THESIS INVES TIGATON OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SOUTH HAVEN MICH, H. M. CARTER E. W. STECK 1974 THESIS AM CARTER. SouTH HAAveN Micse, . eee aie ht re — This thesis was contributed by we H,. lie Carter under the date indicated by the department stamp, to replace the original which was de- stroyed in the fire of March 5, 1916. THESIS AB INVESTIGATION OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF SOUTH HAVEN = NICHTGAR. ~N i by | oe pow a H.M.Carter, EW. Steck, 1911 THESIG INTiAOLUCTION, This Thesis ia a Aiscussion of the results shown by analyses of several water samples collected from the water supply of South Haven, lichigan at various times during the month of April 3911,and of data collected concerning the management and operation of the water system of that oity.Since it wae previ ously xnown that an ebnormaly high case and death rate of Typhoid Fever existed, the investigation was undertaken with the odject of determining whether sufficicnt evidence could be ool- 1ected to ascribe this to the water supriy and if ec to discuss the posibility of improving the sane.Other Gata was: aleo col locted to determine the condition of the plant end its adequacy for the requirenente. The writers here wish to thank lr.iio Ewing, the Supere intendant of Public Worke end Mr Ocoblook tho Engineer at the plant for their kindnese and assistance in coliecgsing the data. Also Ds.Holm of the State Board of Health for the analyses of the water semplor. Neari; 1112 the facts given in the following discuss- ion were obtained from the various authorities on ‘ater supply ingineering and are here made reference to as ewhole rathor %/<7 separately in the discussion. Fublic Vator Supplies. Turnemure end Russel. Vater Supply Fnrineering. Follweli. Clean “ater and How to Got It. Hagen. Sewerage. Folwell. Sewase Disposals, 4a cor Vinesliow Pratt. Water Examination Mason. Sewage Disposal | Rideal. Ingineering News. Trameactions of American Society of Civil Engineers. The following was fellowed in considering the dif- ferent phases of the subject. Source Pehoustibility, Purity Nature and source of impurities. Phant Pumping station Reservoir Pipe line systen Service Purity of watek furnished Quantity Fire protection Waste and leakage Finances First cost Methad of paynent of first cost Sinkin; fund Rates Recommendations for improvements Source Pumping Puri fication Measurement Fire protection. SOURGE OF WATER SUPPLY, The water supply of South Haven is ebtained from Lake Michigan through a.twenty inch cast iren intake pipe extendg ing into the lake about 2600 feet. The crib at the end of the intake end the well at the purping station are as shom in plates 7enécs. This pipe line runs parallel to the goverment piers at the mouta of the Black River and about 126 feet south of the south pier. The bearing of the intake end piers is nearly s 79° W, The intoke ends in about thirty feet of water end is: a little distance beyond the sand bar. EXILUSTIBILITY As far as exhaustibility isa concerned there is an unlimited supply of good,@lear water of good taste, without odor and free from objectionadle chemicals. There are however t:7o serious drawbacks to this source of supply. One ie the difficulty of keeping the intake free from sand. The other is of a more ecrious nature and conelists cf the contamination of the wator by sewage andi the danger to the public health from drinking the water from this source. The former is only a problem to be mot in the operation of the plant while the latter is of nore serious consequence. Thia is the problem that will now be dealt with ° The following plate showe the relative pesitions ef the river mouth, piers, and intake crib. It also shows the direction of t he natural lake ourrente and the probable influence of the piers and the current from the river upon then. PURITY OF SOURCE Before taking up the analyses of the water it was thought advisable to make a comparison of South Haven with several other of the state in regard to the prevalence of Typheid Fever and of deaths due to that cause. The information nocessary for making this comparison was obtained from the reports of the State Board of Health, The writers are indebted to the compiling office of this department for their assistance in collecting the information. The comparisons were made for the years 1904 to 1909 inolusive. The number of deaths ,the number of cases,and the population for each of the above years were obtained for five cities besides South Haven. The cities selected were,Holland, Lansing,Grand Haven,Muskegon,and Ludington.These cities were not Selected with the idea ef ghewing how bad. Seuth Haven ia: but tecause the conditions seemed such that a fair comparison cor'd be made. Two of these oitiesjLudington and Muskegon, obtain their water supply from Lake Michigan while the others have wells to furnish the48 supply. From these cities the number of cases were also reported thus giving another means of comparison. In several cities only fatal casea were reported thus elininating them from any comparative study. The number of cases and deaths for each of the several cities were all reduced to a basis of Casea and deaths per 10000 population. In this way safe comparim ons could be madee In regard to the case rate per 10000 the results should not be given too mich weight as there may be quite a considerable difference in the oare with whioh they are reported 4 from the different cities. In order to obtain a chock upen this, the ruambor of csees for the different yoare for South Laven were obtained doth from the oity Health OfMocer an4é from the records of the State Deard of Hoalth. These results sormpare ed vory favorably eo that it is beleived that the results for the other cities are fairly accurately r-portcd.tThe foliowing table shows the populstion,c:ses,an deaths due to Typhoid per 106000 of population for the several cities montioned,. iw en@ CALLS Of TYPHOID | cV.¥ CIiY POTULAL ION C*cus Di.ATIG LOASIS PER | YTAR. | IC0CNO LO l78 IP 9 446 In4 wile 13 11 Sis 130 RARSIRG 22172 709 Bn OM 6 F: 1906 | 23110 31 3 13.° 19°97 OCF B39 15 6208 ISR OLS 62 6 24,0 1909 £9EGS 419 1 We ne4 9or0 G i 166E SCF POULATD onrd an 2 106°: yore 924e t i ef ine? wWld2 7 1 1992 rete AS 18 2 1962 1909 OrTY POPULATION GASES DEATHS ODRATHS PFR YEAR 20897 gs 6 ay 1004 20917 30 8 28.7 1905 28 7 33,5 19086 14 5 14,4 1007 10 ? 35,5 1908 19 0 00,0 1909 7209 2B y 13,8 1904 7262 7 2 897 1005 7300 4 2 13.9 1906 7389 1 2 23,6 1907 7352 4 ‘ 84,5 1908 7976 a6 ’ 94.5 1909 6239 a 0 0,0 1904 5563 6 1 10,2 10908 a 6 3 54.5 1906 HAVEN 8612 2 2 17.9 2007 OSS 4 0 0,0 1008 5889 ry 2 17.3 1900 SEE TR #098 enwwies 9 assted Seeeeseeceitstostiay| SES FASTEST REUSE EE ra toe r 236 4 RT TREN a REST SECO CR ESE SS ae | fa Bereteeete descrietitsaasualt: nen 227.) (EZ, (LY, 27 2 | Be 2400024 isc | eed N SIM4 ede EM ry wT fn os TA’ ess a a SrECGNES OSGC TONS FEUUDVEEHY Bo WA sm TT) SHLWINE Vs ALLE Ee he Vd a eT LAAN GD HAVEN | : | ar pas bexeeceegs Cueneeeses aes a Ae | : ba} S | | } | N Nia Be ert PR in | | WY i Sy Sy} | y) t ae } NS s | | Rani: SSSEDSUESSERZEESDStg bosagtaeR ey 7160 y i | ! Spy sgrecreted UDEESRaRR EY. 714 CREE | : | Ba Fssess gS Basgeasal Peagusati coasssceea caaweascts NEatgeDG 7 / Zul ; | | i | \ sedntazesesiaae| SSesgatepasced Crgecscengsgespenass secersepaeney: pases ioggevancdpspotesee Ssosesases 7’ 72G8he yseseaeetesmeet Aah ead i ee aT id I SSR RE Ree iy ge Eg POPULATION CITY QOASES DLATHS DEATHS FER YEAR 100000 S707 42 8 13.9 1904 SPOO 80 2 96,2 1906 3047 a2 2 8,0 1008 SOUTH HAVEN S686 30 80.0 1907 soe 34 3 75,0 1908 5466 32 2 24,2 21900 3700 66 3 72.0 1020 11006 204,0 40 362,0 1904 11485 21 eo 183.0 1905 11675 14 12 02.7 1906 LOCAHABA 12260 32 28 228,0 1907 -4206F Q7 1? 154,5 1908 13035 44 go £20,0 1909 13423 8 8 80,5 1910 in the following table the cases of Uytcid have deen reduee’ to a basis of cases pO 10000 population. From these same reeuite curves have been plotted in which the horisontal spaces oy ebsciese: represent the different years and the vertical spaces er erdinates represent the mumber of cases per 10000 population, Im order to aveld confusion with so many curves on one sheet , the curve for South Raven was redraw on ea secon sheet emi two of the cities plotted on this sheet, the eqne seale being ueed on each sheet. 