NUNIT 0 THS oO — co o1o1 THESIS . oO AP . J = uv y ‘ —_— oN xv ~ ‘ ) 4 - r - ) ¢ f , _ - N < C , C “ a ‘ oo : VS wo or \c \KAS 1 vat . SL SOME EFFECTS OF CLIMATE UPON PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE. A brief residence in tropical America in contact not only with new forms of plant and animal life, but with familiar forms under new conditions was rich in experience and observation tending to show that some causative relation exists between cli- matic conditions and certain characteristic varia- tions. That profound variations frequently foliow a change of locality has long been known, as has the corresponding fact that all closely similar forms inhabiting the same region tend strongly to assume a common type. For example, the horse wili not at- tain his normal size in south eastern Asia, and no European breed of dogs, save only the spaniel, seems able to retain either his mental traits or his phys- THESIS =-O- ical type when raised in India. JDogs lose their voi- ces in certain islands, and on portions of the west coast of Africa they become rapidly feral both in fact and in aprearance. Wool loses its lustre in certain localities, and becomes hair in others. All species of coffee nitimately assume a common type in Martinique. This seems to show not only that fixed conditions tend to the production of a fixed type, but that, when restricted to a limited area, they can produce but one. Flavor and quality are largely matters of locality, and within reason- able limits. no influence either of cultivation, fer- tilizer or variety is so potent in affecting yield as that temporary talance of climatic conditions that we call "she season," With evory marked change of climate are as- sociated differo:nces in the character and habits of both plant and animal life too marked to be accidental, and in many cases directly traceable to climatic 95457 - 5 influences. But while the influence of the sum of those external conditions that we term the climate is appreciated, the particular element or elements that may be responsible for a given variation is gen- erally matter of grave doubt and uncertainty. For example, on one's first contact with tropical con- ditions he is amazed at the changes,--- at the tan- gled mass of countless svecies; at the climbers and hangers, the parasites and the saprophytes; at the harshness and thickness of leaf, and the universal presence of spines and thorns; at the deev purple of the sky, the height of the heavens, and the dis- tance of the horizon; at the heat of the sun, and the cool of the shade; at the great drop in temper- ature from day to night. He is stmick with the stili- ness and apoarent absence of life; at the few species of insects as compared with the infinite variety of vegetation, and he is ready to believe the troviecs to be the vegetable part of the world. He stoops to pick up a leaf, and it flies away. He sees a familiar lichen, but it disavcears in approaching. They were butterflies, and he sees more of mimicry than he over dreamed of. As he lives with it he is overpovwerod with the sonso of its 1nchangeableness as if it had alyvays been so and was to go on and © ~ ~ a) O OQ < < a) o oy > C) — ~ aay procisely like every other. Many of these differences are only apvar- ent or else arise from imimpvortant and simple cir- cimistances, but otvhors are undoubtedly due to cli- matic conditions dominant there, whose study reveals many an important truth and whose operation teaches many @ goneral principle. amd Others again plainly noticeable are at present beyond rational explanation. \CQ Climates. Climates are named from their prevail- ing temcerature, but the constancy or variability velnperature is a potent factor as is the - intensity of light, tne amoiu:t of rainfail, or the -5- degree of mmidity. Some cf the peculiarities of the vrin¢ival climavic regious are: Frigid: With a mininyu temperature and maxing honicity, wet provided at cervain scasons with continuous light of low intensity, compara- tively rich in rays that fix carbon and poor in those that cheek ravidity of growth, there are pro- vided the most favorable conditions possible for ravid gvowth for a given short space of time. Torrid: With waxinnun temperature, with varying bit goierally slight humidity and light ways weassing vertical:y through an atmosthere singe