STOCK-SCION RELATIONSHIPS IN TOMATOES

By

ATMA SINGH

A THESIS

Submitted, to the
State C o l l e g e
in p a r t i a l

School

of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s

of Agriculture

of M i c h i g a n

and A p p l i e d S c i e n c e

f u l f i l l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s
for the d e g r e e of

D O C T O R OP P H I L O S O P H Y

Department

of H o r t i c u l t u r e

1949

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The w r i t e r w i s h e s
Dr. E. H.

Lucas,

State Col le ge ,

to e xp re ss h i s

p r o f e s s or

for his

deep g r a t it ud e to

of H o r t i c u l t u r e ,

i n s p i r i n g g u id an ce,

he l p a nd e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h o u t

the

Michigan
unfailing

course of these

i nv es ti ga ti o ns .
He

also w i s h e s

of the gu i d a n c e

to e x t e n d his a p p r e c i a t i o n to m e m b e r s

committee

me n t of H o r t i c u l t u r e
The v a l u a b l e

and

staff m e m b e r s

for a d v i c e and

suggestions

coop er ati on .

and h e l p g i v e n by Pr of ess or

H. M. B r o w n , D e p a r t m e n t of F a r m Cr o p s ,
Colleg e,

in the p r e p a r a t i o n

g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d ge d .

of the D e p a r t ­

M i c h i g a n State

of the m a n u s c r i p t ,

are also

CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION

1

R E V I E W OF L I T E R A T U R E

3

GENERAL METHODS

a

ND M A T E R I A L S

11

Se l e c t i o n of P la nt M a t e r i a l

11

pro ce du re s

11

of G r a f t i n g

D e t e r m i n a t i o n of To ta l So lu bl e
and A s c o r b i c A c i d

Solids ,

Acidity
13

EXPERIMENTATION

15

Stock-Scion Relationship With Reference
Interaction Claimed by Lysenko
Experiment

to

the

(1947)

15
15

procedure

15

Results

19

and D i s c u s s i o n

Experiment

(1947-48)

26

Procedure

26

Results

30

and Discussion

S t o c k - S c i o n R e l a t i o n s h i p W i t h R e f e r e n c e to the
Syn th es is of A s c o r b i c A c i d and its R e l a t i o n
to Total S o l u b l e S o l i d s a n d A c i d i t y

31

Procedure

32

Results

35

and D i s c u s s i o n

S t o c k - S c i o n R e l a t i o n s h i p in C o n n e c t i o n W i t h
Studi es o n r e c i p r o c a l G r a f t s of N o r m a l Plants
and Plants M o d i f i e d T h r o u g h the A c t i o n o f
2 ,4 - d i c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c a c i d

44

Procedure

44'

Results

45

and Discussion

GENERa L DISCUSSION

50

SUMMARY AN D CONCLUSIONS '

60

BIBLIOGRAPHY

63

INTRODUCTION

The p r a c t i c e of g r a f t i n g is e m p l o y e d in g r e a t m e a s u r e
be ca us e

of the

indivi dua l

b e l i e f that st oc k a n d scion r e t a i n their

ch ar ac te r i s t i c s .

However,

ences

o f s to ck and

trees

a nd c o n s i d e r a b l e p r a c t i c a l us e has b e e n ma d e

results
blems

s ci on are we l l

the r e c i p r o c a l

and e x p e r i e n c e s

regarding

gained

e s t a b l i s h e d in m a n y

the m e c h a n i s m of this

the w o r k e r s

qu an t i t a t i v e
each p a r t

ones

consider

these

a n d s u g ge s t

that

is i n f l u e n c e d is th ro ug h

of qu al iti es

r e t a i n i n g its o w n i d e n t i t y
years

qualitative

f r o m time

reciprocal

al ka loi ds

acr os s

herbaceous

plants,

but

still

scion i n t e r a c t i o n in fr ui t
cised i n d i r e c t l y
The

r e su lt s

influences

changed nutrition.
ef fe ct s

It

Ho we ver ,

is

there
each

during recent

the t r a n s l o c a t i o n of

have

been d e m o n s t r a t e d in

the o b s e r v e d p h e n o m e n o n of

trees

as

is m o s t l y e x p l a i n e d as

stockexer­

t h r o u g h g r o w t h react io ns .
concerning

natur e

of the scion,

1920),

are not

ge ne ra l

to time.

the only w a y in w h i c h

such as

the g ra ft un ion s,

Pro­
at­

b e t w e e n s ci on and stock,

intact.

inf lu en ce s,

of the

interaction have

ge n e r a l l y a s s u m e d that apart fro m n u t r i t i o n a l
is no i n t e r c h a n g e

fruit

through experimentation.

tr ac te d the a t t e n t i o n of h o r t i c u l t u r i s t s
Most of

influ­

the e f f e c t of the

r e p o r t e d by D a n i e l

(1897,

s t o c k o n the
1904,

1911,

in a c c o r d w i t h those n o t e d as h a v i n g m e t

ac ce p t a n c e .

H e has

d e s c r i b e d m a n y cases

the

in which,

-2-

as a resu lt of gr a f t i n g ,
ch ara cte rs

a s ho ot was p r o d u c e d c o m b i n i n g

of s c i o n a n d sto ck a n d he

v ar ia ti on s m a y be

inherited.

A

considers

s im ila r

that

such

co n c e pt of

"v ege tat ive h y b r i d i z a t i o n " has

been held by certain scien­

tists in R u s s i a w h e r e

a s t ro ng

c o n t r o v e r s y has

on since 19 o 0 b e t w e e n

the " M e n d e l i a n "

gen et ic is ts .

The

"non-Mendelian"

b e e n h e a d e d by L y s e n k o .
for Ly se nk o' s n e w
on effects

of g r a f ti ng .

Hudson

the data o f g r a f t h y b r i d i z a t i o n
d i f f i c u l t y of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
a r e p e t i t i o n of

strictly

scion is not

controversial
physiology
selected.

co nd iti ons .
for genetic

c o m p e l l i n g but

It was w i t h

experimental

is

f o r m e d by

and R i c h e n s
after

carefully

They emphasize

basis

evidence

(194b)

in every detail,

has

in
analyzing

m e n t i o n the

the u r g e n t n e e d

some of L y s e n k o 1s e x p e r i m e n t s u n d e r

controlled

that "the e v i d e n c e

school of g e n e t i c s

theories

their r e v i e w of the n e w the ories,

for

an d " n o n - M e n d e l i a n "

The p r i n c i p a l

g e n e ti c al

been going

the

points

that this

In

summarizing

the y

interaction between

state

stock and

sug ges ti ve ."

a i m of a n a l y z i n g some o f th es e h i g h l y
in the f i e l d of g e n e t i c s

and p l a n t

p r o b l e m of s t o c k - s c i o n i n t e r a c t i o n was

R E V I E W OP L I T E R A T U R E

Prior

to 1946,

papers h a v e

se ve r a l h i s t o r i c a l

a p p e a r e d In v a r i o u s

c o n t r o v e r s y in the U.S .S .R .
pi na ss e 1941, H a l d a n e
prehensive

(Sax 1944,

1940, M a t h e r

available

l a t i o n of L y s e n k o ' s b o o k

(1946)

j o ur na ls

on

the gen et ic s

Pinc us

1942).

1940,

The

i n f o r m a t i o n in E n g l i s h o n L y s e n k o ' s

though t was m a d e

w h i c h was

and. t h e o r e t i c a l

first p u b l i s h e d

provide

in the S o vi et

additional
union"

Es-

f ir st coinscho ol of

in 1946 b y D o b z h a n s k y 's t r a n s ­

"Heredity

a n d its V a r i a b i l i t y " ,

in 194b.

H u d s o n and R i ch en s

i n f o r m a t i o n on "The New G e n e t i c s

and d i s c u s s

the

results

o b t a i n e d by

Russian scientists.
The m o s t
by Lys enk o,
a r o u n d the

i m p o r t a n t a nd r a d i c a l l y

as

r e v e a l e d by D o b z h a n s k y ' s

id e a of

d i t y of o r g a n i s m s
vi ron men t.
body

He

inheritance

considers

to r e q u i r e

definite

according

accepted,

conditions

to M e n d e l i a n

heredity

heredity regards

" h e r e d i t y as

definitely

t r a n s la ti on ,

controlled by

the

the e n ­

for its

to va ri o u s

life,

its d e v e ­

co nd it io ns ".

How­

t h e o r y w h i c h h as b e e n g e n e r a l l y

characters

This

v i e w of

of an o r g a n i s m are the

res ul t of an i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n its H e r e d i t a r y ge n o t y p e
the e n v i r o n m e n t

Here­

the p r o p e r t y of a l i v i n g

is c o n t r o l l e d b y the genes.

that

cen te r

of a c q u i r e d ch ar act ers .

a c c o r d i n g to h i m is

lo pm en t a n d to r e a c t
ever,

d i f f e r e n t v ie ws h e l d

in w h i c h it d e v e lo ps .

Altering

and

the env iron-

-4-

ment m a y

change

not in herited;

these
this

characters

is what

of a c q u i r e d c h a r ac te rs.

is

but

genetics

(1947)

A permanent hereditary

considers

g r e w o u t of h i s

pr ob a b l y his

success

environmental

classical work

genotype was
could be

not

jecti on of o r t h o d o x g e n e t i c s

of

the

Da vi e s
and its

followers

evidence w h i c h they
Fyfe
progress
gests

(1947)

whi le

r e p l a c e m e n t by

d i s c o v e r e d new

of

re­

the

Dolgusin

experimental

been adequately

nea rly a h a l f - c e n t u r y

(1946),

that

In any

of s c i e n t i f i c

sug­
ex­

reviewing Lysenko's

"Lysenko may

case his

re ce n t

of the

tested.

a n d its v a r i a b i l i t y ,

states

facts.

theories

judgment.on Lysenko's

and G o l d s c h m i d t

btern

Prezent,

a n d d i s a g r e e i n g w i t h his

co nc e p t i o n of h e r e d i t y
mai n points,

thatk'tne

m e n t i o n i n g L y s e n k o ’s .i g n o r a n c e

they h a v e

(194b)

in

submit" .

the w i t h h o l d i n g

Stern

ch ang es

is qu it e u n j u s t i f i e d b y the

in ge n e t i c s

pe riments u n t i l

and

environment

states

form o f L a m a r c k i s m a d v o c a t e d b y L y se nk o,
and their

the d i s t i n c ­

inheritable

p r o d u c e d by m o d i f i c a t i o n s

which the o r g a n i s m d e v e l o p e d .

that

t h r o u g h an

between phenotype

a n d that

in

on v e r n a l i z a t i o n ,

l e d h i m to co nc lu de

co rrect,

interest

the p h e n o t y p e

tion d r a w n by the M e n d e l i a n g r o u p

change

the g e n ot yp e.

that L y s e n k o ' s

in a l t e r i n g

change

Is

called-non-inheritance

can be a c c o m p l i s h e d o n l y by a l t e r i n g
Davies

such a cha ng e

criticize

the

or m a y n ot ha v e

attempt

to i g n o r e

achievements

seems

to

-5

have r e s u l t e d in r e p l a c i n g r a t i o n a l
and va gu e

by h u n c h e s

generalities".

Darlington

(1947),

Soviet Sci en ce ",

quotes

dity f r o m D o b z h a n s k y * s
of ar gu m e n t
idea as

in si g h ts

in his

"A R e v o l u t i o n

L y s e n k o ’s views

He

the line

i n t e r p r e t s L y s e n k o ’s m a i n

" H e r e d i t y is d e ve lo pm en t.

can change d e v e l o p m e nt .

in

wi t h r e g a r d to h e r e ­

t r a n s l a t i o n a n d c ri ti ci ze s

f o l l o w e d by him.

follows:

articl e

Therefore

the

The e n v i r o n m e n t

e n vi r o n m e n t

can change

heredity".
Ashby

(1946)

lo wed b y Ly s e n k o

finds

that the

experimental

and o t h e r w o rk er s

that the plant m a t e r i a l

of h i s

is h e t e r o z y g o u s ,

emp lo ye d are i n s u f f i c i e n t

and the

t e c hn iq ue

school

is poor,

the p h y s i c a l

statistical

f ol ­

controls

an al ys is

of

data is lac kin g.
In v i e w of

the d i s a g r e e m e n t s

and c o nc lu si on s
views

of the R u s s i a n s

in ge n e t i c s

tion of at least

in the r e p o r t e d observations

a n d the

it s e e m e d d e s i r a b l e
the m o s t

generally accepted

to at t e m pt

s t r i k i n g of the R u s s i a n ex pe ri me nt s.

m e n t i o n e d ear lier,

L y s e n k o h as

p l a c e d special

gra fti ng exp eri me nt s,

of w h i c h he

c i t e d se ver al

as

support of his
fore,

to

revie w

theories.
the

earlier w o r k in this

the r e p e t i ­

It w o u l d not be

"graft-hybrid"
co nn e c t i o n .

emp ha si s
re sul ts

out of place,

c o n c e p t and some of

on

in
th er e­
the

Weiss
various
states

(1950)

pr o b l e m s

and Jones

(1954)

have

r e v i e w e d the

r e l a t i n g to g r a f t h y b r i d i z a t i o n .

that ''the nature

of

'graft hybrids'

has

cei ve d so d i f f e r e n t l y b y d i f f e r e n t wo rk e r s,
with su c h a l a c k
know

of pr eci sio n,

ex act ly w h a t

that it

Jones

been con­

and o f t e n

is i m p o ss ib le

to

is i m p l i e d i n any g i v e n case w i t h o u t

fu rt he r d e f i n it io n. "

The m o s t

of a tr u e graft h y b r i d is,

clearly

that

expressed version

it re su lt s

f r o m the

fusion

of s o m a t i c n u c l e i of s ci on and stock in a m a n n e r a n a l o g o u s
to tha.t in w h i c h
rise to

fusion b e t w e e n ga m e t e s

a seed hybrid..

of a g r a f t hy br i d ,
and s t o c k w i t h o u t
rather p e c u l i a r
Jones

hyb rids,
ferent

that

th ere

has

is no

Daniel

s ci on
is

states

j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r re g a r d i n g
as

by nuclear

that

cells.

"the o c c u r r e n c e

is

sped

are

dif­

the r e s u l t

of

f u s i o n of eith er

C o m m e n t i n g on the h y p o t h e ­
of nuclear fusion

dissimilar vegetative

of gr aft h y b r i d is n ot

sach f u s i o n

sug­

fundamentally

strains

the g e n e t i c a l l y

to the p r o d u c t i o n

of D a ni el who

that all

or v e g e t a t i v e

possible;

q u a li ti es o f

co ns ide rs

sex-cells

between

conception

of n u c l e a r fusion,

and c h i ma er as

of tv/o plant

Jones

the

s t at ed the views

the u n i o n

sis,

it co m b i n e s

the o c c u r r e n c e

graft h y b r i d s

types.

some wo rkers'

give

and h a r d to exp lai n.

