPK tr e a tm e n t, and th e 120NPK tre a tm e n t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r t o th e 180NFK tr e a tm e n t.

At 19 weeks th e (l*x)l5NPK and (ljx)l|.5NPK ■

tre a tm e n ts a re s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r , and th e (l+x)30NPK tre a tm e n t i s v ery
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th e 180NPK tr e a tm e n t; and th e (ipc)30NPK t r e a t ­
ment i s s u p e r io r t o th e 60NPK and 120NPK tr e a tm e n ts .
At no tim e a re th e d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e s in g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n t r e a t ­
ments and th e check s i g n i f i c a n t .

The d if f e r e n c e i n number o f b ran ch es

T able 29* --Number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e 12-§-, l6 |r, and 19
w eeks a fte r

i n i t i a l t r e a t m e n t , E x p e r im e n t I I ,

1943- 24*
1
T reatm ent i
60NPK
120NPK
180NPK
(4x)l5NPK

*
3
*
*
*
3
t

(4x)30NPK

*
3
(4045NPK i
S
Check
i
3
S tan d ard
:
d e v ia tio n t
*
D iffe re n c e t
betw een
*
tre a tm e n t *
means to be*
s ig n if ic a n t*
a t 5 and 1 *
p e rc e n t
*

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
12'| weeks
*
16-g- weeks
*
B ranches p e r t r e e - number
*
0.68
1 .3 5
t
3
0 .6 0
t
3
1 .48
*
3
0 .4 8
O.5 8
*
3
t
3
0 .8 0
1.98
*
3
1.1 0
3
<
2 .4 3
3
0 .6 5
3
*
1 .9 5
0.1 5

1.20

*
*

0 .7 0

0 .9 5

2 .0 3
2 .5 5
1.9 5
1 .2 0

1.18

*
*
*

1 .2 9

*

*
*

0 .7 5

0 .9 3

*

*
*
*
*

1 .5 0

0 .8 5

0.2 8

*

1.4 5

t
*
s
s
*
*
*
*

*

0 .2 3

19 weeks

0 .3 1

Table 3 0. —P v a lu e s from a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r number
o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e , E xperim ent I I , 1943“4 4
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l
t
*1275- weeks *‘1 6 f weeks s 19 weeks
Source
*
f v a lu e s
*
*
W ithin p o t8*
0 .6 3 *
1.0 1
1 .2 7
t

tre a tm e n t
*
3?»

*

t
t

t
*

3

R e p lic a tio n *

1fo

3

0 .3 4

*

2 .5 1

*

1 .0 0

*
*
*
*

3 .0 4

*

2 .9 7

t

3 .2 9

3

1 4 .3 1 1** *

4*54

*
t
t

3

Methods

*

17.11** :

3

R ates
R ate8 x
methods

*
s
*
*

0 .3 0

♦♦V ery s i g n i f i c a n t .

2 .5 2

*

2 .2 0

*

3 .6 8

3
3

0 .6 0

*

0 .6 2

*

1

t
3 .6 8

*

8 .6 8

per t r e e betw een th e (ipc)30NPK and th e check tre a tm e n t i s v e ry s i g i n i f i c a n t
th ro u g h o u t th e experim ent*

The o th e r two s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n tre a tm e n ts were

not f a r s h o rt o f prod u cin g s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch es p e r t r e e th a n th e
oheok c u ltu r e th ro u g h o u t th e experim ent*
D ia m e te r o f S te m

Mean d ia m e te rs o f th e t r e e s a t t h e end o f t h e e x p erim en t f o r eaoh
tre a tm e n t o f E xperim ent I I and tre a tm e n t com parisons a re p re s e n te d i n
Table 31.

An a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e d e m o n strates a v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t

of method o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n , th e F v a lu e b e in g 1 6 .0 8 , w h ile 8*68 i s
needed fo r s ig n if ic a n c e a t 1 p e rc en t*

The e f f e c t s o f r a t e s o f a p p lic a tio n

and o f methods and r a t e s combined w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

The s p l i t a p p l i ­

c a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s produced t r e e s o f l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th e s in g le a l p lic a tio n *
The (ipOJ^NPK tre a tm e n t produced t r e e s w ith v ery s i g n i f i c a n t l y la r g e r
diam eters th a n a l l th e s in g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts , and th e (i4x ) l 5NPK
and th e (l|x)3QNPK tre a tm e n ts produced t r e e s w ith v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
la r g e r d iam eters th a n th e 60NPK and th e 120NPK tr e a tm e n ts and s i g n i f i c a n t ­
ly la r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th e 180NPK and (ijx)15NPK tr e a tm e n t s .

The d ia ­

m eters o f th e t r e e s i n a l l s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n tre a tm e n ts and th e 180NPK
tre a tm e n t were e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r th a n th o s e
o f th e oheck tre a tm e n t.

- 76 Table J l . —Mean d ia m e te r o f t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t t r e a t ­
m ents and a com parison o f d ia m e te rs by
tr e a tm e n ts , Experim ent I I , 19l+3-ij4
s
I

t

i

!

t

*
t
*

3 .3 5

t
t

*(24x ) 3onpk, (4x)45npk

T reatm ent t
60HPK
12QNPK

tre a tm e n ts s u p e r io r to tre a tm e n ts i n
column 1
<
at %
t
a t 1^
1

D iam eter
mm*

: (4x)30NPK, (4x)45NFK

3-31+

t

%

180JIPK

*
t

3*44

t

(4x)3onpk

i (4 *)45 npk

(4x)l5NPK

*
s

3*46

i

(4 * ) 30npk

i

(Jpc)3pNFK

*

3 .7 3

I

(I|jc)i+5NPK

t

3*83

1
1

Check

:

3 .3 )

S

(4 *)45 npk

t
f

S

S tan d ard
d e v ia tio n

t

i

0.08

i18onpk, (4* ) 15NPK

i (4 x )30 npk ,

t

s

*

t
t

i

1

t

D iffe re n c e i
betw een
t
tre a tm e n t t
means t o be*
s ig n ific a n t!
a t 3 and 1 *
p e rc e n t
t

I

:

!
t

*
t

t

1

i

:

0 .2 4
0 .3 3

(4 x )45 npk

I

Dry W eight o f S h o o t, R o o t, and E n t i r e T ree ,
and R oot-Shoot R a tio
The mean d ry w e ig h ts o f th e s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e t r e e , and th e
ro o t- s h o o t r a t i o o f each tre a tm e n t i n E xperim ent I I a re p re s e n te d i n T able 32
The F v a lu e s d e riv e d from a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e f o r e ac h o f th e c h a r­
a c t e r i s t i c s m entioned above a re p re s e n te d i n T able 33*

The method o f ap ­

p ly in g th e n u t r i e n t s produoed s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e w eig h t o f t h e
sh o o t and o f t h e e n t i r e t r e e .

The t r e e s r e c e iv in g fo u r a p p lic a tio n s o f n u t r i

e n ts were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th o s e r e c e iv in g o n e.

R ate o f a p p ly ­

in g n u t r i e n t s produced s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e w eig h t o f th e r o o t s ,
th e l i g h t e r a p p lic a tio n s produoing t r e e s w ith h e a v ie r r o o ts th a n th e

- 77 h e a v ie s t a p p l i c a t i o n .

R ate o f a p p li c a t io n produced alm o st s i g n i f i c a n t

e f f e c t s on r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o .
The (lpc)30NFK c u ltu r e w hich produced sh o o ts 0 .3 9 &Rd 0.1+2 g r . h e a v ie r
th a n th e 60NPK and 120NPK tr e a tm e n ts , r e s p e c tiv e l y , was s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r to th e l a t t e r tr e a tm e n ts .

I t was v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r

in sh o o t w eight and t o t a l p la n t w eig h t to th e ch eck .
T rees produced by th e 60NPK c u l tu r e had s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r r o o ts
th a n th o se produced by. th e 120NPK Bind (ipOi+^NPK tr e a tm e n ts , and v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r r o o ts th a n th o s e produoed b y th e 180NPK tre a tm e n t;
t r e e s produoed by th e (ipc)30NFK tr e a tm e n t had v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r
ro o ts th a n th o s e produced by th e 180NPK tr e a tm e n t; smd t r e e s produced by
th e (!4x ) 3QNFK tre a tm e n t had s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r r o o ts th a n th o s e p ro ­
duced by th e (l+x)l+5NPK tr e a tm e n t.

Only th e 60NPK and (l+x)30NPK t r e a t ­

ments produced t r e e s w ith h e a v ie r r o o ts th a n th e check c u l t u r e .

- 78 T a b le 3 2 .

--D r y w e ig h t o f s h o o t , r o o t , and e n t ir e
r o o t - s h o o t r a t i o f o r E x p e r im e n t I I ,
Shoot

T r ea tm en t

*

R oot
W e ig h t -

t
j

60NPK

1 .6 5

*

t

"" T o 'ta T

gr.

t r e e , and
1 9 4 3 ”i t 4
R o o t-sh o o t
r a tio

t

t

t

t

1 .0 4

t

t

2 .6 9

*

0.6 3

t

120NPK

*

1 .6 2

i

0 .8 3

*

2 .4 5

t

0.5 1

130NPK

i

1.67

*

0 .7 2

*

2 .3 9

*

0.4 3

(ipc)l5NFK

*

1.83

*

0 .8 9

*

2 .7 2

*

0 .4 9

(ipc)30NPK

t

2 .0 4

*

1 .0 3

*

3 .0 7

t

0 .5 0

(4*)45NPK

»

1.95

*

0 .7 9

*

2 .7 4

t

0 .4 1

C heck

t

1.59

t

0 .8 3

*

2 .4 2

1

O.52

S ta n d a r d
d e v ia tio n

t

0 .1 3

:

0 .0 6

t

0 .1 9

1

0 .1 5

D iffe r e n c e
b etw e en
tr e a tm e n t
m ean s t o b e
s ig n ific a n t

»
>
t
t
*

a t 5 and
percent

*
i

:

1

T a b le 3 3 *

j

t

i

t

i

t

0.33

i
:

0 .2 1

*
i

O.58

0.53

*

0 .2 9

*

0 .8 0

-* F v a lu e s f o r w e ig h t o f s h o o t , r o o t , e n t i r e t r e e ,
a n d r o o t - s h o o t r a t i o f o r E x p e r im e n t I I , 1 9 4 3 - 4 4

E n tir e
t
tr e e

F v a lu e s
R o o t-sh o o t
r a tio

S ource

Shoot

R oot

W ith in p o t s

0.35

0 .3 0 s

0.3 2

0 .17

R e p lic a tio n

0 .8 9

4*60e*

0.83

5 .8 3 ^

3 .2 9

5 .4 2

M e th o d

9 .5 9 *

0 . 67*1

4 .8 9 *

3 .0 5

4*54

8 .6 8

R ate

0.28

4*46**

0 .4 6

3 .6 1

3 .6 8

6 .3 6

M e th o d x
ra te

0.48

2 .5 5 *

1.18

0 .4 2

3 .6 8

6 .3 6

♦ S ig n ifle a n t.
♦♦V ery s i g n i f i c a n t .

%

1%

- 79 Summary n f R e s u lts

S p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts , i n w hich th e n u t r i e n t s w ere a p p lie d .
in fo u r e q u al am ounts, produced b e t t e r t r e e s th a n s in g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n t r e a t ­
m ents, i n w hich th e n u t r i e n t s were a p p lie d about fo u r weeks a f t e r th e
s e e d lin g s had g erm in ated ( F ig s . 2 and 3)»

S in g l e - a p p lic a tio n c u ltu r e s

produced t r e e s t h a t , i n m ost f e a t u r e s , were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t
from t r e e s produced by th e check tr e a tm e n t.

Stem le n g th was a f f e c t e d

a d v e rse ly to a g r e a t e r e x te n t th a n o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , th e 120NPK
and 18QNPK tre a tm e n ts p ro d u cin g t r e e s t h a t had s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r te r stem s
th a n th o se produced i n th e check c u l t u r e .

The 180NPK c u ltu r e d id p ro ­

duce t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i c a n t l y la r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th e check c u l t u r e .
However, th e (l+x)30NPK and (ipc)l+5NPK c u ltu r e s produced t r e e s w ith v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th e check c u l t u r e .

T rees from th e f o r ­

mer tre a tm e n t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th o s e from th e check c u ltu r e
in b ran ch in g , d ia m e te r, and w e ig h t; and th e y were th e e q u al o f th o s e from
th e l a t t e r i n stem le n g th and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o .
T his experim ent d e m o n strates t h a t young s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s resp o n d
more fa v o ra b ly to supplem ents o f n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m when
a g iv en amount o f th e s e n u t r i e n t s i s added t o th e s o i l i n fo u r e q u a l i n ­
s ta llm e n ts a t i n t e r v a l s o f 6 weeks th a n when added i n one a p p lic a tio n k
weeks a f t e r th e t r e e s have g e rm in a te d .

T h irty -p o u n d a p p lic a tio n s o f each

o f th e th r e e elem en ts gave g r e a te r re sp o n se th a n 15- o r 4 5 “P°«b<1 a p p lic a ­
tio n s .
Expa rim e n t I I I
S o il T reatm ent
The c h a r a c te r o f each s o i l tre a tm e n t i s , shown i n Table 3k*

T able 3U» “ “Type and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n i n E xperim ent I I I , 19U3~kU

T reatm ent
D e sig n a tio n

1

15

t Check
s

16 *20 C. P
3

*

18 *20 C .P.*(lpc)l5N
}

19 *10 P e a t
s

20

i

17 *20 C.P.*(l+x)l5NK *
$

1

1

J
*

:

3
-

1

*

i-

j

)

3

20

*

-

s1

20

*

-

*15

-

*

10*-

-

*

10*15

5

-

15

-

*15

-

15

-

*15

-

-

-

-

*15

-

-

-

*15

-

15

-

*15

15

15

-

*15

15

-

15

-

15

-

-

15

-

-

15

15

-

*5

15

15

-

-

15

-

15

w

15

-

30

75

m

15

30

75

-

-

-

132

-

-

-

-

-

528

-

-

1

H o .i

Time o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n
In advance o f
p la n tin g
March 30
F eb ru a ry 17
May 11
Jan u ary 7
C o llo id a l P e a t
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
phosphate moss N P2O5 KgO ash es* N P g 05 KgO a s h e s * N PgOq KgO ash es* N P2O5 KgO ashes*
Pounds p e r a c re
Tons p e r a c re
:
*
*
*
*
t
*
t
* - *-

■

-

3

:
s

20 *10 Peat+(lpc)15NPK*

15

3

10*-

*10 P e a t 20 C .P .i *
22 * (i|x )15NK
*

20

t
*

*
10*15

-

15

-

23 t( h x) 15N30P75K

-

*

- *15

30

75

-

*
3

*

3

3

3

3

115

-

15

-

*15

30

75

-

-

-

1*4

-

-

132

3

aU *332 Wood ash es
s

25 *1320 Wood ash es

*

-

*

*
3

3

-

- *-

-

■a

kk

3

*15
- *15
*

3

-

-

132

ew

*-

132
a>

*

t

'K5

20

21 *10 P e a t 20 C .P .

♦The wood ash es d e riv e d from tu rk e y oak and b lu e ja c k oak was a n aly z e d by th e S o ils D epartm ent, A g r ic u ltu r a l
E xperim ent S ta tio n , U n iv e rs ity o f F lo r id a . I t s c o m p o sitio n was CaCOj e q u iv a le n t 77*3 p e rc e n t; P2O5, 1.I+0S&;
KgO, 1*61$ ; lith iu m , caesium , chromium, vanadium , s i l v e r , t i n , eaeh 4 . 001%; n ic k e l and z in c , each . 003.006 p e rc e n t; zirconium , . 005“ .01$ ; co p p er, .008- . 03$ ; tita n iu m , . 01- . 0 5 b o ro n , . 03- .08^; rubidium ,
•03- .09 %} s tro n tiu m , b arium , i r o n , m anganese, and alumnum, each > . 1$ .

- 81 L en g th o f Stem
The a v e ra g e l e n g t h o f stem o f t h e t r e e s i n each tr e a tm e n t o f
E xperim ent I I I a t d i f f e r e n t p e r io d s o f tim e a f t e r th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
i s p r e s e n te d i n T a b le 3 5 *

Table 93 (A ppendix) shows how th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f stem le n g th
was handled f o r m easurem ents ta k e n a t th e end o f 6 w eeks, and T able 36 g iv e s
th e F v a lu e s d e riv e d from th e a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e c a lc u la te d a t th e end
of 12, IB, and 19g w eeks.

V ery s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th

are a t t r i b u t a b l e to s o i l tre a tm e n ts on each o b s e rv a tio n d ate*

A com parison

o f c u l t u r e s i s made i n T able 37*
S ev eral f a c t s w orthy o f n o te a re re v e a le d i n T able 37*

D uring th e

f i r s t 18 weeks none o f th e c u ltu r e s produced t r e e s t h a t were i n f e r i o r i n
stem le n g th to th e check tre a tm e n t*

However, a t th e end o f th e e x p erim en t,

th e t r e e s in th e (i+x)l5N30P75K tre a tm e n t (h ig h p o ta sh ) w ere i n f e r i o r to th e
u n tre a te d t r e e s .

I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t a t th e end o f 6 w eeks, th e see d ­

lin g s i n th e form er c u ltu r e were s u p e r io r t o th e l a t t e r .

E v id e n tly th e

(J+x)l5N30P75K tre a tm e n t i s n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y from th e s ta n d p o in t o f s u s ta in e d
grow th o f th e stem*

W hereas, o n ly i n t h e in s ta n c e j u s t n o te d , was a t r e a t ­

ment i n f e r i o r t o th e check, i t i s lik e w is e n o tew o rth y t h a t o n ly a few t r e a t ­
ments produced t r e e s w ith lo n g e r stem s th a n th e ch eck . Ait th e end o f s i x weeks
f iv e tr e a tm e n ts - 20C .P.*(4x)l5N K , 20C.P.*(2*x)15N, 10 P e a t, 10 P e a t 20 C .P.
+(4 x ) 15NK and (ipc) 114JN30P75K- had produoed t r e e s w ith lo n g e r stem s th a n th e
check (F ig s . 5 and 6 )»

A t th e end o f th e ex p erim en t o n ly th e tre a tm e n ts

c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate p lu s n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m
were i n t h i s c a te g o ry .

However, th e t r e e s i n c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d ­

a l phosphate and o o llo id a l p h o sp h ate , p e a t, n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m were
only 2 mm. s h o r t o f b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th o s e i n th e ch eck . W ith

- 32
T a b le

35*

-" M e a n l e n g t h o f s t e m a t d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s o f t i m e
a f t e r i n i t i a l t r e a t m e n t , E x p e r i m e n t I I I , 1943-44

20 C. P .

*
t
*
t
t
t
*

20 C. P. +
(ipc)l5NK

t
*

Treatm ent

6 weeks

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
* 12 weeks
* 18 weeks t 19s weeks
L ength o f stem - mm.
1 8 5 .4

* 2 37.2

8 5 .O

*
t
:

2 1 0 .9

* 263.1

*
t

8 9 .5

*
*

230.2

* : 2 8 2 .2

1 6 .0

*

8 9 .7

*

2 2 4 .2

* 2 7 4 .5

1 6 .4

89*6

* 2 2 1 .7

7 0 .3

*
1
t
:

171.8

1 3 .9

*
t
1
*

179.5

* 230.3

10 P e a t 20 C. P. i

1 0 .2

s

8 2 .9

*

199.7

* 2 48.1

10 P eat 20 C. P. *
+(1+x )15NK
*

1 6 .9

*
*

9 6 .8

:
*

2 1 6 .9

* 2 6 3 .4

(lpc)l5N30P75K

1 4 .6

*

6 7 .8

*

1 5 8 .4

1 207.3

8 .8

*

6 3 .3

*

131.8

* 2 32.1

*
t
t
1.31
»
*
*
*
3 -8
*
*
5 .1
*
*
4.3 5 * * *

7 0 .9

*
s
t
5*74
*
*
*
*
1 6 .6
*
*
2 2 .3
*
*
4 .1 3 #* *

192.2

* 2 4 6 .9

Check

10.1
12.2

t
*
t

15.3

20 C .P .f(i+ x)l5N , i
s
10 P e a t
:
t
10 P e a t +
i
(i+x)l5NPK
:

*
t
352 Wood a sh e s
*
t
1320 Wood ash es *
1
S tandard
t
d e v ia tio n
t
t
D iffe re n c e b e 1
rween tre a tm e n t *
meansto be s ig n i-*
f io a n t a t 5 and *
1 p e rc e n t
:
<
P v alu e tre a tm e n t*

1 1 .0

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t

6 6 .9

9 .6

*

10 .1

2 7 .6

*

2 9 .2

3 7 .3

*

3 9 .3

5.80#**

5»11**

- 33 Table 3 6 . —F v a lu e s from a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f stem
le n g th 12, 18, and 19§ weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l
tr e a tm e n t, E xperim ent I I I , 1943-44
6 weeks
Source
W ithin j a r s

0 .3 8

R e p lic a tio n

1.53

Treatm ent

tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
i 12 weeks
t 18 weeks t 19# weeks
P v a lu e s
»
t
t
*
0 .2 6
s
0.68
*
0 .3 9
t

35** t

♦♦Very s i g n i f i c a n t .

2 .2 5

*

2 .3 3

4*13**

t

$.30** *

!

2 .1 2
5.11**

'

8 J +

•

th e e x c e p tio n o f th e 10 Peat+(ijx)15NPK and (2pc)15N30P75K tr e a tm e n ts , w hich
had an advantage over th e check o n ly a t th e end o f 6 w eeks, th e c u ltu r e s
which produced t r e e s s u p e r io r i n stem le n g th to th e check tr e a tm e n t con­
ta in e d c o llo id a l phosphate*

A lthough a t t h e end o f 6 w eeks, th e o u ltu r e

c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate a lo n e was i n f e r i o r t o th e c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g
c o llo id a l phosp h ate p lu s n itr o g e n and th e tr e a tm e n t c o n ta in in g c o ll o i d d
phosphate, p e a t moss, n itr o g e n , and p o ta ssiu m , t h i s i n f e r i o r i t y was o f
s h o rt d u ra tio n sin c e a t a l l l a t e r d a te s no tre a tm e n ts were s u p e r io r
to i t .

A lthough th e r e a re sm all d if f e r e n c e s i n th e stem le n g th s o f th e

tr e e s i n th e th r e e c o l l o i d a l ph o sp h ate c u l t u r e s , th e d if f e r e n c e s a re
not s ig n if ic a n t.

In o th e r w ords, c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate a lo n e was ab o u t

as e f f e c t iv e i n s tim u la tin g stem grow th as #hen i t was supplem ented by
n itro g e n o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .

The a d d itio n o f p e a t moss t o c o l­

lo id a l phosp h ate w ith o r w ith o u t n itr o g e n and p o ta s h d id n o t in c re a s e
th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f t h e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .
P e a t moss alo n e d id n o t a f f e c t stem grow th, and p e a t moss p lu s
h itro g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m in flu e n c e d grow th o n ly te m p o ra ri­
ly as shown by th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f th e 10 Peat'f(i|x)l5N PK tre a tm e n t over
th e check tre a tm e n t a t th e end o f 6 w eeks.
Wood ash es d id n o t s tim u la te stem gro w th .

As shown i n Table 37*

th e s e tre a tm e n ts were a t no tim e s u p e r io r t o th e check.
Branch Development
The number o f branohed t r e e s i s e x p re sse d as a p e rc e n ta g e o f t o t a l
t r e e s i n Table 33*

The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e was computed on th e b a s is of

numbers o f branched t r e e s p e r p o t.

S o il tre a tm e n t produced v ery s i g n i f i ­

ca n t d if f e r e n c e s in th e number o f branched t r e e s betw een th e e ig h th and
tw e lf th week.

Table 3 7 . —Comparison o f stem le n g th , 6 , 12, 18, and 19J- weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l
tre a tm e n t
6 weeks’"
T reatm ent
rfo. D e sig n a tio n

a t lfc

at

15

Cheek

20,23

16

20 C. P.

18,22

17

20 C. P. +
(i*x)15NK

18

20 C. P . +
(W 1 5 N

19

10 P e a t

20

10 P e a t +
(i*x)15NPK

21

10 P e a t 20 C.P 23

22

10 P e a t 20 C.P
f(]+x)l5HK

23

(l4x)15N30P75K

2k

332 Wood ash es

25

1320 Wood
ash es

17.23

Time a f t e r i r i i t i a l tre a tm e n t
I
12 weeks
id
weeies
i
18 weeks
~ *
19ia weekiT
T reatm ents s u p e r io r t o tre a tm e n ts i n column T~
* a t $$
a t 1%
a t 1%
* at %
* a t 9$ t a t

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

*16

*17,18,22 *22

18,22

*16,17,18 *22

*21

1 6 ,1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

*17,18

*16

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

*22

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

*17

*16,17,18 *22

17,18

17,18

**25

1 7 ,1 3 ,2 2 ,2 3 *16,21

*17,18,22 *16,22

22

*22

*17,18

*18

*18

17

1 6 ,1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2
*16,22

17,18

*17

1 6 ,1 7 ,1 3 ,2 1 ,2 2 * 1 5 ,2 |
17,18

*16,22

17

*17

1 6 ,1 7 ,1 3 .2 1 ,2 2
17,18

- 36 T able 3 8 . --Number o f t r e e s branched a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s
o f tim e , E xperim ent I I I , 1 9 4 3 - 4 4
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
$ weeks j 10 weeks * 12 weeks t 16^- weeks
T reatm ent t
T rees b ran ch ed - p e rc e n t o f t o t a l
t
5 .0
1 5 .0
j
Check
*
1 7 .5
* 142.5
:

12.5

3 0 .0

t

4 2 .5

*

20 C. P . f i
(i+x)l5NK *

5 0 .0

5 0 .0

*

6 0 .0

t

20 C. P . +»
(4*)N
*

6 2 .5

6 2 .5

i
i

6 2 .5

10 P e a t

*

12.5

2 0 .0

1
s

2 5 .0

10 P e a t * *
(ilx)l5NPK *

5 2 .5

5 2 .5

*

10 P e a t 4
20 C. P. i

3 2 .5

3 5 .0

1

20 C. P .

10 P e a t
20 C. P.
(2+x ) 15NK

4 2 .5

5 7 .5

5 7 .5

7 7 .5

7 7 .5

*

6 7 .5

6 7 .5

7 0 .0

7 0 .0

6 2 .5

*
1
S
*

8 0 .0

8 0 .0

4 2 .5

*
*

5 5 .0

5 5 .0

7 5 .0

7 5 .0

t

1

t

i

*
t

t

(i+x)l5N
30P75*

*
* 4 5 ‘0

45»o

:
*
s
t
t

352 Wood
ashes

t
*

1 0 .0

*
1

i

19^ weeks

5 5 .0

55*0

5 .0

6 0 .0

t

t
4 7 .5

*

7 5 .0

7 5 .0

2 2 .5

:
*

67*5

6 7-5

55 >o

' 55-0

t

1320 Wood *
ash es
t

2 .5

5-o

S tan d ard i
d e v ia tio n s

3 .o

3 .0

D iffe re n c e i
betw een
i
tre a tm e n t :
means to t
be s ig n i - t
fic a n t a t t
5 and 1
t
p e rc e n t
t

t

1
*

*
1
t
*
t
1
t

17 .5

2 7 .6

*
1
*

2 6 .3

1
1
t

3 7 .1

*

3 5 .5

»

t
2 .9

! .

3 .5

3 .5

1.12

1.1 2

1
J

2 7 .6

3 7 .1

------------------- »—---------------- r
t

P value
*
tre a tm e n t t

5.53**

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t

at 1

4.35***

p erc en t.

4.49***

Table 39* — Comparison o f number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t v a rio u s p e rio d s o f tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l
tr e a tm e n t. E xperim ent II I * 19U3“bU

So. }

T reatm ent
D e sig n a tio n

* at %

t

15
16
17
18

tCheck
1
*20 C. P .
J
*20 C.P.t(l*x)l5N K
S
*20 C .P.t(lpc)15N

*

21

*

23

tim e a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
8 weeks
10 weeks
*
*
T reatm ents s u p e r io r to tr e a tm e n ts i n column 1
t
a t Y/o
1 at %
. a t 1%
* a t 5$
*
* 23
* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 3 t 17,23 1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
t

* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
1
s

* 13
1
:
s

12 weeks
*
a t 1%
*
* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
*
t
*
*
*
*

t

19
20
21
22

*10 P e a t
s
*10 Peat+(i^c)15NFK
1
*10 P e a t 10 C. P .
*
*10 P e a t 20 C. P . +
*(1+x)15NK

23

*(l+x)15N30P75K

21*

*352 Wood ash es
1
*1320 Wood a sh e s

25

*

23

*

13

* 1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
s
:
t
t
t
1
1
t

*

21

* 21

* 17
i

1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2

*
t
i
$

* 18
f

*
t
*
s

, 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 3 1
*
* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 3 *

*
t

* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
*
*
*
*
t
1
*
*
1

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 1 ,2 2 ,2 3

*

* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2

1 7 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,2 1 ,2 2 ,2 3

*

* 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 3

- 88 The f a c t t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n th e number o f b ran ch ed
t r e e s e x is t e d a f t e r 12 weeks d e m o n strates t h a t t h e c h ie f e f f e c t o f th e
tre a tm e n ts t h a t a f f e c t e d b ra n c h in g was to encourage e a r l y b ra n c h in g .
I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t , i n th e c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate
and n itr o g e n , no more t r e e s w ere b ran ch ed a t t h e end o f tw elv e weeks
th a n a t th e end o f e ig h t w eeks; and a t th e end o f 19^ w eeks, th e number
was o n ly s l i g h t l y g r e a te r th a n a t 8 w eeks.

A s im ila r tr e n d i s e v id e n t

in th e 20 C. P . +(i*x)l5NK, 10 P e a t *(i+x)15NPK, 10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(ipc)l5NK,
and (4x)15N30P75K c u ltu r e s a l l o f which caused e x te n s iv e e a r l y b ra n c h in g .
In th e check, p e a t, and wood a sh e s tre a tm e n ts where b ra n c h es w ere p a r t i ­
c u la r ly slow t o d e v e lo p , a marked in c r e a s e i n number o f b ra n c h ed t r e e s
o ccu rred betw een 12 weeks and 16^ w eeks.
T able 39 shows betw een w hich tre a tm e n ts s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s
i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s o c c u rre d a t 8 , 10, and 12 weeks a f t e r t h e
i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t.

The p a tte r n o f d if f e r e n c e s i s s im i la r to t h a t w hich

was found i n stem le n g th up to 12 weeks a f t e r th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t.
T h e re a fte r, how ever, t h e r e i s no s i m i l a r i t y .

I n g e n e r a l, d if f e r e n c e s

i n stem le n g th w hich w ere e x h ib ite d i n th e e a r l y p a r t o f th e e x p erim en t
s t i l l e x is te d when th e t r e e s w ere h a rv e s te d .
to b ra n c h in g .

T h is was n o t so w ith r e s p e c t

A lthough no tre a tm e n ts w ere i n f e r i o r t o th e check i n th e

number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s , o n ly f iv e tr e a tm e n ts - 20 C. P . +(1;jc)15NK,
20 C. P . *(ipc)15N, 10 P e a t +(i+x)15NPK, 10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(i;x)l5NK and
(i*x)l5N30P75K- w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th e check from th e e ig h th
to th e tw e lf th week, and one tr e a tm e n t- 10 P e a t 20 C. P . - was s u p e r io r
only a t th e end o f 8 w eeks.

The th re e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tre a tm e n ts

which c o n ta in e d a ls o n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m a g a in s ta n d
o u t; b u t two tr e a tm e n ts - 10 P e a t +(ipc)15NPK and (i+x)l5N30P75K- w hich

- 89 d id n o t in c r e a s e stem grow th, d id s tim u la te b ra n c h developm ent ( F ig . 5 )•
I t should be n o te d t h a t th e c u ltu r e i n w hich p e a t was supplem ented by
r e a d ily a v a il a b le n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m encouraged e a r ly
b ran ch in g , w hereas th e c u ltu r e to w hich o n ly p e a t was added d id n o t.
From t h i s , i t a p p ea rs as though th e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s r a t h e r
th a n th e p e a t moss were r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e in c r e a s e i n e a r l y b ra n c h in g .
The (ipc)15N30P75K c u ltu r e ( r a t h e r heavy a p p lic a tio n s o f KgO and
d id not produce s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch ed t r e e s th a n th e c o l l o i d a l
phosphate tre a tm e n ts t o w hich s m a lle r amounts o f r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n i t r o ­
gen o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m had b een added.
The w ood-ash tre a tm e n ts d id n o t a f f e c t b ra n c h in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
A lthough s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s do n o t
e x i s t betw een th e check and any o f th e o th e r tre a tm e n ts a t th e end o f
th e e x p erim en t, T able 33 shows t h a t a l l tre a tm e n ts exceeded th e check in
number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t t h a t tim e .
Number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e , re c o rd e d f o r t h e f i r s t tim e a t t h e end
of 13 w eeks, i s shown f o r t h i s and l a t e r d a te s i n T able 2j.O.

A lthough

c o n sid e ra b le d if f e r e n c e s in th e number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e i s e v id e n t,
t

th e a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e re v e a l t h a t o n ly a t th e t h i r t e e n t h week a re th e s e
d if f e r e n c e s s i g n i f i c a n t .

L a te r th e s ta n d a rd e r r o r o f th e mean i s so la r g e

(O.24.5 i n e ac h c a s e ) t h a t wide d i f f e r e n c e s - l a r g e r th a n th o s e e x i s t i n g - a re
n e c e ssa ry t o d em o n strate s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in th e m eans.

In t h i s

co n n ectio n i t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s showed no s i g ­
n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een tre a tm e n ts on th e d a te s o f t h e l a s t two ob­
s e r v a tio n s .
A com parison o f each tre a tm e n t w ith ev ery o th e r tre a tm e n t i n th e
number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e i s p re s e n te d i n Table 24.1 .

A com parison o f th e

- 90 d a ta i n t h i s t a b l e w ith th o s e i n Table 39 r e v e a ls o n ly m inor d if f e r e n c e s
betw een th e tw o.

A m a jo r ity o f th e d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ra n c h e s p e r

t r e e a re a t th e 5 p e rc e n t l e v e l , w hereas a l l b u t one o f th e d if f e r e n c e s
i n number o f b ranched t r e e s a re a t th e 1 p e rc e n t l e v e l .

The (l+x)15N30P75K

c u ltu r e w hich had produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t r e e s w ith b ra n c h es th a n
th e check and 1320 wood a sh e s tre a tm e n ts a t t h e end o f 12 weeks d id n o t
y ie ld t r e e s w ith more b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e a t th e end o f 13 w eeks.

The

10 P e a t tr e a tm e n t, w hich was i n f e r i o r to s e v e r a l tre a tm e n ts i n number o f
branched t r e e s a f t e r tw e lv e weeks was i n f e r i o r o n ly to th e 10 P e a t
20 C. P . +(ipc)l5NK tr e a tm e n t i n number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e a f t e r 13
weeks.
The 20 C. P . +(lpc)l5NK, 10 P e a t +(l+x)l5NPK, and (ipc)l5N30P75K
c u ltu r e s produced th e g r e a t e s t number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e .

The number

was n o tic e a b ly g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e ch eck , b u t th e d if f e r e n c e s were
not s ig n ific a n t.
Stem d ia m e te rs o f th e t r e e s i n each tr e a tm e n t and a com parison
between tre a tm e n ts a re p re s e n te d i n T able L\2»

The d e f i n i t e s u p e r i o r i t y

o f th e 20 C. P . f(l+ x )l5 M , 20 C. P . +(i+x)l5N, 10 P e a t + (2 j.x ) 1 5 N K , and
10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(ij.x)15NK tr e a tm e n ts i s q u ic k ly e v id e n t from an ex­
am in atio n o f T able Ij2.

No tr e a tm e n ts a re s u p e r io r t o them , and s e v e r a l,

in c lu d in g th e check, a re i n f e r i o r .

Three o f t h e fo u r tr e a tm e n ts t h a t

produced c o n s is te n tly l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n s e v e r a l o f t h e tr e a tm e n ts
c o n tain ed c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .

-

91

-

Table I4.O. —Mean number o f branches per tr e e 13, 16^,
and 19 weeks a ft e r i n i t i a l treatm ent,
Experiment I I I , 1943“4U
t

Treatm ent

t
t

Check

t

20 C. P.

*

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
13 weeks
s
1&|- weeks
t
19 weeks
B ranches p e r t r e e - number
0 .2 3

1
s

1.1 3

*

1 .17

1 .1 5

:

1 .5 8

1
X

1.83

X

s

20 C.P.+(2+x )15NK

:

1 .7 0

*

2 .2 3

*

2 .2 7

20 C.P.+(i*x)l5N

1

1 .3 8

*

1 .9 0

1

2 .0 2

10 P eat

i

0 .6 3

*

2 .0 3

1

2 .0 5

10 Peat+(i|x)l5NPK *

1 .4 5

*

2 .9 3

*

2 .9 3

10 P eat 20 C. P .

1 .1 5

*

1 .3 0

1

1 .7 0

*
s

s

10 P e a t 20 C .P.+
(4x) 15NK

1
I

X

(1+x )15N30P75k
352 Wood a sh e s

X

X

*

2 .1 5

1 .5 2

*

2 .1 5

*

0 .9 8

*

2 .5 0

*

2 .5 5

t

0 .3 8

*

2 .0 3

1

2 .0 5

0 .3 8

I

1 .5 8

I

x

X

X

1320 Wood ash es

t
X

X

S tan d ard
d e v ia tio n

1
t

X
1
1
1

0 .3 0 •

X

D iffere n c e b e tween tre a tm e n t
means to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 3 and
1 p e rc e n t

t
t
1
t
s
:
F v alu e tr e a tm e n t t

X

0 .4 5

X
t

*
t

1 .1 8

t

t

i

t

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p ercen t.

t

0.4 5

t

0 .8 8

2 *90*

1 .7 0

t

1 .07

*

1 .0 6

-

92

-

Table 41 • — Comparison o f number o f branches per tr e e
13 weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm ent,
Experiment I I I , 1943*44
*

Treatm ent:
D e sig n a tio n

No.

i

15

*Cheek

*

*

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to t r e a t m ents i n column 1
at
*
a t 1%

*

16

17
18

*

*20 C. P.

!

t

i

*
1
t
1

S

1

*20 C. P .

*
i
*

16,18,21

1 7 , 2 0 ,2 2

*(4 x ) 15nk
*20

c . P . +(4*)15N

*

10 P e a t

19

:

20

*10 P e a t +
,(4x)15NFK

21

*

*10 P e a t 20 C. P .
*(4x)l5NK

23

*(4 x )15N30F75K
s
*352 Wood ash es
*
*1320 Wood ash es

25

1 7 ,2 2

*

t

t

1

2
*

t
*

*

*

*10 P e a t 20 C. P.

22

24

*
t

*

18,20,22

*

17

*

18,20,22

*

17

- 93 Table 42* —Mean diam eter o f stem and comparison o f stem
diam eters 19l| weeks a ft e r i n i t i a l trea tm en t.
Experiment I I I , 1943*44
T reatm ent.
No* t D e sig n a tio n t D iam eter - mm.
jCheck
2
:2 0 C. P .
1
*20C.P.+(J+x)
il5NK

t
*
*
2
s
t

j2 0 C .P .+ (4 * )
tl5N
t
*10 P e a t

t
:
2
*

*10 P e a t f
r:(lpc)15NPK

*
:

3 .9 0

21

*10 P e a t 20C.P.:

3-71

22

*10 P e a t 20C.B*
t f ( U x ) 15NK
*

4 .1 1

15
16
17
18
19
20

23

*(l|x) 15N30P75K:
1
2
2k *352 Wood
*
«ash es
*
i
2
25 *1320 Wood
1
sashes
t
s
t
S tan dard
:
d e v ia tio n
j
2
D iffe re n c e be*
:
tween tr e a tm e n t
t
means t o be s i g - s
n i f i c a n t a t 5 and *
1 p e rc e n t
s
i
P v alu e tr e a tm e n t *

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r t o
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
a t 1%
at
t
1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2

3-46
3.68

18

J+.14

t
t
1
t
t
:

17,22

3 .9 5
s
: 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
s
t
i
s
17,22
:
>
*
s

3 .4 8

3*39

16,21

t 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
2

3*4+

21

1 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
t
t
t 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
1
t
t
t
t

3.48
0 .0 9

0 .2 7
0 .3 6
*

9 . 26**

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r o e n t.

t
t
t
t
*

-9kDry W eight o f S h o o t, R oot, E n tir e T re e , and
R oot-Shoot R a tio
The mean w eig h t o f t h e sh o o t and a com parison o f t h e w e ig h ts
by tre a tm e n ts a re p re s e n te d i n Table i+3•

Mean w e ig h ts range from 1 .62

to 2*82+ g r . , w hich means t h a t th e a v erag e w e ig h t o f th e h e a v ie s t t r e e s
was more th a n 75 p e rc e n t g r e a t e r th a n th e av erag e w e ig h t o f t h e l i g h t e s t
tre e s *

T his i s a g r e a t e r d if f e r e n c e th a n i s found i n h e ig h t and d ia m e te r,

in w hich th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h e b e s t o v er th e p o o re s t was 36 and 22
p e rc e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly .

On th e o th e r hand, th e s u p e r i o r i t y i n e a r l y b ra n c h ­

in g o f th e b e s t over th e p o o re s t tre a tm e n t was 2500 p e r c e n t.

