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A’ PHYSICs!:, Aud UY NTS. STUDY
of

, Teshnioal Report Submitted to
the “aculty of

Tis UISUIGLT AGRIGULTUAAL COL. OS

by

Arthur Ve - ronson and Hevockyor hroane

Candidates for the l'erres of

Eachelor of Scionceéea:

June 1921.
THESIS
 

In view of the @ast that the sabject of
C-xbon Steels hag been thoroughly wrked out by a mime
ber of experienced men, oni that information en this
mubject is available from a mamber of sources, onc may
think 41% queer that we should sclect it for our Teche
Nical Problem. |

Our aim, howevor, was to obtain a greater
knowledge of the subject of Carbon Steels through our own
original work, ani now that the work is completed, woe
feal that the experience which wo geined in the mohine
shop, heat treating shop, micrographical laboratory,
am testing laboratory has been on ample reward for our
energy e

We aro greatly inhodted to Hr. Walter
Hildor? ané ir. Charlies Thomas of the Reo Noter Car Co.
and to Mr. CeHeStuart of lodge Lrothers for their aid
in farnishing ue mith matorialse fie also wish to thank
ir, Boker, Mre Publow, and lr. imeling of the ilichigan
Agricultural College for their valuable suggestions,

AeVeATOnsONe
HeLeBroane

East cansing, ‘ichigan, June 8th, 1921.

93'795
‘esba saa iss"
Tuy BiCuL . Ely ips e
wtororrapitoasL fildlysaige

Raga @ 8m mw ew ee wm

Oiple Corputetbiuniue « =

i
 

Steel is one of the main materiels with
which the civilized world has to deal in the prosent em.
The mamfroture of steel has inoreasod immensely éuring
the past century, due the increasot donnné for 1% and te
the improved processes which have enabled the mimface
taxes to mect this denani.

The two main constituents of steel are
carton and itron,- tho porcent:ce of the latter being cbout
99%, in the plain carbon steelae Besides those tw,
there aro found a mamber of other elements, which ars termed
impuritiese These ero varying 2 cunts of silicon, mane
renese, phos-horous, sulphur, ani traces of mung ether
metcls and motaloia€gs,. ‘11 pradea of stool contain a trace
at loast of silicon, -nd occasionilly asa cach ag 0.5%,
though most grades contain between 0.05 anf Qed,

Nanganese is found in stecl in combination
with eithor sulphur or ecrbon in the foum of m:nganese
sulphide (nS) or a::rbido of manzinese (Laigl). The pare
centago of muncanope varies from 25 up to as high a8 1e0j0
Steol of satisfactory quality contains frome trace to «1%
Mhosphorus, which is held in #011d solution ty the iron
as the phosphide of iron (FesP)e ‘hen the phosphorus
content, «2%, it has a marked tenfensy to incresse the
grain aise of the metal, thereby increasing the brittie-
nees. Sulphur shoulé never ocour in steol in excens of
01%, tho content usmally boing 01 to .05,%. It cocurs
chiefly in the form of fron gulphide (FeS) ani manganoese
Ze
gulphnide (2inS) «

The alloy stecis ccntain other eloenents
in addition to theacs mined nborse Tho most comzon alloy
Steelg ero mMickol, nic.clechrome, chic:slua, chrone=
Yamadiun, anh silfcoen mjanoree “hose Geni in tha alee
,oRts which thatr nino? aisscate

tn rlein cericn steels the eurtcn content
varien from .Ol1 to shout 1e70-,e iron gortoicdiw more
then thie snout of o vton tetne tremed cast diume The
Trorertles vary with tis amonnt of azilor, and in this
raper vs have triad t show pons of trocs outstanding

€1fferssese
Ze

 

PHY Sie ae PLIEY

There nro 2 number of pointe to bo conside-
ered in the physical anilysis of 4 snam-le of steel.
Among these, the most important are the tansile and tor
sionsi tests. In this work, howevor, wo inten to show
only the tonsile proverties of a mimber of samples of
plain carbon steels varying from a very low to s very high
carbon content. In ordor to do thia, it was necesacry
to assemble data for the following curvcs:
le Flastic Linit
2. Uaxinam atrength
4. Modulus of elasticity
4. Mastic resilience
§. Reduation of aras
6. Elonsation
7. “ardness
The samplics of steol which wers tested
were 7/8" rollc& stcel bars, anf in orfer to bring
thom sll to tho some comitions before making am tests,
it wes neceasnry to normalize theme This wes dono by hant-~
ing thom to 1700 © F and allowing thom to cool alowly
in the farnsaoe, for nbout ‘twonty-four hourse <ftor the
samples had cobled, thoy wore turned into test tars,
foar bars boing made of each s-mclee
The hardness ws t-Xon of cach test bar
both befors and after normalizing. The readings taken
vefore heat troating were not consistest with the carbon
 

ed

Pay

 
al

i ed

 
4e
eontont, duc to the fret th:t the s:mrlos camo from a
maumber of @1fforont mills and probably 44¢ not receive
the game annorliing treatment. ‘tho rerdings taken softer
the bars were normalized show th:t tho hardness inoreases
uniformly with the inerease in earbon content.