larly free from cist and heaze,--- all conditions of life are vroesent in maxinnm intensity of mininum Auration as betvioen day and niehnt and of extrene constaicy from Gay to day. Tacaracve: Cur own climate is execedingly variabio from cay to duy and from scason to season, Siving occasional tonoratvures in excess of ordinary ropical, and with light of less intensity 5 “ar the equatorial and less co:utinnous diration avitudes,--- so does Kh }-4 than that of the highe length of day in the gx roving season comecnsate for loss of heat by obliquity. It is vO ve alvays remembered that scarcely to places in the same latitide nave the same climate, aid tnat names of climates ave buw relative vers. Wiat now are the princiyal effects that commonly attend and that are Likely, in a measice, ane to these wide Ciffverezicens in atmosyvheric condi- tions of life? littects Likely due to Light. JOntravy to a foreral inypression, trovi- Cal grown timbers are oxceedliugly hard and dense, and, as a mile, of Siow groyth and small size. lls shonld be expected. The quancvity of light corresvondingly great. But the clear atmosvhere of those intiviudos arrestsbut row ot the rays or nigh refrangibiLity, choo ure kuowi vo substantiall: check the growth, and the wlant cujoys therefore conditions hiphiy revoretic tor frormavion of ary substance, but wuntavorable for growth,in the sense of increase of size. It is plain that tropical conditions are most tavorable for density of growth, and observations sustain the rosition. Not nly among timer trees, but with vegevation in gor eral a strong ter:doncy to shribbiness and woodiness is observable, and to sich an extent as to destroy quality in many veretaLlles. Tt wist Le 'uiderstocd hovever that cer- tain svecies are of exceedingly vapid frovth, and occasionaliy of such tender and Lrittle quality as that lazvge horizontal Limts frequently break off from cheir own weight. Ave these trees deficient In power of fixing carton? Certainly their leaf surface is romarkably slight. Movile organs of plaiuts Leing sensitive to light it is in the trovies that movement in plants is fond most comnon. =u Light wndoiubtedly exerts some influence upon the formation of color, because cave animals are notably deficient in this varticular. Whether coloration of pigment bodies is absolutely depen- dent u0e0on light like the greening of chloropnyl erains is, hovever, daubtril, for a stem of a growing plant may be led lito a darkened svace, auc, alithough its leaves produced there may remain white, it is capable of proticing colored flowers and frmiis if only other sortions of the slant onjoy the sin- It is vumdoubtedly true that i —) itense light tends strongly to darken the complexion, bit it is difficult to detect imich affect of the kind in the tropical island of Barbadoecs. It is to me a serious question if the Inaidity of insilar and mm ww &e ate coast localities cocs not fo far to coimteract tho effect commonly ribed to light, as it certainly insures a fair cormlexion to our British cousins If trosical svecies of plants or animals be more highly colored than temperate I am satis- fied it is ane mainly to ovuner canses than increasce light. One fact is marked. In the dazzling light of these regions all color effects ave intensified, and if an animal is to find protection in mimicry the imitation nust be exact. As I shall notice later the struggle for existence is terrific in these latitudes and every crinciple of selection or protection is utilized to its ntmost. It is also true that many birds and insects are strange- ly silent, owing undoubtedly to their enemies, and, as we shoi'd expect, these forms are highly colore ; put neers are, as with us, of a dull color, and of quick movement and rapid darting flight, in we which they are closely imitated by many butter- flies. Where ali vegetation is ever green and blossoms are alvays tlentifiul, green with red is the prevailing color of the surroundings, and it is not surprising that these same colors are so conmon aoig Lirds and butverf.ics. Tropics) voliage is notvally less delicate than toaerate, tho Leaves bpeluc either narsh and coarse, often with soinecs along the lower Sides, or, if smooth, then thick aud heavy and clothed vrith an esvidormis of celis viaced endvise to the surface Hven in this case vthe teoridency to produce thorns is extreme, vhe midrib of a paraliecl veined leaf frequently being prolonged into a heavy thorn as in the century vlant, and occasionally ooth imargins ond heavy midrib are thickly studded with strong hooked aud related forms. ¢ t* mee SOLUCS, &S apole oO Mscoer deen ts are coucinsive that either bright similight or dry avmosonere tond to rroduc- tion of thorns and thet she:de and himidity tend vO tneir suvore on, so thay avid regions afford ali the conditions for sniny growtha, and here it is most ctlenvifil. is the light or the heal that -ljli- is vesvonsivie for the harsn and forbidding leaf % = ! e rr ere « ahs .