9 Case rate of typhoid per 10000 population fur the fellowing oh tiece in Michigan, YEAR LANSING HOLLAND MUSKEGON LUDINGTON O8.HAVEN 90.HAVFE 1906 13.55 12.25 12.05 2866 3,88 --- 1905 «6.18 Gq? = 14.38 881,38 136.2 1906 «SH, 75 6.57 G2 6.47 = 10.98 BW 1907 6 1%45 By 12 6.7 2.97 1.78 83,2 1908 22,9 6.8 9.2 8.48 6,00 105.0 1909 4,6 18,5 9.2 Bed 6,04 61,6 31938 wen ane on ow oo 188.4 ao. ws apy > apereit. Phe @ 1 6R- CEET © Wet ~EEiis © O@tre GS eye we) ‘ee mens ee rt ne OR OU TU ew Pete oe rey wee. The mumber of Geaths Gue to typhoid fever has been in are given in the following table, ‘These resulte heve been plotted, as shom in plates 5 and 4, im the eame manner as the ease rates , in omder to make a comparison of South Haven with the average of the entire state, the curves on Piate 5 were Grom. The Getted curve showing the average mmber of deaths per Q0000 population for the entire state ané the heavy full ifne shoving the same for conth Haven. Sines the ordinates ef theese curves ere dram to the same scale as the preceding eurves, « comperieon cen be nede with all the ether cities and the everage for the entire state. 8 following citice of Mich? can. SESEERE S 19 IN tb et ereeten + car me ee s 4.45 S15 0.05 1.50 6,25 8.4 = o Wve Os ee wwe rt © Oe cam Pas 1,12 24.08 2,05 1,02 6.08 1.92 2286 5,55 1404 3,38 0,00 1.58 3.97 1,37 1,56 5,48 9.40 LANSING HOLLAND MUGELUON LUDINGTON GR,HAVIS £, 87 6.0 2.01 6,465 1.70 0.00 1.71 OO. 0 8. V- Otay wn tC Ae 8 ne OM. oO END oe ee Ayr ONG toma we nip oy wen. ow. Bay wo ft. Deatha per 10000 population due te typhoid fever in the 80 .HAV:'N 135.9 2.62 6.00 6,00 7.5 242 7_e20 |\PLATE F HOLLAND —— | Sasa | | ea ob ieeeaestesl | Ny x ten we —}——-—_-_— ; aor. | a: | | ; / | | Besease et SESE eases pense gest fg eal Lad i PER illb bbe i | © 774 ih | ramus f WOl VIS FLIYY HLIVHIC ! sets. Seereest.. Sete. BSEORL. | rs SSSSASSE HA SSS 31 HERDS KOSS RE CHEE MENS Se _ y TE 4 S LURVES SHOWING. DEATHS AL dae | esa SBELESNStt de Bard te give an explanation of the differenca, ~ 12 ae it may be that the oity is eituated in eo Bigher end more health- fui loseation, that the eity not being a menufasturing tew has not the foreign element in such numbers er thet the people are becon- ing immune to the effects of the disease to a slight extent, Analyses of water. Lonples of the water were taken frox the Lake end the maine of the sit: at different pointe end tines, an4 were sent to th laboratory of the state Board of Health at Lansing, Mich. Before taking up the discussions of the remite of the emalyees , it fe thought best to give an outline of what ia taken into consideration in the emalysia of water, chemiehiiy end bacteriolegioaly and what ie indicated by the presence of the Gifferent substances present. . the first four items, eolor, turbidity, eder end sedinent are readily understood en4 have ne Girest bearing on the purity of water. Uowever to be mitabie for drinking purposes water should be “colorices, without disagreeable oder or taste and free sediment. These facts alone would not coniem eae water gupply but taken into consideration with others night have seme weight in rejesting er acoepting a water for thie purposs, The next substances considered are nitrogen as free eumonia end nitrogen as allurinesé ammonia, ‘These ecumpounds are of ixportent significance in a diwmical analysis . They resuit from the decomposition of orgenic matter and while the free ammonia may indicate the decay of vegetable matter , the albuminocid scre often remilts from the decompoeition of animal matter er refuse, 18 Singe these substences invarishly accompany sewage pollution théir presence is of senitary significance . “enerally a high ratio of albuminoid to. free amonie with mall quenitios of nitrates and. Ghlorine indicates vegetable pollution . Larger amcunts cf free ammonia with on exoces of chlorides show the presence of eninal matter, Therefore the presence of these two ie taren as mm index of sewage cor tamination. The Ohieago Healt suthorities say: in regard to the water of Lake Uiohigen:s ®¥rom time to time analyses are mate of undefiled water from midqleke, A certain normal amount of free and eltumineid armonie is found to be present, weualy 0.01 froe and 0.07 albumincid, In case however, that sewage has reached tno ertbs we fint the emonias are presen. in such larger quanti tics. As a rule water showing as much es 0,02 free and 0.09 of albuminoid Le to be considered es doubtful end anything above this ie danger- ous. *veasons ater Examination” P. v4, The preseme of nitrogen as aitrates represents an intermediate stage of decomposition ani indicates that the water is ott “jerrocey? pobvied:: uoth oemmic melicn tn windk gera life is predemt .Thie is then an unfavorable indication in wator ff present in any considgrable amcunt.The presence of nitrites in geome deep w elle is not always an indication of irpurity but 2 considerable quantity together with an excoses of free ammonia is usualy duo to e:ware pollution in either surface or grcund water. re Gitrogen as nitrates repersents the final stace of dcocmpoaition in organic matter.In it self it may indicate only past pollution without any presont danzor in usinc the wat'r 14 5 ao > ms Of yee - 2 a ~ 24 Soyo + a yO. “ but if found with Pree annenia or nivriios at chewe tis rreecnee of pollution ard cecomnosing crpnmic inetter. Chicrine is one of tiie substances which is almost in- Veriably present In any weter and yct there is herdly eny facter in water enalyces which shouid be given closer attention.Cilorin. cernmen selt wacked from the a) is usucly precert in the form ec air,ti:e soil cr obtained frer eseraseo cantamination. Calt in liscelf is not a sangoreus impurtty in the weter but as it is lergely uscd in our food the presence of large amounts of Chlorine points to sewese contemination. In semo casces,sec in cortrol Vicn- igen where there are minerous salt wells 1% would not bo an in- dication of irnurity wiile in other leocslitics it weuld be ex- ° tremely cbjcction2@ble. water from Lake “Michigan should not bea iB high in Chlorine as in this ces? it veuld indicato sowege pel- lution. CXAYGLN CCH OUMID Anbther method of making conperisons of the oquanity of organic matter present in a water is by means cf the oxygen consumed. Ina water rich in organic matter the carben in the mattcr readily takes on cxygen and in this wey itc amount is cpro>imately Getermincd. This is done by eddin;; permanganate of potash .cur- face woter or peaty waterc show a high oxygen consumins canacity. The amount of oxygoen censured shows therefore the amount of or- d oo & ic mutter present but docs met indicstse wetnor it is cP vegct- Able cr crganic criyine yor TOT RTO INS Ay yk T: rare rea Als! ‘. A ca vt ad flit I. whee bv aah FY) These two Geterminations are not usualy of such impor- 15 eoreaetg eft awodea tf aestiasin to satnomms eett difw Bavot If stud etetiam ofnsyito gataeoqmooedh Bana nottullfoq To | GAuIAOTHO -at geomf{s alt dotdw aeonstadua edt to eno et enttoldd tojozgst yas yibied at ereds sey basa tetaw yous at tnesetq yids fisv ontroldd .noltinesis teaofo nevizn ed bisode dotdw eaeeaylans tetsw at eft mort bedeaw tliea frommoo to orrot edt at tneaergq Yiaueyu st mt +is2 .nottantmsinoo egaweea mort bentstdo to Ltos edt ,1ts at ttas tud tetew eds at Yiadruqmi avyotogmehb a ton af tloaastt entrofdd to as muons extsfl to eoneaetq edd Hoot tsu0 at beas yLloagusl -dofM fsatmeo nf as ,AeBs0 emoa al .nottantmsinoo egswea of atniog -af ae od ton hifuow tt effew tise avotemun ers ereds otedw nagt -xe ed biryow st seftttisool tedto at ef{tdw yitivqmt Yo moffaolb ed ton Siyode naxgidota exied mort tetsW ,efdsnotscetdo ¢lemers -~fog eygswea essothbnt bilyow st easo atdt at aa entioldd at dgid | erofsul GHMU2HOO WHOYXO to yitinasp edt to snoalrseqmoo yoidem Yo Bboditem tedignA mexyyxo eft to ansem vd aft tesaw a al inesetq tesiam ofnsyto etiam edd mt nodiso eft rtetsiam ofmagito at dolt tesaw a aI =, bemvanoo yfotsmitxorge af davomea att yew afds mf bas megyxo co acdat YI tbaet -Iua.e dastog to etsnsgnsariegq smfiibba vd enod set atdT .bentoreseb eVitosqso gntnusnoo megyxo dyid se wodea stetsw yYiseq to 1essw eost -10 to énuoms eft etotetedt aworla bemyenoo negyxo to smyoms edt -segev to af ct reritew etsotbnt tom asob gud sneaciq teosism ofnsg eIigtro otnaxto ro elds GQdMGHAH GMA YTIMIJTAXIA -rtoqmt dova to yisveuy ton ets anoliantmreteb ows eaodT eons of __ _ — ——__ — tance as Bhe others as they indicate the presence of chemical ccspounds which are not usualy inportent in considering a water for Grinking purposee. If however the water is to be used in chemjcai manufactures may become of importance or for water for voller piants. IGHITED SOLIDS she ignited solids are of importance in indicating the quantity of organic matter present. If a sample of water bo evap~ orated all chemical ané organic natter will be lef® behind and its amount determined. If then thie residue be heated to rednce:: the organic matter will be oxidised end driven off leaving only the mineral elements and the axh, If the ash is white it uacaly indicates tho presence of mineral solide. If moh orgemio matter ic present the ash will turn black and give off the odor of vegetable or animal substancos. The difference betweeh the weizhts of tct:i solids after drying ami after burning indicates the quantity of organio matter present. TRON ZJron 3s net such an important item ard except for laundry use ia not objectionable in reasonablo quantities. From this it will ne seen that the important itens in a chemical analysie are the free and the albuminolé ammonia, nitrites nitrates and chlorine, Oxygen consumed and ignited solics. These all point towards sewace contamination if present in large quantities and where they are high and there fe known possibility of sewage pollufsion the water should be regarded as dangerous. 1e CTD REOLOUICAL ABALYSOS tihile the reeults of a Ohemical enelyais are sometizcs indefinite and it @ diffMienlt to decide whether pollution is from eninal or vegetable sources,4¢ might reascnadly be muprese 1 that a dacteriological examination woulé be a direst moans of Geternining the purity of water, thie fie not the case however oe the esaroh ty: much an atenination is not direatly for the spoce ific dicease germs put for those conditions whigh indicste eeware pollution. | The rmumber of oolenies per caubic centimeter furnidhes a goed means of corparison of the water supply at difformt timco but 4a nt conclusive evidence ef contamination,as sany of Moc pactoria might bo of an entirely hammlose nature. then inabated at body tompscrature however many of thoes harmless varietics Go net ifve and those which might be supposed te live in the Taman ayetem would developed, Tie most important test ie that for Bealllus Coli. This dacillus is one found in the intestinal troct of man at aleo the lowsr eminal.A water wich then shows the presence of bacillus coli is to be regarded as aueploious and even dangsreus,tor it ie direct evidence of eawage contaminati-n. If these beciiii are present 4t only requires the aasident of disease to bring denger of on epidernia of typhoid or other water berne (iscase. Because of Btw diffucity of separating the Typhoid Beotlii from ite closely related assodiate the Golon Bacilius the latter is teken ae an indication of a dangerous water. If a large porsentace of one Geode teste roveal the presence of the latter form it ie taken as evidence cf a dangerous condit! “n a7 of the water.supply. The presumptive tests for Bacillus Coli as the proucttog, are aleao of value in determining the quality, as total freedom from gas generating orgenians is only associated with unpolluted water. Standards of purity for water supply. The following two analyses represent what is considered to be 2 the compesition of good water by Merriman, ema the limit established by the Michigan State Board of Health, The thimé is an analyois of sewage by Merriman. The analyais is given in parts per million, Merrime:. Liwit of Ke (Good water. )(water, “ich, BE. (cowage) Total solids 50 tc 700 Organic * 30 SCO 200 Inorganic * 20 200 800 Chlorine 3200 12,1 40 Free Ammonia 0,021 0.05 2E Alb, = ® O21 0.15 10 Hitrites 0.2 0.9 0.1 Ritrates C.0 trace 0.005 Oxygen consumed 0.6 208 40.0 Bacteria per 6.6, 25,0 n@ toxilocogenic 1800006 Hardness om so oe Orgenic carbon eee oo _ These tables represent an attempt tp formulate a standard of purity for water and while in ea general way they may apply to somo losalitiss they will not hold in all cases. The variety of local is comditions whieh are met with rendcr it impossible to epply these atenderds. ‘or instance a sater hich in Chilcrine may be perfosotiy wholesoze in one locality while in amother it would be dangerous, In drewing conclusions from the results of a enalyeiu all the local conditions and possibilities of contamination must be taken into consideration to make a srfe decision as to the purity of the water, sbe@ following is an analysis of « sample cf water telon from the mains of South Haven, on Karoh 17, 1911, At thie time there had been a severe northwest storm for several days and it was thou” by the local Health Officer that since the intake is located south of the river mouth,the water would be in the wors. pesnidle oondi tion, Tt dmalysbs of water from South Mayen public supply, Maroh 17, 1911, taken from the tap. Color | icae Oder Kuety Curbaddty 6 Sedinent, Traee HN, as Free Arm. 04h) Ne as Alb, Am, 9100 He af Hitrites 2&CO RN. ag Nitrates 2 CO Chlorine 6.000 Ozygen cansuped B. 500 Alkalinity 135,000 Hardness -158.000 Ignited Solids 150,000 I * ron 10 © 4300 CACTURIOLOGICAL Colonics per 6,0. roca texp. 120 ° 7 * xc. * 18 Premmptive teste for Reoillus Coll Gas production on Lastose 2. 1 G20, | None 25 * ; 10% Acidity Lawared surdidity * Indol production Present Red Solonies on LelLeAe Wone Bacillus Coli Few Potebility Sueplolous “he Bacterial findings in this water, at the time this eemplo was taken, are not extremely bea, but we cannot regard the water eas safe, UeLeHolm. Prom the resulte of this enalyais it ise seen that the water wee quite turbid and of a musty “dor, the turbidity was duc to the weather conditions. ‘The quantity of free ani albuminoid exmonia together with the hich Chionine value indicates the presence of orgenic matter, ani present sewage contamination, The excess of Nitrabes is also an indication of sewage pollution as is the exyren oonaumed, “no colonies of Sacterie at room temperature are higher than ie peormissable in good water, and the muber at the incubated temperature indiostes that there are those present which develop under conditions similiar to those in the Iuman system, The presence of Bacillus Coli points conclusively to sewage pollution ani renders the water suspicious, if not evem dangerous, 20 From these results it ig peleived that the water supply usder conditions cf that day is not safe for drinkin; purposes, If mich conditions romain for any length of time it would require only the presence of @ny coneciderablio mumber cf casco of Typhéiad to rendor it very danrccrous. The followirg amalyco: give the result: frou four semples of waters taken at Couth Havon Kay 1f 1911. There samplcs were taken as nearly sirnitaneously as poscibie and et the Pollowin; places Kumher 1 takon at the City,Hell. Number taken at the pumps. Sumber 5 taken 1500 feet beyond the present intake,in the lake and mcarly at the bottom. Numbor 4 taker as noarly over the intske ac roretble te locate 1¢t and near the bottom, Tho object of taking these four was to dcotermine if possible the effect of pire system on the water by camparing the somploe at the City Hall with tho one at the pumps. Then by 2 ecnrarison of tho, at the pumps with the one at the intake to dotormine if thore was a break. in the intake pipe.Fumber 4 wee taken to d:tcrmine whothcr tho quality of th water could be irnroysd to a satisfactorg dogree by extonding the precent intalo further into the lakee On the day these sarples were taion the lake waa poricetly quict and there was practicaly no wind. Thies was elrost the opporite extrone Prom that urder which the firet sermles were taken, 21 The fcur samples of wator received April 2ath from bouth Haven ,#2 teken pump at power house ,# Itaken at the City Hiali,# 5 taken 1500 feet from mouth of intake,end # € taken at the mouth of the intake,have been exa™ined with tho fillowing results, - i 2 x 4 Color w-0~ None a None ~- Mane Hone CGor w.