— eee ae teem -_£a a ea | | | ll | Tua | LON ! | | \ G@ocTuiuvd “da sal == oo Ion MoO— t Pa AO a a IE I GP vi f ¥ pig BH Od. a TACO AIC) A é TOCA L . Ernest D, Partridge 1896. t ‘i ER A ee a RR RA RN ees es ik 7 ee ° THESIS THESIS - ~~ + TRESIS THESIS THESIS on 8 8 aes a! — ~ SSS ae ' a te ar . les - ee $e eae — 7 a = ——~ -g~ = a8 ‘ g 4 * 4 a" SEER ERE EE ae ee - te > © ae e] [ies ee ay as ar | i wa gE ~ ie & Wd e i | en — Oe — a Sl as _—_—— . . — ee — oi Na Set) Se ee “rKe th rad ay ad te te a OS Oe — ot a rey i) ras ee = eae | + po} 3 [ > no a9 Pe Fe he ENEL oD WN Wy eth hbdne Sree Eee hte Ne Se PA ON PS AS Poe a 4 : Y SB ne a ’ ‘ . | . . sy a et EY 2 \ ee AEP See Bor - brake ¥ | ¢ v a | . | | . THESIS on DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, aND TEST of HYDRAULIC RAM 4 WD CQ ct cd rg © H ct IZ tJ B c THESIs THESIS Design, Oonstruction, an’ Teast of Hydraulic Ram ty Erneet D. Partridge. M. A. CO. ‘96. Introduction. - oo 8 . on Becomin:: intereste.. in indrauliec rams, and desiring a knowledse of their constimiction, I decided, with the permis- sion of the professor in charre of mechanical thesis % take “~./—~ the above subject. I also wisl®%o.ascertain if formulae riven in text books ete., could be used ‘ana tiabtioed with sat- isfactory resilts. The last was su; sested by the fact that all formulao that I could find wers based, by the authors of the books which contained them, on results obtained by one experimenter With hydraulic ram. This man, Mr. Etelwein, carried on a preat many experiments for the purpose of indins proper for- mulae for desipning; and the ran which I have built was de- signed according to nis sesutte for mulec. Brief History. The first approach to a hydraulic ran, often attributed to Lontgolphier, was made by * Mr. Whitehurst of England. He had a pipe for supplyin;: water to his house. Instead of ending with a faucet, the pine continued up to a tank. He 103235 placed a check valve between tre faucet and the tank. After drawing water for a few days he found his tank full. Upon lengthening the pipe and raising the tank, he found that he could raise water to higher levsol than that of his water supply, thereby discovering the principles of the hydraulic ran. From that, designers and experimenters have brought the ram to what it now is. ‘It sot its name from the noise it makes while working. Use of Hydraulic Rans. Q The primary use of a hydraulic ran is to raiso a little water to a considerable height by means of a sreat amount of water falling through a small height. Its most valuable function is to raise water from a spring below into a house or barn. .Theory seys regardless of friction, one-fifth of the water should be raised five times as high. This would be 100 percent efficiency; but of course efficiencies all fai” short of this. Design of this Particular Ran. D water used, in gallons. quantity raised per minute, in galions. h height of head from ran. h! height of delivery. Etelwein says= adn? —_. 1.42= .28 Jn! Di (+ For assuming and calculating parts, he «ives the follow- ing rules. Length of foed pipe must not be less than three- fourths distance water is to be raised. Its diameter in inches .88 7D. Tre diametor of lifting pipe .8 /D. The volumn of the air chamber should be equal "to, the risins; pipe. I assumed D=18 rallons, per-minute . h 6 feet. h' 70 feet. | I then figured for d, and my calculations fave me the dimensions as given on the blues prints within this thesis. Construction. Having made my drawings, I proceeded to make paterns for the castings. It took a sood deal of time to set this work done; but with help from the department I succeeded. One casting, the lower plate, was a very aifficult one; and I was delayed some time with it. The machine work was all done in the shop. Having no formulae by which to desifn the over- flow valve, I made it as near as possible to the one delonring to the department. As designed for strengtn four tie rods were sufficient; put to make a perfectly air tight joint, eight were used. By the end of the tenth week of the term I had the ram set up and ready to start. The Test. It required a good deal of preparation to get ready for the test. One question that came up was, how to get the seventy feet head. I adopted an apparetus similar to that designed and used by Mr. Dwight dole of '93, namely a pres- sure chamber. The scheme is shown in‘ a general view of ap- paratus shown on blue print. The vertical pipe, with pres- sure gauge and two valves attached is the air chamber. The chamber could be held at any desired pressure by opening an closing the valves, and the pressure read from the gauge; thus giving the height of 1ift. The small tank under the valves caught the delivered water; and the large tank under the ram caught the over-flow water. Board guides were placed around the overflow valve, to make all the water enter the tank. These were removed that a good view of the working v2ive could be obtained. The scales at the side were used for weighing the water. I turned onthe water and worked a few days trying to get an efficiency as high as possible. I hardly expected the ram to work at all, the first time, without some rearranrsing; but it pumped against a pressure 24 pounds, (which is equal to 52.8 feet |) without any dis- charce. I made more opening in the plunger of the over-flow valve, and succeeded in pumping 66 feet without any dis- charge. I removed the cylinder and cut away some leather on the hinge part of the leather check valve and put a wire