* surface is difficllt vo decide. however the best +> renresentecive Io mow of this vow of Leara the couion ~otato. Being a navive of Peru it may 5 1 ’ 7 35 : di 4 won be sipcvosod to bring vO 1S something of tropical charactor of leaf. But while Peru is noted for its intense light, its temperature is moderate, owing ct C b? c we oO 2 eo) <\ ~ C ‘ }- © ~~ — Moreover the potavo will not endure the heat of a tropical sm at ordinary Levels and this to me is good argmont for avveribnie- ing to light the chief agency in developing the oughnened les f as we know it is in developing spims Aluest the only exceytion to the rule ofa harsh leaf in the tronics is in the great grasses, in certain climbers which bear delicate roliage, and in the coffee with a leaf resembling the chestnut Diough heavier. I% is fair to say that sunlight ( or neat ) sufficient to produce the =-~]0- groatest vpossible yield of Mocha causes’ the drop- ping of the leaf. MfPeets oie to Deyness, or to Hunidity. That we enjoy the cooling effect of per- sciration wost scerfectly and therefore endure high tmencratures most comfcervtabliy in a dary atmoschere is readily seen, while i1. great mmidity the per- soiration svands in droos and becomes scaiding how. As aridity tends to vroduce hard and sviny vegota- ble growta and humicity softer an. more delicate, so wool turns to nair in high temecratures and dry A eol 5 1 v, -< ho ~ © 3 2 U2 e $2 2 4 ns 1 2 5 I ~~ wa stbre and silky fineness are vossible in but fey localivies. Humidity as well as coolness seems essential to thickness of skin and fineness of covering, for the trovics or sub-trovics produce 10 fur, except on burrowing soecics aid on parts of the body in elevated re- gions, as on the neck and withers of the vicuna. It is a curious fact that only the same varts of the sheey retain the wool on being taken into the tropics. As among all the clements of climate, plant life seoms most sensitive to light, so heat anoears to be the controlling force in inducing variations among animals. Hibowialion, the ability to exist ina tate of suspended or reduced animation is due to ovher causes than cold, though certain cold blood- cd animals are wade inactive by reduced temperacwir alone, Jiziernmation among higher animais presiup- moses the ability to svore, somewhere about the body, sufficient frat to sustain the reduced needs of the body during this period. With us, hiber- navion is contemsorancous with the winter season and the greatest cold, but I cannot avoid the con- clusion that the real cause of hibernation is scarcity of food. When the food siuprly of any animal is cut off for any reason he mist store, -14- hibernate, or starve. Tie log, in his ability to store fat, has the first requisite of hiberuation and several anthenticated instances of forced semi-hibernation of this animal are known. Rit cold is nov the only canse of scarcivy of food and the camel by filling his ivase in times of vienty is better akie to endure hardship and short feod wnitil the lnusp becomes an empty bag,--- that this is a stesso tovards hibernation is easily secn. Several svocies in the cquator have the ability to go into suspended animation from exces- sivo Leet or drougnt, and so remain for many days or even veeks. This is closely analagous to the behavior of bacteria when threatened with adverse conditions, aid to the chenomenon of seeds in which temperature aid moisture are the two princi- pal considerations that actermine the Limit of the period of suspended activities. ilibernavion then is to te regarded as forced by the lack of any essential coudition of activity, wiether vemporavire, moisture, Or VCod, aia it is easy to 1neorstand chat afver a long ‘ series of penuerations