In pulling the test bara, - 100,000 ihiele
testing mochine was used, ‘ Lerry strain gauge was
attached to the two puaoh marks in order to show the
elongation, The load wos applied in 1000 pound ineree
ments until mecr the elastic limit, ani then it was applied
in 500 pound incercriente. The elongation was read from
the Berry strain ctauge et occh incromonte “hen the
elastic limit had been reased, tho cause w-s removed an&
the load was incresed until the test bar broke

The date thus obtaineé wre used in plot-
ting a stross-strrin diasram, from which wa were able
to rend the olrestiec 11:.1% oni Bho unit Geformation. The
diameter and tho length betwoon the punch marks wss
taken before am after dbreal:tn-, which data enadled te
to compute tho reduction in area ami tho elongatione
The unit stress at the clastio limit, the miximmum strength,
the mo€ulus of olasticity, ami the olastic resilions
were then computed from these Gata. 11 of these data
ani a somle of the commutations will be foum following
this discussion.

The accomponying curves show the resulta
dP

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Be
of our tests. isure 1 shows how tho slastio limit anf
the maximum strensth very with the carbon content. The
points were dotormined by tring the average of the four
teat bars in ach semylee

et us first consider the elastic linit
curve, The unit stress at the elastic limit inoreaser
uniformly an& gradually for the steela having a c-rbon
content of from 3 to 9:, and below and above those points
the inoreasé is not caite uniform, but is a little
more replad, It is ~lainly evident from this curve that
if a picee of steal wero to be ssleetad for strencth
alone, the cxrbdon content ahould be highe

Tho other curve shows that tho maximus
strength inereases moro rrpidly then the elastic 11 it
until the eutectoid point ia reachoi. For hypexz- eutece
told stools, however, tho moxinum atrength decroasese
The freot that these two curves do not heve the game slope
show that the oelnstio ratio, which is the unit stress
nt the olastio limit divided by the maximum unit stroas,
deorcason with the increase in tho o-rbon content up
to th: euteotold point.

Figure 2 shows the ourves for the modulus
of ol -sticity and the elastic rosilience. The former
remains prectically constant at a little above 50,000,000.
However, for the emple containing .011)> carbon, 1% is
mach lower, being 18,700,000. This a:mple is, as you
will notice, a practically cartonless steol, ani is there
fore vary ductile.
TE wt) a a ed A ee ae, ed ea
Ca LLL a5 a RLY i re 2 a) ae
QIN CARFAONW COW 7EN 7

Ad beeMe le APA ae sites

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SHRISeES, FBBcaaas, ;Hgpotats
P Elasticity in Millions

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CURVES | SHOWING RELATION BET
MODULUS of ELASTICITY, ELASTIC £,
AND CAPAON CONTENT.

38

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| Mod. of Elosticilgy

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Tha elastic resilience increases waite
uniformly with the incroaso in thse carbon contents
Resilienmse ig the wor: which a body can do in spring-
ing bank after a Geforsing fare hes boon romeved, and
ia noggured in insh-pounds sor oubio inche Ronse, the
curve shows that the hirhor carbon steelé@ have 2 greater
temienoy to return to their normal size anf shape cftor
having been deformed.

Figure 5 shows the relation betwoen the
rer eent reduction in area am tho oF sont elongation.
It will be notioad that toth of those curves decrease
with the inorense in tho carbon content, and that tha
are prrotioally tho sme for tho eutectoid steels, diver=
ping aztain cftor pasaing the eutootoid point. Upon
exrminine tho differocnt tost bars after they had been
lied, wo found that the reduction in area and tho elonga-
tion were mors =ronouncel throushout the dintance be tween
the runch mer’s in the low carbon steels than in the
nedium and high cnrbon steelse In tho medium carton
ateols, these changos occured chiefly in the "necking"
section, which wes about one-half inch long, ond in the
hirh carbon eteela, there was no very notiocble change
at rll, ani the fracture was prectically straight scross
the Dare

Figure 4 illustrates the hariness of the
steel. The test wos made with both the solerescope and
the brinell machine. The sole resoope curves do, conform
exnotly with the Brinell curves, tut the general teniensy
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of all tho ourves is to show o marked inorcage in tha
hardness up to the esutectoid point, and from thora on,
the hariness soema to reuein oither constent or to drop

slightly.