T h is , t o ­

g e th e r w ith th e n o tic e a b ly g r e a te r d e n s ity o f n e e d le s i n th e s u p e r io r
tr e e s (seei P ig . 5 ) . a cc o u n ts f o r th e marked d if f e r e n c e i n w e ig h t b e ­
tween th e h e a v ie s t and l i g h t e s t t r e e s .

T rees t h a t b ra n c h e a r l y have th e

o p p o rtu n ity to develop lo n g e r and h e a v ie r b ra n c h es p r i o r to th e tim e o f
h a r v e s t.

This undo u b ted ly c o n tr ib u te s c o n s id e ra b le t o th e w e ig h t o f

th e se t r e e s .
No tre a tm e n ts produced t r e e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l i g h t e r i n w e ig h t
th a n th e check; and th r e e tr e a tm e n ts - 20 C. P . *(l+x)15NK, 20 C. P .
t( i 4Jc)15N, and 10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(l+x)15NK- a l l o f w hich c o n ta in e d c o l ­
lo id a l p h o sp h ate , produoed t r e e s v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th e
check.

I t i s n o tew orthy t h a t th e t r e e s from th r e e o th e r tr e a tm e n ts -

20 C. P.,. 10 P e a t +(ipc)15NPK, and 10 P e a t 20 C. P . - w ith mean w e ig h ts
0.2+7, 0«50, and O.I4.O g r . g r e a te r th a n th e t r e e s from th e cheok were
very n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th e l a t t e r .

Two o f th e s e con­

ta in e d o o llo id a l p h o sp h a te .
When n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m to g e th e r w ith c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate
were added, th e t r e e s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n when o n ly c o l l o i d a l

- 95 Table k 5 • “"Mean d ry w e ig h t o f sh o o t and com parison o f sh o o t
w e ig h ts , E xperim ent I I I , l$ k }-k k
T reatm ent
So* t D e sig n a tio n
t
tCheck
,
15
s
16 *20 C. P .
3
17 320 C. P. *
3(i+x)l5NK

t Dry w eig h t
t of shoot
«
g r.
*
t
1.83
t
*
2 .3 0
>
3
2.81+
3

320 C. P . +
*0*x)l5N
t
3i0 P e a t

3
1
J
3

310 P e a t +
s(1+x)15NPK

3
s

2.3 3

21

310 P e a t ^O C .P .3

2 .2 3

22

310 P e a t 20 C. P*
3+(4x)15NK
3

2 .7 0

3(1+x)15N30P75k

3

1.6 2

3352 Wood a sh e s 3
1
t
25 31320 Wood ash ess
*
S tan dard
t
d e v ia tio n
t
t
D iffe re n c e betw een t
tre a tm e n t means t o s
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t
t
5 and 1 p e rc e n t
*

1.85

18

19
20

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r t o
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
ah 1%
ah % 3
3
1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2
17

3
3
3

2 .7 8
1.81

3

20

3

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

3
3
17,18

3
3
3
3

23
2k

F v alu e tre a tm e n t

t
t

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 2
3

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

3

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

1.95
3
3

0 .1 7

3
3
3

0 .5 1

3
3

0 .6 9

3
3

5 .8 1 ^

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p ercen t.

3

-

96

p h osphate was added t o th e s o il*

-

N itro g e n , when combined i n th e c u ltu r e

w ith c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te , d id n o t produce t r e e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n
th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tr e a tm e n t, a lth o u g h th e d if f e r e n c e (O .I48 g r . )
was n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t ( 0 .5 1 g r . needed f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ) .
The d ry w e ig h t o f th e r o o ts and a com parison o f th e w e ig h ts by
tre a tm e n ts a r e p re s e n te d i n T able J4I4..

The mean w e ig h ts o f th e r o o ts

range from 0.8i+ t o 1 .6 7 g r . , th u s th e tr e a tm e n t w hich produced th e h e a v ie s t
t r e e ro o ts y ie ld e d t r e e s whose r o o ts w eighed n e a r ly tw ic e a s much a s th o s e
f o r t h e tre a tm e n t

p ro d u c in g th e l i g h e s t r o o t s .

The r e l a t i v e d if f e r e n c e

average w eig h t betw een th e h e a v ie s t and l i g h t e s t r o o ts i s g r e a t e r th a n
t h a t betw een th e t o p s .
The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e o f r o o t w eig h t d e m o n strates a v e ry s i g n i f i ­
can t d if f e r e n c e betw een some tr e a tm e n ts .

T able 1(4 shows t h a t th e 10 P e a t

20 C. P . +(4 x ) 15NK tr e a tm e n t i s th e o u ts ta n d in g one i n so f a r a s r o o t
w eight i s co n cern ed , th e r o o ts o f th e t r e e s from t h i s tr e a tm e n t b e in g
very s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r t h a t th e r o o ts from sev en tr e a tm e n ts , and s i g ­
n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th e r o o ts from one tr e a tm e n t.

The c o l l o i d a l p h o s-

p h a te - n itro g e n c u ltu r e i s s u p e r io r to fo u r tr e a tm e n ts ; b u t t h e c o l l o i d a l
p h o s p h a te -n itro g e n -p o ta s s iu m c u l t u r e , w hich in o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
showed s u p e r i o r i t y o v er j u s t ab o u t th e same tr e a tm e n ts a s th e fo rm er, f a i l s
to show s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y i n r o o t w e ig h t o v e r th e s e tr e a tm e n ts and
i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r t o th e p e a t - c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te -n itro g e n p o tassium c u l t u r e .
On th e w hole, th e r e a re s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n r o o t w e ig h t b e­
tw een few er tre a tm e n ts th a n i n sh o o t w e ig h t,.
The d ry w eig h t o f th e e n t i r e t r e e , com parisons o f w e ig h ts by t r e a t ­
m ents, and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s a re shown i n Table i+5*

The w e ig h ts f a l l in to

-

97

-

T ab le 4 4 » —Mean d ry w e ig h t o f r o o t and co m p ariso n o f
r o o t w e ig h ts . E x p erim en t I I I , 1 9 4 3 - 4 4

T reatm ent
No. i D e sig n a tio n
*
*Check
15

*
*
t
:
*

16

*20 C. P .

*

17

*20 C. P . +
*(l+x)15NK
1
*20 C. P . ♦
*(l|x ) 15N
t
*10 P e a t

*
*
•
*
*
1
*
t
i
*

18

19

s

20
21
22

*10 P e a t +
*(ipc)l5NPK

*10 P e a t 20 C .P .*
1
t
*10 P e a t 20 C .P.*
*f(i+x)l5NK
*

*(l4x ) 15N30P75K *
1
t
*352
Wood
ash
es
*
24
1
3
*1320
Wood
ashes*
25
1
S tan d ard
*
d e v ia tio n
t
1
D iffe re n c e betw een *
tre a tm e n t means to *
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t
*
5 and 1 p e rc e n t
*
23

Dry w eig h t t
o f ro o t
*
g r.
*
0 .8 4

*

1 .0 9

*

1 .2 0

*

t

*
t
t
22

18,22
22

t
*
*

i .44

*

0 .9 2

*

1 .2 6
1 .1 0

22

t

*
*
*
t

*

*

22 '

1.67

*

*
:*
*

1 .0 7

*

0 .8 4

»

0 .8 6

*

0 .1 5

*

0 .4 5

*

0 .5 6

*

3»15**

*

t

F v alu e tr e a tm e n t

T reatm en ts s u p e r io r t o
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
at 5 % ,
a t 1%

18

22
*
*

18,22
*
*
t
*
*
*
*
t

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p ercen t.

18,22

t

-

T a b le 4 5 *

18
19
20

-

— D ry w e ig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e , r o o t - s h o o t r a t i o ,
c o m p a r is o n o f t r e e w e ig h t s b y t r e a t m e n t s ,
E x p e r im e n t I I I , 1 9 4 3 - 4 4

T reatm ent
No. * D e sig n a tio n
i
15 iCheck
3
16 *20 C. P .
17

93

Dry w e ig h tfT re a tm e n ts s u p e r io r
o f e n t i r e *to tre a tm e n ts in
t r e e - g r . *column 1
t ax 5% *
a t 1%

*R oot-shoot
* ra tio

2 .6 8

* 16,21 *

17, 18, 2 0 ,2 2 *

0 .1+6

3 .3 9

* 17,18 *
3
3
3
3

22 *

0.4 7

*

0 .1+2

*20 c. P . +
*(ipc)l5M

4 -0 4

*20 C. P . f
,(1+x )15N

4 .2 2

*10 P e a t
3
*10 P e a t * .
*(i*x)15NPK

and

2 .7 2

3.59

8
3

3
8

*

O.52

*

16 *

17, 18, 2 0 ,2 2 *

0 .5 1

*

*

<

18 *

22 *

0 .5 4

18,22 *

0 .4 9

*

0 .6 2

3

21

*10 P e a t 20 C. P .

3.34

3

22

23

*10 P e a t 20 C. P . X
*+(i+x)l5NK
1+.38
*(1+x )15N30F75K

*

17 *

*

*

*

*

*

*

2 .6 9

*

16 * 17, 18, 20, 21,22 *

0 .6 6

2 .7 0

*

16 * 1 7 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,2 1 ,2 2

*

0 .4 5

2 .8 1

*

20

*

o.i+4

*

0 . 0$

*

1.6 3

3

24

*352 Wood a sh e s
3

25

*1320 Wood a sh e s

*

s

*

*

*

S tan dard d e v ia tio n

0 .2 2

D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5
and 1 p e rc e n t

1

*

0.63

*

*

O.8 5

t

*

4•

«•

*

*

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t

Q »67**

♦ ♦ S ig n ifica n t a t 1 p e r ce n t.

1 7 ,1 8 ,2 2

- 99 -

th re e b ro a d c la s s e s } below 3 g r . , from 3 to 1+ g r . , and o v er I4. g r .
T rees from t h e c u l t u r e w ith th e h i g h e s t mean w e ig h t (i+-38 g r . ) a r e
more th a n 63 p e r c e n t h e a v ie r th a n th o s e from th e c u l t u r e w ith th e low ­
e s t mean w e ig h t ( 2.68 g r . ) .

The t r e e s from th e check tre a tm e n t were n o t s u p e r io r i n w eig h t
to t r e e s from any o th e r c u ltu r e s and w ere i n f e r i o r to th o s e from s ix
c u l tu r e s , f iv e o f which in c lu d e d c o l l o i d s l p h o sp h ate as a l l o r a p a r t
o f th e tr e a tm e n t.

The one tr e a tm e n t n o t c o n ta in in g c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate

c o n ta in e d p e a t moss and r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and
p o tassiu m .

A ll c u ltu r e s w hich produced t r e e s w ith a mean w e ig h t i n

ex cess o f I4. g r . c o n ta in e d c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate i n a d d itio n to r e a d i l y
a v a ila b le form s o f n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .

The f a c t t h a t

th e t r e e s from th e 20 C. P . t(l+x)l5NK and 10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(ipc)l5NK
tre a tm e n ts a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th o s e from th e 20 C. P .
t(ipc)15N tre a tm e n t r a i s e s some doubt a s t o th e v a lu e o f p o ta ssiu m i n
tre a tm e n ts c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .
I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t , w hereas th e c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l
phosphate a lo n e i s n o t s u p e r io r to th e check a t th e end o f th e e x p e r i­
ment i n th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d is c u s s e d p r e v io u s ly , i t i s s u p e r io r i n
w eight o f th e e n t i r e t r e e .
on t r e e w e ig h ts .

In c o n t r a s t , p e a t moss a lo n e had no e f f e c t

When c o l l o i d a l pho sp h ate i s added w ith t h e p e a t m oss,

t r e e w eig h t i s in c re a s e d enough to make th e t r e e s from t h i s tre a tm e n t
s u p e rio r t o th o s e from th e check and o n ly 0 .0 1 g r . s h o r t o f b e in g
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th o se from th e p e a t tr e a tm e n t.

O bviously,

c o llo id a l pho sp h ate i s an im p o rta n t f a c t o r i n in f lu e n c in g t r e e w e ig h t.
Wood a sh e s produced no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t r e e w e ig h t.

- 100 -

R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o s , a lth o u g h ra n g in g from 0.4 3 t o 0 .6 8 , d id n o t
show s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s owing to th e la r g e s ta n d a rd e r r o r o f t h e
e r r o r te rm i n th e e x p e rim e n t.

A s tu d y o f th e r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s

in d ic a te s no tr e n d t h a t oan be r e l a t e d t o ty p e o f tr e a tm e n t.

101
Summary o f R e s u lt s

T his experim ent d em o n strates c o n v in c in g ly t h a t t o im prove th e
q u a lity o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s grown in N o rfo lk san d , f i s t , th e
p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n o f th e s o i l m ust be im proved and s e c o n d ly , sup­
p lem en tal r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m m ust
be a p p lie d .

N e ith e r th e a d d itio n o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate o r p e a t moss

, alone n o r th e a d d itio n o f r e a d i l y a v a il a b le

n u t r i e n t s a lo n e produced

much re sp o n se i n th e s e e d lin g s , b u t when co m b in atio n s o f th e s e w ere ap­
p lie d to th e s o i l , th e re sp o n se o f th e t r e e s was o u tsta n d in g #
N itro g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m , when added to s o i l s u p p lie d
w ith 10 to n s o f p e a t m oss, d id n o t cau se a s much re sp o n se i n th e t r e e s
as when added t o s o i l s u p p lie d w ith 20 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l phosphate#

The

p e a t moss, when combined w ith c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate and r e a d i l y a v a ila b le
n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , a p p a r e n tly made no c o n tr ib u tio n to th e n u t r i t i o n
o f th e s e e d lin g s as e v id en c e d by th e g r e a t s i m i l a r i t y o f t r e e s i n th e
10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(ij.x)15NK and 20 C. P . $(i+x)15NK c u ltu re s #

The

s i m i l a r i t y o f th e t r e e s i n th e 20 C# P« +(l+x)151S’ and th e 20 C# P .
■f(ipc)15NK c u ltu r e s su g g e s ts t h a t p o ta ssiu m h as c o n tr ib u te d l i t t l e , i f
a n y th in g , to th e n u t r i t i o n o f th e

tre e s .

Response o f th e s e e d lin g s t o c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate and r e a d ily
a v a ila b le n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m was o f about t h e same de­
gree o f m agnitude i n stem le n g th , b ra n c h in g , d ia m e te r, and w eight#
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o was e v id e n t, how ever.
Wood a sh e s was i n e f f e c t i v e i n c a u s in g a re sp o n se by s la s h p in e
s e e d lin g s .

No

102
Calcium and Phosphorous
A nalysis o f N eedles

T rees from fo u r tr e a tm e n ts w hich had produced s e e d lin g s s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th o s e o f th e check in a number o f c h a r a c t e r i s ­
t i c s were chosen f o r a n a n a ly s is o f phosphorous and c alc iu m .

The

a n a ly se s were lim ite d to th o s e two elem en ts s in c e th e c o l l o i d a l phos­
p h ate tr e a tm e n ts - h ig h i n phosphorous and calc iu m - had produced such
s u p e rio r t r e e s , and it.a p p e a r e d t h a t th e s e two n u t r i e n t s m ig h t be con­
trib u tin g f a c to rs .

The tre a tm e n ts chosen were* check, 6QN, 60P, 20 C. P . ,

and 20 C. P . +(l+x)15NK.

The d e te rm in a tio n s o f phosphorous and calciu m

were made on th e n e e d le s o f a t r e e s e le o te d a t random from each r e ­
p l i c a t i o n o f e a c h tr e a tm e n t by th e m ethods d e s c rib e d by t h e A s s o c ia tio n
o f O f f i c i a l A g r ic u ltu r a l C hem ists (191+0).

The r e s u l t s o f th e s e a n a ly s e s

a re shown i n T able 1+6Table 1+6. —The phosphorous and calciu m c o n te n t o f n e e d le s o f
s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s grown i n t r e a t e d and un­
t r e a t e d N o rfo lk sand

Treatm ent

t
Phosphorous
* Dig. p e r
P e rc e n t o f
tre e
t
d ry w eight

Check

*

2.30

0 .2 2

5 .2

*

0.50

60N

t

1.70

0.23

3 .5

*

0 .I+7

60P

«

2.95

0 .2 1

6 .9

1

o.i+9

20 C. P.

:

2.90

Mg. p e r
tre e

Calcium
1 P e rc e n t o f
t d ry w eig h t
t

s
0 .2 0

6.7

<

0 .1+6

t
20 C.P.*(l+x)l5NK
S tandard d e v ia tio n

*
t

k>U
0 .2 0

0 .2 2
0 .0 2

9-7

*

0.51

0.25

s
1

0.18

- 103 The amounts o f phosphorous and c alc iu m , e x p re ss e d i n te rm s o f
p e rc e n t o f th e d r y w eig h t o f th e n e e d le s , v a ry o n ly s l i g h t l y f o r t r e e s
from d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts .

W ilde (194^* 294) found a s im ila r r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip f o r phosphorous i n o n e -y e a r-o ld w h ite a sh s e e d lin g s grown i n fo u r
d iffe re n t s o il c u ltu re s .

He r e p o r ts th e P c o n te n t o f th e s e s e e d lin g s

to be 0.17 to 0 .1 9 p e r c e n t, w hich i s o n ly s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n th e 0 .2 0
to 0.23 p e rc e n t o f P i n th e s la s h p in e n e e d le s .

In th e same r e p o r t ,

W ilde shows t h a t th e P c o n te n t o f red p in e s e e d lin g s was in c re a s e d from
0.1 7 p e rc e n t to 0 .2 9 p e rc e n t by th e a p p lic a tio n o f a non-legum e g re e n
manure.
A nalyses o f v a ria n c e a p p lie d t o th e d a ta fo r b o th elem en ts re v e a l
no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een tr e a tm e n ts , th e F v a lu e f o r phos­
phorous b e in g 0«55» and f o r c alc iu m b e in g 0 .0 1 .

The amounts o f phos­

phorous and caloium , when e x p re ss e d a s mg* p e r t r e e , show a w ide
v a r ia tio n betw een o u l t u r e s .

A nalyses o f v a ria n c e d e m o n strate t h a t t h e

d if f e r e n c e s betw een tre a tm e n ts i n amounts o f c alc iu m and phosphorous i n
mg. a re v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

A com parison o f e f f e c t o f s o i l tr e a tm e n t

on phosphorous and c alc iu m c o n te n t o f th e n e e d le s o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s
i s shown i n Table 47•
The s u p e r i o r i t y o f 20 C. P . +(4x)15NK tr e a tm e n t o v er th e o th e r
fo u r tre a tm e n ts i n th e c alc iu m c o n te n t o f th e t r e e n e e d le s i s e v id e n t
i n Table 47*

I t was a lm o st e q u a lly s u p e r io r i n th e phosphorous c o n te n t

o f th e t r e e n e e d le s .

A ll th r e e c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g phosphorous and

calcium produced t r e e s w ith a h ig h e r c alc iu m c o n te n t i n th e n e e d le s th a n
th o se o f th e check and th e n itr o g e n c u l t u r e s .

In c o n t r a s t , o n ly th e

c o llo id a l phosp h ate tre a tm e n t w ith n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m was s u p e r io r

-

10k -

to th e checkj and i t and th e 60P tre a tm e n t were s u p e r io r t o th e n itr o g e n
c u ltu r e i n th e c o n te n t o f phosphorous i n th e t r e e n e ed le s*
The f a c t t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e tre a tm e n ts in th e
p e rc en ta g e o f phosphorous and c alc iu m i n th e s e e d lin g n e e d le s do n o t
e x i s t , b u t t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s do e x i s t betw een tr e a tm e n t means
in th e w e ig h t o f phosphorous and c alc iu m i n th e n e e d le s r e v e a ls t h a t
th e l a t t e r d if f e r e n c e s a re due t o d if f e r e n c e s i n th e w e ig h t o f n e e d le s
produced by t r e e s from d i f f e r e n t c u ltu re s *
I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t th e 20

C. P . tfi+xJlJNK tre a tm e n t produoed

tr e e s w ith g r e a t e r amounts o f c alc iu m and phosphorous i n th e n e e d le s
th a n th e 20 C. P . tr e a tm e n t.

O b v io u sly , th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate by

i t s e l f d id n o t in c r e a s e th e in ta k e o f phosphorous by th e p l a n t s . However,
when n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m were in c lu d e d w ith th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate ,
th e in ta k e o f phosphorous was in o re a s e d , as was u n d o u b ted ly th e in ta k e
o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .

D ata on h e ig h t and d ry w e ig h t, p re s e n te d

p re v io u s ly , showed t h a t when n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m were
added to an o th e rw is e u n tr e a te d s o i l no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t was produced
on th e s e f e a t u r e s , b u t when added to a s o i l to w hich c o l l o i d a l p h osphate
had been added a l s o , s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e in h e ig h t and d ry w e ig h t oc­
c u rre d .

A p p a re n tly , n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m to g e th e r o r

c o llo id a l pho sp h ate a lo n e cannot in f lu e n c e th e h e ig h t, d ry w e ig h t, o r nu­
t r i e n t in ta k e s , b u t i n co m b in atio n th e y oan,

E v id e n tly , th e c o ll o id a l

p h o sphate, p o s s ib ly th ro u g h th e c o l l o i d a l f r a c t i o n , o r e a te s i n th e s o i l a
c o n d itio n w hich a llo w s th e t r e e r o o ts t o fe e d more e f f e c t i v e l y .
mechanism in v o lv e d i s w orthy o f s tu d y .

The

105

-

-

T ab le 2+7• — C om parison o f tr e a tm e n ts i n t h e i r e f f e c t on phospho­
r o u s an d c a lc iu m c o n t e n t o f n e e d le s o f s l a s h p in e
s e e d li n g s

Treatm ent
Check

T re a tm e n ts p ro d u c in g -tre e s T re a tm e n ts p ro d u c in g t r e e s
w ith g r e a t e r P c o n te n t th a n w ith g r e a t e r Ca c o n t e n t
t r e a tm e n ts i n colum n 1
th a n tr e a tm e n ts i n column 1
a t I %** i a t 5$+i
t
a t 5?o**
a t 1%M
t
*
:
t 60P, 20 C. P.
20C .P.*
(4 x )15 nk *
* 20 C .P .+ (4 x )15NK

60N

20C .P.+
(4x)l5NK

60P

t

j 20 C .P .*
(4 x ) 15NK,
t la c k s 0 .0 1 mg.

!

60P

20 C .P .t
(4x)l5NK

20 C. P .

*

* Cheok, 60P, 20C.P
* 20 C .P.+(4x)l5N K

I

*

i

i
t
i
*

20 C. P . +
t (4 x )15 nk
t
* 20 c . P . +
» (4*)15NK

t

t

2 0 C. P . +

(4 x )15MK
♦A
**A
+A
t+A

minimum
minimum
minimum
minimum

d if f e r e n c e
d if f e r e n c e
d if f e r e n c e
d if f e r e n c e

of
of
of
of

1.23
1.71
0 .7 9 mg•
1 .1 0 mg.

D is c u s s io n o f R e s u lt s

The v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts d i f f e r e d i n t h e i r e f f e c t upon th e s e v e r a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e t r e e s .

Some t r e a t m e n t s c a u s e d a r e d u c t io n

in stem le n g th and n e a r ly c o rre sp o n d in g r e d u c tio n s i n stem d ia m e te r
and d ry w eight} o th e r tre a tm e n ts caused a r e d u c tio n i n stem le n g th
b u t in c r e a s e s i n stem d ia m e te r and d ry w e ig h t; s t i l l o th e r tre a tm e n ts
caused an in c r e a s e i n a l l th r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

I t i s o f te n assumed

t h a t when stem le n g th o f young c o n if e r s i s in c re a s e d as a r e s u l t o f
n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n , c o rre sp o n d in g in c r e a s e s i n stem d ia m e te r and
d ry w e ig h t o c c u r .

R e c e n t s t u d i e s w ith c e r t a i n c o n i f e r s h av e d e v

m o n stra te d t h i s to be a facifc (B ensend, 1943* McComb, 1943)*
Since th e f e a tu r e s a lre a d y m entioned, a s w e ll a s o th e r s , a re

-

106

-

a f f e c te d by th e tr e a tm e n t to which th e t r e e s a re s u b je c te d and s in c e
an improvement in one t r a i t may n o t be accom panied by a com parable
improvement i n a n o th e r, th e a p p r a is a l o f aay tr e a tm e n t can n o t be
made s a f e ly on a s in g le f e a t u r e .

S in ce i t i s d i f f i c u l t to v is u a l iz e

s e v e ra l f e a tu r e s i n th e a g g re g a te as a b a s is f o r comparing th e e f f e c t s
o f one tre a tm e n t w ith a n o th e r i t ap p eared d e s ir a b le t o d ev elo p a
com posite v a lu e t h a t would r e p r e s e n t th e more im p o rta n t c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s s t u d i e d . . The r e s u l t s o f an a tte m p t to c a lc u la te such a com­
p o s ite v a lu e a re shown i n Table 1+8.

F iv e t r e e ; c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , each

o f w hich i s g iv e n e q u al w e ig h t, a re u sed t o s e c u re th e com posite t r e e
in d ex v a lu e .

The v a lu e s a re r e l a t i v e s in c e th e t r e e s from th e cheok

tre a tm e n t form th e b a s is f o r com parison.

For e ac h o f th e f i v e f e a t u r e s

l i s t e d th e n u m e ric a l v a lu e s were se c u re d as fo llo w s*

I f a tre a tm e n t

mean exceeds th e mean o f th e cheok b y e x a c tly th e amount needed to
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t, th e tre a tm e n t mean i s sc o re d a t 1,
and i f i t exceeds th e check by e x a c tly th e amount needed to be v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t , th e tre a tm e n t mean i s sc o re d 2 .

D e f ic ie n c ie s o f th e

same m agnitudes a re sco red -1 and -2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A d if f e r e n c e w hich

i s l e s s th a n t h a t needed t o be s i g n i f i c a n t i s sc o re d p r o p o r tio n a te ly
as i s a d if f e r e n c e w hich l i e s betw een th e 5 a^d 1 p e rc e n t p o in ts .
D iffe re n c e s w hich exceed t h a t needed a t 1 p e rc e n t a re sc o re d on a
p ro p o r tio n a te b a s is e x c e p t when th e sco re exceeds 3«

The s c o re f o r

b ran ch in g g iv e s e q u a l w eight t o number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s and number
o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e and i s b a se d on o b s e rv a tio n s made a t t h e end o f
12 and 12^ w eeks, r e s p e c tiv e ly .

A ll o th e r s c o re s a r e b ased on m easure­

m ents made a t th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n ts.

Shoot w eig h t and r o o t w eig h t

a re n o t in c lu d e d i n th e r a t i n g s in c e w e ig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e co v ers th e s e
fe a tu re s •

T a b l e 1+8• — R a t i n g o f t r e a t m e n t s i n 191+3-1+1+ e x p e r i m e n t s f o r
c o m p o s ite t r e e in d e x e v a l u a t io n
>__________________ N u m e r i c a l r a n k _______________________ iC o m p o iS t e m
: B r a n c h - * D ia - _ i W e ig h t o f ,* R o o t - s h o o t *s i t e t r e e

Treatm ent

rle n g th

in g

j g ie te r j e n tir e tre e *

ra tio

in d ex

Check
6QNF
6onk
6opk
6on
6op
6ok
60NPK
60NPK
120NPK '
180NPK
(1+x )15NPK
(l+x)30NPK
(l+x)i+5NPK
Check
20 C. P.
20C.P.f(i+x)l5NK
20C.P.+(l+x)l5N
10 P eat

0 .0
- 2 .5
-1 .7
0 .9
-3 .0
0 .7
0 .9
- 0 .6
- 0 .7
- 1 .8
-1 .3
0 .2
- 0 .5
- 0 .6
0 .0
0 .9
2 .5
1 .8
-0 .5

0 .0
0 .0
0 .5
1.1
0 .0
1 .9
0 .1
2 .3
0 .9
0 .8
0 .5
1 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
1.1
2 .8
2.1+
0.1+

:0 .0
:•■0 .1+
■1.3
1.7
:•-1.8
3 .0
0 .0
1 .0
0 .6
0 .5
1 .0
1 .2
3 .0
3 .0
0 .0
0 .8
3 .0
3 .0
0 .1

0 .0
-1 .3
-0 .5
1 .3
-2 .5
3 .0
0 .1+
0 .5
0 .6
0 .1
- 0 .1
0 .7
2 .2
0 .7
0 .0
1.1+
3 .0
3 .0
0 .1

10 Peat+
(1+x)15NPK

- 0 .2

2 .6

3 .0

2 .2

0 .7

10 P e a t 20C .P.

0 .3

1 .0

0 .9

1.1

0 .3

10 P e a t 20 C.P.
*(i+x)l5NK

0 .9

2 .5

3 .0

3 -0

0 .9

10.3

(1+x )15K30P75K
352 Wood ashes
1320 Wood ashes

- 1 . 0.
- 0 .2
0 .3

1.1
0 .2
0.1

M■0.3
: --0.1
0 .2

0 .0
0 .0
0 .2

0 .9
0 .0
- 0 .2

0 .7
- 0 .1
0 .6

0 .0
0 .1 .
0 .1+
- 0 .2
0 .0
0 .1
0 .9
0 .0
0 .9
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
- 0 .7
0 .0
0 .0
- 0 .3
0 .5
0 .5

0 .0
-l+ .l
0 .0
1+.8
-7 .3
8 .7
2 .3
3 .2
2 .3
-0.1+
0 .1
3 .1
6 .7
3.1+
0 .0
1+.2
1 1 .0
10.7
,0 .6

8 .3
1
:

3 .6

- 108 -

Composite t r e e in d e x v a lu e s range from -7*3 to ll.JQ , a t o t a l o f
18.3 p o i n t s .

The s m a lle s t v a lu e was produced where th e tr e a tm e n t

c o n s is te d o f a s in g le a p p lic a tio n o f 60 pounds p e r a c re o f n itr o g e n
a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

E v id e n tly , t h i s amount o f

n itr o g e n a p p lie d so e a r ly was e x c e s s iv e s in c e i t i n t e r f e r e d w ith th e
norm al grow th and developm ent o f th e t r e e s .

H eig h t grow th was de­

p re sse d m o st, b u t d ia m e te r and w e ig h t were g r e a t l y red u ced a l s o .
B ranching and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o w ere n o t a f f e c t e d . - W hether a s im ila r
amount o f n itr o g e n s p l i t i n t o two o r more a p p lic a t io n s w ould have th e
same e f f e c t i s n o t known, and b e a r s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The a d d itio n o f 60 pounds o f P2O5 p e r a c re w ith th e same amount
o f n itr o g e n a s i l l u s t r a t e d by th e 6GH1? tr e a tm e n t red u ced somewhat th e
d e p re ssin g e f f e c t s w hich w ere so marked w ith n itr o g e n a lo n e .

The

use o f p o ta s h w ith n itr o g e n caused a s t i l l f u r t h e r re d u c tio n i n
v. stem le n g th d e p re s s io n , and b ra n c h in g and stem d ia m e te r w ere i n ­
c re a s e d s u f f i c i e n t l y over t h a t produced by n itr o g e n a lo n e t o make th e
t r e e s i n th e 60NK tr e a tm e n t e q u al i n com posite in d ex v a lu e to th o s e
from th e ch eck .

When N, P2O5 , and KgO w ere u sed to g e th e r a t r a t e s

o f 60 pounds p e r a c r e , each i n a s in g le a p p l i c a t i o n , stem le n g th
was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r te r th a n t h a t o f th e check, and b ra n c h in g
and stem d ia m e te r w ere s u f f i c i e n t l y b e t t e r t o g iv e th e t r e e s from
th e 60NPK c u ltu r e a g r e a t l y im proved r a t i n g .
Phosphorous o r p o ta ssiu m , o r a co m b in atio n o f th e two, as
i l l u s t r a t e d by th e 60P, 60K, a id 6>0PK tr e a tm e n ts , r e s p e c t i v e l y , d id
n o t d e c re a se stem le n g th and caused enough improvement i n one o r more
o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s to d em o n strate th e v a lu e o f th e s e e lem en ts in
s in g le a p p lic a tio n s a t th e s t a r t o f e x p e rim e n t.

The f a c t t h a t th e

- 109 60P tr e a tm e n t c o n ta in e d some calciu m i n th e so u rce m a te r ia l makes i t im­
p o s s ib le t o a t t r i b u t e th e marked s u p e r i o r i t y o f th e t r e e s from t h i s t r e a t ­
ment to phosphorous a lo n e .

Calcium may have been a c o n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r .

The s u p e r i o r i t y o f sm all amounts o f n u t r i e n t s a p p lie d f r e q u e n tly
over th e same t o t a l q u a n tity a p p lie d a t onca a t th e s t a r t i s e v id e n t p a r­
t i c u l a r l y i n th e l a r g e r d ia m e te r o f t r e e s in th e s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n t r e a t ­
ments as compared t o th o s e i n th e s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n tre a tm e n ts and to
s u p e r io r ity o f th e -fo r m e r over th e l a t t e r i n stem l e n g th .

The w a s te f u l­

n ess o f la r g e s in g le a p p lic a tio n s o f n i tr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m
i s e v id e n t i n th e r e s u l t s o f th e 120NPK and 180NFK c u l t u r e s .

T rees from

th o se tr e a tm e n ts , a lth o u g h v a ry in g from th o s e from th e check in in d iv id u a l
f e a tu r e s , had com parable com posite t r e e in d ex v a lu e s .
The h ig h e r t r e e in d e x v a lu e o f th e (i|.x)30NPK tre a tm e n t, a s compared
to th e (ipc)15NPK and (i+x)ij.5NPK tr e a tm e n ts , seems to in d i c a t e t h a t fo u r
a p p lic a tio n s o f 30 pounds each o f N, P2O5 , and K2O may be somewhere n e a r
th e optimum i n s o f a r as a ll- r o u n d t r e e q u a lit y i s co n cern ed .

A lthough t h i s

tre a tm e n t i s i n f e r i o r t o t h e (l+x)l5NPK tr e a tm e n t i n i t s e f f e c t on stem
le n g th , i t i s much s u p e r io r from th e s ta n d p o in t o f in c r e a s in g d ia m e te r
and w e ig h t.
C o llo id a l phosp h ate u sed a t a r a t e o f 20 to n s p e r a c re p ro d u ces de­
f i n i t e e f f e c t s on th e t r e e s , e s p e c i a l l y when n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and po­
ta ss iu m a re u sed w ith i t .

C o llo id a l p h o sp h ate a lo n e was n e a r ly as a f ­

f e c tiv e i n changing th e q u a lity o f t r e e s a s th e more e f f e c t i v e tre a tm e n ts
in v o lv in g th e u se o f r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n u t r i e n t s (60P, 60PK, (l+x)15NPK).
E v id e n tly n itr o g e n p la y s a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n c o n n e c tio n w ith c o l l o i d a l
phosphate as d e m o n strated by th e s u p e r io r t r e e in d ex v a lu e o f t r e e s in

- 110 th e 20 C« P . 4-(l4x ) 15N c u l t u r e o v e r th o s e i n th e 20 C. P . c u l t u r e .
I t i s d o u b tf u l t h a t p o ta s s iu m i s e s s e n t i a l i n c o n n e c tio n w ith t h e u s e
o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te i n view o f t h e c lo s e ag ree m en t o f t r e e s i n th e
20 C. P . *(ljjc)15N and 20 C. P . +(ipc)l5NK c u l t u r e s .
P e a t moss (1 0 P e a t c u l t u r e ) h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t on th e t r e e s u n ­
l e s s n i t r o g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, and p o ta s s iu m a r e ad d ed (1 0 P e a t +(l|.x)15NPK
c u l t u r e ) i n w h ich c a se b r a n c h in g , d ia m e te r , and w e ig h t a r e i n c r e a s e d
m a rk e d ly .
The f a c t t h a t th e t r e e s make much b e t t e r a l l - r o u n d g ro w th and
developm ent when r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s a r e added i n th e p r e ­
sen ce o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te o r p e a t moss th a n when ad d ed i n th e same
q u a n tity t o th e n a t u r a l s o i l ((i+x)15NPK c u l t u r e ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t p e a t
moss and c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te e * e r t , i n some m anner, a f a v o r a b l e e f f e c t
upon n u t r i t i o n .

In th e c a s e o f th e p e a t m oss, th e e f f e c t c a n n o t

l o g i c a l l y be a t t r i b u t e d to r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s t h a t i t s u p p lie s
s in c e th e p e a t moss i s raw o r g a n ic m a tte r w h ich can s u p p ly l i t t l e
re a d ily a v a ila b le n u tr i e n t.

I n t h e c a s e o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te , q u ic k

t e s t a n a l y s i s r e v e a le d t h a t o n ly c a lc iu m o c c u r r e d i n i t i n w a te r - s o lu b l e
form i n a p p r e c ia b le q u a n t i t y .

F u rth e rm o re , c a lc iu m i s n o t fo u n d i n p e a t

m oss, and t h e r e f o r e can n o t t h e r e f o r e b e a f a c t o r i n t h a t m a t e r i a l .

It

i s p o s s i b le t h a t b o th th e s e m a t e r i a l s a f f e c t e d f a v o r a b l y th e a v a i l a b i l i t y
o f th e n u t r i e n t s e i t h e r th r o u g h th e p h y s ic a l com plex o f th e s o i l i t s e l f
o r i n d i r e c t l y th ro u g h a p h y s ic a l e f f e c t w h ich may i n c r e a s e th e p e rm e a b i­
l i t y o f th e membranes t o n u t r i e n t s .
The (43c) 15N30F75K, tr e a tm e n t w h ic h c o n ta in e d a h ig h c o n c e n tr a ti o n
o f p o ta ss iu m , p ro d u ced no e f f e c t s o u t o f th e o r d in a r y .
Wood a s h e s i n th e two d i f f e r e n t am ounts u s e d had l i t t l e
e f f e c t on th e t r e e s .

or not

- I ll 19kk-k5 E xperim en ts
S o il T reatm ent
S in c e

th e

c u ltu r e s

g r e e n h o u se e x p e r im e n ts

c o n ta in in g

had p ro d u ced th e

o f c o l lo id a l p h o sp h a te tr e a tm e n ts
s ig n e d ,

th e r e fo r e ,

p h a te on th e
acre.

t e s t th e

s e e d lin g s .

In th e

c o llo id a l

to

o n e -to n

and i n

p er a cr e

o f N a n d K2 O w e r e a p p l i e d
w h ic h n it r o g e n

w e r e m ix e d i n t h e
in

o f v a r y in g

T a b le 4
upper 4

sc a tte r e d
fo u r

of

s o il

w h ic h t h e y w e r e a p p lie d

quent a p p lic a t io n s

o f th ese

9,

e le m e n ts w ere t o

th e

a n d p o t a s s i u m w e r e NH^HO^ a n d K C 1,

m a te r ia ls w ere

C. P .

E x p e r im e n t I a r e

c h e m ic a ls .

sh ow n i n

The d e t a i l s

c o llo id a l p h os­

2

and 5 )»

of

s o il

in

F ifte e n

in te r v a ls

of

th e se

su rfa ce .

pounds

w eek s.

In

e le m e n ts
except

The s u b s e ­
The s o u r c e

r e s p e c tiv e ly .

o f th e

5

a p p lic a tio n

su rfa ce .

per

one

su rfa ce .

fir s t

to th e

stu d y

25 to n s

w ere u s e d ,
th e

fu r th e r

E x p e r im e n t I w a s d e ­

tr e a tm e n ts

at

1 9 4 3 -4 4

fro m 0 » 5 t o

in c h e s

tim e s

in

th e

a m o u n ts o f

on th e

and p o ta s s iu m

u p p e r 1+ i n c h e s

t r e a t m e n t 5»

o f n itr o g e n

w as

th e

c u ltu r e ,

in

it

(se e

in

q u a lity t r e e s ,

The q u a n t it y w a s v a r i e d

tr e a tm e n ts

a n o th e r ,

b est

seem ed d e s ir a b l e .

effec t

p h o s p h a t e w a s m ix e d i n

th e c u ltu r e s

c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te

tr e a tm e n ts

The
in

T a b le 4 9 »

S ince b o th th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tre a tm e n ts i n E xperim ent I I I
and th e phosphorous tr e a tm e n t (c o n ta in in g some c alciu m ) i n E xperim ent I
o f th e 1943-144 s e r i e s y ie ld e d th e l a r g e s t and h e a v ie s t t r e e s , th e r e was
some i n d ic a tio n t h a t phosphorous o r calciu m o r th e co m b in atio n o f th e s e
elem ents m ight be p a r t i c u l a r l y im p o rta n t i n th e n u t r i t i o n o f young s la s h
p in e s e e d lin g s .
e lem en ts.
s o il.

Two ex p erim en ts were d e sig n e d t o t e s t t h e r o l e o f th e s e

In E xperim ent I I , phosphorous was th e o n ly n u t r i e n t added to th e

I t was a p p lie d a t f iv e d i f f e r e n t r a t e s 1 $ 0 , 60, 120, 240, and I4BQ

pounds p e r a c re o f P2O5 .

In E xperim ent I I I , p o ta ssiu m ; n itr o g e n and

112
p o ta s s iu m ; and c a lc iu m , n i t r o g e n , and p o ta s s iu m w ere u s e d i n c o m b in a tio n
w ith p h o s p h o ro u s .

The l a t t e r e le m e n t was u s e d a t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t r a t e s t

60 , 120, and i;.80 pounds p e r a c r e o f P 2O5 .

I n t h i s e x p e r im e n t, n i t r o g e n

and p o ta s s iu m w ere a p p l ie d f o u r tim e s a t ^•ireek i n t e r v a l s a t a r a t e o f
15 pounds p e r a c r e o f N aind K2O, a t o t a l o f 60 pounds o f e a c h d u rin g th e
e x p e rim e n t.

