eA AA Weg AOU NOE Ra TY Thesis for the Degree of M. Agr. Stantey J. Brownell yas LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/01 c:/CIRC/DateDue.p65-p. 15 Market Milk Problems of Michigan. Cc a Cy) MARKET MILK PROBLFMS OF MICHIGAN. Thesis Submitted to Michigan Agricultural College for the degree of Master of Agriculture. By Stanley J. Brownell. \ \ ~ C La Le 1922. | Foreword. Many of the problems of the market milk incustry have been purposely omitted because of the writer's close association with the following Bulletins covering these subjects. A great amount of information and statistics given in these bulletins was gathered by the writer. In order that this thesis on market milk problems may be used as a reference on the subject in the future, the author is placing with the thesis these bulletins. Special Bulletin No. lll... ee eee we eee eee ee ee Nov. 19e1 Special Bulletin No. 99 2... cece ccc c we ween Nov. 1919 Bulletin No. 286 ......... 0 cece eee eee eeeees Jan. 1920 495 OR ee “a Outtine REDD ASME pune ga eye iW Le eo ye OS Page Part I. The Producer The Supply 1 The Surplus 3 The Price of Milk 5 Cost of Production 6 Opportunity Costs 11 Relative Profitableness le Part II. The Distributor Distributors' Problems 15 Receiving 18 Processing | 19 Bottling and Carping 20 Refrigeration and Power el Delivery Costs 22 Influenced by 1. The Demand of the City 2. Administration by the Distribu- tors 5. Administration by the City Salesmen and Collections Advertising Part III. The City Ordinance Results of the City Ordinance Decreases Delivery and Improves Service Raises the Plane of Competition Improves the Health of the City ee 25 yy 46 49 49 50 22 Market Milk Problems of Michigan. Stanley J. Brownell. Introduction. The problems of the market milk industry are those which relate to the efficient administration of the milk supply of a city. These problems are undoubtedly brought to the attention of all classes of people oftener than those of any other edible commodity. A large proportion of our preducers are directly interested in dairy products either through the sale of dairy products or as a market for their crops through the dairy cow; also processing and distributing of milk for direct consumption represents the average sized industry of a city. But possibly greater than the above interests is the fact that practically ev- ery person is a daily consumer of milk, which suggests to him with amazing frequency, problems of the market milk industry. These problems invariably refer to the effi~ Giency of administering the supply of milk to a city. Part I. The first essential in administering the milk sup- ply of a city is to assure an adequate supply of pure milk of a good quality. Cities that have had milk short- ages extending over several days or more realize how de- pendent they are on milk for nourishment; and especially for nourishment of the infant and invalid class. One factor tending to insure an adequate supply of desirgable milk is that of making a yearly market for the producer. To produce milk of a certain quality and sani- tation requires definite care and equipment, which causes extra labor and expense. It is impractical for a milk pro- Gucer to be required to change his market to one which re- ceives a lower class of milk. Not only is it impractical to change, but milk companies refuse to take on new patrons that are not expected to stay permanently. The Surplus Problem. The main cause of companies turningavay short time patrons is the milk surplus problem. The policy in the past has been for the dealer to care for the surplus prob- lem because of the stabilizing effeot it has on his supply. His yearly supply is determined largely by the number of patrons necessary to meet his demand during the period of low production, which is also the period of greatest con- sumption. In order to be assured of his required amount during this period, he handles his patrons' supply during the rest of the year. Patrons that change to another mar- ket during this period of low production (usually because of higher price from another company) could not expect to ohange back when the dealer is well supplied. The same is true of the dealer who turns his patrons away during the surplus season. Under this condition producers find dif-= ficulty in locating a new market which often causes them considerable loss. Producers who have been handled in this manner are reluctant in patronizing such dealers. Where producers are organized for the purpose of sell- ing their milk, consideration should be given to the idea of caring for their own surplus. In some instances such organizations have been encouraged to assume entire re- sponsibility for all surplus milk. This would then enable the producer to furnish to milk distributing concerns the exact quantity cf fluid milk which the market demands. Thus all loss on surplus, due to the lack of facilities for handling the same on the part of small dealers, would be eliminated. The author approves of the theory of pro- Gucers caring for their own surplus. However, from obser- vation of two of the largest milk producers! companies in the state and an intimate knowledge of one by having worked with it, the writer does not believe that they will be an entire success. The Price of Milk to the Producer. Not only must the producer of milk be assured a yearly market for his milk in order to continue his service of production, but he must also receive enough for his milk to be consistent with the quality, sanita-~ tion of his product, and the perpetuity of his service. Cities efficiently administering their milk supply, require of the producer a certain standard of health, sani- tation, and quality not required by condenseries, cheese factories, and creamerieés. This market milk requirement may necessitate extra.ex~ pense on the part of the producer in the form of extra labor in keeping his barn clean, extra expense in testing his herd for tuberculosis, frequent delivery, icing, and insulating during delivery, etc. Dealers must pay a pre- mium to the producer in order to get the above service as required by the city. The producers profit or loss at the end of the year, compared with the profit or loss of the other farm enterprises, determines to a large extent wheth- er or not he will stay in the milk business. There are three methods by which the farmer may ana- lyze his business to aid him in determining whether or not he will continue to produce milk. These three methods are: l. Cost of Production Method. 2. Opportunity Cost Method. 