 

In tha followin: discuggion, steel will
be oonsidered 23 a mrs alloy of iron -né ocrbon, free
fron the impurities cilicon, mungunesa, sulphur, cond
vhoephoras, Wiech ors slweys oreaont in aomporcial proe
Cuctse

Two chotomferegre:hs sere takon of cach
Sanple,- one as recoived omf ono in tho normels:e€@ cone
dition, In nomniyliving, ech smile was Ir ated to 1700°F
amd allowsd to coo slowiy in the furnace for about tecntye
four hours, which troatmeat snlargod the grain si:@e
The samplag «3 reeoived were in the annealed conkition,
having beon given e treataent which romoved all internal
stroine cuuosd by rolling er& vcrmduccé 2 ctructure thet
eave it maximum strength end ductility.

Stecl 1e gonorally eredod according to the
anount of carton it contnins, andi this grading is uaclly
expronsed in the following terns:

Very low carbon atoel, Very or extra

mild steel, voiy soft or de & soft ateol « C not over 10%
Be
Lew carbon steel, mild or soft

stecl =. .C not over of)
iedfum high carbon steel, hulf-
hard steel -C 26 ta .60%

High earbon steel, hard steel © C over .60°
Very high exarbon steol, very
horé or extra hard steol - 6 over 10255
in this work, wo used nines suples,-
varying in carbon content from .all to 1.08%. Howover,
phétomiocrographs were takin of only six of these, which,
we believe, io sufficiant to show tho changes in structure

with tho ohango in o: rbon contonte

Low coxbon Steal ge

The first two piotures {llustraite the
etructure of « practisslly earbonless stesl, The 20m
meroial namo of this steal is American Inzgot Iron, and
it is camfaectured by tho ‘mortenn “olling ‘lls Company
of iiddletewn, Chio.g Ito min chnractoriatic is that
1% will not oxidize, smi 16 is used concidarably in
making articles which sre sxposod to the wonther and
which do not require mich atrensth, such ca pirta for
vontil-ting aystema.

The €ifforance betveon low garton ste :l
and wroucht irom is breed upon the G@iffcrame between
the methods employed for thoir res: ootive numfacture
rathor than upon unlike chonienl or “hysionl properties,
for these metals may ind@ bo uite identical both
Re
phyesieonlliy ard chonicallye <a mey concider low carbon
ateel ag boing wrou7ht fron from which the moch nieclly
held slsug hea been romoved throush molting.

Tho picturas shows that the structure cons
siste chiefly of ferrite, but tho @ark lines enclosing
the srains show thet thore ia « mcll cm unt of another
constituent prosont. (The cark gots sre polishing pitse
These pita are practically uncvoidahle in polishing such
n soft spootmen.) Those dark lines aro called "ronrlite",
wWeich, when suhjootsd to a hizher m.gnifieation, ore
shown to consist of curved tl.tea or loniblae altorm tely
dark snd whitee “co know thet osrton doza not exist ig
stool in the froo ctate, but that it coours in the fom of
carbide ef iron (FegC). The white lunillze consist
of ferrite. Tistinetion in nafe bet oon the farrite
contained in tho perrlite ani the forrite foming the
belanes of low carton stoel, by cslling the former
"penrlite-ferrito” am the letter “frie ferrite". “owever,
it is notural to acschme thet froo ferrite «n resrilte-
forrite aro identionl in that thay sro pureiron in :aroe
stecle

Tho bénck lamilice in conrlite, sa ner
tioned above, ure commosed of carbide of trom (eC).
Howe hag named this carbide "comentite”, sand thia nis
has becn univor@ally :dorted, The atomlie woighta of
from anf carton cra 65 and 12 ros oetively. Thorefors

cementite must contnin

see e 6.6%) carbon
x *
 

«01 Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNOs in
CoHs0H.

lage 80 x

Sample es received,

 

eO1 Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNO, in
Heated to 17004F and
cooled in furnace 24
hrse
 

