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THE FEASIBILITY OF THe INSTALLATION OF A
HEAPING AND POWER PLANT IN THE
LANSING STATE SAVIUGS BANK BUILDING

A Thesis Submitted
to
The Faculty
of
Michigan Agricultural College

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Re Me Davies Re Me Leddick

Candidates for the Degree of

Bachelor of Sctence

June ° 1920.6
THESIS
 

 

 

TABLE ON CONTENTS

Introduction.

Costs of Lighting and-Power During 1919.
Heating Equipment and Specifications.

fhe Proposed Equipment for Providing Power.
The Proposed Boilers.

The Proposed Equipment for Providing Heat.
Costs of the Proposed Installation.

Coal Consumption under the Proposed System.
Labor Charges for Proposed Plant.

Conclusions.

 
THE FEASIBILITY OF THE INSTALLATION OF A
HEATING AND POWER PLANT IN THE
LANSING STATE SAVINGS BANK BUILDING

The Lansing State Savings Bank Building is an
eight story, office building located on the Southeast
corner of Michigan and Washington Avenues. It was
built during 1916-17, is of modern brick and stone,
fire-proof construction and has been fully occupied
since its completion.

When the building was built it was the intention of
the owners to purchase power and heat from the nearby
central heating and power plant. Before the building
was completed however, it was decided to install severel
- low pressure heating boilers to furnish the heat. This
was done and at present therefore the bank is furnishing
most of its own heat and purchasing electrical power,
both direct and alternating current, from the City. All
of the hot water used in the building is heated by steam
which is purchased from the nearby power plant.

The ventilation of the building, which has been found
to be very unsatisfactory, is provided for by having

ventilation flues or ducts starting at the second story
and continuing up through the roof. No attempt wes made
in the original construction of the building to provide
ventilation for the basement or the first floor. As an
apparent after thought, the basement, which is occupied
for the most part by the Peninsular Cafeteria, has been
provided with an exhaust fan. This fan draws air from
the Cafeteria but as no provision has been made to intro-
Guce fresh air, it is not proving to be very satisfactory.

Electricity is used in the building for lishting, for
the motors driving the two elevators and for all other
motors in the building. Dentists having their offices in
the building also use direct current in their work. All
these motors run intermittently.

The present heating equipment consists co. two Ideal
Down-draft Smokeless cast iron sectional boilers. During
pert of the year (vis., late spring and early fall) heat
is purchased from the nearby power plant for a short
period of the day. Each of the present boilers is rated
at a@ capacity of 5500 sq. ft. of steam radiator surface.
A floor plan of the present basement and equipment will
show all the details that have any bearing on this investi-
gation.

Our purpose in this investigation is to determine
whether or not it would be economical to install a small
power and heating plant in the building in place of the

present equipment. To arrive at a conclusion we have

~3—
obtained data on past costs of the lighting and heating,
and on the maintainence of the same and have balanced
these against the costs of the proposed installation.
We have tried to obtain actual fizures wherever possible

and have made assumptions only where necessary.
COSTS OF LIGHTING AND POWER DURING YEAR 1919.

The following data has been tabulated from meter read-
ings which were taken from the Building's electric meters
in the year 1919. The number of KW hours of current wed -

month by month is as follows:

 

 

DC DC AC
used by Used by Used by
Month elevators Dentists Offices Offices Bank Total
Jan. 2442 1750 1134 334 5660
Feb. 2775 1755 1162 375 6047
Mar. 2458 1301 873 317 4949
Apre 2546 4 1007 1004 402 4914
May 2584 53 1486 1125 407 5617
June £675 79 1008 1013 «403 5087
daly 2675 17 787 666 470 4615
Aug. 2997 55 1036 945 643 5576
Sept. 2225 100 1349 1128 339 5241
Oct. 2488 21 1546 $59 S77 4781
Hove 3050 24 1946 2229 448 7677
Dec. 2540 38 1847. 1749 (369 —6543_
Totals 31277 391 16798 13387 4884 66717

The total cost of lighting and power during the year 1919
after allowing a discount of 10% for cash, wee $2003.92. This
shows an average monthly cost of $166.91. A curve on paeze 9
shows the variation in the montiiy consumption of power during

the year.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

‘MICHIGAN

 

 

MATHEMATICS

 
 

 

The lithts in the building, exolusive of those in the
bank end the halls, have a total consumption of 21,570
watts. For the use of these lights, the bank receives a
monthly sum of °56.41 from its tenants, or a total of
5676.92 yearly.