(1954)

ges te d tha t

However,

or se x- ce ll s

cells

leading

theoretically

certainly exceptional

im­

and s ti ll

-7-

awaits

dem on st ra t io n' 1.

Weiss

(19d0)

is

also

i n c l i n e d to

the o p i n i o n that h e r e d i t a r y

interaction between

and sc ion of g r a f ts h a s not

yet been demonstrated.

Hu d s o n and Richens
Ly se nko 's

(1946),

graft hybridization

theory of v e g e t a t i v e

wh il e

tracing

theory,

rapprochement

the s t o c k

the b a s i s

mention Michurin*s

and

Timirjazev's D a r ­

w i n i a n n o t i o n of g r a f t h y b r i d i g a t i o n .

According

urin,

the g e n e t i c a l n a t u r e s

elements

gr aft

s h o u l d a p p r o a c h ea ch oth er .

act io n of g r a f t i n g
changes.

His

is

sufficient

tant b a s i s

the

recent

of Lysenko's

ting of tom at o

varieties

to h a v e

experiments
genetical

been

supported by

w h i c h form

t h e o r ie s,

habits

gr owt h.

car pe ls ,
These

characters may

and v e r y y o u n g p l a n t s

be

as

p ap er w h i c h s u p p o r t s L y s e n k o ' s
Jastr eb

(1941).

and Ric he ns .
grafting

the

leaf

scions.
views

variety Albino
(stock).

as

a nd

have

shown

transmitted from stock

is

Especially interesting-are

va r iety, M e x i c a n 3 55

impor­

shape,

experiments

It has b e e n t h o r o u g h l y

tom at o

the

involved graf­

scion u n d e r p r e s c r i b e d c o n d i t i o n s u s i n g m a t u r e
stocks

Ric he ns .

d i f f e r i n g in s u c h c h a r a c t e r s

n u m b e r of

that all th ese

of the

that the m e r e

c i t e d b y H u d s o n and

fruit size or color,
of v e g e t a t i v e

assumed

to M i c h ­

to b r i n g a b o u t h e r e d i t a r y

assumption appears

a n u m b e r of R u s s i a n pa pe rs
M o s t of

o f the two
He

of

The m o s t

for

important

that o f A v a k i a n and
r e v i e w e d by H u d s o n
the r e s u l t s

(scion)onto

It has

plants

to

the

of

red

b e e n c l a i m e d that

the w h i t e

s c i o n sh oo t bore

frui ts

of v a r i o u s

ranging f r o m r e d to pale y e l l o w .
and Fo g e n e r a t i o n s

colors

Further records

s h o w e d a g r a d a t i o n of colors.

of F^
The

(Zj

reciprocal

effect

of scion o n stock was

also

s ho wn b y

A v a k i a n and J a s t r e b b y u s i n g A l b i n o v a r i e t y

as

and M e x i c a n 3 5 5

characteris­

tics of

as scion.

the s c i o n we re

Results

of

several

In

this

i m p a r t e d to the
other

Richens.
.cereals

as d i s c u s s e d above,

In a d d i t i o n ,
like w h e a t,

ch ara cte rs

of b o t h

Outside
support

to

some

s t o c k and

Daniel's

principally on fruit

trees

but his

some o f

scion,

1904,

findings

Wettstein

and Pirschle

def e c t i v e

petunia

to n o r m a l

plants

that some

apple varieties,

are

is f o u n d in

As m e n t i o n e d

1980)

ex pe r i m e n t s ,

spp.,

d i d show

induced by mere grafting

c on fi rm ed .

(1958)

b y g r a ft in g.

b el ow

given.

ev i d e n c e

1911,

found

could transmit leaf

ties p r o d u c e d f r u i t s

the m o r p h o l o g i c a l

concept.

c an be

have not b e e n

d.S .S. R.

on g r a f t i n g of

or Helianthus

that h e r i t a b l e m o d i f i c a t i o n s

the

are p r e s e n t e d by H u d s o n a n d

v e r y l i tt le

(1897,

in

plants- and d e p i c t i n g s i m i ­

o f the g r a f t h y b r i d i z a t i o n

pre vi ou sl y ,

stock.

experiments

combine

the U . S . S . R .

the

investigations

involving grafting of herbaceous
lar ch ang es

case

stock

that a c h l o r o p h y l l

a n d shoot

Heinicke

(1927,

ch ar ac te rs
1936)

noticed-

w h e n top w o r k e d w i t h o t h e r v a r i e ­
the

graft u n i o n s

displaying

-9-

ch ara ct er s

o f the scions.

r in g i n g the b r a n c h e s
the

scion effect .

(1955)
ap ple

ha ve

that the

s c i o n had,

problems
stock

Wa rn e

po s s i b l e

did not

c h e m i ca l

sci on s
The

co nc l u d e

c h a ra c te rs

that many o f

examined.

gra ft s

f o u n d no

fcnd K e r k i s

chemi­

the o ut ­
on the

Hofmann

(1927)

through

b e a n and w h i t e Wavy

d i d n o t obser ve

the m o v e m e n t

of r e d beet a n d sugar

t r a n s f e r of inu li n f r o m ar t i ­

stocks.

c e r t a i n a l k a l o i d s acr os s

b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d from time

sci on s

explained

of a n t h o c y a n i n pigment

(1902)

sunflower
of

between

an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the

could n o t be

s h o w e d that a t r o p i n e

Belladonna
(1941)

(1926)

of the rootstock.

b e t w e e n r o o t s t o c k effect a n d

transfer

transfer

u n i o n has
(1894)

ha v e m a d e

in r e c i p r o c a l

to

an a p pr e c i a b l e

relationship

of r e d d i s h pu rp l e R e f u g e e

of red p i g m e n t

choke

instances,

T h e se w o r k e r s

f i n d the

Daniel

T h e y ha v e p o i n t e d out

be e n i n v e s t i g a t e d by m a n y workers.

(1955)

Similarly Biffen

beet.

a n d Tukey a n d Erase

g r o w t h and c h ar ac ter

r o o t s t o c k ef fec ts

graft u n i o n s
bean.

in some

and s ci on ha v e

of the

(1950),

rootsto ck s.

relationships

sta n d i n g

the fruits h e l p e d i n t e ns if y

r e g a r d i n g the che mi ca l

cal fac tor s.

basis

the

and W a l l a c e

and

at l e n g t h w i t h the effects of various

on their

influence upon

the

below

Swarbrick

de al t

scions

R e m o v i n g st oc k leaves

pa s s e s

into pot at o

graft

Daniel

r e a d i l y from A t ropa

stocks.

and P i g u l e v s k a y a

to time.

the

Kraevoi

(1941)

a n d .Nechaev

found th a t

atro-

-lO-

pine was

translocated

from Datura stramonium rootstocks

L v cop er si c um e s c u l e n t u m scions.
that n i c o t i n e p r o d u c e d
across

nicotin e

into

while

s pe ci es

(which la ck s

are

of ta bacum,

it is u s e d

as the

L y s e n k o has

roots

tomato

the

and a p r e c i p i t a b l e

b a s e d his

the o ri es

the

since

accessible,
to r e p e a t

scion in a graft w i t h

amount

some

ve ry firmly o n results
His

claims

t he

to be meager.

of his

solids,

we r e det er mi ne d.
grafts of n o r m a l

as

and h is

total

some

In addition,
plants

deemed

f o l l o w e r s ’ tomato
o u t l i n e d in

physiological

an d u n g r a f t e d plants

acidity

and as co rb ic

I n ord er
characters

-- t o t a l

acid c o n t e n t

a s t u d y was m a d e on

a n d pl an t s xaodified t h r o u g h

of 2 , 4 - d i c b l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c

acid.

some­

as far

It wa s

c l os el y as possible.

stu di es ,

of g r a f t e d

are

e x p e r i m e n t a l evidence,

appears

the H u s s i a n p u b l i c a t i o n s

soluble

in the

in t a b a c u m w h e n

gra ft in g e x p e r i m e n t s , f o l l o w i n g the tec hn iq ue s

of the fru it s

and s c i o n

stock.

what surprising,

to sub st an ti at e

of

tabacum x

of anab as in e a p p e a r s

experiments.

de si ra bl e

the i n h e r i t a n c e

an d

o b s e r v e d that w h e n t a b a c u m

is u s e d as
amount

shown

Kuzmenko

and i n t e r a c t i o n of s to ck

rep or te d f r o m g r a f t i n g

as it is

has

is t r a n s p o r t e d

scions.

w o r k i n g on

gra fted,

a nab as ine )

a considerable

(1942)

co n t e n t of H i c o t i a n a

g l au c a h y b r i d s

w h e n these

glauca,

(1940),

and a n a b a s i n e

H i c ot ia na

leaves

in tobacco

the gr af t u n i o n s

T ik hv in sk ay a

Dawson

to

--

reciprocal
the action

-11-

GENERAL METHODS

Selection of Plant
fering in color,

red),

Stokesdale

I ta li an R e d Pear
(small,

red,

The seeds

size a n d n u m b e r of l o c u l e s
1946.

T h e s e w er e;

(small,

pear-shaped),

red,

(large,

were

Incidentally,
the

which were

rec o r d e d v a r i e t i e s ,
(1946)

one

for high ascorbic

l e c t i o n in 1947
Procedures

for

in t o m a t o e s
the

a b ov e

line d e v e l o p e d b y Y e a g e r a n d P u r i n t o n
aci d co ntent,

of Grafting

i l l us tr a t e d in f i g u r e I w a s

terminal

seed com­

s e l e c t e d b y Yiiilson a n d W i t h n e r

1 9 4 o . ’ In a d d i t i o n to

studies

of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

white)„

s e l e c t e d wer e

(1946) w h o s e w o r k on s t o c k - s c i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s
was r e p o r t e d in D e c e m b e r ,

yellow),

g u a r a n t e e d for

some of the v a r i e t i e s
those

(large,

(large,

obtained from commercial

same as

of f ru it

Italian Red Plum

p l u m - s h a p e d ) , and W h i t e B e a u t y
varieties,

dif­

John Baer

Golden Queen

of th ese

found to be

- Tomato varieties

(l arg e,redj,

purity of st rains,
panies.

ND M a T E R I a LS

Material

shape,

we r e s e l e c t e d in fall,

a

on a s c o r b i c

wa s

a d d e d to

acid

and mostly

p o r t i o n of the p l a n t

in the

in the

grafting

f i rs t

s e c o n d year.

(to be u s e d

col­

s y n t h e s i s .#

- The m e t h o d o f spli ce
used entirely

the

as stock),

year
The

in-

*The seed of t o m a t o w i t h h i g h a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t was o b ­
tai ne d by Dr. S. H. W i t t w er , M i c h i g a n S t a t e C o l l e g e , h a s t
Lansing, M i c h i g a n , t h r o u g h the c o u r t e s y of Dr. A. P. Ye ag er ,
U n i v e r s i t y of New H a m p s h i r e , D u rh a m , N e w H a m p s h i r e .

Fig. I
Technique

of G r a f t i n g

C o n s e c u t i v e steps in the p r o c e d u r e whe n s c io ns
from t h r e e - w e e k o ld p l a n t s w e r e g r a f t e d onto
s i x - w e e k old s t o c k s „

Figure I

Pig. II
Technique

of G r a f t i n g

Co ns e c u t i v e s t e p s in the p r o c e d u r e w h e n scions
with two c o t y l e d o n s an d two small le a v e s were
g r a f t e d onto s i x - w e e k old s t o c k s „

Figure II

-12-

cludi ng

the apex and y o u n g leaves,

obliq ue

cut.

was

a s i m i l a r cut was m a d e

r e m o v e d v.-ith an

on the

p o r t i o n of the c o m p a r a t i v e l y y o u n g e r p l a n t
scion) .

The

cut s u r f a c e s

tog e t h e r a n d then h e l d
narrow

strip of wet

at mo s p h e r e

in place b y

raffia

until

The

w r a p p i n g them w i t h a

fiber as

sho wn in fig ur e I (1-5).

the p l a n t s we r e p l a c e d in the

of c h a m b e r s ,

six 4 - i n c h pobs.

each

of which h e l d t h ir ty -

pl an t s were k e p t in the

the grafts h ad b e g u n to u n i t e

seven to ten days.
hi gh b y

In

oc ca si on al ly

the me a n t i m e

graft u n i o n s .

non-sjjecific

Pr op er
ta ken

had t a k e n p lac e

and w e r e

of the

gre en hou se .

of p r o p e r uni on,
for a n o t h e r

few days.

fia f i b e r was

out

If

the

re m o v e d

H o w e v e r,

fu ngi w h i c h d e s t r o y e d the

of the c h a m b e r s
t r a n s f e r r e d to

scions

the

damage.

w h e n some h e a l i n g

the s h a d e d s e c t i o n

showed dropping owing

to l a c k

p l a n t s were a g a i n p l a c e d in the
W h e n the u n i o n was
ca r e fu ll y b y

too

p r o v e d c o nd uc ive

a e r a t i o n h e l p e d to redu ce

The p l a n t s we re

took

the h u m i d i t y was ke p t

s pr in k li ng w i t h water.

d e v el op me nt of

chambers

wh ic h u s u a l l y

high a h u m i d i t y and t e m p e r a t u r e a l w a y s
to the

(to be u s e d as

of stocic and s c i o n w e r e b r o u g h t

I m m e d i a t e l y after g r a f t i n g ,
humid

t e r m in al

cu tt i n g

co mp l e t e d ,
it into

chambers
the

raf ­

small

strips.
T h e me t h o d ,
l i m i t e d e x t e nt
order

to

i l l u s t r a t e d in f i g u r e

in the

s e c o n d year o f

II,

was u s e d

to a

the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,

in

study the s t o c k - s c i o n i n t e r a c t i o n wh e n v e r y y o u n g

-15-

se ed l in g s

w e r e u s e d as

plants

be u s e d as

to

split o p e n b y
cotyl of
leaves,

was

sert ed i n t o
of raff ia

seedling,

slit

were

It took a b o u t

two w e e k s

that t h e

the

plants

wer e

analyzed

were

weighed

at one

time.

separately

fruits.

ti ma ti on o f

soluble

The

sample

dry

the use

meant
was

of

in f i gu re

II

steps

One

small

strip
(2-5),

taken,

to

se cu re

d i s c u s s e d i n the f i r s t m e t h o d .
to

form sufficiently

from

the m o i s t

golids,

ripe

fo u r to e i g h t

fruits

samples

fro m

eac h p l a n t

of 1 0 0 g ra ms

s a m p l e was

solids

and

chamber.