stop to prevent the valve from rising too high. I then suc- ceeded in pumping, after some trials, a half a galvon 7a tect. I had taken no eccount of the water used but felt satisfied that the present conditions would come up to the requirement. I accordingly arranged my tanks, etc., and besan a series of experiments, the results of. which are given below, Te ae wen To be more brief, let us use the following symbals. N=numper of experiment. h=height in feet.to which the water is raised. W=water of overflow valve in -allons. wt water of delivery if gallons. t=- duration of test. E =the efficiency of the ram of that particular test. mach set of trials is mace with different throw of valve. Tne head of feed pipe is held at five feet throurchout. P WO wD F- ~_ won HF & o Oo -F © W LY h! 4 4 6G.8 40.8 16.8 76.8 64.8 40.8 16.8 93.6 76.8 64.8 40.8 28.8 21.8 W all 6.08 64 8.75 al). 8.3 8.31 7.77 all 9.3 9.45 9.64 19.3 19.6 1 st set. yw’ 5 oat 048 2eL7 and set. 0 048 078 t 1 1 1 1 1 2.95 1 3rd set. 36 054 84 3.7 4.74 Throw.2". E ~- pumped arainst pressure. 052 84 81.7 Throw .38" - arainst pressure. o71 70 005 Throw 4 - against pressure. 73 073 067 84 -* an fF DY WD FF on#nrt Sb bw YF & oO fr © ND - 92 04% $8 .8 64.8 40.8 15 4 8.867 2.46 11.8 10 10.4 10.86 - all 10.2 10.2 10.8 10.4 9.9 l1.1 11.6 Li 4th set. w! od o48 45 86 1.72 2.16 Sth set. 0 At 048 0D 3 6th set. 0 18 48 28 3.13 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Throw .5” r e60 75 058 71 082 077 Throw .7” - against pressure. 040 0568 84 70 Throw 1* - against pressure. oon 058 040 ~86 VJ i hope the result of the oxperiment is plain. The only trouble I had during the test, was a leakins pipe. I re- placed tiis bad piecs by a good one and all went well. It would require an efficiency of 40 % to fulfill the require- ments of the formulae. It will be seen that in three cases only did it go as low as this when tested. It will also be noted that the required amount was scarcely pwnped the re- quired height. ‘The nearest approach is in ard set experinent No. 2 where .36 of a gallon were raised 76.8 feet; but there were only ®.7 gallons that went through the ram> a little more than half the allowable amoimmt. The rocorded effi- ciency shows that the required work would be done easily, if we had a valve that would allow the eighteen gallons to fo through, and work properly. Originally, I expected to maxe parts enough so that I could vary any ome part and note the change. I made two cylinders, potn shown in the ‘reneral view of apparatus: pre- pared two feed pipes one two inches in dimaoter an? the other one and a haif inches. the volumn of the cylinders differed according to the volumn of the feed pipes as given by. Etel- ‘wein. I thourht the change in valve could be made by varying the lenzth of throw, but I see now that in order to carry this on one must have a variable valve also, Consequently T did not change pipes. The large cylinder and pipe were used, and gave good results. I put in the small cylinder, and could pump but 70.4 feet without amy delivery. The highest point for no delivery with large cylinder was 121 foet. I wish to be certain about one more thing. How woul: . ; e . “ v v . 4 oer \ ~ - - : +6 & t e _ 9 | 4 ' . e . » ‘ 1 t c t ? é , ' - ‘ 7: , + . , r . - . . J _. a » an . ° . . eo “. e * . 1 oo , " \ S .- ; a ! ‘ oo * a . ° a e : . . > eo - . e = " ’ a? . ‘ot —_ . 7 . ‘ ‘ ¢ . . . - ot, oa * 4 . | . os @-.- o . be 1 ' - - , | fe . . re, . . foe ' @ greater head effect the ram? I gave it seven feet and with- out any change in parts it pumped 114 feet with a small de- livery; and by weighting the over-flow valve this could be increased. This showed that it would do better work accord= ing as the head was increased; as we would expect. I did not have time to test for efficiency with this head however. I have found the work very interesting, and although my figures have not been exact in all cases, yet in my opinion these formulae are at error, but on the safe side. I would. sucgest as a very interesting subject for a thesis at some future date, that some one besin the work where I have ended; and proceed to produce formulae that will show better the average ram. Make in some way an over-flow valve that can be varied, and proceed to produce formulae that will give the average efficiency. The average efficiency for all my tests was .67, Those above 60 feet delivery averaged .59 arainst a required efficiency of .40. The above figures are for the ram including the feed pipe. To be more exact in results it would be necessary to take into consideration the friction of the pipes; also remember that the pressure was taken from the point of deliv- ery and should hove been taken at a level with the bottom plate. The latter would make a difference of about one foot. The temperature of the water should also be taken into con- aideration in using pressures to figure the height of deliv- ery. It would be very interesting to experiment for the purpose of finding the efficiency of each component part, ey. and determine where a changs could be made to increase the resultant efficiency most. There mist bo for a riven fall of feed pipe a limit for length and diameter. Judging from ny experiments, I do not Dolieve these formulae give the proper limits. In the print entitled "General view of apparatus® the ram is shown at work. The pressure gauge shows 44 poinds (96.8 feet) and a delivery of about half a gallon per minute. Yours truly, H. D. 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