C alcium was a p p l ie d t o t h e s o i l p r i o r t o p l a n t i n g t h e t r e e s ,

a t a r a t e o f 200 pounds o f Ca p e r a c r e .

The phosphorous and c alc iu m , added t o th e s o i l i n a s in g le a p p lic a ­
t i o n , and th e f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m were mixed in
th e upper I4. in c h e s o f s o i l .

The t h r e e su b seq u en t q u a n ti tie s o f n itr o g e n

and p o tassiu m were a p p lie d t o th e s u r f a c e o f t h e s o i l .
was su p p lie d by HjPO^, th e calcium

b y CaCOj.

and p o ta ssiu m were th e same as i n E xperim ent

The phosphorous

The so u rc e s o f n itr o g e n
I.

The d e t a i l s o f

Experim ents I I and I I I a re shown i n T ab les 57 and 6 2 .
Experim ent IV was d e sig n e d to d e term in e w h eth er s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s
would resp o n d d i f f e r e n t l y to a tr e a tm e n t i n w hich a p a r t o f th e n u t r i e n t s
was mixed i n th e upper 4 in c h e s o f
were a p p lie d to th e s u r f a c e .

s o i l th a n t o one i n w hich a l l n u t r i e n t s

A lso v a r ie d i n t h i s e x p erim en t was th e number

o f a d d itio n s o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .

E lev en and o n e - h a lf weeks a f t e r th e

t r e e s w ere p la n te d , boron and manganese were added to h a l f o f th e p o ts i n
tre a tm e n ts 23 and 2I4..

C hem icals u sed were th e same a s i n th e e x p erim en ts

p re v io u s ly d e s c rib e d .

D e ta ils a re shown i n Table 7 8 .

O rig in o f S e e d lin g s
I n E x p e rim e n t I ,
e x p e rim e n ts was u s e d .

s l a s h p in e s e e d from t h e l o t o f se e d u s e d i n 19k3"~kU
A f t e r 6 w eeks s to r a g e i n m o is t p e a t m oss, t h e se e d

was sown i n san d f l a t s on S eptem ber 3» 19UU*

G e rm in a tio n b eg an 5 days

l a t e r , b u t p r o g r e s s e d r a t h e r s lo w ly d u r in g th e f i r s t 10 d a y s .

D u rin g th e

- 113 fo llo w in g week g e rm in a tio n was g r e a t l y a c c e le r a te d , and d u rin g t h i s
p e rio d , a p p ro x im a te ly 62 p e rc e n t o f th e t o t a l g e rm in a tio n to o k p la c e .
Because o f th e r a t h e r i r r e g u l a r g e rm in a tio n , o n ly th o s e s e e d lin g s t h a t
g erm inated d u rin g th e 7 -d ay p e rio d betw een Septem ber 18 and 21+ w ere u sed
in th e e x p e rim e n t.

The s e e d lin g s were t r a n s f e r r e d from th e f l a t s t o th e

p o ts on O ctober 1+, a t w hich tim e t h e i r av erag e age was 2 w eeks.
An in a d e q u a te su p p ly and r e l a t i v e l y poor g e rm in a tio n o f th e seed
c o lle c te d from a s in g le t r e e in th e f a l l o f I 9I4.3 made i t n e c e s s a ry to u se
a d i f f e r e n t l o t o f seed f o r E xperim ent I I , I I I , and IV o f th e I 9I4I4.-I+5
s e rie s .

The seed used i n th e s e e x p erim en ts was from th e 191+3 c ro p , c o l ­

le c te d from s e v e r a l t r e e s .

Due to a s h o rta g e o f seed o f a s in g le w eig h t

c la s s , th e seed was s e g re g a te d in to fo u r c la s s e s w ith a v erag e w e ig h ts o f
32, 35, 3 8, and 1+1 mg*

A fte r 1+ weeks o f s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n m o ist p e a t moss,

th e seed f o r E xperim ent I I and I I I was sown on Septem ber 15*
f i r s t appeared above th e s u rfa c e 6 days l a t e r .

S e e d lin g s

G erm in atio n o c c u rre d

r a th e r u n ifo rm ly d u rin g th e n e x t 12 days a f t e r w hich i t dropped o f f .
S eed lin g s w hich g erm in ated d u rin g t h i s 12-day p e rio d w ere u sed i n th e s e
e x p e rim e n ts.

They were p la n te d i n th e s o i l j a r s on O ctober 11 and 12>

a t which tim e t h e i r av erag e age was 16 d a y s.

The t r e e s i n th e f i r s t and

second r e p l i c a t i o n s o f each tr e a tm e n t w ere from 35”mg» s e e d , th o s e i n th e
t h i r d r e p l i c a t i o n w ere from 38-mg. seed , and th o s e i n th e f o u r th r e p l i c a ­
t io n were from 32-mg. s e e d .
The seed used i n E xperim ent IV was from th e same l o t as t h a t u sed
in E xperim ents I I and I I I .

T rees which g erm in ated in a week’ s tim e from

35-mg. seed was u sed e x c lu s iv e ly .

When th e y were p la n te d in th e s o i l p o ts

on O ctober 25, th e s e e d lin g s had an av erag e age o f 19 d a y s.

-

lli| -

Tem perature and L ength o f Day
A th erm o g rap h ic re c o rd o f te m p e ra tu re was m a in ta in e d th ro u g h o u t
th e e x p e rim e n t.

The w eekly mean, mean maximum, and mean minimum tem per­

a tu re s were computed i n th e same manner a s i n th e 19h■3'”4 4 e x p erim en ts
(se e page i | l ) .

S in ce th e p e rio d s o f tim e d u rin g w hich th e fo u r e x p e r i­

ments were in p ro g re s s d id n o t c o in c id e , w eekly a v erag e s were computed f o r .
each e x p erim en t.

S in ce E xperim ent IV was i n i t i a t e d e x a c tly 3 weeks a f t e r

Experim ent I th e w eekly a v e ra g e s from th e f o u r t h th ro u g h th e tw e n ty -sec o n d
week o f th e l a t t e r e x p erim en t a r e th e w eekly a v erag e s f o r th e f i r s t th ro u g h
th e n in e te e n th week o f th e fo rm e r.

T h e re fo re , mean te m p e ra tu re s from th e

tw e n tie th th ro u g h th e tw e n ty -s e v e n th week o n ly a re shown i n Table 8 9 .
The mean w eekly le n g th o f day d u rin g th e p e rio d o f each ex p erim en t
was computed i n th e same manner as d e s c rib e d p re v io u s ly (s e e page 4 1 )•
The te m p e ra tu re and le n g th o f day d a ta a re p re s e n te d in T ab les
87, 88, and 89 (A ppendix)
Only sm all d if f e r e n c e s a re e v id e n t in th e mean w eekly, mean w eekly
maximum, and mean w eekly minimum te m p e ra tu re s d u rin g th e th r e e e x p e rim e n ta l
p e rio d s .

The a v erag e s a re a few d e g re es h ig h e r f o r E xperim ent IV th a n

f o r E xperim ents I , I I , and I I I .

When th e a v e ra g e s a re exam ined week by

week, g r e a te r d is c r e p a n c ie s a re e v id e n t.

In E xperim ent I , th e h ig h e s t

te m p e ra tu re s o c c u rre d d u rin g th e f i r s t 3 weeks o f th e e x p e rim e n t, and th e
lo w e st o c c u rre d ab o u t midway i n th e e x p e rim e n t.

In E xperim ent I I and I I I ,

th e h ig h e s t te m p e ra tu re s were re c o rd e d d u rin g th e f i r s t 2 weeks and th e l a s t
3 weeks; and th e lo w e st, d u rin g th e e ig h th , n i n t h , and s i x te e n t h w eeks.
In Experim ent IV, te m p e ra tu re s were lo w e st d u rin g th e f i r s t s e v e r a l w eeks,
and h ig h e s t d u rin g th e l a s t 8 w eeks.
In a l l fo u r e x p e rim e n ts, th e tr e n d i n mean w eekly le n g th o f day

- 115 was s i m i l a r .

The hours o f d a y lig h t became p r o g r e s s iv e ly s h o r te r d u rin g

th e f i r s t 8 t o

11 weeks* to be fo llo w e d by no change f o r 5 w eeks, a f t e r

which th e r e was a p ro g r e s s iv e in c r e a s e .
The av erag e le n g th o f day f o r E xperim ents I , I I , and I I I was alm ost
id e n tic a l.

The av erag e le n g th o f day f o r E xperim ent IV was n e a r ly one-

h a lf hour lo n g e r due to th e r e l a t i v e l y lo n g p e rio d s o f d a y lig h t d u rin g
th e l a s t s e v e r a l weeks o f t h i s e x p erim en t.
R ate o f E v a p o ra tio n
Three s e t s o f L iv in g s to n b la c k and w h ite atm om eters w ere used
to m easure r a t e o f e v a p o r a tio n .

One s e t was p la c e d n e a r each end, and

th e t h i r d s e t was p la c e d about midway betw een th e ends o f th e greenhouse
bench occupied by th e s o i l p o ts c o n ta in in g th e s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s .

The

th re e s e ts showed so l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n in lo s s o f w a te r t h a t av erag e r a t e
o f e v a p o ra tio n was c a lc u la te d .

These v a lu e s a re shown i n T able 90*

E xperim ent I
S o il T reatm ent
The p rim ary o b je c t o f E xperim ent I was to d eterm in e th e e f f e c t
on s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s o f d i f f e r e n t q u a n t i t i e s o f c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate
supplem ented by p e r io d ic a p p lic a tio n s o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .

Seconds

ary o b je c tiv e s were t o d e term in e w heth er a s u rfa c e a p p lic a tio n o f c o ll o id a l
phosphate would a f f e c t th e t r e e s i n th e same way a s an a p p lic a ti o n i n w hich
i t was mixed i n th e upper 4 in c h e s o f th e s o i l , and to d eterm in e th e e x te n t
o f th e re sp o n se o f th e t r e e s to d i f f e r e n t q u a n ti tie s o f c o llo id a l p h osphate
by com parison w ith u n tr e a te d s o i l (c h e c k ).

The a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e o f a l l

t r e e f e a tu r e s s tu d ie d a re b a se d on th e fo u r c u ltu r e s w hich re c e iv e d d i f f e r ­
e n t amounts o f c o llo id a l p h o sp h a te - 0 .5 , 1 .0 , 5*0» and 25»0 to n s p e r a c r e mixed i n th e upper I4. in c h e s o f s o i l .

The s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s se c u re d from

-

116 -

th e se a n a ly s e s were used to compute th e d if f e r e n c e betw een tr e a tm e n t means
needed to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 find 1 p e r c e n t, and th e l a t t e r i s used i n com­
p a rin g th e t r e e s from th e fo u r c u ltu r e s r e f e r r e d to above a s w e ll as th e
t r e e s from th e check and th e s u r f a c e - a p p l ic a t io n o f c o l l o i d a l p h osphate
tre a tm e n ts .
The c h a r a c te r o f th e s o i l tre a tm e n ts i s shown i n Table i+9.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s a re n o t shown in t h i s d is c u s s io n o r o th e r
exp erim ents o f th e lyUU-kd s e r i e s .

The a n a ly s e s were h an d led i n th e same

way as th o se o f th e 1^Ltf-kk s e r i e s , exam ples o f which a r e found i n th e
Appendix.
Length o f Stem
The mean le n g th s o f stem s o f th e t r e e s in each tre a tm e n t i n E xperim ent
I 10, 15, and 20 weeks a f t e r th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t a re shown i n T able 50*
Stem le n g th s were m easured a t 5 weeks a l s o , b u t so l i t t l e grow th had oc­
c u rre d d u rin g t h i s p e rio d t h a t th e in c lu s io n o f th e s e d a ta d id n o t seem
w o rth w h ile.

Throughout th e e x p erim en t, a l l c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l

phosphate produced t r e e s w ith lo n g e r stem s th a n th e ch eck , b u t th e d i f ­
fe re n c e s betw een th e t r e e s from a l l th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tre a tm e n ts and
th e check were s i g n i f i c a n t only a t 10 and 15 w eeks.

S i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

were m a in ta in e d to th e end o f th e experim ent o n ly betw een th e check and
th e c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g 25 to n s o f c o l lo id a l p h o sp h ate .

Stem le n g th o f th e

t r e e s v a rie d w ith th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate i n th e s o i l , stem
le n g th s b e in g g r e a t e s t i n th e c u ltu r e s c o n ta in in g th e l a r g e s t am ounts; b u t
s ig n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in stem le n g th s o ccu r c h ie f ly betw een th e t r e e s o f
th«»se c u ltu r e s w ith r e l a t i v e l y wide d if f e r e n c e s i n th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l
p h o sp h ate.

The e x te n t o f s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th v a r ie s

w ith tim e a l s o .

For exam ple, a f t e r 10 and 15 weeks th e t r e e s i n th e 25 C. P.

T ab le U9» — Type and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p l i c a t i o n in E x p erim en t I , 19UU-U5

P r io r t o p la n tin g
T reatm ent
Wo. : d e s ig n a tio n

C o llo id a l
N K20
phosphate
Tons p e r a c re

Time o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n
5 weeks a f t e r : 10 weeks a f t e r
p la n tin g
s p la n tin g
s
K20 :
N
K20
N
Pounds p e r a c re

: 15 weeks a f t e r
j p la n tin g
e
K20
*
N
•

•
•

1

1O.5 C. P .

0 .5

15

2

*1.0 C. P .

1 . 0*
5 .0

15

15

;

i5

15

*

15

15

15* 15*

15

15

:

15

15

s

15

15

15

15

15

s

15

15

*

15

15

:

15

15

*

15

15

15

•

3

:5 C. P .

15

•

h

:25 C. P .

5

sl.O C. P . (S )

25.0
1 . 0**

15

15

15**15**

15

15

s

13

15

13

*

15

15

3

6

jCheck

-

* Mixed in u p p e r I4. in c h e s o f s o i l .
** A p p lie d t o s u r f a c e o f s o i l .

-

-

:

-

-

118 Table 50. —Mean length o f stem 10, 15, and 20 weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment I ,

I9bh-b5

Treatm ent

t
:
«
•

c. p.

s

1 .0 C . P .

j

0 .5

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
10 weeks
Vy weeks
i
Length o f stem - mm.
:
1 3 .8
1+3*6
:

20 weeks
9 0 .3

15.U

1+6.6

1

9 6 .5

1 7 .5

1+9.1

t

100.5

19.0

55.1+

*

1 11.9

II4..6

U2 . 3

!

9 6 .1

12.0

3 9 .0

*

8 8 .8

•

5 C. P .

:
•

25 C. P .

s
•

1 .0 C. P . (S )
Check

:
2
:

•

S tan dard
d e v ia tio n

:
:

0 .6

1.1+

i
t

1+.5

•

D iffe re n c e b e tween tre a tm e n t
means t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 a nd
1 p e rc e n t

:
t
:
:
:
t
F v a lu e tr e a tm e n t *

2.10

1+.1+7

3 .0 2

6.1+3

12.0^+

12.8^+

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

t
I
:
•
•
*
:
j

11+.20
20.1+9
1+.2+

- 119 tr e a tm e n t have v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y lo n g e r stem s them th o s e i n th e 0»5
C. P . and 1 .0 C. P . t r e a t m e n t s , b u t a f t e r 20 w eeks th e d i f f e r e n c e b e ­
tw een th e stem le n g th s o f t r e e s i n th e 1 .0 C. P . c u l t u r e and th e 25
G. P . c u l t u r e has b e e n re d u c e d fro m th e 1 t o th e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l .

The

d if f e r e n c e betw een th e stem le n g th s o f t r e e s i n th e 0.5 C. P . tr e a tm e n ts
was v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t a t 10 w eek s, s i g n i f i c a n t a t 15 w eek s, and n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 20 w e e k s.

T h at th e e f f e c t o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te on th e

stem grow th o f th e s e e d li n g s d e c r e a s e s w ith t h e p a ssa g e o f tim e i s i l ­
l u s t r a t e d a l s o by t h e f a c t t h a t th e stem s o f t r e e s from th e O.5 C. P .
c u l tu r e s w ere 115 and 102 p e r c e n t , and th o s e fro m th e 25 C. P . c u l t u r e
w ere 158 and 126 p e r c e n t o f t h e l e n g t h o f th o s e from th e ch eck a t 10 and
20 w eeks, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

B ecause o f th e d e c l i n e i n th e e f f e c t o f t h e

su p p le m e n ta l n u t r i e n t s , i t i s o b v io u s t h a t e x p e rim e n ts o f to o s h o r t d u r a ­
t i o n m ig h t le a d t o i n c o r r e c t c o n c lu s io n s .
The d i f f e r e n c e i n th e stem le n g t h o f th e t r e e s i n th e 1 .0 C. P .
and 1 .0 C. P . (S ) t r e a tm e n ts i s v e r y s m a ll th r o u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t,
and a t no tim e i s i t s i g n i f i c a n t .
B ranch D evelopm ent
The number o f b ra n c h e d t r e e s a t d i f f e r e n t p e r io d s o f tim e a f t e r
th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t i s shown i n T ab le 51 .-

D if f e r e n c e s b etw ee n t r e a t ­

m ents a r e g r e a t e s t a t th e end o f 5 w eeks, th e o n ly tim e t h a t th e d i f ­
fe re n c e s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t .

The 25 C. P . c u l t u r e had p ro d u ced s i g n i f i c a n t ­

ly more b ra n c h e d t r e e s th a n th e 0 .5 C. P . and 1 .0 C. P . c u l t u r e s , and
v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y m ore th a n th e 5 0 . P . and ch eck c u l t u r e s a t t h e end o f
5 Weeks.

The 5 C. P . tr e a tm e n t i s o u t o f l i n e w ith th e t r e n d o f t h e c u l t u r e s

c o n ta in in g s m a lle r am ounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te a t t h i s tim e b u t was
more i n l i n e a f t e r 8 w eeks an d s u b se q u e n t p e r i o d s .

A lth o u g h t h e ch eck

c u l t u r e p ro d u ced fe w e r b ra n c h e d t r e e s th r o u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t th a n th e

-

120

Table 51* —Number o f branched t r e e s 5» 8* 10, 15, and
20 weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l trea tm en t, Experiment I
19UU-U5
:
5 w eeks
T rea tm e n t

:

0 .5 c .p .

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
: 6 w eeks
10 week's
I'y w eeks
B ran ch ed t r e e s - p e r c e n t o f t o t a l

20 w eeks

20.0

6 7 .5

8 7 .5

9 7 .5

9 7 .5

1 .0 C .P .

s

22 .5

8 0 .0

9 2 .5

9 5 .0

9 5 .0

5 C .P.

:

10.0

7 7 .5

9 2 .5

9 5 .0

9 5 .0

50«o

9 0 .0

9 5 .0

9 5 .0

9 5 .0

2 7 .5

7 7 .5

8 5 .0

9 2 .5

9 2 .5

8 0 .0

8 0 .0

-

-

25 C .P.
1 ,0 C.P.(S):
Check

:

7 -5

55.0

7 0 .0

S ta n d a rd
d e v i a tio n

:
:

7 .2

k .k

3 .2

D if f e r e n c e :
betw een
i
tr e a tm e n t j
means t o b e :
s ig n ific a n t:
a t 5 and 1 :
p e rc e n t
:

22.9

2 .3 2

0 .0 5

F v a lu e
tr e a tm e n t

:
:

33.0
U.09*

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.

-

-

121

-

o th e r c u l t u r e s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een i t and o th e r c u l t u r e s w ere n o t
s ig n ific a n t.

More th a n 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r e e s i n a l l c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te

tr e a tm e n ts w ere b ra n c h e d a f t e r 15 w eeks ( F i g s . 10 and 1 1 ).
The mean num bers o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e p ro d u ced i n th e v a r io u s c u l t u r e s
in E x p erim en t I a r e p r e s e n te d i n T ab le 5 2 .

A lth o u g h t h e r e w ere d i f f e r e n c e s

betw een tr e a tm e n ts i n th e num ber o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e , s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
ences e x i s t e d o n ly a t 8 and 10 w eek s.

A t 8 w eeks, th e mean number o f

b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e i n t h e 25 C. P . c u l t u r e i s v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n
t h a t i n th e 0.5 C. P . c u l t u r e and t h e c h e c k , and s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n
t h a t i n a l l o th e r t r e a t m e n t s .

A t 10 w eek s, t h e mean number o f' h can o h es p e r

t r e e i n th e 25 C. P . c u l t u r e i s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t i n
th e 0.5 C. P . , 1 .0 C.

( S ) , and ch eck c u l t u r e s and s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
*
th a n t h a t i n th e 1 .0 C. P . and 5 C. P . c u l t u r e s . O nly th e 0.5 C. P . c u l t u r e
d id n o t have t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e th a n th e ch eck
c u l tu r e a t 8 w eek s.

Two w eeks l a t e r ,

i n a l l c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te t r e a t ­

m en ts, th e mean number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e was v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t ­
e r th a n t h a t i n th e ch eck c u l t u r e .

D u rin g th e n e x t 5 weeks s i g n i f i c a n t

d if f e r e n c e s d is a p p e a r e d b etw ee n th e f o u r tr e a tm e n ts t o w h ich t h e a n a l y s i s
o f v a r ia n c e was a p p l i e d .

The t r e e s i n a l l f o u r o f th e s e c u l t u r e s had

e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ra n c h e s th a n th o s e i n
th e check c u l t u r e a t 15 a s w e ll a s a t 20 w eek s.
D iam eter o f Stem
Mean stem d ia m e te r s o f t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s a t th e end o f
th e e x p e rim e n t a r e p r e s e n te d i n T a b le 53*

The r a t e o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f

c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te p ro d u ced v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n stem diam e­
te r.

Mean d ia m e te r in c re ia s e d w ith an i n c r e a s e i n th e amount o f s o i l amend­

ment u s e d .

The mean stem d ia m e te r s o f t r e e s i n th e 1 .0 C. P . , 5 C. P . , «rid

-

122 -

Table 52. —Mean number o f branches per t r e e , 8 , 10, 15, and
20 weeks a ft e r i n i t i a l trea tm en t, Experiment I ,
I9I4J4.-I4.5

weeks
Treatm ent

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
* 10 weeks
15 weeks
Branches p e r ;re e - number

20 weeks

t

0 .5 c . p .

1 .3 2

s

2.h 0

3-U5

3 .5 0

1 .0 C .P.

1 .9 2

:

2 .7 2

3 .7 0

3 .7 0

2 .6 2

3 .8 0

3 .8 0

s

5 C .P.

1.80

:
1

25 C .P.
1 .0 C .P . (S )

2.75

*

3-60

U .32

U .32

1 .7 2

*

2.27

2.8 8

2 .8 8

1.1+2

2.1 0

2 .1 2

0 .2 0

O .3U

O. 3U

9

Check

0 .8 2

i
a■

Standard
d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e be­
tween t r e a t ­
ment means to
be s i g n i f i c a n t
a t 5 and 1
p e rc e n t
F v alu e tre a tm e n t

•

0.2i*

i
s
:
t

0 .7 6

:
:

0 .6 5

am

1 .0 9

»

0 . 9U

-

6 . 63*

1 . 1U

t
6.2^*

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.

t

-

- 123 Table 53* "Mean stem diam eter o f tr e e s r e c e iv in g d if fe r e n t
treatm ents in Experiment I , 19UU-U5

T re a tm e n t
0 .5

C. P.

1.0 C. P.
5 c . P.
25 C. P .
1.0

C. P . ( s )

Check
S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n
D if f e r e n c e b etw een
tr e a tm e n t m eans t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 an d 1
p e rc e n t
F v a lu e tr e a tm e n t

t
: D ia m e te r o f
s s te m - mm.
:
i
U«2lj.
:

:
i
t
:
*
:
j
s

:

U.l+8

:
3
:
:

U.5U

s

k»3k

s'

:
:
:
s
3

3 .9 9

s
•
s
s
S

:
:
3
t
s

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p ero en t.

0 .0 5

8

i

8

•
••

:

0.2 3

:
•
:

3

1 .0 C.P.

s 5 c . p . , 25 c . p .
S
8 25 C .p .
3

*
:

0 .1 6

2U.38++

T re a tm e n ts s u p e r i o r to
tr e a tm e n ts i n colum n 1
s
a t 1%
a t 3%
•

5 C. P.

8

25 C .p.

25 C.P.-

3 A ll o t h e r s
3
•«
3
•
3
••
3
3
3

-

1214. “

25 C. P . c u ltu r e s w ere v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r th a n th o s e i n th e 0 .5
C. P. tr e a tm e n t; and th o s e i n th e 25 C. P . c u ltu r e w ere v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
la r g e r th a n th o s e i n th e 1 .0 C. P . and 5- C. P . c u l t u r e s .

The mean stem

d ia m e ters o f t r e e s i n a l l c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tr e a tm e n ts were v e ry s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y la r g e r th a n th o s e o f th e check tr e a tm e n t ( F ig s . 10 and 1 1 ) .
Stem d ia m e te rs o f t r e e s i n th e 1 .0 C. P. (S ) tre a tm e n t w ere exceeded
s i g n i f i c a n t l y by th o s e o f t h e 5 C. P . and 25 C. P. tr e a tm e n ts .

The mean

stem d ia m e te r o f th e t r e e s grown i n th e o n e -to n s u r f a c e - a p p lie d c o l l o i d a l
phosphate c u ltu r e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t o f th e t r e e s
grown i n th e c u ltu r e i n w hich th e o n e -to n a p p lic a tio n o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s­
p hate had been mixed i n th e upper 4 in c h e s o f s o i l .
Dry W eight o f S hoot, R o o t, and E n t i r e T ree,
and R oot-Shoot R a tio
The mean w e ig h ts o f th e s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e t r e e and th e r o o t sh o o t r a t i o s o f t r e e s produced by th e v a rio u s c u l t u r e s a re shown i n T ab les
54*

55*

and 56 .

Comparisons o f th e t r e e s from th e d i f f e r e n t c u ltu r e s

a re shown a ls o i n th e s e t a b l e s .

Sm all w e ig h t in c r e a s e s a r e e v id e n t in

th e s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e t r e e w ith each in c r e a s e i n th e amount o f
c o l lo id a l phosp h ate i n th e c u l t u r e .

The in c r e a s e s i n w e ig h t a re n o t

p ro p o r tio n a l to th e in c r e a s e s i n th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate i n th e
c u l tu r e s .

The g r e a t e s t r e l a t i v e in c r e a s e i n w e ig h t o f s h o o t and e n t i r e

t r e e o c c u rs w ith an in c r e a s e o f o n ly 0 .5 to n betw een th e 0 . 5- and 1 . 0- to n
l e v e l s , w hich r e s u l t s in 10 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e i n sh o o t w e ig h t and a 7 p e rc e n t
in c re a s e i n w eig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e .

An a d d itio n o f 20 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l

p h o sp h ate, in c r e a s in g th e t o t a l q u a n tity from 5 to 25 to n s , r e s u l t s i n an
18 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e i n sh o o t w e ig h t and a 15 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e i n w e ig h t o f
e n tir e t r e e .

The d e f i n i t e s u p e r i o r i t y in w e ig h t o f s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e

- 125 Table 5U» —Mean shoot w eight and comparison o f th e se
w eigh ts by treatm en ts, Experiment I
191*U-J+5
«
•

•
•

T re a tm e n ts s u p e r i o r t o
tr e a tm e n ts i n colum n 1
a t 1i»
a t 5%

W eight o f
s h o o t-g r.

c. p.

:
:
:
:

1.51

:
:
:
:

1.0 G. P .

s

1.66

s

5 c. p.

s

l.? 6

25 c . P .

:

2.07

s

s

i

1 .6 0

*

:

i

l.l-jl

i

T rea tm e n t
0 .5

1.0 C. P. ( s )
Check

t

S ta n d a rd
d e v i a tio n

P v a lu e tr e a tm e n t

5 C. P .

j

*

1 .0 C. P .

j

t
•
e

:

0 .0 7

j

D if f e r e n c e b etw een
tr e a tm e n t means t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 an d 1
p e rc e n t

:

:

1

•

t

:

<
>

0 .2 2

:
*

:

0.3 1

:
:

♦ ♦ S ig n ifica n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

12.05**

:

j

t

t

*

:

25

C. P .

25

C. P .

25

C. P .

25 C. P .
5

C .P .,

25

C .P .

-

126 -

Table 55. --Mean r o o t w eight and comparison o f th ese w eigh ts
by trea tm en ts, Experiment I , 191+1+-1+5

0 .5 C. P.

:
t W eight o f
t ro o t-g r.
:
:
1.27

:
:
t
i
s

1.0 C . P .

s

1.29

:

5 c. p.

5 C. P.

s

1.U7

s

25 C. P.

T reatm ent

25 C. P.
1.0

C. P . ( s )

Check
S tan dard
d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 and 1
p e rc en t
F v a lu e ' tre a tm e n t

:

1.69

s
)
:
e•
•
•
1
I
•
s
•
i
:
:

1.1+5

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 percent

1.19

0 .0 5
0 .1 6
0 . 2I+
11+.3**

J

:
•
*
••
•
•
S
•
•
i
•
!
:
»

ire a tm e n ts s u p e r io r t o
tre a tm e n ts i n column 1
*
at li
a t j/o
t
5 c. p.
s
25 C. P .

:
•

•
••
«
1.0 C. P. t
I
s
*
1
I
••
S
••
3

3
3

25 C. P.

25 C. P .

5

1.0 C. P . (S)
c .p ., 2 5 c .p .

- 127 T able 56. --Mean w eig h t o f e n t i r e t r e e , r o o t- s h o o t
r a t i o , and com parison o f w e ig h ts by t r e a t ­
m en ts, E xperim ent I , 1914+-U5

Treatm ent
0 .5

c . P.

1 .0 C. P .
5

C. P.

s W eight o f 3 T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to 3
3 e n t i r e 3 tre a tm e n ts in column 1 3 R o o t-sh o o t
3 t r e e - g r .3
at
a t 1fo
3
ra tio
3
s
2.78
3
5 c .p .
3
0.8U
2 5 C .P .
3
3
s

2 .9 5
3 .2 3

3
s

5 c.p .

25

C .p .

25 C .p .

S

0 .7 8

1
8

0.81+

•

25

C. P .

3

3 .7 6

3

•

0 .8 2

•

C. P . ( s )

3

3 .0 5

3

25 C .P .
3
1 .0 C .P . 3

0 .9 1

Check

3

2 .6 0

3

1.0C .P .(S )|
5 C .P ., 25c-.P1

0 .8 5

S tandard
d e v ia tio n

3

0 .0 7

3

D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5
and 1 p e rc e n t

3
3

0.21+
0.3U

3
3

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t

3

3 7 .2 * *

3

1 .0

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

3
3
3
3
3
8
••

0

.0U

0 .2 0

- 123 -

t r e e o f t r e e s i n th e 25~ to n c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tr e a tm e n t i s e v id e n t in
T ables 5k> 55>

T rees from t h i s tre a tm e n t were v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t ­

ly h e a v ie r i n a l l w e ig h t f e a t u r e s

to t r e e s from a l l e x c e p t one c u ltu r e

c o n ta in in g s m a lle r q u a n t i t i e s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate , and in t h i s one case
(ro o t w e ig h t o f t r e e s i n th e 5 C. P . c u ltu r e ) th e r o o ts were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h e a v ie r ( F ig s . 10 and 1 1 ).

The 5“to n tr e a tm e n t produced t r e e s o f s i g n i f i ­

c a n tly g r e a t e r to p and r o o t w eig h t and o f v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t o t a l
w eight th a n th e 0 .5 - t o n tr e a tm e n t, and o f s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r r o o t and
t o t a l w e ig h t th a n t h e 1 .0 - to n tr e a tm e n t.
The d if f e r e n c e s i n a l l w eig h t f e a t u r e s betw een th e t r e e s from th e cheok
c u ltu r e and th e 5 C. P . and 25 C. P . c u lt u r e s a re v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

In no

in s ta n c e w ere t r e e s o f th e 0 .5 C. P . tr e a tm e n t s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n
tr e e s o f th e check c u l t u r e .

The t r e e s o f th e 1 .0 C. P. c u l tu r e s a re s i g ­

n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n sh o o t w e ig h t and v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n
t o t a l w e ig h t, and th o s e o f 1 .0 C. P. (S ) tre a tm e n t a re v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r i n r o o t and t o t a l w e ig h t t o t r e e s o f th e check c u l t u r e .
There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n any o f th e w e ig h t c a te g o r ie s
betw een th e t r e e s o f th e two d i f f e r e n t 1 -to n c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tr e a tm e n ts .
S i g n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o do n o t e x i s t betw een
th e t r e e s o f any o f th e tr e a tm e n ts .

- 129 Summary o f R e s u lts
S la s h p in e s e e d lin g s responded to s o i l tre a tm e n ts in v o lv in g c o l l o i d a l
phosphate a p p lic a tio n s ra n g in g from 0 .5 t o 25 to n s p e r a c r e .

The amount

o f resp o n se v a rie d w ith th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l p h osphate used and w ith
d i f f e r e n t t r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and was n o t alw ays s i g n i f i c a n t .

Only th e

25- to n c u ltu r e cau sed enough re sp o n se i n stem grow th t o y i e l d a s i g n i ­
f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n stem le n g th a t th e end o f th e e x p erim en t betw een i t
and a l l e x ce p t th e 5"'kon tr e a tm e n t.
tr e e s in th e

The d if f e r e n c e i n stem le n g th betw een

5- to n and 25- to n c u ltu r e s d id n o t f a l l f a r s h o r t o f b ein g

s i g n i f i c a n t , however.
In b ra n c h developm ent, t r e e s i n th e 25- to n c u ltu r e to o k th e le a d
im m ediately.

At 8 w eeks, t h i s c u ltu r e had produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more

branched t r e e s and s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch es p e r t r e e th a n any o th e r
c u ltu r e .

I t m a in ta in e d t h i s ad v an tag e i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s a t 10

weeks, b u t had l o s t i t by 15 w eeks.

At th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t, a l l

tre a tm e n ts had produced a h ig h p e rc e n t o f b ran ch ed t r e e s and a la r g e number
o f b ranches p e r t r e e .

In th e l a s t f e a tu r e a l l c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate c u l tu r e s

su rp assed th e check c u l t u r e , a lth o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y , and th e 25 C. P .
c u ltu r e ranked h ig h e s t.
D iffe re n c e s i n stem d ia m e te r and t o t a l w eig h t were r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t ­
ly r e l a t e d t o th e amount o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate added to th e s o i l .

As th e

amount o f t h i s m a te r ia l was in c re a s e d , d ia m e te r o f th e stem and w eig h t o f
t r e e in c re a s e d , a lth o u g h n o t p r o p o r tio n a te ly .

The t r e e s i n th e 25- to n

c u ltu re had s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r stem s and g r e a t e r w e ig h ts th a n th o se i n a l l
o th e r c u l t u r e s .
R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by amount o f c o l l o i d a l

- 130 phosphate i n th e c u l t u r e .
The 2 5 -to n tr e a tm e n t produced th e b e s t t r e e s b u t in many r e s p e c ts
t r e e s from t h i s c u ltu r e were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th o s e from th e
5 -to n c u l t u r e .
C o llo id a l phosp h ate a p p lie d to th e s u rfa c e o f th e s o i l a t a r a t e of
1 to n p e r a c re produced about th e same e f f e c t on th e t r e e s a s th e same
q u a n tity o f t h i s m a te r ia l mixed i n th e upper ij. in c h e s o f s o i l .
When th e t r e e s w ere r a te d by th e com posite t r e e in d e x s c a le , (s e e
Table i+8) v a lu e s o f 1+.2, 6 .8 , 8 .2 , 1 1 .3» and 8 .3 w ere sec u re d f o r t r e e s
i n th e 0*5 C. P . , 1 .0 C. P ., 5 0. P . , 25 0. P . , and 1*0 C. P . (S ) t r e a t *
m ants, r e s p e c tiv e ly .

The v a lu e o f 11.3 f o r t h e 25 C. P . c u ltu r e i s com­

p a ra b le to th e 1 1 .0 f o r th e 20 C. P. +(l+x)l5NK c u ltu r e o f th e 19i+3-i4ij.
e x p erim en t.

- 131 Experim ent I I
The a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e o f a l l t r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h i s ex p erim en t
a re b ased on th e s i x c u ltu r e s in v o lv in g d i f f e r e n t q u a n t itie s o f P2O5 ran g in g
from 0 to 2*80 pounds p e r a c r e .
S o il T reatm ents
The c h a r a c te r o f th e s o i l tr e a tm e n ts i s shown in Table 57*
Length o f Stem
Mean le n g th s o f stems a t th r e e 5-week i n t e r v a l s f o r t r e e s in each
tre a tm e n t a re p re s e n te d i n T able 58*

D iff e re n c e s i n stem le n g th betw een

t r e e s i n v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts a re v e ry sm all and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t any tim e
in th e e x p e rim e n t.

No tr e n d i s even i n d ic a te d .

Only one tre a tm e n t p ro ­

duced t r e e s w ith lo n g e r stem s th a n th e check, b u t th e d if f e r e n c e i n stem
le n g th betw een t r e e s o f th e s e two c u ltu r e s was n e v e r more th a n 7 p e r c e n t.
I t i s notew o rth y t h a t th e v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts m a in ta in e d t h e i r r e l a t i v e
p o s itio n s i n stem le n g th th ro u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t, t h a t i s , th e tre a tm e n t
which ranked lo w e st a t 10 weeks h e ld th e same p o s iti o n a t 15 and 20 w eeks,
and th e one w hich ranked h ig h e s t a t 10 weeks h e ld t h a t p o s it io n a t 15 and 20
weeks.
In c re a s in g th e amount o f phosphorous i n th e s o i l d id n o t a f f e c t stem
growth ( F ig s . 12 and 13) •
Branch Development
Branch developm ent as e x p re sse d by number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s and number
o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e i s shown i n T ables 59 and 6 0 .

D iffe re n c e s betw een

c u ltu r e s in number o f b ranched t r e e s a re e v id e n t th ro u g h o u t th e ex p erim en t,
th e s e d if f e r e n c e s becoming p r o g r e s s iv e ly more pronounced from th e f i f t h t o
th e f i f t e e n t h week, th e d if f e r e n c e s b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t a t 15 w eeks.

At t h a t

tim e th e 2I+0P c u ltu r e had produced very s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch ed tr e e s

- 132 -

Table 57• — Type and tim e o f n u tr ien t
a p p lic a tio n in Experiment I I ,
19W +-1+5

A p p lied p r i o r t o
p la n tin g
. v._
P2 0 5
Pounds p e r a c re
30

t

:

T reatm ent
Wo. : D e sig n a tio n
7 :
30P
:

8

t

i
t

_______

s

s
:

60P

9

s

120P

1

120

.10

s
$

2L+0P

*
3

2*4.0

11'

J

1+80P

:

1+80

12

3
t

t

60

:

3

Check

-

t

Table 58. —Mean le n g th o f stem 10, 15, and 20
weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t,
Experim ent I I , 191+1+-1+5

Treatm ent

t.
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
t 10 weeks
: 15 weeks
* 20 weeks
»
Length o f stem - mm•
•

30P

*

II4..5

t

51 .0

60P

t

H+.2

s

1+8 .5

I

10I+.0

:

9 5 .8

3

120P

s

11+.5

S

21+0P

*

1

101.8

1+6 . 1+

:

9 0 .5

t

51+.3

*

106.7

t

5 2 .6

:

106.1+

>

1 3 .5

3

*
3

1+80P

:

16.5

Check

:

1 5 .2

3

S tandard
d e v ia tio n
P v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

50 .0

:

3

3

3

3

3

:

0 .9

:

2 .8

:

5 .6

t

1. 11+

:

1 .1 3

t
:

......... A - 3 3

- 133 -

th a n th a 60P c u ltu r e and s i g n i f i c a n t l y more th a n th a check c u l t u r e .

The

I4.8 OP c u ltu r e had produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch ed t r e e s th a n th e 60P
c u ltu r e .

There a p p e a rs t o be a ten d en cy tow ard a g ra d u a l in c r e a s e in

number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s w ith an in c r e a s e i n th e amount o f phosphorous i n
th e c u ltu r e up to 2I4O pounds o f P2O5 , a f t e r which th e r e i s a d ro p .

This

tre n d i s somewhat co n fu sed , however, by th e b e h a v io r o f th e t r e e s i n th e
60P c u ltu r e .
D iffe re n c e s i n number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e betw een th e f iv e tre a tm e n ts
were a t no tim e s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t came n e a r e s t t o b e in g so i n th e e a r l i e r
s ta g e s o f t h e experim ent (s e e F v a lu e s , Table 6 0 ) .

The h e a v ie r a p p lic a ­

tio n s o f phosphorous te n d e d to s tim u la te b ra n c h in g , b u t a s tim e e la p s e d , th e
tr e e s i n th e c u ltu r e s re c e iv in g l i g h t e r a p p lic a tio n s re c o v e re d from t h e i r
e a r ly d is a d v a n ta g e .

T rees i n a l l c u lt u r e s r e c e iv in g su p p lem en tary phos­

phorous had more b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e th a n th o s e i n th e check c u ltu r e a t th e
end o f th e e x p erim en t, b u t d if f e r e n c e s betw een tr e a tm e n ts were n o t s i g n i ­
fic a n t.
Stem D iam eter, Dry W eig h ts, and
Root-Top R a tio s
The mean stem d ia m e te r, dry w e ig h ts , and r o o t- to p r a t i o o f t r e e s
in each tre a tm e n t o f E xperim ent I I a re shown i n Table 6 1 .