with constantly repeated sea sons of cold and scarcity hibernation becomes habit- Nal if not instinctive. But that it is an acqiire? habit ‘rith our hiberuating scecies of temperate re- tions is shovn by the fact thav tne same scecies wy,” a . Jf. 1 . so far as rocresoived 2 4 + the trooics show, there, no signs of the habit. There is no need of it when all trees anc ylants are "ever green." Hibernation there is from heav or from lack of moisture. No climatic intlineiice is more marked or interesting than the effect of high temyvcratures 1pon animal iife. It may te well at the outset to ation aguinst the idea that equatorial climates are necessarily vorrid, or burning. I kept daily readines for tyro and one-half of the simmer months soutn and the nighest temperature recorded under shade of a tree was in December 30° C. or 87° F., in Jammary 33 1/2° C. or about 92° F., and in February 35° C. or 95° F. It was rarely below 283° GC. at noon. It is in the temperate regions that we sot the extremes of tenocrature, but only at or near the eqnuetor the cumlavive infiuence of uniformiy high degrees of heat. veracvures long continued on humans and on all higher ivwirrals is extreme lassitude, a deoressing infinence impossible to shake off, and this is at- tended by a diminished apcetite for food. This might be exvected and throws interesting Light uvon the physiology of feeding. It is frequontly taught that a good por- tion of the food in our climate is directly oxidized to provide heat to sustain the body temperature above that of the surrounding medium, and that warmer surrowndligs would mater; ially lessen a vaste ful consunprion of food for heat only. If this be -1]17- a true principle why is the animal so distressed when the surrounding temperatures approach his own, ana why, long before they become equal, does he begin to reduce temperature by perspiration? It seems conclusive that the animal body is a center of heat production, incident and necessarily consequent upon its vital and metabolic activities, and that it is necessary for the body either to exist in a ten- perature considerably below its own, to withdraw its surplus by radiation, or else to resort to some other expedient to prevent destructive accun- ulation and death from rigor caloris. Whenever radiation cannot keep pace with production then relief is sought first by the cooling effect of evaporation, and perspiration follows. As a last resort when sufficient reduction can be no longer effected either by radiation or by evaporation, and then only, is recourse had to relief by les- sened production and this always means lessened acti activity and reduced demand for food. But this is -13- a last resort, and the lessened activity precedes and does not follow the diminished apcetite. Under SS excessive heat the reduction may sink to a point where only the vital processes are sustained and all external labor stoos of necessity. The feeling of lassitude is therefore but the well known lav that among warm blooded animals cold increases aid heat diminishes the meta-, bolism of the body. % is the vremonition that we are being overcome by our surrounding temperatures. Here is an imvortant lesson in the hous- ing of animals. Protection from extremes of cold is wise, economical and humane, but absolute lack of exercise and warm. quarters leads most certainly to lesse:.ed activity. We keev a domestic animal for some labor or product which is the output of his firrctional activity. Tne vital processes must go on, and these tuictional activities that give us values are the first to be reduced or to disappear imder adverse conditions, among which -]9- nothing is more pronounced than excessive surround- ing temperatures. Precisely what cunstitutes depressing temperatures varies with the animal. I never saw in temperate climates the high degree of activity noticecabie among the butterflies of the tropics. In this they may resemble the cold blooded animals whose Lody temperatures rise with surrounding heat,. -”~ - and whose activities are corresvondingly acceler- ated. In any event both butterflics and reptiles are exceptionally active in the tropics, but I am Satisfied that manmals are capable of greater ex- ertion when the surrounding temperature is 30° below their own. Whites, Negroes, aid Indians manifest marked differences in enduring