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3a)
BUILDISG CONSTRUCTION

Thesis for Degree of Ce. E.

oy ts

oe 4
Ralph 2)’ Hopkins

1915

-_* © * *& EK

Application has been made
for patents to cover the substance

of this thesis.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Knowledge of the newly awakened, irresistible de-
mand for vastly increased,economy and efficiency in building
construction has led me to make an effort toward the solution
of the problem.

Accepting concrete as the best fire-resisting,
most durable and sanitary building material, I have designed
a method of concrete construction with the following objects
in view:

First: To be able to make & wall with skilled labor, of
such a character as would insure speed of construction.

Second: To do away with form work and thus greatly decrease
the expense.

Thirds; To make a wall that can be either solid or hollow.
By the latter method the wall would be insulated against
dampness and be kept from "sweating”™ due to difference in
temperature.

Fourth: To make a wall that when hard would not have to
be resurfaced, but could be given any desired decorative
effect on the outside and be smooth enough on the inside
to do away with plastering.

Fifth: To do away with mortar joints used with the ordi-
nary concrete block construction. These are unsightly
and, unless every precaution be taken, there will be
open places in the joints.

1OL749
- 1 -
Sixth; A combination wall combined of standard precast

units and concrete poured in place to form a monolithic |
wall, having any desired thickness, any width of air
Space and any number of these spaces.

The precast units to serve the following purposes:

To be designed so as to interlock and form a
rigid wall,

To serve as & permanent mold or casing for @ con-
tinuous falling of concrete, which can be reinforced hor-
izontally and vertically to give the wall its required
strength.

To be made in steel molds of such design as to
make the units alike as to size and thus insure a
smooth and true wall.

To be made at a permanent plant where machinery
and system can reduce the cost to a minimum.

To be as light as possible for the wall covered
so as to reduce the cost of handling and shipping.

The precast units are to be divided into the fol-

lowing three divisions:

Outer units (See drawings # 6 & #7)
Inner units ( " " # 8 & #9)
Tie units ( * " #10 )

The outer units form the outside and inside of

the wall, ‘The inside of an outer unit has one or more dove=

tailed grooves running vertically throughout the height of

the unit.
These grooves are spaced so that when laid in a
wall the grooves in one unit are vertically above or below
the grooves in the adjacent units.

The inner units are used to build up vertical
division planes in the wall which serve to form continuous
spaces that may be filled with concrete or left as air spaces.
The upper and lower edge of the unit has one or more notches,
these being one-eighth the depth of the unit and the same
width as the thickness of the tie units. These notches are
spaced the same as the grooves in the outer units and serve
as a means of locking the inner units with the tie units,
the outer and inner units being of the same height.

The tie units are used to space and tie the inner
and outer units. The heighth of a tie unit is one half the
heighth of the inner and outer units. <A dovetailed tongue
corresponding to the groove in the outer units is formed
on each end of the tie unit. If the inner units are required
in the wall the tie units will have one or more notches on
the upper and lower edges, these notches to be one-fourth the
depth of the unit and the same width as the thickness of the

inner units.
 

DIVISIONS OF DRAWINGS.

ees oe

 

 

DRAWINGS #1 to 5 inclusive, show the different walls under

this construction.

DRAWINGS #6 to 11 inclusive, show the detail of units used
in the different walls.

DRAWINGS #12 to 14 inclusive, show the layout of assembled

molds for the different units.

DRAWINGS #15 to 22 inclusive, show the detail of parts used

in the mulds.

DRAWINGS #23 to 25 inclusive, show the tables of materials
and parts required to make up and fill a com-~

plete mold.
DIFFERENT WALLS UNDER THIS CONSTRUCTION.

 

DRAWING #1, FIGURE #1 shows the perspective of
& wall built up of pre cast units laid up in four vertical
planes, two outer and two inner, all connected by tie units
forming three interior spaces. The spaces next to:the outer
plane of units are filled with concrete to form two continu-
ous monolithic walls reinforced horizontally and vertically.
This is possible because the tie units occupy only one half
of the vertical space and are so arranged that they come half
above and half below the horizontal inner section between the
horizontal rows or units.

The units in the vertically adjacent rows of each
plane are staggered.so that the tie units lock an inner or
outer unit in one horizontal row with two inner or outer units
in the vertically adjacent row. This is also made more effect-
ive by staggering the units of the inner rows with those of

the units in the outer rows, as shown.