.acidity and

the l o n g i t u d i n a l l y

for

to ta l

each

cut s e c t o r s

u s e d fo r

acidity

Th e

the

and the

es­

other

aliquot

was

so l i d s

filtered through a

tested

.acidity wa s

of the

and a cidity

of distilled water

and tnen

filtrate

a refractometer.

t r a t i n g a 2 0 .ml.

soluble

c r u s h e d in IG u ml.

of a W a r i n g B l e n d o r

fil te r p a p e r .

b y means

two

acid determination.

determination,
by

and

a

Further

Two

fr o m

The h y p o -

stock.

determinations,

fresh and fully

total

shown

be r e m o v e d

these

of'

side o n l y a n d i n ­

the

for the u n i o n

of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

for a s c o r b i c

as

in

of T o t a l S o l u b l e

A s c o r b i c .noid - For
representative

same

could

Determination

cut o n o n e

in pla ce.

a good u n i o n ,

grafting.

cotyledons

as

portions

d e c a p i t a t e d and later

already made

seedling

terminal

c l ef t

w i t h two

f i b e r was w r a p p e d ,

to ho l d t h e

so

if for

g i v e n an o b l i q u e
the

The

stoc ks w e r e

a cut as

the

s ci o ns .

filtrate

for

t ot al

solids

determined by
against

ti­

standard

.-14sod iu m h y d r o x i d e u s i n g p h e n o l p h t h a l e i n as the i n d i c a t o r .
The m e t h o d of c r u s h i n g
tity of water,

and t h e n t r a n s f e r r i n g

to a v o l u m e t r i c
adopted ,

fl as k

because

of u n k n o w n

the fruit

in a l i m i t e d q u a n ­
the

crushed material

and m a k i n g up to volume,

was n o t

d u r i n g the p r oc es s of bl e n d in g,

and u n e q u a l

cess of m a k i n g u p

to

quantities

intr od uct io n

of a i r h i n d e r e d in the p r o ­

the fi na l volum e*

.ascorbic a c i d d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made a f t e r
cedure

of Lucas

(1944).

was p l a c e d in 5 0 0 ml.
a Waring Blendor
fi l t e r e d

of

A f r e s h 1 0 0 - g r a m s a m p l e of f r u i t
2 per cent m e t a p h o s p h o r i c

a n d cr ushed.

The crushed material

t h r o u g h d r y f i l t e r paper.

was t i t r a t e d a g a i n s t
indophenol

An

aliquot

a c i d in
was

of f i l t r a t e

s t a n d a r d so di u m 2 ,6 - d i c h l o r o b e n z e n o n e -

s o l u t i o n an d the a m o u n t of a s c o r b i c

p r e s s e d as m i l l i g r a m s

the p r o ­

per 100 grams of

ac i d wa s

fre sh fruit.

ex ­

EXPERIMENTATION

Stock-Scion Relationship with Reference
a c t i o n C l a i m e d by L y s e n k o

As has b e e n

stated

i n the

ticists hav e b e e n ra th e r
f oll owe r's

ideas.

to an a c c e p t a n c e

Many

"Review

of the

Lysenko's

to c o n t r i b u t e a cr it ic a l
ting e x p e r i m e n t s
(1941)

by

school.

them as

their re p o r t s p e r m i t t e d .
it prov id es ,

of the

The p r e s e n t

e x a m i n a t i o n of

with tomatoes

repeating

and h i s

c o n c l u s i o n s d r a w n by Ly se n k o ,

the R u s s i a n

gene­

although strictly opposed

st re s s e d the n e e d for a r e p e t i t i o n of so m e
d e s c r i b e d by

the I n t e r -

of L i t e r a t u r e " ,

cr i t i c a l about
of there,

to

the r e s u l t s o f g r a f ­
and J a s t r e b

th e d e t a i l s

Their work was

a c c o r d i n g to L y s e n k o ,

experiments

study attempted

claimed b y Avakian

c l o s e l y as

have

g i v e n in

s i n g l e d out b e c a u s e

the m o s t n o t a b l e

support

for his h y p o t h e s e s .

Experiment

Procedure

- Seeds of

(1947)

all the v a r i e t i e s

tioned 'were sown in s e p a r a t e
January,

1947.

ten days

old,

Uniform
were

seedlings

of Ap ri l ,

procal gr a f t s

greenhouse during

of a l l v a r i e t i e s ,

t r a n s p l a n t e d into 4 - i n c h n e w

plants w e r e g r a f t e d d u r i n g
two weeks

fl at s in t h e

previously m e n ­

when

pots.

the l a s t w e e k of M a r c h

they were

50 to

w e r e ma d e b e t w e e n J o h n B a e r

S 5 cm.

eight

to

Th e

and f i r s t

tall.

Reci­

and W h i t e B e a u t y

-16-

an d b e t w e e n I t a l i a n P e a r

a n d White Beauty.

the rest of the v ar ie t i e s ,
an d I t a l i a n P l u m,
as the
were

scion in

St o k e s d a l e ,

they w e r e u s e d as

each case.

grown later

viz.,

In the case of*

stocks w i t h White B e a u t y

The pl a nt s

so that v e r y small

G o l d e n Qu een

to be u s e d as s c i o n s

te rm i n a l

parts w i t h o u t

any f l o w e r p r i m o r d i a c o u l d be o b t a i n e d and g r a f t e d onto o l d
plants.

Usually

t h r e e - w e e k old seedlings,

were u s e d for o b t a i n i n g t e r m i n a l p or ti on s
Th e n um be rs
shown in table

Table 1.

of total

a n d su cc es sf ul

8 to 10 cm. t a l l ,
to

serve as s c i o n s .

graf ts

in 1947 a r e

1.

N u m b e r s of p l a n t s of v a r i e t i e s d i f f e r i n g in f r u i t
cha ra ct er s, w h i c h were g r a f t e d and w h i c h s u r v i v e d
d u r i n g 1947.

Graft

combinations

Stock

Scion

Fruit

character differences

Number
Number
C o l o r Shape Size N o . o f
grafted survived
lo o u l e s

John Baer

White Beauty

56

51

X

-

-

“

Wh it e B e a u t y

J o h n Baer

55

28

X

-

-

-

Stokesdale

White Beauty

56

51

X

-

-

-

I t a l i a n Pea r

White Beauty

56

55

X

X

X

X

White

Beauty

I t a l i a n pe a r

56

3U

X

X

X

X

Italian- Pl u m

Vi/hite B e a u t y

06

55

X

X

X

X

Golden

W h i t e Beauty

56

54

X

-

—

—

252

224

Queen

Total
x indicates

a difference

i n the

c h a r a c t e r b e t w e e n two v a r i e t i e s .

-17-

Most
one from

of the graft ed p l a n t s
the

l im i t e d to

stock and o n e

one

shoot

lateral b r a n c h e s
m o v a l of

t he

ro w s

The

5 feet apart,

5 feet.

staked

the

scion,

scion.
by

Th e

were

the

and the f o l l o w i n g

some w e r e

development

were

also

of
re­

removed'

t r a n s p l a n t e d into

distance

Soon a f t e r

but

shoots,

regular and frequent

f l o w e r buds

6 , w h e n the p l a n t s

also b e i n g
were

from

suppressed

a x i l l a r y buds.

un ti l J u n e
fi eld in

was

from

w e r e t r a i n e d to two

the

between plants

transplanting,
experimental

the p l a n t s

tre at me nt s

started;
(a)

O n l y one shoot of

and bear

frui t.

piece of

stem.

were r e m o v e d .

The

ing the i n f l u e n c e
(b)

Two

and the

three s m a l l

one f r o m
The

al lo w e d to

leaves

They

fruit.

The

leaves on the

tact but

the

flower

The

the i n f l u e n c e
fruit.

the

s et

an d a s m a l l

the g r a f t u n i o n s

scion fruits

stock

the

of s to ck l e a v e s ,

apex,

two

were

removed

this
but

as

treatment
in the

scion.
from

or

left
had

f r o m the s t o c k w e r e

were

study­

defoliated

On ly

a f t e r two c l u s t e r s

shoot

in

a n d the o t h e r

sh oo t w a s ke pt

shoot

for

f r u i t of the

f r u i t on it.

also r e m o v e d

clusters

on the

scion

protecting

scion.

appeared.

were

only roots

d e v e l o p i n g b el ow

of the r o o t s t o c k

trained.

flowers

allovted to dev elo p,

treatment provided conditions

shoots,

the s c i o n w e r e

s c i o n was

s toc k p r o v i d e d

All buds
This

t he

on the

set

left

in­

soon as t h e y
developed under

absence

of s t o c k

-18-

(c)

This

and p r o v i d e d

t r e a t m e n t was
conditions

fruit u n d e r the

the o p p o s i t e

of

for s t u d y i n g the

influence

treatment

development

of sc ion l e av e s b u t

(b)
of s t o c k

in the a b s e n c e

of s c i o n fruit.
(d)
fruit.

B o t h s t o c k and s c i o n shoots
ho

le av e s

were

re mov ed .

were

This

allowed

treatment

to bear

s e r v e d as a

g r a f t e d con tro l.
T he
graft

number

combinations

plants

of

pu rp os e

is s h o w n in table

ea ch v a r i e t y we r e

ste m a n d

Out

of

a l l o w e d to

six p l a n t s

2.

were

these,

si x pla nt s

set f r u i t

t r a i n e d to

shoo t,

m i t t e d to

set

leaves

were

(t re a t m e n t

fr om d i f f e r e n t

I n ad di ti on ,

gr ow n on th eir o w n roots

shoots.

allowed

left
(f))c

intact

twe lv e
for the

and to serve

as

’were t r a i n e d to a sin gl e

(treatment

two

d e f o l i a t e d a n d the fr ui t

ot her

treatment

of c o m p a r i s o n of f r u i t c h ar ac te rs ,

co nt ro ls .

was

of plants u n d e r e a c h

(e)>.
One

of

The
these

to set o n it;
but no

remaining
shoots

on the

fr uit was

per­

-19-

Table

2.

N u m b e r of plants

Gr aft

combination

Sto ck

of di f f e re nt gr^ ft

Number

Scion

co mb ina tio ns

of graft sy mbionts u n d e r
various tr eat men ts

(a)

(b )

(c)

(d )

To ta l

J o h n Bae r

White B ea u t y

5

8

6

4

25*

W hi te

Jo h n Baer

4

10

8

.6

28

Stokesdale

White Beau ty

5

10

10

6

31

I t a l i a n Pear

W hit e B e au ty

6

12

11

6

35

'White B e a u t y

I t a l i a n Pear

5

12

8

5

oO

Italian Plum

'White B e a u t y

6

12

n

6

35

Golden Queen

W h i t e Bea ut y

6

12

10

6

34

37

76

64

89

216

Beauty

To tal

f u l l y g r a f t e d pl an t s

Results
fru its
normal.

d i e d s o o n after t r a n s p l a n t i n g in the field.

and D i s c u s s i o n - T he

on d e f o l i a t e d shoots
Obviously,

the

No
plants ,
ployed.
d i d not

ch ang es
we r e

of treatm ent s

fruit

elaborated food materials
in vi sib le

de ve l o p m e n t

and m a t u r i t y of

(b)

and

fro m

the other

ch ar ac t e r s

of fru it s

e x p e r im en ta l

of lo cu le s

of fruit,

in color,

dr e w

symbiont*

shape,

from g r a f t e d

tr ea tme nt

D e f o l i a t i o n and d e f l o r a t i o n of e i t h e r
in change s

were

o n the d e f o l i a t e d shoots

p r o d u c e d u n d e r an y

re su l t

(c)

em­

stock or

scion

size or n u m b e r

w h i c h c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d to

the

treatments.

The

plants u n d e r

stock r o o t s
mal f r u i t s
grafted

t r e a t me nt

alone o n
of the

scion f r u i t was

s c i o n var ie ty .

control p l a n t s

results

are

by W i l s o n a n d

Avakian

and Jastreb

si mi l a r

varie tie s

to

tne n u m b e r

o f plants

in e a c h

treatment

sions.

In the p r e s e n t

plants

under

significance
Of

the

was

to the

fruit

but fail

re­

to c o n f i r m the

symbi ont s r e p o r t e d by
and Wi t h n e r

investigations

(1946)

used

them

any s ol id

conclu­

the num be r o f

gr af t e d

sufficient

to give

a high

r es ul ts .

T h e v a r i e t y W h i t e B e a u t y was n o t

of fruit

to the

ripening,

of f r u i t

trees,

v a r i e t y Whi te

in gra ft s

Ho we ve r,

effects

b e t w e e n e a r l y and

basis.

It

of

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d q u i t e o ft en

Beauty was

in fruit b e a r i n g .

ap­

time of m a t u r i t y

the o t h e r va ri e t i e s .

and e x p l a i n e d on n u t r i t i o n a l

p r ol if ic

s ym ­

six v a r i e t i e s u s e d W h i t e B e a u t y and G o l d e n ^ u e e n

late v a r i e t i e s

The

Each g r a f t

g r a f t e d and em pl o y e d b y

influenced with regard

ti m e

of

developed normally

too l i m i t e d to draw

w h e n grafted o n

on the

the f r u i t s

in the p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

each t r e a t m e n t was

were l a t e - r i p e n i n g .
preciably

Wilson

those u s e d

produced nor­

a g r e e m e n t with t h o s e

of gr af t

(1941).

of

its o w n variety.

Vi/ithner (1946)

in fruit c h a r a c t e r s

H ow e v e r ,

(d))

of

in p e r f e c t

changes

studied,

characte rs.

fruit c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

These
ported

in

the i n f l u e n c e

Similarly,

(treatment

and s h o w e d no m o d i f i c a t i o n s
biont b o r e

(a), w h e r e

f o u n d vigorous and v e r y

was h i g h l y

c om pa ti bl e

wi th

-21-

the o t h e r va r i e t i e s

empl oye d,

and no

d i f f i c u l t y was

p e r i e n c e d 'while g r a f t i n g it wi t h other* va rieties,
e v i d e n c e d by the n u m b e r of s u c c e s s f u l
In con tr as t, W i l s o n a nd W i t h n e r
a p p r e ci ab le

in dicates

analys is

varieties under

of fruit

study,

solub le

Hence

a study o f the fruit

solids,

ti tratable

was u n d e r t a k e n in the

ficant

of g r a f t

o, 4 a n d

s y mb io nt s,

The

did. n o t

an­

to ta l

of fruits

s o lu bl e

from

show

the cont ro ls .

