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CH 2Hr PAVE NEN TS

LANSING, ICHICAN,

I s D e AMG PLL . an e 3 e ATT, - 3
eee ~

MICTIGAT AGRICULTURAL CCLLECE

MAY 4, 1907.
THES'S3
A BEPONn? CH Vil! PAVINELYGES CR UANOCIDG, UrC tl.

she object of this thesis is tc report the results
of an invostigation of the pavement of Lansing, 'ichirsn,
and fron their construction, present condition.cnd the anount
of trefic passi::; over them to present some conclusions as to
the relutive merits of different forms of pavements ond dif-
ferent -ethods of pavément conetruction as found in the city.
there is in all about six miles of paveroent in Lansing
(for actual <dimensions end cost see Table I) ¥nose total first
cost is about £250,000.00. All data concernine the dinensions
wnd cost, also a blue-print rap of the city,showine the raved
strects, and one showings the grade profile and e cross section
of the east end of Franklin Ave. now being p:ivdd, were obtained
from the records of the city ensineer. \e also show a copy
of the snocifications for this scction of ravenent, which is
fairly representative of all.
-nese pavements ~ with the exce tion of the “ranklin
Ave. bridge, which is 5” x S* wood blocks,— are bric, cither
on sand or conorete foundations, as s*:own in Table II.
this table also shoys the present condition of each section
of pavement. About °""5 of the totcl lenrth of pavement is
leid on a co called gravel foundation, but as the gravel
is from 60-70% sand these foundations will be rcfoered to

hereafter 2as(sce Table IT) as sand.

93784
Showing cost of vavenents,lio.yds.in

TABLE

I.

cach section, and date of laying.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Location of coctions {hen Length Width fiumber ffotal (Cost (8428,° ae
f ( of pavozent. | laidin ft. jin ft.jeq.yds. | cost. eq 484 Ppage
Sapital Ave:- ¥ rick
‘Ottawa to Ghiawassee (1894 1CC6.>¢ |40 | 4862 SPFLED 1. a LO" x54
Washington LV@3~ a>
‘olagezoo to bridce 1294 f1LO7C.° |40 9750 IBAHS7.C8 |L.ES [otna™
ron gan AVO3-=
vashington -ve ic .c 4995 £140.0 /77.5 |18427 30427 .61 11.646 [CF xa"
Vasmington Avoi-
Shiawacseo to -a-zoc |1896 £656.5/79.5 [4113 9639.75 /1.02 |9"x4"
wi higan AV@s~@ : "
Capitol .:ve.to | 1°98 | G78.0 |66 4972 4446.04] 200 [Oh xr"
Franklin Ave:- s
jasnington to Genter {1°°° | Fe? 50 5719.9 | £905.09 J1.6005 [Ota ®
«Turner otrect:- on
“renilin to Clinton 1992 | 605 50 CARY SlOC4Aa LE | O4 (OS xn®
ashington Aves= 7
> ohtas asece to *renk- [1299 6700 /|45.75 |21752.6 [2 2°23567 [1.07 «|O8ze"
ashington ive:e
ridge 1902 | 170 |26.% ECS TOOL Coa [ota
Allegan St:-
Grand to Ceritol 1°03 | 753 £5.
Allegan Utt- - ferto  jiecracc (lc [etn
Canvitol to valnut 190% | #4 30 } |
Capitol Ave:= 1 +
“liesan to Cttava 1904 | &e7 SO “159 ThFOLOO/T.1O [ee Te
Capitol ve:- ,
Allogan to a=zoo 1905 | R23 <6 2016 SELL.CO Lea [Rah
Vashington fve:~ -
Rivor to @.T isi. 1905 [1°13 42 fo75 15°51.25 |1.7°7 | O7xZ*
Grand Sti-
ich. to \aehtinaw 1905 | 201 45
Grand oSt:- \ Schl cols. Le75 [OMA
Mich. to ; ashtinaw 1°05 | 415 OF
Valmut ictie
Allcgen to cttawa 1905 | S36 3Q <153 933 00/1 Clore"
Cttawa Stre 1 .
.ashnineton to losen {1996 |2390 am 15128 CASE -E0|1.E1C | "x8
Franzlin Avese w z
Vashington to Pine 1906 |s072 ~=+| 40 0492 113152.92/1.40 |abexcln
Vashtenaw (treot ~ +
being laved,
Yichigcn “<ve:-
eC eRecetevity V.inits!/1906 5240. | 50 3074.8 (40669 .00/1.0 onx4e