As the bank psys out $166.91 per month (averaze for
1919), and receives 256.41 per month, the actual cost of
light and power to them each month averages $110.50. The
direct and alternating current used is purchased from the
city at the same rate. The alternating current being used
exclusively for lishting and the direct current for running
the motors in the building.

' The rate at which power is consumed during the day was
determined both from the preceding data and by actual read-
ings taken from the meters. Taking the total number of kilo-
watt hours used during the year 1919 as 66,717 and dividing
it by the number of days in a year, we get an average daily
consumption of ]82.7 KW hours. If we assume that most of
this power is consumed in a period of 9 hours we get an

hourly consumption of 20.7 KW.
On April the 8th, 1920 when the weather was typical of

& spring day in this climate, one not exceptionally bright
and yet not too dark, we took readings on the meters. The
object of this was to determine the peak load and other

characteristics of the load curve. This curve is plotted

ao]
and shown on page 6 . The curve together with the date on
page 5. shows that the greatest amount of power was used by
the elevators, and that the peak load occurs when the elevat-
ors are busiest viz., between 10:30 and 11:30 in the morning
and between 3:30 and 4:30 in the afternoon.
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There are two elevators in the building each run by
direct current motors and the dentists having their offices
in the building also use direct current in their work. A
emall direct current motor is used to onerate a booster
pump which raises the water pressure so that the water will
reach the top floor. The ventilating fan used for ventilat-
ing the basement is run by a direct current motor. All

these motors run intermittently.
HEATING EQUIPMENT AUD SPECIFICATIONS

There are in the buildins at present two cast iron sect-
ional boilers mde by the American Radiator Co., and known
as their Ideal Smokeless Down-draft Boilers, No. 4118-S.
They each have a rating of 5500 square feet of direct steam
radiation and are capable of evaporating 13575 pounds of stean
per hour. This is approximately 40 Horse Power per boiler.
This heating system operates on two pounds pressure and the
bank people have experienced no difficulty in keeping the
building warm in the winter.

The following table shows the Square Feet of Steam
Radiating Surface in the Building.

Basement 870
First Floor 1134
Mezzanine Floor £95

Second to Seventh Floor (fnclusive) 4308
Eighth Floor 833
Total 7440

The heat necessary for heatinz the building in the
coldest weather would therefore be 7440 Sq. Ft. times 250
Btu. per Sq. Ft. of radiating surface or 1,860,000 Btu.

From the preceding data in regard to the present steam
radiating surface which is supplied with low pressure
steam, the boiler horse power required is easily calculated,

Steam under a pressure of 2 pounds gage has a heat of
evaporation of 965.6 Btu. per pound. Dividing the heat
necessary per hour to heat the building or 1,860,000 Btu.
by 965.6 Btu. gives the amount of steam required as 1920
pounds per hour. Then assuming that the condensate enters
the boiler at a temperature of 150 deg. F., the amount of
heat necessary to raise it to the boiling point would be
219 degrees minus 150 degrees, times one pound or 69 Btu.
1920 pounds per hour times 69 Btu. equais 132,600 Btu.
Thus the total heat that the boilers must eupply would
amount to 1,992,000 Btu. This is equivalent to 69.5 boiler
horse power required to supply the radiators with the necess-
ary heat. <As the present boilers are approximately 40
boiler horse power each, it is apparent that the capacity
of the present installation is too large, especially as
low pressure steam can be purchased at any time by the
owners of the building. If they had installed amaller units

and depended wpon them running to their capacity, they could

-ll-
have purchased heat at any time when they fiound the smaller
unit not capable of handling the load.

HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM

Hot water is supplied to all the lavatories in the bank
building and to the Cafeteria located in the basement of the
building, by the owners of the building. The system used
to heat the water the year round is to purchase exhaust
steam from the nearby power house, the steam being metered
by @ heat meter. This exhaust steam costs the bank owners
on an average $60 per month or a yearly cest of $700. This
is too large a price to pay for the hee’ing of water and is
one of the defects in the design of the mechanical equipment:
of the building at »nresent.