-..---- Nore = Hone = Hone None aUrbidity wen. Hone - Rone - None Rone Ladinent --«...— Nene . None - None Fone Neas freo Amme woe .010- 019 ~ 050 a eOIO Neas Riba Aiiiswwne 6020 o e060 - 0070 ~ ef SO Ne as Ritritoa «~~ ,00£ « eDO1 - e109 @ eO1F Ne ag Nitrates wm. OFC 00D) ~ e080 o eo &O Chlorine o--0-n0- 7,000 - f,000 - 4.000 « 6.000 OXYSen Gonsuced @< 3,600 « 1,600 < 3,800 - 320° ~13C,000 ~~ 125,000 ~130,000 - 140.000 ~IC,.000 = 140,000 Alkalinity 000<2-335.600 «135,000 Hardness «sn—.00- 135,000 LES NOOO Imited solids - 1°0,00C 130,000 TOON. awae mere 0 DO a e408" - 2-C0 - eo0O BACTERIOLIGICAL 1 a S 4 Colonics per o.c.Room terp. 65 ILE 120 65 " 2 8" Ine, B e Bi 48 § Presumptive testa for B.COLT Gas producgion on Lactozo Ff. 7 6G “do OD ene ofp ve an wd OF3E on ers ww 5% a of 25 CO weweween 4075 = 455 4 459 o ac Turbidity Marked ~- Marked ~ MNartea « Narked Indol production «Wj--- Present - Present=- Present - Present £22 fl #2 #5 a Red colonies on LelLeAe Hone 2 4 2 BeVOlli on-2--e---2e- 8 Fow Present Present Present Potability <--------- Suspicious Unsefe Unsafo —§ Unsafo all these samples the presence of a certain amount of sewage ocontarinasion.s The findings aro not very ‘bad in sample 71. Sample /'° showa somewhat more contamination ard sample #4 a still hicher -inoroase.Sample #5 appears to be the woret of the lot from a basteri:l stanipoint, showing the highest mumber of sewage bacteri -.. KeLeHolm. In making @ comparison of tho samples it is to be noted that all show the presence of sewage contarination by the quantity Of albuminoid emmoniao, chlorine, and oxycsen consumed.The of colonics et roces tomperature are rather high and at the inoubated tenpor- ature several wore presence The gas production indicates the presence of Basilius Colii which were found in all sempiles Nono of these semplies could be considered sefe for drinking purroscs. There is a marked @ifference between the first two samples as showmby the higher values for albuminoid’ ammonia, nitrites, oxycen scommamet,iron, end baeteria in semple # 1 This is due to the fact that part of Bhe orcanic matter was deposited as sediment in the pipes when the velpeity decreased due to the branching of the maine. Samples # 5 and 4 show the same things as # 1 and # 2, That {a the presence of sewage contaerination. In comparing ¢ © end # 4 it ie to be noticed that al- though in the chemical enalysice # 4 gives a little higher values there ie not much difference between them. From this it isa safe to conclude thet there is no serfeus leak or break in the intake 2S at least near the shore. The increase in iron is @ue to the solvent action on the main in passing through it. The inorease in bacteria may be due to the straining action in the pipe, breaking up the colonies,or more likoly that the sample $ 4 was not taken directly over the intake and the sample was not iden- ticai with taken at the puns. The moat surprising fact to be noticed in comparing # 3 and # 4 is that the sample taken farthest out in the lake 4a the worst. The can be seen in the free ammonia .05 against .01 over the intske and the albuminoid ammonia .07 against .06.The other items show that while still polluted it is slightly reduced in quantity. che mest striking difforence is in che mesber or colonics of bacteria por co.,150 beyond the intake and 65 at tho intake. Both these samples repersent dangerous water and further that it is dovotfull whethbor a safe water could be obtained by going a reasonable distance farther out onta the lake. IT must bo remembered however that this is only one test ané that in order to Geaide this conclusively 1% would be neooasary to make a sorios of testa extending over « considerable period of time. dnother test was made Yay 15th 1011,consisting of two sexpies,one taken at the Oity Hall and the other 4000 feet out in the lake or about the sarzie distance beyond the intake as in the previcus set of samples. For several days before this the wind had been blowing from the south west although at the time the semples were taken it was comparatively quiet. At this same time a dredsze was working in the harbor and material was being carricd out into the lake end dimped about one haif mile south west of the intake. Itwas thought that this sight have some effect on the 4 quality of the water. “he two samples cf water received from South Haven Hay 16th,cive the, following resuite on cre~in-~ ations 4000 ft. cut City Halt Color Hone on Hone Odor aaenccce= Hone coca Tone TUPOIdI ty «o<.- Fone one Fone Cedinent econ One one Hone Neas Fras Ame eves .010 omens eGIO Be a@ Albe Aums one 080 owe 2040 Ne am Hitrites «oon 006 one 2OOT Re af Ritraton wewnwe O10 woenrae e060 Chloris. “6.000 on 5,000 Oxygen coneimed .. 1,600 ome 1,400 Alkalinity «0. 158,600 crane 125.000 Bariners recwneee 126,000 ome 12h, CCO Tented solide —~ 1£5,0006 me 126,000 SPO wermmacm - ow 0400 © smog et Colonie # per oo at room tampe os s 7 e * Ine. * 90 2 Prommptive teata for 7,Coll } gaa pro@uoticn on Lactose 2. 1 O,C, Nose Fone G6 Cel, HON NORE Acidity Rone fone furpidity roduetion Present ReG eolonmies om Lalealhe Rone Be Coli Pow Patebility Suspicatous Thies water ie not very bei. ladington ality water after being treated with hypochlorite of lime. Color & Odor Feint, Chlorine TuPBAGs ty: Rone Secimerrt Hone BR. a0 Free Arm. 0350 B. a@ Alb, AM, oO WN. as Ritrites — 9600 He as Bitrates 9080 Chilerine 10,000 Ozysgem coneumed 6,000 Alkal ini ty 190,000 Serdness 2°8,000 lgmited solids — 1265,00° Tron 9 FOO | BAOTERTOLOOIOAL Colonies per 0.6, rocm temp. — 8 . * © Ine. Soup. 2 Preaeumptive teste for 8. Colt Gea produation on Lactose B- 1 GeGe Boge 26 Ge@e AaiGi ty indol production Read oolomies om LeleAe Be Cols Potabiii ty thie semple after treatment seens to infiicate nore contaxinatio n thm before treatment. Evidently the second earpiece was more contaminated than the first. Biggr ie HOLLAND OLTY WATER. Nerdh 15, 1909. Coley None Oder . Hone Tuseids ty ¥one Sediment Rone He as Free Ara, e000 Re as Alb, Ari, eS Re. an Ritrites 08 Se an Nitrates 2800 Ciorine 206,000 Oxygen conasused 2000 Akalini ty 380,000 Hardness 160,000 Ignited solids 180,000 iron «08D DAOTERZOLOGIGAL Colonies per 6.0, Room ‘emp, @ e * Ine. Temp, Premmptive teste for B. Codd Cas production on Lactose B. 1 GeGe 25° Ankdi ty Turbadd ty Indol production Red colonies om Leliess B, Cold Potebilgty LABRSING PUREPICE® WATER, (Distilled end pure ice fron Color caer Turbidity Bedinent Ne ae Pree fem. B. as Ald. Amn, Re as Nitrites Ze as Nitrates Chlerine Ozmygen conauned Alkaling ty Haxsdneses Zenkted eolides z | 31 PSTEETiTE 18, 102%. Grinking fountain.) — brit « 186 2020 ofSD «960 ~~.0U0 21.800 76,000 ¥5,000 70.000 «100 BAGTLRTOLOUIGAls, Golemies per Gea. at Foon temp, 20 eo s @ © go, ® 8 Prevmp*ive tests for 5. COLI Gage production on Lactose B. L @eGe Rone a5 * Hone AeAGi ty Hone Turbidity None InGol production None Bed colonies om Lelehs Hone By Gols Rone Potebility Safe thie enalyeie ehows thet ebscilutely pure water was not used . I¢ would seem that about two thirds wee distilled ané one third ree water. LANSING OXFTY WATER, Water taken from the Capito] Buiiding om Merch 15, 1911, Color Kone Oder Rone Turbidi ty Gone Sediment Sone Ke as Free Arm. 2060 Ne af AlBDe Amme 2030 He a8 Ritrites 2000 Be ao Ritrates 2000 Chlorine 15,000 Ozygen consumed 2_ 100 Alkalind ty 298,000 Sardnece 800,000 iron 200 _s BARTERTOLOGIOAL. Celonies per 6.6. at Room Temp. 19 @ oe @ @ Ine. e 0 Preaumptive teete for B. Goll _ Gas production on Lactose Be 2 sO Sone o SEO ORO Kons . ; Tuybidi ty fone * intel? production Rone Red colonics in Le be Ae Kone B. Coils Hone Potaeb:iity tate By comparing the anelyebe from Muskegon and Ludington 40 those of South Haven 1¢ will be seen that the water ie very @irilar end shows the sane sewage pollution. The secon! sexple of laSinston water is of interest becames it repreomtes water treatod with Hypochlorito of lime.ithess two were muppesed to vopresent water before treatment ami after but it ie very evie Gent that at some time aust have elepeed between taking the sarpise, as the second {es mich worse than tho first, This emphasisos the oarc which must be observedin taking tho water samples. The creatoct &ifficulty with most of the samples sent te the state laboratory is aleng this linasgel complete history ef tho water, the sanplo, . 