high temperatures, and the Indian suffers most. Eis skin is always not, and he secks the shade and the water for re- Lief. The Negro's shin is souwvaravively coo. and he is quite inaifferent to the sim. I am con. strained to believe lessened production of heat, ported by his snali rish movements. The disease most in hot climaves is fever,--- of the tower of i ation induced by the shock from and this view is sup- consimption of food and siug- likely to overtake man that is to say, loss c a> -cecucing temperature by persvir- the sudden change from the heat of the day to the frequently uncom fertable coolness of the night. As cverybody knows, during the pro:res: of fever avcretite for food ceascs. The absence only effect of wnchenging co: tropics where rm - - af = Phe winver season “Ar A. - 4 - rr oh *% N B| 4 SCLVES VO PrEecwMce FveatvLy vile Oo is 7 yn J. ef. trie climate ta ci constancy of Conditions. of auuuiar rings is not the iaGitions of life, but S a nev battle in the kes but litvtie part. of highor Latitudes munber of competing voo late in the spring 7 ao - ew ~ fo. ~ * 4 yu. 4 lan a 07 3 J. Cc; . - 7} an ‘ a wee obluers cav..o> eudiwe droutn, and in the endless: $ e e ~ ‘ - ys: vt SOW iC. ov eCVexY Chiat te be are CU: alti iS Lut tew soecies ? 7 - % .% wan. A ea fo. hsgvwaud bne gercay varlevy o bs adverse co..citions, and the courcevivioin of their neighbers as well. Ueuce it comes that a given ieher Tatiiuices will be possessed by a fow nardy and persistent species. At the equator on the coutrary the strug- tle is wainliy for room and light. If a plant had opportunity to svart it will have encouragement to live. Groves of a Single species cnerevore sel- dom form, for the Lattle is nov clearly to the stron, but theusands of svecies live together in tangled confusion growing vali and slenier,--- an eternal race afver Light thet Lorecs any to lean a- euinst their neisnbers Por siesort, and ultimately SO become climbors. Hov a single frost, or a Long-| OL deol wien comauon, or any pronuoumeed irresnuiar- ity of coucitions would thin out species aud turn the ch ide of "var. n certain districts of the Amazon subject to periodic overflow this cirem- Oo Kili the woidergrovehn that Otnerrise fills every chink wid erevice cf soll ov light. Under conditions of such fierce competi- tion those wlants that are able to revrodnee withaul, seeas ty some riurier or svrous or oftsnoot rrom the warent have a substantial advantage, and we arc —“e ~ . 4. ~ % . =, ev 3 17 "ry ae .~ ~” 4. _ - not survcrised to find an iwumisially large proportion “ OL verfevacvion re:rowiecing Pi Unis mer.er. So conz:cn is this that some socecies have seeding habit, as ror example vhe Sugar cane thet almost never bood:, tho Lanboo anc the century plant chat blossom Liu vevely and mul- tituces of wild Yormns wecrliar vo these regions. on oN wAery : aA — 7 AT A. seca imey be recapded as rLion of 9 © = 7 onan et 7 eye, a 4. . sont pe on * > -~ 2 7 QA wlane Goveloned to medinucin suisvended animation Ye 29 5 V5 {} 74 ; ’ © pt tye ~ = af. muping tno colvinieancs or co:..ditions adverse to . w c i Poeve wt ry ™ + _ $ ele Lavorable condi- ° . yea teyey ene .. wat ,. « aN ela: 7 . ee : tions the worimary useessity for seeding disawpearsc, on ey lv- of ag 2100S 1 } ny we Gets } . Vi lO « * one NS Waa * On cf. a ed - {, e Lviod - ann ‘ g& conn CST T3223 en a7 a © WILY rey ~- f . . 74 ° 7, oo," ed Che dce od ’ LOCAL ss te ts OVC c: a ASOT. G2 dad bi- ad monals a +e 4+ me aed A - om! be! as 34 Yad -- 10 Cu at as J tH min men i ° * t at fate oe oe om Se ey 5 Ly ) O 4 v a4 be on Ve , “ i ; oe . 3 rmiels & e vhough more I ryan d ZOU 93 ey m~e Vloua CO e ; 9 f 185 C ’ ‘ -~ Ve “A yr a (L 12es - it ~ & 2a oe. i. Cy. -O Ww rn Ww ss 7 mb we ch 4 wo lewis wf . ‘ "Pwr, - nl a A560 2.2 Oc e . HO "yD O Tiora. O°} Qt den oe i Lee oN am JQ : an . —_ o Fhe m™~ i wv ( ‘Ss wee -e%, aD U c™y & «2 ™ at Cail wad ef. he al. ° ‘4 - oa rou Ty at ch ' OK a) ~L . . 7 easanis -; | Pe ak eG i cS wee bt i en =O ’ : 4. he emat Nd ab. — one _s m9 ad OAs ropner a ¢ i C vt rt “ ever 1:2; r- fa fruit: « A. 7 28 LD i ~ - 4 : ee - ' : of. * ever the Life of the svwecies is threavca.cd. Ie is a - 7 eet, - “oF sts “og - J wndtog,:! Merve Lous , ta aaa Chie Coles aon ~O VO TO wee UO sor 455 4. se tN te: ha mS ce oy eae . yr ‘ qu: wl lO AOR Atk Chie Lilet LOL. LCL SG 2.) tho en wv Os wt ase rt reqg Lit 9 a el. al. % mae 7 . ~ 7, :, re. 7 » « ‘oo > S lO A COaANLC veaies SLBOCe? LP sole @cci rN wl.val cir- ; . - ee eee ms 7s ‘oo ~. . 