DRAWING #1, FIGURES #2, 3, & 4 shows a single
space hollow wall into which is formed beams and columns to
make the wall more rigid and also to serve as structural sup-
port ror fioors and roof.

The wall consists of outer and tie units only.
The outer units are shown grooved on the outside so that the
wall may be plastered or stuccoed. The tie units consist of

two different heights, one being the same height as the outer

-~5 «
unit and the other one-half that height.

Two ot the adjacent vertical rows of tie units
of the same height as the outer units form a vertical, en-
closed space the width of the wall to a certain heighth.
This space so formed being:.filled with concrete and re-in-
forced with iron bars to form a column, The balance of this
Wall, to the same height, to be made up of tie units of less
heighth so as to form a continuous air space on both sides
of the column.

che top edge, ot the upper row of these tie
units, forms a support on which to lay a piece of sheet iron
the width of the air space, on which a concrete beam is pour-
ed, the Lower side being reinforced with iron bars. From the
top of this beam a continuation of the column is formed in

the same manner as described above.

DRAWING #2, FIGURE #1 shows a circular three-

 

space hollow wall, for use in the construction of reservoirs,
Silos or any place where a circular walls is required. The
construction is the same as in a straight wall. MThe inner
and outer units differ in the fact th.t they are curved in-
stead of straight and it is not possible to make them in-
terchangeable as the units must be made shorter, owing to

the shortening of the circumference as the center is approach-

ed.
DRAWING #2, FIGURE #2 shows a vertical section
of a wall with a double air space, the construction being
the same except that two more vertical planes of inner units
have been added, also the lengthening out of the tie units.
This construction to be used for ice houses, packing houses,

or in any case where additional insulation is required.

DRAWING #2 FIGURE #5 is a horisontal section of
@ wall through a wall showing a pilaster. The construction
is the same as in a straight wall, except at the pilaster,
which required that two of the tie units be made longer and
@ special outer unit for the face of the pilaster, also a
short piece that is used on either side. These pieces are
only special in as much as their ends are mitered and round~
ed for the corners. This is obtained inthe standard molds

by using a different style of spacer.

DRAWING #2 FIGURE #4 shows a horizontal section
through a hollow column or chimney. This required only two
aifrerent units, an outer and a tie unit. ‘rhe outer unit is
the same as that used in the pilaster or can be of any length
standard unit by changing the spacer in the meld to form the
mitered and rounded corner. The tie unit is made the same as
the standard wnit without notches, with the ends reduced to
one half their heighth as shown in Pigures #5 & 6.

All units shown in drawings will be designated by

~ 7a
@ symbol

A vepresenting outer units

B " inner "

Cc . tie "

The following symbol ( A =~ 8 ~ 484) stands for
a standard 8" x 16" outer unit. ‘The (&) or the second pert
ot the symbol shows the height of the unit, the last part
of the symbol or (484) shows the spacing of the grooves in
the unit, the first groove being 4 inches from the end, the
second groove 8 inches rrom the first and four inches from
the other end of the unit, the sum of these distances being
equal te 16 inches or the total length of the unit.

The symbol of an inner unit of the same sise and
spacing of notches would be (B ~ 8 @ 4684).

The inner and outer units for right angle cor-
ners are designated by adding (45°) to the end of the symbol.
In the following symbol for a tie unit (C0 = 4 = 44)

C represents the kind of unit

4  * “= height of unit

+ " total width of wall with only

. one air space.

In the following symbol for a tie unit
(C = 4 » 3(24) 7) the last part of the symbol represents a
12" wall in which the 3" is the width in inches of the solid
portion on the outside of the wall, the "£+"" the width of
the hollow space in the center of the wall and the "7" the
width of the solid space on the inside of the wall. The

- 8 «
The sum of these or 124" is the total width of the wall.

DRAWING #5 shows the different units that are re-
quired for a straight wall. The standard inner and outer
unite being 8" x 16". In order to form openings where re
quired or of different widths, it is necessary to have units
varying in length from 8" to 24" inclusive. This allows all
horizontal dimensions to vary in steps of tour inches. If
it ig necessary to vary the vertical dimensions less than
eight inches, the above blocks may be duplicated in length
but having a height of one-half the standard or four inches.
This would require a total number of eleven inner units and

eleven outer units.