«O01 Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNOz in
[lags 80 x

Sample es received,

 

eOl Carbon Steel.
Etehed with HNO, in
Mage 80 x

Heated to 1700¥F and
cooled in furnace 24

hrse
ade

It £2 a very han substcenos, boing ths h-:tdest of 411 the
constituents o-enrins in fron am steel, h- reer avon
then harcned hich ecrbon stow, T-mentite in comercial
steol contains a mell smount of menzanosa in tha form
of "Met. Sinse tho ctomte waisht of mungsnose is 56 anh
that of irom is 56, 1t hernons th-t tho prescme of
manae-nogo in oom-ntite has very little affect uron the
Onrbon contont. “he imnritieos silicen ani gulvhur aro
elso found in very onell cvuantitias in comontite in the
form of the silicide ani sulvhida of fron rsa ‘ootivelye
Tt has bom found th-t tho pres -noa@ of mun: nese and
miphur toni to incrs-so tho at-bility of camentite,
and that the nresereo of -ilicon tends te Coorevase the
stalilitye

‘awill Le netien€ from the pnotosr: ns
of the .011 c-rton steel, there is . wry amnll smount
of pesrlito vresent,- the min constituent of this stack
toeing free forrite, The shanro of the grains is prec
tically tho same in both rictums, thouch thors in tio
norm-lized acnple sro mich lsrtare

The socom ant of pleturos aro thone cof »
015. a-rbon stecle This ia in the olnag of low ccrton
stesl.e Sn ax:minntion will show thst there is o mnirked
imcrenso in tho mnoart of pesrlite and » deoroase in
ths anount of frao ferrite, This is duo toe tho f:ct
that the accit’onel earton beg conbinoed with sono of the
free ferrite to form Fego, and this combines in turn
with more farrite to form pearlite.
 

015% Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNO, in

Maze 80 x
Sample as received.

 

215% Carbon Steel,
Etehed with HNO, in
C OH se

“exe 80 -x

Heated to 1700¥F and
cooled in furnace 24
hrse
 

On tho naxt poco are shown photomicrographs
of ste :l hoving a osrbon content of 039i. In oom: risen
with tho structuros of tha precoéding asm: lea, it will
ta noticed that the inorsaae in the mount of o:rton
hes @e in inersesed th: -mount of pecrlito,corres;ome-
iy decreasing tho amount of free farritoe

Thase three enmples hive shown th t the
arago? freo forrite hes boon era tar th a tha arse of
raarlite). Tho latter sun-ise sgontains elightliy icss
than ongeh:1lf ths anount of aenrbon th t eutactoid
stesl contains, «mA since gutoctoid sto2l is cospeged
entiroly of vercclibta, Lt visulS bo oxnceted th t thia
Supple would contrin evnroximately ojusi unoucts of
roarlite ant froe ferrite, with the anttes « Littis
in exceBge This ie clenrly shown by tne plotured, «i
in tha gauales to fol:ow, 1% will ta noticod th. t the
mouit of posrlite is sro:ter th nitho wicunt of Sree
Larrit re

The mxt two ricturss sro of 65, curton
Ssteaole “Whon steel conteins tut 2 secll, clthough «. pre-
eicbla, amcunt of ferrits, cs in tho oc se with o rlon
contents botvoen eo ant .700 the forrite froguently
forma envelopes or moembrencs surroundiag tha pou.rlitos
ersins, ab arrancanontg gonerslly doseribed as a “notework"
otructurs, vocrlits formin? the oasshus um the free

ferzvite tho net prorere This netewor: atiuctire ile
iT A
Pn AS.
nek) w=,
‘a

 

',39% Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNO, in

e
lage 80 x
Sample as received,

 

239% Carbon Steel,
Etched with HNO, in
CoH50H.

Heated to 1700%F and
cooled in furnace 24
hrse
Re
mhown Wooy cicorly in the ecoom-.nyire photomicree
PTna hse The colghadre] er-tna of free forrite huva aigu

appe-reé dus to the erent anount of marlito.

 

“HO steols ‘Teviously diseuased h::ve
contsin-d a @emaller percent. go of earbon th n eatectold
steel am ere oplleé "hypoe-eutcotoiad"stoolae. The
follewin: discussion deals with “hypexeoutcotoia"
etecls am tose contain a lanser -sarecnt: go of ex: rbon
th n outecstoid stoele <o woro0 uri io to obtain a
SBumola of eutccteia steol, in which the structure would
db: ontirsly pe rlits, but the chotemicrosravhs of
tha 095; earbon steel ehow « very lnrgs emourt of it,-
the d-rk aroes rerresunting this constitucnt. The light
Serene represent free wonentite, which gonorally romains
bright and Lrillicnt after being etohed by nitric acide

Tho 1.08. carbon steel i: crsotioally the
g:2e, with a slightly grenter sxncant of froo canentitee
It will be noticed th: +t the groin structure docs no% appear
until tho specimen k-s been mrolirede 4 Vory lsrge
grcin of ponrlite is notic:-dlo e little to the upper
left of tho conter of the lstter picturee The lamillae
ecn be plainly soon oven :.t o mignification of only 60xe.
 