9 e on Ups Tanece Ve Lith ants Ol “Gs >t) CO°L4G1 2201S , auld soced 1S ~ ~ Da spayed: froeLy prodicen. pe wee ot wend lane oq L oe ey: 1 OPeen. wibtacus cruevhner a vlanw is ainwa y « . ~ — as f° .. e . op tioay tal davewds solely tmon the season in which YQ Suart iS and the time ve aliow it, Por example suring and winter cche.t, or rye. The same is true ( wiyocublmtiil ii ang Localhicoy, lV only it can endure the weriod of cold or ‘eu or drouta oft thet re- pion. Cn the qcator the covuv0on +lant Lecomes This orisieiple has impvortar. bearing iwo0- ~CY Of grain proauicticn. If the tendency +S YO avoid seed production and vrodice Ly otner means if vossibiec, wien a climate that will not © 3. wre de} 10) Prive grovwtn inay thereby stinnilate Cye te Soeqd wrowkietion. Lt an stronugiy ineiined to bel . KU Arey Kd Oe yo mts UN a? Meaney: -- 4 A Ia CLO CPR AU LL cet OP atom. -Euas to seed wroauction ard is enalaeuis Lo une practice of gar- deners to inerease Ploveriug by withholdii:g rood. Is it not trne that Llesseiing any essen vial coidci- tion of Life tends to seed Lomnation? Leize wills flourish on the eaiator av it requires six months to rivet: aud bears a smell erect car, hign up on a “Lily Leaved and woody stalk. T -~ ~~ ° ‘ a+, . - 4 y esye «= - o o'- - - 3 7 a Hoveiv Vanes an imporvany. agricultural t+. J.) > a VAL,” y . < ~~ ey aa to - ” - a fy «~ eSmMien, TPeteidodw TET Lelieve oo; tiaviiwak Lav: LO Secure art 3 . 4? a as : - wr .* = eve, * waximur Wield o gvain an carly and vigorous prow . . a Je - . a > wow fe « . _ wy . 2 - _ +4 e 2ss OGSBUVIIS ui Movi de waa cePpilabk Por Lvs Luiiding, anid to seaure Die Pouiit buis or the seeds the vege- Savive wrocesses rust be checkod at a comparatively arly sucee. TP the opeo Lo corn then we shold toreo ts carly meow ta a.d conse ouliure or any treatment to vrolomg its navural Life period,- J d 7 25 % - f * = 4 ~ J. , ined ~ - re 4 - So ary LO Gnvensify vecuner Une vo vroloug vhe co:ditions OP growth. OE) o- 4 . “aw aly mene ~4. 7 ryt ais - my J. a. Unehargeable cuyvipvornent aftectes the 4 = 4. of “. - eve ae tae - vay eee ecacies of the one as ve have seen, mid as surely - . ed i ied - . -¢ 2.0, “ d. . - ry .- and naturally deers cstue v.ose ot the other. Tia ~ of 7 ase): “+ + A > ~m--r “* ye - ~~ PIS soma . - tA TD ANT ft 15 OC Sa ‘, LC LOTOS Ces ¢ att bets VLLO lie biciples O ‘ 7% wt VM. m4 we Seclecvuion wie Move soo: q) t- a m ap e a D> + tk c} ay ts © »—¢ . J re fu A + wa 4 c> ?e wo wD a@liiman or iouseeu is froed from dencer of death by visors of climave, Lb in vhe fierce struggie for ry O O i> Q }~- 2 ss NES? - A ony 4 - .7 4. s ! m~en ete Oe a1 ve enor weeny vw ba Ca wloaee x wee 4 OM C7 ee 5 wore “es 7 cr ond - Te 7 a: 7 *e ~~ of ny af. O°, ~an ne eee we Ot &S 1 UO “LS y Litess LO veC vo rt ~ . af. ae er {- +7 Y .- ‘ - , > . a, - ° od by distasvePil ofors or iinicry, are always - 4 4 . 4. ae ¢ -~-% d- + x . bad {4 . 7, AA: 4 ” e 7% ~~ * subjeoey Lo retievion by their carnivorous fellows, ory el + 1 ? sn! ATs tot pve vy lf , oo 337 Plenony means oP revaliasion. Tu is oniy a ques tion of time vyhon the esarnivorous forms will vre- a . tA ~ - ‘ -_+7 {* o ? 4 q sy « ”~ vail and mmch more surely then if they themselves <9 - wats A. “ ’ . Tee a ny . 2 Tere SO OCU v SOO ees walle SIVve COUGaL vions. _: 5 1 ~ bee, ° di “- - fs ils voaduces Species to conparavively . 45 * .- AT) Cae Y beetles and establish- . wa C = ee e- ne me ) -- 74 “ fel = 31 we ~ a « =f rN ” . es . f es on sate preornd oie ttt actions vases aid anvs and b . . - > ind ~~? b, “lo a 3 ‘ . eels an . ' tae wittervliy ofiva ais diseastem@i. pigment or his Ti soo boc..litios where the bird tribe are surroinde: by mionies es acially destructive tiey become erect vious --- ali scecies together --- Yor corraci. wrovection, the silent and timid at- ed into whe comoany of the noisy. One may thus te tov a vine in the midst ot’ a noisy chatter ing mulyvivnide of ali sorts of tirds on a muting mare, wvnhich soon passes loaving the neighborhood as siiont as Letore., II% is warvelous to note to Baw Every @vlinal Live subsists wo0on itself. Paid princip.ies coiocved with fatigpne Of nerve or misele so L.P