DRAWINGS #4 & 5 show the different outer and inner
units required at the corners for different widths of walls.
By varying the width of the wall in steps of one inch, it
will readily be seen by the drawings that the outer units
will reppat themselves ,vis: |

The units in the two inch wall being the same

as those in the ten inch wall.

Those in the four inch wall will be the same

as those in the twelve inch wall,

Therefore if the outer units for corners are

increased in one inch steps from eight to twenty-three

inches, inclusive, it will give all the required lengths
tor any width of wall.

The inner units are so designed that they can be
placed to form a minimum space of one inch between the inner
and outer units. This space is increased by steps of one
inch. It wili also be seen that the length of these units
will soon repeat themselves so that it only required units
from 62" to 212" inclusive, to form any width ef space.

The walls shown on these two drawings represent
the walls most used in standard practice. Sach different
width of wall required a different length ef tie units for a
all parts of the walle
DETAIL OF UNITS US THE D T WALLS.

DRAWING #6 shows the detail of all outer units
used in the straight wall construction also giving the
volumn and the weight of each unit.

DRAWING #7 shows the detail of all outer units

used at the corners.

DRAWING #6 shows the detail of all inner units
used in the straight wall construction.

DRAWING #0 shows the detail of all inner units
used at the corners for all widths of wall.

DRAWING #10 shows the detail of all tie units
required to make up the standard walls shown in drawings
#4 4 5,

DRAWING #11 shows a light sheet metal facing
fer the greove in the outer units and a tongue in the tie
wmnits and these are made so that the tongue nicely slips
into the groove and serves to form a very firm connection
between the outer and tie units. It will alse be noticed
that four clips are made on the back face of the sheet metal
facing for the groove. This is te connect te and hold the
reds used te reinforce the outer units as shown in Drawing
#6, Detail #1.
In the sheet reinforeing for the tongue of the
tie unite there are twe loops which serve as eyes into which
can be dropped the heok ends of the tie rods as shown in
Detail #6 of Drawing #10. These form a complete chain of
metal ties which hold the reinfercing of the outer anit on
one side to the reinforcing of the outer unit on the other
side.

| The sheet metal facings for the tongue and groove
are made with very little cost as the steel is light and is
formed by running it through a continuous machine operated
by one man which rolls it inte the required shape at a speed
of approximately 85 feet per minute which weuld turn out

enough facing to supply 5,000 units per day.

» l|2 eo
MOLDS
SS

The units are to be made by pouring a "sloppy"
mixture of concrete into steel molds, These molds are made
up of standard sheets of cold rolled steel, cut to size and
blanked out on presses, and cold rolled bars, rolled to size
and cut te length with practically no machinery needed to
assemble these to form a complete mold. This reduces the
cost of the molds to but very little more than the cost of
the steel itself.

The molds are assembled on platform cars for use
en the ordinary industrial track, The cars are relled under
the mixer and the molds are filled with concrete. Frenm
there the cars are run inte steam cureing rooms and left
from twelve to twenty heurs. They sre then hard enough se
that the molds ean be removed. This allews the use of the

molds onee every twenty-four hourse
THE LAYOUT OF ASSEMBLED &M r D UNITS.

DRAWING #12 is a layout of one end of an
assembled mold used for making the outer units. The mold
as shown is fer making the straight wall units. It differs
from the mold required to make the corner units only in the
kind of spacer used. The mold consists of division plates
with attached form bars and spacers, The division plates
ere punched to receive the dowels in the spacers. These
dowels are long enough te extend threugh into the spacer on
the other side of the plate. The attached ferm bars are at-
tached permanently to the division plates by rivets.

This meld will make sixty-five units in length
and from two to six units in width, depending en the length
of the unit, making a total of from 130 te 590 euter units
per mold. ‘The maximum dimensions of the mold being 4'6"
wide by 8° longe

DRAWING #15 is a layout of an end ef an assembled

- mold used for making the inner units. The mold consists of
division plates, spacers and detached form bars. The divi-
sion plates being punched to receive the dowels in the spacers.
These dowels are long enough te extend threugh inte the spacer
on the other side of the plate. #otches sre also punched in

the upper and lower edges of these division plates te receive
the detached form bars which form the notches in the upper
and lower edges of the inner unit.