83 t tie weather conditions end the tim e between saples should be sent along with them to make the resulte ef the creatost values the samples from Loneig end Hollen’ show differences between the lebe water end that from the wells. The sarple fron Holiand shows @ better combination than that at Lensine no aeceunt of the high enonfas, chlorine,and oxy cen comsuned of the latter. The analyese of Lenaing water one the aity water the other the Lensing pure ioe watcr are of interest in showing the value of wudh analyeise The pure foc water 1s supposed to be rade from Gietizled water end to: from distilled water. The reuitsa of the anal yeccs Wille the semple ropresents excellent water, shows that Gietilled water was mot used entirely amd that probably one thied of the sample consisted of rew water. Drom the rosulte of these samples it 88 evident that the presont water supply of Ccouth Haven while safe under certain _ Weather conditions ie very uncertain and that under « great number is Gobtfull ami even dangerous. It is believed that the evidences ie eutfent for condemming the cupply. It is dothtful whether the mpply could be inproved sufficently by extending the intake 8,000 feet farther into thé lake. QUANTITY OF WATER P PED, The quantity of water pumpeé is cbtained from th number of strokes end Giapliacenent of the pups, Te cach pup is attached _@ Bristol recording meter anf Geily readings arc takeno@f tho mrber of strokes, Tile method of obtaining the qgimtity of water muspod de not strictly correct ae it does not take inte consideration the slip of tho pumpes However for conperison it 4e fairly ecourate, ani will give fairiy 90°: weanltes Por the Gould Triplex which hes « piston Giameter of --$3 amenes end a stroke of G0. The displacement of one cylinisr would be ao Dfollowsl Displacenent=} = 5.1410 D ® = tength of stroke. © eqmalo 1/4 # 35,1416 2 12 2 11 x 10 ® 950,564 cubic inches. Displacement sh galleme © 010,564 divided by 231 = 4,116 for one revolution of the pump as recorded by the countor the displacomeny would bes 4.114238 12, ,34 gallons. In aoeputing the muber of gallons given below, the . Giaplacenent was used as 1° gallons. Tiis is a very fair sseurption end allows somewhat for the slip cf the pumpe. The allowance being od S 12,34 © 2,76 %, which for this type of pump im good condition ie probably very near the true encumt of alip. In the other two pumps , which are Hughes Duplex High Pressure pumps ( 14 = 6} 2 1: ) the Gisplacenent would be 3 = 2.1416 x Gianeter” x length of stroke, = 3x 5.1416 = 6)” & 10 «= 761,06 cubic inches, or 3.568 gallone,. 35 Singe theee are duplex double acting pumps, each etroke veg#tered on the recording meter represents four displacements or the displacement for each registered stroke is 15.5 gallcne. “In eatimating the daily quantities of water pumped this ercunt was aemmed as 15 gallons, leaving for slip 1.5 gallone er 11% elip. this anount of slip is not exosesive for « Gplea pump. Owing to the shortness of the tine there wae no cpperdinity of making a test of the adtucl percent of alip. . Fron the records of the Vater Narks Comittee the water gumpad for the fiscal year March 1, 1010 to Ped. 28, {911, inclusive 40 given by the following tabloe 1910 TOTAL WATER PURPED DAILY AV! RACE Vegok eos $219870 Apri 8261300 Bravig Ray 6390600 265213 June 9694400 319480 fuly 28035900 | 486 030 saguat 16760450 640351 Sept. 9461900 $18807 Oct. 8200 180 264520 Nov. 7064320 265244 Dee, 7698020 goenee dem, 1911 9055610 844056 i, * 6407370 252048 The total quantity of water purped for the year is 115,417, 960galione . Dally average for year is 516215 gallone. 36 a a SS 9 % % NS © \S Se K Y SY . & x XS Te) SIA MUP LLM AACA CELE Oy Me Te) hee hee EAL LM EEE LEO ALLE tg 0 rs ae $ i" (ejelos The maximum dafiiy average for any month is 540,537 galions. The minimm daliy average for eny month ia 252,048 gallons. The population for the year 1010 from the curve of pepulation is 3700, On thie basis the daily average eonaumption per capita for thu yeer is 316215 & 3700 or 86.5 gallons. , The maximum daily consumption per capita is 540897 .b 3700 Q96 gallons. The minimam Cally conamption per capita is 230048 of S700 "62. 7gallone, Thie average Golly congumption per capita of 85.6 gallons 4a a Very reasonable qumtity. rom a table given in Merrinane Publie Vator Gupply, page 3¢, the average per capita consumption for 100 of the principal cities of the United Otates and Canada is 105 gallons. For purposes of comparison the following table taken from the sane author, is inserted. comhouprror OF WATUR IW AUCRICAN OITIES IF Q008, CITY PERCENT OF TAPS CONSMPTION PLR BisTERED CAPITA DATLZ Pidiadeiphia 2,0 230 St. Lewis 7,0 93 “Boston 5.0 182 Cloveland 66,0 187 Buffalo 3e0 324 Sem Frenc’. sac 21,0 96 Gincinatts 12,0 130 Detroit 9,0 188 Liilweukee 80,0 91 Louisvilic 8,0 81 Mirmeapols a 47,0 76 City Pin0. RT OF TAPS GORSUEPTION PER CAPITA ELTiGRED DAILY Providence 66 68 Indianapolis 10.0 82 Kamees City 36.0 73 St. Peal 56,0 £6 Rochester 41,0 66 Toledo 90,0 76 Coluntus, 0. 76,0 210 surora, B11. 36,0 &8 Nedieon, Wa. 97,0 46 Clinton, 122. 1,1 99 Shenenioeh, Ia. 0,0 35 Kelisose Mase. 5,0 . 113 An investigation of thia table will show that on a averacc most of the citice included have a mich higher daily consumption per cepita,than South Haven. It also shéwe that thoes citice having the lerger percent of tepo metered have « lower average per capita consumption. The largest sities which have such an emoesaive wator consumption per capita have very few taps motored. thie shows that there ie an wmecessarily large waste of water and the desirability of a metered sycten. the aity of South Haven has 911 megers on the eystem end for apopulation of 370C this gives a good rrtereé eystom, there being only comparatively fow ummetered connections. CITY Piei.G. NT OF TAPS CORSUEPTION PER CAPITA METERED DAILY Providence 66 68 Indi enapoiie 10.0 B2 Kamees City 36,0 73 Ste Pel 56,0 £6 Rochester 43,0 68 Toledo $0.0 76 Columbus,0. 76,0 110 surora, 311, 36.0 88 Matieon, Wie. 97,0 46 Clinton, 122. el 99 Shenemdoeh, Ta, 0,0 35 Keliroso Mase. $,0 : 118 An investigation of tifa table will show that on an averacoc most of the citice included have a mich higher datly conmmtion per capita,then South Haven. It also shéwe that those aitica having the larger percent of tepe metered have « lower averacc per capite consumption. The largest cities which have such an emoessive wator consumption per cepite heave very few taps metcrecd. Thie shows that there ie an wmecessarily large waste of water and the deairability of a metered sytem. The city of South Haven has 211 megers on the oyatem end for eapopulation of S7CC this givos a good rrtered systom, there being only comparativoly fow unmetured connections. oo PLANT 4 we PUSPING CTATION, The pumping station is located on the shore of the lake about 200 south of tho river and about 200 from the waters edge of the lake. The equiprent of the plant conaicta of the followincs 2 e- 10 HoPeSprincfield Tubular Boilers 72 z i€. i we 350 .P,Kuskogeon Boller 72m 18. 1 a Crend Haven Uarine ingine 44 z 1°, (High preasuro end dircct acting.) 