as iciovwn seom to indicate clearly that it is vastly mere oxhauscing to endure a covstant tension of a given dgorgroe than to sus- tn4y avon greater serve or rrisele exorvion when ds of vest. Nerve and muscle re- sconse to stimuli is naturally periodic and the body -rearies wider cerposial cxertion even to a Ww ow.” - Ce u J. leviliug al develov- ¢ ~, eC 1 Mowe b . wf e.g Sepa tan am baling who 7 cl Not or ECS to e t of pro- ce Dn n O © fu rd £ x © a. S44 Oo -d ~) “4 ~2 ‘A ne. ct i1C a +) ~ To o) rcs ° a co OQ $4 4 o ha eu “1 Wy © m4 © M4 CO © wt C3 we oa 40 v2 +> Oy oO ra OQ a] > ee my Q SA 4 r-4 a4 bo ) a 4 Cd ve C: ro a - 4 Ui r- oS CS is -4 ~ 4 t, 4 c a! rt 9a ,? C3 \4 > c2 r 63 S ) us 4 4 ord ~ a) © m4 + fa “4? ~~ _ cs _ a) TO uf 4 C rg MH ~ ~~ ge “ a 4 ww C3 re) i-4 ut A © m4 ft Cc) i a 1c 5 oe ely u Varle rice. resi ' Gil — + al rx £AS ahs gs a2 Qa LOUMEGOT eres wg Or . my AA. a ry clad “A = z.f ~ go crop or by mov- & a ae \- 7 rity « yA TY DY soy , C° eA. ~ i 1 y aa e es 5 wh io a5 SOWUWAC LI ou yee a: l cl 7 ley ft. wil AA + * 103 ey Cau l ch. YL ed ae ao y Seu 1 ohh, £1Q ero - 4 ~ + o a? os c* Jf. fy ew Le oe { 4 oh 2 O!1 >t yg ner ww! ' CMO. tn: wo) ee YD o? Doge Lee we? e d. “t = uy a ma LN r - \%¥ — vg at. YS a r he } eason cither by » co: . c > con GOO ry A 5 a at. . e e . e ace ~ 9 - J, - fe 7 a, « ban] 5 - ~~, Ney e d. . 7 Lis it issvo0 Lover Laviwees Von Vane O11 LUS hor 7 err ey : mek awount of svarch. t el? * - *..4-- 7% ane ot. ’ Bw tais is simely a caso of arres lea ~ gia eon Tye Ft cm ve jtty ot) elation aGevelor vant Suet wd 9 ch. whe a a? ETO SLi wh) Cl.) Vf a wil vile rt 27 La WS om Ab 4 of high tommeravires to vrocictien of alinminoids. -,- . ee ene, he teens Jd. nan pn? : - Tmie, rice is coarauvivoly svarchy and slgar cane . . .- fe an . ~ - Sf. ne ai ote is a tronical wlan, bus ft : 7 J! 7 AN —-.% 4 warn) sN 4 « ” 1 . ss ly deficient. in provelin, aid vne sugar beow was a > a 7 mw PRY Ie ~ ay Jf. 7 44 i oe - Jf. e : tinproved in Gomiany. Thuougi certain rruitvs of the hvu J.o7 trovics are sufticionutiy olly vo birn it lighted - 9 ’ ! or +o furnish acces vsatile Pood for dogs, it is also true that the same rogio.us afford a higher percen- tara or Lesmmineis trees and :lants than any other recion on carth. I am therefore ied to btelicve that che citfercnuen youllarly ascribed to climate in this yvarticular is ansaret ravher than reals--- that the wonderful flora of cqiatorial regions af- fords scecies ot almost all known ov concecivable characteristics, and that if a short scason yro- duces a seed commaralively rich in nitrogen it is rather to be looked 1OEeNn as Leing poor in starch tecause of arrestcd cGevelopment. Grain hnarvesved terove matnirity, shows the same characver of Lack Of plumpicess, i. e., OV Svarch. A strong noblion prevails that climate ex- erts a controlling Liufluence ws0.n the apcavite for certain kinds of tood leadii:g o::.e to choose trnits in hot climates, and ment, even fat, in cold. MThis rests, so for as I can ascertain, woon our own Lik- lng Lor fruits and cooling drinks in the summer sca- son, and the current stories of esqmiimaux end tal- low candles. T can Pind explanation for the belief, bute no tasis in fact. Moir, ois decidedly om:ivorous and he part or any anv or animal not ac- tualiy poisonous. His ability to endure a great variety of conditions and foods is in no small degree resvonsible fer his imiversal distribution and great doveloonent -ol- Of one thing we may rest assured. his love for animal food is pronounced and universal as to climate and condition. Not so many domestic climaves tecause it is t. ~ av rw ~ © vastly less lator to live on the svontaneous vege- tation. Eut the avoetite is there and I have seen diseased and cying cettle killed and eaten. In cervain districts many catvile are coisoned by Qrinking the juice washed out of the mandioca root in making taciocea. These are alvays consumed for food. Large quantities of’ salt cod tish are eaten on the Amazon, and I never sav so mich fat pork eaten nor crith sien evident relish as in Brazil. Chinamen are vegovtarianus from neccssity, not from choice, as witness their eating rats, and even mice. Population is too dense and demands 1pon food sively too grest to siovort domestic animals, and the self introduced rat vays the ponalty by discharging the debt to the