 

 
ve were unable to find any data at to the depth of either the
cand of tho concrete found:tions, nor vere we able to rceasure
the same, as the pavenents did not hapren to be torn up vhile
the investiration was beins made. Novever, some idea c:n be
obtaine! of the crese:t practice oy an exanination of the dlue-
print and the opecificcticns, alrec:iy mentioned, of the Frant:lin
Ave. Pavement.
| “he crades of the street: arc [salrly uniform, the
steepest grades not. paved being onc of 5.69% at the nerth end
of the Vashinton ‘ve. bridse and one of 5.05% on *renklin sve.
East, between the Lake chore R.R. and the foot of turner ct.,
both of which are very reasonable srades for brick pavements,
snere is very little unifornity in these pevene:its
as regards the amount of crow, either cn diffcrent portions
of the same pavement or on different pavements. This lack of
uniformity was dotermined by taking the relative elcvcations of
the orown and rutter,(seo Tables III < Iv.) with 2 leveling
-ncotrum nt at intervals cf <bout t:alf a block along each individ-
ual section of the pavement. cCne of the noticable festuros
of the never p.voment is that they ere nearly al:t.ays siven a
greater crown than the old and this scems to be one of the
good feetures, as it throws the rater to the futter more quickly.
This deta on crevn also enebled us to form more accurztrc °
conclusions 2s to the sanncr and thorou-hnessa of the
preparation of the foundetions. “his ts shom more particularly

in Table IV as this toble fives the s:ctual relativ® clevationsa
 

 
ABTA i]

Showing construction, and present condition of esch

section cf pavernent.

 

Location cf Construction __|Preeent Condition.
pavenent Found- |/Filling iMake of

ion Brick.
CAPIT/L AVENUE: - Conorete |Pitch Hayden |mearly perfect, onc
. : Block or two slight

 

 

 

 

Ottawa street to dcerressions,
: due to the breaie-
Ehiawassee street. ins of found:tion
over vive trenches.
Ottawa strect to band Sand Trane & |Bricks of inforior
| 3olan quality, badly
Allegan strect. chirred: eever: 1]

bad depressions
over sc :.or
trenches.

 

Allegan ctreet to | ‘and Srout ‘edal |Fairly good

Block condition:

“Valamazoo setrect pricks show

sone wear

due to |
traffic.

 

WASHINGTON AVEDUGs</ cand Crout ‘edal Rough in places
2lock due to scrgive
Crand “runk '.n.to of foundation
betveon ties on
sridge Street car tracks,
otherwise very good.

 

sridge to Rough necrly all

| the way due to
@alamazoo itreet Concrete | itch Lano « settling of subgrade
B3olan over water rire
trenches, also due
to crushing of concrete.)

of

 

Kalamazoo street to Sand Pitch farris Very rourh being !
“aver ruttec from hoavy
~hiawaseece strect traffic s.lso from

saccin- :cver rire
trenches, also due
tc woar of brict:s.

 

Shiawassee ctreat Lgand Sand Town- Shows considcrablo
send woar on vest
Franklin avenue. cide, mumerous

aeprencsions due to
washouts of cand,ai
over pipe trenches.