4« The Relative Profitableness Method. Cost of Production of Milk. From the year 1912 until after the war, cost of pro- duction of milk hag played a very important part in the mar- ket milk industry of Michigan. During this time the idea that the farmer should get more than the cost of production of milk spread very rapidly. In 1914 so much interest was manifest in knowing, from a reliable source, what the cost of producing market milk really was that Mr. Riddell was sent to the territory producing market milk for the city of Grand Rapids to determine the costs. The figures obtained in this work aroused such interest that in the spring of 1916 the largest and most enthusiastio meeting ever held at the college for the purpose of marketing a single commodity was held in room 402 of the Agricultural Building. At this meeting the Michigan Milk Producers' Association was organ- ized for the purpose of getting cost of production for their producte Previous to the time when the Milk Producers' Agso=- Clation became effective as a marketing agency, the differ- ence in the price paid the farmer and the cost of production of milk was very. great; following this time it was nearer as shown by the following table: Table No. I. This table shows that the year pre- vious to the influence of cost of milk production data and a milk producers’ organization there was a 44 per cent loss; but during the two years immediately following the time the average yearly loss was 0.955 per cent in produc- ing 100 pounds of milk. Before Organization 1916 to 1917 Cost to Price Received Profit Loss Time 100 los. for Milk at Plant © owt. ont. of Milk March $2.196 $1.526 wevees $0. 664 April 2.204 LO lee ee 764 May 1.625 1.236 = = —§ .aeeee » 389 June 1.389 1.112 jj — — — waeee. 277 July 1.830 1.226 vie. , 606 August 2.314 1633200 ww . 983 September 3.184 Le447 ke ee 1.737 October 2.665 1.832 a ee eee » S344 November 2.700 2.00 = = — — ceeeee 696 December 2.389 2.029 seeee - 360 January 2.205 2.091 . -114 February 2.174 2.102 . .072 Winter Season 2.298 1-795 j= = = aaeee ~500 Summer Season 1.344 1.275 ss te ee -569 Yearly 2.147 1-625 = = — savas . 524 Per Cent 24 41 equa After Organization 1917 ~- 18. Cost to Price Received Profit Loss une 100 lbs. for Milk at Plent owt. ont. of Milk __ March $2 .236 $1.92 = = — .aeaee $0.254 April 2.357 1.79% ne ew we -563 May 1.775 1.839 $0.064 ..... June 1.491 1.834 345 kee. July 1.755 2.014 -259 sn a ae August 2.435 2.192 Lees 243 September 2.300 3-155 wee ~ 855 October 3.456 2.777 eee -679 November 3.418 2.785 wae 633 December 3.276 3.124 wae .152 January 3-275 5-178 wee 097 February 3.284 3.103 eas 181 Winter : Season 2.911 2.592 eee 289 Sumgeaeon 1.966 2.033 -067 Yearly 2.596 2.405 wee -191 Per cent 7-36 1918 - 19. Cost to Price Received Proft Loss Time 100 lbs» for Milk at Plant © ewt. owt. of Milk March $3.584 $2.94. jj = §...... $0.643 ‘April 3.429 2.524 — — saesee -905 May 2.302 2.104 = Lecece .198 June 1.704 1.835 0.131 July 2.182 2.239 .057 August 3.401 2.717 . 684 September 4.498 3.050 1.448 October 3.820 3.294 -526 November 4.199 3.408 791 December 3.919 3.562 ~ 357 January 3.472 3.493 021 February 3.279 3.337 -058 vee eeagon 3.550 3.134 416 Sumgeason 2.603 2.343 -260 Yearly 3.249 2.881 ~ 368 Per Cent 12.77 10 From the above table it is quite evident that with the price of milk below the cost of production, farmers still continued to produce milk. This leads one to believe that the farmer does not use an analysis of his business en- tirely to determine whether or not he will stay in the milk rroduction business. It is quite evident that the personal element plays an important part in his decision. At the same time the cost of production was playing such an important part in the supply of market milk, op- portunity cost was also having its effect on the supply and price. ll Opportunity Costs. Opportunity costs arise from the fact that on most, if not on all occasions, one is confronted with more than one thing he can do or would like to do. During the war, farmere were confronted with many enterprises from which to choose, all of which were paying liberal returns. It took but slight provocation on the part of the city ad- ministrators during those times to change the entire out- look of the dairy supply of a city. Not only did the farm- er limit his opportunity costs to deciding what he wanted to produce on his farm but he also decided between farming and other industries. During the period of high wages, many farmers quit farming entirely and went to the city as shown by the following figures taken from the 1920 Census report: Table No. II. Showing chinge in number of farms in Michigan since 1900. Date Number of Farms 1900 203,261 1910 206,960 1920 196, 447 Although both cost of production and opportunity costs methods had a very great effect on the market milk supply during and immediately preceding the war, undoubtedly the relative profitadsleness method of figuring costs has had a greater effect on the market milk supply than either of the other two ideas. Relative Profitableness Method. The relative profitableness method undoubtedly is the logical way for a dairyman to analyze not only his farm en- terprises, but his dairy enterprise within itself. It is the system of reasoning which decides the farmer to stay in the business, as well as to decide whether it is cheaper for him to gend his milk to the condensery for a lower price, or meet the city requirements and send to the city for a higher price. Possibly greater than the two afore mentioned reasons in influencing the supply of market milk are the generally considered secondary reasons Which enable dairymen to stay in the business When average conditions are showing & loss. Relative profitableness brings out the advantage of labor distribution in favor of the dairyman, the advantage being in the ability of the dairy farmer to have a fairly constant labor requirement the year around. This same reasoning de- termines the unprofitable: units in the dairy herd which en- ables the farmer to increase his profits over the average farmer as shown from the following table: Table No. JII. 1) Showing the increased production for a herd of seven cows over a period of three years as a result of keeping individual records of each animal in his herd. 1914 1915 Milk Fat Milk Fat Milk Fat lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. ‘lbs. 5816 374 6307 378 6514 423 7958 338 9473 396 10348 LO 4605 26 5421* 311° 7319* Lo0* 4380 2ok 5862 320 7765 417 5516 238 S00 3&9 4200* 229% 2387 157 6623 410 7335 yy 3252 179 S340 432 9827 549 *% 33914 1756 50626 2636 53608 2880 ee L646 250 7261 377 7658 412 * These animals replaced animals of the previous year. ** Totals *** Averages Not only coes he analyze his dairy herd but also his method of handling the herd, such as: does the milking machine pay, does the silo pay, likewise, litter carrier, location of grain, arrangement of barn, etc. As previously mentioned the personal element is a factor to consider. Undoubtedly many men will continue in the dairy business even though it showa a loss. In many cases this is due to ignorance as to returns on the enter=- prise. Often it is merely because of love for the dairy cow. Occasionally a farmer makes the dairy pure bred in- dustry primary to milk production. 