056) Carbon Stecl,
Etehed with BNOw in
ColinCle

‘Ege 80 x

Sample as reeeived,

 

0565 Carbon ‘teel,
itehed with 10% in
Co “OH e
peeps

"Bre 7
Heated to 17004F and
cooled in furnace 24
bYS»
 

vi Mag. 80 x

f Sample as received,

 

. 293% Carbon Steel.
. Etehea with HNO in
| CoH,OHe
Mag. 80 x
Heated to 17004F and
cooled in furnace 24
hrse
 

1.08% Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNOg in

 

1.08% Carbon Steel.
Etched with HNOz in

Heated to 1700YF in
furnace and cooled
24 hrse
a2

POM teas Bes j
We bee te ed le ll

Tha for-soine aoslysea hey shown th-t%
acrhbon fa o vory tmoortent constituent of steele The
tenclle test shows tho sortron-onding ineroniae or dew
eranse in tro pupedtect pravorties vith ths increase in
hy exrton esutont.

In gonnaurings our roegulites vith those obtained
ry othor nen, ws find th t thoy aro practic lly tho same
Tho olestiec Liv’ ts and the moximun atrengths for high
ecrbon steels 2r?t less th. thoas givon in Lion tweller's
"Hechine Posian’, but this ia orob.tly duo to tho heat
treatment thigh woe vo ogr aviales. ‘iowaervor, the
fonorel ontline of th: cursvos nre cracticclly the sce

neg thoze shown tn Jotnesa'’s “Uaters: 19 of Construction” «
DATAe

Sample No.l.

Chemical, Analysis:-
Carbon - 011% Manganese - eO1L?%
Phosphorus - ,008% Sulphur = .032%
Haxiness:=
Before Heat Treating After H.Te
Bar Shore Brinell Shore Brinell
A 18 80 6 16 74.0
B 19 82.0 16 72.7
0 18 80.6 16 7247
D 18 80.6 16 oone
Average 18 81.0 16 Mel
Tensile Test.
Bar. A B C D
Diae before pulling .504 °#.505 0461 e505
" after " e274 =o BPA os-= 0276
Area before " 01995 8003 em--- 22006
" after " «0580 .0590 coon 0598

Difference in area 01405 .1413 once 1405
% Reduction of aren 70.5 006 -<-- 7002
Length after pulling 2.90 2.91 oon £492
" before " 2.00 2.00 2.00 2200
Diferemce in leng&h 0.90 0.91 anne 0.92
% Elongation 45.0 4565 $$ <---= 46.0
Load @ elastic limit 35000 2850 $100 5100
Stress @ EeLe #/aqs" 15000 14300 <---= 15500
“

i
so

Semple Noe 1e(conta)

Bar A B C D
Baximum load # 8600 8700 ---- 8650
Max. Stress #/sq." 45000 43500 ---- 43250
Elastic Ratio 0348 = 6330s w= °358
Mod. of Elastiot 18.8 17.9 -m-2= 1964 —
Elastie Regiiiene 11.9 1164 “--= 12,4
Unit deformation (in.g).0008 .0008 ---- 20008
FPrecture Semi, Cup ané Cone.

Remarks:=- Bar C was not compltely broken.

Sample No. 2

Chemical, Anglyaig:-
Carbon - .15% Manganese - 50%
Phosphorus- 010% Sulphur - .048%
Hardnega:-

‘After Heat freating
Bar Shore | Brinell

A 17 “soe

B 17 anne
CC 17 89.5

D. 17 89.3

Average 1? 89.5
B
»504
2298
01995
0698
01297
65.0
2.82
2.00
0.82
41.0
6600
32600
10500
61700
2630
29.6
17.9

3 Noe 2
Tengile Tost

Bar : A
Dia, before pulling  .504
" after " °295
Area before " 01995
" after " 20684

Diff, in area 01311
% Reduction of Area 65.7
Length after palling £282
" befere * 2200
Diff. in length 0.82
% Klongation 41.0
Load @ Bele # 6000