On the average it may be said that during the period from
Hovember lst until June lst, there is usually some heat re-
quired in the building to keep it comfortable. The last
.winter may be taken as an example of an average winter in
this climate, while it was & long winter it was never unusual-
ly cold. Previous to November 2lst, there was never any fire
in the furnaces, but it was necessary to turn the low pres-
sure steam from the power house into the steam mains for a
short time every day. This according to the bank officials
was more expensive than if a furnace had been started for
several hours each morning. From Hovember 21st until the

present time the fires in the furnaces have never been

-l12@
@llowed to go out. The present date is May 2lst and the
daily eoal consumption for the past two weeks, or for the
average spring weather is about 550}. From the bank re-
cords, which are daily reeords made by the fireman, the

following figures are taken:

From Nov. 2lst to Feb. end, 72 days, coal consumed was
87.5 tons.

From Feb. 2nd to Apr. 6th, 62 days, coal consumed was
65.7 tonse

fhis shows the total coal used in 134 days during the
worst part of the winter, as 153 tons, There remain about
76 days in which it is necessa1y to heat tne tailfing to
some extent. Assuming the coal consumption as 6507 daily
during this time which according to the bank's figures it
appears to be, the coal used would be approximately 21 tons,
and this would bring the yearly consumption up to a total
of 174 tons. This is approximately what the bank figures
their ooal consumption will be. They contracted for all
their coal last year at a price of 27.00 per ton of 2000
pounds storineg it in a yard of their own and brinzing it
to the bank as needed. It ts safe to say then that their
coal cost them $7.50 a ton delivered or a total for an
averaze year of £1305.00. Under the present system the
building manager takes care of the furmace, and so it is
rather hard to arrive at any definite figure of the cost
' of furnace attendance, but we may safely assume it to be
about 3500 per year.

A gummation of the averare yearly costs of the power
7

ve
heating and ventilating of the building at present would

be as follows:

 

For lighting and power 22003 92
For heating water 720.00
For Coal, 174 tons at 37.50 per ton 1305.00
For labor charges 500 .00
Depreciation at 5% 200.00
Value of present heating equipment

(capitalized at 5%) 144.00
Total yearly cost $4872.92
 

 

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THE PROPOSED EXUIPRUNT FOR }ROVIDING POUER

At present we find in the building both direct and alter
nating current in use, but it would be entirely satisfactory
to have only direct current for all purposes. In the pro-
posed equipment direct current would be the only kind furnish-
ed. -

To supply sufficient current, it is necessary to have a
generator or generators of ample capacity to handle the maxi-
mum consumption of electricity in the building. From the
daily load curve, shown on page © , it will be seen that the
maximum peak load that day was 19 KW. It is very probable
that on the darkest days of winter, during the time when the
elevators are busiest and the lighting load in the building
ig at a maximum, this peak load may reach 25 KWe During the
spring and summer months the average load would be about 16
KW. fo provide this current, we propose to install two direct
connected direct ourrent generating sets of 20 KW. capacity
each made by the B.F. Sturtevant Company of Boston, lass.

The following is a description and the specifications of one
of these units.

The operating steam pressure of the engine to be 100
pounds gauge. The engine, field frame and out board bearing
pedestal resting and bolted to a common cast-iron sub-base.
fhis unit would also include a Chicago Automatic Hydrostatic
lubricator, one set of wrenches, anchor bolts, one set of
soft packing, a field rheostat, and an extra set of brushes.

fhe voltage of the above set would be 125. The speed wuld
be 400 R.P.M. When operating under 100 pounds steam pressure
and @ back pressure of 3 pounds, the water rate per horse
power per hour at full load rating would be 39 1/2 pounds.
The water rate per Kilowatt per hour would be 65 pounds. The
efficiency of the generator under the various loads would be

as follows;

1/2 3/4 Full 1-1/2

82.5% 84.5% 85% 84%
The net weicht of the unit would be 5250 pounds.

 

The question as to whether or not it would be cheaper to
have just one unit like the above and install a double-throw
emergency switch whereby current could be purchased in case
of a break down was considered. The city of Lansing, which
owns the power plants in the city, charges a price of °5 per
month for maintaining the switch in the building. The current
if used would be furnished at the following prices:

$3.50 per Kivi. Hr. for first 100 hours.

then $0.01 1/2 per KW. " the next 260 hours at 4 rate
of 35 Kv. per hour.

It is stated, however, that none of the above current
would be furnished for lighting purposes and the city could not
supply direot current as their Direct Surrent machines are al-
ready over taxed. Therefore they would be unable to supply
any more consumers. S30 we propose the installation of two
wenerating units of the aforespecified type, each of which
would be able to handle all the ordinary loads. Both units

-17=<
eould be operated to carry the ebsolute peak loads if necess-
ary. In the event of a breakdown of one mnit the other could
handle an over load of 25% for a period of 2 1/2 hours with-
out any damage to the unit. Tt is probable that a load of

£65 KWe would not exist for any period longer than that.