293 Part II. The Distributor. Frequently cities after much trouble in establishing an adequate supply of pure milk of a good quality find them- selves confronted with another problem of equal importance. A satisfied consumer is every bit as important as a satisfied producer. Since the city milk consumer deals directly with the distributor, these problems are mostly settled through the distributor. | In order to efficiently administer to the city milk supply through the distributor, the consumer wust be assured that the dealer renders most cheerfully and efficiently the necessary and needful service at as low a cost as may be con- sistent with the quality and perpetuity of his service. In order for the distributor to be able to do this, his net financial returns must be such as to warrant his invest- mente The price of milk to the consumer has often been the subject of much controversy. Leaders of different city fac- tions have made cheaper milk part of their campaign platform. Municipal milk plant campaigns are based almost entirely on the subject of cheaper milk to the consumer through central- ized efficiency. When a city commission attempts to admin- ister the price of milk to the consumers, they should first consider the distributor as a public servant that is very 16 desirable, because of the utility he creates. The public demands his service; and in order that it be maintained, his financial returns must be such as to warrant his in- vestmente Not only must his net financial returns be such as to warrant his investment, but he should be allowed suffi- cient spread in price to guarantee quality and sanitation of product. Clarification, pasteurization, refrigeration, and general sanitation - all of which are necessary for Quality of product = cause a considerable added expense and must be considered when the city milk administration demands a quality and sanitary product. The greater the demand of the administration for quality. and sanitation. of product, the higher the price of milk must be to the consumer. Not only must his financial returns be considered from the standpoint of investment, quality, and sanitation; but all processing charges must be allowed and distributing costs taken into consideration as well. These costs come under the following general headings. Divisions of Labor, or Enterprises in the Distribution of Milk. 1. Receiving. Weighing, testing and can washing. 1/ Processing. Clarification, or filtration, pasteurization, and loss in pasteurization. Bottling. Bottling, capping, bottle washing and sterilizing. Refrigeration and power. Cooling, temperature room, machinery operation, pasteurization and sterilization. Delivery, Salesmen and Collectors. Advertising and Administration. Receiving. In order to assure quality of product, the receiving room is essential. It is here that the amount of milk de- livered to the plant by each producer is recorded for pay= ment at the end of the month. As important as the record=- ing of amounts delivered by each patron is that of check- ing the quality and cleanliness of the product. It is here where the sweetness and keeping quality of the milk is de- termined, bacteria counts are made, and butter fat tests are run to encourage quality as well as a standard for pay- ment. Dairy companies, in cities enforcing these sanitary and quality regulations, have large receiving rooms costs, amounting to as much as ten per cent of the total distribut- ing costs. To better insure a sanitary product, milk com- panies must return to the farmer his cans in a clean sterile condition which necessitates can washing and sterilizing equipment. Also an occasional check is made on the quality of milk by running acidity tests and sediment tests. Re= ceiving costs, where sanitation and quality are disregarded, are practically negligible. Processing. Processing costs also increase with the sanitary re-~ quirements. Although the ideal is to obtain milk as free from contamination as possible, it is always necessary to submit the milk to certain processes in order to put it on the market in a desirable condition. Sediment and small particles of dirt are bound to get into the milk under ex- isting conditions. These must be removed and all unsani=- tary conditions corrected before it is allowed to go to the consumer. In order to accomplish this, the better dairies and city ordinances are requiring pasteurization and either clarification or filtration. The old idea of putting on the market milk as it was received from the producer saved the distributor approximately ten per cent of his costs. At the same time it caused considerable inconvenience and epidemics, as well as extra cost to the consumer because of the splendid possibility to spread disease through unsupervised milk. Efficient pasteurization removes the danger from path- cgenic organisms, where herds are not subject to inspection, but at the same time increases the cost of milk. Extra - equipment is added which requires more labor, more power, and more steam, as well as loss of milk, which amounts to about twenty per cent of the pasteurization costs. 20 Bottling and Capping. The old method of selling milk from a can by dip- ping or drawing into a measure and pouring into a con-= tainer hung from the hitching post or sitting on the door steps is till in practice in some Michigan cities and in many of the towns. People interested in public health have long discriminated against this practice and have brought such pressure to bear that in the places where better milk administration is in order, the bottling of market milk is enforced. The requirement of a separate container for each customer's milk has added greatly to the expense of the milk dealer. The usual custom under these regulations is to deliver retail milk in glass bot- tles of quart, pint, and half pint sizes; and wholesale milk in cans of one, two three, five and ten gallon sizes. All of these containers after being delivered are exposed to all the various sources of contamination which may ex- ist in the city. This necessitates thorough sterilization upon return to the plant. The filling of the bottles, their capping, washing, sterilization, breaking, losses in de~ livery, and cases for handling them add approximately fif- teen per cent to the distributing cost of milk. 2d Refrigeration and Power. Because of the great demand of some of our larger cities for an adequate supply of milk, it is necessary to gO long distances into the country to obtain this milk. In the larger cities it is not unusual for milk to be three days distant from producer to consumer. Because of this condition and the extremely perishable nature of milk, re- frigeration is one of the important phases of the modern milk industry. Plant refrigeration in most milk plants with over five delivery wagons is by mechanical means. This particular phase of the business requires over seventy- five per cent of the needed power of the plant. For this reason refrigeration and power are taken together. This division of milk plant management ranges from two to four times the cost of either receiving or processing. Milk re~ ceived at the plant one day is processed and not delivered until the next morning. This requires a large cooling room where the milk must be stored over night in order that it is in @ good condition to go on delivery the next day. Cooling the milk to a low temperature before bottling also requires @ large amount of refrigeration. Other poWer required to operate the plant is used in Operating the can washer, bottle washer, bottler, and past- eurizer. These all require some steam as well as does the heating of the plant during winter months. In better ar-= ranged plants, the exhaust steam is used for these purposes. Delivery Costs. The delivery of milk from the milk plant to the door step of the consumer is the largest single cost item in the milk distributing business. From thirty to sixty per cent of the costs of the milk business can be accounted for by a study of the delivery system. There are three general causes which influence the costs of delivery. l. Demand of the city. ee Administration by the distributors. 