 

 

 

 

 

 
Table II (continued)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Location of Construction Present Condition.
pavement Founde Filling |Make of
ation Brick.
WALNUT STREET Sand Tar Wedal This block of pavement —
Block is very little used
Ottawa street to and being very new
Allegan street. it is in perfect
condition.
TURNER STREET Sand Sand Town- The brick here showed
send wear than on any other
Franklin Ave. to block of pavement in
Clinton street. the city most evident
along gutter,very flat.
GRAND STREET Sand Sand Medal Pavement in good
Block condition except that
Michigan Ave fo the brick showed
Washtinaw street considerable disinte-
‘ration: weather.
FRANKLIN AVENUE Sand Sand Town- Numerous sags are
send evident where
Center street to water pipes have been
Washington Ave. laid and not proper-
ly back filled,
Vashington Ave. sand Grout Medal Very good con-
Bléck dition generally, the
to foundation has
Pine street. washed out in two
small places, new.
OTTAWA STREET Sand Grout Medal This is new pavement
Block and is in very
Washington Ave to good condition
Logan street generally, only a
very few slight sags.
MICHIGAN AVENUE Concrete| Tar Harris This is in excelent
Paver condition and on the
Washington Ave to whole the best
M.CoRR section of pavement in
the city, heaviest trafé
M.C.R.R. to Sand Sand Medal This although new is
Block very poor was laid dur-
City Limits ing rainy season and sub
grade washed badly a
large % of filling was
also washed out before
street was opened.
ALLEGAN STREET Sand Sand Lane & Excellent
Borvér condition.
Grand street to
Walnut street

 

 

 
————__-- ——

 
as coricd from the ori-inel noted. £11 of the new rave ents in-
Gicate a slanctness of prepirpation of the Pound-tie::, ehcewn
by varicticyh of se ruch o.8 wi7 f.. in the amount of crown on
different portions of the sane nevenent, and also by nu erous
depressions, which iniicate irrecular cettine of the foundation.
In orirr to covvure the dictcrent mr-vercnits as to ef-
ficiency, reiutive to their methcds cf construction, it vs
nececasry to ¢..ther cone duta in the cov parstive anovnts of
traffic vassins over tiem. And es it vas ivrocsible, due to
lack of tire, to spend a full cay on seh street, = Tull Jsy's
traffic was teken at what was thoup’.t to be the point of max-
imum traffic, momely, on \.asnine;ton sve. vevth at the corner of
.aenin-ton 2 ve, cand) atanmazoo ot., ond from one to three hours
traffic xan talen on each cf tho other streets. -hen to obtain
an aoproxinate ides of a arys trsffic on ec ch of the other
streets, we aczsumed that the ratio of traffic per hour on any
street, to that on Vashington Ave. for the same hour, wax
constant throu iout the whole dey. whe tr: ffic ver day on each
street was ictermined in the following way, (for results ses
Table V )
et A = the traffic per day on Vashincton Ave., South.
Let a = the tr-ffice per any hour on “2ahivrton ‘vve., South.
ret x = the traffic ner Came hour on ctreet to be deterrined.
To find X = tr fic per dey on e:.i2 street.
— rer€entage of whole dcys traffic that passes on “ashinzeton
ive, touth in the hour rhose traffic is represented by (a)
:hen —= the percentase of the amount for a riven time on “ash.

ive, that pusce

e cYer the other street in the sane tine
Therefore xX = aA
af. 3028

Tift

slowing crovn of pavement.

 

 

 

Location of pavenent Anount +idth of |Rise rer eh
of crown |jstreet of width.

Frenklin:- Center to .ach. 60 ft. |'° ft. O24 Ft.
Franklinz:= Pine to \.a.sninrton. |.435 *® 40 * ceils"
Wash, :-Frantlin to chiavaesee |.2° ® 45.75 C175 "
Turner it. co " nO 8 els
Tach:- Chiawass<se to !2=-z00 oo 8 7900) Onan
.ashs= Yaezco to eridre oor " 40 * ok ®
yashi= coridzre to C.T ke oC 8 4:5." eOL E72"
Cttawa treet £0 " ma UM .O7%C4"
Capital:< Cttaw2 to whiawassce |.61 * 40 " OCEA"
Capitol:- Shia. to Allergan on7 ® EO * eOLce"
Crand Street | 67 " 45 " Qno7"
.apitol:- jlle,an to !u-z00 60 * 76 % oon77e
Allegan:i=- Grand to Cenitol 246 * 45 * ,OR05*
Allegan:- Capitcl to “alnut 4° (* sO * eOf08"
Valnut itreet o4f * 34 * eOLeer
-ich:=- Capitol to ‘| ashington 07 * ce * eO17f"
hich:- : ash. to i .U.iik. 74 * 77 5 eC19%"
richs- M.C.rK. to City Limits |.57 * 50 * 00 8"