1947.

each

r e s u l t s of

5.

acid c o n t e n t

when compared with

treat­

of S e p t e m b e r ,

The

acid.

reciprocal

of f r u i t from f o u r pl a n t s of

and a s c o r b i c

differences,

of the

under different

a n a l y z e d s e p a ra te ly .

treat me nt s

the

B e a u t y w i t h r e g a r d to

first w e e k

are p r e s e n t e d i n ta bl e s
acidi ty

of all

a c i d i t y and a s c o r b i c

two v a r i e t i e s ,

samples

plants

composition,

ments,

were

gr a f t s

success.

a n d Wh it e

of on l y these

Representative

However,

on h e t e r o p l a s t i c

f r o m c o nt ro l

grafts

different

fi n d

s h o w e d that m a x i m u m d i f f e r e n c e s we r e

total

solids,

1.

that even grafts b e t w e e n u n r e l a t e d plan ts

e x h i b i t e d b e t w e e n J o h n Ba e r

alyses

(194b) , who d i d not

(1948)

can be m a d e w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e

treatment,

is

in t a b l e

Wh it e a p o o r g r a f t i n g variety.

the r e c e n t ‘work of N i c k e l l

The

as

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n the v i g o r of v a r i e t i e s used,

c o n s i d e r e d Cryst al

clear ly

grafts

ex­

signi­

-22-

Table 3.

Effect
solids
v
O6

of d i f f e r e n t t re at me nt s on the
c o n te nt of
fruits,
V J- J.
a.wu-u p 1947.

T r e a t ­ Fr uit
Graft
combination ments* analy­
zed

total

F e r cent total solub le
fruits of 4 i nd iv id ua l

soluble

solids of
pla nt s
+

Stock— Scion

1

2

5

4

M e a n

S .E

.

JB

WB

(a)

WB

4.4

5,6

4.0

5.8

5.9

.17

JB

WB

(b)

WB

3 c8

4.0

4.o

4.0

4.1

.20

JB

WB

(c)

JB

5.2

6.0

5.4

5.6

5.5

.17

— JB

6 .2

5.6

6.0

5.8

5.9

.15

JB

WB

""-WB

4.6

4.0

4.0

0.8

(d)C.

4.1

.17

JB

(e)

JB

5.4

5.8

6.2

5.6

5.7

.17

JB

(f)

JB

5.2

5.0

6 „0

5.4

5.4

.22

WB

JB

(a)

JB

5.8

5.0

6 .2

5.6

5.6

.2 5

IB

JB

(b)

JB

5.2

4.8

6 .0

5.4

5.5

.25

‘
WB

JB

(c)

WB

4 .4

4.0

5.4

0.8

5.9

.21

- WE

4.6

4.4

4 .0

3.8

4. 2

.18

WB

JB

'•‘‘JB

5. 4

5.6

6.0

5.0

(d)C

5.5

.21

WB -

(e)

7©

4.-4

5.6

4.2

0.8

4 .0

.18

WB

(f)

WB

5.6

4.0

4. 0

o.4

5.7

.15

A'
.
VJ +
■G >\ 1 A n 3,
X
-K-For
tables
JB and WB
res pec tiv ely .

c;
A
o >
4
and.
5.
i nd ic at e J o h n Ba e r

end W h i t e B e a u t y v a r i e t i e s

Treatments:
(a)
(b)

One sho ot fr o m scion, w i t h fr u it s and leaves .
Two shoots; one f r o m scion, de fo li ate d, w i t h fruits; one
from s t o c k d e f l o r a t e d , with leaves,
(c) Two shoots; one fr o m scion, de fl ora ted , w i t h leaves; o n e
fro m stock; d e f o l i a t e d , wi t h fruits,
(d) Two shoots; one fr o m s c i o n and one from stock; b o t h w i t h
leaves a nd fruits.
(e) One shoot wi th fruits a n d leav es (un gr af te d control).
(f) Two shoots; one d e f o l i a t e d ;,ith fruits, the o t h e r d e f l o r ­
ate! w i t h leave s (un gr af te d, control).

-26-

Table 4.

E f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s on the ti tr at ab le
a c i d c o n t e n t of f r ui ts , 1947»_____ .
_________________ _

Graft
c o m bi na ti on

Treat­
ments*

Fruit
A c i d i t y in terms of ml. of 0.1 N NaOH
a n a l y ­ u s e d to t i tr a t e a 20 ml . a l i q u o t
zed

Stock - Sc ion

1

2

6

4

M e a n

+
S.E.

JB

WB

(a)

WB

b .4

7.0

6.8

5.7

6.5

.29

JB

WB

(b)

WB

6.2

6.4

5.8

6 o8

6.5

.21

JB

WB

(c)

JB

9.2

7.5

8.1

9.0

8.4

,27

JB

8.0

8.6

9.0

7.8

8.5

.28

WB

5,6

6. 2

6.4

6.8

JB

WB

(d)d

6.2

.25

JB

(e)

JB

9.2

9.0

8.7

8.5

8.8

.20

JB

(f)

JB

8.4

8.8

9.1

7.6

8.5

.55

WB

JB

(a)

JB

7.8

9.0

9.2

8.7

8.7

.51

WB

JB

(b)

JB

9.1

7.2

8.7

8.1

8.5

.41

WB

JB

(c)

WB

5.6

5.8

6.2

6.6

6.0

- WB

5.2

6. 0

5. 8

6.8

5.9

WB

JB

JB

8.5

9.0

9.2

7.9

( d ) d

.22

8.6

.29

WB

(e)

WB

6.5

6 04

5.5

6.2

6.1

.20

WB

(f)

WB

6. 4

6.7

6 .0

5.8

6. 2

.20

*See footnote to

table 5.

-24-

Table 5.
E f fe ct of d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s on the a s c o r b i c acid
_______ content of f r ui ts~, 1947,_________________________________
~ ^ '•
Graft
combination

Treat­
ment s -a-

Fruit
A s c o r b i c acid, m g / 1 0 0 gm.
analy. - of 4 i n d i v i d u a l pla nt s
zed

Sto ck - S c i o n

1

2

5

4

of f r u i t ,

M e a n

+
- S.E.

WB
*

(a)

WB

S O .0 29.2 27.6

28.4 28,8

.52

JB

WE

(b)

WB

28.4 28.8

28.0

27.6

,26

JB

WB

(c)

JB

26.0 2 4 . 4

28.0

26,6

25 . 5

.97

25.2 24 . 0 26.0

24.0

24 . 8

.49

JB

WB

JB

*

— JB

26.2

(d)Cl- ivB

27.2

28.0 o G .0 26.0 27.3

JB

(e)

JB

24.0

26 .0 25.6

27.2

25.2

.85

JB

(f)

JB

24.8 24 . 0 26, U 25.2

25 . 0

,42

WE

JB

(a)

JB

24.0 26.8

WB

JB

(b)

JB

27.2

WB

JB

(c)

WB

WB

JB

__— tvB

(d)C

.85

22.8

25.2

24.7

.85

24 . 4 24. 0

26.0

25 . 4

.74

28.0 2 9 . 0 50 . 0

27.6

50.0

28 ,4 51.6

JB

24,0 26 .4 23.6

28.6

.54

26.0 27.6

1.20

26.8

25.2

.82

WB

(e)

WB

29.6 2 7 . 2

26.0 50 . 0

28.2

.92

WB

(f)

WB

30.0

28.0

28.7

.65

*See footnote

to table 5.

27.2

29.6

-25-

Tlie v a r i e t y W hi te B e a u t y
lower i n total s o l ub le
si gn if ic a nt l y h i g h e r

was

solids

f o u n d to be

and ti tr at ab le

in a s c or b ic

significantly
acidity,

acid conten t

than Jo h n Baer,

as is e v i d e n c e d f r o m the results u n d e r t r ea tm e n t s
the u n g r a f t e d co ntrols.
p o s i t i o n factors
under t r e at me nt

for
(a)

The v a l u e s

fruits

the s c i o n va ri et y use d.
r o o t s t o c k was n e g l i g i bl e.
which d e v e l o p e d u n d e r
(b)), h a d more
from the

compa rab le

other symbiont,

ments.

of

the

scion shoot,

of stock lea' es ( t r e a t m e n t
to

that of the

fruit

(c),

elaborated food materials

from

its

solids,

acids

scion and

in each, case un de r the
result

The

shoots

pro du ce d fruit on each, graft
its own va ri et y.

tion of fru it

of plants

influ enc e

from the

c o mp o s i t i o n

the d e f o l i a t i o n of

d id n o t

com­

an d a sc or bi c

acid

for. t r e a t m e n t
stock,

and the

in fl uen ce

in an a p p r e c i a b l e

(f).

of

change

the
I n fruit

w h i c h c o u l d be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e i t h e r st oc k or

scion influe nce .

ristic of

that the

fruits

scions

(f),

that of the f r u i t of

f r u i t fr o m c o nt ro l plants

of fruit

and

st ock fruit f r o m trea tm en t

c o n t a i n e d total

In other words,

composition,

The

obtained

to the

dev el op me n t

The

si mi la r

scion var iety.

scion leaves,

shows

the i n f l u e n c e

or less

which a p p a r e n t l y

c l o s e l y with

This

(e)

for these d i f f e r e n t

o b t a i n e d fr o m the

co m p a r e d

and

was not

o f g r a f t e d plants ,
symbiont
These

with the

results

in t r e a t m e n t
qu a l i ty

(d),

characte­

s h o w that the

c h a n g e d b y any of the e x p e r i m e n t a l

composi­
treat­

In st an ce s,
on the qu al it y
are quite

in fruit

trees,

of the i n f l u e n c e s

of s to ck

and c o m p o s i t i o n of fruit bo rn e toy the scion,

com m o n in h o r t i c u l t u r a l

lit er atu re.

The o b s e r v e d

effects ha v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d e i t h e r on the basis

of di re c t

influence

of s t o c k on the vigor

the i n d i r e c t

influence

broug ht

As

d i s c u s s e d ea rlier,

investigations

were p e r f e c t l y

o t h e r a n d the g r a f t e d p l an t s
in vigor.

It a p p e a r s

one of the

graft

that

symb io nt ,

fl ue nc e of the o t h e r
tivi ty of

t h ou gh t

- At

the

in the g r e e n h o u s e .
scope

has b e e n p l a c e d
m e n t i o n e d that

the

signs
the

of cha ng e
fruits

although developed under

of

the i n ­
ac­

to l i m i t

controlled conditions

considered necessary

p r o b l e m by. a t t e m p t i n g to

sta ge s

by L y s e n k o
the y o u n g e r
to be

also

f ir st year's- work,

the n u m b e r of v a r i e t i e s

studies under more

o f the

desired

(1947-48)

c o n c l u s i o n of the

It w a s

at d i f f e r e n t

w h i c h are

grew w i t h o u t any

s y m b i o n t m a i n t a i n e d the m e t a b o l i c

desirable

u s e d and p u r s u e

plants

compatible with each

that v a r i e t y o

Procedure

crease the

the v a r i e t i e s u s e d

in this e x p e ri me nt ,

Experiment

it was

s c i o n or

a b o u t toy the de gr e e o f c o m p a t i b i l i t y of

stock a n d scion.
i n these

of the

of g r o w t h .
011 the

age of

the plant,

ch an ge d,

Particular

the

the mo r e

the

to i n ­

graft

the

emphasis

scion.

characters

He has
of

s u c c e s s f u l will toe

-27-

the ex p e r i m e n t .
p la n t s

On

from which

it is d e s i r e d

or c h a r a c t e r m u s t

be older;

The w o r k was
w i t h the o b j e c t

the o t h e r hand,

scions

and comparatively

st ab l e

fo r d i f f e r e n t

were

sele ct ed ,

young

ure was m o s t l y

but

due

far as h u m i d i t y ,
ever,

constant

technique

the

older

fall,

if they are m i d d l e
1947,

stocks.

Two v a r i e t i e s

w e r e ma d e

w i t h o u t m u c h s u cc e s s

temperature

and vigilant

and secure

i n the g r e e n h o u s e ,

to

to g r a f t v e r y

at first.

exercise proper

and a e r a t i o n w e r e
e f fo rt s

conditions

w h i c h are

J o h n B a e r a n d W h i t e Beauty^

of attempts

to i n a b i l i t y

aged.

i n t e r a c t i o n of v e r y y o u n g

characters,

number

a

seedlings,

it is b e s t

studying

c l a i m e d that the

to o b t a i n a c e r t a i n p r o p e r t y

started during

of

h e has

d i d he l p

favorable

The

fail­

controls

concerned.

to d e v e l o p

as
How­

the

for e s t a b l i s h i n g the

graft u n i o n s .
During January,
of J o h n B a e r

twenty

successful

and W h i t e B e a u t y w e r e m ad e,

l u s t r a t e d in f i g u r e
s i s t e d of s i x - w e e k
were

1948,

r e m o v e d just

s i s t e d of small

II.

The

at

the

seedlings

using

stock plants

old tomato

plants

time

two

w i t h f l o w e r buds,
The

cotyledons

g r af t s

the m e t h o d il ­

in each, case

of g r a f t i n g .

with

reciprocal

sci on s

an d

two

con­
which
con­
small

leav es.
The

scio ns

the d e v e l o p i n g

in a l l
scions

these

gr af t s

grew,

presented peculiar

but

the l e a v e s

symp to ms .

of

Th e y w e r e

-28-

thick,

curled and deformed.

malities

were not

rej ec te d.
met

the

favor

same type

attempt

Avakian and Jastreb

ful

reciprocal

made,

using

year.

three

u s e d as stocxs
The

weetcs o l d p l an ts .

spaced

In addition
each variety,

of

These

the

during
and

g r a f t e d plants,
age

as

for the p u r p o s e

t r a n s p l a n t e d gr a f t s

as the

treatments
control

tr e l l i s e s .

These

greenhouse

for the

s i x weeks

o l d and

o b t a i n e d from
were

the first

set

w e e k of

the pla nt s

in the

with fruit

were

trellises

were

of

stocks,
the

fruit

fr o m u n g r a f t e d plants.
showed

st ar te d.

pl an t s w e r e

five plants

of c o m p a r i n g

So o n a f t e r

tablishment,

the p r e v i o u s

those u s e d for

symbionts

the

success­

apart.

the sa m e

transplanted

year,
of

eighty

grafted plants

5 fe e t a p a r t
feet

to

in

and Wh it e B e a u t y were

were

f r o m the g r a f t

we l l

1948,

sci on s we r e

in five rows

rows w e r e

given up

(1941).

in h e i g h t .

The

seedlings

the e x p e r i m e n t

of J o h n B a e r

June.

abnor­
were

the p r e v i o u s

the t e c h n i q u e f o l l o w e d d u r i n g

cm.

were

again

grafts

greenhouse

we r e

once

part of Ap ri l ,

in the

rows

pl a n t s

and h a d to be

last

Th e p l a n t s

25 to 5U

and the

followed during

to r e p e a t

of these

to g r a f t y o u n g e r

of r e s u l t s

of the m e t h o d

D u r i n g the

causes

a c c o u n t e d for,

Another

with a view

The

signs

The

t r a i n e d to
especially

of

grafted
two

es ­
as

sh o o t s

on

set up' in the

purpos.e of p r o v i d i n g u n i f o r m l i g h t

-29-

condi ti on s
of close

v.hi oh c ou ld not be p r o c u r e d o t h e r w i s e

plan ti ng .

sh oo t f r o m the
grow.