D iffe re n c e s b e ­

tween tre a tm e n t means i n a l l f i v e c a te g o r ie s in c lu d e d i n T able 6 l a re s m a ll,
and i n no c ase a re th e y s i g n i f i c a n t .

A lthough i n stem d ia m e te r and th e th r e e

w eight c a te g o r ie s th e I4.8 OP c u ltu r e y ie ld e d t r e e s s u p e r io r t o th o s e i n th e
o th e r phosphorous c u l t u r e s , o n ly i n d ia m e te r i s a c o n s i s t e n t t r e n d i n th e
v a lu e s e v id e n t, th e d ia m e te rs showing a g ra d u a l in c r e a s e w ith in c r e a s e s o f
phosphorous i n th e c u l t u r e .

However a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n d ia m e ter

does n o t e x i s t betw een any two tre a tm e n ts means.

- 134 Table 59. --Number o f branched tr e e s 5. 8* 10* 15» and 20
weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment I I ,
1944-45
t
t

T reatm en t

:

30P

:

5? w eeks

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
8 weeks : 10 weeks
15 weeks :
B ranched t r e e s - p e r c e n t o f t o t a l
:
:
:
:
2 2 .5
:
2 2 .5
2 7 .5
*

:

:

:

:

5-0

j

0 .0

1 2 .5
I

120P

:

2 .5

:

:

1 2 .5

t

15 .0

:

:

1 2 .5

:

20.0

3 2 .5

:

3 7 .5

4 7 .5

*

4 7 .5

:

3 7 .5

:

3 7 .5

:

2 2 .5

:

3 0 .0

:
•

2 0.0

•

• 240P

3 0 .0

I

I

6op

20 w eeks

:
:

2 .5

:

45*0

:

45*0

:
•

480P

:

5 .0

«

3 2 .5

5.0

:

1 7 .5

i

3 2 .5

*

20.0

•

Cheok
S ta n d a rd
d e v i a tio n

:

:
:
t

*
:

5 *2

i

:

:

7 .8

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:
:
:
:
:

:

:
:

:

:
:
:

3

:

:

7 .8

:

D if f e re n c e
betw een
tr e a tm e n t i
means t o b e :
s ig n ific a n t:
at 5
1 *
p e rc e n t
:

F v a lu e
tr e a tm e n t

3

7 .0

:

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e rc e n t

2.60

:

7 .2

:

•
•

:

2 1 .6

•
•

:
:

3 0 .3

2 .5 7

•
•

:
:
:
:
*
:

:

0 .4 3

:

3.41*

:

1 .9 8

- 135 Table 6 0 . —Mean number o f branches per tr e e 8 , 10, 15»
and 20 weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l trea tm en t, Ex­
periment I I , 191+1+4+5.

t

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
8 weeks t 10 weeks : 15 weeks 1
B ranches p e r t r e e - number
•
j
:
0 .6 8
1
s
0 .5 5
,
0 .2 5

Treatm ent
30P

20 weeks
1 .0 5

60P

0 .1 2

t

0 .3 0

,

O.6 5

*

0 .8 5

120P

0 .1 5

s

0 .3 0

,

0 .5 2

s

1 .0 0

21+OP

0.1+5

s

0 .7 0

:

0 .7 8

:

0 .7 8

1+80P

0 . 1+2

t

0 .7 2

J

0 .9 0

:

1 .0 2

Check

0 .2 5

*

O.38

J

0 .5 2

s

0 .6 8

S tandard d e v ia tio n

0 .1 2

0 . 11+

*

0 . 21+

1.1+1+

:
:
*

0 .1 9

F v a lu e tr e a tm e n t

i
:
s

0 . 1+8

t

1 .8 9

t

0 .2 5

Table 6l . —Mean stem d ia m e te r, d ry w e ig h t, and r o o t- s h o o t
r a t i o in E xperim ent I I , 191+1+4+5

Treatm ent

D iam eter
o f stem
mm.

30P

3.5U

6op

3.58

120P

3-61+

21+0P
1+80P
Check
S tandard
d e v ia tio n
A1' v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

:
:
•0
t
t

1 .2 9

Dry w e ig h t
Root
t
grams
1
t
:
0 . 7I+
t

Shoot

:

T o ta l

t Root-Shooi
R a tio

2.0 3

*

0 .5 7

1 .1 6

s

0 .7 2

J

1 .8 8

t

0 .6 2

1 .2 5

j

0 .6 2

1 .9 5

*

0 . 6I+

*

1 .3 3

2 .1 5

:

0 .6 2

3 .5 6

t
•
i
:
:
s

1 .2 6

s
t
:
•
*
•
:

2.0 3

3 .7 0

:
•
t
«
:
•
:

0 .7 8

3 .6 5

:
•
:
•
>

2.0 1

:

0 .6 0

0 .1 2

I

0 .0 3

0.51+

*

0.1+1+

0 .0 7
0 .7 3

1 .1 9

0 .0 7
0 .8 2

t
:
1
s

0 .7 6
0 .8 2
0 .7 5
0.01+
1 .07

J
j
t
s

-

136 -

Summary o f R e s u lt s

V arying th e amount o f P2O5 i n th e s o i l c u ltu r e s from 30 to i|B0 pounds
had l i t t l e e f f e c t on young s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s .

Only i n one t r e e c h a r a c te r ­

i s t i c - number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s - was th e r e a tem p o rary s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
ence.

Stem d ia m e te r showed th e most c o n s i s te n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e amount

o f phosphorous i n th e c u l t u r e s , stem d ia m e te r in c r e a s in g w ith in c r e a s e s
in q u a n tity o f p h o sp h o ro u s.

However, th e in c r e a s e s i n d ia m e te r a re n o t

p ro p o r tio n a l t o th e in c re a s e d i n phosp h o ro u s, and th e d if f e r e n c e s i n stem
d iam eter betw een t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t 't r e a t m e n t s a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
S la s h p in e s e e d lin g s f a i l e d to re sp o n d to v a ry in g amounts o f phos­
phorous a lo n e .

R ated by th e com posite t r e e in d ex s c a l e , th e 30P, 60P,

120P, 21+OP, and 1+80P c u ltu r e s have v a lu e s o f - 0 . 2 , - 0 . 3 , 0 ,6 , 0 .2 , and
1. 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

- 137 E x p erim en t I I I
S o il T re a tm e n t

The ty p e and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n i n each tr e a tm e n t i s shown
in Table 6 2 .
The a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e a re b ased on th e tw elv e tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv ­
in g th e u se o f v a rio u s q u a n titie s o f P2O5 w ith and w ith o u t u n ifo rm amounts
o f o th e r n u t r i e n t e le m e n ts.

The tr e a tm e n t e f f e c t can be broken down i n to

th r e e p a rts * ( 1 ) e f f e c t 'o f v a ry in g q u a n t i t i e s o f P2O5 i n tr e a tm e n ts ;
( 2 ) e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t e lem en ts used in co m b in atio n w ith phos­
phorous; and ( 3 ) th e e f f e c t o f th e i n t e r a c t i o n betw een th e q u a n tity o f
phosphorous and th e n u t r i e n t s used i n co m b in atio n w ith i t .

These th r e e

c a te g o rie s a re r e f e r r e d to i n th e t a b l e s and t e x t a s " r a t e ’*, ’’co m b in atio n ” ,
and ’’r a t e x co m b in atio n ” , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The mean v a lu e s o f d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e t r e e s i n th e check
tre a tm e n t a re shown i n a l l t a b l e s f o r co m p arativ e p u rp o s e s.
Length o f Stem
The mean le n g th s o f stem s o f t r e e s a t d i f f e r e n t p e rio d s o f tim e a f t e r
th e i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t a re p re s e n te d i n Table 6 3 .

As shown i n th e t a b l e ,

th e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th betw een d i f f e r e n t
tr e a tm e n ts , betw een v a rio u s r a t e s a t w hich phosphorous was a p p lie d , b e ­
tween v a rio u s com b in atio n s o f n u t r i e n t s u sed to supplem ent th e phosphorous,
o r betw een th e i n t e r a c t i o n betw een th e l a s t two f a c t o r s .
A c tu al d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th o f t r e e s i n v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts w ere
v ery sm all th ro u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t.

The maximum d if f e r e n c e betw een two

c u ltu r e s a t 10 weeks (60P and 480P) was 15 p e r c e n t, and a t 20 weeks was 11.3
p e r c e n t.

A ll tr e a tm e n ts d id n o t m a in ta in t h e i r r e l a t i v e p o s itio n s th ro u g h o u t

Table 62. --Type and time of nutrient application in Experiment III,

19i4+-U5
P r i o r t o p la n tin g :
N

K20

Time o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n
5 weeks a f t e r
10 weeks a f t e r
p la n tin g
p la n tin g
K20
N
K20
N
Founds p e r a c re

T reatm ent
D e sig n a tio n

P205

No.
8

60P

60

-

-

!

-

9

120P

120

-

-

:

-

11

U80P

U80

-

-

:

-

12

Check

-

Ca t

-

-

-

!

-

-

I•
*

13

60P-K

6o

-

15

:

-

15

!

lU

120P-K

120

-

15

:

-

15

E

-

-

-

-

U80P-K

lj80

-

!

15

-

15

I
ik

a

:
:

mm

15

:
••
••
•
••
•
••

15

>

■
13

t 15 weeks a f t e r
:
p la n tin g
K20
t
N
-

-

-

-

-

15

-

15

t

-

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

3

*5

•

15

15

15

15

3
:
4•

15

s

15

15

15

15

3

15

15

t

15

15

15

15

6o

15

15

200 s

15

15

15

15

15

15

20

120P-Ca NK 120

15

15

200

15

15

S
•

15

-1 5

15

15

21

U80P-Ca NK U80

15

15

200 i

15

15

*

15

15

15

15

16

60P-NK

6o

15

15

17

120P-NK

120

15

18

1+80P-NK

i+80

19

60P-Ca NK

tm

•
•

••
1

3

- 139 Table 6 3 . —Mean len gth o f stem 10, 15, and 20 weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment I I I ,
1914+-U5

T reatm en t
60P

*
*
*
t
*

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
10 weeks . * 15 weeks * 20 weeks
Length o f stem —mm.
1
**
9 5 .8
1+8.5
lk . 2
s
•

3

120P
1+80P

*
s
:

1U.5

*

50.0

1 6 .3

*

*

5U.3

*

*

15.1+

*

1+9.8

*

60P-NK

*
1
!

100. 1+

•

1 5 .7

*

9 9 .1

1+9.5

3

U80P-K

1 06.7

3

e

120P-K

101.8

•

•

60P-K

*

3

15.1

»

•

1+9.2

*

100.3

:

9 9 .0

•

1 6 .1

s

50.8

3

120P-NK

s

15.1

3

1+80P-NK

:

15.8

s

16 .1

1

120P-Ca NK

s
s

*

9 8 .1

*

U9..2

*

9 6 .5

*

1+8.2

s

9 7 .2

1+7.3

!

9 7 . 1+

1+9.7

:

3

1I+.8

*
3

•

U80P-Ca NK

1+7.0

3

3

60P-Ca NK

t
3

15 .7

*

Cheek

*

1 0 1 .9

•

•

1 5 .2

:

5 2 .6

*

106. 1+

J

S tan d ard
d e v ia tio n
P v a lu e t r e a t - *
ment

•

:
*

*

0 .9

i

3

2 .7

0 .6 8

*

0.1+9

3

F v a lu e r a t e

t

0 .7 1

*

*

0 .U2

O.71

s

0 .5 1

3

3

0 .6 5

*

O.50

•

0 .6 9

*

s

0.1+9

•

3

«

F v a lu e r a t e x*
com bination

*
3

*
:

5 .1

3

3

F v a lu e comb in a tio n

*

•

*

0 .6 5

:

O.I4O

.

- li+o -

th e e x p e rim e n t.

The t r e e s i n th e I4.8 OP tre a tm e n t had th e lo n g e s t stem s on

each o b s e r v a tio n d a te , how ever.

The t r e e s i n th e c u lt u r e s c o n ta in in g n i ­

tro g e n and p o ta ssiu m and i n th o s e c o n ta in in g calciu m , n itr o g e n , and po­
ta s s iu m had somewhat s h o r te r stem s th a n t r e e s i n m ost o th e r c u ltu r e s a t th e
end o f th e e x p e rim e n t, w hereas t r e e s i n some o f th e form er c u l tu r e s had
lo n g e r stem s th a n th o s e i n th e l a t t e r tre a tm e n ts a t 5 w eeks.
When th e mean stem le n g th s o f th e t r e e s i n th e tw e lv e c u l t u r e s o f
E x p erim en t I I I a r e oom pared w ith t h e mean l e n g t h o f th o s e i n th e ch ec k
tr e a tm e n t, i t i s o b v io u s t h a t th e s u p p le m e n ta l n u t r i e n t s w ere n o t e f f e c t i v e
i n s t i m u l a t i n g stem g ro w th .

On th e c o n t r a r y , i n a l l e x c e p t one i n s t a n c e ,

th e y had a te n d e n o y t o .h a v e a d e p r e s s in g e f f e c t on stem g ro w th a lth o u g h th e
e f f e c t was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( F i g s . li+, 15, 16, 17)•
B ranch D evelopm ent
B ranch d ev elo p m en t a s e x p r e s s e d b y th e p r o p o r ti o n o f b ra n c h e d t r e e s and
by number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e i s shown i n T a b le s 64 and 6 9 .

T ab le 64 shows

a w ide ra n g e i n t h e number o f b ra n c h e d t r e e s p ro d u ced by d i f f e r e n t s o i l t r e a t ­
m e n ts, and e x c e p t f o r 5 w eeks a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l tr e a t m e n t , th e d i f f e r e n c e s
betw een tr e a tm e n ts w ere v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t . The r a t e a t w h ich p h o sp h o ro u s was
u sed a s w e ll a s th e c o m b in a tio n o f n u t r i e n t e le m e n ts u s e d w ith p h o sp h o ro u s
produoed e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e num ber o f
b ra n c h e d t r e e s *

The in flu e n c e o f r a t e a t w hich phosphorous was used on th e number o f
branched t r e e s i s b ro u g h t o u t e f f e c t i v e l y i n T able 65*

As th e amount o f

phosphorous was in c re a s e d , th e number o f branched t r e e s in c re a se d *

An

a n ia y s is o f t h i s t a b l e r e v e a ls t h a t th e i|dO-pound r a t e was v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r to th e 60-pound r a t e i n number o f branched t r e e s p ro d u ced .

The

form er r a t e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th e 120-pound r a t e a t 8 weeks and
v e ry s i g n i f i o a n t l y s u p e rio r a t 10 w eeks, b u t l o s t th e advantage la te r *

- 11+1 -

Table 61*-. —The number o f branched t r e e s 5, 8 , 10* 15, and 20
weeks a f t e r th e i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment I I I ,
1914+-U5
s
••
T reatm ent :

5 weeks

Time " a f te r in i- f c ia l tr e a tm e n t
10 weeks t 15 weeks s 20 weeks
8 weeks
Branched t r e e s - p e rc e n t o f t o t a l
'
s
20 .0
1 2 .5
s
1 2 .5
*
1 2 ,5
e

60P

:

120P

s

0 .0

3

X

2 .5

1 5 .0

2 0 .0

s

3 2 .5

s

3 7 .5

5.0

3 2 .5

3 2 .5

1

3 7 .5

s

3 7 .5

•

1+7.5

•
Is S O P

60P-K

:

•
1

3

0 .0

’ 1 7 .5

1+0.0

X

120P-K

S

1+7 .5

3

•

:

1+2.5

s

1+5.0

i

1+2.5

:

1+5.0

60P-NK

1
s
1
:
:

7 .5

3 5 .0

l+o.o

t

50 .0

120P-NK

:

10.0

35 .0

5 2 .5

*

U80P-NK

s

1 7 .5

6 0 .0

7 2 .5

7 .5

5 2 .5

55 .0

1|80F-K

2 .5

3 2 .5

3 5 .0

2 .5

2 2 .5

3 7 .5

3

e
e

50 .0

55-0

t
8•
s

5 7 .5

:

7 5 .0

s

7 5 .0

s
3

5 7 .5

s

6 0 .0

X

60P-Ca NKj
•

120P-Ca M s
s
U80P-Ca NK*

1 2 .5

50.0

6 0 .0

1

6 5 .0

2 2 .5

7 0 .0

8 0 .0

3
s
3

8 0 .0

s

8 0 .0

5 .0

1 7 .5

2 0 .0

s

2 2 .5

s
3

3 0 .0

6 .8

:
s

7 .2

3
•
e

s

3
3

s
s
s
s
s
s

3

Check

j

:
6 .8
s
5 .6
t
D iffe re n c e :
between
s
tre a tm e n t t
20.0
means t o b e t
s ig n if ic a n ts
a t 5 and 1 s
p e rc e n t
t
26 .9
F v a lu e
:
1.80
tre a tm e n t s
1 , 62**
6 .2 1 ^
F v alu e rates
2.77
F value corns
b in a tio n
s
1 .1 2
21. 2h**
F v alue rates
x combinations
1.81
1.29
♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

7 .0

2 0.1
2 7 .0

:

s
s
s
»

S

7 0 .0

3

3
3

♦

S tan d ard
d e v ia tio n

3

1 9 .6
26. 1+

2 0.7
27 .8

e
•

8.17++S

7 .1+6++ s
6.20++:

t
2 2 'b & * * s

1 .1 9

t
:

5.78++
1+.3U*

e
•

20. 31+ ^ a
a
s
I . I 4 I +

l 6 .k 7 * *

0 .9 2

-

11*2 -

Table 65* --The number o f branched tr e e s 5» 8 , 10, 15, and 20
weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm ent in r e la t io n to ra te o f
phosphorous a p p lic a tio n , Experiment I I I , 19l*l*-l*5
ifime a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
8 weeks : 10 weeks t 15 weeks :
B ranched t r e e s - p e rc e n t o f t o t a l
:
i
2 8 .1
1
3 6 .9
* 1+1.9

'j weeks
Rate
6°

3 .9

20 weeks
1+1+.U

2

120

7 .5

33.1

U1 .9

*

1+8 .8

t

5 2 .5

1+80

11.8

U5.0

55*6

t

59.7

*

59.1*

D iffe re n c e
between
r a te means
to be s i g ­
n ific a n t a t
5 and 1 p e n
c e n t.

$
:

*

1

1 0 .0

1 0 .0

:

9 .8

•

'

1 3 .5

1 3 .5

*
*

1 3 .2

:
t
:
j

1 0.1+

1 3 .9

Table 6 6 . --T he number of b ranched t r e e s 5, 8 , 10, 15, and 20
weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t in r e l a t i o n t o com­
b in a tio n o f elem ents u sed w ith p h o sp h o ro u s, E x p e ri­
m ent I I I , 19J+1+-1+5
••

C o m b in a t io n *
t
P
1

w eeks

t

2 .5

*

s

2

P-K

1 .7
:

l6 .6

2

2

P-N K

T im e a f t e r i n i t i a l t r e a t m e n t
8 w e e k s 1 10 w e e k s s 15 w e e k s
B ranched t r e e s - p e r c e n t o f t o t a l

*

*

*

w eeks

*

2 1 .7

:

2 7 .5

s

3 1 .7

2 l * .2

*

3 7 .5

1

l* l+ .2

*

1*5.8

s

6 0 .0

,

6 0 .8

6 7 .5

*

7 0 .0

•

1*3.3

*

5 5 .0

2

t

P -C aN K

20

2

•

1 1 .7

*

*

11+.2

*

5 7 .5

*

6 5 .0

*

*

D iffe r e n c e *
b e tw e e n conn
b in a tio n
s
m ean s t o b e t
s ig n ific a n t*
a t 5 and 1 t
percent
*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*
t

1 1 .6

1 1 .6

t

1 5 .5

1

*

ii.3

*

*

*
*

*

*

1 5 .5

*

1 5 .2

*
*
*
s

12 .0
1 6.1

-

1

4? -

T able 67• ~ A com parison o f th e e f f e c t o f v a rio u s n u t r i e n t com­
b in a tio n s on th e number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s in E x p e ri­
ment I I I , 1914U-U5
:
C om binations s u p e r io r t o co m b in atio n s i n column 1
:
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
x
8 week§
x
36 weeks
weeks
1 1 9 weeks
t
x a t $ x a t lftt a t Wos a t Ifos a t 5
a t 1%t a t 5&x a t
X
>
x
x
:
x
x
x
P-NK s
x P-NK x
: P-K *
x P-NK
x
xP-CaNKx
xP-CaNKx
* P-NK * P-K x
xP-CaNK
1
*
xP-CaNKx
:
:
x
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
:
: P-NK :
j P-NK x
x P-NK x
x
xP-CaNKx
xP-CaNKx
xP-CaNKx P-NKxP-CaNK
»
>
:
sP-CaNK:
*
8
8.
8
:
8
s
1 0

Com bination

*

P

i

X
X

P-K
P-NK
P-CaNPK

•
e

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

-

iii

4

-

Table 6 8. --Comparison o f number o f branched t r e e s a t 8
and 20 weeks by trea tm en ts, Experiment I I I
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l t r eatm ent
20 weeks
8 weeks
t
'
in column 1
T r ea tm en t

a t “5 T “

*'

...... a t

"

a 't" ^ " '

s

at

1%

t

60P

U 8 0 P ,1 2 0 P - K

: 6 0 P -N K , 1 2 0 P -N K
: J4.8 O P -N K , 60 P -C a N K
:1 2 0 P -C a N K
*l4S 0 P-C aN K

6 0 P -N K
1 2 0 P -N K

:U 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a U K
s l2 0 P -C a N K
sl+ 80P -C aN K

t 6 0 P -N K , 1 2 0 P -N K
6 0 P -K
1 2 0 P -K
U 8 0 P -K

jU 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a U K
:1 2 0 P -C a N K
:1+80P-N K
J

120P

:J + 3 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a N K
: 1 2 0 P -C a U K
ti+SOP-CaNK
3

s I4.8O P -N K , 6 0 P -C aNK
I4.8 OP

60 P -C a N K
1 2 0 P -C a N K

1I+8OP-NK
jl+80P -C aN K

:1 2 0 P -C a W K
jl+SOP-CaNK
s

:l+ 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a N K
sl2 0 P -C a M
»It.80P-CaNK

6 0 P -K

3

1I+8OP-NK
sLjBOP-CalJK
3

1 2 0 P -K

6 0 P -C aN K
1 2 0 P -C a N K

:U 8 0 P -N K
*U 80P -C aN K

1I4.8OP-NK
sU 8 0 P -C a N K
3

1+80P-K

:l+ 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a N K

:J + 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a N K

il2 0 P - C a H K
s l+ 8 0 P - C a M

s l2 0 P - C a N K
sI).80P -C aN E
s
jljSO P-C aN K

60P-JJK

U 80P -N K

:U 8 0 P -C a N K

1 2 0 P -N K

I4.8 OP-NK .

jU 8 0 P -C a N K

3
•
•
3

U 80P -N K

•
•
•
•

60P -C aN K

a
•

1

120P -C aH K

U 80P -C aN K

:

s

U 80P -C aN K

:

1

:U 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a W K
» 12 0 P -C a N K

C heck

iU 8 0 P -C a N K

» U 8 0 P -N K ,6 0 P -C a N K
: 1 2 0 P -C a N K
:U 8 0 P -C a N K

- 1U5 The in f lu e n c e o f th e elem en ts u sed i n com b in atio n w ith phosphorous
on th e number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s i s shown i n Table 6 8 .

As th e number o f

elem ents u sed i n co m b in atio n w ith phosphorous was in c r e a s e d , th e number
o f branched t r e e s in c r e a s e d .

The a d d itio n o f p o ta ssiu m d id n o t cause enough

in c re a s e in number o f branched t r e e s t o r e s u l t in a . s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e
between th e P and P-K tre a tm e n ts d u rin g th e f i r s t 10 w eeks, b u t t h e r e ­
a f t e r th e d if f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t .
e v id e n t i n T able 67*

T h is and o th e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re

When n itr o g e n o r n itr o g e n and calciu m a re in c lu d e d

in th e n u t r i e n t c u l t u r e , th e number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s becomes s i g n i f i c a n t l y
g r e a te r th a n when o n ly phosphorous o r phosphorous and p o ta ssiu m make up th e
n u t r i e n t c u ltu r e ( F ig . 15)•

The P-CaNK c u ltu r e s a re o n ly te m p o ra rily s i g ­

n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n numbers o f b ran ch ed t r e e s t o th e P-NK c u l tu r e s a t 8
weeks.
An ex am in atio n o f th e d a ta on number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s by in d iv id u a l
tre a tm e n ts i n Table 6i+ a ls o h e a rs o u t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s d is c u s s e d i n th e
fo reg o in g p a ra g ra p h s .

Comparisons o f th e e f f e c t o f v a rio u s s o i l tre a tm e n ts

on th e number o f branched t r e e s on two d a te s

a re p re s e n te d i n Table 6 8 .

r e la tio n s h ip s betw een tre a tm e n ts on th e two d a te s a r e s i m i l a r .

The

In g e n e r a l,

th e r e a re s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ra n c h ed t r e e s betw een few er
tre a tm e n ts a t 20 weeks th a n a t 8 w eeks.

T his s i g n i f i e s t h a t a lth o u g h b ra n c h ­

in g was slow i n b e in g i n i t i a t e d by some c u l t u r e s , th e d e f ic ie n c y in number
o f branched t r e e s was overcome somewhat w ith th e p a s s in g o f tim e .

P a rti­

c u la r ly e v id e n t i n T able 68 i s th e g e n e r a l s u p e r i o r i t y in number o f b ran ch ed
t r e e s o f th e c u ltu r e s t h a t re c e iv e d su p p lem en tal n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .
Table 69 shows much v a r i a t i o n th ro u g h th e e x p erim en t among th e
d i f f e r e n t s o i l tre a tm e n ts i n th e number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e .
a re g r e a t e s t 4h th e e a r l y s ta g e s o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

The d if f e r e n c e s

At 8 weeks th e J+80P-CaHK

-

12*6 -

Table 6 9 . —The number o f branches per t r e e 8 , 10, 15,
and 20 weeks, a f t e r th e i n i t i a l treatm en t, Ex­
periment I I I , 19U1+-U5
t
J

Treatm ent

8 weeks

s

3

s

60P

:

tfime a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
3 10 weeks
3
15 weeks
3
B ranches p e r t r e e - number

0 .1 2

3

3

0 .3 0

3

3

0 .6 0

3
s

0 .1 5

3

0 .3 0

3

0 .5 2

I4.8OP

1

0.1+2

3

0 .7 2

3

0 .9 0

3

60P-K

3

0 .3 5

3

3

0 .8 2

120P-K

*

O.38

3

0 .7 0

3

1+80P-K

*
3

0 .3 0

3

0 .7 8

z

3

0 .5 2

3

0.1+8

3
z

1.1+2

3

3

1 .1 2

3

*

0 .9 8

3

3

0 .7 8
0 .8 0

120P-CaN&

2 .0 a

3

3

3

0 .2 5

3

0 .5 2
0 .7 0

6.93**

3

3

1 .6 5

3

2 .1 5

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t

3

0.38

2 .3 2

5 p e r c e n t.
1 p erc en t.

3

3

0 .5 2

3

3

0 .2 2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

*

0 .6 8

8

3

0 .6 2

2 .3 5

8

8

0 .2 1

1 .7 5

3

3

0 .7 9

3

*

0 .2 9

0.83

3

0 .8 3

3

1 .0 6

3

1 .1 2

8.3U+*

3
3

i+. 8i+*+

3
3

3.1*5**

3

10.82*+
1 8 .98**

3

3

6.1 * 6 ^

3

3

3

3

11,39**

3

*

5. 08*

7.07♦♦

3

8

2.18

3

3

3

3

1 .7 6

3

*

3

s

1 .1 5

1.30

3

1 8 .6 2 ^

8
3

2.00

3

F v alu e r a t e 3
x com binations

0*98

3

3

1 .1 2

3

3

3

3

3

1 .8 2

3

3

F v alu e comb in a tio n

1 .0 0

3

3

1 .60

3

3

7»30**

3

3

3

1 .1 8

1.60

3

3

F v alu e r a t e 3

3

3

2 .3 5

S

0 .1 8

1 .0 8

8

8

3

s
z
D iffe re n c e
3
between t r e a t *
ment means t o 3
be s i g n i f i - 3
c a n t a t 5 euad. s
1 p e rc e n t
3
P v alu e t r e a t *
ment
3

1 .1 2

3

1 .5 5

3

3

3

S tandard
d e v ia tio n

3

1 .0 2

2.28

s

Check

3

3

3
v

3

l+80P-CaNK

t

1.00

3

3

s

60P-CaNK'

1 .0 0

3

3

I48OP-NK

3

3

3

8

3

120P-K

1.0 8

8

3

60P-NK

3

0 .8 5

)

3

t

3
3

120P

I

20 weeks

3

1 .0 3

3

0 .9 2

- 147 -

c u ltu r e ( g r e a t e s t number o f b ra n c h e s ) had produced t r e e s w ith n e a r ly t h i r ­
te e n tim e s a s many b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e as th e 60P c u l tu r e (lo w e s t number o f
b ra n c h e s ).

A t 20 w eeks, how ever, t r e e s i n th e form er c u ltu r e had ap p ro x im ate­

ly th r e e tim e s as many b ra n c h e s as t r e e s i n th e l a t t e r .

S im ila r , a lth o u g h

le s s pronounced, tr e n d s are e v id e n t in o th e r tr e a tm e n ts .
Mean number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e a t v a rio u s tim es in r e l a t i o n to r a t e
o f a p p lic a tio n o f phosphorous i s p re s e n te d i n T able 70*

An a n a ly s is o f

t h i s ta b l e r e v e a ls t h a t t r e e s i n th e IjS O -p o u n d -ap p lio atio n c u ltu r e s had v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( o r s i g n i f i c a n t l y ) more b ra n c h es p e r t r e e th a n t r e e s i n e i t h e r
th e 60-pound- o r 120-pound- a p p lic a ti o n c u ltu r e s th ro u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t.
There were no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e b e ­
tween th e 6 0 - and 1 2 0 -p o u n d -a p p lic a tio n c u l t u r e s .
Mean number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e a t v a rio u s tim e s i n r e l a t i o n to
com bination o f elem en ts used w ith phosphorous i s p re s e n te d in Table 71*
D is tin c t d if f e r e n c e s i n mean number o f b ra n c h es a re e v id e n t betw een c u l­
tu r e s c o n ta in in g d i f f e r e n t co m binatio n s o f su p p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s .
g r e a te s t d if f e r e n c e s a re betw een th e P and P-CaNK c u l t u r e s .

The

At 8 w eeks,

th e l a t t e r had produced t r e e s w ith more th a n f iv e tim e s a s many b ra n c h e s as
th e fo rm er, and a t' 20 w eeks, w ith more th a n tw ic e a s many.

D iffe re n c e s b e ­

tween o th e r com b in atio n s a re l e s s pronounced, a lth o u g h as shown i n Table
72, many o f th e d if f e r e n c e s a r e e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t .

In

a l l fo u r co m b in a tio n s, r e l a t i v e d if f e r e n c e s i n number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e
d ecreased w ith e la p s e d tim e ; b u t th e d if f e r e n c e s i n term s o f a c tu a l numbers
o f b ran ch es were n e a r ly th e same a t 20 weeks a s a t 8 w eeks.

The pronounc­

ed e f f e c t o f th e in c lu s io n o f n itr o g e n and calciu m i n th e n u t r i e n t tre a tm e n t
on number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e i s e v id e n t i n Table 7 2 .

I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t

th e P-CaNK c u ltu r e s produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ran ch es p e r t r e e th a n th e

Table 70. --Number o f branches per tr e e a t d if f e r e n t tim es
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm ent in r e la t io n t o r a te o f
phosphorous a p p lic a tio n , Experiment I I I , 191+1+-1+5
8 weeks

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
10 weeks
1
t 15 weeks
B ranches p e r t r e e - number

i

Hate
•
•

60

0.5 3

3

j

0 .8 8

3

3

1 .1 9

s

120

0.1+9

1+80

0 .9 2

3

!

0 .7 8
1 . 1+3

*
t
t

0 .9 8

T a b le 7 1 .

0 .3 5

3

1 .2 7

1 .6 6

3

1 .83

m

3

:
j
t
*

0 .3 1

:
s

:
0 .3 7

t

3

0.1+2

3
3

0.1+2

1

0 .5 0

3

O.5 6

— N u m b er o f b r a n c h e s p e r t r e e a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s
a f t e r i n i t i a l t r e a t m e n t i n r e l a t i o n t o c o m b in a ­
t i o n o f e le m e n ts u se d w it h p h o sp h o r o u s, E x p e r i­
m en t I I I ,
3
3

6 weeks

3

Com bination s
3

191+1+-1+5*

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
10 weeks
3
13 weeks
3
B ranches p e r t r e e - number

3

3

P

1 .2 6

3

•
•

0 .2 6

t
3

•

D iffe re n c e
between r a t e
means t o be
s ig n ific a n t
at 5
1
p e rc e n t

20 weeks

3

20 weeks

3

a .2 3

3

0.1+1+

3

0 .6 8

s

0 .9 6

3

P-K

3

0 . 31+

3

0 .7 7

3

1 .07

3

1 .28

P-NK

1

0 .8 1

s

1 .2 2

s

1.1+2

3

1.51+

3

1 .2 2

s

1.68

*

1.9 3

*

2.0 3

P-CaNK .

3

3

3

3

D iffe re n c e
3
between com- 3
b in a tio n m e an
t o be s i g n i - 3
fic a n t a t 5 *
and 1 p ero en t3

3

3

3

3
3

0 .3 0
0.1+1

*
••

O.37

3

0.1+9

3

3

0.1+6

3
3

3

0.1+8

3

0 .6 1

3

0.61+

- 149 -

P-NK c u l t u r e s , t h u s d e m o n s tra tin g t h a t c a lc iu m p la y e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n
t h i s a s p e c t o f b ra n c h in g ( F i g s . 15 and 1 7 ).

I t s h o u ld be n o te d t h a t when

o n ly p o ta s s iu m was added w ith p h o s p h o ro u s, number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e was
no t a ffe c te d s ig n if ic a n tly .

Comparison o f number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e by in d iv id u a l s o i l t r e a t ­
ments i s p re s e n te d i n T able 73*

I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t none o f th e phos­

phorous tr e a tm e n ts and o n ly one o f th e p h o sp h o ro u s-p o tassiu m tre a tm e n ts
(I4BOP-K) produced t r e e s w ith s i g n i f i c a n t l y more b ra n c h e s th a n th e check,
t h a t only one o f th e p h o s p h o ro u s-n itro g e n -p o ta s siu m c u ltu r e s (i+80P-NK)
produced t r e e s w ith more b ra n c h e s th a n th e check, and t h a t a l l p h o sp h o ro u sc a lc iu m -n itro g e n -p o ta s s iu m tre a tm e n ts produced t r e e s w ith more b ran ch es
th a n th e ch eck .

The a fo rem en tio n ed f iv e tre a tm e n ts a re su rp a sse d in

number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e by no c u l tu r e a t th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

Of

th e s e f iv e c u l t u r e s , th e 60P-CaNK c u ltu r e had in c re a s e d b ra n c h in g w ith th e
g r e a te s t economy o f n u t r i e n t m a t e r i a l s .
In g e n e r a l , th o s e c u l t u r e s w h ich w ere m o st e f f e c t i v e i n in c r e a s i n g th e
number o f b ra n c h e d t r e e s w ere a l s o th e m ost e f f e c t i v e i n i n c r e a s i n g th e
number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e .
D iam eter o f Stem

Mean d ia m e te r o f stem s o f t r e e s and a com parison o f stem d ia m e te rs
o f t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t tre a tm e n ts a re p re s e n te d in T able 74*

The l a r g e s t

mean d ia m e ter i s 1 0 .4 p e rc e n t g r e a te r th a n t h a t o f t h e check c u l t u r e . The
a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e r e v e a ls t h a t r a t e , co m b in atio n , and tr e a tm e n t a re
re s p o n s ib le f o r s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem d ia m e te r.

The 48Q“P°u»d

a p p lic a tio n o f phosphorous produced t r e e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r i n d ia m e ter
(3 .3 5 mm.) th a n th e 120-pound a p p lic a t io n (3*75 mm.) and v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
la r g e r th a n th o se o f th e 60-pound a p p lic a tio n (3*68 m m.).

The d if f e r e n c e o f

- 150 -

Table 7 2 . ~ A com parison o f th e e f f e c t o f v a rio u s n u t r i e n t
com binations on th e number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e
in E xperim ent I I I , 19Ui+”i+5

C om bination

P

P-K
P-NK
P-CaNK

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
8 weeks
: 10 weeks
15 weeks
:
20 weeks
a t 'jfoi a t l%i a t
a t 1% a t
1$: a t
a t 1%
:
:
:
:
s
sP-NK :
:P-NK
P-NK s
:
: P-CaNK j
iP-CaNK
P-CaNK:P-NK sP-CaNK
:
i
s
*
:
:P-NK :
:
i
:
P-CaNK:
:P-CaNK
: P-CaNK:P-NK sP-CaNK
:
:
:
>
:
: P-CaNK:
:P-CaNK:P-CaNK:
P-CaNK
:
:
*
:
:
:
:
:
:
i

- 151 Table 73* ~”A comparison o f th e number o f branches per tr e e
by s o i l treatm ent 8 and 20 weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l
treatm en t, Experiment I I I , 19W+-U5
:
<
T rea tm e n t

*

3
:

1
60P

:

1
t

120P

3
3
t

3
1+80P

3
3
3
j

60P-K

120P-K

*
t
:
:
8
••

flm e a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
8 weeks
t
20 weeks
T reatm en ts s u p e r io r to tre a tm e n ts in column 1
a t i fo
3
a t $?a
3 a t 1%
a F -^ " " ' 3
8
3 I48OP-NK
3
3 I4.8O P-M
3 60P-CaNK
3 60P-CaNK
3 120P-CaNK
3 IjSOP-CaNK
3 USOP-CaNK
3 120P-CaNK
3
•
3 I4.8OP-NK
3
8 60P-CaNK
3 U 8op-nk
3 120P-CaNK
3
60P-CaNK
3 I(SOP-CaNK
3 U80P-CaNK
3
3 J48OP-NK
3
s 60P-CaKK
3 U bop-nk
8
U80P-CaNK
3 l+BOP-CaNK
120P-CaNK
3 6 op-caM
3
3 I4SOP-NK
3 60P-CaNK
3 1+8op-nk
120P-CaNK
3 USOP-CaNK
3 60P-CaNK
3 l+BOP-CaNK
3
•
3 ijSOP-NK
3 60P-CaNK
3 1+8op-nk
laOP-CaNK
3 IjSOP-CaKK
3 USOP-CaNK

4•

t

I4.8OP-K
60P-WK

120P-NK
I4.8OP-NK
60P-CaUK
120P-CaNK
U80P-CaNK

Check

s
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3
8
3
3
3
3
3

120P-CaNK

60P-CaNK.

60P-CaNK

3 I|flOP-NK
3 60P-CaKK
3 U80P-CaM

3
3

1

3

8
3
3
3
3

I48OP-NK
U80P-CaNK

3 60P-CaNK

3 I4.80P -M
3 l+80P-CaNK

J+80P-M
i+80P-CaNK

8 60P-CaNK

3 U 80P-M
3 ijBOP-CaflK
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

•
••
•

3
•

U80P-CaNK

s
3
3
3

3
3
3
3

U8op-wk
60P-CaMK
laOP-CaNK
U80P-CaKK

s I4.8OP-K
3 laOP-CaNK

3 J+80P-KK
3 60P-CaNK
3 U80P-CaNK

- 152 -

Table 7h» --Mean diam eter o f stem by treatm ents and compari­
son o f d iffe r e n c e in stem diam eters between t r e a t ­
m ents, Experiment I I I , 19UU-U3

T reatm ent

D iam eter o f
stem - mm.

T reatm ents s u p e r io r to
tre a tm e n ts in column 1
at
a t lfo

60P

3.58

120P-K, 60P-IIK
60P-CaNK

I48OP-K, I4.8OP-NK
120P-CaNK,l480P-CaWK

120P

3-6U

U80P-K

I48OP-NK, 120P-CaNK
l^O P-CaM

I4.8OP

3 .7 0

i4.80P-NK,120P-CaNK
U.80P-CaNK

60P-K

3 .6 0

60P-NK'
60P-CaNK

120P-K

3*77

U80P-K

.

I4.8OP-K, ijBOP-NK
120P-CaNK,U80P-CaNK

3 .8 6

60P-1IK

3.78

120P-NK

3.73

1+80P-NK

3.9 1

60P-CaNK

3 .7 8

120P-CaKK

3.9 0

U80P-CaUK

3.93

Check

3.56

S tandard deviation*
*
D iffe re n c e b e :
tw een tre a tm e n t *
means t o be s i g - *
n i f i c a n t a t 5 and*
1 p e rc e n t
*

0 .0 6

0 ,1 8

0.2U

F v alu e tre a tm e n ts
3.91**
F v alu e r a t e
*
7*55**
7,81**
F v a lu e combination
F v alu e r a t e x
*
com bination
*
0 .7 3
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

U80P-NK,i+80P-CaNK

120P-K, 60P-NK
60P-CaNK

U80P-K, I48OP-NK
129P-CaNK,U80P-CaNK

- 153 -

0 .0 7 mm. i n d ia m e te r betw een th e t r e e s in th e 6 0 - and 1 2 0 -p o u n d -a p p lic a tio n
c u ltu r e s i s n o t g r e a t enough t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .

T rees in th e P-NK and

P-CaNK c u ltu r e s w ith mean d ia m e te rs o f 3*80 and 3*87 «*•» r e s p e c t iv e ly ,
have v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th o s e i n th e P c u ltu r e s w ith
a mean d ia m e te r o f 3*64 mm. j th o s e i n th e P-K (mean d ia m e te r 3*74 mm.)
afid P-CaNK c u ltu r e s have s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r d ia m e te rs th a n th o s e i n th e
P and P-K c u l t u r e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t d ia m e te rs can be

in c re a s e d by r e l a t i v e l y la r g e amounts o f phosphorous o r by n u t r i e n t c u l­
tu r e s c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n , p hosphoro u s, and p o ta ssiu m , o r th e s e elem en ts
to g e th e r w ith calciu m .
The i n f e r i o r i t y o f th e check, phosp h o ro u s, and 60P-K tre a tm e n ts w ith
re s p e c t to d ia m e te r o f stem o f th e t r e e s i s shown c l e a r l y i n T able 74 by
th e r e l a t i v e l y la r g e number o f c u ltu r e s w hich produced t r e e s w ith l a r g e r
stem d ia m e te rs th a n th e s e tr e a tm e n ts .

On th e o th e r hand, o n ly one c u ltu r e

c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n (120P-NK) produced t r e e s t h a t were exceeded i n mean stem
d iam eter by o th e r tr e a tm e n ts .
A lth o u g h d ia m e te r o f stem can b e in c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by an y one

o f s e v e ra l s o i l tr e a tm e n ts , i t can be accom plished m ost e f f i c i e n t l y when
a t l e a s t th r e e - N, P, and K - o f th e fo u r n u t r i e n t elem en ts a re a p p lie d
(F ig s . 15 and 17)*

Large in c r e a s e s can be se c u re d o n ly by a c o n s id e ra b le

in c r e a s e i n th e am ount o f a v a i l a b l e p h o sp h o ro u s i n t h e c u l t u r e .
Dry W eight o f S h o o t, R o o t, and E n t i r e T re e , and
R o o t-S h o o t R a tio
The mean d r y w e ig h ts o f s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e t r e e , and r o 'o t- s h o o t
r a t i o o f t r e e s i n e a c h tr e a tm e n t i n E x p e rim e n t I I I a r e p r e s e n te d i n T able

75.

T h ere i s c o n s id e r a b le d i f f e r e n c e i n th e mean w e ig h ts o f t he t r e e s

from th e c u l t u r e s y i e l d i n g th e l i g h t e s t and th e h e a v i e s t t r e e s , b u t o u ts id e

- 15k Table 75* --Mean dry w eight o f sh o o t, r o o t, and e n tir e tr e e
and r o o t-sh o o t r a tio o f tr e e s in Experiment I I I ,
19i^-U5

T reatm ent
60P

t

Shoot

t
t
:

1 .1 6

Dry W eight
t Root
Grams
•
1 0 .7 2

T o 't S T :
>

R oot-Shoot
R a tio

t

1 .88

»

0 .6 2

i

120P
1+80P

t

1 .2 5

j

1.33

3

:

1 .2 5

120P-K

:
i
j
•
s

1 .2 6

60P-M

1.37
1 .2 9

:

2 .0 3

,

0 .6 2

0 .8 2

2 .1 5

t

0 .6 2

:
i
:
•
j
•
1

0 .8 2

2 .0 7

0 .6 6

0 .8 0

2 .0 6

s
s
i

0 .8 6

2 .2 3

:

0 .6 3

1 .2 5

:

0 .6 3

3

0 .8 5

2.11+

:

0 .6 6

3

3

t

120P-NK

0 .7 8

3

60P-K

I+80P-K

*
t
s

0 .8 1

2 .0 6

S

0 .6 5

1.38

j

0 .8 8

2 .2 6

60P-CaNK

:
•
:

1.30

>

0 .7 5

2 .0 5

3
»
3
:

120P-CaNK

»

1 .3 2

*

0 .8 3

2 .1 5

:

0 .6 3

0 .9 1

2. 2b

't

0.61+

0 .7 5

2.0 1

3
:
3

0 .6 0

O.Oil

0.09

:

o.ol*

3

3

I+80P-NK

t
•
Check
i
e
S tandard d e v ia tio n :
$
D iffe re n c e betw een :
r a te means t o be
»
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 a ndj
1 p e rc e n t
:

1 .U3
1 .2 6
0.0 7

0 .1 0
0 .1 3

t

F v alu e tre a tm e n t

:
•
F v a lu e r a t e
:
s
F v a lu e com bination i
•
F v a lu e r a t e x com- j
b in a tio n
i

0 .5 8

•

e

U80P-CaNK

0 . 6I+

1 .2 7

*

s
•
*
e
••
:
:
!
I
:

3
3

0 .0 6

0.1)+

0 .09

0 .1 8

:
:
*

1.50

1.1*0

:
*

0 .5 3

t

U.22^ «

3 .9 ^

3»86+

s

0 .1 9

3

1.3U

*

1.58

2 . 0I+

0 .0 6

0 .0 7

3

0 .2 5

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.

1
1

*
•
<
1

1 .0 3
0 .3 9

- 155 -

o f th e s e two e x tre m es, d if f e r e n c e s a re r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll.

Because th e s ta n d ­

ard d e v ia tio n i s la r g e , th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e r e v e a ls no s i g n i f i c a n t
d iff e r e n c e due to tr e a tm e n t.

D iffe re n c e s i n w e ig h ts caused by th e r a t e a t

which phosphorous was used were s i g n i f i c a n t .

The i^QO-pou^d a p p lic a tio n p ro ­

duced r o o ts (0 .8 7 g r . ) and s h o o ts (1 .3 8 g r . ) v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n
th e 60-pound a p p lic a tio n (0 .7 8 and 1.21+ g r . ) and s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r
th a n th e 120-pound a p p lic a tio n (0 .8 1 and 1.27 g r . ) .

The same r e l a t i o n s h i p s

h e ld f o r th e w e ig h t o f th e e n t i r e t r e e .
Four tre a tm e n ts y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith l i g h t e r s h o o ts , one tre a tm e n t
y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith l i g h t e r r o o t s , and two tre a tm e n ts y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith l i g h t e r
t o t a l w e ig h t th a n th e check; b u t th e d if f e r e n c e s were v ery sm all and n o t
s ig n ific a n t.
D iffe re n c e s i n r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o were s m a ll, and i n no way were th e y
s ig n ific a n t.

A ll e x ce p t one c u ltu r e (60P-CaNK) y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith s l i g h t l y

la r g e r r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s th a n th e check c u l t u r e .
Summary o f R e s u lts

Stem le n g th , r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o , and w e ig h t were n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y by ty p e o f tr e a tm e n t.

However, w eig h t was in flu e n c e d by th e

r a te o f a p p lic a tio n o f phosphorous, th e i^ O -p o u n d -a p p lic a tio n c u ltu r e s
producing h e a v ie r t r e e s th a n b o th th e 60-pound- and th e 120-pound- a p p l ic a tio n
o u ltu r e s .
D if f e r e n c e s i n stem d ia m e te r a r e s i g n i f i c a n t and a r e due t o r a t e , com­
b i n a t i o n , and tr e a tm e n t*

D iam eter in c r e a s e d w ith i n c r e a s e d in c re m e n ts o f

pho sp h o ro u s and w ith an i n c r e a s e i n th e number o f e le m e n ts u s e d i n th e n u ­
t r i e n t c u ltu re .

H igh r a t e s o f p h o sp h o ro u s su p p le m e n te d b y n i t r o g e n , po­

ta s s iu m , and c a lc iu m r e s u l t e d i n t r e e s o f l a r g e r d ia m e te r .

- 156 -

B ranch d ev elo p m en t was r e l a t e d t o r a t e , c o m b in a tio n , and tr e a tm e n ts
i n much th e same way a s stem d ia m e te r .

T h is seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e s e

two f e a t u r e s may be r e l a t e d .
An i n c r e a s e i n b ra n c h in g may b e an i n d i c a t i o n o f s u p e r i o r t r e e v i g o r .
C e r t a in ly a n i n c r e a s e i n d ia m e te r means a s t u r d i e r p l a n t , e s p e c i a l l y when
h e ig h t h a s n o t in c r e a s e d a lo n g w ith d ia m e te r .

S in c e th e s u p e r i o r i t y i n

th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was n o t made a t th e ex p en se o f t h e r o o t sy stem no
d e p r e c i a t i o n i n t r e e q u a l i t y h as o c c u r r e d .

Thus t r e e s w ith s u p e r io r

b ra n c h in g and d ia m e te r m ig h t p ro v e t o b e th e b e s t p l a n t i n g s to c k .

T rees i n th e 60P-K, 120P-K, ijBOP-K, 60P-NK, 120P-NR, 480P-NK, 60P-CaNK,
120 P-CaNK, and itBOP-CaNK c u ltu r e s have com posite t r e e in d ex v a lu e s o f
1 .0 , 2 .1 ,

2.9* 2 .0 , 6 .6 , 3»5» 5*5» “ id 6 .8 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

duced i n c u l t u r e s c o n ta in in g calciu m were on th e whole th e b e s t .

T rees p ro ­

- 157 -

E xperim ent IV
S o il T reatm ent
The ty p e and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p lic a tio n a re shown in Table 7 6 .
Length o f Stem
Mean le n g th s o f stem s a t f o u r i n t e r v a l s o f tim e a f t e r th e i n i t i a l
tre a tm e n t o f th e s o i l a re shown i n Table 77•

D iffe re n c e s in mean stem

le n g th a re sm all th ro u g h o u t th e e x p erim en t, and w ere s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly a t
26§ w eeks, when t r e e s i n th e 60P+(ipc)l5NK c u lt u r e w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l ­
e r th a n th o s e i n th e check, and th o s e i n th e 60P+(ipc)15NK(S) and th e
60P$(3x)30NK c u ltu r e s were v ery s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n th e
check.

In o th e r w ords, a l l c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g su p p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s

produced t r e e s a t th e end o f th e exp erim en t t h a t w ere e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t ­
ly o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n th e ch eck .

There were no

s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n stem le n g th o f t r e e s i n th e th r e e c u lt u r e s
re c e iv in g sup p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s .

At 10 and 26ig w eeks, th e t r e e s in th e

check tre a tm e n t were 8 .8 p e rc e n t s h o r te r th a n th o s e i n th e c u ltu r e s
which had produced th e t a l l e s t t r e e s ; b u t on th e f i r s t d a te , th e
60P4'(i|.x)l5NK c u ltu r e had th e t a l l e s t t r e e s , w h ile on th e l a s t d a te , th e
60P*(i4.x )l5NK(S) c u ltu r e had th e t a l l e s t t r e e s .

The c u ltu r e to w hich a l l

n u t r i e n t s had been a p p lie d t o th e s u rfa c e o f th e s o i l had produced th e
t a l l e s t t r e e s a t th e end o f th e e x p e rim sn t, b u t t h i s s u p e r i o r i t y was a t ­
ta in e d d u rin g th e l a s t 6J weeks o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
Branch Development
Number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s and mean number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e f o r t h e
fo u r tre a tm e n ts i n E xperim ent 17 a re p re s e n te d i n T ables 78 and 79* r e s ­
p e c tiv e ly .

D iffe re n c e s i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s due t o tre a tm e n t were

T ab le 7 6 . — Type and tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p l i c a t i o n i n E x p erim en t IV

19^4.-45

T reatm ent
No. t D e sig n a tio n
t
22 i 6op+(4 x ) 15nk
23* j 6 op +(4 x )15 nk( s )
S
24 *60P*(2 x )30NK

P r io r t o
p la n tin g
P2O5 N K2O

tim e o f n u t r i e n t a p p l i c a t i o n
5 weeks a f ­
10 weeks a f ­ 1 11^ weeks a f t e r p la n tin g
t e r p la n tin g t t e r p la n tin g
N
K2O
Mn
N
K2O *
B
Pounds p e r a c re

60 15 15

15

15

15

15

60 15 15

15

15

15

15

*

15 weeks a f t e r
p la n tin g
N
k2 o

15

15

1

20

15

15

1

40

30

30

-

-

-

s

60

-

-

-

-

30

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

t

t

25

t Cheek

♦A ll n u t r i e n t s a p p lie d t o s u rfa c e o f s o i l , w h ile f i r s t a p p li c a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s i n T reatm ents
22 and 24 were mixed i n upper 4 in c h e s o f s o i l .

- 159 Table 7 7 . —Mean le n g th of stem 10, 15, 20, and 26|- weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment IV, 1914+-U5
•
:
e

Treatm ent

10 weeks

t

j
6opH U x)15nk j
60P f(ip c)l5HK(si
$
6°5*(2 x )30NK *
s
Check
:
t
S tandard
i
d e v ia tio n
t
t
D iffe re n c e
i
betw een treat**
ment means t o t
be sig n ific a n t*
a t 5 and 1
s
p e ro e n t
*
F v a lu e
tre a tm e n t

19.7
18 .U
13 .U
18.1

t
t
:
«
*

26s weeks
171.8
177.8

•

*

17U.8

•

»

1 6 3 .5

•

*
0 .7

•
•

2 .0

t
i

l+ .l

*

2 .1

t

e

t
i

*
•
•

:

i
:

t
t

t

i

•
•

:

•
•

:

*

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t
20 weeks
15 weeks
t
Length o f stem - mm.
t
*
8U.0
*
:
U0.7
I
8 3 .8
38 .0
t
*
2
s
S
t
8 5 .8
U1 . 1+
t
s
39 .0
s
t
8 2 .9
t

1 .1 2

♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 percent

*

0 .6 2

•

0 .0 9

t
:
t
*
:

6 .6
9 .6
5.59*

- 160 -

s i g n i f i c a n t and in number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e were v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t
th ro u g h o u t th e e x p e rim e n t.

B ranch developm ent o c c u rre d e a r l i e s t i n th e

c u ltu r e t h a t re c e iv e d a l l n u t r i e n t s as s u rfa c e a p p lic a tio n s (60P+(4x)15N K (S)).
T rees i n t h i s tr e a tm e n t m a in ta in e d t h i s s u p e r i o r i t y .

A lthough th e e x te n t

o f th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f th e 60P+(i;x)l51tfK tre a tm e n t to o th e r tre a tm e n ts i n
number o f b ranched t r e e s v a r ie d d u rin g th e e x p e rim e n t, i t was s i g n i f i c a n t ­
ly s u p e r io r to th e 60P+(2x)30NK c u ltu r e and v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r
to th e check c u ltu r e a t 10 wedcs and a t 2 6 | w eeks.

L ik ew ise, th e e x te n t

o f th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f th e 60P+(i4.x)15NK(S) c u ltu r e to th e o th e r c u l tu r e s
v a rie d i n th e c o u rse o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

I t was v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r

to th e 60P+(2x)3GNK and th e check c u ltu r e s a t 5 weeks and s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e r io r to th e form er and v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th e l a t t e r a t
2 6^ w eeks.

The number o f b ra n c h ed t r e e s in th e 6 0 P f(2 x )3 0 M c u ltu r e was

n ev er s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a te r th a n t h a t o f o th e r c u ltu r e s in th e e x p erim en t,
b u t i t was n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e check a t 2 6 ^ w eeks.
Only th e 60P+(ijx)15NK(S) tre a tm e n t showed s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y to
one o r more tr e a tm e n ts th ro u g h o u t th e ex p erim en t i n th e number o f b ran ch es
p e r t r e e , t r e e s i n t h i s c u ltu r e h av in g e i t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y o r v ery s ig ­
n i f i c a n t l y more b ra n c h es th a n th o s e i n th e 60P+(2x)30NK and check c u ltu r e s
a t a l l tim e s .

T rees i n th e 60P+(2jx)15NK c u ltu r e showed s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r­

i o r i t y t o t r e e s i n th e check c u ltu r e a t 20 weeks and m a in ta in e d t h i s s u p e r­
i o r i t y to th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t.

At no tim e d id th e 60P+(2x)3QNK

tr e a tm e n t have s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y o v er any tr e a tm e n t i n number o f
b ra n c h es p e r t r e e .
I t i s obvious t h a t two 30-pound a p p lic a tio n s o f N and K2O a re n o t so
e f f e c t i v e i n s tim u la tin g b ra n c h in g a s fo u r 15-pound a p p lic a tio n s o f th e s e
e le m e n ts.

- 161 Table 7 8 , —Number o f branched tr e e s a t f i v e in te r v a ls o f
tim e sifte r i n i t i a l treatm ent, Experiment IV

1914W+5
Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
*3 weelcs" 3 lo weeks 3 I'y w eeks: 20 weeks t2b& weeks
T reatm ent
t
6opKUx)15NK

t

20.0

3 5 .0

1+0.0

6 5 .O

5 5 .0

3

*

6 5 .0

s

3 7 .5

* 7 2 .5
t
* 1+7.5

*
•

6op+(Ux)15NK(s)

*

3 0 .0

6 0 .0

6 0 .0

2 .5

15 .0

2 2 .5

e

60PV(2x)30NK

3

•

•

Check

:

0 .0

7 .5

1 0 .0

S tandard d e v ia tio n

t
1

1+.1+

8 .3

5 .6

3 2 2 .5

3

3

3

1 3 .6
1 9 .5

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t

10. 50++

:

3

26.1
3 7 .5

1 8 .3
26.3

8
3
3

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e rc e n t

5*6

•

D iffe re n c e betw een t r e a t - 3
ment means t o be s i g n i f i - *
c a n t a t 5 and 1 p e rc e n t 3
*

6 .6

30 .0

8 . 23**

lU .7 2 ^ 8

2 0 .1
2 8 .9

3

s

1 7 .9
2 5 .7

3

7 . 97**3

11. 53**

- 162 Table 79*

Number o f branches per tr e e a t fo u r in te r v a ls o f tim e
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment IV
19J4+-U5
10 weeks

Treatm ent

i

60p * (ip c )l5M

:

0 .7 5

60P4(iix)19VTK(s)

:

1 .3 2

Time a f t e r i n i t i a l tre a tm e n t
: 15 weeks t 20 weeks 1 26^ weeks
B ranches p e r t r e e - number
s
1
:
1 .28
j
1 . 1+8
: . 0 .9 2
s
2

S

2

1.1+5

2

60P+(2x)30NK

j

0 .2 2

:

*

1 .7 0

!

1 .9 2

0 .8 0

2
s

1 .1 0

2

0 . 1+8

2

t
2

Check

:

0 .1 5

t

0 .3 2

»

0 .5 0

:

0 .7 8

S tandard d e v ia tio n

s

0 .2 2

s
2
2

0 .2 1

t

0 .2 3

t

0 .2 5

:
:
t

0 .6 8

:
:

0 .7 5

0 .7 9

0 .9 8

*

1 .0 5

:
<
*

D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o
be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5
and 1 p e r c e n t

>
t
s

0 .7 0

t

1.01

2
2

1

P v a lu e

i

6 . 16*

★ S ig n ific a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.

*

>

5 . 66*

1

1 .1 5

•

5.35*

:

3.89*

- 163 D iam eter o f Stem, Dry W eight o f S ho o t, R oot, and
E n tir e T re e , and R oot-S hoot R a tio
Mean d ia m e te r o f stem , d ry w e ig h ts o f s h o o t, r o o t , and e n t i r e t r e e ,
and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o f o r t r e e s i n eaoh c u ltu r e o f E xperim ent 17 a re p re ­
sen te d i n Table 8 0 ,

D iffe re n c e i n means due to tre a tm e n t e f f e c t were

s i g n i f i c a n t f o r sh o o t and t o t a l w e ig h t.

A ll th r e e c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g

su pplem ental n u t r i e n t s produced t r e e s w ith l a r g e r d ia m e te rs and g r e a te r
r o o t w eig h ts th a n th o s e i n th e check c u l t u r e , b u t none w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e rio r*

D iffe re n c e s i n d ia m e ter due t o s o i l tr e a tm e n t, were n o t f a r

from b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t (F v a lu e 3*36 f o r tre a tm e n t would mean s i g n i f i c a n t
a t 5 p e r c e n t) .
A ll c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g su p p lem en tal n u tr i e n ts , y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r to p s th a n d id th e cheek c u l t u r e .

The tr e a tm e n t i n

which a l l n u t r i e n t s were a p p lie d t o th e s u rfa c e ( (60P+(ipc)l5NK(S))
y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith th e h e a v ie s t s h o o ts , and th e y were v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h e a v ie r th a n th e t r e e sh o o ts from th e check c u l t u r e .

T rees from th e form er

tre a tm e n t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v ie r th a n th o s e from 60P+(lpc)l5NK c u ltu r e
( d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e s e tr e a tm e n ts a re th e method o f a p p ly in g th e
n u t r i e n t s and th e a d d itio n o f Mn and B i n T reatm en t 2 3 ) .

T rees from t h i s

tre a tm e n t w ere a ls o s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u rp a ss e d i n s h o o t w e ig h t by t r e e s from
th e 60Pt(2x)30NK tr e a tm e n t.
S ig n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een t o t a l w e ig h ts o f t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t
c u ltu r e s a re n o t so numerous a s th o s e betw een sh o o t w e ig h ts .

B oth th e

60P+(1jjc)15M and th e 60P+(i+x)l5NK(S) o u ltu r e s y ie ld e d t r e e s o f s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y g r e a te r t o t a l w eig h t th a n th e ch eck , and th e 60P+ (i4x ) 15NK(S)
c u ltu r e produoed t r e e s o f s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a te r w eig h t th a n t r e e s from
th e 60P+(2x)30NK c u l t u r e .

-

161+ -

T able 8 0. —Mean d ia m e te r, d ry w e ig h t,o f s h o o t, r o o t, and e n t i r e
t r e e , and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o o f t r e e s o f each tre a tm e n t
in Experim ent IV, 19UU~h5
3
9

•

T reatm ent

i

D iam eter s
o f stem s
mm.
s

Shoot

Dry W eight
s
Root
grams

3

T o ta l

s

3

3 .9 6

3

3

60P+(Ipc)l5NK

3

3

4*57

:

2.5 8

2

60P*(ltx)l5N K (S)

•

3 R oot-S hoot
3 ra tio

1 .3 8

3

4 .6 4

*

2.88

*

3

1 .3 2

*

3

O.5 6

3

4 .2 0

3

0 .4 8

•

60P4(2x)30NK

s

*

2.53

4 .3 3

:

2.20

s

1 .2 2

0 .0 8

s

0 .0 9

3

0 .0 9

•

Check

:

1 .2 6

4 .5 2

3
9

3 .7 9

3

0 .5 2

3

3 .4 2

:

0 .5 5

3

0 .1 6

• s

0 .0 1

3
9

3

S tan d ard deviations

•

D iffe re n c e betwe®*
tre a tm e n t means s
t o be s i g n i f i c a n t s
a t 5 * 1 p e rc e n t s
F v a lu e
s
tre a tm e n t
s

•
9
9

0 .2 9

3

3

0 .5 2

0 .4 2

3

3

0 .7 4

3
3

3

3 .2 0

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

3

9 .9 0 +

3

3

3

0 .5 7

3

3

4.12+

3

2.2 3

- 165 -

E f f e c t o f Boron and Manganese
The d e sig n o f th e e x p erim en t d id n o t make p o s s ib le an a n a ly s is o f
th e e f f e c t o f boron and manganese on such f e a tu r e s as h e ig h t, b ra n c h in g ,
and w eight o f t r e e s .

The purpose o f adding th s e e le m e n ts , th e l a t t e r i n

two d i f f e r e n t q u a n t i t i e s , n e a r ly 12 weeks a f t e r t h e ex p erim en t was i n ­
i t i a t e d , was t o d eterm in e i f th e y co u ld be added i n sm all q u a n tity w ith ­
o u t a p p a re n t v i s i b l e harm.

That th e s e elem en ts had a f f e c t e d th e t r e e s

was e v id e n t 2 weeks a f t e r th e y were a p p lie d , when th e t i p s o f th e n e e d le s
had begun to t u r n brown i n c o lo r .

The t r e e s i n th e c u ltu r e s t h a t had r e ­

c eiv e d 4 ^ pounds o f Mn showed symptoms s im ila r to th o s e i n th e s u ltu r e s
t h a t had re c e iv e d 20 pounds o f Mn p e r a c r e .

At th e end o f th e e x p erim en t,

th e extrem e t i p s o f th e n e e d le s were brown f o r a d is ta n c e o f l / l 6 to 1/8
in c h .

Behind th e brown zone was a y ello w -a en e o f s im ila r le n g th .

On

some t r e e , th e prim ary n e e d le s w ere dead f o r a d is ta n c e o f •§■ t o 1 in c h from
th e t i p s .

No evidence w h atso ev er was found o f f o lia g e a b n o rm a litie s on

t r e e s in c u ltu r e s t o which boron and manganese had n o t b een added.
The f a c t t h a t th e q u a n tity o f boron used was l e s s th a n 0 .2 p e rc e n t
and t h a t o f manganese was 5»7 and 7*4 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f th e maximum
combined c o n c e n tra tio n o f n itr o g e n , phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m used i n one
o f th e 1943- 194U greenhouse ex p erim en ts i n which no v is u a l ev id en ce o f damage
to th e s e e d lin g s o c c u rre d , in d ic a te s t h a t one o r b o th o f th e s e m a te r ia ls
m ust be to x ic a t v e ry low c o n c e n tra tio n .

I t i s a t l e a s t a p p a re n t t h a t th e

amounts used were i n e x ce ss o f w hat th e t r e e s co u ld w ith s ta n d .
NURSERY EXPERIMENTS
The n u rs e ry ex p erim en ts were conducted i n th e n u rs e ry o p e ra te d by th e
School o f F o r e s tr y on th e A u stin Cary F o r e s t.

T h is n u rs e ry , a p p ro x im a te ly

- 166 -

o n e -fo u rth a c re i n a r e a , was developed i n 1938 by rem oving th e f o r e s t c o v er,
c h ie f ly lo n g le a f and s la s h p in e , from th e s i t e , gru b b in g o u t th e t r e e stum ps,
and plow ing and c u l t i v a t i n g th e s o il*
i n s t a l l e d i n 1939*

An overhead s p r in k lin g system was

S ince th e n , a p p ro x im a te ly o n e -h a lf o f th e n u rs e ry has

been u sed to produce t r e e s each y e a r .
duced some ty p e o f legum inous c ro p .

The rem ain d er has been i d l e o r p ro ­
A lthough some k in d o f com m ercial f e r ­

t i l i z e r was a p p lie d each y e a r to th e a re a i n t r e e s and in c o v er c ro p ,
re c o rd s o f th e e x a c t n a tu re o f th e f e r t i l i z e r s used a re n o t a v a il a b le .
I n s o fa r as can be d eterm in ed , a 5”8-5 fe rtilizer-* -® was m ost o f te n u s e d .
10. The num erals r e f e r to th e p e rc e n t o f N, P2O5 , and KgQ r e s p e c t iv e ly ,
in th e f e r t i l i z e r .
Manure has been a p p lie d to a sm all p o r tio n o f th e n u r s e r y .

In g e n e r a l, th e

q u a lity o f th e t r e e s produced h e re p r i o r to 1942 was below a v e ra g e .
The s o i l i n th e n u rs e ry i s c l a s s i f i e d as N o rfo lk f in e san d .

A n aly ses

o f th e p h y s ic a l and chem ical p r o p e r tie s o f th e s o i l , made by th e same methods
employed in th e a n a ly s is o f th e greenhouse s o i l , gave th e fo llo w in g data*
M echanical A n a ly sis
Sands - p e rc e n t

91

S i l t + c la y - p e rc e n t

9

S o il o rg a n ic m a tte r

- p e rc e n t

i.8 3 ± 0 . 15#

M o istu re .e q u iv a le n t

- p e rc e n t

4.551

P ore space - p e rc e n t
T o tal

5 7 .0

Sm all p o res

3 5 .5

Large p o res

21.5

0 .2 5

- 167 -

Base exchange c a p a c ity - m .e./lO O g r .

3*32+ 0.31

E xchangeable Ca - m .e./lO O g r .

1*69+ 0.1 3

E xchangeable Mg - m .e./lO O g r .

O.9 I J

E xchangeable K - m .e./lO O g r .

0 .4 3 i 0.08

A pproxim ate p e rc e n t b a se s a t u r a t i o n

0 .1 7

91

Phosphorous (sodium a c e ta te s o lu b le ) - p .p .m .
U n tre a te d s o i l
S o il f 1 to n c o llo id a l p h o sp h ate
S o il + 20 to n s c o l l o i d a l ph o sp h ate
S o il r e a c tio n - pH

9*0
8 .5
1 6 .0
5*55

♦ S tan d ard d e v ia tio n o f th e mean.
The n a tu re o f some o f th e problem s in v o lv e d i n th e management o f
th e s o i l a r e in d ic a te d by i t s sm all c o n te n t o f s i l t and c la y , low o rg a n ic
m a tte r c o n te n t, low m o is tu re -h o ld in g c a p a c ity , and low b ase-ex ch an g e
c a p a c ity .

In o rg a n ic p la n t n u t r i e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y th e more s o lu b le form s o f

n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , a re r e a d i l y le a c h e d from th e s o i l .

Methods o f

s o i l management w hich w i l l in c r e a s e th e c o n te n t o f o rg a n ic m a tte r and th e
base-axchange c a p a c ity o f th e s o i l a re e s s e n t i a l t o eco n o m ical use o f any
type o f f e r t i l i z e r .

I t i s n o te w o rth y t h a t th e exchange complex has a h ig h

degree o f s a t u r a t i o n , a p p ro x im a te ly o n e - h a lf o f w hich i s ta k e n up by c alc iu m .
The r e l a t i v e l y la r g e amount o f exch an g eab le b a s e s u n d o u b ted ly i s d e riv e d
from th e b a se s c o n tr ib u te d by f r e q u e n t, heavy a p p lic a tio n o f w e ll w a te r
c o n ta in in g th e s e e le m e n ts .

168

-

-

191+2 N u rsery E xperim ent
P la n s f o r th e 19k2 n u rs e ry e x p erim en t, made i n F eb ru ary 19l\2, had
to be developed w ith o u t th e b e n e f i t o f any r e s u l t s from th e 194l “i*2
greenhouse experim ent w hich had been i n p ro g re s s o n ly a few w eeks.
P r e p a ra tio n and Seeding o f P lo ts
The a re a i n th e n u rs e ry t o be o ccu p ied by t h i s ex p erim en t was
plowed, d is k e d , and harrow ed l a t e in F e b ru a ry .

The a re a s to be o ccu p ied

by th e seed beds were e le v a te d a p p ro x im a te ly two in c h e s above th e g e n e ra l
lan d s u rfa c e by removing th e to p s o i l from th e p a th s betw een th e beds and
p la c in g i t on th e seed b e d s ^ .

A fte r l e v e l l i n g , th e s u rfa c e o f th e beds

11. Because t h i s e le v a tio n o f th e seed beds a c c e n tu a te s th e d ry in g o f th e
s o i l and cau ses e ro s io n alo n g th e edges o f t h e b ed , seed beds i n l a t e r
ex p erim en ts were n o t r a i s e d .
was r o l l e d to compact th e s o i l .
i n to 20 p l o t s , each i*.* x

Two a r e a s , each 100» x

were d ev id ed

s e p a ra te d by a 1 - f o o t i s o l a t i o n s t r i p .

The

f o r t y p l o t s made p o s s ib le fo u r r e p l i c a t i o n s o f each o f th e t e n s o i l t r e a t ­
m ents.

The p lo t s to be used f o r each tre a tm e n t w ere s e l e c te d a t random.

Those p l o t s t r e a t e d w ith c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate and th o s e t r e a t e d w ith
o rg a n ic s o i l were p re p a re d on March 10.

A ll p l o t s w ere g iv e n an a p p lic a tio n

o f calciu m a r s e n ite b a i t f o r p r o te c tio n a g a in s t th e s o u th e rn mole c r i c k e t
( S c a p te r is c u s a c le tu s R. & H .) and changa ( S c a p te r is c u s v ic in u s S e u d d .).
On March 17, th e day p r i o r to s e e d in g , th e p l o t s w hich were to be g iv e n
tre a tm e n ts 1 and 3 (s e e T able 81) re c e iv e d an a p p lic a tio n o f f e r t i l i z e r ^ .
12. The seed was sowed i n Ij.-fo o t row s, spaced 8 in c h es a p a r t, a t a r a t e

- 169 -

o f 115 e v en ly d i s t r i b u t e d seed s p e r row.

The seed s w ere t r a n s f e r r e d

from a se e d in g l a t h i n t o s l i t s i n th e s o i l a p p ro x im a te ly l/8 - t o l / 4 - i n c h
deep and l / 2 in c h w id e .

The seed was n o t covered w ith s o i l , b u t th e e n t i r e

beds were mulched w ith a l i g h t c o v erin g o f lo n g le a f p in e n e e d le s .

The

s p e c if ic so u rce o f th e seed se c u re d from th e 1941 seed cro p was unknown.
I t 8 q u a lity , as e v id en c e d by ap pearan ce and g e rm in a tio n in th e n u r s e r y ,
ap peared good.
The seed beds were scree n ed to p ro v id e p r o te c ti o n a g a in s t b i r d s .
Ca re and T reatm ent o f Seed Beds
E xcept when r a i n f a l l was adequ ate t o m a in ta in s a t i s f a c t o r y s o i l
m o istu re c o n d itio n s , th e seed beds were w a te re d d a ily i n l a t e a fte rn o o n
f o r t h e f i r s t 2 m onths.

Twice betw een th e seed in g and g e rm in a tio n o f th e

seed , on March 17 and 27* 2 - in c h r a in s w ere re c o rd e d .
G erm ination was f i r s t n o te d 9 days a f t e r t h e seed was sowed, and
was p r a c t i c a l l y com plete 13 days l a t e r .

The s ta n d o f s e e d lin g s was

f a i r l y un ifo rm e x c e p t f o r a few sm all s p o ts where b i r d s o r e x c e s s iv e
p in e -n e e d le mulch had done some damage w hich r e s u l t e d i n red u ced seed ­
lin g d e n s ity .
The f i r s t f e r t i l i z e r a p p lie d a f t e r see d in g c o n ta in e d some m a te r ia l
n o t c o lu b le i n w a te r .
each p l o t .

I t was th e r e f o r e a p p lie d by hand t o th e s u rfa c e o f

Enough w a te r t o wash th e f e r t i l i z e r th o ro u g h ly from th e

s e e d lin g s was a p p lie d im m ed iately a f t e r th e f e r t i l i z e r a p p l ic a ti o n , and
w ith in 2 hours a heavy a p p lic a tio n o f w a te r was p ro v id e d from th e o v e r­
head s p r in k lin g sy stem .

The f e r t i l i z e r used l a t e r c o n s is te d o f KNOj

and KC1 w hich are w a te r - s o lu b le .
a p p lie d from a s p r in k lin g c an .

I t was d is s o lv e d i n w a te r, and

- 170 Weeding was begun 5 weeks a f t e r se e d in g , and t h e r e a f t e r , weeds were
removed a t w eekly i n t e r v a l s u n t i l m id-A ugust, a f t e r w hich w eeding was
p r a c t i c a l l y d isp e n s e d w ith .
O b se rv a tio n s, Sam pling, and M easurements
O b se rv a tio n s o f o o lo r and g e n e ra l v ig o r o f th e s e e d lin g s in eaoh
p lo t were made when th e y were a p p ro x im a te ly 2 and 6 weeks o ld .
A sam pling to d eterm in e s e e d lin g d e n s ity (number o f t r e e s p e r sq u are
f o o t) was to have been made f o r th e p u rp o se o f a s c e r ta in i n g th e e f f e c t o f
tre a tm e n t on t h i s f e a t u r e , b u t damage by b ir d s and mole c r i c k e t s , *3

1 J. S e v e ra l a tte m p ts a t c o n tr o l o f th e mole c r i c k e t s were n o t e n t i r e l y
s u c c e s s fu l, and lo c a l iz e d damage o c c u rre d th ro u g h o u t th e summer.
which was n o t u n ifo rm ly d i s t r i b u t e d , was a f f e c t i n g s e e d lin g s u r v iv a l
as much a s , o r more th a n , th e f e r t i l i z e r tr e a tm e n t.

Because o f t h i s con­

d i t io n , a c tu a l count o f s e e d lin g s was n o t made, b u t in s te a d , an o c u la r
e s tim a te o f s e e d lin g d e n s ity was made a t th e end o f th e grow ing se a so n .
P r io r t o l i f t i n g th e s e e d lin g s on December 20 and 2 1 , tw elv e s e e d lin g s ,
(two p e r row ), from w hich c e r t a i n d a ta w ere ta k e n , were s e le c te d a t random.
The fo llo w in g d a ta f o r each t r e e were recorded* (1 ) h e ig h t from ground
s u rfa c e to t i p o f t e m i n a l bud ( t o 1 .0 mm.); (2 ) number o f b r a n c h e s ;^ -

111* So few t r e e s developed l a t e r a l b ra n c h es t h a t th e d a ta , a f t e r ex ­
am in a tio n , were n o t a n a ly z e d .
(3) number o f n o rm a lly developed te rm in a l b u d s .^5

13* Some s e e d lin g s c o n tin u e t h e i r grow th so l a t e i n th e autumn t h a t th e
te rm in a l buds w hich th e y develop a re ab n o rm al.

A norm al bud o f a f i r s t - y e a r

- 171 -

s la s h p in e has red d ish -b ro w n bud s c a le s and e x te n d s above any p rim ary n e e d le s
which may o r ig i n a te below i t s b a s e .

The abnorm al ty p e o f bud, w hich ap ­

p a re n tly i s n o t f u l l y m a tu re, has g re e n bud s c a le s and g e n e r a lly i s n o t
e a s ily v i s i b l e b ecau se i t i s o v e rto p p e d by numerous p rim ary n e e d le s .
This ty p e o f bud i s g e n e r a lly a s s o c ia te d w ith th e l e s s s tu r d y s e e d lin g s
which a re c h a r a c te r iz e d by a sm all p r o p o r tio n o f seco n d ary n e e d le s , i f
any.
When th e s e e d lin g s were l i f t e d from th e n u r s e r y , s p e c ia l c a re was
ta k e n t o p re v e n t lo s s o f any o f th e r o o t from th e sample t r e e s .

S o il was

th o ro u g h ly washed from th e r o o ts , and th e t r e e s were allo w ed to d ry p a r t i a l l y
b e fo re being tr a n s f e r r e d to a d ry in g oven where th e y were h an d led i n th e
same manner as th e t r e e s from th e g reen h o u se e x p e rim e n ts.
S o il T reatm ents
The t e n s o i l tre a tm e n ts were d e sig n e d t o t e s t th e e f f e c t on th e t r e e s
of (1 ) improvement in th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s o i l , (2 ) th e
tim in g o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p lic a tio n s , (3 ) s p l i t v e rs u s s in g le a p p l ic a t io n o f
f e r t i l i z e r , and (4 ) o rg a n ic v e rs u s in o rg a n ic so u rc es o f n itr o g e n .

For

improvement o f th e p h y s ic a l q u a l i t i e s o f th e s o i l , c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate and
a s o i l h ig h i n o rg a n ic m a tte r from a c y p re ss pond were ch o sen .

The form er

was mixed i n th e upper 6 in c h e s o f s o i l a t a r a t e o f 20 to n s p e r a c r e .

The

l a t t e r was a p p lie d a s a 3 -in c h la y e r a f t e r a la y e r o f th e o r i g i n a l s o i l
o f eq u al th ic k n e s s had been removed.

The o rg a n ic s o i l was th e n mixed w ith

th e 3 in c h e s o f o r ig i n a l s o i l d i r e c t l y b e n e a th i t , th u s c r e a tin g a m ix tu re
which was 50 p e rc e n t o rg a n ic s o i l .

The e f f e c t o f a p p ly in g f e r t i l i z e r

j u s t p r i o r to see d in g was compared w ith t h e r e s u l t s o f a p p ly in g i t 5 weeks
a f t e r s e e d in g .

S p l i t a p p lic a tio n s o f f e r t i l i z e r were r e s t r i c t e d t o n itr o g e n

-

172 -

and p o ta ssiu m , b o th o f w hich a re le a c h e d from th e s o i l e a s i l y . N itro g e n was
a p p lie d e n t i r e l y in in o rg a n ic form and i n eq u al amounts o f in o rg a n ic and
o rg a n ic fo rm s.
In th e i n i t i a l a p p lic a tio n s in tre a tm e n ts re c e iv in g in o rg a n ic n itr o g e n ,
equal amounts o f n itr o g e n w ere s u p p lie d by s u lp h a te o r ammonia and n i t r a t e
o f so d a.

S uperphosphate s u p p lie d th e P2O5 i n a l l tr e a tm e n ts r e c e iv in g

phosphorous e x ce p t th e tr e a tm e n t re c e iv in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .
The n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m a p p lie d i n su b se q u e n t tre a tm e n ts came
c h ie f ly from p o ta ssiu m n i t r a t e , w ith a sm all p a r t o f th e p o ta ssiu m b e in g
d e riv e d from m u ria te o f p o ta s h .

M ilo rg a n ite was th e so u rce o f o rg a n ic

n itr o g e n i n th e one tre a tm e n t (number 3 ) re c e iv in g an o rg a n ic so u rce o f
n itr o g e n .

Commercial f e r t i l i z e r s w ere used th ro u g h o u t.

The q u a n tity o f n u t r i e n t s a p p lie d (e x c e p t where c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate
and o rg a n ic s o i l were s o u r c e s ) , and the tim e o f t h e i r a p p lic a ti o n , a re
shown in T able 81, as a re a ls o th e d e s c r ip t i v e d e s ig n a tio n s u sed i n th e
r e p o r t.
M easured C h a r a c te r is tic s
The mean h e ig h ts , dry w e ig h ts , number o f te rm in a l b u d s, and r o o t- s h o o t
r a t i o s f o r t r e e s from th e t e n tr e a tm e n ts i n th e 19i+2 n u rs e ry e x p erim en t a re
shoum i n T able 8 2 .