This mold will make 100 units in length and from
8 to 7 units in width depending on the length of the unit, or
a total of frem 200 to 700 inner units per mold. The maxinun
dimensions being 4°6" wide by 8* long.

DRAWING #14, is a layout of one end of an assenbe
led mold used for making the tie unite. THe mold consists of
division plates with attached form bars, spacers and detach-~-
ed form bars, these being assembled as in above deseribed
molds,

This mold will make 80 units in length and from
4 to 350 unites in width depending on the length of the tie
unit or a total of from 320 to £400 units,

The maximum dimension of the mold being 4'6*
wide by 8' lenge _

e 156 e
DETAIL OF PARTS USED IN THE MOLDS.

 

DRAWING #15 shows the standard cold rolled
shapes of steel bars used for molds.

Detail #1 is used to make spacers for outer
units for straight walls.

Details $2.3 & 4 are used to make spacers for
outer units requiring mitered and rounded ends.

Detail & 7 are used to make spacere for
inner unitse

Detail #6 is used to make spacers for the tie
units.

Details #6 & 9 are used for detached form bars,
Detail #8 being used for tie units and #9 for inner units.

Detail #10 is used for attached form bars for
forming grooves in outer units. a

Detail #11 is used for attached form bars for
tie units. The table of dimensions shows the length into

which these barg are cut, and weight of each,

WING #16 shows the different mold division
plates required. The sheet steel isa purchaseé rolled to.
width. The plates are eut off, notched and punched by the

use of special dies in power presses. _

DRAWING #17 shows the mould divisien plates
with attached form bars for outer units. After the plates
have been cut to length and punched as stated above they
are put into a riveting fixture and the ool@ rolled steel

= 16 -
form bars are riveted in place.

DRAWING #18 is a table giving sizes, weights and
number of mold division plates required for one mold of outer

units.

DRAWING #19 ie a table similar to #18 except
that it is for inner unite.

DRAWING #20 shows the mold division plates with
attached bare for tie unite. The attached form bars being
emall can be welde@ (electric) in place.

DRAWING #21 is a table showing the sizes, weights
and number of mold division plates required for one mold of

tie unite.

DRAWING #22 shows spacers used in all molds,
each spacer having two cold rolled steel dowels. These
dowels can be made in automatic screw machines, and are to
be a press fit in reamed heles in the spacer. The holes
are drilled and reamed in a drilling fixture which makes
their location exact. It. will be noticed that all inter-
changeable parte of the molds must be made to exact dimen-
sions as only plus er minus two thousandths of an inch be-~
ing allowea or a total variation of four thousandths of
an inch. This makes it possible to have every unit of the
same symbel exactly alike.

~17-
TABLES OF PARTS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED

TO MAKE UP AND FILL A COMPLETE MOLD.

DRAWING # 23 is for outer units.
DRAWING t 24 is for inner unites.

DRAWING # 25 is for tie units.

- 18 -
COBTS OF MOLDS.

To get an idea of the cost of the molds, take
the molds required for standard 8" x 16" units for a 12"
wall.

The mold for outer units (A~-8-484) will cast
195 units at a time and weighs 1850 lbs. complete. (See
Drawing #25.) Say that we distribute the cost on the
number of units made in one mold in one year's time allowe
ing 500 working days and basing the cost of the mold at 5¢
per lb. which is ample. This mold would make 56,500 units
at a cost of $92.50. ‘This is $.0016 per unit,

fhe mold for inner units (B-8-464) will cast
SOO unites at a time or 90,000 units in a year. This mold
weighs 1,297 lbs. and would cost at 5S¢ per lb. $65.00.
This is $.0007 per unit.

The tie unit (0-403(2+)7) will cast 320 units
at a time or 96,000 units per year. This mold weighs
8,266 les. and would cost $113.00. This is $,0012 per unit.

Cost of mold per outer unit $.0016
_ Fe Ff * inner * 2.0007
" " " ® tie " 20012
Total cost of one half of wali $ .0035

As it requires 6 units to make up 8” x 16"
of complete wall, the total cost for 128
qe ine is @ 20070
Cost per aq. ft. of wall surface - $.0078
Allewing ene cent per sq. ft. of wall would more than cover
cost fer any of the molds.