The

following
(a)
was

In

types

from

treatments

the

o ne

stock we r e a l l o w e d

a d o p t e d c o n s i s t e d of

to

the

of training:

In the case

of u n g r a f t e d

d e f o l i a t e d and the

under

the case of g r a f t e d plants,

scion and one

different

because

the i n f l u e n c e

fruit

c o nt ro l pl ant s,

allowed

o f the lea ve s

of

to set

o ne

sho ot

and develop

the o t h e r

shoot,

which

was d e f l o r a t e d 0
(b)
were

The

shoot

a l l o w e d to

stock lea ve s
(c)

The

the i n f l u e n c e

and d e v e l o p

shoot

the

o f the

fruit,

which

but

(e)

on

The

was

the leaves

All v e g e t a t i v e

shoot

was

scion shoots.
developed under

of the stock.

set a n d d e v e l o p

were

treatments

to set

g r o w t h was

of

fruit u n d e r

n ot a l l o w e d to s e t

kept intact,

defoliated and allowed

the i n f l u e n c e

allowed

of

c o n s i s t e d in d e f o l i a t i o n of the

each of the a b o v e

of f l o w e r s

s t o c k and

s c i o n w h i c h was

s t o c k was

d e v e l o p fr ui t u n d e r
In

on bo th

and a l l o w i n g it to

the i n f l u e n c e

flowers

influence

d e f o l i a t e d an d the fruit

f ru it on the s c i o n

treatment

the

the

s t o c k fruit,

of leaves a n d fruits

This

d e f ol ia te d,

set f r u i t a n d m a t u r e u n d e r

s c i o n s h o o t was

In o t h e r words,

sto ck

s c io n was

but in the a b s e n c e of

a l l o w e d to set

(d)

f r o m the

to set a n d

s c io n l e a v e s
only

fruit on

the

and

first c l u s t e r

the d e f o l i a t e d

s u p r e s s e d a f t e r the

fruits.

shoot.

fruit h a d

set.

The number* o f pla nt s u n d e r d i f f e r e n t

treatments

are

p r e s e n t e d i n table 6.

T a b l e 6.
N u m b e r of u n g r a f t e d and g r a f t e d pl a nt s u n d e r
_________________ d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s emp l o y e d d u r i n g 1946.
Graft

combination

No, of
N u m b e r of g r a f t sy m b i on ts
ungrafted
u n d e r d i f f e r e n t tr ea t m e n t s
_______________________________ p l a n t s _____________________________________

S to c k

-

c»cion

(a)

Jo h n B a e r

White

White

Jo hn Baer

Beauty

Beauty

5

t re at me n t s

characters under

(e)

5

10

5

5

10______ 5

10

40

and D i s c u s s i o n - The

under different

(d)

20

10

Results

(c)

_5 _ ______ 20

T ot al

the

(b)

fruits

20

of graft

d e v e l o p e d no r m a ll y.

study were

10

s y m b io nt s

No

e x h i b i t e d b y fruit

ch an ge s

in

from g r a f ­

ted plants.
The

fru it s u n d e r

st ock l e a v e s
of s c i o n
used.
which

in the

fru it s was

The

frui ts

(c),

ex ac t l y w i t h

of its

studied,

were

fr o m the
the

we re n o r m a l

the

( b ) , wh ere

ab se nc e

aeveloped under

treatment

treatment

the

influence

of

fruits

on the

development

typical

of the

scion

d e f o l i a t e d sho ot s
influence

of s t o c k frui ts

a n d c o m p a r e d in

s c i o n v a r i e t y used.

of the

va ri et y

scion,
and leaves,

f o r m a n d color

-61-

The

influence

treataients
influence

(d)
of

as

rived

and

scion

(e) .

(d)

stock

but

and under

fr ui t u n d e r

on s t o c k

The

scion leaves

in t r e a t m e n t
well

of

fruit

fruit

in t h e

the

treatment

absence

The

elaborated food materials m o s t l y

did n o t

present-any

These
trolled

results

conditions

treatments,

change

in

the

of

characters

and

observation

the

findings

of

scion

the a s c o r b i c
ence

in

varieties

are k n o w n

acid content

ascorbic

acid

of

their

content

the

entirely under

genetic

tent o f

of a parti c u l a r

vi di n g

fruits
roots

To s t u d y

these

questions,
grafts

greatly

fruits.

Various

given

secure

to

control?

the

variety

in

the

an e x p e r i m e n t

were

Is

expression

made

ascorbic

of

of

conditions

for

of

a

was

differ­

acid
by

content

two
of

pro­

in

varieties
their

later,

investigating

con­

variety?

designed
of

in

character

another

treatments,- to be d i s c u s s e d
the

this

changed

plants

acid

Synthesis
soluble

ascorbic

be

con­

year.

considerably

fruits.

Gan

study.

experimental

first

differ

or p h o t o synthesizing p a r t s

which r e c i p r o c a l
differing

to

leaves

carefully

Stock-Scion R e l a tionship with R e f e r e n e e to
o f A s c o r b i c a r i d a n d i t s d e l a t i o n to T o t a l
Solids and Acidity

Tomato

as

-which d e ­

under

of

the

fruit

leaves

fruit

under

the

scion

the

in

under

scion

from

obtained

confirmed

of

stock

which were
strict

studied,

developed

influence
(e) .

\<vas

the

were
problem.

It was

considered, that the

additional

i n f o r m a t i o n in

experiment might
s up p o r t

of

the

furnish

studies

some

previously

reported.

Procedure

Two v a r i e t i e s
of high

ascorbic

(1 94 6) ,

hereafter

ment.
th e

The

seeds

greenhouse

lings

were

of to ma to e s ,

a c i d to m a t o
called

was

fill

1948.

a height

T h e y were

cessful

plants,
their
of

gr a f t s

of

by the

were

1948,

were

by u s i n g
1.

in

the g r e e n h o u s e

in

ro w s

for

p l a n t was

t a i n e d eight

during

experimental
set

at

the

experimental

serve

soil

varieties
o f May,

Twenty
the

suc­

splice

In addition,

the fi rs t

ten

onto

t e n in n u m b e r ,
as

seed­

their

successfully grafted

treatments.

five

c o nt ro ls.
wer e

trans­

w e e k of J u n e ,
In

e n d of ea c h row.

pl an t s

in

potting

two

t h i r t y g r a f t e d a n d ten u n g r a f t e d p l a n t s

planted

experi­

The

second ween

U n g r a f t e d p l an ts ,
s e l e c t e d to

the

to size.

'were o b t a i n e d

of e a c h v a r i e t y ,

each, va ri e t y ,

buffer

cm.

th e n p a i r e d a c c o r d i n g

own rootstocxs.

five

plants

the

a week after

g r a f t i n g i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i gu re

five

The

The

Purinton'

g r o w n in f l a t s

4 - inc h pots

of 25 to 50

reciprocal

m e t h o d of

we r e

and well m i x e d g r e e n h o u s e

the pots.

and

c h o s e n for

d u r i n g the b e g i n n i n g of M a rc h,

a uniform

attained

were

varieties

t r a n s p l a n t e d into

to

and a s e l e c t e d line

d e v e l o p e d by Y e a g e r

''Yeager",

of the se

emergence.
used

John Baer

addition,
Bach

ro w

w h i c h i n c l u d e d four

1948,
one

con­

reciprocal

66 -

-

grafts

of

the

var ie ty ,

two v ari eti es ;

g r a f t e d onto

u n g r a f t e d p l an t s

feet a p a r t

in the

two plant s,

th ei r r e s p e c t i v e

apart,

rows.

The

one

The

and two

rows ra n horth-

a n d the pl an t s

soil

of each

roo ts to ck s,

of ea ch var iety.

T h e y we r e 6 feet

Soutb.

ho us e

one

also

c o nd i t i o n s

were

set Tg.

in the

green­

w e r e u n i f o rm .
In

grown

order

to have

tomatoes,

of the

sa m e

into

the

were

trained

a c o m p a r i s o n of g r e e n h o u s e

ten u n g r a f t e d plant s,

age

as u s e d in the g r e e n h o u s e ,

field during

tom at oe s

the

to a single

were

five of

t ra i n e d

first

stem and

staked.

on t r e l l i s es

each variety,

were

'week of June,

and field

transplanted

194-8.

They

The g r e e n h o u s e

to p r o v i d e

u n i f o r m light

co nd i t i o n s .
The
of the

following treatments

influence

sc ion f r u i t s

of r o o t s t o c k on the a s c o r b i c

in the

two

gra ft

(a) U n g r a f t e d plan ts
single

s t e m and the

develop

fru it .

(b)
scion,
tion,
on the

Two

were
was

just a b o v e
under

the

This

shoots,

one

kept defoliated,
two

the

clus ter s.

second

Influence

of

t r a i n e d to a

a l l o w e d to

a n d the
La te r ,
The

in each

fruits
the

other
g ra ft

from the
combina­

p e r m i t t e d to

shoot ‘was

s c i o n frui ts

stoci-c shoot,

set and

control.

s to ck a n d the

s c i o n shoot,

cluster.
the

were

s e r v e d as

f r o m the

The

the st ud y

co mb in a t i o n s :

cl us t e r s

treatment

for

ac i d conten t of

of each v a r i e t y we r e

flower

traine d.

first

provided conditions

set

decapitated
developed

on 'which no

fruit was

“

a l l o w e d to set but
(c) O n l y
fruits.
(d)

the

of w h ic h were kept intact.

s c i o n shoot 'was a l l o w e d to grow
and a small

Two

shoots,

stock an d other f r o m

The

fruits

one

fro m the

o n the

fi rs t

s ho ot w i t h o u t fruits.

fruit u n d e r
Roofs

to

single

the m o n t h of July,

better
was

This

the

tr e a t me nt

s e r v e d as

(b).

of e a c h v a r i e t y g r o w n in the

stems,

and

a l l o w e d to

of

field,

set an d de v e l op

the g r e e n h o u s e w e r e w h i t e w a s h e d d u r i n g

in o r d e r

to k e e p the

i n t e n s i t y of light

temperature

applied uniformly,
However,

w h e n e v e r needed,
these

low.

a n d p r o v i d e d co nd i t i o n s

a n d u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n of light

the season.

to

f i e l d co nd itions.
an d w a l l s

l o w e r e d the

were

two c l u s te rs w h i c h were n o u r i s h e d

Ungrafted plants

trained

the

d e f o l i a t e d an d p e r m i t t e d

c o n t r o l for c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t r e a t m e n t

were

piece of stem.

g r a f t e d on their own r o ot sto cks ,

s c i o n s h o o t was

s to ck

(e)

and bear

s t o c k p r o v i d e d roots

trained.

by the

leaves

The

s c i o n of pl an t s

be a r

the

0 '* t *"

for

to the plant s.
to all plants

f a c t o r s were n o t u n d e r

This

'Water

during

control

in

case of o u t d o o r g r o w n tom at oe s.
A sufficient number

last w e e k
to be done

of A u g u s t
at that

f o u r to eight,

of f r u i t s

to pe r m i t
time.

The

August

27 a n d 28,

1948.

ri p e

fruits,

first

tr e a t m e n t s ,

These

the

the a n a l y t i c a l w o r k o n fruits

o b t a i n e d fr o m the

each p l a n t u n d e r d i f f e r e n t

s t a r t e d r i p e n i n g in

usually numbering

an d s e c o n d c l u s t e r s
we r e

fru it s w e r e

c o l l e c t e d on
harvested around

of

-55-

ten o' cl o c k
40°P.

i n the m o r n i n g

Th e y w e r e

r e m o v e d f r o m the

and a n a l y z e d for a s c o r o i c
titratable
have

ac id it y.

acid,

total

The

S t a n d a r d err or s were

significance

stora ge

soluble

calculation

19:1 w e r e

considered

between
"t".

ment

(a).

ded fruits
tent as
(a),

the

bore

the

Likewise,

fruit

(c) was

the

fruits w h i c h c o n t a i n e d a s c o r b i c
from u n g r a f t e d con tr ol ,

the Y t a g e r

sci on s

or less

re s u l t s

plant

regardless

o f the

1942)

f o u n d some

differences

w h i c h we r e

of

when provided

the

(treatment
same

show th a t

ascorbic

plants
the

root

system.

treat­

(c))

yiel­

acid con­

of t r e a t m e n t

synthesis

of a s ­

a c i d p r o c e e d e d in tne g r e e n a s s i m i l a t i n g p a r t s

orange s

th a n

no t i n f l u e n c e d b y

from u n grafted Ye a g e r

These

greater

aci d c o n t e n t

v a r i e t y J o h n Baer,

fr ui t s

which had more

table 7.

corbic

The

of Y e a g e r ,
to

was

and Discussion

from treatment

ac i d c o m p a r a b l e

two m e a n s

sig nif i ca nt .

(table 7).

with roots

statistically

Odds

A s cor bi c A c i d C o n t e n t - The a s c o r b i c

rootstock

and

c a l c u l a t e d for e a c h m e a n an d

of S t u d e n t' s

Results

scion fruits

solids

these e s t i m a t i o n s

data were

of the d i f f e r e n c e

t e s t e d by

at

after 2 h o u r s

The m e t h o d s u s e d for

been a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d .

analyzed.
the

and p l a c e d in cold st o r a g e

H a r d i n g et al

of

(1958,

in the v i t a m i n G c o n t e n t of

a s s o c i a t e d with p a r t i c u l a r

the

rootstocks.

The se le cti ve
mineral
corbic

a b s o r p t i o n from the soil,

of p a r t i c u l a r

elements which

are k n o w n to play

some part

in as ­

a c i d syn th es i s,

m a y e x p l a i n those

results.

However,

the results

of

the p r e s e n t

i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o in t

the r o o t s t o c k d i d not

play- any

or ind irectly,

sy nt he s i s

in the

significant

out

part,

of as c o r b i c

tha t

directly

a c i d by

tomato

fruits.
The a s c o r b i c

acid content,

which developed under
(treatm ent

(b)J

was

of fruits

the i n f l u e n c e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n the fr u i t s

(d), where

furnished with

e l a b o r a t e d fo od m a t e r i a l s

stock.

in tr ea tm en t
though n o t
tr ea tm en t

(b)

On

the

the fru it s of Jo hn Ba e r

other hand,

the fru it s

of Y e a g e r

of Y e a g e r

the leave s p l a y e d so m e

in the s y n t h e s i s

of' a s c o r b i c a c i d of fruits

by

s y n t h e s i z e d a s c o r b i c a c i d w h i c h was

s u p p l y i n g the

m i t t e d t h r o u g h gr af t u n i o n s ,
pr ec ur so r or
(1940)

substrate

to

c o n s i d e r e d that,

or

ascorbic

a c i d is

s y n t h e s i z e d by o t h e r
studies

are

Rubin

in ti ss ue s of fruits,

relation exists between ascorbic
activity,

eith er

i n d i r e c t l y by

the fruits.

insufficient

ac id is c o n s i d e r e d a m e r e

acid content

The

re s u l t s

to su pp or t
product

of

part

directly
trans­
the

and S p i r i d o n o v a
w he re

no

cor­

and e n z y m e
and ha s

been

the p r e s e n t

t h e i r views.

of st ora ge

in

supplying

a p r o d u c t of st or ag e

ti ss ue s.

of

aci d con tent,

so, t h a n the fruits

It appears, that

scion were

fr o m the l e a v e s

had slightly lower ascorbic

significantly
(d).