S o il tre a tm e n t had some e f f e c t on a l l f e a tu r e s o f th e

t r e e s , b u t th e d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e t r e e s o f some tre a tm e n ts were sm all#
The t a l l e s t t r e e s , produced by th e o rg a n ic s o i l tr e a tm e n t, w ere more th a n
29 p e rc e n t t a l l e r ; and th e s h o r t e s t t r e e s , produced by th e 60N90F100K
(5 weeks a f t e r se e d in g ) tr e a tm e n t were more th a n 12 p e rc e n t s h o r te r th a n
tr e e s produced by u n tr e a te d s o i l .

A t e s t o f th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e d i f ­

fe re n c e s by an a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e re v e a le d t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x is t s i n th e tre a tm e n t mean h e ig h ts .

The t r e e s produced by th e o rg a n ic s o i l

Table 8 1 . --The q u a n titie s of n u tr ie n ts a p p lied and th e tim e o f th e ir
a p p lic a tio n in 19U2 Nursery Experiment
i
i
j
:
t

:
5 weeks a f t e r
:
se e d in g ( 2 ;
•
weeks a f t e r
20 weeks
P r i o r to
10 weeks : 15 weeks
co m p letio n oT
se e d in g
g e rm in a tio n ) a f t e r s e e d in g ia f te r see d in g a f t e r seed in g
P205 k 2o N
P205 K20
K20
K20
fi
K20 t N
N
Pounds p e r a c re
i

Treatm ent
D e sig n a tio n i
Number■:
t
i
*60N90P100K
t
j ( p r i o r t o s e e d in g ) *60
1

••

90

100

-

-

-

-

60

90

100

15

90

55

-

<

«•

-

-

-

■

la

s60N90P100K
t ( 5 weeks a f t e r
t see d in g )

:
t

I
i-

t
•

t

2

*15N90P55K

•• w

-

-

3

I60N90P100K
*(50$ o rg a n ic N)

*60

90

100

-

-

h

:15N90P55K
J+15NK

-

-

15

90

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

••
••

-

-

-

-

55

15

15

»
••

-

-

-

-

15

15

-

-

15

15

15

15

I

•

•
* 15N90P55K

5

:(2x)l5NK
J15W 55K
i(3*)19JK

:

6

s

i
s

7

J20C.P. 15N55K
*(3x)l5NK
:

8

sO rganic s o i l

••

t

15

90

55

15

15

-

15

90

55

15

15

i
••
«

-

15

-

55

15

15

s

15

15

15

15

-

15

90

55

15

15

<

15

15

15

15

-

-

-

i

-

-

-

-

-

*

:
t

:

•

•
:Check tCheck
*20 to n s p e r a c r e o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate
^3 in c h la y e r o f o rg a n ic s o i l

s

mt

- Uk T able 8 2. —The mean h e ig h t, d ry w e ig h t, number of te rm in a l
b uds, and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s o f 1 -y e a r s la s h p in e
s e e d lin g s grown in A u stin Cary N u rsery in d i f f e r e n t
s o i l tre a tm e n ts
•
•

T reatm ent

:

H eig h t
mm.

60N90P100K
( p r i o r t o s e e d in g )

:
i
t
60N90P100K
:
(5 weeks a f t e r s e e d in g ):.

Dry W eight TerminalBuda R o o t-sh o o t
R a tio s
number
g r.

9 9 .1

1 . 1*2

0 .7 9

0 . 1*0

91 .1*

0 .9 8

0 . 1*2

O.3 8

101.6

1 .3 5

0 .8 3

0 .3 9

106.7

1 .9 8

0 .8 3

0.31*

•

15N90P55K
:
(5 weeks a f t e r s e e d in g ):
•

60N90P100K
(50% o rg a n ic N)

:
:
I

15N90P55K415NK

:

106.7

1 .7 6

1 .31

O.38

15N90P55Kf(2x)l5NK

*

106.7

1 .8 5

1 .0 8

0 .3 9

I

15N90P55K4(3 x )15NK

s

io l* .i

1.5 3

0 .6 7

O.3 6

20C.P.15N15KV(3 x )15NK

:
t
:
2
:
2
:
2
:
:
:
:
:
:

116.8

2.3 9

1.1 9

0.3U

13I+.6

3 .2 6

1 .98

0 .3 0

io l* .l

1 .8 6

0 .7 9

0 .3 7

7 .3

0.3U

0 .6 5

0 .0 3

20.3

0 .9 8

27 .9

1 .3 3
0.1*5

1 .7 8

O rganic s o i l
Check
S tan d ard d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 and
1 p e rc e n t
F v alu e tre a tm e n t

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t.
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

2.6U+

3.1+8++

.

- 175 -

tre a tm e n t a re very s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e produced by a l l t r e a t ­
ments e x c e p t one, th e c o l l o i d a l phosphate tr e a tm e n t.

The c o l l o i d a l phos­

p h ate tre a tm e n t produced t r e e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e produced
by one tr e a tm e n t- 6 OK9OPIOOK (5 weeks a f t e r se e d in g ) tre a tm e n t.

D iffe re n c e s

in h e ig h ts o f S e e d lin g s betw een o th e r tr e a tm e n ts were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

It

i s notew orthy t h a t o n ly th o s e tr e a tm e n ts w hich a l t e r th e p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n
o f th e s o i l y ie ld e d t r e e s w ith g r e a t e r h e ig h ts th a n th o s e from th e un­
tr e a te d s o i l , and t h a t t r e e s from o n ly one o f th e s e were s i g n i f i c a n t l y
t a l l e r th a n th o s e from th e check.
Dry w e ig h ts show much th e same r e l a t i o n s h i p to tre a tm e n t as do
h e ig h ts .

T rees produced by a l l c u ltu r e s e x c e p tin g th e c o l l o i d a l phos­

p h ate tre a tm e n t were i n f e r i o r in w e ig h t to th e t r e e s produced by th e
o rg an ic s o i l c u l t u r e .

T rees from th e 6 OK9OPIOOK (5 weeks a f t e r see d in g )

tre a tm e n t were i n f e r i o r i n w eight to th o s e from th e c o l l o i d a l p hosphate
c u ltu r e .
The mean number o f te rm in a l buds p e r t r e e , a lth o u g h d i f f e r i n g w id e ly
w ith s o i l tr e a tm e n t, shows no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e tre a tm e n t
means.

The wide v a r i a t i o n betw een in d iv id u a l t r e e s i n th e number o f buds

i s t h e cause o f th e la c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s .

I t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t

th e o r g a n ic - s o il tre a tm e n t w hich produced th e t a l l e s t and h e a v ie s t t r e e s
a lso ran k s f i r s t i n number o f te rm in a l b u d s.

L ik ew ise, th o s e tre a tm e n ts

which ran k lo w e st i n h e ig h t and w eig h t ra n k lo w e st a ls o i n number o f t e r ­
m inal b u d s.
R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o s show sm all d if f e r e n c e s betw een tr e a tm e n ts , and th e s e
d iff e r e n c e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

A lthough th e r e i s no marked tr e n d in th e

ro o t-s h o o t r a t i o s , i t i s notew orthy t h a t th e tr e a tm e n ts p ro d u cin g th e
t a l l e s t and h e a v ie s t t r e e s have th e lo w e st r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o s .

T his in d ic a t e s

-

176 -

t h a t , p r o p o r tio n a te ly , th e to p b e n e f i t s more from th e su p p lem en tal n u ­
t r i e n t s th a n th e r o o t s .
O bserved C h a r a c te r is tic s
O cular e s tim a te s o f c o lo r and g e n e ra l v ig o r o f th e s e e d lin g s
d u rin g th e f i r s t 2 months fu r n is h e s o b s e r v a tio n a l d a ta w hich h e lp to su p p le ­
ment and i n t e r p r e t th e s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta .

The m ost co n sp icu o u s a b n o rm a lity

in c o lo r and v ig o r 2 months a f t e r see d in g was found i n th e s e e d lin g s grow­
ing i n p l o t s t r e a t e d w ith 60 pounds o f n itr o g e n , 90 pounds o f PgO^, and
100 o f K2O 5 weeks a f t e r s e e d in g .

Two o f th e fo u r p l o t s o f t h i s

tre a tm e n t were d e s c rib e d as below a v erag e in v ig o r .

The t i p s o f th e

c o ty le d o n s o f most o f th e s e e d lin g s i n th e fo u r p l o t s o f t h i s c u ltu r e were
brown.

T h is c o n d itio n su g g e s ts t h a t th e s e e d lin g s were ’’burned'* by th e

fe rtiliz e r.

I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t t h i s tr e a tm e n t produced t r e e s o f

l e a s t h e ig h t and w e ig h t, and w ith th e fe w e st te rm in a l b u d s.
In marked c o n tr a s t w ere th e t r e e s i n p lo ts r e c e iv in g th e o rg a n ic
s o i l and c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate tr e a tm e n ts .

Two o f th e fo u r p lo t s i n

b o th o f th e s e tr e a tm e n ts were d e s c rib e d a s c o n ta in in g t r e e s c o n s id e ra b ly
above av erag e in v ig o r .

The f o li a g e o f th e s e t r e e s was b lu e -g re e n i n

c o n tr a s t t o th e g reen and y e llo w -g re e n o f t r e e s grow ing i n d i f f e r e n t l y
t r e a t e d s o il*

The o th e r two p l o t s , a lth o u g h n o t e x h ib itin g d if f e r e n c e s

in v ig o r and n e e d le c o lo r a s marked a s th e p lo t s j u s t d e s c rib e d , d id
ap p ear somewhat s u p e r io r i n ir ig o r .

T rees from th e s e tr e a tm e n ts were

t a l l e r and h e a v ie r and had developed more te rm in a l buds a t th e end o f
th e e x p erim en t th a n t r e e s from o th e r c u ltu re s *
T rees grow ing i n th e p l o t s o f th e o th e r seven tre a tm e n ts e x h ib ite d
no v ig o r o r c o lo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which d is tin g u is h e d th o s e o f one t r e a t ­
ment from another*

- 177 J u s t p r i o r t o h a r v e s tin g th e t r e e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n s e e d lin g den­
s i t y were e v id e n t among th e v a rio u s p l o t s .

Note was made o f th e p lo ts

in w hich s e e d lin g d e n s ity was e x c e p tio n a lly low .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s

ta b u la tio n were as fo llo w ss
T reatm ent

Number o f p l o t s o f e x c e p tio n a l­
l y low s e e d lin g d e n s ity

60N90P100K ( p r i o r to se e d in g )

3

60N90P1G0K (5 weeks a f t e r seed­
in g )

i+

15N90P55K

l

60N90P100K ( 50$ o rg a n ic N)

0

15N90P55K
15NK

0

15N90P55K
(2x)15NK

1

15N90P55K
(3*)15STK

1

20 C. P . 15N15K
(3x)l5MK

1

O rganic s o i l

0

Check

2

E x c e p tio n a lly low s e e d lin g d e n s ity i s m ost e v id e n t i n th e two
tr e a tm e n ts - 6QN90P100K ( p r i o r to s e e d in g ) and 6ON9OPIOOK (5 weeks a f t e r
s e e d in g )- re c e iv in g heavy i n i t i a l a p p lic a tio n s o f f e r t i l i s e r .

E v id e n tly

to o g r e a t c o n c e n tra tio n o f n u t r i e n t s , e s p e c ia ll y th e r e a d i l y a v a ila b le
o n es- n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m - was r e s p o n s ib le f o r h ig h seedling m o r t a li t y .
The h ig h e s t see d lin g d e n s i t i e s w ere n o te d i n one p l o t o f th e c o llo id a l phos­
p h a te and two p lo ts o f th e o rg a n ic s o i l tr e a tm e n t.

178 -

Summary and Im p lica tio n s o f R esu lts
A lthough th e r e s u l t s o f 1942 n u rs e ry ex p erim en t are n o t v e ry con­
c lu s iv e on a l l a s p e c ts o f f e r t i l i z a t i o n t h a t w ere s tu d ie d , th e e f f e c t s o f
some p h ases o f s o i l improvement a re f a i r l y d e f i n i t e and i n o th e r s , some
tre n d i s i n d i c a t e d . ^
16. L a te r e x p e rie n c e d em o n strated t h a t d if f e r e n c e s in re sp o n se to n u t r i e n t
tre a tm e n ts a re g r e a t e r when o th e r n u rs e ry p r a c t i c e s a re n e a r e s t to th e o p t i ­
mum f o r s e e d lin g developm ent.

C u ltu r a l p r a c t i c e s w ere n o t id e a l i n 1942.

In g e n e r a l, s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s were n o t b e n e f i t t e d by th e ad­
d i tio n o f r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n u t r i e n t s , r e g a r d le s s o f method o f a p p lic a tio n ,
when n o th in g was done to change th e p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n o f th e s o i l .

On

th e o th e r hand, when o rg a n ic s o i l was added to g e th e r w ith in o rg a n ic
n u t r i e n t s , s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s d eveloped i n th e t r e e s .

They were

t a l l e r , h e a v ie r , and had more te rm in a l buds th a n t r e e s grown i n un­
t r e a t e d c u ltu r e s o r i n th o s e r e c e iv in g in o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s o n ly .
C o llo id a l phosp h ate w ith in o rg a n ic n u t r i e n t s im proved th e t r e e s , b u t th e y
were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th o s e grown i n u n tr e a te d s o i l o r s o i l
to which o th e r n u t r i e n t s had been added.

A p p a re n tly , le a c h in g o f r e a d i l y

a v a ila b le n u t r i e n t s i s to o r a p id i n o th e rw ise u n tr e a te d s o i l to a llo w
th e s e e d lin g s to d e riv e any b e n e f i t when th e y a re added e i t h e r e n t i r e l y
a t th e tim e o f see d in g o r 5 weeks a f t e r se e d in g o r in s p l i t a p p lic a tio n s
a t 5“week i n t e r v a l s .

Such f r e q u e n t w a te rin g i s n e c e s s a ry i n th e absence

o f r a i n f a l l t h a t le a c h in g i s alm o st c o n tin u o u s .
when heavy f a l l s o f r a i n o c c u r.

L eaching i s e sc e n tu a te d

An ex am in atio n o f th e r a i n f a l l re c o rd s

d u ring th e ex perim ent r e v e a ls t h a t on one o c c a s io n , a 2 - in c h r a i n f e l l
w ith in a few hours a f t e r th e a p p lic a tio n o f f e r t i l i z e r , and on a n o th e r

- 179 o c c a sio n , a 1 . 20- in c h r a i n f e l l soon a f t e r f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
A lthough s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e m easured c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f th e t r e e s produced by th e two 60N90P10QK tr e a tm e n ts and th e check
a re n o t e v id e n t, s e e d lin g s o f th e s e t h r e e tre a tm e n ts show a ten d en cy
tow ard i n f e r i o r i t y , and s e e d lin g m o r t a li t y was h e a v ie r i n th e s e c u l t u r e s .
Even though th e e f f e c t s o f th e s e tre a tm e n ts w ere n o t re g a rd ed a s d e t r i ­
m e n ta l, th e y a re o e r t a i n l y uneconom ical.
A lthough no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t s betw een th e s e e d lin g s
produced by th e two 60N90P100K tr e a tm e n ts , th o s e produoed when th e
n u t r i e n t s w ere a p p lie d 5 weeks a f t e r se e d in g show an i n f e r i o r i t y to
th o se produced when th e n u t r i e n t s w ere a p p lie d j u s t p r i o r t o s e e d in g .
The 2 -in c h r a i n w hich f e l l soon a f t e r th e l a t t e r tre a tm e n t may have
caused enough le a c h in g o f th e r e a d ily a v a il a b le n u t r i e n t s t o m inim ize
damage to th e s e e d lin g s w hich began making t h e i r ap p earan ce 9 days l a t e r .
P r a c t i c a l l y no r a i n f e l l f o r n e a r ly a month fo llo w in g th e a p p l ic a ti o n o f
th e 6ON9 OPIOQK tr e a tm e n t 5 weeks a f t e r s e e d in g , c o n se q u e n tly th e s e e d lin g s m o stly 13 t o 26 days o ld - w ere p ro b a b ly u n d er th e in flu e n c e o f a r e l a t i v e l y
h ig h c o n c e n tra tio n o f n u t r i e n t s f o r s e v e r a l days s in c e th e g e n tle f a l l o f
w a ter in r e l a t i v e l y sm all q u a n tity from th e o v erh ead s p r in k lin g system
p ro b a b ly caused r a t h e r slow le a c h in g .
"When th e n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m were added i n two t o fo u r ap­
p l i c a t i o n s , th e t r e e s w ere n o t n o ta b ly d i f f e r e n t from th o s e developed
w ith no s o i l tre a tm e n t.

Those re c e iv in g two and th r e e a p p lic a tio n s o f

th e s e n u t r i e n t s were s u p e r io r i n h e ig h t, w e ig h t, and bud developm ent to
th e s e re c e iv in g th e e n t i r e su p p ly o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m p r i o r to
seed in g o r 5 weeks a f t e r s e e d in g .
however.

The d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ,

- 180 -

The c u ltu r e in w hich 50 p e r c e n t o f th e n itr o g e n was o f o rg a n ic
o r ig in produced somewhat b e t t e r t r e e s th a n th e two c u l tu r e s re c e iv in g
th e same q u a n tity o f n itr o g e n (an d e q u al amounts o f phosphorous and
p otassium ) o f in o rg a n ic o r i g i n .

A gain, th e d if f e r e n c e s a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

The f a c t t h a t th e o n ly v a r ia b le i n th e n u t r i e n t s used i n th e s e th r e e t r e a t ­
ments was th e n itr o g e n source s u g g e s ts t h a t to o much r e a d i l y a v a il a b le
n itro g e n i s more l i k e l y to be harm ful t o young s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s th a n
too much r e a d ily a v a il a b le p o ta ssiu m .
In c o n s id e rin g th e e f f e c t o f th e d rg a n ic s o i l , i t i s w e ll to keep
in mind t h a t t h i s m a te r ia l does more than change th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s o f th e o r i g i n a l s o i l .

I t has e q u a lly im p o rta n t e f f e c t s on th e

chem ical and b io lo g ic a l f e a t u r e s , some o f which may be v e ry com plex. The
o rg a n ic s o i l in c r e a s e s th e b ase exchange c a p a c ity ; i t adds v a rio u s
n u t r i e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y n itr o g e n , p a r t o f w hich i s o rg a n ic ; and i t adds
new m icroorganism s and p o s s ib ly grow th hormones.
th e r e f o r e , r a d i c a l l y changed.

The o r i g i n a l s o i l i s ,

T his i s e v id e n t by th e g r e a t s u p e r i o r i t y o f

th e t r e e s produced i n th e o rg a n ic s o i l tre a tm e n t o v er a l l e x ce p t th e c o l­
lo id a l p hosphate tre a tm e n t.

- 181 -

19k5 Nursery Experiment
E x p e rim en ta l te c h n iq u e and c u l t u r a l m ethods used i n t h i s ex p erim en t
were s im ila r t o th o s e employed in th e 19h2 N u rsery E x p erim en t.

Techniques

in th e 19^5 N u rse ry E xperim ent w hich d i f f e r e d from th o s e i n th e p re v io u s
experim ent a re d is c u s s e d b r i e f l y below .

Each o f th e two seed beds was

d iv id e d in to e ig h te e n p l o t s , each 5 ' * V3** ( Fi g # 1 8 )•
were n o t l e f t betw een p l o t s .

Is o la tio n s tr ip s

The d is a d v a n ta g e o f h av in g p l o t s in v o lv in g

d i f f e r e n t s o i l tre a tm e n ts jo in in g each o th e r was d isp o se d o f by e lim in a tin g
a 6 -in c h s t r i p a t e ac h end o f e v e ry p l o t in th e random s e l e c t i o n o f sample
tre e s .

The two seed beds p ro v id e d t h i r t y - s i x p l o t s , th u s making p o s s ib le

th e use o f n in e s o i l tr e a tm e n ts , each r e p l i c a t e d fo u r tim e s .
A P la n e t J r . seed d r i l l was u sed t o sow th e see d , on March 12, i n
rows ru n n in g le n g th w ise o f th e b e d s, th e rows b e in g spaced 7 in c h e s
a p a rt.

The d r i l l was r e g u la te d t o p ro v id e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f seed a t a r a t e

o f a p p ro x im a te ly tw e n ty -fiv e seeds p e r l i n e a r f o o t , th e o b je c tiv e b e in g
to s e c u re , u ltim a te ly , te n to f i f t e e n t r e e s p e r f o o t .

The seed was se c u re d

from th e F lo r id a F o r e s t S e rv ic e , and i t s s p e c i f i c so u rce was n o t known.
G erm ination was f i r s t in ev id en ce on March 2 0 .
P r e c i p i t a t i o n re c o rd s a t th e n u rs e ry s i t e re v e a l t h a t no r a i n f e l l
d u rin g March and t h a t o nly 0 .3 0 in c h f e l l betw een A p ril 1 and A p ril 2 2 .

It

was n e c e s s a ry , th e r e f o r e , d u rin g th e f i r s t 6 weeks o f t h e e x p erim en t, to
m a in ta in ad eq u ate s o i l m o is tu re by su p p ly in g w a te r from th e s p r in k lin g
system .

The f i r s t a p p lic a tio n o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , and o f phosphrous

in T reatm ent 8 , on A p ril 19 was fo llo w e d on A p ril 23 b y a r a i n f a l l o f 2 .7 1
in c h e s d u rin g a 12-hour p e r io d , and on A p ril 29 by one o f 1 .6 6 in c h e s d u r­
in g a 6 -h o u r p e r io d .

May was r e l a t i v e l y d ry , w ith p r e c i p i t a t i o n t o t a l l i n g

1.88 in c h e s f o r th e month, a l l o f w hich f e l l d u rin g th e f i p s t 16 d a y s.

- 182 -

No r a i n f e l l f o r n e a r ly 2 weeks a f t e r th e a p p l ic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s on
May 2 k ‘

On June 7 > 1*79 in c h e s o f r a i n f e l l .

d u ring Ju n e, th e t o t a l f a l l b e in g 7»51 in c h e s .

R a i n f a l l was p l e n t i f u l
P r e c i p i t a t i o n was l i g h t

d u rin g th e f i r s t h a l f o f J u ly , t o t a l l i n g O.98 in c h w hich f e l l in fo u r
show ers.

S ince th e t h i r d a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s was made on June 28,

and s in c e no s in g le r a i n storm betw een t h a t d a te and A ugust 1 produced
more th a n 0.73 in c h , th e n u t r i e n t s were n o t a c te d upon by heavy r a i n s .
The f o u r th a p p lic a tio n o f n u t r i e n t s on A ugust 2 was fo llo w e d by a 3 * 2 4 -in c h
r a i n w ith in 12 h o u rs .

T o ta l p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r J u ly was 3*5^-

fo r

August was 9*80 in c h e s .
P r i o r to l i f t i n g them i n Ja n u a ry , f i f t e e n t r e e s , from w hich d a ta on
v a rio u s f e a t u r e s were sec u re d l a t e r , w ere s e le c te d a t random and marked
f o r f u tu r e u s e .

L ength o f stem from th e c o ty le d o n s to th e t i p o f th e

te rm in a l bud ( t o J 1 .0 mm.) and number o f te r m in a l buds w ere re c o rd e d
b e fo re th e t r e e s w ere l i f t e d .

Each t r e e was c l a s s i f i e d on th e b a s i s o f

predom inance o f prim ary and sec o n d a ry n e e d le s .

A f te r th e t r e e s were

l i f t e d and w ashed, th e d ia m e te r o f e ac h was m easured ( t o J 0 .0 1 mm.) w ith
a m icro m eter, and th e g re e n w eig h t o f th e e n t i r e t r e e was weighed
( to $ 0.01 g r . ) .

Time d id n o t p e rm it d ry in g th e t r e e s and s e c u rin g d ry

w eight s e p a r a te ly on sh o o ts and r o o t s .
S o il T reatm ents
S in ce s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s had resp o n d ed m ost i n th e greenhouse ex­
p erim en ts to s o i l tr e a tm e n ts c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te , e s p e c ia l l y
when n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m w ere in c lu d e d , and s in c e th e y had made some
re sp o n se to s im ila r tre a tm e n ts i n a p re v io u s n u rs e ry e x p erim en t, th e 19U5
N ursery E xperim ent was d esig n ed p r im a r ily t o t e s t s im il a r tre a tm e n ts in th e
n u rs e ry .

C o llo id a l p hosphate was used a t r a t e s o f 1 and 20 to n s p e r a c r e .

- 183 -

N itro g e n and p o ta ssiu m w ere a p p lie d e i t h e r two o r f o u r tim es a t r a t e s o f
e i t h e r 15 o r 30 pounds p e r a c re o f N and K2O eaoh tim e .

In one c u l t u r e ,

Ca(H2P0]+)2H2 0 , w hich when u sed alo n e i n a greenhouse c u ltu r e had produced
marked re sp o n se by s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s , was u sed i n com bination w ith n i t r o ­
gen and p o ta ssiu m .

C. P . ch em icals were used as so u rc e s o f n itr o g e n and po­

ta ssiu m i n a l l tr e a tm e n ts t h a t w ere s u p p lie d w ith th e s e e lem en ts and o f
phosphorous i n T reatm ent 8 .
r e s p e c tiv e ly .

NlfyNC^ and KC1 s u p p lie d th e n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m ,

D e ta ils o f n in e s o i l tr e a tm e n ts a re shown i n Table 83•

Len g th o f Stem, D iam eter, and Green W eight
The mean le n g th s o f stem , d ia m e te rs, and g re e n w e ig h ts o f th e t r e e s
in each tre a tm e n t a re p re s e n te d i n T able 8i+.
each o f th e th r e e f e a tu r e s re v e a l

The a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e o f

t h a t th e r e a re v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­

fe re n c e s betw een th e tr e a tm e n t means o f stem le n g th , b u t no s i g n i f i c a n t
d if f e r e n c e s betw een th o s e o f d ia m e te r and w e ig h t.

The F v a lu e s o f 2 .1 1

and 1 . 9 0» r e s p e c tiv e ly , w ere n o t much below th e 2 .3 6 needed t o d e m o n strate
s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s .

I t i s th e a u t h o r 's b e l i e f t h a t c e r t a i n f a c t o r s

which caused marked d if f e r e n c e s betw een in d iv id u a l t r e e s w ith in p l o t s o f
th e same s o i l tre a tm e n t were r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e la o k o f s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­
fe re n c e s in th e means o f stem d ia m e te r and t r e e w e ig h t.

Under n u r s e r y

c o n d itio n s , a lim it e d number o f seeds g e rm in a te long a f t e r th e m a jo r ity
have g e rm in a te d .

Those t h a t g erm in ate l a t e , b ein g younger th a n th e

m a jo rity o f s e e d lin g s , do n o t a t t a i n th e s iz e o f th o s e t h a t g e rm in a te d
e a rlie r.

T his a c c o u n ts f o r p a r t o f th e v a r i a t i o n among s e e d lin g s .

o bserved a ls o t h a t s e e d lin g d e n s ity v a rie d w ith in p lo t s ( F ig . 1 8 ).

I t was
Even

more im p o rta n t i s th e f a c t t h a t s e e d lin g d e n s ity d i f f e r e d w ith s o i l t r e a t ­
m ent.

The p lo ts re p r e s e n tin g th e s o i l tr e a tm e n ts w hich produced th e s h o r t e s t ,

s m a lle s t d ia m e te r, and l i g h t e s t ( i n w e ig h t) t r e e s had th e lo w e st s e e d lin g

- 184 Table 83. --Type and amount o f n u tr ie n t a p p lic a tio n in 1945
Nursery Experiment

T re a tm e n t

t
No. {Designation

x
Time o f n u t r i e n t a p p l i c a t i o n
:
: 52 w eeks slO-g- w eeks il^g- w eeks
{ P r io r t o
: a fte r
x a fte r
: a fte r
xfceading
t s e e d in g : s e e d in g x s e e d in g
{ C o llo id a l {
{ p h o sp h ate :P 205 N K2Q N
K20 : N
K20
Tons per
acre
Pounds per acre

x20C .P .*(4 x )15NK

2

3
s2 0 C .P .K 2 x )30NK

1 J

K2Q

*
■
•
t

20

15 15

15

15

15

x
15 s

2D

30 30

-

-

30

-

30 30

30

30

•

1

t 20g- w eeks
: a fte r
x s e e d in g

15

15

30 {

-

-

30

30 {

30

30

1

20

5

{20C.P.*()4 x )30NK
•

•

4

{20C.P.

x

5

slC .P.f()4x)l5N K

1

-

15 15

15

15

15

15 *

15

15

6

xlC.P.V(4x)30NK

1

-

30 30

30

30

30

30 x

30

30

7

xlC .P .

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

15

mm

-

20

1
»

-

•

8

60

: 60Pf([pc)l5NK

15 15

15

15

15

•

3
15 *
•

9

{Check

-

tm

-

-

-

-

am

- 185 Table 8L. —Mean len gth o f stem , diam eter, and green w eigh t o f
tr e e s in 19h5 Nursery Experiment
t

Length o f stem
mm.

20C.P.f(ipc)l5N K

*

162.8

20C.P.*(2x)30NK

:

lU l.6

20C.P.*(ipc)30NK

*

171.7

20C.P.

*

159.2

lC .P .f(ipc)l5N K

*

132.9

1C .P.+(ipc)30NK

s

138.0

1C .P.

:

112.2

60P^(i4x ) 15NK

:

Check
S ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

T reatm ent

* d ia m e te r o f stem* Green w eig h t
g r.
*
mm.
*
*
*
8 .7 2
*
1+.28
*
*
*
8.23
*
3 .9 9
*
2
2
*
L..26
*
10.09
2
2
t
L .00
*
8 .3 7
2
2
6 .0 3
*
3 .5 0
:
2
2
:
3 . 8O
*
7 .1 7

13U.5

*
*
*

s

113.6

*

s
t

1 0 .6

*
*

D iffe re n c e b e *
tw een tr e a tm e n t *
means t o be s i g - s
n i f i c a n t a t 5 an d :
1 p e rc e n t
*
F v alu e tre a tm e n t*

31 .0

b 2 .o
3 . 53**

♦★ S ign ifican t a t 1 p ercen t.

:
*
*
*
*
*
*

3 .2 5

5.0U

3 .3 0

r
*
*

6 .7 2

3-UU

*

5.8 8

0 .2 5

*
s

1.1 7

2.1 1

t
*
*
:
*
*
*

1*99

- 186 d e n s ity .

For t h e i r h e ig h t, t r e e s i n th e lo w -d e n s ity p l o t s ap p eared t o

have r e l a t i v e l y s tu r d y s h o o ts , and th e y had w id e -s p re a d in g r o o t sy ste m s.
Had th e y grown i n h ig h - d e n s ity p l o t s t h e i r stem s p ro b a b ly would have been
th in n e r and t h e i r r o o ts l e s s e x te n s iv e .

Thus, s e e d lin g s grown i n lo w -d e n s ity

p lo t s would o o n c e iv a b ly g a in some ad v an tag e in d ia m e te r and w e ig h t over
th o s e grown i n h ig h - d e n s ity p l o t s , an ad v an tag e cau sed by th e d if f e r e n c e s
in s e e d lin g d e n s i t y .
ment m eans.

T his would te n d t o red u ce th e d if f e r e n c e i n t r e a t ­

T h is , combined w ith th e w ide v a r i a t i o n betw een in d iv id u a l

s e e d lin g s i n th e same tr e a tm e n t (due p a r t l y to d e n s it y v a r i a t i o n s w ith in
p l o t s ) , makes th e s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n la r g e , and may a cc o u n t f o r a la c k
o f s i g n i f i c a n t d ifferen c e* ! betw een tre a tm e n t means o f stem d ia m e te r
and t r e e w e ig h t.

In o th e r w ords, th e e f f e c t o f t he tre a tm e n t on s e e d lin g

d e n s ity c r e a te d a v a r ia b le f a c t o r w hich co n fu sed th e e f f e c t o f tr e a tm e n t
on c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e t r e e s .

In view o f th e s e f a c t s and th e

c lo s e n e s s o f th e F v a lu e s o f tre a tm e n t f o r d ia m e te r and w e ig h t t o th o s e
needed f o r s ig n if ic a n c e a t 5 p e r c e n t, th e a u th o r b e lie v e s th e d ia m e te r and
w eig h t d if f e r e n c e s caused by tre a tm e n t can be assumed t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .
At le n g th o f stem , t r e e s i n th e 20 C. P . +(4x)30NK c u ltu r e w ere
o u ts ta n d in g .

These t r e e s were v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n

th e check and th e 1 C. P . tr e a tm e n ts ( F ig . 2 1 ), and s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r
th a n th o s e i n th e 1 C. P> +(i|x)3QNK, and 60P+(ipc)15NK c u l t u r e s .

They were

n e a r ly s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n th e 20 C. P . +(2x)3GNK c u l t u r e .
T rees i n th e 20 C. P . +(l+x)15NK and th e 20 C. P« c u ltu r e s w ere v e ry
s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o se i n th e eheok and th e 1 C. P . c u lt u r e s
(F ig . 1 9 ) .

Those i n th e 20 C. P . ■f(i+x)15NK c u ltu r e la c k e d o n ly a l i t t l e o f

b ein g s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n th e 1 C. P . i ( l 4x ) 15NK and

- 187 -

1 C. P.+(itx)30NK tr e a tm e n ts , and th o s e i n th e 20 C. P . c u ltu r e s were n o t
f a r s h o r t o f b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a l l e r th a n th o s e i n th e two 1 -to n c o l­
l o i d a l phosp h ate tr e a tm e n ts supplem ented b y n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m .
A lthough none o f th e 1 -to n c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate tre a tm e n ts y ie ld e d
t r e e s w ith lo n g e r stem s th a n th e check ( F ig . 2 0 ), i t i s n o te w o rth y t h a t when
th e c o llo id a l phosp h ate was supplem ented by n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , stem
le n g th was in c re a s e d , a lth o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( F ig . 2 2 ).
The v alu e o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate i n la r g e q u a n tity i s e v id e n t
from th e s i g n i f i c a n t s u p e r i o r i t y i n h e ig h t o f th e t r e e s i n 20 C. P . o v er
th o se i n th e check c u l t u r e .

F u rth erm o re, t r e e s i n th e fo rm er c u ltu r e

were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r i n h e ig h t t o th o s e i n any o th e r c u l tu r e and
a o tu a lly s u rp a ss e d th o s e i n one c u ltu r e (20 C. P . + (2 x )3 0 M ).
A lthough th e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n th e mean h e ig h ts
o f t r e e s i n th e 20 C. P . +(ipc)15M and 20 C. P . +(2x)30NK c u l t u r e s , th e r e
i s enough d if f e r e n c e to in d i c a t e t h a t 60 pounds o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m
p e r a c re s p l i t i n t o fo u r a p p lic a tio n s i s more e f f e c t i v e in i t s e f f e c t on
s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s th a n t h i s amount s p l i t in to two a p p l i c a t i o n s .

It

i s p o s s ib le t h a t some o f th e v a lu e to th e s e e d lin g s o f th e f i r s t 30-pound
a p p lic a tio n was l o s t on a cc o u n t o f th e heavy r a i n w hich f e l l soon t h e r e a f t e r .
A lthough d if f e r e n c e s in mean d ia m e te rs and w e ig h ts o f t r e e s in
d if f e r e n c e tre a tm e n ts a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , th e s e f e a tu r e s o f t r e e s i n th e
v a rio u s c u ltu r e s have much th e same r e a l t i o n s h i p to each o th e r a s d id th e
stem le n g th s .

I t i s no tew o rth y t h a t th e mean d ia m e te rs and w e ig h ts o f t r e e s

i n th e fo u r c u ltu r e s r e c e iv in g 20 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate were g r e a t e r
th a n th o s e o f t r e e s in th e o th e r f iv e c u l t u r e s .
Number o f Term inal Buds and P e rc e n t o f T rees w ith
P rim ary N eedles Dominant
.
Over a p e rio d o f s e v e r a l y e a rs o b s e rv a tio n s on s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s

- 188 growing i n f o r e s t s and i n n u r s e r ie s h as le a d th e a u th o r t o b e lie v e t h a t
t r e e v ig o r i n young s la s h p in e t r e e s i s e x p re sse d to some e x te n t by th e
number o f te r m in a l b u d s.

W akeley (1935) u s ®d th e p re v a le n c e o f p rim ary

n e e d le s as one c r i t e r i o n o f th e q u a l ity o f p la n tin g s to c k .

In h i s c l a s s i ­

f i c a t i o n o f g ra d e s o f p la n tin g s to c k , th e f o li a g e o f g ra d e -3 s la s h p in e
s e e d lin g s i s composed s o l e l y o f p rim ary n e e d le s .

Number o f te rm in a l buds

and p re v a le n c e o f p rim ary n e e d le s sh o u ld c o n s t i t u t e u s e f u l c r i t e r i a
in ju d g in g p ia n tin g - s to c k q u a lity .
The mean number erf te rm in a l buds and th e p e rc e n t o f t r e e s w ith
p rim ary n e e d le s dom inant a re shown i n T able 85 fo r each tr e a tm e n t.

Very

s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t betw een tr e a tm e n ts i n th e f i r s t f e a t u r e , and
s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n th e l a t t e r .

T rees i n th e 20 C. P . +(ipc)30NK

tr e a tm e n t a re o u ts ta n d in g i n b o th c a t e g o r ie s .

These t r e e s a re e i t h e r s i g n i ­

f i c a n t l y o r v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to t r e e s o f a l l o th e r tr e a tm e n ts
in number o f te r m in a l b u d s.

W ith none o f th e t r e e s i n t h i s tre a tm e n t

having p rim ary n e e d le s dom inant, th e y ran k ed b e s t i n t h i s r e s p e c t, and th e y
were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o t r e e s i n th e check and 1 C. P. c u ltu r e s .
T rees i n th e 20 C. P . +(4x)l5NK c u ltu r e had s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t e r ­
m inal buds th a n t r e e s i n th e 1 C. P . and check c u l t u r e s .

W ith o n ly 5*0

p e rc e n t o f th e t r e e s having p rim ary n e e d le s dom inant, th e fo rm er c u ltu r e
ranked second b e s t and was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o th e 1 C. P . c u l t u r e .
The number o f te r m in a l buds and th e p e rc e n t o f t r e e s h av in g p rim ary
n e e d le s dom inant add f u r t h e r ev id en o e on th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f t r e e s i n th e
20 C. P. +(ij.x)30NK tr e a tm e n ts .
Summary o f R e s u lts
The experim ent d e m o n strates r a t h e r c o n c lu s iv e ly t h a t th e q u a lity
o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s grown i n a n u rs e ry i n a N o rfo lk f i n e sand can be

- 189 Table 85. --The mean number o f term in al buds per tr e e and th e
percen t o f tr e e s w ith primary n eed les dominant in
th e 19^4-5 Nursery Experiment

T reatm ent

T erm inal buds
Number p e r t r e e

T rees w ith prim ary
n e e d le s dom inant k
P e rc e n t o f t o t a l

20C.P.f(!pc)15NK

1.1+3

20C.P.f(2x)30NK

1.0 0

11 .7

20C.P.f(ipc)30NK

2 .1 5

0 .0

2 0 .C .P .

1.1 3

13 .3

lC.P.+(Ipc)l5NK

0 .8 8

1 6 .7

ic .p

1 .2 7

3 .3

1C.P .

0 .5 0

28.3

60Pf(Ipc)l5NK

0 .7 5

13 .3

Check

0 .7 2

2 1 .8

S tan d ard d e v ia tio n

0 . 2k

7 .5

D iffe re n c e betw een
tre a tm e n t means t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 and
1 p e rc e n t

0 .7 1

21.8

0 .9 6

2 9 .6

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t

l+ .ll^ *

* K ^ ) 3 onk

5 .0 '

2.90+

+The f o li a g e o f th e s e t r e e s c o n s is ts e i t h e r s o le l y o r more th a n 50
p e rc e n t p rim a ry ( u n f a s c ic le d ) n e e d le s*
♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5 p e rc e n t*
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.

- 190 g r e a tly improved by th e a d d itio n to th e s o i l o f 20 to n s p e r a c re o f c o l ­
lo id a l p h o sp h a te , w hich should be mixed i n th e upper 4 in c h e s o f s o il*
Since th e t r e e s grown i n a c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g 20 to n s p e r a c re o f
c o llo id a l phosphate a lo n e were as good a s , and i n one c a se b e t t e r th a n
(a lth o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o ) , th o s e grown i n c u l tu r e s c o n ta in in g n itr o g e n
nnri p o ta ssiu m as w e ll as 20 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate , i t h a s n o t been
d em onstrated t h a t su p p lem en ta l n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m a re needed to
produce s u p e r io r t r e e s .

I t i s p o s s ib le , how ever, t h a t th e t r e e s grown

in c u ltu r e s s u p p lie d w ith a l l th r e e n u t r i e n t e lem en ts may be b e t t e r b a la n c e d
p h y s io lo g ic a lly .

T his c an n o t be d eterm in ed u n t i l a s u i t a b l e b a s is f o r

a n aly z in g p h y s io lo g ic a l b a la n c e i s d ev elo p ed .