These units are of the type neually used in an installat-
ken of this kind because of the minimum amount of attention
needed. Their sautomatio lubrication makes them especially
valuable for an installation of this kind where the attend-
ant must operate the generating sets as well as fire the

boilers.

-18=
 

THE PROPOSED BOILERS

Because of the fact that durin part of the year there
is no heating load and that we wish to provide an economical
and cheap plant, we would vropose installing two return-
tubular boilers of 40 Boiler Horse Power esch. Another
reason for choosing this type of boiler is the limitations
in head room in the basement of the building. The follow-
ing ig a description of the boilers we propose to install.

The boilers sre 48" x 12' = 0" return-tubular made by
the wickes Boiler Company of Sasinaw, Miche The boilers
are desiconed for 125 pounds pressure and each nominally
rated at 40 horse power. They sare equipped with full flush
fronts, plain grates, damper frumes and plates, quadrant
type rear arch bars, gallows frames for suspension support
in battery without columns in the dividing wall, box type
steel casing for battery settins. The following trimmings
come with each boiler:- pop safety valves, steam fauge, water
column with hish and low alarm, water gauge and cocks, check
and globe valves for feed, and blow-off cock.

The boilers would be set at a height not to exceed 36
inches above the grates. As the engines to which the boilers
supply steam are run under a& normal pressure of 100 pounds,
it was thoucht advisable to install boilers desired for a
pressure of 125 pounds so as to afford a reasonable leeway.

The overall dimensions of the battery would be
17'=-4" x 14' <4"
=-19-

 
 
The principal dimensions of each boiler are as

follows:

Diameter of tubes inches. 31/2
Number " " . 28
Heatines surface sq. ft. 466
width of crates inches 42
Leneth of grates inches +8
Grate area sq. ft. 14
Blow-off diameter inches 11/2
Steam opening inches 3

THE PROPOSED EQUIPMENT FOR PROVIDING HEAT

The proposed plan for heating the building would be to
have the above mentioned generating units exhaust into the
heating system. The units would operate under a back pres-
sure of 3 pounds gauge which is approximately the pressure
that the present system uses. Reducing valves from the
boilers must necessarily be installed so that high pressure
steam from the boilers could be turned into the system if
the particular generating unit in use did not supply enough
exhaust steam to heat the building.

The following data shows the economy of the present
system as compared with the proposed system. (Assuming that
the average daily lighting load in winter to be 20 Kw.)

20 KW x steam economy per KW (65 pounds) = 1300 pounds

of exhaust steam at 3 pounds pressure. The latent heat of

-20-
evaporisation at this pressure is 965.6 Btu. per pound of

steam. Therefore,

1300 x 965.6 Btu. = 1,251,000 Btu. of heat available
per hour.

From the foregoing it will be seen that one unit operat-
ing under a 20 KW load will not supply enouzh heat to heat _
the buildinz when fiscuring ea maximum heating load. It is
probable however that the amount of heat furnished or avail-
able will be sufficient under ordinary weather conditions.

As has been mentioned before, if the heat which is
supplied by the exhaust steam is not sufficient to maintain
e comfortable temperature in the building, high pressure
steam from the boilers will be furnished thru reducing valves
to make up this deficiency.

The following results are calculated on an average light-
ing load and 2 maximum heating load.

The deficiency of heat units that must be supplied thru
reducing valves by reducing the high pressure steam direct
from the boiler to & pressure of three pounds equals 1,860,000
Btu. (maximum heat units which are to be supplied) minus
1,251,000 Btu. (heat units available from exhaust steam) equals
609,000 Btu. per hour. Dividing this figure by the latent heat
of evaporiszation of steam at 3 pounds pressure gives 630
pounds of steam to be supplied direct from the boilers.

Therefore, the total amount of steam supplied per hour would

-21-
     

 
be 1300 pounds (exhaust steam) plus 630 pounds (reduced pres-
sure steam) equalling 1920 pounds.

In order to reduce this fisure to BeHeP. we have figured
out the factor of evaporation. This figure is that number by
which the pounds of water evaporated must be multiplied to
get the equivalent evaporation or the number of pounds of
water that would be evaporated from and at 212 degrees F.

Assuming the feed water temperature to be 150 degrees F.
and the steam pressure 100 pounds gauge.