5. Administration by the city. The Demand of the City. The demand of the city may be divided into two classes. First, the demand on delivery through the location and plan of the city that may effect efficiency of delivery. Second, the demands of the consumers themselves. The arrangement of the city in delivery of milk plays &@ very important part in efficiency of delivery and also has &@® psychological effeot on the consumer. Cities, which are badly cut by rivers or by many railroads passing through them, or cities which have centrally located large manufact- uring plants, cause a large amount of detouring and extra travel on the main crossings. Many cities are laid out ac- cording to the topography of the country, or for certain landscape designs which often cause unnecessary driving or walking to deliver the milk. Large estates, houses far 23 apart, parks, and boulevard drives all extra time and labor to deliver milk. Greater than the arrangement of the city in influenc- ing the cost of milk, are the demands of the consumer. Al- though it is from the consumer that the complaints arise as to too great a duplication of deliver, it is the consumer that demands that another dealer serve him rather than the dealer who serves his neighbor. Many things influence the consumers to patronize different milk dealers. Individual tastes vary. Some prefer pasteurized milk flavor, some Holstein milk, some Jersey milk, some certified milk or grade A milk, while some who have been raised on farms where dairy methods are careless condemn milk as being flat and tasteless unless it has a dirty or cow barn flavor. Dealers strive to serve these pecularities, but it 1s impossible for one dealer to carry milk which meets all the above requirements. This necessitates different dealers serv- ing a single neighborhood, in order to supply the demands of the consumer. This extra service is not only due to pecu- liarities of taste and quality and sanitation, but many other personal reasons. Dealers who sell cheap milk obtain one Class of people for their patrons. Some people desire cred- it dealers. Some prefer cash payments. Relatives or friends occasionally eoccount for an extra distributor in a territory. Difficulties between customer and dealer, such as misunder- standing in charges, returned bottles, stolen milk, stolen money, etc. causé people to demand the service of an extra dealer. Invalids and babies often call for a special milk. The writer has observed two milk men serving a single fami- ly because they wanted a certain class of raw milk for the baby, but preferred pasteurized milk for the rest of the family. Generally the consumer demands a great amount of service and the distributor makes a very great effort to meet the demand. Efficient administration on the part of the city would tend to regulate excess delivery by stand- ardizing the product. This would limit the demands of the consumer. Also the service of the distributor should be regulated as shown later in this thesis. Administration by the Distributor. Every distributor makes an effort to deliver his milk efficiently. To aocomplish this he strives to get greater efficiency out of his deliverymen. The efficiency of the Geliveryman in handling his own route has more to do with the efficienoy of delivery than any modification the oity could make by handling the routes collectively. This being true, the city administration should first strive toward the efficiency of the deliveryman or the unit of delivery. There are several things which stimulate efficiency of delivery, chief among these is the method of payment of the Griver. Since it is the personal element which affects to & large extent the sales of a driver, anything which tends to improve this element tends toward greater efficienoy. To this end, the paying of the driver a commission on his sales encourages him to do better work as well as more work. A peculiar feature of milk delivery is that the deliveryman is not the average laboring man, but must be considered as a salesman as well as deliveryman. This extra ability requires @ higher class of labor. The following table will show the cifference in sales between companies which pay their drivers On & commission plan and those which hire on a straight salary. 26 --- GGT 96S L6s¢ 9TCL LEG LT 9g¢ ¢S02 LT9nT 2g SH2 GOLT £0S¢ oles g --< L62 6Ll2eT 0293 9gT ZT gszle oles 9699 9gT 6¢ 6TS 6Llet BeSCT ——— Le OT? 062% 2929 -28e eT SOIT n&2ze L49eTT c6 --- ZOT G6CT 6024 Gg¢ tT C3fT 66r¢ STLST TE --- 95S 9S¢2 LTEE Let ZOT 2l9t 22S2 CSr2T ¢6 ¢ lle 92Sh 2gt¢ Loe 9¢ H96T S6ne 9¢2cT OnT --= 98T L00¢ OfOh ¢IT le Glt2 66T2 eLTg lt ¢ 68S 226T G¢92 36 2g GCrt ante L6n2t gl --- Leg 965¢ 260th 88 TE 402 26tt LOnTT 29 6 LS¢ G+62 Gls¢ C22 Zot alne = 6 Tht TSSeT GST -—- OnT 9S¢e 0622 O¢2 Be TLTT GSe¢e Onc Aljuw weer AThw = WeeIO -“1e3qng Zupidtum ATTH AT IN ATTtH -1eygng sutddtya AUTH ATTR ATTA S3iendh s3utg $F$ syutG $ sSyUTg sqziBNd ejienh 83utd $ 83UTd $ S9UTd syiend ALETeS ZUSTSIIS B UO BIOATIG JO seTes SUOTSETMUOD PTed sleAtIg jo seTes “AIVTSS 4USTCI4S BG UO Buy~HIOM BSIOATIp anoj—AZI0OJ Jo sates ATYQUOM oui DUS UOTSstwmm0O B PTed slEATIP ANOoyeAQIOZ JO sates ATYQUOW O44 BuTMOYS “AI @TARL 27 --- --- TS9 99+4S OTS9 649 G e¢¢ ScTT z#IOTT --- --- =--- TtHh? 6538S 029 ¢ 26¢ 629 OnnST --- --- 602T 3S9¢ Lotg G2r 06 6g¢ 2OnTt ter6 --- tl G6ET = SHOT «= ONE 2o¢ G 699 LgSz2 TEOkT +2T --- LST G692 991% Hit 6 6le G92 LgSot C6 --- 29 4S0T Gete2 Chet --- 30S G69 HIVHT tT? --- 98T SBT LTE £02 eT 694 L6ST +006 TE TE 29 296 Lotg 92H 9T 6TL S602 29SeT eT eT 239 8232S HOt Got 9 col T6ZT 9506 29 TE S94 gel2 Lret TST 9¢ LT9 COLT St90T 29 T¢ G9+ 94TS 4229 Gone -- OneT 42ST S2atlt 93T ¢6 9gT S19 tld 66 l 622 956 3319 29 TE 196 L632 L3S9 202 C2 ¢6S 20Lt ¢€tlot --- TE thd €19S 94TS Llé2 82 G69 £392 9460T ATya weet) AT ta weelD -1eq44ng Surddtus ACTH AIH AITtH -ie4gng Zurddtqa ATTN ATTA ATTA ezien S3Urd $ S3uTd $ s4UTd ez1eNd syienh 84utd $ S3uUtd $ Siu” szrend = AISTeS WSTBIIG B@ UO SIEeATIg JO sBeTBS SUCTSSTMUOD PTVed BIeATIG jo seTeS of — ~--- 9gT Sel 9162 8¢6 Go C64T H2eSTT Sler --- ---- ome eee LEE slIt tL €26 6l60t ¢2S --- ---- oTs 390L 2fz2 22S 36 gel BlEhT 99S2 --- ---- OTs eff8 SITS 499 bt HOT 4909 = 6404 --- ---- GlL €6660— 60S Zz L9 nL6 62THT 9624 ~--- wae G94 OS6ET TT9S TOOT eT LEt H620T etSe2 29 ---- --- 2206 4062 c6L Og 60S CHhet Te0t THE ---- 96+ etlt 2565 €60T Ot £0S tzee llett 6 ---- Goh nT62 2 BT H2 62T trh oS¢ 9S9T 2tSl --- ---- --- 9€1% Of04 ThE G hl 6 €S69 --- ---- eT GOSt acces elt OT 9Tt 6nTIt Sls --- ---- --- o0S6t 900 228 G 02+ "892 6LHTT --- 6 --- 06ST 6149 86h t nie 60TT 2h0T 29 ---- 662 Oot? TOSS Loe eg 002 et92 +6S0T AIjm@ == weeIO Xijw weedy “Satene sure ¢ eaten g oaurt saaenp “sarerd squy, ¢ eauya' § squid sasurd ALGTVS 3USTeIIS B UO BIOEATIGQ Jo sSeTRS SUOTESTMWOD PTed SISATIG JO SETS BODCIOAY ex BTRIOL « 12 On 82h = THSh | 99h £6n 62 692 = B86 OEE __#¥ ¢G22 LSLT eonte 2os66t Stlé602 otlt2 9G2T g¢oco = 6LSGLT 6560TH * --- --- -—- 9t2y 9262 --- “- “~~ g66L 9699 --- --- 29 B2tT SLL “~~ “-" “o= Ihes = HB TB --- --- -=- l96L +805 --- --- £6 60£h 0964 --- --- stz 692 TISe2 196 --- 625 296TT 965th ATTA weet) : Attu WedIO “assem euura ¢ said % saulq estunh easerh equrd ¢ oauyd' @ saurq sasenb Se ALBTVS AS~er3S we uo BIEATIGQ jo BSEeTReS ee — BUOTSSTWMOD PTed SLEATIC jo BeTeS 30 Bottle Costs. Another method of control of the cost of milk to the consumer through the delivery service is the payment of the driver for bottles returned, and in case of whole- sale trade to charge for lost bottles. This gives the driver a better appreciation of the vaiue of milk bottles. He takes more interest in his employer's business and has @ greater incentive to gather more of the bottles which are &® great expense to the dealer. The following table shows a a@ifference in the number of bottles returned, where the driv- er is paid for returned bottles over the number of bottles returned by drivers on straight salaries. The following figures were taken from the books of the companies with which the writer worked, rather than by actual check at the unload- ing platform; this was done because when drivers discovered they were being checked on returns they made an extra effort to collect empties which almost invariably showed a greater number of bottles returned than were taken out. For this reason only those companies which checked returns are used in this table. Table No. V. Showing the number of bottles returned monthly where the drivers are paid for returns and when not paid for returns. Drivers Paid for Returns Drivers not Paid for Returns Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Out In Out In 13154 13315 6200 6014 19658 20018 8773 525 13422 14131 9689 9827 16315 16353 6541 6324 12681 13497 10819 10261 20363 204g 7006 6820 16962 17462 74721 7347 18606 18700 14415 14291 15040 14552 17205 16802 15547 15954 12090 11749 10365 10582 18693 17980 18005 17318 13113 13206 14575 14213 30566 21080 13093 13707 15066 14911 $352 $726 12803 12431 23262 21790 8556 S742 13772 13810 11439 11129 12026 11906 16833 16771 Table No. V. (Continued) Drivers Paid for Returns Drivers not Paid for Returns Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Bottles Taken Out In Out In 16738 16554 11346 11160 11271 11161 17298 17391 17340 16984 14756 14539 11478 11616 5053 5053 16681 16333 4743 4557 11752 11876 18724 18352 17100 17732 17360 21204 13209 12903 21049 21142 15247 14957 12648 12369 12186 11555 19530 19499 15440 14787 18693 18507 10506 10554 19530 19592 7517 7675 18972 19127 9883 10256 20491 20243 16019 15746 16926 17205 * 477565 RTTAT7 164597 A5R150° ** [0072 14460 14079" 13762 * Total ** Average The problem of bottles for the distribution of milk is of great importance in keeping down the distribution costs. Enormous losses have been caused by the loss of bottles either through the failure of the consumer to re=- turn bottles or breakage in distributing or bottling. fFig- ures Obtained by the writer of the loss of bottles are shown in the table on the following page. These figures were es- timated by obtaining the number of bottles purchased in a year by all the distributors and checked with the figure obtained by finding the difference between the bottles taken out for delivery and those returned. Not all of the bottles are an actual l0ss as some deal- ers charge for lost bottles. Some of the larger plants with bottling machines often sell to small merchants with hand cappers those bottles with chipped necks which co not work well in the capping machine. The question often arises as to what becomes of the milk bottle. The writer in studying the situation has found them in many placese To begin with it should be remembered that there must be an empty and a full bottle in the home for practically every bottle delivered, and also that there must be three bottles in the plant or on the wagon for every bottle delivered. This represents five bottles in circula- tion for every bottle sold. The tremendcus number of bottles needed by a city in which to deliver ite milk is shown by the J+ 2°¢t 3°93 que) 18d 1319S €TS892 G°¢ 009St¢ qUt Td 9S 6T trl 1ST 9°¢ C0SHLT OOZeUB TRY 60ST T2lLS1 To°s | oos2lT Buy sue] AYTO jo silsTrod 84UGId 38 3807 ALIOATTEQ UO 480] uoTxBTNdOg ATO Aq peseuoing A4TO SeT330q JO “ON 807330G JO "ON Jo Bqtded Ieq 8807] 6913930q jO °ON “AUTTgZ pus S‘oozeueTsey ‘Zuysue] JO Setito 94% IOZJ ABEA BUO IOJ 8HT310Q ALTTW JO SSOT Buryamous “IA “ON STAR] D5 table on the following page. Undoubtedly the greatest loss of these bottles igs due to thoughtlessness on the part of the consumer. During the spring clean up, the writer has gathered on one milk route as many as three cases of bottles from rubbish placed on the street to be hauled away. One company with which the writer worked, hired men to gather bottles from the city dumps during this season of the year. The inconsiderate house wife takes advantage of a free container to put away for the winter certain canned goods. Many private garages find the milk bottles convenient for small amounts of differ- ent kinds of oil. Another thine which causes a demand for extra milk bottles is the pint and half pint milk business. The con- tainers for a quart of milk sold in pints and half pints cost more than the container for a quart of milk sold in &@ quart package. Not only do the containers cost more but the breakage is doubled and the losses are doubled. Not Only on the cost of the container but when the price paid the producer for milk is excluded, the cost of placing a pint of milk on the door step of a consumer is practically the same as to place a quart there. For this reason there should be a difference in the price of quarts of milk when delivered in quart bottles over the price of a quart of milk when delivered in pint or half pint bottles. When this dif- 350 $904S2 L+6 GO9STT 62984 +2206 StrhSt UT Td ly2cg 904 Getl¢ 9TO9T 00162 OSGStI lOzemeTEy S6406 El G940t oc2lt el¢ea¢ 9ZT9T Buz auey] a Oo 8913304 JO Swis] ATTN TOF OSM Ut yueld suoZseA 8 ewoH Ut ATTA AYO 8913300 TRIO] Sesso07 UI 891230g UO 89819204 Ul 8eT330q jo SeTES _ “ATTepD Rttm S,44FO SG o4natazazystp 0% AIesse0eU 89T330Q JO ISequnuU syd BupMoys “IIA “ON eTaQes ference is made the deliveryman is not subject to the criticism which sometimes occurs when he tries to reduce the number of bottles in his load. Generally speaking, dealers have been doubtful about the advisability of making the change in the price of pints Over quarts, but when once the change has been made there is never any question as to the advantage. There are some local conditions entering into the question but these are usually negligible when the larger distributors of the place agree to the policy. The following table shows some very interesting things relative to the subject. At the time the change in the price of quarts in quart bottles and quarts of milk sold in pint bottles was made, the sales were really af- fected, but they rapidly established themselves in favor of the distributor before the month had passed. During the war when the price of milk steadily increased the tendency was to