The s u r v iv a l and e a r l y

growth o f a p p ro x im a te ly 4500 -tre e s from t h i s e x p erim en t i n two f i e l d
p la n ta tio n s may e v e n tu a lly throw l i g h t on th e

m a tte r .^

A lthough th e r e a re

17* F ie ld s u r v iv a l and grow th o f t r e e s grown i n c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate n u r­
s e ry c u ltu r e s may be a f f e c t e d a ls o by th e c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate w hich a d h eres
v ery t i g h t l y to th e r o o ts when th e t r e e s a re l i f t e d from th e n u r s e r y . V ariom
n u t r i e n t s w hich m ight a f f e c t s e e d lin g s u r v iv a l and grow th may be ad so rb ed
on th e c o llo id s a d h e rin g to th e r o o t s .

This m ig h t w e ll be an im p o rta n t

v alue o f th e c o llo id a l phosp h ate tre a tm e n ts in th e n u r s e r y .
no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e t r e e s grown in th e th r e e 2 0 -to n
c o llo id a l pho sp h ate c u ltu r e s s u p p lie d w ith n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m , c e r t a i n
tre n d s a re a t l e a s t i n d ic a te d .

Two 3 0 -p o u n d -p e r-a c re a p p lic a tio n s o f n i ­

tro g e n and p o ta ssiu m w ere n o t b e n e f ic ia l*

On th e o th e r hand, fo u r 15-pound

o f fo u r 30-pound a p p lic a tio n s r e s u l t e d i n some improvement in th e t r e e s .
"Whether th e in c re a s e d c o s t o f th e fo u r 30-pound a p p l ic a tio n s over th e two

- 191 -

30-pound, a p p lic a tio n s would be j u s t i f i e d i s open t o q u e s tio n .

In view

o f th e f a c t t h a t th e t r e e s d id n o t respond e f f e c t i v e l y to two a p p lic a tio n s
o f n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m b u t d id to fo u r a p p lic a ti o n s , th e q u e stio n may be
r a is e d as t o w h eth er a g r e a t e r number th a n fo u r a p p lic a tio n s o f th e s e
elem ents m ight be even more e f f e c t i v e .

More f r e q u e n t a p p lic a tio n s m ight

m a in ta in a h ig h e r av erag e amount o f th e s e e a s i l y le a c h e d elem en ts in th e
s o i l , even though th e t o t a l amount added was th e same.

Only f u r t h e r i n ­

v e s ti g a tio n can f u r n is h th e answ er.
One-ton-per-acre applications of colloidal phosphate either with or
without nitrogen and potassium have little effect on slash pine seedlings.
This is equally true of a 60-pound application of phosphorous supplemented
by four 1 5 -pound applications of nitrogen and potassium.

- 192 SUMMARY OF ALL EXPERIMENTS
The re s p o n s e o f s l a s h p in e s e e d li n g s d u r in g t h e i r f i r s t s e a s o n ’ s
grow th t o v a r io u s n u t r i e n t t r e a tm e n ts i n N o r f o lk s o i l s was s t u d i e d u n d e r
g re e n h o u se and n u r s e r y c o n d itio n s *

The g re e n h o u s e s o i l was a N o rfo lk

sand; t h e n u r s e r y s o i l , a N o r f o lk f i n e sand*

F i f t y - f i v e s o i l tr e a tm e n ts

w ere u s e d i n t h e g re e n h o u s e e x p e rim e n ts d u r in g t h r e e s e a s o n s , and
n in e te e n t r e a tm e n ts w ere u s e d i n th e n u r s e r y e x p e rim e n ts d u r in g tw o s e a s o n s .

The two s o i l s i n w hich th e r e s e a r c h was done d id n o t d i f f e r a p p re ­
c ia b ly i n p h y s ic a l and chem ical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

B oth were low i n s i l t

p lu s c la y (8 p e rc e n t i n th e sand and 9 p e rc e n t i n th e f in e s a n d ), i n
s o i l o rg a n ic m a tte r (2 .1 8 and 1.83 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , and had low
m o istu re e q u iv a le n ts (5*39 and k»55 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

The l a t t e r

f e a tu r e was in c r e a s e d by adding c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate t o th e s o i l , e s ­
p e c ia lly when as much a s 25 to n s p a r a c re was added t o th e u p p er i;- in c h
la y e r o f s o il*

The in c r e a s e o f 3^4- p e rc e n t i n t h e m o is tu re e q u iv a le n t o f

th e N o rfo lk sand t o w hich a 2 5 -to n a p p li c a t io n o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate had
been added i s caused by th e h ig h m o is tu re e q u iv a le n t o f th e p h o sp h ate
(47*6 p e r c e n t) , 87 p e rc e n t o f w hich i s m a te r ia l o f s i l t and c la y siz e *
The e f f e c t o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate on th e p h y s ic a l c o m p o sitio n o f th e
s o i l i s d em o n strated by th e e x te n s iv e s u rfa c e c ra c k in g w hich o c c u rre d when
sam ples o f N o rfo lk sand t o w hich 5 and 25 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate had
been added w ere o v e n -d rie d su b se q u e n t t o com plete s a t u r a t i o n o f th e s o i l .
Both s o i l s have low b ase-ex ch an g e c a p a c ity , th e N o rfo lk san d ,
and th e N o rfo lk f in e sand, 3*32 m. e . /lO O g r . o f s o i l .

They d i f ­

f e r m arkedly i n t h e i r p e rc e n t o f b a se s a t u r a t i o n , t h a t o f t h e fo rm er
b ein g a p p ro x im a te ly 19 and t h a t o f th e l a t e r , a p p ro x im a te ly 91 p e r ­
c e n t.

The h ig h p e rc e n t o f b a se s a t u r a t i o n o f th e N o rfo lk f in e

- 193 -

sand i s u n d o u b ted ly caused by b a se s added t o th e s o i l i n th e co p io u s
a p p lic a tio n o f w e ll w a te r to t h i s s o i l i n th e n u r s e r y .

The exchange

c a p a c ity o f th e N o rfo lk sand i s n o t a f f e c t e d m a t e r i a l l y by a d d itio n s o f
c o l lo id a l p h o sp h ate to th e s o i l .

A v a ila b le p hosphorous, based on

s o d iu m -a c e ta te -s o lu b le phosphorous i s low i n b o th s o i l s , 8 .0 p .p .m . i n
th e N o rfo lk sand and 9*0 p .p .m . i n th e N o rfo lk f in e sa n d .

When la r g e

q u a n titie s o f c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate are added to t h e s o i l , a v a il a b le
phosphorous i s in c re a s e d by 0 .3 5 "to 0 .8 0 p .p .m . f o r e ac h to n added.
Both s o i l s a r e a c id .
sand, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The pH i s 5*18 and 5*55 f o r th e sand and f in e

T hat c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate has a b u f f e r in g e f f e c t

on th e s o i l was e v id e n t i n l e s s r e d u c tio n i n pH o f s o i l s to w hich t h i s
m a te ria l had b een added th a n i n u n tr e a te d s o i l when th e y were le a c h e d
w ith 0 .0 5 N HC1, and in th e slovrer change i n pH, a f t e r le a c h in g , i n th e
c o llo id a l- p h o s p h a te - tr e a te d s o i l th a n i n th e u n tr e a te d s o i l .
In th e com prehensive greenhouse e x p e rim e n ts, an a tte m p t was made
to m inim ize any e f f e c t t h a t seed s iz e m ig h t have on th e r e s u l t s by
grouping seed s i n t o w eig h t c la s s e s having w e ig h t ra n g e s o f 3*0 mg.
When more th a n one w e ig h t c la s s o f seed was u se d , s e e d lin g s from o n ly
one w eight c la s s were p la n te d i n each r e p l i c a t i o n o f s o i l tr e a tm e n ts .
S e e d lin g s were u n ifo rm ly spaced i n th e s o i l p o t s .

The t r e e s w ere g e n e r­

a l l y t r a n s f e r r e d from th e g e rm in a tin g f l a t s to th e s o i l p o ts when t h e i r
average ages w ere 2 to i+ w eeks.
f o r a p p ro x im a te ly 20 w eeks.

Most o f th e t r e e s w ere growm i n th e p o ts

Tem perature re c o rd s were ta k e n d u rin g th e

19U3-k k and I9kh~k5 greenhouse e x p e rim e n ts, and e v a p o ra tio n was re c o rd e d
d u rin g th e l a t t e r e x p erim en t.

D ata on stem le n g th o f each t r e e were r e ­

corded a t 5“ ° r 6-week i n t e r v a l s , and d a ta on b ra n c h in g o f each t r e e were

-

19k

-

re c o rd ed a t 2 - to ij.-week i n t e r v a l s a f t e r b ra n c h in g s ta r te d *

D iam eter o f

stem and dry w e ig h ts o f sh o o t and r o o t w ere re c o rd e d a f t e r th e t r e e s
were h a rv e s te d .

T o ta l w eig h t and r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o were computed from

th e r o o t and sh o o t w e ig h ts .
In th e 19i+l-il2 Greenhouse E xperim en t, c e r t a i n a s p e c ts o f which were
n o t w e ll c o n tr o lle d , s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s w ere grown i n u n tr e a te d s o i l and
in s o i l t o w hich 20,

o r 80 pounds p e r a c re o f N, P2O5 , and K2O had been

added i n advance o f p l a n t i n g .

One c u l tu r e c o n ta in e d i n a d d itio n to 40

pounds p e r a c re o f N, P2O5 , and KgO- Cu, Zn, Mn, P e, and B.

T his ex­

p erim ent r e v e a le d d if f e r e n c e s in th e mean h e ig h ts , w e ig h ts , and r o o t- s h o o t
r a t i o s o f t r e e s in th e d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s , b u t none o f th e d if f e r e n c e s
were s i g n i f i c a n t .

Mean h e ig h ts and w e ig h ts in c re a s e d w ith in c r e a s e s i n th e

q u a n tity of n u t r i e n t s a p p lie d to th e s o i l i n th e ab sen ce o f m inor e le m e n ts .
R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o s showed no tr e n d .

M inor elem en ts a f f e c t e d t r e e h e ig h ts

a d v e rs e ly , th e y had no e f f e c t on t r e e w e ig h t, and th e y in c re a s e d r o o t sh o ot r a t i o .

B ranching was n o tic e a b ly a f f e c t e d .

S i g n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s

i n th e mean number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e were caused by s o i l tr e a tm e n t.
The c u ltu r e c o n ta in in g 80 pounds p e r a c r e o f N, PgO^, and K2O produced
t r e e s w ith th e m ost branched (I4..OO p e r t r e e a t 17 g- w eek s), and th e
i+0-pound o u ltu r e was second h ig h e s t (3»00 p e r t r e e ) .

A lthough d i f f e r e n c e s

in b ran ch in g w ere e v id e n t a t 8 and l l | r w eeks, th e d if f e r e n c e s were n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l li+ir weeks had e la p s e d , a f t e r w hich th e d if f e r e n c e s con­
tin u e d to be s i g n i f i c a n t .

In l a t e r g reenhouse e x p e rim e n ts, more o f te n

d if f e r e n c e s i n b ra n c h in g w ere s i g n i f i c a n t e a r l y i n th e e x p erim en ts b u t
were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l a t e r .

In r e s p e c t to h e ig h t, d ry w e ig h t, and

r o o t- s h o o t r a t i o , th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s ex p erim en t c o rro b o ra te d th o s e o f

- 195 -

l a t e r e x p e rim e n ts.

S in g le - a p p lic a tio n s o f n itr o g e n , phosp h o ro u s, and

p o tassiu m ov er th e range o f q u a n titie s u se d i n t h i s ex p erim en t do n o t
in flu e n c e th e s e t r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
The 19k3-kk Greenhouse E xperim ents w ere th r e e i n num ber.

Experiment.

I was a sim ple f a c t o r i a l d e s ig n in v o lv in g e ig h t s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n t r e a t ­
ments a t two l e v e l s o f R, ^2^5*

KgO.

E xperim ent I I c o n s is te d o f s ix

tre a tm e n ts in v o lv in g th r e e l e v e l s o f N, P2O5 , and KqO a p p lie d by two
m ethods- s in g le a p p lic a tio n and s p l i t a p p lic a t io n ( f o u r i n num ber).
»

.

Experim ent I I I c o n s is te d o f e le v e n m is c e lla n e o u s tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv in g
c h ie f ly c o l l o i d a l p hosphate and p e a t m oss, w ith and w ith o u t su p p lem en tal
N, P 2O 5,or

k20*

E xperim ent I fu r n is h e d a d d itio n a l e v id en c e on th e in e f f e c ti v e n e s s
o f s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n s o i l tr e a tm e n ts .

Only one o f th e seven tre a tm e n ts

in v o lv in g su p p lem en tal n u t r i e n t s - th e one c o n ta in in g 60 pounds o f
phosphorous and a sm all amount &t c a lc iu m - produced t r e e s s u p e r io r in
some r e s p e c ts to th o s e produced by th e ch eck .

N itro g e n used by i t s e l f

as a s in g le a p p lic a tio n o f 60 pounds p e r a c re was d e f i n i t e l y h arm ful to
most o f th e f e a tu r e s s tu d ie d .

R o o t-sh o o t r a t i o , w hich i n a l l ex p erim en ts

was u n a ffe c te d by s o i l tr e a tm e n t was one e x c e p tio n .

I t i s n o tew o rth y

t h a t th e harm ful e f f e c t s o f n itr o g e n a re d e c re a se d when e i t h e r o r b o th
phosphorous and p o ta ssiu m a re u sed w ith i t .

In m ost o f th e f e a tu r e s

s tu d ie d , t r e e s i n s o i l tr e a tm e n ts in v o lv in g 60 pounds o f PgO^, 60 pounds
each o f P2O5 and KgO, and 60 pounds each o f N, P2O5, and K^O were
s u p e rio r to t r e e s in th e check, b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o .

S ig n i f ic a n t

d if f e r e n c e s betw een c u ltu r e s i n th e number o f b ra n c h ed t r e e s and i n th e
mean number o f b ran ch es p e r t r e e w ere e v id e n t th ro u g h o u t th e e x p erim en t,
b u t on ly th e 60P c u ltu r e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o t h e check i n b o th

- 196 c h a ra c te ris tic s .
E xperim ent I I d em o n strated th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n
tre a tm e n ts ( f o u r i n number) over s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts o f n i ­
tro g e n , p h o sp h o ro u s, and p o ta ssiu m .

A lthough stem le n g th and r o o t- s h o o t

r a t i o were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y im proved by any ty p e o f n u t r i e n t tre a tm e n t
u sed , stem d ia m e te r, b ra n c h in g , and w eig h t w ere in c re a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by
th e s p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts .

For a ll- r o u n d im provement i n t r e e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a tr e a tm e n t in v o lv in g fo u r 3 0 "P o u n d -p e r-a c re a p p lic a tio n s
of N, P2O5 , and KgO was b e s t .
E xperim ent I I I d em o n strated t h a t t h e re sp o n se o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s
was g r e a t e s t when a la r g e q u a n tity (20 to n s p e r a c r e ) o f c o llo id a l
p hosphate and sm a ll amounts o f r e a d i l y a v a ila b le n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m
(f o u r a p p lic a tio n s o f 15 pounds each o f N and K^O) w ere added t o th e
s o il.

Response t o a 1 0 - to n - p e r - a c r e a p p lic a tio n o f p e a t to g e th e r w ith

fo u r 15-p o u n d -p e r-a c re a p p lic a tio n s o f N, P2®5»
ly good.

^2® w®18 alm o st e q u a l­

When c o l l o i d a l phosp h ate and p e a t were u sed a lo n e th e re sp o n se

was much l e s s .

The form er, when u sed a lo n e , produced s u b s t a n t i a l e f f e c t s

on b ran c h in g and t o t a l d ry w e ig h t o f th e t r e e s , b o th e f f e c t s b ein g s i g n i f i ­
c a n t.

I t s e f f e c t s on stem le n g th and on d ia m e te r w ere f a v o r a b le , b u t

i n s u f f i c i e n t to d em o n strate s i g n if ic a n c e .

The la c k o f a d e f i n i t e r e s ­

ponse by s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s t o a s i m ila r tr e a tm e n t w ith n itr o g e n ,
phosphorous, and p o ta ssiu m i n E xperim ent I I ( th e (l+x)l5NPK c u lt u r e ) t o ­
g e th e r w ith t h e i r lim ite d resp o n se t o c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate o r peafc su g g e sts
t h a t th e g r e a t e r re sp o n se t o com binations o f e i t h e r c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate o r
p e a t and r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n u t r i e n t s m ust be caused by a p h y s ic a l e f f e c t
o f t h e form er m a te r ia ls on th e s o i l , oh th e t r e e r o o t s , o r on b o th .

- 197 -

P o s s ib ly th e s e m a te r ia ls a c t a s b u f f e r s , h o ld in g n u t r i e n t s in r e s e rv e
so t h a t th e y become a v a il a b le slo w ly and c o n tin u o u s ly .

W hatever th e e f f e c t ,

i t i s e v id e n t by th e in c re a s e d s iz e o f th e t r e e s , t h a t th e t r e e s ' fe e d in g
e f f ic ie n c y i s im proved.

A n a ly sis o f n e e d le s o f t r e e s from s e v e ra l c u ltu r e s

re v e a le d t h a t t r e e n e e d le s from c u lt u r e s c o n ta in in g c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate d id
n o t have h ig h e r c o n c e n tra tio n s o f phosphorous and c alc iu m th a n th o s e from
c u ltu r e s n o t s u p p lie d w ith c o llo id a l p h o sp h a te .

The n e e d le s o f t r e e s

ta k en from c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate c u ltu r e s y ie ld e d more phosphorous and
calcium th a n th o s e from a check c u ltu r e o n ly b ecau se th e w eig h t o f th e
n e e d le s from th e form er was h e a v ie r th a n t h a t o f n e e d le s from th e ch eck .
Wood ash es i n q u a n t i t i e s o f 352 and 1320 pounds p e r a c r e had l i t t l e
or no e f f e c t on s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s .

A tre a tm e n t w ith a h ig h c o n c e n tra ­

t i o n o f p o ta ssiu m ( f o u r a p p lic a tio n s o f 75 pounds o f KgO) red u ced stem
le n g th and in c re a s e d b ra n c h in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y , b u t i t s o v e r a ll e f f e c t was
more o r l e s s n e u t r a l .
The 19J+3-M|. G reenhouse E xperim ents d em o n strated t h a t s la s h p in e seed ­
lin g s grown i n N o rfo lk sand a r e b e n e f i t t e d most when th e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r
o f th e s o i l i s im proved by th e a d d itio n o f 20 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h osphate
to th e s u rfa c e f o u r in c h e s and th e su p p ly o f r e a d i l y a v a il a b le n itr o g e n and
p o tassiu m i s in c r e a s e d .

A l a t e r n u r s e r y e x p erim en t d e m o n strated t h a t r e s ­

ponse was g r e a te r when f o u r 30-pound a p p lic a tio n s w ere u sed th a n when
fo u r 15-pound a p p lic a tio n s were u sed , b u t th e d if f e r e n c e i n re sp o n se was
not s ig n ific a n t.
A com posite t r e e in d e x v a lu e was developed f o r r a t i n g th e t r e e s i n
each tre a tm e n t on th e b a s is o f a l l f e a tu r e s s tu d ie d .
experim ent th e s e v a lu e s ran g ed from -7*3 t o 11*0.

In th e 19k3~hk

In a c u ltu r e o f th e

- 198 1944-45 Experiment a value of 11.4 was secured.

These two high values

were attained by trees from similar cultures, the difference being 20
tons of colloidal phosphate in one culture and 2 5 tons in the other.
Stem length was more often affected adversely by the addition of
readily available nutrients, especially high concentrations in a single
application or nitrogen alone or combined with phosphorous or potassium,
than were other characteristics.

Branching was never decreased by nu­

trient applications, but certain soil treatments produced no appreciable
effect on branching.

High concentrations of nutrients from a single

application of nitrogen alone or combined with phosphorous or potassium
were least effective in stimulating branching.

An increase in the

branching of widely spaced trees grown in pots in a greenhouse is probably
an indication of increased vigor in the trees.

Stem diameter was affected

by soil treatment in much the same way as branching, that is, it was
increased by the addition of nutrients to the soil in nineteen of the
twenty-three cultures to which nutrients were added.

In twelve of the

cultures the increases over the check were significant.

Tree weights

were reduced by four treatments- 180NPK, 60NK, 60NP, and 60N- in the last
two, significantly so.

Nine treatments produced trees of significiantly

greater weight than the check.

Soil treatment had little effect on root-

shoot ratio, not a single treatment yielding trees with root-shoot ratios
that were significantly different from the check.
Only Experiment I of the 1944-45 series yielded results that added
much of consequence to those of the 1943-44 series.

I n this experiment,

a 2 5 -ton application of colloidal phosphate, supplemented by four 1 5 -pound
applications of N and KgO, produced the best trees; but they were not

- 199 s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r i n a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s to th o s e o f a l l tre a tm e n ts
in v o lv in g s m a lle r amounts o f c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h a te .

In d ia m e ter and w e ig h t,

t r e e s from th e 25- to n c u ltu r e were s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r t o t r e e s from
th e 5~'ton c u ltu r e b u t n o t i n stem le n g th , b ra n c h in g , n o r r o o t- s h o o t
ra tio .

T rees from th e form er c u ltu r e w ere s u p e r io r i n stem le n g th , d i a ­

m eter, and w e ig h t t o t r e e s from c u l tu r e s c o n ta in in g o n ly 0 .5 o r 1 .0 to n o f
c o llo id a l p h o sp h a te .
In c re a s in g th e amount o f P2O5 from 30 to 1+80 pounds p e r a c re p ro ­
duced no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s i n E xperim ent I I ,
191+I+-1+5*
A lthough stem le n g th was n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n E xperim ent I I I ,
l 9i4i+-i+5 , by d i f f e r e n t r a t e s a t w hich phosphorous was u sed (fro m 60 to
1+80 pounds p e r a c re o f P2O5 ) n o r by v a rio u s co m b in atio n s o f elem en ts
(K, NK, and CaNK) u sed w ith phosphorous, o th e r f e a tu r e s w ere a f f e c t e d
s ig n ific a n tly .

B ranching was in c re a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y .

Number o f b ran ch ed

tr e e s and number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e in c re a s e d w ith in c r e a s e d amounts o f
phosphorous and number o f elem en ts i n th e c u l t u r e s .
a f f e c te d i n th e same m anner.

D iam eter o f stem was

W eights o f s h o o t, r o o t, and e n t i r e t r e e w ere

a f f e c te d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by th e r a t e a t w hich phosphorous was u se d .
No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e v a rio u s t r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
were found betw een t r e e s grown i n a c u lt u r e i n w hich th e phosphorous and
p a r t o f th e n itr o g e n and p o ta ssiu m w ere mixed i n th e u p p er 1+ in c h e s o f
s o i l and one i n w hich a l l n u t r i e n t s were a p p lie d t o th e s u rfa c e (E xperim ent
IV, 191+1+-1+5)
Boron a t a r a t e o f 1 pound p e r a c re and manganese a t r a t e s o f 20 and
1+0 pounds p e r a c r e , a p p lie d 11-J weeks a f t e r th e tr e e s were p la n te d , were

-

200 -

damaging to s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s .

The ends o f th e n e e d le s tu rn e d brown

and y e llo w a few weeks a f t e r th e s e elem en ts w ere a p p lie d to th e s o i l , and
th e e x te n t o f t h e d is c o l o r a t io n in c r e a s e d w ith th e p a s s in g o f tim e .
S im ila r r e s u l t s o c c u r r e d when l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s o f Cu, Mn, Zn, F e, and B
w ere a p p l ie d t o th e s o i l i n th e 1 9 4 l" 4 2 G reenhouse E x p e rim e n t.
The n u r s e r y e x p e rim e n ts c o r r o b o r a te d th e c o n c lu s io n r e a c h e d i n th e
g reen h o u se e x p e rim e n ts t h a t s l a s h p in e s e e d li n g s do n o t re s p o n d n o t i c e a b l y
to th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s i n N o rfo lk s o i l u n le s s
th e p h y s ic a l c o n d i tio n o f t h e s o i l i s im p ro v ed .

I n t h e 1942 E x p e rim e n t

a 2 0 - t o n - p e r - a c r e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te , s u p p le m e n te d by
f o u r 15-pound p e r a c r e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f N and KgO, y i e l d e d b e t t e r t r e e s them
th e c h e c k , b u t th e y w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r i o r .

O rg a n ic s o i l , w h ich

p ro b a b ly chang ed th e s o i l b i o l o g i c a l l y a s w e ll a s p h y s i c a l l y and c h e m ic a lly ,
cau sed a m arked i n c r e a s e i n h e i g h t and d ry w e ig h t o f s e e d l i n g s .
The 1945 N u rs e ry E x p e rim e n t was more c o n c lu s iv e t h a n th e 1942 E x p e rim e n t
on th e e f f e c t o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te t r e a t m e n t s on stem l e n g t h o f s l a s h p in e
s e e d lin g s .

I t showed a l s o t h a t f o u r su p p le m e n ts o f 30 pounds e a c h o f N and

KjO produced t r e e s w i t h lo n g e r stem s and g r e a t e r w e ig h ts th a n f o u r s u p p le ­
m ents o f 15 p o u n d s, b u t th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e s e f e a t u r e s b etw ee n t h e two
tr e a tm e n ts w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

O n e -to n a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s­

p h a te , w ith o r w ith o u t su p p le m e n ts o f n i t r o g e n and p o ta s s iu m , d id n o t a f ­
f e c t th e t r e e s s ig n i f i c a n t l y .

T re e s grow n i n a c u l t u r e w h ich c o n ta in e d 20

to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te w ere n e a r l y a s t a l l , had n e a r l y a s l a r g e stem
d ia m e te r s , and w ere n e a r l y a s h eav y a s th o s e grown i n c u l t u r e s w i t h th e
same am ount o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te p lu s f o u r su p p le m e n ts o f 15 o r 30
pounds p e r a c r e o f N and KgO.

In th e g re e n h o u s e e x p e r im e n t, d i f f e r e n c e s

-

201

-

betw een t r e e s from su ch c u l t u r e s w ere g r e a t e r .

Number o f t e r m in a l b u d s'

p e r t r e e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r i n c u l t u r e s c o n t a in in g 20 to n s o f c o l ­
l o i d a l p h o s p h a te and f o u r su p p le m e n ts o f 15 o r 30 pounds p e r a c r e e a c h o f
N and KgO th a n i n th e c h eo k .
D if f e r e n c e s b etw ee n t h e t r e e s i n d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts w ere n o t so
g r e a t i n some r e s p e c t s i n th e n u r s e r y a s i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e .

T h is was due

i n p a r t, u n d o u b te d ly , t o v a r i a b l e s w h ich c o u ld n o t be c o n t r o l l e d so e f f e c t i v e ­
l y i n th e n u r s e r y a s i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e .
ed b ra n c h e s .

Few t r e e s i n th e n u r s e r y d e v e lo p ­

T h is r e s t r i c t e d b r a n c h d ev elo p m en t i s p ro b a b ly c a u se d by

th e l e s s f a v o r a b l e g ro w in g c o n d i tio n s i n th e n u r s e r y th a n i n th e g re e n h o u se
b ro u g h t a b o u t by th e c l o s e s p a c in g o f th e t r e e s i n t h e n u r s e r y ro w s.

In

n u rs e ry -g ro w n s e e d l i n g s , r e l a t i v e v ig o r i s p r o b a b ly e x p r e s s e d a t t h e end
o f th e grow ing s e a s o n b y number o f te r m in a l b u d s r a t h e r " t h a n by b r a n c h in g .
A lth o u g h i t h a s b e e n d e m o n s tra te d t h a t th e q u a l i t y o f n u rs e ry -g ro w n
s l a s h p in e s e e d li n g s can b e im p ro v ed by th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f 20 t o n s o f
c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te w ith o r w ith o u t 60 o r 120 pounds p e r a c r e e a c h o f N
and K2O d iv id e d i n t o f o u r e q u a l am o u n ts, no e v id e n c e h a s b e e n s e c u r e d a s
to w h e th e r so l a r g e an am ount i s e s s e n t i a l f o r s u b s t a n t i a l im provem ent
i n t r e e q u a l i t y . . The d a ta on th e 5”

2 5 - to n c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te

c u l t u r e s i n t h e 19W+-45 G reen h o u se E x p e rim e n ts s u g g e s t t h a t 1 0 - o r
1 5 -to n a p p l i c a t i o n s m ig h t be a d e q u a te .

F u r th e r r e s e a r c h i n n eed e d t o

d e te rm in e w h at q u a n t i t y o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te i s m o st eco n o m ica l i n te rm s
o f im proved t r e e - s e e d i i n g q u a l i t y .
F or n u r s e r y u s e on N o r f o lk s o i l s , and p o s s i b l y s i m i l a r w e l l - d r a i n e d
sandy s o i l s , i n t h e p r o d u c tio n o f s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s , an a p p l i c a t i o n o f
a t l e a s t 15 to n s o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te p e r a c r e m ixed th o r o u g h ly i n th e

-

202

-

u p p e r i* in c h e s o f s o i l i a recom m ended.

P our su p p le m e n ts o f 1 5 - t o 30 ~Pouncls

p e r a c r e o f N and KgO, ad d ed a t i n t e r v a l s o f 5 w eek s, s h o u ld b e a p p l ie d .

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FIGURES*

♦The s c a l e shown i n th e p h o to g ra p h s i s g r a d u a te d i n in c h e s and
t e n t h s o f in c h e s .

- 208

P ig . 1 . —E x p e rim e n t I , 1Sk3~Uk» U pper, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s i n
c h e c k , 60NP,' and 60NK t r e a t m e n t s . L ow er, l e f t t o r i g h t .
T re e s i n 60PK, 60N, and 60P t r e a t m e n t s . T re e s i n 60N
c u l t u r e s a r e s h o r t , hav e few b r a n o h e s , have stem s o f s m a ll
d ia m e te r , an d a r e l i g h t i n w e ig h t. T re e s i n t h e 60P t r e a t m e n t
a r e t a l l , s t u r d y , and a r e w e l l b ra n c h e d . T re e s i n t h e ch eck
and 60NP c u l t u r e s a r e s p in d ly an d h av e s p a r s e f o l i a g e , w h ile
t r e e s i n t h e 60NK, 60PK an d 60P c u l t u r e s a r e s t u r d y and have
d en se f o l i a g e .

- 209 -

F ig . 2

s

-E xperim ent I , 19k3mkk- R e p r e s e n ta tiv e t r e e s . L e f t t o
r i g h t . T re e s from 60NP, 60NK, 60PK, 6QN, 60P, 60K,
60NPE, and ch eck c u l t u r e s .

-

210

r
-/

t -i~~

'i»i / ill—

r
F ig . j5» - -E x p e r im e n t I I , 19i+3“l44» U pper, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s
i n 60NPK, 120NPK, and ch eck t r e a t m e n t s . Low er, l e f t
t o r i g h t . T re e s i n 180NPK, (4 x ) 15NPK, an d (4x)30NPK
t r e a t m e n t s . The p o o r e s t t r e e s w ere p ro d u c e d b y th e
180HPK tr e a t m e n t , t h e b e s t b y t h e (l+x)30NPK t r e a t m e n t .
S p l i t - a p p l i c a t i o n c u l t u r e s p ro d u o ed b e t t e r t r e e s th a n
th e s i n g l e - a p p l i c a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s .

- 211

-

fc .

J

P ig . k

J

•E xperim ent I I , 19k3'm
kk* R e p r e s e n t a ti v e t r e e s . L e f t
t o r i g h t . T re e s from 60NPK, 120NPK, 180NPK, (lpc)15NPK,
(l+x)30NPK, (2jj045NPK and ch eck c u l t u r e s .

- 212

F ig . 5* —E x p e rim e n t I I I , 19k3~kU* U p p er, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s
i n t h e 20 C. P . , 20 C. P . +(lpc)l5NK and ch eck t r e a t m e n t s .
Lower, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s i n th e 20 C. P . *(1jjc)15N,
10 P e a t , and 10 P e a t +(1jj015NPK. T re e s i n th e 20 C. P .
+ (lp0l5N K , 20 C. P . + (ipc)l5N , and 10 P e a t + (ipc) 15NPK
c u l t u r e s ra n k e d h ig h e s t i n a l l f e a t u r e s s t u d i e d . N ote
th e s t u r d y a p p e a ra n c e , d en se f o l i a g e , and e x te n s iv e
b ra n c h in g o f t h e s e t r e e s .

/<s

L

A
9

Fog. 6 . —E x p e rim e n t I I I , 1 9 4 3 - ^ . R e p r e s e n ta tiv e t r e e s . L e f t
to r i g h t .
T ree s fro m 20 C. P . , 20 C. P . + (4 x )15NK,
20 C. P* + (4 x ) 15N, 10 P e a t, 10 P e a t *(l+x)15NPK, 10
P e a t 20 C. P«, 10 P e a t 20 C. P» +(4x)l5N K and check
tre a tm e n ts .

- 21k -

L

.

r
F ig . 7* -- E x p e r im e n t I I I , lyLtf-UU* U pper, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s
i n th e 10 F e a t 2 0 C. P . , 10 F e a t 20 C . P . f ( l 4x)NK, and
(i+x)15N30F/'5K t r e a t m e n t s . Lower, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s
i n th e 352 wood a s h e s , 1320 wood a s h e s a n d ch eek t r e a t ­
m e n ts . T re e s i n t h e 10 f e a t 20 C. P . +(14jc)NK c u l t u r e s
a r e w e ll d e v e lo p e d and co m p arab le t o th o s e i n t h e 20 C.
P +(Apc)NK, an d 20 C. P . +(ipc)N c u l t u r e s . T re e s i n th e
w o o d -ash es tr e a tm e n ts b ra n c h e d more th a n th o s e i n t h e ch eck
tr e a tm e n t b u t w ere o th e rw is e s i m i l a r t o th o s e i n th e l a t t e r .

- 215 -

r
F ig . 8 . — L e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s i n th e . 20 C. P . +(lpc)l5NK, 10
P e a t 20 C. P . +(i(Js:)l5NK, and 60N c u l t u r e s . These
p o ts i l l u s t r a t e c e r t a i n e x tre m e s i n d ev elo p m en t o f
s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s . The t r e e s i n th e 20 C. P .
■f(lpc)l5NK c u l t u r e had d e v e lo p e d num erous b ra n c h e s
and th e y w ere t a l l and s t u r d y . T re e s i n th e 10 P e a t
20 C. P . f(lp c )1 5 M c u l t u r e w ere th e t a l l e s t th ro u g h th e
d u r a t i o n o f th e e x p e r im e n t. The p o t r e p r e s e n t i n g 60N
c u l t u r e p ro d u ced th e s m a l le s t t r e e s .

J
9 . “ L e f t t o r i g h t , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t r e e s from th e (i+x)l5N30P75K,
352 wood a s h e s , and 1320 wood a s h e s tr e a t m e n t s ; a h e a v ily
b ra n c h e d t r e e from th e 20 C. P . + (4*)NK t r e a t m e n t , th e
t a l l e s t t r e e from th e 10 P e a t 20 C. P . +(lpc)15NK c u l t u r e ,
th e s m a l l e s t t r e e from th e 60N c u l t u r e ; and a r e p r e ­
s e n t a t i v e t r e e from th e ch eck tr e a t m e n t .

-2 1 ?

-

r
P ig . 1 0 . -- E x p e r im e n t I , 19I4I4.-J4.5• U pper, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s
i n t h e 0 .5 C. P . , 1 .0 C. P . , and 5 C. P . c u l t u r e s .
Low er, l e f t t o r i g h t . T re e s i n th e 1 .0 C. P . , .
1 .0 C. P . ( S ) , and ch eck c u l t u r e s . A lth o u g h v i s i b l e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e t r e e s fro m t h e s e t r e a t m e n t s a r e n o t
o b v io u s t h e s e i n th e o o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te t r e a t m e n t s w ere
h e a v i e r , l a r g e r i n d ia m e te r , an d b ra n c h e d m ore th a n th o s e
i n t h e ch eck c u l t u r e . The 23 C* P . c u l t u r e ( s e e F ig . 11)
p ro d u c e d th e b e s t t r e e s .

F ig. 11. —R ep resen tative tr e e s from th e 0*5 C. P ., 1 .0 C. P .,
5 C> P ., 25 C. P ., 1 .0 C. P .( S ) , and cheek c u ltu r e s
from l e f t to r ig h t . Experiment I , 1 9 ^ - 4 5 .

m

j. -

A

J-?
/e
.

M

sawn.1;

F ig . 15• —R ep resen tative tr e e s from th e 30P» 60P, 120P, Pi|QP,
4 8 OP and check c u ltu r e s from l e f t t o r ig h t . Experiment

II. 1944-45*

P ig . 15• --E x p e rim e n t I I I , 19kk“k5» L e ft to r i g h t . T rees i n th e
60P-CaNK, 120P-CaNK, and IjSOP-CaNK. • A1th o u g h t d if f e r e n c e s
i n th e t r e e s i n th e v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts i n F ig s . 13, 14#
and 13 a re n o t o b v io u s, s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n
stem d ia m e te r and b ran ch in g betw een th e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t ­
ments* C u ltu re s s u p p lie d a l l f o u r n u t r i e n t s produced
t r e e s w ith l a r g e s t stem d ia m e te rs and th e m ost b ra n c h in g

amraB

*" *-*

■

.y

*£$$**«

F ig . 1 6 . —R ep resen ta tiv e t r e e s from th e 60P-K, 12QP-K,
1+80P-K, 60P-NK, 120P-NK, JjBOP-M, and check c u l­
tu r e s ( l e f t t o r ig h t ) , Experiment I I I , l9iUj«45»

- 22k -

F ig . 1 7 . --R e p r e se n ta tiv e tr e e s from th e 60P-NK, 120P-NK,
480P-NK, 60P-CaNK, 12DP-CaNK, l+BOP-CaNK, and check
treatm en ts ( l e f t t o r ig h t ) , Experiment I I I , tykk-hd

- 225 -

(:■

r

'i

Fig* 18* — The two seed beds o f t h e 1945 e x p erim en t i n th e
A u s tin Cary F o r e s t N u rsery i n Ja n u a ry 1946. D if­
fe re n c e s i n s e e d lin g d e n s ity and s i z e a re m ost
e o n sp icu o u s i n th e r ig h t- h a n d bed*

P ig . 19 . — T re e s i n p l o t 19 a r e i n th e 20 C. P . +(4x)30NK and
th o s e i n p l o t 20 a r e i n th e 2 0 C. P . c u l t u r e . T re e s
a r e s t u r d y and w e ll d e v e lo p e d i n b o th p l o t s . S e e d lin g
d e n s i t y i s h ig h e s t i n t h e 20 C. P . t ( i 4x ) 30NK c u l t u r e .

- 227 -

F ig . 2 0 . — T re e s i n p l o t 17 a r e i n a ch eck and t h o s e i n p l o t
18 a r e i n a 1 .0 C. P . 4-(ipc)30M c u l t u r e . D e n s ity
i s t h i n i n b o th p l o t s . The e x p e r im e n ta l d a t a show­
ed l i t t l e d i f f e r e n o e b e tw e e n th e t r e e s i n th e s e t r e a t ­
m e n ts .

- 228 -

F ig . 2 1 . — T re e s i n p l o t 23 a r e i n a 2 0 C. P . +(ipc)l5NK
and th o s e i n p l o t 21+ a r e i n a 1 .0 C. P . c u l t u r e .
S e e d lin g s i n th e fo rm er a r e w e ll d e v e lo p e d and
th e y fo rm a d en se s ta n d , w h ile th o s e i n th e l a t t e r
a r e s m a ll and r a t h e r s p i n d l y , and th e y form a r a t h e r
t h i n s ta n d .

- 229 -

P ig . 2 2 . — S e e d lin g s a t l e f t a re i n a 1 C. P . +(ipc)30NK
and th o s e a t th e r i g h t a re i n & 1 C. P . c u l t u r e .
A lthough s e e d lin g s i n th e form er were n o t s i g n i ­
f i c a n t l y s u p e r io r to th e l a t t e r th e y were t a l l e r ,
h e a v ie r , and had l a r g e r d ia m e te rs . S e e d lin g s in
th e 1 C. P. c u ltu r e form a d e n se r s ta n d th a n th o se
i n th e 1 C. P . +(i+x)30NK c u l t u r e .

- 230 APPENDIX
E f f e c t o f T em perature and L ength o f Dayon S e e d lin g C h a r a c te r is tic s

I t was e v id e n t d u rin g th e 19i4i4--45 Greenhouse E x p erim en ts t h a t t h e
s l a s h p in e s e e d lin g s were d e v elo p in g d i f f e r e n t l y th a n had th e t r e e s i n th e
19U3-144- G reenhouse E x p e rim en ts.

S in ce th e s o i l i n a l l p o ts was m a in ta in ­

ed a t th e same m o is tu re c o n te n t, and s in c e seed from th e same l o t was
used in a l l th e lyLtf'kU e x p erim en ts and one o f th e 19^+^+-^4-5 e x p e rim e n ts,
s o i l m o is tu re and seed so u rc e can be d ism isse d a s p o s s ib le c au se s o f
d if f e r e n c e s i n s e e d lin g b e h a v io r d u rin g th e two sea so n s i n a t l e a s t some o f
th e e x p e rim e n ts.

A t th e tim e o f h a rv e s tin g th e t r e e s th o s e i n th r e e o f

th e fo u r 1914H+5 ex p erim en ts and th o s e in a l l th e 1943-A|1j. e x p erim en ts
w ere w ith in a few days o f th e same a g e.

T h e re fo re , d if f e r e n c e s i n th e

t r e e s a t th e end o f th e s e ex p erim en ts cannot be a t t r i b u t e d to age d i f ­
fe re n c e s.

C e r ta in a s p e c ts o f th e environm ent u n d er w hich th e t r e e s grew

d id d i f f e r d u rin g th e two s e a s o n s.