Stress 2 E.Le #/sq." 80100

Mexinum load ¢ 10200

Max, Stress i#/sa." 51200
Elastic ratio «580
Mod. of glastici 5320
Klastic Resilience 15 06

("#/oue"
Unit deformation 20009

Frac tare
Remarks:-

eOO1LL

C
0504
«500
01995
00707
01288
64.5
2.80
200
0.80

40.0

6400
$2100
10400
52200
«616
26.8
18.7
0012

Semi cup ani cone

e505
0287

00647
01356
62.8
2.82
2200
0.82
41.0
6000

10500
52700

e570

5020
15.0
20010
Sample Noe ds

Chemical, sAnalysig:~
Carbon - 0.23% Manganese - .37%
Phosphorus - .008% Sulphur - ,.048%
Ha xinegs: -
Before He Te After H.Te
Bar Shore ‘Brinell Shore ‘Brinell
25 ~--- 19 99 62
B PA ‘a1 18 95.6
25 121 £20 99 oz
D 24 116 18 9867
Average 24.05 119 19 96.9
Jonsile Teat
Bar : A | B C D
Dias before pulling 0477 0445 0477 477
" . after "- 0290 2266 e262 e270
Area before "  $.1787 41655 1787 1787
* after " 00661 0566 .0539 0573
Diferense in area 01126 e0999 01248 eicl4

% Reduction of area 63.0 6305 7000 68,0
Length after pulling 2.78 2.78 2.62 2.78

" before " 2,00 200 2200 2200
Diff. in leggth 0.78 0678 0682 0478
% Elongation 3900 39.0 41.0 39.0
Bar A B 0 D
Load at Ele # 4200 3500 4000 4000
Stress 0 Bebe j/sq." 23500 22500 22600 22600
Max. loail # 9100 7900 9200 9200
Stress @ max, load 61000 50800 61800 1800
Elastic retin?" «500 0444 0435 0435
Mead. of Elasticity £14 22.5 22 05 £25
(millions)
Elastic Resilience 12.9 1143 11.3 11e3
Unit desowbation 20011 0010 .0010 .0010
Fracture Semi cup and cone |
Saaple No. Se

Chemiog) Analyeia:-
Oarbon - 25 Manganese ~- 58
Phosphorus - .015 Sulphur - ,.018
Hardnega:-
Bar Before H.eTe After H.T.

Shore Brinell Shore Brinell
A 19 123 £1 140
B 19 125 21 121
g 20 123 21 143
D 19 123 21 126
Average 19 123 £1 133
S Ngo 4 n
Tensile Teat
Bar : A B
Dia. bepre pulling .506 504
“ after " 0559 0550
Arta before " e201lL 1995
" after " 099235 = N962
Diff. in area 21088 = 6.103
% Red. of area 53 52
Length after pulling 2.70 2.68
" pefore " 2.00 200
Biff. in length 0.70 0.68
% Elongation 35 B4
Load @ EL. # 5600 6000
Stress © Bel. #/aq." 27900 30100
Max Lead i 19608 13800
Max. Stress #/sqe" 62600 69200
Elastic Ratio 0462 $436
Mod. of Elasticity 31.0  30el
(millions)

Elastic Resilience 12.6 15.0
Unit deforection 0009 0020

Frac tere

Semi cup ani cone

e506
0340
e2011
0908
011035

2268
2200
0.68
54
5800
28900
12600
62600
0462
52 02
15.0
0009

e506
0342
2011
0917
01094
54 25
2066
2200
066

6300
51300
12600
62600
«500
S13
15.7
«0010
Sample Noe 5.

Chemical Analysis:
Carbon = .39% Meiganese - 58%
Phosphorus - .025% Sulphur - .065%
Hardnesa:-
Before H.T. After H.T.
Bar shore Brinell Shore Brinell
A 21 127 24 169
B 22 131 20 151
C 21 131 24 183
D 22 135 19 187
Average 2145 12 22 153
Zonsile Test
Bar | ; A - B C DB
Diae before pulling  .5065 e500 0476 506
" after " 04160 A142 =o 5940s ALT?
Area befpre " 002008 841965) = 17802 2011
" after " 01359 «= 63460 12190 1366
Diff. in area 0641 0617 0561 #0645
% Reds in area 82 31e5 0 B15 32
Length before pulling 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
" after " 2.50 2.48 2.60 2248
Diff. in length 0.50 0048 0,50 0248