If q = the heat of the i1iquid at 150°F., = 117.86 Btu.

q’ye= "= mn " " 100# Pres. = 309 Btu.
r = heat of vaporization at 100 # Pres. = 879 Btu.
then q'-q™ 309-117.86 or 191.14 Btu.
then the total heat = 191.14 plus 879.5 = 1070.6 Btu.

This figure divided by the latent heat of evaporation at
£12°F, gives a Factor of Evaporation of 1.l. That is the
evaporation of 1 pound of water from a feed water tempereture
of 150°F, and 100 pounds pressure is equivalent to evaporat-
ing 1.1 pounds of water from and at 212°F, Thus 34.5 pounds
(Equivalent Evaporation from and at 212°F.) divided by 1.1
equals 31.4 or the pounds of weter which would be evaporated
under the assumed conditions as stated above.

Boiler horse power required for heating and lizhting the
building can be readily cxulculated by dividing 1920 pounds
(the amount of steam to be supplied) by 31.4. This gives a
result of 61.5 Boiler Horse Power. One boiler rated at 4C

B.HeP. will carry the load easily at an overload of 53.7%.

aLie
Comparing the boiler horse power required for heating
and lighting the building with the boiler horse power re-
quired for heating, it will be seen that it takes 59.5
boiler horse power to heat the buildins alone while with
the proposed installation it only takes 61.5 B.H.P. to both
heat and light the building.

A COMPARISION OF THE COSTS Q¥ THE PRESENT AND
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Present System

The average yearly charges for heating, lighting, and
power in the building as stated before are $4872.92.

The value of the present equipment, consisting of two
low pressure cast-iron sectional boilers is approximately
$2880.

Proposed System

Cost of Power Equipment:

Following is the price of 2 B.K. Sturtevant 20 Ki.
Direct Current Generating Sets as previously specified.

(
The cost if inetallation has been also included.

 

2 Units at “2290 each 34580 .00
Cost of foundations & Installat-

fon 282.00

Freicht and heulage charges 150.00

Total Cost $5012.00

The price of the proposed boiler installation, having
the specification as noted before, are quoted by the Wickes
Boiler Company of Saginaw, Mich., as being $3133.00 f.0eb.
Saginaw. Fhe probable cost of installation, including brick-
work and the breetching was firured from the formula.

* = 140 plus (2 x B.H.P.)

= 140 plus (2 x 40) = $220
Allow $250 for settinc the boilers.
The cost of shippins the boilers from Saginaw to Lansing,

Michigan, the shippinz weicht beins anoted as 29,000 pounds,
would be about “150.

The total cost of the boilers and installation would be as

 

follows:
Cost of boilers and equipment 3133.00
Cost of setting £50.00
Freight and haulage ch:rges £00 .00
Miscellaneous expenses 150.00
Total $3733.00

A small motor driven centrifugal pump would be the correct
type to install for a feed water pump. The pump should have a
capacity of 1500 pounds per hour of 180 gals. per hour. A
pump with a capacity of about 50 gals. per min. is about the
smallest build and would fill all the recuirements. The pump
would be direct-connected to a small Direct Current Motor. The
water is delivered to the pump under a pressure of 50 pounds

from the city mains and the duty of this pump is to boost the
pressure up to 145 pounds. <A unit of the above capacity is
built by the Union Steam Pump Company of Battle Creek, Mich.,
and would cost approximately $100.00

Cost of Pipinse, pipe coverins, valves:

The cost of pipe, pipe covering and valves has been esti-
mated at £10.00 per Boiler Horse Power. This csives °800,00
for this item.

YEA2LY COST.OF COAL UNDER THE
PROPOSED PLAN

Assuming that the coal burned has a heat content of 12,000
Btu. per pound and that the combined efficiency of the boiler,
furnace and grate is 60%, we have calculated the approximate
yearly coal consumption of the proposed plant.

COAL CONSUMPTION UNDER THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

To figure the coal consumption of the proposed plant,
first figure the data of last year's coal consumption and

from the total number of KWs of power used.

