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(BOR
INFLUENCE @F.FORESTS
ON THE CLIMATE

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CHAS. F, HERRMANN,

 

 

 
THESIS
PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
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DATE DUE

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2/05 p:/CIRC/DateDue.indd-p. 1

 

 
TRE!

 
INFLUENCE OF FORESTS
ON THE CLIMATE, t=

ed

Thesis written by «>
0. ¥. Herrmann,
———"1897,.
THESIS

,

 

 

 

 

a

 
fable of Temperatures.

1892
Tree Temperatures Open air Temperatures
Trees in open Trees in Temperature Mean
field. forest at 2p. Mm. Temperature
June 66.71 63.86 72.6 |—6«h3B7.7
July 66.99 62.57 78.35 70.29
August 68.73 62,61 75.35 68.3
September 61.39 | 59.87 69.03 60.80
October 61.02 52.08 57.41 48.3
1897

femperatures in the Forest Temperatures in open air

In Trees on Trees Zp.m. Mean
February 29.04 30.32 82.45 26.01
Maroh 31.21 87.18 38.42 82.82
April 47.09 50.44 52.16 42.68
My 59.96 66.48 66.93 67.59

101184
If we listen to the many complaints man makes against his
surroundings in nature we mist stop and question,why this lack
of completeness and harmony} At first we are almost lead to
believe that man is an entirely helpless creature, subject to
the seeming defeots in creation, But careful investigation
shows that this is not true, and that man 1s dissatisfied only
when he is out of harmony with the laws of naturg. The lack
of obedience to nature's laws has exposed the yield of our
land to destructive influences by the sud@en chenges and
extremes of temerature. Through that ever predominent factor,
human selfishness, and the greed of immediate gain the forests
of our country have been destroyed, and unless a timely means
for their restoration is adopted the evils that we shall yet
experience will be of even a more severe character than those
we have experience@ in the pasti

of the many influences of forests for the good of man-
Kind it will be our special aim to try to. show its influence
upon the cligate; leaving entirely out of consideration its
influence in acting as a regulator of hydrological conditions,
its mechanical influence in preventing floods, and its effect
of purifying the air by taking up carbonic acid and giving off
oxygen.

Although the woods about the College farm are of insuffi-
cient extent to afford all the conditions found in large. areas
of woodland, yet the investigations carried om in them indicate
that they have an influence upon the surrounding atmosphere,
and that in such localities where forests are abundant they

nave a marked influence upon elinate,
~*
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-™
During the year 1892 from the month of June to October
inclusive observations of the temperatures of trees in the open
field and forest were made at lp. m. daily. For this purpose
three trees were selected in the open field, a maple, pine,
and spruee whose diameters were sixteen, twenty-one and seventeen
inches respectively; in the forest two oaks were chosen with
diameters of thirty inches and thirty-six inches respectively.
The temperatures of the trees were obtained by boring holes
about one foot in depth from the north side,

During the month of June the temperatures of the maple,
pine, and spruce trees were 66.4, 88,64, 85,11 degrees F., re-
spectively making an average temperature of 66,71 degrees F,
for the trees in the open field; the temperatures of the two
oaks averaged 64,12, 63.8 respectively making an average ten-
perature of 63,86 degrees F., for the trees in the forest,
During the month of July the above named trees in the open
field averared 66,44, 68.08, 66.46 respectively, making a total
average of 66,99 degrees F.; The temperatures of the above
named trees in the forest averaged 62,6, 62.654 respectively,
making a total average of 62.57 degrees F., for the forest
trees, In August the above named trees in the open field aver-
aged 69.77, 70.61, 65,88 respectively, making a total average
of 68.73 degrees F,; Bhe temperatimes of the above named trees
in the forest averaged 63,86, 61.37 respectively, making a
total average of 62.51 desrees F,, for the forest trees, In
September the above named trees in the open field averaged
62.65, 62.76, 568.78 respectively, making a total average of

61.39 degrees F.; the temperatures of the above named trees in
the forest averaged 59.71, 60.03 Pespesctively, making a total
average Of 59.87 degrees F,., for the forest trees, In Ootober
the above named trees in the open field averaged 55.53, 52.14,
46.4 respedtively, making a total average of 61,02 degrees
F.; the temperatures of the above named trees in the forest
averaged 62.3, 61.87, respectively, making a total average of
562.08 degrees F., for the forest trees. During these months
the averages of the gaily mean temperatures of the open air
were as follows: June 67,7, July 70.28, August 68,8, September
60.80, October 48.3; and the averages of the maximm tempera—
tures of the day taken at 2p. m., were June 72, July 78.35,
August 75.385, September 69,08, October 67.41. |
Comparing the temperatures of the trees in the field and
in the forest with the averages of the maximm and mean
temperature of the day we find that while the temperatures
of the trees were nearly constant the daily fluctuations of
the open air temperatures were very marked. The trees in the
forest as compared with those in the field and with the open
air temperatures show that during the months of June, July,
August, while the latter two temperatures were oomparatively
high the temperatures of the forest trees on the contrary
were considerably lower. In September the temperatures of the
open air and of the trees in the field fall considerably while
those of the forest trees fall but little. In October this
change is still more marked, and we have the temperatures of
the forest trees above that of the trees in the field while
the difference between the temperatures of the forest trees
- @
Ss

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e

°
and that of the open air is not as great as in previous months.

Beginning with February in the year 1897 and contiming
through May the observation of the temperatures on the inside
ana the outside of four beech trees were made at 1 p. m,. The
trees selected for this purpose had a diameter of nineteen,
sixteen, twenty-three, twenty—six inohes respectively,

During the month of February the average temperature in
the trees was 29,04 decrees F., while the temperature on the
outside of the trees averaged 80.323 derrees F. In March the
temperature in the trees averaged 31.21 while the outside
temperatures of the trees averaged 37.13 derrees F, In April
the temeratures in the trees averaged 47.09 while the tempera-—
tures on the outside of the trees ,averaged 60.44 degrees F,.

In May the temperatures in the trees averaged 69.85 while the
temperatures on the outside of the trees averaged 66.46 degrees
Fe. During these months the averages of the mean temerature
of the open air were as follows: February 26,01, March 82,82,
April 42.58, May 87.59; while the averages of the maximm tem
peratures taken at 2p. m., were February 32.46, Maroh 38.42,
April 52.15, May 66,98,

Comparing the temperatures in the trees with those on
the putside of the trees show that during February they are
more nearly equal than during the remainder of the months,

and that the temperatures in the trees are slow to respond to
the variations of temperature in the forest. The temperatures
on the outside of the trees and those of the open air are algo
more nearly equal during February than for the remainder of

the months, and the forest temperature is less subject to —
the fluctuations of the atmosphere than that of the open air,

The observations made in the year 1892 and those made in
1897 both indicate that the forests have a marked influence
upon the climate in tho three following ways:

ist Owing to the constancy of the temerature of the
trees the atmosphere is less variable;

2nd The retention of heat by the trees tends to warn
the surrounding atmosphere during the colder months;

3ra During the sumer months the trees have a tendency
to take up the heat and thereby cool the air which comes in
contact with them,

The indication of these results is that the forests
exert an ameliorating influence upon the climate together
with their other beneficent effects,
om

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