carnivorous tooth of man. Toole sections of Parana cab nothing bur beet, and TE love seen i.cav the eqiater the most insieniviownt Little auimals resenLling ground moles cooxed ror food, nov to mention locusts, ants, nd elmost anyuling vo savisvy vhis iuiliversal ap- ~ $ J 7) ite. ‘tS a Juicy fruit in great quantity is avoided in hot countr as sure to impair digestion and indice fover. It is nov " cooling." Of this I feol satisfied and that our own changed acoctite in siumner is wrimarily dune to desire for drink aid for a lesseuod amo. of Pood. I nave c:iideavored to learn if climate has any influence iwsen the apvotite for stinnlants or opiates, but thus far with little siccess. Cer tainiy the impr ion prevails ii warm countries e that stinniiating drinks are necessary. I iook pon it as a theory to bolster 1p the oractice. It can be readily cnicerstood that something to arouse for a time from the natural lethargy of the 3 country wight be grateril, and it is trme that while drinking is general it is a rare thing to sce aman " dead dimmik." Whether this is dune to its constant aud not weriodic use, or +o climatic in- flnences {I do not xnov. .% is a comnon saying that f. J. =a 7 7, a. VA .) sO ns -“ . vO Grits: in the shade is to fou dmurk. But the quantity of Liquor, tobacco, and strong corfee (7. used is enormous, and shovs strong anoetite Lor those things which will aevt uscon the nerves, but I ig vhe avoavite is climatal. the use of opiates seems to be racial. Whetner in the remolcest degree coin:ected with the climate or the foog ol these peoole would be inter- esting to know. Bue the aycetite of man is so de- cidedly onmiivorous and new habits so readily learncad that it is hazardous to consider coincidence in these matvoers as imich indication of causal con:ec- 4. 3 Ash Leerly wnebie vo exolain the iunis- nally high vercenvase of Lemuminosac in the Arazon Gistrict. FTF do nov inderstand this vo be trie of ali hot countries. It is trve that this revion is geologically behind, and can it be trie tuat lemmiinous nerbage voreceded other vegetation anid provided a store of nitrogen in the soil? The orevalence of plants with a milky juice is inmexslaincbic as is the greater proportion of consgicuously Plovorin ct ri re0) D 02 Parasitist is i iboiundead, and weakened nd dying vegotation is every where covered with parasitcs to pve su/eseeded by saprovhnytes, and dead animals arc invirediately consimed by carnivorous birds and insects --- buzzards, wascs aud ants --- so that cecompositicn of orgwiic bodies is rapidly effected, and ‘vvithout the ordinary slow process by putrefaction. a Yhile the total shade cast by the combinca =ed SS) wn aw 2 - = a ’ wo e . FOM0 Cn bere LANES OL OUD OV Or ot ely Lace 9 LS “he effect of climate uvon size is in- volved in the above, bit seems not sufficiently ae accounted for. For examvle, the i:ative horses of northern Scotland are abnomialiy smali. ts it on aceon ot cold? .Tie waving hepit of the horse shows him to have Leen a native of a colneury nich covered by snow. Besides, in alt southeastern Asia no fili sized horse is prodiced. Iixeessive heat }-4 certainly reduces size exce.t in cold blooded ani- malssoasily mcerstoodsmand in pachydormeas not so readily exvieined. Husidity has Leon held pe the ali coutroliing foree in reducing size in the horse, bud we are indcbted bo north central Iurove for large sizo of’ most of our domestic animals, if not of man “imself. Certainly sico Doing nehvarily a matter of devolomnent will be influct.ced Ly any circun- stance that will affect tne metaLolic processes of the body; that is to say, insiutficient food, de- ficient nutrition, or extremes or heat or cold woulda overate to rediice size, aid I an dissosed to believe that the ability and the opvsortiunity to consume a fill ration of good food refularly ina stimilating tomporature includes the fuidanental rp -39- | . 7. : . 7 a. - SN eye le s “yee ‘ —~e al . af - 7 ee remiisites OL COMOLO VE GevoLouMmiciy aid LOL. GOoiuCcy LO Inere:.se of size. Eugene Davenport, Dean of Colicge of Agriculture, University of Illinois. July, 1895. Fo ete - ~ , . Ste he Woo fas “wom : Ds ; ve f we , - : 2 te : e - . . ‘a, at . oa oy wed . a ‘ . A 25 3 9 - " - “4 ~ MY-7'99 May 27'S Jun_8'55 Te et Ae OVE Wok IP? —_ oP pe te MY-7'9 May 27'S Jun_,8'5> oe ee es 8 EEE & Tia U TL I