% Elongation 25 24 25 24
Sample ioe be (conta)

a

Bar A B C D
Loai @ Ele # 7500 8000 6500 17300
Stress @ E.L. #/ sae" 37500 40700 36600 36400
Maximum load 7 16200 15700 14500 16000
Max. Stress #/sa." 81000 80000 681400 79600
Elastic Ratio 0466 «508 2450 0458
Moh. of Elasticity 28.9 2504 36:6 30.3
Mastic, Sgailianse 24.35 8206 1805 21.9
Unit nerorse elon 20018 .0016. «=.0010—S 40012
Frac tare Semi cup and cone
Sample Noe be

Chemical ‘nalysigi-
Carbon ~- 256% Manganese = 38%
Phosphorus - .006% Sulphur - 025%
Haimess: -

Before H.T. After H.T.
Bar Sho re Brinell Shore Brinell
A 27 170 22 179
B 26 170 23 179
C 26 167 23 179
D 26 170 23 170
Average 26 170 25 179
S-mple i066. (contd)

 

Tengile Teat
Bar A EB
Diae before pulling  .444 e451
" after " e590 290
Area before " eiL548 21598
" gfter " ell95 4.1195
Di?ff?. in area 20553 00403
% Rede of area 23 25
Length after pulling 2.44 Bede
" before " 2200 200
Diff. in length 0.44 0.42
© Elongation 22 21
Load © Bele # 5000 6000
Stress > BL. ¢/aqe" 32500 31300
Maximum load # 13000 13600
Stress / max. load 84000 85000
(#/ sq")
Elastic Ratio eo85 «569
Mod. of ELasticity £909 28.5
(millions)
Elastic Resilience 17.8 176k
("#/ou.")
Unit deformation 0011 £0011
Fras ture Straight

C
0476
0417
01780
01566
20414
LO
2et2
2200
0.42
21
6000
55 700
15400
66600
0389
5006
18.6
20011

D

e491
0448
01893
01541
e052
19.
2.58
2200
0.58
19
7000
56900
16200
95500
0452
5149
eLe4
20012
Samy

Chemical Analysis:<
Carbon - 0b Ho

Phosphorus =< .008/ Sulphur =  .015%
Haxiness:-
Before HT. After H.T.
Bar Shore Brinell Shore
A 31 250 27
RB 31 242 24
C 1 233 26
D 31 235 2A
average 31 255 36
Tongile Teast
Bar A B C
Diae before pulling e476 0451 e506
" efter " 0447 0428 = A475

‘rea befoRe " 01706 48=6. 4. 1598) LOL

" after " 01569 §=©.1489 Ss «772
Tiff. in ares 00337 0159 02587
& Red. of area 7.8 10 12
Length after pulling 2422 2020 £a24

" before " 2.00 2400 2200
Diff. in length Oo22 O620 0424
% Elongation 11 30 12

Manganese = 23%

Brineal
BBB
217
235
e217
231

D
2461
0427
«1598
014352
20166
10
Rekh
2000
0.22
11
S Noe7?. (gon
Bar A B Cc D
Load 2 Ele = ¢ 7000 6500 =7600 66500
Stress @ E.L. #/sce" 41000 40600 37300 46000
Maximum lead # + (20000 18100 22500 16000
Stress 9 Max. load 117600 133200 112000 122800

mastic Beets 0360 6.357 BBB_ti«é«itédBEG
Mod. of Elastioity 30.4 312  S2c1 316
(aillions)
Hastie, Rooilieme 2766 2604 28167 26.8
Unit deformation 20013. 0013. 0012 += .0013
Fracture Straight
Semple No.8
Chemical, Analysia:-—
Carbon « 94% Manganese - 27%
Phosphorus =< «010% Sulphur - .012%
Hardn233i-
Befora H.Te A¥fter H.Te
Bar ohore Brineil Shore Brinell
4 24 174 25 235
B 26 174 27 229
c 2A 174 27 2365
D 25 183 25 223

Average 25 176 26 231
Tensile Test

Bar | A B
Diae before pulling ,506 e451

" after " 0482 en-~
A¥ea before " eL011L -——«

" after " elB825 = -anee
Diff. in ares 20186 9s wows
% Rede of area 9ed- mae
Lemgth after pulling 2.18 onan

" before " 2.00 ween
Diff. in length 0.18 ----
% Blongation 9 ene
Loat @ EL. #¢ 7500 — 6000
Stress Ele #/sq." 37300 37500
Maximum Load # + 26800 18900
Max. Stress 7/sq." 117400 118300
Elastie Ratio e519 e518
Modulus of Elasticity 21.0 Olek

(millions)

Blastio Resilience 22 eM. 22 06
cnit aotefontion 60012 0012
Frac ture Straight
Remebks:-

oASle

an co ae

6000
57500
18900
118500
2318
51.8
2205
0012

0476
0455
01780
01626
09154
867
2e18
800
0.18

6500
56500
22500
125200
e293
2004
2199
20012

Bars B and C broke outside the punck marks.
 