There being practically no wear on the molds,
they should last at least four times as long as figured
which would reduce the cost to $.0026 per sae ft. of wall
gurface for a 12" wall. The cost does not vary with the
width of the wall as the difference in length of the tie
wait would make very little difference,

@ £0 e
COST OF MATERIAL.

In figuring the cost of material we will take
the same sise unite used in figuring the molds.

Outer unit ( A - & = 484) contains 154 cu. in.
of conorete, .235 lbs. of steel for sheet facing and 228 lbs.
1/8" iron rods for reinforcement.

Inner unit { B - & ~ 484) containg 93 cu. in.
of concrete.

Tie unit (CC ~ 4 «- 3 (2%) 7) contains 89 cu. in.
of concrete, .11 lbs. sheet motal facing and .08 lbs. 1/8"
iron rods. —

The amount of material contained in the three
units is as follows: —

886 eu. in. concrete.

054 lba. sheet metal facing.

e350 lbs. 1/8" rods.

Reducing this to one aq. ft. of wall surface
for a twelve inch wall, we have the following amounts and
costs:

644 cu. in. concrete @ 18¢ per cu. ft. $047

 

76 lbs.steel facing @ S¢ per ib. 0238
66 lbs. 1/8" rods @ 3&¢ per lb. 02
Total cost of wall per sq. ft. $0 .090

- 21 -
The above cost is with the unite reinforeed.
For plain unite the cost would be $.07 per aq.
ft. for 18" wall.

- 22 -
Cost OF MANUFACTURING THE UNITS .

Figuring on a plant to make units for 3,000
sq. ft. of 12" wall. This means approximately 40 on. yds.
of concrete per day or 50 cu. yds. or one car load of
gravel and 55 bbls. or approximately 2/3 of a car of
cement.

In order to handle this amount of material to
the best advantage it would mean dumping the gravel from
gondela cars into a hopper below the track, from here te
be carried to storage bins directly above the mixer by a
belt conveyor which would require little or mo labor. By
buying cement in bulk it could be transferred to a storage
bin in a similar manner by scraping it out of the side of
the box aar into a receiver and from there by conveyors to
the storage bin above mixers

By having the molds en cars running on the
ordinary industrial track so that the molds could be trans-
ferred from the mixer to the steam cureing roome and from
there to the storage yard by the use of very little labor,
Estimating the cost of manufacturing in a rough but safe
eatimate, the cost of units per sq. ft. of wall would be as
follows, labor being previously estimated:
Interest on principle and depreciation

of equipment - ------------ - $.04
Labor ---*-2f+f®2e@2ff772f27272 22° -~=« = 02
Materiala -----«8+«-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+e+6-. - 07
Cost for plain units per sq. ft. $.13
* " yveinforced units per sae ft. eL5
 

MADE OF CONCRETE BY THE UNIT CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND COM~

RISON OF SAME WITH WOOD BRIO}

        

Nee ne ee eed —_— — ee ee a + on -eee emi tee ee Teena ti a aE ea ee

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION °

Unit constructed wall per sq. ft. -@ Bag to 30¢

Frame wall per sq. ft. - @ lé¢

Bleck wall per sq. ft. -@ Leg to 335”
Brick wall per 8q. ft. = @ 25¢ to S6¢
Tile wall per sq. ft. = GO 23¢ te 26¢

Monolithic conorete wall "" " «© @ S5¢ te 4é4¢

The above prices are for walls finished on the
outside and ready for plaster on the inside. <A still further
saving in the use of unit construction can be made by putting
canvas on the wall to receive the decorating instead of
plaster. This is possible because the units form a smeoth

wall.

UNIT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:
Basing estimate on

8" x 16" units per sq. ft. of 8" wall $0.18
6* x 16" units per sq. ft, of 12" wall 0.80
Cost of laying up wall per sq. fte 0.05
Cost of concrete filling per cn. ft. 0.16
The S¢ per cu. ft. for laying up wall does not include
labor on conerete filling which is 2" thick in the 8" wall
and 6" thick in the 12" wall. Labor being estimated at the
same rate as above. No lathing is required in this const-
ruction. The unit wall with concrete fill will cost ready
to plaster on the inside as follows:
6" wall costs 24¢ per aq. or surface ft.
12" wall costs 30¢ per sq. or surface ft.
If the above units are reinforced add £¢ per

aquare or surface ft. of wall.