1 ee Uould Triplex Power Pump,direct comeoctcd to the above lixlt | Capacity 750000 gallons per day.) ® ae Buches Duplox Uisch Presmure Pompe 14 2 €; # 16, ( Gapacity ¥50C00 callono yer day.) ihe wator is obtaincd from the iske through on intaks 80 inches in diameter extending out 2000 fect from the well into whioh 24¢ flows, This well is moant te serve the purpose of allowin« the sand and other #0114 mattore te de deposited honce net oloccin- up the pumps. The well is abcut 75 feot from the pumps and is Gamnectod to then by weens of a @ ingh misticn pipe. Also a by-pass pipe commecte the intake directiy with the gutghe By clos- ing the valves between the weil mad tiie conection the water can be pumped Girect]: fram the inteke,. This hee been found secessary Gue to the fact thet Bhe vell intake could not furnish enouch water into the well when a nesiniue ssount was needed. The diff. erence in elevation between the level of the take end the inlet to the well,ie six fost, when the lake is at sero level. At present the o is 25 fet delow sercy) etar. ren td heed of 3.7 fect to gore oh ® woll supplied ithe oe Ewen this veduesd head staal” furnieh enoush water as the following oorputations will show. Givens D2 DAanetor of pipe = 166 feet. Le @ Length of pipe =SEer0 fest. H. = Head of water 2 5.7 fest. To find the discharge in gallome per day,2 Q@AV , where & ia the area of the discharge pipe ani V the velocity of the flowing wator. v=] 2 . ee f Darah ere i SAD OF OO ENTITY 1.5 @ feonw 1,5 @ ,O28 & T7c8 a V = 2.6 feet per second Am 7054 x\led6- 2 Qmeav @ 7054 £1.65 £2.66 ¢ 0,555 ouft. por socond. Qs 0,555 x oF x 60 = 255 gallons per nimte. Qe 0 2 24 B 255 * 3,772,000 gaslones per days The maximm daily average of water pumped in July cos 485,030 gallonae Hence the shortace fe not due to emall head, friction,or emall pipe Further investigation indicat:d that the intake had hecome oclozged with sand, leaving but a small portion of the entire opening available for dis charginz,. the mouth of the intake consists of a four foot section of pips twenty inches in dlareter placed verticaly as showm in Plato 8 ‘his section is surrounded by a larces bell,whioh ic in tum covered by a plate with = inoh holes drilled in it. This plate acts as a strainer to keep out fish end eny ccerse matorial It is held in place by several bolte and nuta. Although all the purpe vere kept at work the derand for wator could not supplied and the pusps were workins under a hi h suction hagd.Upon making a thoroukh examination of the mouth cf the intake <0 the intake by sending down a diver,it was discovered that the cover plate was off and from efidence gathered had been off for years, This gave ampie chaece for choking the intake so that probably not more toan one fourth of the area was left for dis- charge opeming. Then there the possibility that the pire had settled at some point and brokem,alliowing the two onds to slide past each other,and tis dooréase the area for ficw. To determine whether this was true,a centrifugal pump was first placed in tho well ard altached to the intake inlet and water forced back through the intake, tims partly flushing the sand cut. Then an alr pinup, set up on a dredge,was taken cut and attache: to the mouth of the intake. By foreing air through it ang leak of impor-~ tance would at once be located by the escaping air. Tho report of this ves$ carried on by the Board of Public Yorks says that no iseke were found and from all indications the intake becane choked with sand possibly due to the absence of the covor, To Gleam out the intake two 7 inch by pass pipes from the main to the suction pipe were put in. Then,having filled the etanipipe,the vaives were closed shutting off the pumps and the water forced through the intake. This gave the desired velocity of water necessafy to clear the intake of some of the collooted sand and increased the effective diareter of the pipe. However, even after this flushing, the pucps were running under « head of 10.8 inches of seroury. This means a total lift of 12,£ feet.The 1ift from the intake to the pumps was 8 feet at the time of this reading, the lake being & feet below sero. Hence the equivalent head on the discharge end of the intake is 12,2 feet minus 8,2 feet plus the 4 feet of pressure head making a total head of 8,2 Leete 41 At the rato of pumping, when tho above observations were made, tho total nimber of gallons pumped per day was £00,000. Knowing tho head amd the length of pipe and assuming the ooefficient of frice tion as 0,02 the diemeter of an equivalent areasiich would supply this quantity can be computed by the folowing formulac. Slpn2 De = 8.479 sta. Cubsatituting the given valuea in this formula, De & 0,479 ~ f82-2-s000Ataiz®. De * 0.8 Zeot. “his cives an area of 72.°6 square inohes. She area of a OQ inch pire is 514.1' square inches, From this of the total ares open for discharge is 72.38 / 314.15 or 23%, Prem Treutwine paso 167 the rice of the segment of the pipe whieh ie open is 6,6 inoho- or it is safe to say 6 inches on the average.This commtation is only approximate but it cives an idea of the condition of the Antako pipe. ihie probable conditbon ia shéwn diasrammaticaly in Plate Ge The mouth of the intake is surrounded b7 an 8 foot boller plate ehell resting on «a timber foundation held in pl-oe oy tour piles. A vertical section throuch {t ahoving a cc-parativo viow is shom in riate €, Plate 8 shows a vertical seotion throug: both the intake and well.It shows their relative positions and the head which Causes the fige into the woll, aeeeieeiiee (une ec OC ML Aa ay | | = = i RA ——F a ee ie ae wa Lf oe LN fm Za v hacwaads SEAS EL SRMET EY ze aor nS SE TE AA dads : ae awe eae = bees BSLV LL i= yy aac REESE) EG Ea BLL Fy WE Tp Naa ee a5 - = he at ent of dees a cr RIP re ae 1 is Gr LAL fy : ot CLP Sek Peed ha pear eR te oR a GF = wee sill Ue EE ee Ce Z Rega A 77 =v fh : eS si a Se - aan . . = } nen : ee A 7 Ss! Y) {f= | ctye Hector Si Geese presetegyy earopies eee Sk CEE ee Ep £2 YZOOW % | | FESR eae SERRE Seance > LMM LU ye ‘ . a TT rs - } ry a ——— a et Ae 2 NY} if is sy wT YES) : PNG Te GL Ley) be Th He _ | PROBRBLE LONDITION b¢ FOE EP Joba Lee pues | ;\aseounaes — pt hdNz Aes EROS DASH Rass Pevees 1e8e BESE: - | | | | | ; RESEF V0O/7 The stand-pipe ie situatec om Quaker street about seven bioc:: from the pumps. The elevation of ite base ia °5,1 fest, above sero, hence the base is 55,1 = 6 = 29,1 feet above the valves of the pur. The height fe °:00 feet, being built uf in .5 foot sections 20 fn mmber, of § inch bolier plate. ‘The outside circumference measured 47.8 foet. Then cuteide diameter equals 1°,° feet ari inaide diemneter 15 feet. The total volume is 200 x 36° = 3.1416 = 17071 cubte feet, The pipe reste on e masonary founfation. The top is kept covered by a wooden cover, ay referring to the map it will be secon that the stemipipe serves merely as an equaliser of pressure. Yhen more water is pumped tha 18 being used the excese goes into the etandpipe. PIPE UNG SYSTEM, in order to determine whether tho present pipe line syste: is aufficient to furnish the nacxiam rate of ficw, tue aises of the pipes were cofrputed for several of the large maike and were fom to be large enough, the entire layout ie show on the large map of the city, (found in the pooket of this volume), In order to determine the actual losses of head due to friction in the pipes, gates, valves, exit turns, prossures were taken at various hydrente of the city, by ettadhing a pressure cace to the hydrants. It was not necossar tc obtain pressures for each hydrang, but only at every point where sige of pipe ghenges. the gage used was a 100 pow Stendard Test Gage. To corseet for errere of the cage, the gase was calibrated. The following table shows the results of the ealibration tests OALIRRATION OF PROCSURE GAG. “Gppls (inorossoing weights) (docresseing weights) svorese Bibs. 6.0 ibe. 6.0 Ibe. #,0 Ibe, 10 11,6 11,6 11.6 15 10.2 18.2 14,2 &0 £025 20,8 0.6 £5 tie G 25,8 25,6 30 af, 6 30.8 50.7 35 85.6 $6.0 55,0 40 4045 40,6 40.6 45 46,0 46,0 46,0 G0 50.8 51.0 50 55 58.8 560 S59 60 60.6 60,6 60,6 6% C5.E 65,€ 65.6 70 7Oe4 70.6 70.5 78 7640 792 7563 8000 80.0 80.0 a0.0 EG 65,0 85.0 $5.0 90 69.6 69.4 89.5 ie £440 94,0 94.0 100 9940 9940 5900 These remiita show the gage to slightly in error at certain preseures, hence the preaaures obtained from the hydrants must be corrected byv the amount the gage is off at that pressure. In the table civen on the following page are reeorded in first colum, the pressures in pounde per equare ingh; Im the secon’ colum, the rood. ings after having been corrected for errors of the gage; in the “é third colum, the elevations above sere of the street intersections as obtained fro: the notes recomied by the City [lugineer. PRESSURES AND ELEVAZAONS AS TAKEN AT THE FOLLOWING STROETS. ETRLLTS OBSERVED CORR!.OEXD ELEVATIONS PRESSURLS PRESSURES ABOVE ZERO Center & Quaker 56.0 libs, $6.2 Ibs, 58et " © Mooi gen 30.4 20,7 39.8 7 "© Green 31.0 53065 38,0 * * Phosniz 20.6 3309 40.2 Potent x* Broadway 32.0 30.3 38,6 " © Pearl 32,2 50.6 37469 *« * Bailey 29,0 28.5 44,15 * © Kalemasoo 5590 34e1 3504 * © Cherry 26,0 26.4 60.2 Broadway & Greon 30,1 29,38 3801 Pearl * Erie | 29 40 28.3 45,8 LeGrange * Philips 4740 26.8 14,8 Cherry ° Superior 20.0 19,4 52.6 Bailey *° Conger 50,0 2°,3 57.15 Ralemasoo*® iioht gem 24.4 2757 33,3 St. Joe * , $2.0 $1.5 3309 e *" Elkenburgh 29.6 28,9 23.44 South Haven & Maple 3 44 29.7 42,0 Leake © Dyokman 38,.C 37.4 26,6 id * River 48.0 47,0 4.5 * © Wella 37¥0 38,4 3866 * © Base Line 34,0 S5el 42.1 Dyckran ° Main SBeC 37.4 16,046 ° °" Williams 46,0 45.0 10,0 Main ° Vells 58.0 37 o4 26.6 Computations shonims method of epplying correstions to &a39 readings. in taking the gage pressure at the pumping stat: it wae found that the cage in the plant was in error. heating of plaat gage SS pounde, Hydrant pressure at plant by test gage ~-~.