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Bich Roy te:
A Microscepic
Examination of Wool
Spe Wael 1-37

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THESIS
T HESIS
Senicr Agricultural Thesis

en

"A Microscopic Examinatimm of Weol".

———a, ee _

—.

by

\ Ly
Wye Vv

“\
VJ ~t Vo
Jes’, A’ Bulkeley.
-- - pauensi>

Class ef '99,

6

Michigan Agricultural College.

Agricultural Crllege, Mich.
Senicr Agricultural Thesis

en

“A Microscopic Examinatim cf Weol".

———. —
——

by

‘ 4 A
. 5 i \ as

Tes" Ay Bulkeley.

qqgnea>

Class ef '99,

ao

Michigan Agricultural College.

Agricultural Crllege, Mich.
THESIS
A MICRCSCCPIC EXAMINATION CF WccL .

Tre investigatiens (the results ef which are herein given) have
been made fer the purvrse ef ascertaining what differences, if any, ex-
ist between fibres cf werl revreserting aiferrent breeds «f sveep., To
noi73tUs anf tec tavestigaticn, Stated mere definitely, nave beens

l. Ta Shaw OV antans at latte a stu rays Um eel tere arrrar-
ances cf the different fibres.

Ze Te Shew by means crf drawings their cuticle structure as seen
under a high Ppewer micrrscrre.

3 To aScertain their average diameters, and such ether data
in reference te the same as will tend te Shew the differences existing
between the weel fibres cf tre Aiffercnt breeds cf sheed.

In arder te make the werk aS crmDlete a8 PeSSible, the weal Se-
leoted represented wnat ure crusneniv knewn as the fine-werlled, medium-
weelled, and leng werlled breeds, the samples being cernsidered tyvvical

in all resvects cf the breeds chesene Fellewing is a list ef the va-

rieties.

TABLE le
VARIETIES CF WCCLe

BREED CF SHEEP. CLASIFICATICN CF WOCL.

 

Ne. 1 American Merine

Nee 2 Spanish Merire X Cicrthrine.

Nee 3 American NVerire

X OCle-thineg.

94281
Noe4 Dickinson Delaine Fine Delaine.

Noed Ramb ouillet Fine Deluine.
Noe6 Shorpshire 3/8 Clotninge

Noe? Soutrdown 3/8 Clothing.

~

Noe8 Hampshire Down 3/8 Coubinge

Noo9 Cxford Down 1/4 Conbing

No.10 Cheviot 1/4 Combing.
Noell Dorset Horned 1/4 Combine.
Noel2 Letorster . 1/4 Combinge

NoelS Lincoln Braid Combing.

eo oe ee ee ee er oe ee ee a ee ee ee 2 ee ee ee oe ee oe Oe ee et ee oe

Nowl4d Cotswold Braid Combinge

In order to Srow Dhotograrhs a typical Sample was Selected from
each variety above named and a Smull portion tuken from its centre.
This was treated with Sulvrurie ether to remove all faty then mounted
in Canatva bdalSam ard cxaumiuei under tre microS20Tée It wus fo.u.dy ewe
ever, thut it was next to inpoSsibdble to vrocurre wu *hoto oving tote
Pact that the Tiovre uncer tre meecsSury high pover was practically
tranSlucert, and guve no contrast with tee meurntine mediume In order t
overcome this diffizulty the srecimens were treated with silver nftrate;
ov this means tee esorvonert Parts of the Pihre were broie >t ont distinct

lye The resulting vDnotogrultns are here giverie
Ween. CUTICLE.

From an exauminution of the fibres of wool under a microscope it

will be seen that they differ materially from the fibres of plant bdDoties
Im each of the two latter cases the outside wall of the fibre is compose
of a Single cortinuous layers wnich is not divided intn Sections, and is
known as the cell-wall. In the wool fibre on tre other hand, the outer

~2-
layer, or cuticle, as it is called, is divided inte a number -f plates,
giving it a reugh and irregular appeurantre Trese plutes urc Sen.cwhat
cf the cne gereral Shape, theugn differing greatly in sizee bach Plat:
everlaps the udjrining crney tne reruer extericrr «ff tne fibre being due te
this facte The Prellewing drawires will give en itea of tre size ard

Sruue «P the plutcs in qut7sticne

FIERKS DIAMETERS.