WOOD CONSTRUCTION:
Material used 2" x 4" studding, 7/6" sheathing,

pine clap boards, pine lath and good grade of building peper.e
Basing estimate on

Rough lumber at, per He - - - = $27,00

Siding at, per Me ----= == 40,00

Carpenter werk at, per day «= « 5.76

The frame Walls will cost $0.16 per square or

surface ft. including 10 per cent for waste. This is the
approximate cost per sq. ft. for the outside walls ef a
frame house, lathed ready to plaster on the inside and ready
te paint on the outside.
 

CEMENT BLOCK CONSTRUCTION:
Basing estimate on

8" x 8" x16" blocks each ~ « = = $0.15
6" x 12" x 16" blocks each = - - = 0.81
Mason per @day-=-----#--«= = ¢,80
Helper per day - - - -2# #© = @ = ~ 2,60
Furving and lathing per aq. ft. =~ - 08
The cenent bleck walls will cest ready to plaster
on the ingide as follews:
6" thick 26¢ per square or surface foot

12" thick 33¢ per square or surface foot

BRICK CONSTRUCTION:
Basing estimate on,

Brick, per MW. = - - ~ - = = = $8.00
Mortar, per Me 2-2 -+-+-+- #£21,00
Mason per day -------e« 4,80
Helper per day --*--+-=--e 2,60
Furring & lathing per sq. ft. ,03
The brick walls will cost ready to plaster on
the inside as follows:
8” thiok $0.25 per square or surface foot
18" thick 0.36 per square or surface foot.

e@ 279 «
(+
TILE CONSTRUCTION:
Basing estimate on

8" x 12" x 12" tile, each - ~ - ~ - $0.08
12" xz 12" x 12" tile, each ~ <« - « ebZ
Magen per day-------+-+--e 4,80
Helper per day = --=--+-+--+-=- = 8,50
FPurring & lathing per sq. fte- «= = 00S
Stucco per sq. ft. = =e ewe ~ @ 04
The tile walls will cost, ready to plaster on
the inside as follows:
8" thick $0.25 pexy square or surface foot
12" thisk O.Z8 per square or surface foot

MONOLITHIC CONCRETE WALLS:
Basing estimate on

Forms one side per square or surface foot @ $0.10

Conerete per au. ft. - -- === ese = = @ e165

Rubbing with carberundum bricks to remove

form work -- - 22-2 -=s=2++ 22 = @ .05
Furring & lathing per sq. ft. ---=+2 @ .03

EY core per 8q. ft. -- -2e = ~s2e2 @ .05

The Monolithic concrete walls will cost ready to

plaster on the inside as follows:

8" solid wall 35¢ per square or surface foot

- 28 e
8" cored wall 30¢ per square or surface foot
12” solid wall 4l¢ per square or surface foot

12" cored wall 44¢ per square or surface foot

» 29 e@
CONCLUSIOMS,

The main points of this construction are vis:

Speed of construction

Insulation or air space

Adaptability to extensive decorative possibilities by
the use of pre~cast units.

Minimum cost for upkeep and insurance

Flexibility of these units over the larger ones that
have been so far used in unit construction work.

Strength is greater than other wallSof the same cost of

construction.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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LAY OUT OF WALLS

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
LAY OUT OF WALLS

DRAWING 2 SCALEZSIZE = MAY 27-1915
R.Z.HOPKINS DETROIT MICHIGAN
PATENT APPLIED FOR

 

 

 

 
 

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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DETAIL OF INNER UNITS

DRAWING’B = SCALE SIZE MAY 27-1915
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PATENT APPLIED FOR

 

 

 
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MOLDS FOR OUTER UNITS
DRAWING/Z SCALEZSIZE MAY 27-1915
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DRAWING"IG SCALE #SIZE MAY 27, 15
R.2.HOPKINS DETROIT MICHIGAN
> PATENT APPLIED FOR

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R.Z.HOPKINS, DETROIT, MICHIGAN.
PATENT APPLIED FOR.

 

 

 

 
MAY- 27-1915

-~R UNITS . DRAWING NO, 23

MATERIAL REQUIRED TO FILL MOL
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MAY- 27-1915
DRAWING NO, 25

REQUIRED TO FILL MOLDS
SHEET REINFORCEMENT

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