decrease consumption. It was generally supposed at this time that a change in the price of milk in pint and quart bottles would produce the same effect. Fig- ures taken in the city of Flint which made the change at this time, prove the contrary. Milk which sold for fourteen cents for quarts and seven cents for pints was raised to fif- teen cents for quarts and nine cents for pints. The consum- erg immediately cut down on their purchases so that some loads decreased as much as thirty per cent, while others re- mained about the same. For the entire city, the amount of 2° milk fell off about twelve per cent for the first week. This gradually changed so that by the end of the month the amount of milk sold was practically the same and any loss in sales was more than overcome by increase in profits on pints. The city of Lansing made a difference in price of milk in pints and quarts on a lowering market in November, 1920. Milk was selling at fourteen cents for quarts and seven cents for pints. The first of December the price dropped to twelve cents for quarts and pints remained the same. The first few days the attitude of the people was to take a quart every Other day instead of a pint, but apparently when they bought & quart they used it as they needed it and more often used a quart every day until at the end of the month, the total amount of milk sold had increased and this at a time when the city was going through an industrial slump. Kalamazoo, the third city studied, was uninfluenced by economic conditions or change of population. The price of milk previous to December 10th, 1920 was fourteen cents for Quarts, and seven cents for pints. This was then dropped to twelve cents for quarts and pints remained the same. After the change in price there was no marked change in amount of milk sold, although the proportion of pints to quarts changed greatly. a? The following tables show what actually took place, not only for the city, but for e@ach dealer in the three cities studied. Table No. VIII. Showing the effect of changing the price of milk when sold in pint bottles and when sold in quart bottles. Before Change in Price Per cent Per cent Per cent Proportion of sales of milk of bottles pints tc quarts City sold in vints pints Lansing 100 45.96 62.97 1.701 Kalamazoo 100 48.75 65.54 1.9021 Flint 100 23.21 37.68 6047 After Change in Price Per cent Per cent Per cent Proportion of sales of milk of bottles pints to quarts City sold in pints pints Lansing 101.46 17.87 30.33 4353 Kalamazoo 101.95 28.24 4.05 -7872 Flint 100.71 13.09 23.15 -3012 Table IX. - and pints in city of Lansing by dealers before the change No.of No. of No. or Pts. Wagons Qts. in price. Showing the comp2rison of delivery of quarts Pts. to milk Proportion Per cent or of sold Per cent of bint bottles __ Qts. in Pts. a 11 2094.98 4045.65 1.931 49.12 65.88 1 155 216 1.393 41.07 58.22 1 121 75 0.6 23.41 38.27 1 122 208 1.705 41.59 63.33 5 706 1409 1.995 49.99 66.62 1 3160—is«d2 4 0.582 22.55 36.80 1 109 201 1.844 46.09 64. 4 1 150 213 1.42 41.63 © 58.68 2 177 4OS 2.305 590.92 69.74 1 143 276 1.93 49.11 65.87 2 189 305 1.614 44.73 61.72 1 303 410 1.353 40.39 57-50 2 230 354 1.539 43.49 60.61 1 175 186 1.063 34.76 51.53 31 4991 S490 1.701 45.96 62.97 Table X. pints in city of Kalamazoo by dealers before the change in Showing the comparison of delivery of quarts and price. 4) No. of No. of No. of Proportion Per cent of Per cent of Wagons Qts. Pts. of Pts. milk sold pint bottles Qts. in Pts. g 1524 1240 - $136 21.56 4. 86 12 2356 2209 9368 31.89 48.37 3 640 663 1.0360 34.12 50.88 1 107 4g AUSG 18.32 30.96 1 75 34 4533 13.04 31.19 2 326 138 4233 17.47 29.74 2 386 229 5932 22.87 37.23 1 210 176 8381 29.53 +5 .59 1 171 100 5848 22.62 46.90 1 209 50 .2392 10.68 19.34 1 226 50 .2212 9.96 18.12 1 172 155 -9011 31.06 47.40 1 130 56 4308 17.72 30.10 1 78 94 1.2051 37.60 54.65 1 192 152 »7916 28.36 4.18 1 254 162 .6378 24.18 38.94 39 7058 5556 7872 28.24 4.05 Table XI. Showing the comparison of delivery of quarts and pints in city of Flint by dealers before the change in price. Magons te, pte: OF Ptos to milkscld” of pint” Qts. in Pts. bottles 31 15095 4647 307 13-33 25°53 4 1242 273 .219 9.90 18.02 3 598 143 .239 10.68 19.29 2 239 118 493 19.79 33.05 3 1149 239 208 9.42 17.21 1 Sold Bulk Milk Only. 2 337 160 474 19.18 32.19 1 173 28 162 7.48 13.93 2 288 153 531 20.98 34.69 1 37 15 »405 16.85 28.84 1 180 60 © 333 14.28 25.00 1 57 13 .228 10.23 18.57 1 286 60 .279 12.27 21.85 63 19661 5929 . 3012 13.09 23.15 a, Part III. Administration by the City. From the preceeding tables one can easily see that the city administration should encourage a difference in price of milk sold in pints and quarts. Not only because of cheaper milk to the consumer but also because of a slight increase in comsumption of one of our most desirable foods. It should be quite evident from the above discussion that there is the possibility of a great deal of difference in the efficiency of distribution! between the different distri- butors. The administration of the city milk supply has a very great effect upon the efficiency of the city milk dis- tributing system. Those cities where there is no effort to control milk distribution show a great many wagons, much du-~ plication and general inefficiency. It is usually these cities which are the strongest advocates cf municipal milk plants, a franchised service corporation, centralized re- ceiving and processing plants. The writer does not believe in any of the above ideas as a remedy for inefficiency in a poorly administered city. Where workable city ordinances are enforced, inefficiency is reduced to a minimum; and politics, shifted responsibilities, indifference through lack of com- petition, unsanitation, etc. are eliminated. +) Salegmen and Collection. Along with the expense of delivery are certain ex- penses Which most of the larger concerns are subject to. As previously mentioned the driver is the salesman and collector for his company. Where there are over ten driv- ers in one company it is necessary to a route foreman over every seven drivers to keep the routes organized, to main= tain closer contact between manager and men, to know the routes in case of sickness, to instruct new drivers in milk delivery and teach them the route, etc. These men also spend spare time drumming up new trade, collecting bad accounts or straightening out some of the many difficulties which may arise between driver and customer. Some of the larger com- panies employ men who do nothing but solicit patronage by obtaining new customers and straightening out trouble with established customers. In reality these men are part of the advertising campaign of the company. +6 Advertising. Advertising dairy products that are under efficient sanitary supervision should be encouraged by the city. Men who have made a study of the subject have long maintained that milk and its products have a greater effect on the health and vitality of the general population than any other single food commodity. The success and development of any community depends to a large extent upon the health and vi- tality of its people. Advertising dairy products thus helps to build up the community. The first advertisement