The same frurteen varietics Shewn tn the pret-osrapns were tised tr
determine tre fiore-diumeters. Several Tivpres weave first taken, treatr:
with Sulphurtsc cther ter renrcve all Paty and exanin a under tre iwicures
So-pee nucr @xaminetica vsbeoug- ut eveir wrele lenueth revealed tre
fact that in all cases tre Gdiwetter ot too Lip «2 tre fEore wap much les,
than at the buse, tne rate -f increase Leirng Paulrly uniferme In errder
therefrre te wuke tyne readings aS neurlyv aerrect u& Drssible, the Sanplre,
Sheruld all ce sclented frem cne eiven vert ef tre Sstuple, preferably
the centreée rren. each varicty -P werl twenty trpicul fibres were seleo
ed. Fren toerey Orrtiens abeut cre -quarter ef an inch in leneth and
out exactly rrem che mantles treated with sulphuris ether and silver
nitrate and rerunted tn Banaia BalSam. nven after taking ull due pre-e
Gauticns in selesting tr srestinenrs, it wus ferund thut the fibres were
met cP a uniferm texturee Indienvatiens were namereuS, tne fibres tn
Semc caS€&& avvoearing te be almest dDr-ken in ralveSe Care was taker,
nmeweverysy tr reieot Sucv partS cf ene Suanplrs ani te preoure reuailscs
enly frem trerse varts thut uppeured tr be ef the mest unifrrm thickness.
The felleving table Syn-ws tre readings Se rotauined, tre me..surements de-

ing given in miorens ( a milerrn equals te enemthbdh@andth vart cf a

millimeter).
TALbLS 2.
Snrewing meusurrnent ef fibres in micer-ens.

Varieties and Measnremerts tn “terense

 

 

American Mertine Spanish Merine American Merir.c

XXClrtringe Ke Cl-tnine.
28.5 2% .5 25.7
25.7 BC.O 35.7
38 05 28.5 30.0
37.1 34.2 28.5
28.5 31.4 27.1
27.1 314 30.C
32 8 Sly& 27.1
38.5 28.5 27.1
36.5 Boe 28.5
3761 52 0 25.7
32.8 2761 2.8
42.8 3206 28.5
30.0 3567 28465
34.2 $1.4 31.64
35.7 5@e@ 32.8
32.8 34 02 25.7
31.4 35.7 27.1
26.5 31.4 3C.0
34.2 38.5 28.5
34.2 2507 25.7
3 670. 635C. 576.5
 

Dickensen Delaine Rambruillet Secs!
2463 271 21.4
3O.C 2060 27 4
2507 257 27 es.
243 2C.C 2865
2463 25.7 34.2
Tel 245 Suew
27.1 31.4 S7el
"Oe 28.5 SLs
28.5 BOLO 2065
34 2 25.7 350%
32 08 28.5 38.5
35.7 31.4 40.0
31.4 28.5 41.4
28.5 43.9 36 05
3402 3200 47.1
31.4 32.9 38.5
38 .* 27.1 +1.4
32 8 BOed 27.
BUel 24.8 05 94
35 07 25.7 32 8

T-tals 594.3 6K. 692.8
 

 

Sruthd-«wn Hampsnire Cxferd Dewn Chevirte
ac.c 5567 44.3 5507
42.4% 42.8 42 8 54.3
4403 94.3 58.5 5567
32.8 44.3 5761 57 el
30.0 40.0 58.3 52.8
28.5 44.3 64.3 5507
50.0 BOO 40.0 57.4
51.4 48.5 48.5 41.4
34.2 54.3 5403 42.8
42.8 47.1 40.0 45.7
5508 57.1 42.8 47.1
44.3 A0.D 48.5 50.0
3761 44.3 5567 61.4
47.1 44.3 3208 62.4
37 el 52. 58.5 47.1
HO. 34 .2 40.0 45.7
48.5 45.7 4761 48.5
44.3 44.8 S5C.C 45.7
40.u 5761 Duo 4761
41.4 32 8 O14 95.7

Tetals B20. 628.5 957.1 1024.3
Derset Herned

40.0

51.4

44.3
38.5
3507

34.2

3907
91.4

40.0

44.3
3C.0
38.5
44.3

48.5

90.0

892 8

Leicester

44.3

9507

48.5

48.5

44.3

1.4

5@.0

61.4

52.8

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e

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1028.5

Lirnerin

5C.0

AC.0

— 42

41.4
48.5

S71

42.8

47.1

48.5

45.7.