An e x am in atio n o f T ab les 86, 87, 88,

and 89 r e v e a ls r a t h e r pronounced d if f e r e n c e s i n te m p e ra tu re and le n g th
o f day d u rin g th e v a rio u s e x p e rim e n ts.

T em peratures w ere c o n s i s t e n t l y

h ig h e r and le n g th s o f days were lo n g e r d u rin g th e lyLtf-ijLi e x p erim en ts th a n
d u rin g th e lylik-Lfc e x p e rim e n ts.

For t h e 21 weeks o f th e fo rm er e x p e rim e n t,

th e mean w eekly te m p e ra tu re was 10 and 11 d e g re es F . h ig h e r, th e mean
maximum w eekly te m p e ra tu re was 17 d e g re es F . h ig h e r, and th e mean minimum
w eekly te m p e ra tu re was 9 d e g re e s F. h ig h e r th a n th o s e f o r t h e 22 weeks o f
E xperim ents I , I I , I I I o f th e 1944^J-5 s e r i e s .

Mean w eekly le n g th o f day

f o r th e fo rm er was 1*20 to 1 .2 1 ho u rs lo n g e r th a n f o r th e l a t t e r .

It

i s e v id e n t t h a t th e t r e e s grew under d i f f e r e n t te m p e ra tu re and le n g th -o f-d a jjt

- 231 Table 8 6 . —Weekly tem perature and le n g th o f day during
191+3-1+1+ Greenhouse Experiment
Week o f
E xperim ent

Weekly te m p e ra tu re - d egree P .
Mean t Mean maximum j Mean minimum

Mean w eekly
le n g th o f day (hours*

•

89

61

10.28

69

i
t
*

82

61

10.37

3

67

i

86

61

10. 1+8

k

70

t

9l+

61+

10.63

5

71

*

85

61

10.77

6

73

t

86

63

IO.95

7

73

*

87

65

11.15

8

81

1

98

72

11.35

9

77

1

95

67

11.55

10

75

*

80

65

11.75

11

75

*

91

66

11.97

12

83

t

99

65

12.18

13

82

s

9k

75

12.1+0

lk

73

t

93

62

12.62

15

82

1

100

73

12.82

16

88

99

81

1 3 .0 0

17

89

*
t
t

101+

82

1 3 .2 0

18

81+

t

103

71+

13.38

19

81+

103

73

13.52

20

90

110

78

13.70

21

90

}
1
*
1
t

115

79

13.88

Mean

78

1

95

69

1 2 .0 0

1

71

2

♦Length o f tim e betw een s u n r is e and sun s e t .

- 232 Table 87* —Weekly temperature and le n g th o f day during
Experiment I , lSkh-kd
Week o f
E xperim ent

Weekly te m p e ra tu re - d eg ree ITT
Mean maximum I Mean minimum
Mean

Mean w eekly
le n g th o f d ay (h o u rs*

t

1
2

80
70

98

t

69

11.63

84

•
••

60

11.47

65

11.25

55

11.01

61

10.88

59

10*72

l
t
t
i

59

10.58

55

10.43

t

57

1 0 .2 5

t

55

10*25

t
*
i
t

57

10.23

60

10.23

62

10.23

57

10*33

58

10*42

59

10.55

55

10.68

59

10.85

59

11.03

63

11.23

64

11.43

66

11.63

60

10.79

3

3

73

84

:
t

4

67

86

:
t

5

68

77

i
I

6

66

76

t
t

7

65

74

8

62

70

9

63

70

t
10

60

66

n

64

74

12

66

75

I

13

. 68

77

I
I

14

62

70

15

67

74

16

65

72

17

64

76

18

66

77

19

69

83

20

72

86

21

73

86

22

76

91

68

78

Mean

:
i
j
t
t
t
t
t
3
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
i
t ..

♦Length o f tim e betw een s u n r is e and sun set*

- 233 -

Table 8 8 . —Weekly tem peratures and le n g th o f day during
Experiments I I and I I I , 19bk-k5 Greenhouse
Experiment
Week o f
E xperim ent
1

Kean

W eekly te m p e ra tu re s - d eg ree F
Mean manimum
Mean t Mean maximum
*
81
62
70
:

Mean w eekly
le n g th o f d a y (h o u rs* )
11.43

2

72

*

87

63

11.22

3

68

t

85

56

1 1 .0 5

4

67

I

76

60

10.85

5

55

*

76

59

10.68

6

63

*

71

57

10.52

7

64

t

70

58

10.42

8

62

t

70

56

10.32

9

60

t

66

55

1 0 .2 5

10

64

*

74

58

10.23

11

67

I

76

61

10.23

12

68

*

76

62

10.23

13

62

!

70

57

10.33

67

1

74

58

10.43

15

66

*

73

60

10.58

16

63

t

75

53

10.70

17

67

!

77

61

1 0 .8 0

18

70

*

86

59

11.00

19

73

*

85

64

11.27

20

73

*

86

64

11.47

21

76

t

91

66

11.67

22

72

*

89

60

11.89

67

I

78

60

1 0 .8 0

♦L ength o f tim e betw een s u M is e and sun s e t

- 234 Table 89* --W eekly tem peratures and le n g th o f day during
Experiment IV, 19kk~k5 Greenhouse Experiment
Week o f
t
Weekly te m p e ra tu re - d eg ree F
E xperim ent ! Mean t Mean maximum' Mean minimum
:
t
1
t
t
2
t
t
*
*
3
*
t
4
i
J
5
tSee Table 51 from th e f o u r th to th e
6
<
7
j tw e n ty - second week
8
t
*
9
10
:
t
11
I
I
12
*
t
»
*
13
s
t
14
t
t
15
16
t
t
j
i
17
18
:
:
i
»
19
20
62
90
* 74 *
68
100
i 61 t
21
90
62
22
* 74 *
68
23
* 79 *
93
»
72
*
86
63
24
92
t
81
t
73
25
72
t
80 s
26
94
i 82 *
96
73
27
Mean

t

69

*

81

t

61

♦Length o f tim e betw een s u n r is e and su n s e t .

Mean w eekly
*
1 le n g th o f day(hours*
t
*
1 1 .1 0
1 0 .9 0
10.73
10.68
1 0 .4 5
t
t
10.33
t
10.27
t
10.23
t
10.23
t
10.23
10.33
10.38
t
t
10.53
t
10.67
10.82
*
t
11.00
11.22
11.40
1 1 .6 0
»
t
11.82
t
12.03
*
12.25
*
12.47
*
12.67
12.87
*
t
13.07
*
13.25
t

1 1 .2 4

Table 90* --E v a p o ra tio n from L iv in g sto n atm om eters d u rin g
th e 19U1+—
U-5 G reenhouse E xperim ents
Week
1
2
3
145
6
7
8
9
10
11
. 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21+
25
26
27
28
29
30
T o ta l

t
m
i
i
s
:
*
t
:
*
*
*
:
s
:
:
:
:
*
:
s
1
*
*
:
*
:
s
:
:
t
t
t

E v a p o ra tio n from atm om eters - m l.
D iffe re n c e
B lack
s
W hite
178
156
128
178
li+l
Ha
114
101
101
57
116
89
62
58
85
62
81+
69
110
90
100
130
168
172
193
177
125
173
159
169
3691

t
j
:
*
*
:
t
*
•
:
*
:
*
:
*
*
*
s
:
:
»
:
:
*
!
:
*
:
:

144
126
98
131+
101
100
91+
67
65
1+9
72
55
36
31+
52
37
1+5
1+2
,63
53
67
92
127
131+
151+
11+0
98
126
113
.1 3 1
2639

31+
30
30
1+1+
l+o
1+1
30
34
36
8
44
34
26
24
33
25
39
27
47
37
33
38
41
38
39
37
27
52
46
38
1052

- 236

-

c o n d itio n s d u rin g th e two s e a s o n s.

E i th e r o r b o th o f th e s e f a o to r s co u ld

be t h e c h ie f cause o r c au se s o f th e d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e t r e e s produced
i n th e 1943-44 seaso n and th o se produced d u rin g th e

i+5 s e a so n .

D ata on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t r e e s from fo u r com parable tr e a tm e n ts from
each o f th e two sea so n s w ere s e le c te d t o i l l u s t r a t e d if f e r e n c e s betw een
th e t r e e s grown u n d er d i f f e r e n t te m p e ra tu re s and le n g th s o f d a y s.
d a ta a re p re s e n te d i n Table 91* Th® combined d a ta from

These

th e e ig h t t r e a t ­

m ents w ere n o t a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y , b u t many o f th e d if f e r e n c e s ,
e s p e c i a l l y th o s e i n stem le n g th , a re so la r g e a s to le a v e l i t t l e doubt
as t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Stem le n g th s o f t r e e s in th e fo u r 1944*45

ex p erim en ts are 38 t o 46 p e rc e n t o f th o se i n th e 1943-44 e x p e rim e n ts. W ith
r e s p e c t t o b ra n c h in g , t r e e s i n a l l tre a tm e n ts o f th e l a t t e r ex p erim en t
d id n o t h o ld a c o n s is te n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to th o se i n th e fo rm e r.

More t r e e s

b ra n c h ed , and th e number o f b ra n c h es p e r t r e e was g r e a t e r i n th e check
and 25 C. P . +(4.x)15NK tre a tm e n ts o f E xperim ent I , 1944*45 th a n i n th e
check and 20 C. P . +(i+x)l5NK tre a tm e n ts o f th e 1943"44 e x p e rim e n t.

The

d if f e r e n c e i n number o f branched t r e e s betw een th e two c o l l o i d a l p h o sp h ate
tr e a tm e n ts p ro b a b ly i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , how ever.

T reatm en ts i n

E xperim ent I I I , 1944“45» produced few er b ran ch ed t r e e s and few er b ra n c h es
p e r t r e e th a n s im ila r c u ltu r e s i n E xperim ent I I , 1943-44*

D iffe re n c e s

i n number o f b ran ch ed t r e e s p ro b a b ly a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t d if f e r e n c e s
i n number o f b ra n c h e s p e r t r e e p ro b a b ly a r e .

D iam eters o f t r e e s in a l l

fo u r c u ltu r e s i n th e 1944-45 e x p erim en ts exceed th o s e o f th e fo u r c u ltu r e s
i n th e 1943*44 e x p e rim e n t.
p e r c e n t.

The fo rm er exceed th e l a t t e r by 11 t o 12

Shoot w e ig h ts o f t r e e s from a l l c u ltu r e s i n th e 1943-44 ex p erim en t

a re g r e a t e r (13 t o 14 p e rc e n t) th a n th o se from t h e 1944"45 c u l t u r e s .
c o n t r a s t , r o o t w e ig h ts o f t r e e s from two tr e a tm e n ts - check and

In

T able 91* —The mean o f m easured c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t r e e s grown in
s e v e r a l s e le c te d s o i l tre a tm e n ts under d i f f e r e n t
te m p e ra tu re and le n g th - o f - d a y c o n d itio n s .

M easured
C harac­
te ris tic s

191+3-U+
19UU-M5
191+3-1+1+
191+1+-1+5
191+3-14+
191+1+-U5
191+1+-1+5 : 191+3-1U+
E xperim ent E xperim ent Experim ent Experim ent E xperim ent Experim ent *Experim ent Experim ent
III
I
I
II
III
III
1
II
Check
Check
20C.P. *
25C.P. *
Check
Check
*(l+x)l5NPK 60P-HK
( 1+x) 15NK
(L x U tok
I

Stem
le n g th mm.

2 3 7 .2

T rees
branched
fa o f t o t a l

1+2.5

,

I

I

8 8 .8

2 8 2 .2

111.9

230.1

106. 1+

i

233.1

9 9 .0

80.0

7 7 .5

9 5 .0

3 5 .0

3 0 .0

*

7 0 .0

50 .0

Branches
per tre e number

1.17

2 .1 2

2.27

1+.32

1 .20

0 .6 8

s

2.0 3

1 .1 2

Stem d i a ­
m e te r - ran

3.1+6

3 .9 9

1+.11+

1+.81+

3 .2 0

3 .5 6

i

3 . 1+6

3 .7 8

Shoot
w eig h t - g r

I .83

1.1+1

2.81+

2 .07

1 .5 9

1 .2 6

»

1.8 3

1 .2 9

Root
w eig h t - g r

0.81+

1 .1 9

1.20

l .£ 9

O.83

0 .7 5

*

0 .8 9

0 .8 5

T o ta l
w eig h t - g r

2.67

2.60

1+.01+

3 .7 6

2.1+2

2.01

!

2.7 2

2.11+

Root sh o o t ra tio

0.1+7

0 .8 5

0.1+3

0 .8 2

0 .5 2

0 .6 0

!

0 .1+9

0 .6 6

- 238 -

20 C. P . +(lpc)l5NK- o f th e form er a re l e s s (29 and 27 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t iv e ­

l y . th a n th o s e from s im ila r tr e a tm e n ts i n E xperim ent I , i 9J4JLj.-1L1.5 -

Because

th e t r e e r o o ts i n th e c u ltu r e s i n th e l a t t e r e x p erim en ts a re h e a v ie r , and
th e t r e e sh o o ts a re l i g h t e r , th a n th o s e i n th e form er e x p erim en t r o o t sh o o t r a t i o s o f th e s e 194^-45 t r e e s a re much l a r g e r ( n e a r ly d o u b le)
th a n th o s e o f th e s e 1943-41+ t r e e s .

On th e o th e r hand, r o o t w e ig h ts o f

t r e e s i n th e check and (4 x ) 15NK c u lt u r e s o f th e 1943-44 e x p erim en t a re
s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n th o s e o f t r e e s i n E xperim ent I I I , 1944-45*

Again

th e r o o t- s h o o t r o t i o s o f th e 1944“45 t r e e s a re l a r g e r th a n th o s e o f th e
1943-4^- t r e e s .

T o ta l w e ig h ts o f t r e e s i n a l l fo u r c u ltu r e s o f th e

1941+-45 ex p erim en ts a re 2 to 21 p e rc e n t l i g h t e r th a n th o s e i n th e fo u r
c u ltu r e s o f th e 1943-44 e x p e rim e n ts.

I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t t r e e s grown

under low te m p e ra tu re s and s h o r t d ay s, a lth o u g h making 46 p e rc e n t o r l e s s
o f th e stem grow th o f t r e e s grown under h ig h e r te m p e ra tu re s and lo n g e r days,
a re o n ly 2 t o 21 p e rc e n t l i g h t e r i n w e ig h t.
W hile th e low te m p e ra tu re and s h o r t days w ere n o t co nducive to stem
e lo n g a tio n , r o o t grow th i s n o t han d icap p ed , as a m a tte r o f f a c t , ap­
p a r e n tly i t i s b e n e f i t t e d .
I t i s e v id e n t t h a t when s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s a re grown d u rin g
p e rio d s o f r e l a t i v e l y low te m p e ra tu re and s h o r t days th e y grow d i f f e r ­
e n t l y th a n when grown d u rin g p e rio d s o f h ig h e r te m p e ra tu re s and s h o r te r
d a y s.

T his f a c t sh o u ld be k e p t i n mind in th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d a ta on

greenhouse-grow n s e e d lin g s .
S t a t i s t i c a l A n a ly sis o f D ata
The ex p erim en ts w ere so d e sig n e d t h a t a l l d a ta on t r e e c h a r a c te r ­
i s t i c s c o u ld be s u b je c te d t o a n a ly s e s o f v a r ia n c e .

In some c a s e s , d a ta

on s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s co u ld be h an d led i n th e same m anner.

The sum­

m aries o f th r e e a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e a re shown in T ables 9 2 , 9 3 , and 94•
These i l l u s t r a t e th r e e d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f ex p erim en t used i n th e 1943"44
G reenhouse E x p erim en t.
g re g a te d .

They show how th e d e g re e s o f freedom were s e ­

In a l l c a s e s , th e v a ria n c e due to v a r i a t i o n w ith in p o ts and

w ith in r e p l i c a t i o n s has been s e g re g a te d from th e t o t a l v a r ia n c e .

When

th e v a ria n c e due to tre a tm e n t co u ld be su b d iv id e d , as i n E xperim ents
I and I I , 1943-144, t h i s was done.
i n Experim ent. I l l , 19i4i+—
J+5.

Such s u b d iv is io n was p o s s ib le a ls o

The e r r o r v a ria n c e (sum o f sq u a re s o f

e r r o r d iv id e d by th e number of d e g re es o f freedom i n th e e r r o r ) i s used
as th e e s tim a te o f th e v a ria n c e o f th e p a re n t p o p u la tio n .

By compar­

in g th e e r r o r v a ria n c e w ith th e v a ria n c e o f any o f th e o th e r so u rc e s o f
v a r ia n c e , th e p re se n e e o r absence o f s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s can be de­
t e c t e d from th e F v a lu e .

S in ce th e p rim a ry o b je c t o f th e e x p erim en ts was

to .determ ine w h eth er v a rio u s s o i l tr e a tm e n ts would cause s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­
fe re n c e s i n th e resp o n se o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s , th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f
t h i s so u rce was examined i n d e t a i l •» In o rd e r to d e term in e betw een which
tr e a tm e n ts a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t s ., i t i s n e c e s s a ry t o e x p re ss
w hat c o n s t i t u t e s a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n term s o f th e u n i t s i n which
th e t r e e f e a t u r e was m easured.
i s m illi m e t e r s .

In th e c ase o f stem le n g th , th e u n i t

Thus by e x p re ss in g i n m illim e te r s th e d if f e r e n c e i n stem

le n g th needed betw een two tr e a tm e n t

means t o show s ig n if ic a n c e , i t i s

p o s s ib le t o d e term in e betw een w hich tre a tm e n ts a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x is ts .

The method o f making t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n , u s in g th e d a ta from Table

94, i s shown in th e fo rm u la w hich fo llo w s t

- 2i+0 Table 9 2 . --A n a ly sis o f variance fo r stem len g th a t 6 weeks
Experiment I , 19U3~M+

S o u rce*

D eg rees
of
freed o m

Sum o f i Mean
squaresi s q u a re

F v a lu e s
E x p e ri-j
m ent > S3

•
•

3

.

1%

«

•

T o ta l

319

7598.0 t

3

S ta n d a rd
d e v i a tio n

3

3
3

W ith in
p o ts

3

288

1+002.9 :

13.89

.1 8

3

3

1 .6 1

1.91+

R e p li­
c a tio n

3

1+2 1 . 1

N

l

3 98.3 : 398.3

P

1

2 0 9.6 j

•

3

3

: H+O. 3 6

1 .8 6

3 .0 7

5.29*3

1+.32

8 .0 2

2.7 8 ,

1+.32

8 .0 2

1 .8 6

3

3

•

•
•

3
3
3

2 0 9 .6

K

l

7U7.2 s 71+7.2

9.93*^

3
3

3

1+.32

8 .0 2

3

e•
FP

1

7 .5 !

7 .5

.0 9 1

U .32

8 .0 2

3
3

NK

l

222.8 * 222.8

2 .9 6

3

U.32

8 .0 2

1+.32

8 .0 2

3

U .32

8 .0 2

3

t

PK

l

3*1+ J

3 .1 +

.01+

3

t

NPK
E rro r

l

21

5 .8 *
1579.1+ «

5 .8
75.20

.0 7 3
*
*
3

3

*
•

3

1

. 3

7

♦ S ig n if ic a n t a t 5%
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1“3
4 ln t h i s sim p le f a c t i o n a l ex p erim en t, th e e f f e c t s o f any n u t r i e n t o r th e
i n t e r a c t i o n betw een n u t r i e n t s i s s e c u re d from th e s in g le d e g re e o f freedom
in v o lv e d i n com paring th o s e tre a tm e n ts t h a t show th e e f f e c t o f n u t r i e n t
( o r i n t e r a c t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s ) w ith th o s e tre a tm e n ts t h a t do n o t show
th e e f f e c t o f t h a t n u t r i e n t ( o r i n t e r a c t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s ) . In t h i s ty p e
o f e x p e rim e n ta l d e s ig n , f o u r tre a tm e n ts w i l l show th e e f f e c t o f a
p a r t i c u l a r n u t r i e n t , and f o u r tr e a tm e n ts w i l l show no e f f e c t o f t h a t
n u trie n t.

- 21+1 Table 93* --A n a ly sis o f variance fo r stem len gth 6 weeks
a f t e r i n i t i a l treatm en t, Experiment I I ,
191+3-14+
D egrees
F v a lu e s •
of
Sum of : Mean : E x p e ri­
:
freedom
sq u a re s : sq u are : ment
% ■ *
*
•0
239
6571.5 *
\
:
216
20. 1+3 :
:
144-13-9 i
.69
:

Source
T o ta l
W ithin
p o ts

1%

R e p li­
c a tio n

3

5U2.6 s

180.86:

6 .1 8

3 .2 9 *

5.1+2

Methods

1

8 9 3 .2 :

8 9 3 .2 1

3 0 .5 5

1+.51+ *

8 .6 8

R ates

2

187.8 j

9 3 .9 !

3 .2 1

3 .6 8 :
•

6 .3 6

Methods
x ra te s

2

9 5 .6 :

1+7.8 :

I .63

6 .3 6

15

1+38.1+ s

29.231

3*68 :
t
I

E rro r

: S tan d ard
: d e v ia tio n

*

0 .9

Table 9l+» — Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r stem le n g th
6 weeks a f t e r i n i t i a l tr e a tm e n t, Experim ent I I I ,
191+3-1+1+

1 1+39

F v a lu e s :
Sum o f : Mean : E x p e ri-*
s q u a re s : sq u are : ment * %
*
:
:
15907.82:
*

W ithin
ja rs

*

396

101+96.50:

t
26. 50:

R e p li­
c a tio n

*

3

3 1 8 .6 8 :

:
106. 22:

l+.35»°*
*

: D egrees
:
of
Source : freedom
T o ta l

!

1%

•

T r e a t­
ment
1

*

10

3011+.1+9*

1
301.1+5*

Elrror

:

30

2078.15*

6 9 . 27*

**Very s ig n if ic a n t

e
: S ta n d a rd
jd e v ia tio n
*
t
•

.3 8

!

1 .5 3 *

1.71+

:
t

2 .9 2 * 1+.51

*
*

1 . 14+ !

•«

:

2 .1 8 * 3 .0 0
*

1 .3

- 21+2 F v a lu e 'tre a tm e n t *

sq u are tre a tm e n t
mean sq u are e r r o r
301.1+5

-

S ince th e F v alu e tr e a tm e n t i s l a r g e r th a n 3*00, th e d if f e r e n c e
betw een two o r more tre a tm e n t means i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t one p e r c e n t.
S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f tr e a tm e n t mean
e r r o r mean sq u are
o f item s

--4 number
‘- 4

69«27
TjC

„
-

i

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f d if f e r e n c e betw een two means - s ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n

1 .3 x

'\f2~~ z

t a t 5 p e rc e n t fo r 30 D. F. t a t 1 p e rc e n t f o r 30 D. F. z

2

z

1.838

2.QL+2
2 .7 5

D iffe re n c e betw een two tre a tm e n t means t o be s i g n i f i c a n t r t
x s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f d if f e r e n c e betw een two means
Z

2.01+2 x 1.838 z 3*9 ( a t 5 p e rc e n t)

=

2 .7 5 x 1.838 : 5*1 ( a t 1 p e rc e n t)

Based on th e fo re g o in g , i f a d if f e r e n c e in stem le n g th betw een two
tr e a tm e n ts means i s 3*8, th e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e s e means i s s i g n i f i c a n t
a t 5 p e r c e n t; i f

th e d if f e r e n c e i s 5*1* th e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e means i s

s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t.
The s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s shown in a l l t a b l e s are th e s ta n d a rd d e­
v i a t i o n s o f th e tr e a tm e n t m eans.
Loss o f W ater i n Greenhouse
Through E v a p o ra tio n and T r a n s p ir a tio n
R ecords o f th e
w e ig h ts o f each p o t

amount o f w a te r t h a t wasaddsd t o

each

p o t, and o f th e

a t v a rio u s i n t e r v a l s d u rin g th e e x p erim en ts

and a t t h e i r

- 21+3 te r m in a tio n made p o s s ib le th e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e lo s s o f w a te r th ro u g h
e v a p o ra tio n and t r a n s p i r a t i o n from each p o t i n t h e greenhouse ex p erim en ts
o f 1943-4+ and 1944-45•

These d a ta w ere th e b a s is f o r c a lc u la tin g th e

mean lo s s o f w a te r p e r p o t and p e r gram o f o v en -d ry p la n t t i s s u e f o r
each s o i l tr e a tm e n t.
in c lu s iv e .

T his in fo rm a tio n i s p re s e n te d i n T a b le s 95 to 98*

S in ce th e 19U-3—
-W+ e x p erim en ts and E xperim ents I , I I , and I I I

o f th e 1944-45 s e r i e s ex ten d ed o v er a p p ro x im a te ly th e same le n g th o f tim e
(a b o u t 20 w eek s), d if f e r e n c e s i n mean t o t a l w a te r lo s s from th e p o ts
i n th e v a rio u s tr e a tm e n ts o f th e s e ex p erim en ts can be a t t r i b u t e d c h i e f l y
to d if f e r e n c e s i n te m p e ra tu re d u rin g th e two seaso n s and d if f e r e n c e s i n
th e d ry w e ig h ts a t t a i n e d by t r e e s i n th e d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s .

The r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip betw een th e s e two f a c to r s i s d is c u s s e d elsew h ere and i s shown by
s u p p o rtin g d a ta i n T ab les 86 to 91* i n c l u s i v e .
T able 95 shows t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l w a te r
e x i s t betw een th e

s o i l tr e a tm e n ts .

lo s s

The c u ltu r e s w hich produced th e

h e a v ie s t t r e e s l o s t th e m ost w a te r, due, o b v io u sly , to th e g r e a t e r
t r a n s p i r a t i o n by th e l a r g e r t r e e s .

I t i s n o tew o rth y t h a t th e w a te r lo s s

p e r gram o f d ry p la n t i t s s u e i s l e a s t i n th e c u lt u r e s t h a t produced th e
h e a v ie s t t r e e s .

The maximum lo s s o f 1*345 l i t e r s o c c u rre d i n th e 60N

c u ltu r e and th e minimum lo s s o f 0.678 l i t e r o c c u rre d i n th e 10 P e a t 80 CT. P.
+(4 c)L5NK c u ltu re *
re s p e c tiv e ly .

These c u ltu r e s produced th e l i g h t e s t and h e a v ie s t t r e e s ,

The mean w e ig h t o f t r e e s i n th e form er w ere 37*4 p e rc e n t

o f t h a t i n th e l a t t e r , b u t th e mean w a te r lo s s p e r gram o f d ry p la n t t i s s u e
i n th e form er was

1*98 tim e s t h a t i n th e l a t t e r .

T his la r g e d if f e r e n c e i n

w a te r lo s s i s due, no d o u b t, to th e g r e a t e r p ro p o r tio n o f w a te r l o s t
through evap oration in th e c u ltu re which produced th e sm a lle st t r e e s ,

-

2kk -

T able 95* —Mean lo s s o f w a te r p e r p o t and p e r gram of d ry
p l a n t t i s s u e f o r each tre a tm e n t d u rin g l?)|3 ~h)|
G reenhouse E xperim ents
i
T reatm ent

Loss o f w a ter
Per pot
t P e r gram o f d ry t i s s u e
L ite rs
t

Check
60NP
6onk
6opk
60W
6op
6ok
6onpk
60NPK
120KPK
180NPK
(Ipc)l5NPK
(Ipc)30MPK
(Lpc)U5NPK
Check
20C.P.
20C.P.A(ipc)NK
20C.P.+(l4x)N
10 P e a t
10 Peat+(lpc)l5NPK
10 P e a t 20C .P.
10 P e a t 20C.P.+(ipc)NK
(ipc)l5N 30P 75K
352 Wood a sh e s
1320 Wood a sh e s
S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n
D iffe re n c e betw een t r e a t ­
ment means t o be s i g n i f i ­
c a n t a t 5 and 1 p e rc e n t

2M 6
22.32
23.83
28.20
2 2 .0 6
27.85
26.02
2^.90
21+.97
23.77
23. l l
26.68
26.21
25.58
26.00
28.12
30.70
3 0. 1+8
25.83
26.76
27.58
29.70
23.72
26.28
2 6 .3 2
0 .6 9

:
:
:
:
s
t

t
:
:
t
t

:
2

>
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2

1 .9 5
2.58

2

t

F v a lu e tr e a tm e n t

_

♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 p ercen t.

J

11.21+^

1

1.023
1.187
1.103
0 .953
1.-3U5
0 . 83I+
0 .9 9 7
0 .9 2 2
0 . 928^
0.970
0.967
0.981
O .85I+
0 .9 3 3
0 .9 7 0
0 .8 2 9
0 .7 6 0
0 .7 2 2
0.950
0.71+5
0 .8 2 6
0 .6 7 8
0 .8 8 2
0 .9 7 3
0 .9 3 7

- 21+5 and t o th e more e f f i c i e n t use o f w a te r by t r e e s i n th e c u ltu r e w hich
produced th e l a r g e s t t r e e s .
The e f f e c t o f te m p e ra tu re on w a te r lo s s can be seen by comparing
th e 10 P e a t +(i+x)15NPK c u ltu r e (T ab le 95) o f th e 191+3-^+1+ e x p erim en t w ith
th e 25C. P . c u ltu r e o f th e 19l+!+“l+5 ex p erim en t (T ab le 9 6 ) ; and th e 352 wood
a sh e s tre a tm e n t (T ab le 95) w ith th e 0 .5 C. P . tre a tm e n t (T ab le 9&)«

The

t r e e w e ig h ts a re com parable, 3*59 and 3»76 g r . j r e s p e c t iv e ly , and 2 .7 0
and 2 .7 8 g r . ; r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The 10 P e a t +(i+x)15NPK c u ltu r e l o s t 2 6 .7 6

l i t e r s o f w a te r p e r j a r , and t h e 25 C. P . c u ltu r e l o s t 23*77 l i t e r s
par j a r .

T h e ir r e s p e c tiv e lo s s e s p e r gram o f d ry p la n t t i s s u e ware

0.71+5 and 0 .6 3 2 l i t e r s .

The 352 wood ash es tre a tm e n t had lo s s e s o f

2 6 .2 8 and 0 .973 l i t e r s , and th e 0 .5 C. P . c u l tu r e had lo s s e s o f 21.1+5
and 0.772 l i t e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t o t a l and p e r gram o f d ry p la n t
tis s u e .

The lo s s e s w ere c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s d u rin g th e c o o le r 1914+-45

sea so n th a n th e 19l+3"^l+ se a so n .
Table 96 shows t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l w a te r l o s s p e r
p o t a r e caused by s o i l tr e a tm e n t.

On th e o th e r hand, T ab les 97 and 98

show t h a t th e r e a re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l w a te r lo s s caused
by s o i l tre a tm e n t i n E xperim ents I I , I I I , and IV.

In th e case o f E xperim ents

I I and I I I , th e la c k o f a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n w a te r lo s s i s c o n s is ­
t e n t w ith th e ab sen ce o f a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n d ry w eig h t o f t r e e s .
The w a te r lo s s e s f o r th e f i f t e e n tr e a tm e n ts in E xperim ent I I and I I I were
rem ark ab ly u n ifo rm .

The c u ltu r e w ith th e s m a lle s t lo s s was o n ly s l i g h t l y

over 5 p e rc e n t below th e c u ltu r e w ith t h e l a r g e s t lo s s o f w a te r .
The trem endous in c r e a s e i n lo s s o f w ater d u rin g a p e rio d o f 6 |r weeks
i s i l l u s t r a t e d by com paring th e w a te r l o s s e s i n E xperim ent IV w ith th o s e o f

- 246 -

Table 9 6 . —Mean lo s s o f water per pot and per gram o f dry
p la n t t is s u e fo r each treatm ent during E xperi­
ment I , 19UU-U5
)
Per pot
T reatm ent

*

0 .5 C .P .
1 .0 C .P .

*

21.1+5

:

21.99

s

5C .P.

1

2 2 .5 6

3

25C .P .

:

23.77

Loss o f w a ter
»Per gram o f d ry t i s s u e
L ite rs
:
0 .7 7 2
>
t
t
• 0.7U5
I
0.698
t
t
0 .6 3 2
t

3

l.O C .P .(S )

l
t
:

Check

•

22.72

t

21.83

1
•

t

S tan d ard d e v ia tio n

:

0 .2 8

t

i

D iffe re n c e betw een t r e a t ment means t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t 3 and 1 p e rc e n t
■

1

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t
♦ ♦ S ig n ific a n t a t 1 percent

1
j
:

t

1 .1 6
1.8 3

T “

t

0.71+5

•

8 . 1+2++

------

:
1

0 . 81+0

- 21+7 E xperim ents I I and I I I (T a b le s 97 and 9 8 )•

The lo s s d u rin g 6|r weeks was

n e a r ly eq u al t o th e lo s s d u rin g th e p re v io u s 20 weeks.

The la r g e lo s s

d u rin g th e form er p e rio d i s caused by th e in c re a s e d s iz e o f t h e t r e e s and
th e h ig h e r te m p e ra tu re s .
E xp ressed i n term s o f s u rfa c e s in c h e s o f w a te r (com parable t o
measurement o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n ) * th e lo s s o f w a te r v a r ie s from a minimum
o f 13*8 in c h e s i n th e 60P tre a tm e n t (T ab le 9 7 ) to a maximum o f 23«9 in c h e s
i n th e 20 C. P. f(i4.x)l5NK c u ltu r e i n a 20-week p e rio d .

These lo s s e s a re

e q u iv a le n t to av erag e w eekly lo s s e s o f 1.19 and 0 .6 9 in c h e s , r e s p e c ti v e ­
ly .

The maximum lo s s d u rin g a p e rio d o f 26^ weeks i s 23 .1 in c h e s , o r

an av erag e w eekly lo s s o f 1 .0 6 in c h e s .

These f i g u r e s , a lth o u g h n o t

d i r e c t l y a p p lic a b le to n u rs e ry c o n d itio n s b ecau se o f d if f e r e n c e s i n
te m p e ra tu re , wind movement, r e l a t i v e h u m id ity , and seepage betw een a g re e n ­
house and n u rs e ry en v iro n m en t, may be s u g g e s tiv e o f th e amount o f w ater
t h a t must be s u p p lie d a n u rs e ry s o i l to m a in ta in s o i l m o is tu re ad eq u ate to
s a t i s f a c t o r y grow th o f s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s .

No lo s s from seepage oc­

c u rre d i n th e greenhouse because m o is tu re i n th e s o i l was r e g u la te d to
p re v e n t such l o s s .

S ince i n th e greenhouse d u rin g th e p e rio d s o f e x p e r i­

m ents, wind movement was l e s s , te m p e ra tu re s , on th e w hole, lo w er, and
r e l a t i v e h u m id ity p ro b a b ly n o t much d i f f e r e n t from th o s e i n th e n u rs e ry
d u rin g a grow ing seaso n , w a ter lo s s would p ro b a b ly be l e s s i n th e g re e n ­
house th a n i n th e n u r s e r y .

W ater lo s s i n a n u rs e ry on N o rfo lk s o i l

(e x c lu s iv e o f e x c e s s iv e lo s s by seepage and i n some c a se s by r u n - o f f
d u rin g heavy r a i n s ) would p ro b a b ly a v erag e more th a n th e 1.1 9 s u rfa c e i n ­
ches w hich o c c u rre d i n th e 19h3“Uk e x p e rim e n t.

Loss o f w a te r p ro b a b ly wouli

be le s s th a n t h i s amount d u rin g th e f i r s t 8 weeks when stem grow th i s n e ­
g lig ib le .

The a u th o r b e lie v e s t h a t s la s h p in e s e e d lin g s grow ing i n a

- 21+8 -

Table 97» —Mean lo s s o f water per pot and per gram o f dry
p la n t t i s s u e fo r each treatm ent during E xperi­
ment I I and I I I , 19I4I4.-I4.5
J

*
T reatm ent

Per pot

t
t

30P

:

Loss o f w a te r
iP e r gram of d ry t i s s u e
L i te r s
t

18.1+8

••

0.910

3

60P

i

1 7 .8 2

1

0.9U8

8

120P

s

18.10

3

2L+0P
1+80P

:
s*

8

0 .8 9 2

8

18.1+2

8

0 . 91+5

18.79

•
••

0 .8 7 k

3

3

Check

:

1 8.76

60P-K

:

18.37

•
•
••

0.933
0.887

3

120P-K

:

1 8 .7 2

•m

0 .908

3

I4.8OP-K

!

18.75

8

0.81+1

•
60P-NK

:

18.58

120P-NK

s

18.28

:

0 .3 6 9

8

0.887

•

3

USOP-I'TK

8
8

3

18.61+

3

0 .8 2 5

3

60P-CaNK

s

18.23

3

120P-CaJIK

:

I 8 .3 6

0 .8 8 9

8

O.85I+

8

3

J+BOP-CaNK

:

18.61+

S tan d ard d e v ia tio n

i
:
s

0 .2 8

F v a lu e tre a tm e n t

••
«

8

•3
8

:
1 .0 1

0 .8 3 2

-

21+9 -

Table 98• —Mean lo s s o f w ater per pot and per gram o f dry
p lan t t is s u e fo r each treatm ent during E xperi­
ment i v , 19I4I+-U5
Per pot
T rea tm e n t

L oss o f w a te r
sP er gram o f d ry t i s s u e
L ite rs
•

60P+(ljx)15NK

0 . 901+

3 5 .8 1
s

60P4( 1+x) 1 5NK( S )

36.22

•
•

0 .8 6 2

•

60 P 4 (2 x )3 0 M

3U.8I+

:

0 .9 1 9

Check

3U.50

:

1 .0 0 9

3

S ta n d a rd d e v i a t i o n

0 .5 2

t
•
•

F v a lu e tr e a tm e n t

2.36

3

-

250

-

n u r s e r y on N o rfo lk o r s i m i l a r s o i l s m ust b e s u p p lie d fro m 1 - t o 1*5 s u r f a c e
in c h e s o f w a te r p e r week t o m a in ta in a m o is tu r e c o n d i tio n w hich i s o p tim a l
f o r g ro w th .

Heavy r a i n s m ust p ro b a b ly be d is c o u n te d by a s much a s 50

p e r c e n t o r m ore, d ep en d in g on t h e i r i n t e n s i t y and d u r a t i o n and t h e m o is tu re
c o n d i tio n o f t h e s o i l i n c o n s id e r in g t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n s u p p ly in g a
n u r s e r y w ith w a te r .
A nnual Use o f P h o sp h o ro u s
by O ne-Y ear S la s h P in e S e e d lin g s
An a c r e o f n u r s e r y s e e d b ed s i s c a p a b le o f p ro d u c in g a t l e a s t
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n e -y e a r s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s .

Assuming a d ry w e ig h t o f i+ gram s

p e r t r e e f o r h i g h - q u a l i t y s l a s h p in e n u r s e r y s to c k , th e w e ig h t o f an a c r e
o f n u r s e r y s to c k i s 8 ,8 1 0 p o u n d s.

S in c e th e p h o sp h o ro u s c o n te n t o f s l a s h

p in e n e e d le s was fou n d t o be a p p ro x im a te ly 0 .2 2 p e r c e n t by d r y w e ig h t
(T a b le i+6) and l i m i t e d a n a l y s i s o f r o o t and stem t i s s u e s y ie ld e d 0 .2 2 and

0.1 2 p e r c e n t p h o sp h o ro u s b y d ry w e ig h t, th e a v e ra g e p h o sp h o ro u s c o n te n t o f
th e e n t i r e t r e e i s 0 .1 9 p e r c e n t .

On t h i 6 b a s i s , th e 8 ,8 1 0 pounds o f p l a n t

t i s s u e c o n t a in s I 6 . 7I+ pounds o f p h o sp h o ro u s.

T h is r e p r e s e n t s th e am ount o f

p h o sp h o ro u s ta k e n from th e s o i l by th e s e e d l i n g s .
The Econom ics o f N u rse ry
Use o f C o ll o id a l P h o sp h ate
The c h i e f c o s t o f c o l l o i d a l p h o s p h a te i s th e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t
from th e mine t o th e p la c e w here i t i s t o be u s e d .
c o s t o f a p p l i c a t i o n s h o u ld n o t e x c e e d $ 6 .0 0 p e r t o n .
2 0 - to n a p p l i c a t i o n i s $ 1 2 0 .0 0 .

T o ta l c o s t , in c lu d in g
The c o s t o f a

A ssum ing t h a t t h i s amount w i l l b e e f ­

f e c t i v e f o r a t l e a s t 10 y e a r s i n m a in ta in in g th e p r o d u c tio n o f h i g h - q u a l i t y
s l a s h p in s n u r s e r y s to c k and w i l l li k e w is e b e n e f i t c o v e r o ro p s w h ich may
be a l t e r n a t e d w ith c ro p s o f s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s , th e c o s t may b e s p re a d
o v e r a 1 0 -y e a r p e r io d .

However, s in c e th e p rim a ry o b j e c t i v e i s t o b e n e f i t

- 251 th e s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s , th e c o s t s h o u ld be c h a rg e d e n t i r e l y a g a i n s t f i v e
c ro p s o f s l a s h p in e s e e d l i n g s .

T h is g iv e s a n a n n u a l c o s t o f $21+.00

y e a r t o be c h a rg e d a g a i n s t 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 s e e d l i n g s .
$0.02ij. p e r 1000 t r e e s .

per

T h is i s e q u a l t o

The $0.02i+ r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x im a te ly one p e r c e n t o f

th e t o t a l c o s t o f p ro d u c in g o n e -y e a r s l a s h p in e n u r s e r y s to c k .