of dairy products should start with the dairymen themselves.ancé the-men who handle the product from producer to consumer. All of these people should believe in their product. With them as well as with all other people the advertising should be truly educa- tional. It should be educational along the line of the value of dairy products on the general health and development of the individual and as an economical food. Deliverymen and salesmen, educated along these lines, have a big opportunity to increase the consumption of dairy products. The city it- self should encourage greater consumption. It might be of advantage in some cities to make the license fee of dairymen high enough to finance an impartial advertising campaign to also increase the consumption. This can be done to good ad= vantage by offering prizes for milk contests, such as answWer-= ing questions by grown people, making posters by school child- +7 ren, gains in weight through drinking milk by children, etc. It should see to it that an adequate milk supply for the needs of all the inmates of public institutions is provided. Milk should be dispensed through the public schools at cost, so that at least one-half pint bottle (one glass) of milk can be placed within reach of every school child every day at school lunch hour. Prizes can be given for best records made in weight and height of every school child when it shows a relationship with the drinking of milk to undernourishment. Data. secured on this subject emphatically demonstrates the vital importance of milk to the growing child and suggest the the great benefits which can be secured through systematic recording of the children's weight and height and steps to provide children with the milk required for their growing needs. In no other way can @ city do so much for the welfare of ite future citizens. There should also be established milk depots for the dispensing of milk for infants, for child- ren under school age, for children of the poor, at a reason- able price. Parents should be encouraged and educated to the value of not less than a quart of milk daily for the use of every growing child in the family. This can be done through cooperation with women's clubs to pass down first hand inform- ation from woman to woman, the food value of milk as compared with other foods and the vital necessity of milk and other dairy products in the diet of the child, until every woman in 48 the city is familiar with all the dairy diet advantages. That there is need for this ts shown by the following table on consumption of milk. Table No. XIII. Showing the consumption per capita of milk for both city people and dairy farmers. Consumption per Capita of Milk in Cities. Lansing Kalamazoo Flint Quarts Consumed 14259 13461 25969 Consuming Population 573¢7 484.87 100000 Consumption ver capita Pints .4975 ~5561 .51938 Consumption per Carita of Milk on Dairy Farms. County Period of Families Consuming Daily Time Studied Studied Population Consumption per Capita Pints Kent 2 years 37 145 1.26 Livingston 3 years YO 179 1.36 Ingham 2 years 35 145 1.626 Macomb 2 years 33 138 1.32 Wayne & Monroe 2 years 36 156 1.42 49 The City Milk Ordinance. The foundation of administering a city milk supply efficiently is a workable city milk ordinance insuring satisfactory settlement of all problems previously dis-=- cussed. Such an ordinance when enforced, should assure an acequate supply of pure milk of good quality as well as encourage the dealer to give most cheerfully and effi- ciently the necessary and needful service at as low a cost as may be consistent with the quality and perpetuity of his service. A workabie oity ordinance when enforced decreases the amount of delivery and improves the service. The require= ment of sanitary methods, such as inspection, pasteurization, tuberculin test of cattle, recording thermometers, etc. is @ direct service to the people, such as cannot be obtained in any other way. There are also many distributors under the old system Whose ignorance is covered up, but when ex- posed by efficient inspection are forced out of business, thus decreasing the number of distributors and likewise the numbers of wagons. There is also a group of men who, when faced with the proposition of cleaning up their herds and barns, or pasteurizing, prefer quitting the business. Along with these men are those who are careless, indifferent, and carry on questionable practices. These dealers frequently 50 Change their methods and stay in business when submitted to a new milk ordinance but even a few of these drop out. The final result of the adoption and enforcement of a workable Gity milk ordinance upon delivery is the culling or sorting out of the undesirable distributor and keeping only those desirable, as shown by the following table. This elimina- tion decreases the number of dealers, thus decreasing the total investment. It aids in reorganizing the territory, making shorter drives and larger loads per wagon and so makes possible fewer wagons. It standardizes the product, which limits the consumer in demanding different dealers to come into the same territory. Dealers whose products are standardized are required by competition to hold their trade by giving service. The early morning delivery, the special delivery, the accommodating and cheerful deliveryman are all reflections of a standardized product. Not only does a workable city ordinance, when enforced, decrease the amount of delivery and improve the service but it also raises the plane of competition. Instead of being & struggle for existence it becomes a dignified and legiti- mate competition. The small bottling plant in the kitchen or dark musty basement gives way to the well lighted sani- tary milk plant. The small dealer with a horse and buggy Or dilapidated covered wagon, carrying a few quarts, travel- 4 ing many miles and taking most of the day for delivery, gives way to the modern milk wagon, well kept, handling @ sanitary package in convenient form, covered from dirt and dust and storme The load is such as to give a full day's work for man and horse, and a minimum number of miles is traveled. The business, to be effectively administered, must be open minded, with a forward outlook, adjustable to new demands of public, new growths, new discoveries, and in- ventions, and new conditions generally. But very little advancement could be expected in the line if the old order of things was maintained. The laboratories for inspection and scientific research for the improvement of the dairy business are pessible only in the larger plants. Steril- izers, autoclaves, incubators, high powered microscopes, and high priced scientists are impossible to the one or two wagon basement establishment, which in general has no objective for which it is workings Advertising campaigns, setting forth the value of good dairy products, are desirable to any city, educating the people to the value of sanitation and quality by open- ing the dairy plants to the public. It also helps to ed- ucate the salesmen along these lines. Thus advertising has a tremendous influence for th: better on the majority of population and should be encouraged. This is only pos- sible where the milk business is