 

Coal used for heating in 1919 174 tons
66,717 KW hours at 10# coal per hour,

667 , 1707 334 ="
or a total consumption of 508 tons

If we assume that the proposed plant would save 100 tons of
coal per year because of its utilizing the exhaust steam for
heating purposes, the consumption of the proposed installa-
tion would be about 408 tons per year.
During the winter of 1919-1920 from November 21 to
April 6 inclusive, or for a period of 134 days, the coal
consumption was 153 tons. Then the approximate number of
heat units required in a similar period or during the worst
part of the winter would be
153 x 2000 x 12000 x .60 # 2,205 million Btu. or the
averace heating load per hour wold be
2,205,000,000 divided by (153 x 24) or 600,000 Btu. per
hour heat load per hour during the period from November 22 to
April 6th. As the heat units in the exhaust steam available
for heating purposes is 1,251,000 Btu. per hour, we need only
figure the coal consumption from the amount of coal necessary
to produce the electrical energy that the building requires.
The KW hours power consumption from November ist to May lst
in the year 1919 was 35,790. If we assume that 75% of it
was used during a 10 hour period of these days, then 26,829
KW hours was used in 181 x 10 or in a total of 1810 hours.
This is at a rate of 14.8 Kii per hour.
Assumins a coal consumption of 15# of coal per KW hours
per then the coal consumption for the period would be
15 x 14.8 x 1810 = 402,000 pounds.
Ther for sie remaining 14 hours per day of this period the
average consumption would be as follows:
35,790 = 26,820 = 8,970.
8,970 divided by the number of hours remaining =
3e41. The coal consumption for this period of time would be
15 x 14.8 x 2534 which equals 129,600 pounds.

~26=-
From May lst to November list, the total KW hours con-
sumption was 30,927. Assumine as before that 75% of this
was used in a 10 hour period each day, the 23,200 KW was
consumed at a rate of 23,200 divided by (184 x 10) or 12.62
KW per hour. The coal consumption during this time would
be 15 x 12.62 x 1840 = 348,000 pounds.

The remaining 7,727 KW hours were consumed at a rate
of 7,727 divided by (184 x 14) or 3.0 KW per hour. The
coal consumption at this rate would be 15 x 3 x 2576 =
116,700 pounds.

The total yearly coal consumption would then be the sum
of the foregoing amounts or 996,300 pounds or 498.1 tons.

At a cost of $7.50 per ton the yearly cost for coal
would be 498.1 x $7.50 = $3,755.

LABOR CHARGES FOR PROPOSED PLANT.

Labor charges for the proposed plant would consist in
the payment of salary to 2 attendants. Each man would work
on a 12 hour shift and would receive $1500 a year which is a
fair wage. Thus labor charges for a year would total *3000.

Summarizing the above costs, we have

 

Generating Sets and Installation “5,012.00
Boilers and Installation 3,733.00
Boiler Feed Pump 100 .00
Pipe, pipe covering and valves 800.00
Total Cost $8 , 645.00

~27e
Operating Expenses

 

498 tons of coal at $7.50 per ton $3,755.00
Attendance of 2 men at $1500 each 3,000.00
O11, waste and packing 75.00
Water for steam supply, etc. 50 .00
Value of above eauipment (Capatilized at 5%) 435.00
Total yearly cost $7,315.00

=28<
 

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CONCLUSIONS

Making a comparison of the operating charges of the pro-
posed plant exceed the present charges by slmost double or
to be exact 332,442.00. This shows that the plant as proposed
would not be feasible.

Numerous items account for this. One is the greatly in-

creased cost of attendance that is, from $500 to $3,000 per
year. Another item is that light and power cannot be fur-
nished very efficiently during the summer months on account
of the small size of the units.

In computing the operating costs of the proposed installa-
tion it will be noticed that the cost of heating water is
not considered. This would probably increase the operating
expenses a small amount but would not materially change the
results, because during the summer months the exhaust steam
from the engines would be, for She most part, wasted. Only
that utilized to heat the water would be used. During the
time that a heating load is carried, we have figured on a
maximum heating load which would be true for only several
weeks of time at the most. For the balance of the time we
have assumed that the difference in the heat units between
the maximum heating load end the average heating load would
be sufficient to heat the water.

The largest difference in operating costs between the

present and proposed plant would be the cost of coal. Under

-ZQ-
the present plan the cost of coal is fisured as being 1305
per year, while the cost for the coal in the proposed plan
would be, as we have firured it, “3,755. This is a differ-
ence of $2,450 per year and we cannot fisure the proposed
coal consumption any less unless we assume an unusually high
operating efficiency.

We think that if the building were larger so that the
power sconsumption was about four times the present consumpt-
ion, a private power and heating plant would pay. This would
be because of the greater economy in the production of power
which it is possible to obtain in larger generating units.

It seems probable also, that the proposed plam would pay
jn this case during the winter months, if the power could be
purchased for a reasonable amount during the time that a

heating load was not carried.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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