-..43,§ iiffoerenee in elevation betveen hydrent and gage in the Plant..." Difference in elevation redueed to poundse=2) = 4434 = 1.75 pounds. Lecding of plant gage reduee@ to levelof hydrente<29.0 + 1,76 =40,° Urror of plast GAGGe~ 65,4 « 40.765 © 2.85 pounds, ithmt ia iu gage reads 2.45 pounds low, or final corroctc re@ting of pressures at the pumps is 50.0 + £2.65 ™ 41,65 pounds, as tzicem in the forenoon, ‘eatin; of pressure at pumpa in the afternoon was 41 pound Applying the correction of .:,65 poundo, the reading was 47.05 °. Hence to reduce the afternoon pressures tc besis of forencen preaw: mubtract frou eash afternoon reading the difforence between Ere 88 and 41.68 or 2 pounds, im the table on page 4, are given in the first column, the corrected gage reatings, having been corrected for errors in test gage and difference in preemre betwee afternoon and foroncon, readincs. “ne second colum gives these pressures expressed in foet of presaure head, -he thin! oclusa gives the elevation of the streets interseetions, taken near the hydrente and on the by taking the difference Letween them, whioh is recorded in oolwm five. By cssuming the pipes to be laid parallel to the surface and at a uniform depth no account was taken of the dsopth below the surface as the lost head was then the same as aseuwrsed above. EXAMPLE £ Observed pressure at Center& Quaker---- ----~----36 pounds. Correotion for error in gage. ~------~--~+~-- ---- (-8 * |) Corrected reading- wowed @ 0,8 @ 55,2 pounds As this is an afternoon reading subtract 2 pounds or the reduced reading 18 -«-<<-<--<<-<088- -------- «--- 55,2 © 2 2 33.2 pounds. From formula, head equals 2.304 = pressure. H = 2,504 x 353.28 = 76,4 feet Elevation of hydrant--<--eses-. °2,§ feot Total head in feet above sero lake level is 76.4 + 32.5 = 108.9 feet. Head above sero at standpipe is 109.25 feet. Loss of head between pip and hydrant at Center & Quaker is 109,268 = 108,9 ss 0,358 focet. Head of water in standpipe above sero in the forenoon. Elevation of bottom of standpipe ---31,5 feet. . ® hydrant at Center & Phoenixe---40,25 feet. Difference in elevation @-----8...2.~. 8,75 feet. Pressure head at Center & Phoenix ------ ~69,0 feet. Henos height of water in the standpipe during the forenoon was 69.0 + 8,75 = 77,75 Leet . Head of water above sero----77.75 + 31.65 = 109.25 Since all afternoon pressures readings are reduced to forenoon pressures by deducting two pounds the head tm the a7 stand- Pipe in the efterncoem need not be used for computing lest headea, TABLE SHOWING LOSI HEADS AT POINTS RIOR PRESGINES TERE Tar y, ETT we LUCDO TAD IN PUNY » MAD ABOVE LOST MCAD ROCADTHGS “had ZENO Gen.” (uako> ied STA LE. SS Pt. 10,7 Pt. Onck ft, * * ich, “9.7 458.5 TO 48 10°,% 0.95 * ® Creon "CoS 7006 Big! wee Lele * Ehooniz o,9 045 40,05 109.25, O—ecn Spomivey & © “©.3 70,6 wo 1ce.* C.ac Pearl * @ woah 70.4 elf C7 ele lel Kalerez of 8 Soe] teh 2h_ 4 1ce,? en Cherry * 3 25,4 46 PO, 2k 108,85 1.°C Broadway © Grovem °°.2 *7,6° #£40,% 107.7 2.00 Peari * Crie 78.3 Sek 45,F 110.0 #1, 7F: Lesremga § Pha). 22.5 60,3 «AGA 107.1 Mel Cherry © cupor., 12.4 At_% Pat Ife? 10,05 Gidley" Congex 29,3 C7,_5 mIeI 168,73 we ot Lala. ®" Vich, °7.7 C56? Bes HO4C reer Ct.Joe." * Sled 72,8 et 16%, 1 VIF e FUlkerb. 28 AoeG 4 S_ tt 110,0 we 7 Eo Sellavon® Maple 29.7 CC,5 3060 107," 1675 Lito Ct." Dyok. oh. 61,6 "7,6 100.1 elt 8 " Riveyv 45,0 103, = 4.6 102,C 1.0% a * TeLLSG Oof,4+t 7S? ole 132.8 at, i! er © Gelbn §=S] el 71,8 4261 113,97 wth g AS Dyok, & Main 35,54 61.6 1B. 4 999 9.5F e 6 T4lliems 45,0 98,9 10,0 106.0 0,35 Haim * Nollie S5.4 e1.5 26,6 108.2 11°F Computation for size of main from rower House to Kalamazoo Aye In computing the size of pipe nosessary to supply a certain diste Fict or town, the faximuraverage consumption must be obtained, or assumed, Then since more water is used in the mornings end even- ings for domestio purposea, and on iondays, as waah day, the rate of flow willbo cousiderably higher. Practice has determined it as 175% of the maximum average daily consumption per capita. “390 ths nine munt da designed to furnish “n® mumber of fire strea™s< at one tine, where "n® is obtained by the formla given on pace 743 of “Publis Yater Suppliss® by Turmeamre and Russcls X= g.9 TX ~ where x = population in thousands; each fire- strean to delivor 506 gailons per mimte. Then the total rate of Plow will be the sum of these two ot: Kaximam rate of flow = 175% zx maximum avorare dably consumption per capita + flow from"n® Sire atreames at 20 gallons por mimts,. Assumed maximum average coneumption per capita per dey = 85 cal. 17c7 of 6B @ 150 gallons per capita. Population “or the futupe at 1950 is ssgumed ag 5600,herce the total consumption at that tire would be 1600 = 5500 -= 650,006 gallons per daye 825,000 Q 2 amaccere & 575 galjJons por ees Por tic nudes of fire etrvoams, N @ 2,8 = gs" XN. = 6, the mumber of fire streams -20h stroac delivers 200 gallons per minuteand thus the total onpumption will be 575 + 1200 = 1,775 gallona per minute or 29,6 gallons per second.this reduced to cubic feet per second gives a epcquired supply cf 2,96 cu. ft.per soc. iD. From Merrimans Treatise on Eydraulics the following formula for the computation of the size of a pipe, paso 827. be = oar (Ly 8 in <:19,°= eotffsbent of friotion 1 # length of pipe. q * cubic fect per second. h = head lost ig lemcth "1°, For first computation assuue f = ,0° also let 2 ™ 1400 feet, ‘1 @ 3.98 curt. hw 10,26 then Ds 0,479 ( .028 = 189 x 5.962)5 = 12.9 imohes. this aize of pipe will be necessary when the populaticn reaches to five or six thousand inhabitanta, in orderto supply the water economically, and not use up the power for obtainisy higher pressures. The sise of the present main is 10 inohes which ia suffic- ient. All the otter pipes of the system are cf sufficient aize gince none are required greater than the 10 inch and the anallest size nahlowed is 4 inches which is only used in the soattered district. Also the maximm ices of head being 11 feet would in- dicate that plenty of water is being supplied; that ie there is very low velocity hemoo snail loss due to velooity and friction. To show graphically the losses of heac at the various roints in the pipe lino system, the profiles of each street aro plotted, elevations being refered to zero lake level, From same datum plane plot She S6t%el pressures obtained at the hydrants after reducing to zero lovcl. Also plot lines shewing cotual head above sero at the svandpipe. Ly connecting the pressure heads of the hydrants thore is obtains a curve mown as the Hydraulic Gradient which is tho line te which the water level would rise if plezometer tubes were insertcd at these points. If the pipe lines are laid approximately horizontal this line 7"! £0 be straight. “hen pipes are laid in sharp vertical curves. the gradient wilh fall below *he pipe,when acts as a sirton. This ehould be avoided. In the accompenyinge plates are shown tho hy- draulic gragient showing thc loased of head at several) pointe of each strect. See plates 12,12, ant 15,4 10 The following 1@ @ table showin: tvs numer of feet of the several sises of rater mains in the ality. VATIR MAINS, : ae feet of C” wroucht fron pipe,> 1500 & e@pw @ es lz cag "2 sacst “ «4 o7cco = oom ® » + 4coo ® dE e ge w 22206 * ei 8 $6 C8 the aity ie @ivided into three sections, 4,E,sné C, ond the followin: table ahows the wumber of each eizo of uoters at prosout GInatallod im eack section. WATER PETERS. Oi zese B/o"& o/ce Qe 1 a ae HSaote A. 308 3 0 2 0) Geote Be 880 3 0 a 0c Seot. GO. 225 10 4 2 ? Special 12 7 4 2 4 Tetel S79 25 2 G i Total meters inatalled ~ 911. 