John Baer,

of the lea ve s o f Y e a g e r

fr o m tr ea tm en t

John Baer

of

If a s c o r b i c

in fruits ,

which

-

has b e e n
into

s y n t h e s i z e d in the l e a v e s

fruits,

there

the a s c o r b i c

The

ascorbic

s h o u l d have b e e n w i d e r d i f f e r e n c e s

acid content
leaves,

t h a n that of the

the J o h n B a e r

treatment

fru it s

(treatment

(e))„

fr o m t r e a t m e n t

fruits

in the g r e e n h o u s e ,

if the a s c o r b i c

acid content

symbionts

treatment

under

of the r e s p e c t i v e
the

suggest

of a v a r i e t y

storage)

or

synthesis

Kelley

and

grafts

between potato

content
the

of

Som er s

plants
pa r t s

the

of

conclusions.

conclusions

from

scions

which supplied
The

r e su lt s

on l y

of g r a f t
closely

the e l a b o ­

of p r e s e n t

be a m e c h a n i s m in the
(if a s c o r b i c

an d t r a n s l o c a t e d to

f r ui t
a c i d is

the f r u i t s

for

a c i d b e y o n d c e r t a i n limits.

f r o m their

varieties

the

co nt en t

(b), h a d approached very

of ascorbic

have

ac i d

of

s t ud ie s

differing

c o n c l u d e d that

on

the r e c i p r o c a l

in a s c o r b i c

it was

acid

r e g u l a t e d by

c o n s t i t u t i o n of the u n d e r g r o u n d p o r t i o n of p o t a t o

regardless
of

of fruits

the a c c u m u l a t i o n

(1948),

tubers,

genetic

to draw f in al

t he re m a y

S3rnthesized in the l e a v e s

rais es

to d r a w any

rootstocks

to p r e v e n t

tomatoes

(b ) , over other treatments

s c i o n fruits.

that

significantly

further

in a s c o r b i c

is s u f f i c i e n t

It would have been possible

of J o h n B a e r n o u ­

(b), was

This

John Baer

fi n d i n g s

in

sy m b i on ts

from f i e l d g r o w n

the i n c r e a s e

to

from graft

bf fr ui t s

question whether

r a t e d f oo ds

then t r a n s l o c a t e d

(b).

r i s h e d on Y e a g e r

that

and

a c i d c o n t e n t of fruits

under treatment

lower

67 -

of the

plant.

genetic

However,

c o n s t i t u t i o n of the

they h a v e

s t a t e d that

aerial
the

aer ia l

^8-

p o r t i o n of
fluence.
(1940)

the po ta t o
It was

that

en t i r e l y w i t h o u t

o b s e r v e d by t h e m and S m i t h

the

tops died.

they p r o p o s e d that

are e s s e n t i a l

for m a i n t e n a n c e

in­

and G i l l i e s

the a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t of po t at o

creased soon after
servations,

p l a n t is n o t

tubers

On the basis

of

the l i v i n g le a v e s

these o b ­

and stems

of' a c e r t a i n level

of asc or bi c

ac i d in the

tubers,

w h i c h is d e t e r m i n e d by the n a t u r e

underground

portion

o f the plant.

The

field grown

ficantly/ m o r e
toes

of the

ascorbic

respective

Total S o luble
ferences

toes

concerned

were

two v a r i e t i e s

so l u b l e

remembered

more

ascorbic

that

the a s c o r b i c

under

so l i d s

- Th er e were no
treatments

solids

(table

8).

tomatoes
that

of fruits
The

of

signi­
toma­

certain environmental

This

combination
toma­

field g r o w n tom at oe s
total

the f i e l d to ma to es

the fruits.

dif­

of g r e e n h o u s e

soluble

o f the r e s p e c t i v e

c o n t e n t was

s e r v e d that v i t a m i n C was

significant

of any gr af t

a c i d th a n the g r e e n h o u s e
acid

had

than the g r e e n h o u s e

had significantly higher

than the g r e e n h o u s e
It m a y be

two v a r i e t i e s

of the

varieties.

among different
t ot al

of the

acid content

Sol id s

as far as

solub le

to ma to es

de­

of

solids

va ri e t i e s .

also

toma to es .

contained
It a p pe ar s

correlated with

the

total

c o r r e l a t i o n m a y h o l d on l y

con di tio ns.

correlated with

Harris

(1941)

the sugar

ob­

content

of tom atoes.

He

f o u n d that

areas w i t h m u c h s u n s h i n e
ever, M c C o l l u m

(1944)

between ascorbic

leaves

corbic

solids.

in as co r b i c

This

How­

consistent relationship

solids

and s u g a r

ac i d c o n t e n t

content.

o f John B a e r frui ts

supplied with food materials

was n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n
shows

ac i d and s o lu bl e

that no

solids

by

increase

the

in total

relationship between as­

existed under

the

conditions

of

t re at me nt .
then

the to ta l

solids

and a s c o r b i c

two v a r i e t i e s ,

either under greenhouse

are c o n s i d e r e d

t o g et he r,

it b e c o m e s

total s o l u b l e

solids

hig h a s c o r b i c

ac i d c o n t e n t w h e r e a s

content
tent.

These

basis

conte nt

of J o h n B a e r was

ship of total
of two

varietal
sol id s

hydrates

(sugars)

to

and a s c o r b i c

synthesize

that part of the a s c o r b i c
the

tions.,

sug ar s u n d e r

it m a y

be

(1)

a high

acid,

genetic

t ot al

control.

so l u b l e

ascorbic

solids

acid con­

r e g a r d to the r e l a t i o n ­
can be

e x p l a i n e d on

c a p a c i t y of

was m o r e or

acid in the

the low

associated with a

and a c c u m u l a t e

fruits

of the

co nd it io ns ,

that

a low

with

that the

co nt e n t s

or f i e l d

of Y e a g e r was

differences,

i n their

ac i d

evident

coupled with

assumptions,

tomato v a r i e t i e s

from

g r o w n in the w a r m

also r i c h in v i t a m i n C.

d i d not n o t i c e

which were

of Y e a g e r ,

soluble

this

(b)

were

a c i d and to ta l

The i n c r e a s e
t r e at me nt

the to ma t o e s

fru it s
Under

sa i d that a g r e a t e r p a r t

of

the

so l u b le
less
was
the
the

the

two
carbo­

alike;

(2)

synthesized
a bo ve
total

assump­
soluble

-40-

solids was
ge ne ti c

changed, to as c o r b i c

facto rs

result th a t

i n fruits

sugars

cause

On

genetic

of sugars

the f r u i t s

m e n t s we r e

non-significant

sh o w e d no
tents of
(b)

of J o h n Ba e r

treatments

significant
fru its

and (d)

allow

were

accumu­

the c o n v e r s i o n

9).

differences.

wi t h r e g a r d to

f r o m any two
The

of g r e e n h o u s e

of Y e a g e r

consequent

c e r t a i n limits.

fruits

(table

of

a g r e a t e r a m ou nt

a c i d i t y - The d i f f e r e n c e s

acidity

from different

the

contro l

of J o h n Ba e r p r o b a b l y b e ­

ac i d b e y o n d

titratable

the

q u a n t i t y of sugars

c o n s t i t u t i o n d i d not

into a s c o r b i c

Titratable

with

the o t h e r hand,

a c c u m u l a t e d in

the

unaer

of Y e a g e r ,

a comparatively lower

l a t e d in the fruits.
of

acid,

fruits

of Y e a g e r

g r o w n to ma to es

However,

fr o m d e f o l i a t e d

significantly higher

treat­

also

the a c i d c o n ­

scions

of t r e a t m e n t s

t h a n the

field grown

of i n c r e a s e

or d ec re as e

tomatoes.
The

lack- of d e f i n i t e

of a c i d i t y

in the

grown tomatoes
pr es e n c e

of

as

strong

fruits

suggest

and a s c o r b i c
Satterfield

evidence

that

acid or
(1959)

between acidity

of e i t h e r of the

c o m p a r e d v.ith g r e e n h o u s e

ta i n e d g r e a t e r a m o u n t s
solids,

evidence

that

total

no

soluble

and H a r r i s

of f i e l d

tomatoes,

f i e l d g r o w n to ma to es

of a s c o r b i c

there was

va r i e ti es

acid a n d total

and. the
con­

s o lu bl e

relationship between acidity
solids.

(1941)

also

a n d v i t a m i n G co nt e n t.

Yarbrough
f o u n d no

and

correlation

-41-

Table 7.

Ascorbic a c i d content of ripe fruits of tomatoes
from differ en t treatments of two graft combinations,
1948.
Graft
combination

Treat­
me nt *

.ascorbic a c i d m g / 1 0 0 gm of fruits
from 5 plants a na l y z e d separately
1

2

5

16.0

15 . 6

16.0

Stock - Scion

JB

(a)

5

Mean

-S.B.

15.6

16.7

16.0

.20

4

(b)

Y

JB

17.3

16.0

19 * 4

17*5

20.5

18.1

.80

(c)

Y

JB

15*2

15 , 2

16.7

15.6

17.1

16.0

.40

(d)

JB

JB

14 . 8

16 . 3

16.0

14 . 8

16.3

15 . 6

.o 5

20 .9

20.9

22.4

19.8

21.3

.50

29.6

32.7

30.8

31.0

.91

(e)

JB

22.4

(a)

Y

28 . 5

•

*3

(b)

JB

Y

28 * 5

27*7

23.6

26.6

27.7

26-. 8

.86

(c)

JB

Y

27. 7

32.7

30.4

29.7

31.9

30.5

.87

(d)

Y

Y

3 0 .4

26.6

28 *5

31.2

32,3

29.8

1. 01

41.8

53.2

51*3

53.2

50.2

49.9

2. 11

Y

(e)
^F o o t n o t e

for

JB a nd Y
pe cti vel y.

tabl es

r>
7,

indicate

a a n d 9.
8
John Baer

and

' Y e a g e r 1 varieties

res­

Treatment:
(a) One s t e m v i t h fruits; u n g r a f t e d p l a n t (in gr e e n h o u se )
(b) Tvvo sh oo ts , one f r o m s c i o n and one f r o m stock; s c i o n d e ­
f o l i a t e d a n d its fr u i ts d e v e l o p e d u n d e r the i n f l u e n c e of
s t o c k l e a v e s ( ot h e r v a r i e t y ) .
(c) One s h o ot f r o m s c i o n w i t h fruits; st oc k p r o v i d e d roots only.
(d) Two sh oot s, one f r o m s c i o n and one f r o m stock; s c i o n d e ­
folia te d; its f r u i t s d e r i v e d f o o d m a t e r i a l s f r o m st ock
l e av es (same va ri et y) .
(e) One s t e m w i t h fruits ; u n g r a f t e d p l a n t (in f i e l d ) „
Note:

(a), (b), (c), a n d
an d (e) in field.

(d)

treatments

p e r f o r m e d in g r e e n h o u s e

-4 2-

Table 8. To t al s o l u b l e solids content of ripe fruits of
to m a t o e s f r o m different treatments of two graft
c o m b i n a t i o n s , 1948._________________________________
Trea truent#

Graft
combination
Stock

solids
plants
Me an

of

1

2

5

4

5

5.0

5.6

4.8

5.2

5.4

5.2

.14
.10

Scion

JB

(a)

Per cent t ot al soluble
fruits of 5 i n d i v i d u a l

t

S o -t-J
F •
O

(b)

Y

JB

5.0

5.4

5.2

5,0

CO

•

5.1

(o)

Y

JB

5 .2

I. 8

5.4

5.6

5.0

5.2

.14

(d)

JB

JB

5.2

5.0

5.0

4.8

5.0

5.0

.02

(e)

JB

7.8

6 .8

6.0

6.4

7.0

6.8

.50

(a)

Y

4.0

4. 4

4.2

4.0

4.4

4.2

.09

(b)

JB

Y

4.2

3.6

4.4

4.6

3.8

4.1

.19

(c)

JB

Y

4.4

5.6

3.6

4.0

4.5

4.0

.19

(d)

Y

Y

4.4

3.8

4.0

4.0

3.8

4.0

.11

6.0

6.0

5.6

4.4

5 .0

5.4

.51

Y

(e)

wS e e

footnote

t a b l e 7.

-45-

Table 9. Titratable acid content of ripe fruits of
tomatoes from different treatments of two
__________ graft
combinations, 1946.___________________
O
Graft
Treat­
combination
me nt*
- Scion

Stock

JB

(a)

A c i d i t y in terms of ml. of 0.1 i'l Na O H
u s e d to titrat e a 20 ml. a l i q u o t
2

5

4

10 . 4

9.2

8.7

9.0

1

5

Mean

±3.b .

10 . 0

9.5

.52

0>)

Y

JB

8.7

9.5

10.0

9.5

10.5

9.6

.28

(c)

Y

JB

9.7 10.4

9.1

10.2

8.7

9.6

.52

(d)

JB

JB

8.8 10.7

10 . 2

10.0

9,6

9.9

•5 2

1 1 . 0 11.5

9.0

11.5

10. 5

10.7

.45

7.7

7.4

8.0

7.1

8.2

7.7

.20

(e)

JB

(a)

Y

>(*>)

JB

Y

7.5

8.0

8.6

7.4

9.0

8.1

.51

(c)

JB

Y

7.5

8.1

6.1

8.2

8.0

7.6

.59

(d)

Y

Y

7.5

7.1

8.8

8.6

8.5

8.1

.54

5.9

6.6

7.5

o.5

7.0

6.7

.27

(e)

tf-See f o o t n o t e

Y

t a b l e 7.

-44-

S t o c k - S c i o n R e l a t i o n s h i p in .Connection W i t h S t u d i e s on
R e c i p r o c a l G r a f ts of N o r m a l Plants an d PTanTs M o d i f i e d
T h r o u g h the a c t i o n of 2 , 4 - d i c h l o r o p h e h o x y a c e t i c ~ . a c i d

The malformations
the ir

similarity

somal

disturbances

since

their

compounds

to virus m a n i f e s t a t i o n s
(Stei n 1959),

observation.

act a n d p r o d u c e

cal ,d i s t u r b a n c e s
The

p r o d u c e d b y p h e n o x y com po un ds ,

ha v e

(1948).