42.8
47.1

48.5

Ce

©

961.4

C-tswold

64.3
62.8
68.5
61.4
68.5
67.1
44.3
5307
71
6228

45.7

57.1
57.1
5453

4845

 

1152.8
Frem the figures given in tre frregring table the varieties cf

weel can be arranged in c«rder acorrding te their diumeters.

Such erdaer

is given in tuble 2, the average diameters heing expressed in miorcans

and in decimals of an

inche

TABLE 3.

chewing average diameters of weel fibres in micrrns and in deci-

mals cf an inch.

 

 

Varieties >: Average Afaretors in 2 Averace dfameters
> mior-ens.e sin decimals cf ar
: _ > inche
Rambruillet 28.28 : 60011]
Americam Merine- : :

XXClething : 28.93 : eCC113
Dicxensen Delaine : 29-71 ~CC113
Spanish Merine 3150 : ©C0124
American merina-~ ;

XX Cl ething : $3.50 : C0131
Sherpshire : 34 664 : ©0136
Secuthdewn 41.00 ; ~CC16C
Derset Hrrned ; 44.64 : ~CO1LTC
Hamoshire 46.43 ~ C0182
Cx ferrd Dewn 47.65 : eCO188
Line-ln ; 48.C7 ; ~CC189
Leicester : 48.57 ; ©C0190
Chevint : 97221 : eCC2C1
Catswrld : 57.64 .ooae”
A glance ut Puble 1 will Siew toat there 185 a warked aGifferciice

in tee jiameters -f ditferent fibres af tre same variety ef weel, and

tnis mnetwitrstandine tree fast treat tre mrst tyvisal fibres were seleate?

ard tre the raked eve seemed te be eP abrul the sume derree -f Tinenesse

a
’

The fellewing cudle tee Sinallest, lureerst and average diar-

Fives

eterS, aia tre diiterenae oetween tre Ssuallest and lareest diamcicrs «2

tne fiores exuminede

Table 4.

 

Varieties > Smallest: Differrrnac: Avere: Differ-3 ouura-~:Differenre
| > Diameters between 2 use 3 enar 2eSt wthetweoen
: > smullest tDiam- : »« tween: Diam-:larerst
s Sund aver- setters 2: largestvieverssand Suull-
: 2age diumco= ° > and aves 2eSt diance
: sters. : . aze dia? :ters.
: : : S mcterSet :
Americun Merinr= 3° : : : . :

X olethineg 2: 25.7 : 4.2 728.9 : 6.8 :35.7 : 1C.C
Dickinsrn Delaire: 24.3 : +24 329.7 3: 6eC 3385.7 3 11-4
Svantsn Meerine ; 2547 ° 28 261.5 ; 7.0 £38.25 ; 12.8
Rambruillet $s 24.8 : Ae ©2363 2 41% 94990 © 1507
Lincreln >: 43,4 s 746 242 .@ ° 9. 257.7 ° 15.7
Amertiean Merinr 3: : : : : :