82 as | ey" Si F} Ee Ae de ded ae SUE aa | Wak pT PVA tH a } i | } | Hl yh Ese) estes? ed? Nh 94-4 Ahh Lex! LPIT WI CHIH as 3 , } ii } t { | Dil te WR GL GH &F Baree¢ 232851 IE Ve pees oe f SSSR : ; epees sepeeezess | ra Secs ven shewe rae aareaes 2oUgr sgene PaUEE Saul teu RD ae el ee ce ag eee aei aeaeE ae a | H sarstas samen E Ett der ca Ciena i rt t SECWS SURGE 6 SPARE SOs LEFESUSESS 2255 ERR 5 on at oa ee Egaksssers ssessesesuts ieeeeaaeaa : WP EL A A aa Ld ry, OF PLM AA a Teas bugs tssuea ce OUTeeaS Eaten ESTATE C#¥IW JL GS5I7 ANIMOHE FANN ea senee es foe ie ar a ola ea aise S aa ust ae oi HH s ee He aeeen wa i senssesss tracks HH Ht Hy sae yl a i sie eee satsaata a , Te paperottesFettens Stes s 3 Sah Sane ana RRR. U 2 LL a LE ol S = fs Ns saneea Hat ay past Ht aes Bas SE ierrerl Ete aia ta aoet basses fait fatstd if Fa asad Suaeis fest ESREECSegdeeasteted espegeeU naauaaeid feagoaeasa RRR eit see ey sates saeeesas i Rseb. cea a ang ee a | swags gesgesseay ir pecsabesreng ceszensane ssucdetans saccegiiessescnczued ScReasegrseeaseseee , ge m ssees. eee a Be pa Es’ 5S 96 DRS ESS SS Se CRESS HASSE SSTEEN ENTE ENS FeGn85 BEOSS SEeKs 55S EEE NE BOSE ow: een ea, | ste : aa aH + aie Gist sre ie HH abastee piabitic ; fz f sats sie seeds beget: ES ts i eine ie sitsier: trispasge gsged Sasged33 52 ersss a couacae SESSBECS. yagsre Anesseenes: 388 respisssaee | oa je SahoSne seat Seal ; ees ones on eeeagses” 77, ent papeapnes Seiess sreee: he = See ea sae ae seeseoene: HSER ESE HEE ettaattits FILE a» ws 2 eananent Ce eed TAP OA Ae, te eT oe ETRE aa Sl. $907 Ve A ie aa, ALA ee Ch Lie Leu Gshsubebueu Gen kbebasdead noes heen } | | eT | wiz : ~ | Seew /caasseesss' a ‘gs S1IgUDBYD FIRE PROTESTION. Ware hydramts must be of such e nurer art ©° located as to make it possibis tc conesntrate two-thimisa of the sumbeor of required fire streams simultenmcously an emy one square. If ‘y* is the muxter of fire streams tc be furnishod at any one tina for the engire eity,by Fulchlings form2a, y = 2.9 x¥; where ‘x’ ie the population fe thousands. In this case & @ 5.5 there fore y = 2.82 6.65 | 6 fire etreans. For residences secotions,one-fourtn of tis total mumber, or two Sire stowass is sufficient. Acoordins to Freeman, troe thirds of the total mmber axe requ red for emy ome equare of tho compact business section. This givos four as the required mmber of fire etreanc fcr the businces section. Eydrer.te shoulé not be @o far apart as to require moro than five inmired feet of hose. Friction in tho hose sreatly Fethioes the available head. By exaninin; the map for the looction of the various bydrents, it ie Pome that the above regiiresente _ are mote “nore are 100 fire hydranta,nearly al2 of which are of the twooway tyre. The pressure weod during a Piro is obtained by shutting eff the stand pipe and imoreesings the preasure of the maina by audilary pumpe. PLUGINS « Vaile obtaining the data for this theois, the prodlen mc up of how to thorourt: flusi all tha maine of the city, and’ to ao it oftbotivecly. It wao very owldent that the pipes nceded Gloaning, for while obtaining hydrant preseurss the water was turned on fully ten mimutes at the cormer of Kalemagoo St. ,and Uhebbcamcdred ap’ at other points for five minutos before the 6&8 water cleared up. the Mraet gush of water ware rusty and redish brom in color. After the rusty color orcared up, the water aprearn muddy. This would in@iscate that the mains are lined with fine duposlte of Glay,send,an: sedinont of most any sort,and when Tlachx gut,thesc depoaitea are efirred up,and garriod aiong bybthe inoroadia voloaity. To do any effective flushing, the water muet have guito hi: volocity,amd to get thia,the flushing must be dose in soeoticns,. “his can be done by Glosinc tue gates of all lines except cue, and orenin:, the hydrante at t e end of tiie line. By dnoreseins theo Drucsure at toe pumps end gating down the sains to atreight lines, cron at the farther end, the sedinend will de washed loose,an” carri: out of to mains. However,as the werfmmon of the ality report, that moat of thes cate valves are out ef repain it will be impossibic to Go any roal effective flushing. Under ouch conditions it woulda BO aivieable to repair these valves a: soonags possibl:. In tho -san time flushi’ « by opening the hydrants at various Peinte in the eity would be better than nct flushing at all. BIW! COLES PIR coor. -n8 B6tual cost to the city cf the water works rlant ts Carch fst 1/08 aceording to the City Clerks books Le [C%,00° °° Inventory Uarch ist 1907 by LeAsiridgea, Sipteof Publis Vorksa. ‘thaldi WORKS. Pullding € £900.60 Larut 800,00 Intake (new) 20” 20000200 2 old pumps 200,.C0 21 Now “riplex pump 1:550,00 5S RoLlore 8 2,000.0C utacts 140,00 Cosmdorser 107,00 Condcnssr rection 160,00 team prosgure caccs 7G_00 Teols 25006 Hafne 229 G72 .0O ~tanépipa 4_°00,00 at Vo OB Lad 2,000. Small pire % Hydremte 4,750 ,.CO ® 63—9010—"C abet we .¢ v6 anes 768 Lepraotation accoriing to thia inventory, B59 074 * CB 9EF.00 Ca mene eo nnwae LDALAUG). Ef A SURI fer fecal year ondins Meron lst i9ii. Valuo of plant acrrepressntiod by out stehding bonds and iwmichtadness, LS Pe nf a” ate L,’ bead woes. yb 1 Vower Cousc 54 OMIsce equipment 87 eth Croaaivay i.t.stubs OS . * labor 35.50 ROW TENG 2,089 ,O¢ Noter box t21c 34.550 T1196 covevs SOE 413 Tips fittings rO9—C8 Labor inataliin,: - 039,20 £706 270080 OG Matorial sold Depreciation Present besk veluo Preront book valuo Zarch Let 1911, $s 10.59 2.827645 0p 801. BH GE CD os 06) OEE COM a a te DLC CI ATION C8,G21,2:' § <0 709970 650 che depreciation ia estinatix! on the followire basis ty thea Doan of Publis Vorre for the fiscal year ending Ist W211. ress tT wy ve >y es 4 ee > -. went « “ory art * Bed. hw net te the VALUE Power Ceouse 9 7,27G—.00 Nts 3p 0EO.00 Sut wing 2g 500.00 Pips line Sig TE5— OO Mt Owe 419 000.C° we gOdE gf ic CU. DAT PLY ADLL oul LOD 41952 21937 Cc pie Oo fia wy 1 te J -8 ING + RAE OF RUCTATION GH xt, IONE, fielGn 3 . 2 £600.06 iy Cl:0,06 Hg CSO OO COG ACO 2yG00.00 z_ 060.00 Teo TOe F000, 06 2,000.06 1P,000,.00 20,000.00 VNaroh DOPRLOT ATION 442,50 300,00 100,00 694,02 720 2650 80,00 Pap wa om aoe, — ®. jog OAT GAD PAYINT OF FIEST COL’. The mothed of paynent gf the first cost has been by the ieeuing of bonde as will be seen by the above table tho date of payment of the bonds has been scattered through the various years, with tho exo:ption of the last two,due respectively in 1932 and 1057. St was expressed as the probable policy in re- garda to these that at,tho time of thoir raturity thoy would be taken up and reiasucd and made payablo at intervais in the futurc the same aa the preceeding issues. No provision for a einkins to meet. these bonds at raturity h-s been made. Tho omly method of taking into consideration the Georcasins value of the plant or ita replacement is the charging of om anwal depreci: tion according to the schedule civon previously. IRCURANTCE Ineurence is carried ae follows, On Power Uouse and iquipment «--~ ~eemwmelO000 C0 On WORK SROp-.---acrerneece-ee we comene 1BNCSOO On Bollorsg---. cowee-= -90000,00 Total ow 31000, 00 shia includes both water plemt and electric ifght plant, Z% is catinated that two thinis of this arplye to the lighting plant end ome third to the water plant. RATES The following echodule of water rates is in effet in tho citys iste 2000 gallons or less---{0.28 per 1°00 galiens, Onda. * e * © coe 0.88 * o ° Sra, " e © 8 wes 0,22 ® ° e 4 4th, i asl A AMONG aid A ED lh ROO ED BE eee ee ec eerieinentirieitiesdtcan alk Se mtn i anda electra li daaliaceaiiaie = a — ening TAM”