Stein

(1959)

and i n d u c e d c h r o m o ­

b e e n of i n t e r e s t

these

physiological

and m o r p h o l o g i ­

workers

t h r o u g h graft u n io ns

such as V a s u d e v a

o b s e r v e d th at

g r a f t i n g of a .tomato mu ta n t ,

character

variations

w h i c h r e s e m b l e d 2 , 4 - D i n d u c e d c h a n g e s ) , onto

tomato plant

lo g i c a l

plants,

c a u s e d its

characters

The o b j e c t

of the

and c h l o r o p h y l l

and S a m Raj

wit h d w a r f

mal

deficiency

elongation.

by the u s e

of 2,4-D,

would

a nor­

o th er m o r p h o ­

remained unchanged.

i n v e s t i g a t i o n was

i n which, t y p i c a l m o r p h o l o g i c a l

(radi um i n d u c e d

However,

of the g r a f t e d m u t a n t
present

ever

is y e t u n k n o w n .

t r a n s m i s s i o n of c e r t a i n vi r u s es
shov.n by v a r i o u s

with

The m e c h a n i s m b y w h i c h the p h e n o x y

in plants

has b e e n

.

to s t ud y h o w

the

chang es h a d be e n i n d u c e d

react wh e n grafted with normal

plants„

procedure

Plants
40 cm.

of

the J o h n B a e r

in height,

were

variety,

t r e a t e d by

five w e e k s

immersing

their

o l d a n d 50 to
third

basal

leaves

in a 1000 p. p . m.

lorophenoxyacetate

aqueous

sodiu m id,4-dich-

d u r i n g the first w e e x of N o v em be r,

The n e c e s s a r y p r e c a u t i o n s ,
parts o f

solution of

the p l a n t s ,

we r e

to p r e v e n t

1947»

c o n t a m i n a t i o n of o t h e r

t a k e n by c o v e r i n g

the t r e a t e d leaves

w i t h cellophane b a g s c
After

displaying

the u s u a l n a s t i c eff ect s,

developed m a l f o m a t i o n s
after th e

tr eatment,

reciprocal
of splice
grafting

grafts

on

when

their t e r m i n a l

grafting,

i l l u s t r a t e d in fi gu r e

o f each c o m b i n a t i o n w e r e

plants

e a c h of the

not

s e v e n to t e n days

a l l o w e d to d e v e l o p

a l l o w e d to g r o w

weeks

after

were noticed

successful

In addi ti on ,
were

twelve

allowed

found

estab­

-axillary sho ot s were

the s t o c k d u r i n g
However,

Before

this p e r i o d and

s u b s e q u e n t l y the p l a n t s

and D i s c u s s i o n

the u n i o n s h a d d e v e lo pe d,

ted g r o w i n g a p p r e c i a b l y .
fluences

ob tained.

a f t e r gr a f t in g,

The m e t h o d

without being disturbed.

Results

Th ree

Twelve

The g r a f t u n i o n s were

from

for two we eks a f t e r w a r d s .
were

v!
;ell e s t a b l i s h e d ,

t r e a t e d a n d u n t r e a t e d groups,

their o w n roots.

weeks

I, was u s e d .

w e r e re moved.

grafts

l is h e d

Three

w i t h u n t r e a t e d plants.

the t r e a t e d le a v es

to g r o w o n

parts.

th os e e f fe ct s w e r e

were made

all pl an t s

At

that time

on some n o r m a l

signs

scions

sci on s

star­

of f o r m a t i v e
g r a f t e d on

in­

stocks

-46-

in- w h i c h m o r p h o l o g i c a l
w i t h 2,4-D.

The

changes h a d b e e n i n d u c e d b y

symptoms

after g r a f t i n g were

e v i d e n t on the pla nt s

recorded.

Quantitatively,

si derable

differences

the gr af t

combination where normal

tr ea te d stocks.
noticed.

in the r e s p o n s e

of

Ty p i c a l

plants

three m o n t h s
there w e r e

individual

sc i o n s we r e

Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , .however,

treatment

p l an ts

of

g r a f t e d on

a definite

of ea c h gr ou p a r e

con­

t r e n d was

shown in fi gu re s

III

and l'V.
P la nt 1.

a n u n t r e a t e d plant.

No p e c u l i a r i t i e s

were

evi­

dent .
Plant 2.
of leaves

a

t r e a t e d plant.

a n d even fruit s.

p l a n t o.
o r i g i n a l l y was

a

normal

those few lea ve s

gans were
Plant

stock was

grafted with a scion which

the a p i c a l p o r t i o n of a t r e a t e d plant.

and a r r o w in di c a t e

m o v e d from

It s h o w e d e x t r e m e m o d i f i c a t i o n s

the g r a f t u n i o n ,

plant,

tag

'with the e x c e p t i o n of

w h i c h were m o d i f i e d b e f o r e

the o r i g i n a l

The

the

s c i o n was

no m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y

re­

changed or­

r e c or de d.
4.

a

treated

o ri gi na ll y was the
foliage of the

s to cx was

g r a f t e d with a s c i o n w h i c h

api.cai p o r t i o n of a n o r m a l plan t.

scion exhibited morphological

which i n d i c a t e d that

the f o r m a t i v e

m i t t e d t h r o u g h the g r a f t union.

The

abnormalities

s t i m u l us h a d b e e n

trans­

Pig. Ill
P l a nt

1. U n g r a f t e d ,

untreated.

Plant

2. U ng ra f t e d ,

treated.

Figure III

Pig. IV.
Plant d.

S ci on f r o m a t r e a t e d p l a n t
onto a n o r m a l stock.

Pl an t 4 0 S c i o n f r o m a n o r m a l
a tr e a t e d stock.

arrow

indicates

plant

grafted

g r a f t e d onto

the g r a f t - u n i o n .

Figure IV

-47-

P r o m the

experimental

greater

quantities

portion

and fr o m there

It

seems

treated
the

could

scion,

st oc k

(Plant 4),

came u n d e r

ungrafted plant

like

the

t i c e d th a t

cut s t um ps

the

phenoxyacetic

50 da y s

of the

changes

chi ci ne .

chemical

could have

They

further

shoots

tips wer e

a p p l i e d to

the

in­

induced by

col­

s u g g e s t e d that

i n f l u e n c e we r e

o l d stem

if the

substance must

findings

i n d u c e d since

a normal

of d i r e c t

scio ns u s e d f o r g r a f t i n g

indicate

co n t i n u e

of

to m o v e

the tip o f the

t h a t no g e n e t i c

the m o d i f i e d s c i o n w h e n g r a f t e d on

s t o c k d e v e l o p e d into
to be

the

o c c u r r e d su c h as w e r e

The p r e s e n t

seems

it was

gene­

a n d th e n u p w a r d to

influence

with modified

or w h e t h e r

in the

a normal

no­

stump

downward

were

the lower

(1942)

still u n d e r

the

c ha nge s

t r e a t e d but

T h e y m e n t i o n e d that

chemical nature

shoot.

the

of

treated with p-chloro-

a direct

new

influence

'which s u b s e q u e n t l y d e v e ­

of tomatoes

the g r o w i n g

constant

and H i t c h c o c k

a f t e r treatinent.

s to ck

it h a d u n i t e d w i t h the

parts of

acid produced many new

n ot k n o w n w h e t h e r

tic

Zimmerman

that

scion.

st im ulu s m o v e d from

to the y o u n g g r o w i n g parts
leaves .

fluence

The

the n o r m a l

the

t er mi na l

(Plant 2).

loped modified

le av e s ,

after

appear

s t o r e d in the

influence

the n o r m a l

just

it w o u l d

s t i m u l i we r e

that

stimulus

portion

of the

results,

top' (Pla nt 5).

c h e m i c a l na tu r e .

(Pla nt 5)

e i t h e r d i d n ot

The

The m o d i f i e d
carry

any

-46-

f o r ma ti v e
itself

s t i m u lu s or it was

in the

f o r m of m o d i f i c a t i o n s

No p o s i t i v e
stimulus,

s ta tem en t

tion,
after

to express

in new growth.

can be m a d e

as m e n t i o n e d by Z i m m e r m a n

only a few ca ses have
cal was

too i n s i g n i f i c a n t

abo ut

the f o r m of the

an d H i t c h c o c k

(1948),

b e e n r e c o r d e d in v'hich the a p p l i e d chemi­

d e t e c t e d or i d e n t i f i e d b e y o n d the r e g i o n of a p p l i c a ­
The p r e s e n c e of 2 , 4 - D in p l a n t s has n o t b e e n shown

its a b s o r p t i o n .

However,

n u m e r o u s wo rk e r s h a v e r e p o r t e d

on a b s o r p t i o n a n d t r a n s l o c a t i o n of 2 , 4 - D d e r i v i n g their con ­
clusions

from indirect

and Brown

(1946)

have

evidences

s u g g e s t e d that

associated with

that of o r g a n i c

the fate of the

su b s t a n ce

tion tuid p a r t i c u l a r l y
phological

changes

during

the

take place.

foods.

tained

for three week s,

un ti l

the

or a d e r i v a t i v e
attempts

the g r a f t u n i o n and
of the

scion.

Ho wever,

c o nc lu s i v e l y ,

the c a u s a t i v e

it is a

a g e n t was

2,4-D

o r even a r e a c t i o n pr od uc t,

w e r e made

under which 2,4-D
which moved

t r a n s l o c a t e d and re ­

c o n c l u s i o n is p e r m i s s i b l e

of the leaves

of s p e c u l a t i o n w h e t h e r

and t r a n s l o c a ­

the a s s u m p t i o n that 2 , 4 - D

s u c h an a s s u m p t i o n ca n be p r o v e d

matter

o f 2,4-D is

N o t h i n g is k n o w n a bo ut

a b s or be d,

that it was 2 , 4 - D that m o v e d t h r o u g h
caus ed the m o d i f i c a t i o n

Mitchell

subsequent period when m o r ­
Under

e x p e r i m e n t was

such

the t r a n s p o r t

af te r its a b s o r p t i o n

in the p r e s e n t
as

of g r o w t h re sp o n s e s .

to

test

the v a l i d i t y

as s u c h c o u l d be

the

t h r o u g h the g r a f t union s.

of

the

form o f the
Direct

assumption
stimulus

ap pr oa che s,

by

-49-

tryi ng to i s o l a t e
whether 2,4-D

and detect

2, 4 - D , were m a d e

c o u l d be abso rb ed ,

to

investigate

t r a n s l o c a t e d and

r e t a i n e d as

suc h for s u f f i c i e n t l y lon g per iod s.

The result s

fi ndings do no t lie

of the st udi es

w i t h i n the

he r e and w i l l be p r e s e n t e d
How ev er ,

it m a y be

fi n d de te c t a b l e
its

the present

in a sep ar at e p a p e r

reported

e l s e wh er e.

s t a t e d that it h a s not b e e n p o s s i b l e to

quantities

a p p l i c a t i o n to

scope

of those

of 2,4-D

the le a v e s

investigations0

in tomato p l a n t s

in c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

after

as u s e d in

-50-

GENERAL DISCUSSION

The studies

on

s t o c k - s c i o n int er ac ti on ,

w h i c h have Le e n r e p o r t e d in the
st art ed in order to

analyze

pr ev io us

(1946)

ted.

results

The

after this

binations

of g r a f t e d pla nt s
tried.

The

fruits

and t it ra ta bl e

e x p e r im en ta l

sym bio nt

influence

of

were

of

ability of the

the fr u it s

were not

disturbed by

which

to d e v e l o p u n d e r

However,

e n o u g h to dis pr ov e

L y s e n k o has

and s ci on occ ur s
H e has

to f o r c e

by the vai'ietjr, the

properties

He h a s

the

"nutrient"

the

claimed that
o n l y und er

s t a t e d that the

s c i o n to

ap­
fre­
the

"assi mil ate "

ma t e r i a l s m a n u f a c t u r e d

o f w h i c h are

further added

the

these re su lt s

v e g e t a t i v e h y b r i d s would, d e p e n d u p o n

of the

scion.

fruits

sy mb ion t.

c o n di ti on s.

that

c o n s i s t e d in d e f o l i a t i n g

conclusive

experimenter

com­

indicated

as m a n y as possible

to the

any graft

total so lu b l e

the i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n s t o c k

que ncy of o b t a i n i n g

in f r u i t

of a s c o r b i c .acid,

vegetative h y b r i d i z a t i o n co nc e p t .

propriate b i o l o g i c a l

ch ang es

fin dings

the o t h e r g r a f t
to be

No

with r e g a r d

a n d a l l o w i n g its

not c o n s i d e r e d

inia-

These

treatments,

one graft

w o r k h a d be e n

were n o t i n f l u e n c e d

acidity.

the m e t a b o l i c p r o c e s s e s
the

con ­

w i l s o n and

we re n o t i c e d u n d e r

to their c o m p o s i t i o n in ter ms
solids

were

the f i r s t y e a r s work d u r i n g 1947 c o n ­

fi rm e d W i l s o n and W i t h n e r 1s f i n d i n g s 0
characters

of

the v e g e t a t i v e h y b r i d i z a t i o n

paper appeared
of

results

se ctions,

cept since no other wo rk h a d b e e n reported.
Yiiithner's

the

to be

transmitted

that in m a k i n g grafts,

the

-51-

s ci on s h o u l d be
"age",

as y o u n g as po s s i b l e

m e n t i o n e d b y H u d s o n a nd hi ch e n s

as

t e r m i n o l o g y of n u t r i e n t s
Nu tri en ts ,
ment al

to him, m a y

c o nd it io ns ,

su bs ta n ce s

n e c t i o n wi th
he me n t i o n s

all
the

b a s i n g his

four

of Pla nts".

or ga n is ms

he uses

types

vegetative hybridization
f ol lo we rs ,

as

ages

on hi s

Considering

this,

Attempts made

d u r i n g 1948

g ra ft in g) ,

and two

to

scion

seems

that w h e n

and sc io n he m a y be

of "p has ic D e v e l o p m e n t

c o mp le te

ana lys is

o f the

difficult.