AX OCletring 3: 25-7 : 7.8 556305 2 9.3 342.8 : 17.1
Letcester °° 41.4 : 7el 248.5 : 12.9 .6144 : 20,2
Cnevicrt >: 41.4 >: <Ilel 255.5 2: Ted 2602.8 3: 21-4
Derset Herned >: 04.3 : 10.3 £44.6 : 12.5 357.1 : 22.4
SruthAcwr >: 28.6 . 12,1 e*71.0 22 10,4 397.2 2 22.8
Cetsweld © 44.6 ©: LAA 257.6 : 1CO.9) 36825 3 24,29
Hampstire >: 30.0 > 16.4 246.4 +: 10.7 :57.1 : 27381
Cxfrra Dewn : bC.0 ‘ 1725 247.8 ; 16.5 °64.:5 : S4 el
A clese examinatirn ef twe Samples cf weel taken frem the Same
purt cf any twe fleeces revresentirng distinct breeds cf Sheed, more par-
ticularly if -nne be a lengewerlled ard tre crther a Shert-weerlled breed,
will readily Snew that there is a greut differense in tne fibre-dianmcters
of the twee weerlSe inven in the cuse rf a single svesimen cf any ene
breed, we can easilv reorerize the fart that tre weel en tre Shrulter 15
much firer than that orvering the bellye But it is hard tr believe
that there could be anv ernSiderable difference in diameter between, Sar,
twenty fibres take1 © 1em ane SOrte It weuld be enlv natural te Supprse
that all fibres taken frem a given Square inch of skin Surface wruld be
cf an equal finenessSe Yet such is fur frem being tre case. In the
twenty Samples cf each variety examined, a wide variatien was frunde In
Seme caseS tne difference in diumeter was remurkabdles in Pact, in a few
instances the difference amrunted te mere than enemhalf the diameter cf
the crarsest fibres It is cnlv tr he exnrected, tnats, given twe differ=
ent breed ef Sheep with fleeces Similar in all ether resvectsS, the ene in
wnich the lexrst vuriatien in fibre diameter accurS, will be tre mest val=
uable frem tre cleth murnufacturer's Deint -f view.

In tre frllewing table the varieties rf weel are given in «rder
with their average variaticn frem tre uveruse diumetere In arrder tr me
Caan LNis sePsaticn the difference between the diameters -f «uch fiodre
of each variety examined, ard toe averare fibre, have heen added traether,
and aivided »y twerty, tre mumber «ff Fibs Ss exuutnede ihn inis war the

averare vurluticn huS heen Sfourede
Snewing Vartaticns fren Averiuge DlauetorSe

‘iven in milcr-cenSe

TABLE Se

“"easurements are

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘'ariety Ameriran M.:- “Svurisr Me pthotAmerizan Meri-:Diekinsen.
srinr Xo eth ins SNeeA Clrir inte?

vwerage Diameters: Se2d 28698 29671

5.00 2 3.05 3.23 5.41

: 7eS8C : : ; .

> 1450 6.0/ 29

: 5600 - «B00 er a.

3260 ZeVev 0 5.41

yee .10 1683 5.41

> «6.40 10 : 1.07 266

airtaticns S70 10 1.83 ; 2.61

ers Bele 1.83 1.21

: 3060 L980 of203 1.24

70 1.30 : R23 4.49
° 0.85 ° : e

; 4.40 3.87 3.69

8650 ; 1.3 ; ae 5.9y

: LT : 4.2 : 645 1.66

2420 ; .10 2.47 : 1.21

“73 1.52 3.87 ; 4.49

- 2810 2.72 : 3423 1.49

5eGU 462 : 1.63 2.61

570 10 1.07 : B.C9

; 676 : 7.10 43 ; 229

_ 54 : 548 : OB 889

-caul Varlaticns : 72.70 - 47.70 - 89.52 62.60
Ave ruge : : :

Variatticns? 3263 : 248 : 1.97 . 3.18.

-:L-
it

 

 

Ramoruillet : Shrroshire: Seruthiewn : Hampshire : Cxferd Dewn
28.28 : 34.64 3; 41.CC 3 46.43 : 47.85
1.14 : 13.20 : 1.CCO 3 9.27 : 3.55

8.28 ° 7294

© oe 08
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a x
>)

2458 : 7.54

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e
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8.28: 6.14 : 8.20: 2.15 9.25
2.58 : 44: 1leco 6.43 : 6.45

3.98 : 4. 64 ° 12.50 : 2.18

~—s
mn
@

aN
ol

bel2 : 2e 46 : 9,00 3: 16.43 °. 7 -%
3 3 9 a

Pa ated : 4,9! ° Tepe4rr 2.07 : 065

Bewes e 6.14 ° 6.8C ° 7.87 ; 6 45

7042: 1.06 : 1.80 : 67 ; 7.83

del2

42d6 : Se3C 3 6.43 : 065

022 : Oe Fu > 3e9C 3 2eld 785

0
e

~—
G

11.72 : 3.86 : 6.10 15.05

4.52 : 12 246 : 3.90 3 5237 ° 10.65

x#.33 : °75

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e

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on
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2202: O7654 3.50: 2.15 17.85