Carbon - 1.08%
Phosphorus - .025%
Before H.T.
Bar Shore Brineil
A BO 225
B 54 228
C 34 LOA
D 34 229
Average 33 229
T e T
Rar : A
Dia. before Pulling  .5°5
" after " 0487
Area before "“ »2008
"  atter " 01863
Diff. in area 00140
% Red. of area 7
weneth sfter pulling 2.15
" before " 2200
Diff. in length 0.15
% Blongation 7.6

Mengenese = .34%
Sulphur = .814%
After H.T.
Shore Brineil
£8 260
28 264
28 261 |
28 269
28 264
t
B C D
055 0505 0004
w--- ---- »489
wane anne 1995
-+- ---- 1878
meee wens SOUL?
wen eee OG
o<-- ---- Bx2 15
mane -<-= 2.00
w--= eee 0B
wnns meee
 

Sample No. 9 (comta)

Bar A B C D
Load © E.Le t 12000 11000 11500 11600
Streas 2 BL. #/s7." 600008 655000 57500 65100
Maximum load # 23900 21700 23200 23000
Max. Stress ?#/s8." 119500 108800 116000 405000
Elastio Ratio 2503 ~507 0496 e525
Mod, of Elasticity 3264 30,5 3129 29.0
(millions)
Elastic Resilience 55.5 40.6 52 46 52.3
( "t fou. " )
Unit deformation 20019 .0018 .0018 # .0019
Frao tare Straight

Remarks:- Bars B and C broke outside punch marks.
vu .

~~ _

Carbon ° Reale MaxeStress Modulus of $$Elastic
Content #/sqeine F/sqeine Elasticity Resilience
0011% 14300 43250 18,700,000 11.9
015 31200 51500 29,900,000 16.3
023 22800 —«61400 22,100,000 11.7
025 29500 64800 31g200,000 - -14el
039 37800 —«- 80500 30,600,000 24.3
056 33500 85300 30,100,000 18.5
263 $9900 113900 31,300,000 2565
294 37200 119800 31,000,000 2265
1.08 66900 112300 30, 900,000 52.3
Hardness
Content ‘Area tion Shore Srinell shore” Brinell
o011% 704% 45.0% 18 81 16 el
o15 6445 «48.0 ss19Sté« 7 89.3
e283 6641-396 24 123 19 96 29
025 5306 3400 19 123 e1 133.0
039 31082466 21.6 131 Be 153.0
05602246 2008 26 170 23 179.0
68 9.95 11.0 31 235 26 231.0
094 9.0 90 26 174 26 £31.40
1.08 6.5 765 33 229 28 264.0
 

The following set of computations is an
exemple of how foregoing data w:s obtained. These figures
are those of Bar "A" of the «94% carbone

Frem the stress-strain diagram, which ,was
plotted from the readings taken from the testing machine
ani Berry strain gauge, we took the load et the Mastic
Limit ané also the un$t deformation. The latter is found
by reading the abscissa of the E.L. and dividing it by 2,
since the distance between the punch marts on the teat

 

bar wes 2 inchede

Road at £.L. - 15007

Maximum load - 236007

Unit deformation - .0012"
Diameter before pulling ~ .506"

" after " - 482"
Area befome " ~ .2011 52 eine
" after " ~ 23825 ”
Difference in aren ~ 0186 ”

% Reduction in area » 207.96 3 902%
@

Length after pulling - g2@ 2.18"

" defo¥e " - 2.00"
Difference in length - 0.18"

% Blongation e 0518 & 9.0%

Stress at Elastic Limit » _7500 2 37300 #/sq.in.

Maximum stress « 23600 2 117400 #/sq.in.
eeOLL
ample Commutetiozrs (eontd)

Elastic Ratio s stress 2 Ele = 37 @ eo19
MaKe Ssress finite

Modulus of Elasticity s
uni

gtr
eilormation

« 387500
~OOLS

= 31,000,000

Elastic Resiliene z ota stegs)
x e O

asticity
2 (27200) - ee
x ° °

4 22 64 "#/cusine
—,
=
re eras

 
100M USE ONLY
Lagi