centralized. The modern pasteurizers, sterilizers, bottling equip=- ment, sanitary pumps, separators, filters, etc. are all developments as the result of a raised plane of business. The special milk, cream, modified milk, commercial butter milk, special deliveries, before daylight and after- noon deliveries are demands from the consumers met only through the making possible of the larger distributors. New conditions and demands can be expected of the mar- ket milk industry in the future. The best way to provide means to meet these conditions as they arise is through the competing companies themselves. The raising of the plane of competition establishes companies capable of meeting these conditions, companies with a forward outlook, desirable to the community and an advancement to the industry. Modern dairy plants, such as are most desirable in the larger cities, are operated on a soientific basis. The hand- ling of large quantities of such a perishable commodity as milk requires the service of a laborer with a special educa= tion or in general above the average intelligence. The man- agers of the different departments of such plants must be scientific specialists in order to produce quantity of prod- ucts in an efficient manner and in a safe and modern way. The returns from the business must be such as to permit the employment of such men. 2a The problems so far discussed have dealt with some of the economic advantages of a workable oity ordinance when properly enforced. However, these problems are secondary when the influence upon the health of the oity is considered. A sanitary milk supply is a fundamental necessity to city health insurance. Many epidemics of dissase in cities can be traced directly to the milk supply of the city. When disease menaces the general population of a city it is then &@ public problem to be controlled by law. To this end the city milk ordinance should be adopted and regulated. Appendix. In order to complete the thesis the following city ordinance is appended. After studying many ordinances, in order to formulate a suggested ordinanoe for the thesis, the following ordinance, with a few minor changes, was sub- mitted to the writer for criticism. The completeness of the ordinance Was such as to supersede the tentative ordi- nance of this thesis. So with the approval of the Head of the Dairy Department it has been used. Credit for this ordinance is due to the Dairy Department of the State De= partment of Agriosulture, the State Attorney General's Of- fice, and the Dairy and Bacteriology Departments of the Michigan Agricultural College. 29 A City Milk Ordinance. An ordinance to regulate and control the sale of milk and milk products within the city of and to provide for the inspection of dairy herds, dairies, milk plants and other plants where milk or milk products are produced, collected, manufactured, or sold. The city of ordains: Section 1. That for the purposes of this ordi- nance: (a) Raw milk is milk in its natural state and which has not been treated by artificial means for the destruction of bacteria contained therein: (b) Pasteurized milk is milk which has been heated to and held for thirty minutes at a temperature of approxi- mately one hundred forty-five degrees (145°) Fahrenheit, never less than one hundred forty-two degrees (142°) Fahr- enheit, and then promptly cooled to a temperature of fifty degrees (50°) Fahrenheit or lower; or milk treated for the destruction of bacteria contained therein by such other method as may be approved by the health officer or board of health. (oc) The words "milk" and "cream" when used unmodi- fied in this ordinance shall be deemed to include milk and cream in their raw and pasteurized states: (d) ) The interior of the cow stable must be kept Clean; free from cobwebs and accumulation of dust; and the walls and ceiling must be whitewashed once within each twelve months unless the interior of the stable is properly painted. (c) Manure shall be removed every day to a dis- tance of at least 25 feet from the stable. , (d) An average of at least 300 cubic feet of air space must be provided within the cow stable, for each ani- mal kept therein. (e) No animals, other than cows, shall be kept in cow stables where milking is done. (f) The cow stable must be supplied with windows to provide an average of at least one square foot of win- dow light for each stanchion. (g) If a controllable flue system of ventilation is not provided, windows must be hinged at the bottom and constructed so as to tip inward from the top and be boxed in at the sides to provide a means for ventilation control. Milk Houses. (1) All milk houses in which milk is kept that ls offered or exposed for sale in the city of ’ shall be constructed so as to be rat and vermin proof; in- Closed on all sides; provided with windows to supply plen- ty of light; with doors and windows properly screened; and of adequate size to contain a cooling tank or milk cooler; rack upon which to store empty cans, pails, etc., and with sutficient space to strain and handle the milk, must be pro=- vided. The milk house shall:-be located where it is free from contaminating conditions and is readily accessible from the cow stable. (2) A cooling tank (preferably of cement), of suf- ficient depth and capacity to hold and keep cold all milk produced on the premises, must be provided within the milk house. (3) All milk sold or offered for sale shall be strained through a flannel or cotton pad strainer, and if flannel is used it shall be thoroughly washed and boiled after each time it is used. Toilets. Toilets must be kept clean and sanitary. — 66 IN WITNESS WHERFOF, I herewith set my hand in the City of ’ day of » Nineteen Hundred Twenty-two. Official Title." In making rules and regulations it is just as in- portant that they be made to suit the particular city as it is in framing an ordinance. This ordinance especially provides for rules and regulations and by changing the rules and regulations to fit local conditions the ordinance can be adopted in practically any city,except possibly two or three of the larger cities in the State. In the smaller cities where farm inspection is im- possible, the rules concerning the production of milk should be largely omitted, as it would be useless to establish rules affecting the cow stable, etc., and then not do any farm in- spection. It would not be advisable to require milk houses unless farm inspection is provided for, and then it might be best to only require milk houses where milk is bottled On the farm. The very small city or village which can on- ly afford a limited amount of inspection should be content with a few requirements that can be enforced, rather than have a-large number of resulations which could only partial- ly be enforced. A village with very limited funds can regu- 67 | late the pasteurization temperature, take samples occasion- ally for testing, and require that raw milk come from tuber- culin tested cattle, etc. It shouldbe remembered that the State law may be used by any local inspector or other individual and that the State law covers in a general way the sanitary production of milk and cream, established a standard for milk, cream, ice crean, butter, etc.