3.98 +: 11.6 : CC $10.67 2.15
eb 164; 640 3 18.68 13.55
68.80: 115.80: 118.40 124,52 155.6C
3.44 : 5.79 : 5.62 : 6.22 7.78

-12-

 
 

 

 

4.49
5 89
1.59

4.49

4.11

1.21
10.19

11.59

4.11

4.49

101.-5@

5 C7

34

14.64

034

117-16

585

00 0b 0h 08 0 e 08 6h OO 08 208% 00 88 68 8 08 oF 08 e808 60 08 6% 60 © 08 O80 e bee 6e @

8.53
2.87
1.43

9.83
4.23
4.26
8.53

71d

~j

>

e

wo ©
~J

2 0835
1.47
9.93
2-83
1.438
12 83
4.23
96 .88

4.84

-1%-

eo 00 680 020 00 © 08 068 68 060 000008 08 08 8 ee

5.27
6.67
0454

9.03
3 08

043

1.93

303d

97

54.82

274

00 080 68 08 © 00 00 08 828 08 08 SH e088 oe 08

Cnevict Derset Horned: Leicester Linerln - Crtsweld
57.21 44.64 + 42.57 ; 48.07 86a
4.49 4.64 : 4.97 1.95: 6.66
3.09 6.76 : 8.53 . Lox: 5.16

10.86
376

10.86
9.46
13.34

1.94

3.34
9.14
128.1C

6.40
Fram the frregcring table we can place the varieties tn arder oc

value, based upern the leust vartiatien in diameter ef fibres.

TABLE 6.

Varieties in order aserrding te least variaticn in diameter

of fibre. Veusurements are given in micren8e

 

 

a

 

Varieties Variatien frem the Average.
America Merinr--X Clertning-------- n-ne rere 1.97
Spanish Merine -------------------------------2.38
Lineeln -------------------------------------- 2.74
Dickinsrn Delaine ---------------------.------ 3-18
Rambeuillet ---------------------------.--_.-- 3 044
American Merinn - XX Clething --------__-___- 3.65
Leicester -------_--___ "

III mm me me 4.84

Chevint - -------- 9-292 2 75 OF
Seuthd -wn-------- or rc rrr rrr rrr 5.62
Shrepshire ---------------- 7-2 25 TY
Derset Harned ------------------ 22-77-77 7-7-7275 285
Hampshire- ------------------------7---------- 6.22

| CatBwold ------------------------------------- 6.40
Oxferd Dewn -------------~------ ~~ ee 7.78

A study cf the fergeing tuble will shew ut a Zlance the wide dif-

ference in unifcrmity ef fibre-diameter that exists between different va-

rieties cf weerl. Pine werls are mere vahuable than orarser kinis en ac-

Grunt cf their finer texture. This table sShews them te be mere valuable
alSe fer a Seoend reasane “ith tne single exeepticn ef tre Linceln tre

finer wrnrls pessess tne greatest uniformity in diureter.

-14-
Frem Table 5 we calculate tye averaze diumeter cf the whale cf the
fibres ter be 28.72 seven-hundreiths ef a millimeter, cr, .CC161 innres,
CP tre twenty varicties examined, seven were finer and seven crurser than

the average, u8 Srewn in tre Pfellerwing tablet=-

TABLE 7.

Showing varieties finer and trarsrr tean te uv-oragee

Variety CemDurisen with average diameter.

 

America n Merine (X) Finer
spansih Merine Finer
Ame~ioar. Merine (XX) : Finer
Dickernsen Delaine Finer
Rambeuillet : Finer
onrepshire Finer
Seuthdewn : . Finer
Hampshire : Crarser
Cxfeard Drwn Cerarser
Chevi et Cearser
Dearset Herned Cearser
Leicester Cearser
Lineeln Cearser
Cetswrld : CrarSere
 

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Cotswold.
Brad Combing.

 

 

 

Lincoln.
Braid Combing.

 

 
 

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