 

 

 

 
Elevations from which

TAS01 IV

cross-sections of

pavements were determined.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

éva- - Lleva- Ano nt Vidth of
Loention of ion of |tion of jof crewn|street in
pavonents. gutter. jcrown. feet.
TURERGR SYN T few 1.74 0 50
Clinton street E.S8 52°7 of 4
to AeA ALA 065
Franklin ‘venue. 11.91 LL. 0°
PRARELIN AVENUE Gc. 1ێ AC el 50
Clinton itrcot to See 4.0% 039
.aehningt n ..venue.
BRANMELIN AVEEUL 513 eI oss 40
Washington Avenue 11.51 Ll.: ews
te 8.78 Ree 206
Pine Street. oeSl 7.45.5 £6
WASHINGTON AVELOT 9.14 POL ae 45.75
Pranklin ‘venue 7.5 7.07 o%E
to 5041 4.07 0 54
chisawaessee ctreet 3079 241 ee
6.55 etd ek
whOATLGson AVELUE R.C4 Feld 9 79.5
chiavassee «treet to Tele G.1n 1.00
Kalamazoo ‘treet. 4.47 ec6& 1
ASHUILGTCN AVONUE 9-95 9,49 045 40
.alamazoo utreet 11.51 10.°C 71
to 3.88 8.00 OP
sridge, 6.23 A 7 .o1
10.50 64 0 56

 

 

 

 

 
Showing the trafic per dsy on p:venents.

 

jfiame of street and Totel No|‘ot 1 No] fonnagetoPercent of 'ax-
location of pavement |Vehicles| Tons .ehicle jimum Zonnare.

 

 

 

VASH:=- Eich. to F2 00 |1473 1966 65 27%
.ASHi-"azoo to 3ridge |1046 755 -70 677
VAGHt<Sridge to @f2nk | 634 612 70 46°
VASH.= Sich to Chia. |1404 NER 62 737
WALiseFrank-to Chia. rol 4-4, 07 4a
SnALbe-teash. to “ine. 81 LEG 004 47
Sf Aniea-Tasbh. to Centcr|114° 947 eB2 C40:

TURDER STRELT R54 657 .76 595

CUTAWA CY. WUCT. 2G Cog we 1A
WALNUL Sunley eh: 57 57 5%
ALLECANS tal-to Vash |- 446 TOT 666 orabe
ALLIGAN sash to Grand| 418 716 75 oes

VASHTIVA, ©WRE MY 354 £40 06% Co"
CAPIGAL AViNUE £20 135 048 125
GRAD CTREET 556 456 283 41%
“ICHs-ash to .Cens [1472 1111 75 100 *

 

MICH: -<"CRR IC City 7 E35 400 063 Zz6%

 

 

 

 
——_—

————— Oo ge ee

 
The recvits re:ardinr traffic are, of Gourse, from
the narner of obtaininr them, inaccurste.’'o consider:tion ws
given to the wariation from day tc day nor from se:.son to
season, and the assumption upon ¥nich we based our method
of computines traffic is not exactly true. ‘llowing a liberal
margin for errors, hevever,ctill leaves the results, good
arnroximetions, and cf much practical value in tne comparicon
of p:.veonts.

From a study of the dczta collected we draw the following
conclusionss:-
First; That for heavy traffic such as drayage, a brick pavement
should always have a concrete found:tion, with either grout of
tar filler. |
Seoond; ihat for a parre amount of lisht traffic, “hile a con-
crete foundation is to be preferred, a gcod grade of grevel
will mako an effective foundation if it is prepared very czre-
fully. Cn this type of pavement a tar filler should be used.
Third: wnat for a conbaratively small amount of traffic oa
carefully laid foundation of gr:vel is oaufficient and that
the filler should be preferably tar, and if s2nd is used it
should be carefully sept into the jointa.

Cur last and most seneral conclusion is that the in-
efficiency of a pavement can mearly always be traced to a lack

of proper construction rather than to a lack of proper design.