Lysenko

t r a n s l a t i o n of

very y o u n g

bef or e

the ir

to knowclaims

to graft v e r y y o u n g scions

buds

though successful,

techni­

It w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e

small l e a v e s

w h i c h the f l o w e r

teraction between

sto cK

experimental procedures
adequately.

fr o m

or or gan ic

to s u p p l y d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on the

can be t e s t e d m o r e

old,

of

It

r e v e a l e d by the E n g l i s h

of experimentation.

cotyledons

f r o m s to cx

environ­

t e r m a s s i m i l a t i o n in c o n ­

concept becomes

cal as pec ts

two

the

the

fail

their

such as gam et es ,

co n c e pt

their work,

more a b o u t

su bs t a n c e s ,

of "n ut ri en ts ".

comparative

terminology

Lysemto's

and a s s i m i l a t i o n is v e r y vague.

s u p p o s e d to pass

Similarly,

stock of medium,

(1946),

be e i t h e r i n o r g a n i c

whole

s u c h as are

in gr afting.

and his

and the

were

onto o l d sto ck s
r e m o v e d at the

d i d not h e l p
scions

in the

(six weeks
time of

st udy

a n d o l d stocks.

with

of i n ­

The

scions

soon after t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t , p r e s e n t e d p e c u l i a r s y m p t o m s
gr o w t h

r e s e m b l i n g virus m a n i f e s t a t i o n s ,

be r e jected.

and the p l a n t s

in

h a d to

xi r e p e t i t i o n

of

the e x p e r i m e n t

which c o n s i s t e d in g r a f t i n g
old toma to

pl an ts

results

the p r e v i o u s year.

of

of these

re su lt s,

of the type

that

stages

of the p r e s e n t

finite

conclusion

can be

studies

c o n f i r m e d the

its cruci al

experiments.

rep e t i t i o n s

of the

st oc k and scion,

is u n l i k e l y w h e n pla nt s

are

too

c l a i m that

sc an t y
the

been d i s p r o v e d .

d i s c o v e r y has

three-week

s t a t e d on the b a s i s

of g r o w t h m e n t i o n e d .

ha v e

However,
to

the

re­

ju st if y a d e ­

findings
The

are

of

the

pr oo f of a

alw ay s b e e n in the r e p r o d u c t i o n of
It is

experiments

support to L y s e n k o * s

obtained, fr om

old plants,
It

d u r i n g 1948,

an i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n

and any

Russian scientists
sci en t i f i c

six-week

c l a i m e d by Ly se n k o ,

g r a f t e d at the
sults

onto

sc i o n s

of 1947,

only b y ca r e f u l
w h i c h are

t h e or ie s,

that

the

a d di t i o n a l

s u p p o s e d to le n d
c o n t r o v e r s y wi l l be

resolved.
C o n s i d e r i n g L y s e n k o ’s t h e o r y
Plants"

w h i c h is

complete

rejection,

the e x p e r i m e n t s
on the b as is
plants.
cause

This

of the

di f f i c u l t
b e ca us e
changes;

the

to

su b j e c t

of

11Ph a s i c d e v e l o p m e n t

by

of p h y s i o l o g i c a l

s e l e c t i n g the

sele ct

aspec ts

pl an t s

to r e p e a t
stock

or developmental

approach w o u l d involve

technical

of

some d i s a g r e e m e n t but not

it w o u l d s e e m d e s i r a b l e

on g r a f t i n g

new

of

of d i f f e r e n t

ages of the
work b e ­

It is r a t h e r

d e v e l o p m e n t a l ages

these m a y n o t be a s s o c i a t e d with a n y m o r p h o l o g i c a l
and p r o f o u n d i n t e r n a l

developmental

of

an d s c i o n

considerable

of the problem.

some

ch a n g e s m a y

be

-55-

re vs ale d only u n d e r d e f i n i t e

environmental

conditions,,

The p r o b l e m is f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d by the fa c t
methods

ex ist to a s c e r t a i n

tive cha nges.

It

would

under s t r i c t l y

w hi ch are

an e s s e nt i al

The

studies

extended by

prerequisite

it

on

the

find out

would b e

no e v i d e n c e
from one
results
corbic

of

content
fruits

of
to

to ass um e

phenomena.

that

a tomato

differ­

as i n d i c a t e d
the

basis

s ub st an ce s

of

some

role

of a n

s ci on or

in g r o w t h

W i l s o n and v.ithner (1946)

thiamin,

found

r i b o f l a v i n and n i a c i n

the o t h e r in g r a f t e d tom at o plants.

the p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

a c i d gave no

On

strong
variety

develop un d e r

be

vdiich h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n re ­

substances may play

to

and s ci on m a y

t r a n s m i t t e d from s t o c k to

of t r a n s f e r o f

sy mb i o n t

con di ti on s

the p h y s i o l o g i c a l

s u c h as vitamins.

logical

c a n be

These

and d e v e l o p m e n t a l

ex­

d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

and u n g r a f t e d pl a nt s

co ns tituents,

ve r s a .

for the

i n t e r a c t i o n of stock

a t t e m p t i n g to

a l k a l o i d a l n ature
vice

these

of plants,,

the f i n d i n g s of som e wo r k e r s ,
viewed,

qualita­

c o n t r o l l e d en vi ro n m e n t a l

ences b e t w e e n the g r a f t e d
by c e r t a i n

these in ternal

b e n e c e s s a r y to c a rr y out

periments

p h y s i o l o g i c a l age

some o f

that no e a s y

evidence

on the

that

could be

the

sy nthesis
ascorbic

The

of

as­

acid

c h an ge d by a l l o w i n g its

the i n f l u e n c e of the leav es

of an o t h e r

variety..
Although
need for

Lysenko's hypotheses

thorough

suggested.

analysis

are

open to argument,

a

of his g r a f t i n g e x p e r i m e n t s has

It is c o n s i d e r e d that a n y facts

revealed

been

by fu rt he r

-54-

r e p e t i t i o n of his

ex per iments,

the r a p i d l y p r o g r e s s i n g fie ld s
and p h y s i o l o g i c a l
B'yfe (1947)

c o u l d be

of d e v e l o p m e n t a l p h y s i o l o g y

genetics.
ha s

s t a t e d that th e n e w

p r o p o s e d by L y s e n k o may be

must b e a d e q u a t e l y
yyhyte

and c a r e f u l l y

(1946)

the R u s s i a n w o r x e r s

th eo r i e s

b ut

teste d,

that his
before

seexaed to a p p r e c i a t e

in t he ir

the

re s u l ts

on g r a f t i n g

exchange

in r e la ti on to h o r m o n a l

(Hamner a n d B o n n e r 19 58 ),

possibilities

of the

ex pe r i m e n t s

a ve r d i ct
findings

grafting experiments.

p r o p o s e d a c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n these

ing

of g e n e t i c s

en t i r e l y w r o n g and m a y be d i s r e ­

g a r d e d as a c o n t r i b u t i o n to bi ol o g y ,

passed.

i n c o r p o r a t e d into

these

of

He has

and the r e s e a r c h
to induce

and e v e n s p e c u l a t e s

a p p l i c a t i o n of

is

resul ts

flower­

about

the

to crop

producti on ,
we n t
scion,

(19o8),

using

different varieties

gr ow t h of the
fect,

He

in i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

of the ef f e c t

of

g a r d e n pea,

s ci on was n o t m e r e l y a

c o n s i d e r e d that the

in the
sible

si m p l e n u t r i t i o n a l

presence

r o o t s t o c k w h i ch he n a m e d " c a l i n e s 11.
that

in tomatoes

such

su bs t a n c e s

end may

in f l u e n c e

in m o r p h o l o g i c a l

over of

such m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y
d o u btf ul .

the

ef­

ch ara cte rs

in

of g r ow t h factors

It is

quite p o s ­

of h o r m o n a l n a t u r e m ay be pr es e n t

su lt in g

g e n e r a t i o n is

f o u n d that

e x p r e s s i o n of ma n y

the s c i o n a p p a r e n t l y d e p e n d e d on the

of s t o c k on

the

changes.

s t o c k - s c i o n reactions,
The

c h an ge d

However,

re­

p o s s i b i l i t y of a c a r r y ­

characters

thu.-re is

into

evidence

the ne x t
that

some

-55-

of the ef fec ts

i n d u c e d by s y n t h et ic g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s

c a r r i e d t h r o u g h s e e d into
and W i t t w e r 1949).

The

the

f o l l o w i n g g e ne ra ti on s

q u e s t i o n of how

this

are

(Clark

influence

is

c a r r i e d t h r o u g h is yet not decided.
Strasburger

as

quoted by Batchelor

found protoplasmic

connections

cells

a n d those of the

of the

it is thus

stock

possible

It does

or o r g a n i z e d p r o t o p l a s m i c
st oc k or vi c e

versa,

enzymes m a y be
re actions.

but

The r e s u l t s

formative

acetic

acid,

not

so

of the

the

!lh o r m o n e - g e n e "

Ho we ve r,

Schmuck

"hormone-gene"
inter ac ti on ,

is an

ex i s t e n c e o f the g en es
genes

are n o t

in er t

characteristic

on the

transmission

s u gg es t that o t h e r s i m i l a r
the gr af t union.

in p h y s i o l o g i c a l ge ne t i c s

about ge n e

S o m e of the re su lt s

cl a i m e d

be e a s i l y e x p l a i n e d on the b a s i s
p r o p o s e d by G o l d s c h m i d t

has m e n t i o n e d that

inadequate

especially

and

induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-

hypothesis

(1945)

such as h o r m o n e s

studies

wide range.

by R u s s i a n w o rk er s m a y

fr o m s c i o n to

and pr o d u ce

s t im ul i c a n be t r a n s l o c a t e d ac r o s s

a c t i o n cover a very

s c i o n in c e r t a i n plants;

w o u l d pass

t h r o u g h gr af t un i o n s ,

The m o d e r n c o n c e p t s

b e t w e e n the

se em l i k e l y that pla sti ds

substances

stimulus

(1948)

is m i g r a t i o n of i d i o p l a s m

bod ie s

e x p e c t e d to do

of the

(plasmodesms)

that there

and plasm p a r t i c l e s .

and W e b b e r

the

e x p l a n a t i o n of

in vi e w of his

opinion

is ve r y do u b t f u l .

protein molecules

The

of

(1938).

t h e o r y of the
stock-scion
that

the act ua l

c o n c e p t i o n that

but p l a y an ac ti v e

role

-56-

in the p h y s i o l o g y of cells,
stances

of h o r m o n a l

p r o b a b l y by r e l ea si ng

or e nz ym i c natur e,

pr o c e s s e s

of d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

biologist

assume

that

the

1940)

h as

put

ti on o f re g i o n a l

essential

by the e m i s s i o n of
"hormones"

react s

pe tence.

according

tion in the

tissues;

the de ta il s

of the

govern

at

s p ec if ic

it w ou ld be n a t u r a l

a n d cha ng e

of cells

its

identical

fer

divergences

plasm

has

suggested

D a c h of these
of the o r g a n i s m
or c o m ­

local d i f f e r e n c e s

are

in

determina­

r e s p o n s i bl e

for

In the li gh t of s u c h 'c o n ­

to ass um e

that

c o u l d di ff us e

throughout

s ub st an ce s
f r o m one

the s o m a t i c

the body;

in d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .

that

c o n c e r n e d in these

the d i f f e r e n c e s

abo ut

w hi ch

cell

to

on to g e n e s i s .

genetically

(1948)

is b r o u g h t

of maturity

"hormones"

It is g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d that

ex tr em e

the d e t e r m i n a ­

the bacic of d i f f e r e n t i a l

individuation.

the d e s t i n i e s

another

stage

to this n o t i o n ,

of m a t u r a t i o n lie

cep ti on s

" h or mo nes ",

appropriate

the

Goldschmidt

that

in tur n with that part

r e a c h e d the

rates

co nt inu it y.

in d e v e l o p m e n t

successive

w h i c h has

the

c o n t i n u i t y w i t h i n the

f o r w a r d the view

c h a ra c t e r s

w h i c h control

and m o r p h o g e n e s i s , m a k e s

l i v i n g o r g a n i s m is a ch e m i c a l
(1958,

sub­

"ther e m u s t be
ce l l u l a r

cells

are

and jret they s u f ­
Wigglesworth

ele men ts

in

specializations,

the c y t o ­
'that

in cell h e r e d i t y that a r i s e w i t h i n a mult i-

c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s m are

cytoplasmic'."

Darlington

.(194a-) and

'Aright

(1945)

cytoplasmic

d e v e l o p e d the

cons t i t u e n t s , w h i c h t h e 3*- n a m e d

D a r l i n g t o n has
that n u c l e a r
dington

linked up heredity

genes

(1948)

on

importance

nature

yet

cy t o p l a s m i c factors

in m o r p h o g e n e s i s

is

of

in the

The

fr o m s t o c k to
Haldane

Later,

s c i o n or vice v e r s a has

Lspinasse
in 1944,

(1944)

(1941)

Haldane
in

regarded that

graft u n i o n was

tion are

thus

to bu s h hab it ,

the

ca u s a t i v e
rather

could not

agent

remar ks

causes

a re­

l e n d some

wo rkers.

sup­

Darlington

transmitted through

t h a n a virus,

since

the

be c o n s i d e r e d p a t h o l o g i c a l .

s t a t i n g that

studies

the

explanation.

might

o b t a i n e d by the S o v i e t

technical

s t o c k or s c i o n

s u g g e s t e d that D a r l i n g t o n ' s

a r t i c l e by

exist b e t w e e n the

r e su lt s m i g h t

o p p o s i t e m e m b e r of

supported Haldane's

a plasmagene

in r o s e s

c o n c l u d e d his

fr o m the

roses w h i c h in some cases

the r e s u l t s

bushy habit

If

a l r e a d y b e e n discu ss ed .

s u g g e s t e d that L y s e n k o ' s

v e r s i o n of c l i m b i n g h a b i t
to

c y top la sm.

sc ie n t i s t s b e c o m e s

t h r o u g h the i n v a s i o n of e i t h e r

on b u d - g r a f t i n g

port

plants

a c c e p t e d t h e n the e x p l a n a t i o n of

by a n o n - p a t h o l o g i c a l virus
graft.

of some

p o s s i b i l i t y of m i g r a t i o n of p l a s m a p a r t i c l e s

(1940)

be e x p l i c a b l e

VVad-

a self-reproducing

s t o c k - s c i o n i n t e r a c t i o n c l a i m e d by S o v i e t
evident.

by sh owi ng

and interact.

sta ted that c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r s

self-reproducing bodies

of

"plasaiagenes1’.

and d e v e l o p m e n t

and p l a s m a g e n e s b o t h

has

are d e p e n d e n t
the

idea of s e l f - r e p r o d u c t i o n in

of h e r e d i t y ,

and a r b i t r a r y

"The

frontiers

development

He

that

and i n f e c ­

and n e w p o s s i b i l i t i e s

of an al y s i s

and e x p e r i m e n t will

the pa s s w o r d s

to take us

arise w h e n we have lea rn t

across".

T he se

considerations,

that no real d i s t i n c t i o n can be d r a w n b e t w e e n c y t o p l as mi c
inh er i t a n c e
results of

an d virus

in fection,

make

the

e l u c i d a t i o n of

the R u s s i a n wor k on v e g e t a t i v e h y b r i d i z a t i o n

difficult.
It is also

difficult

h y b r i d i z a t i o n a n d the
of a g r a f t b y
logic al

to d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n v e g e t a t i v e

i n d u c t i o n of m u t a t i o n in one m e m b e r

the other.

Kostoff

(1929)

observed physio­

i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n s to ck and s c i o n of c e r t a i n

so l a na ce ou s

species

a c c o m p a n i e d by m o r p h o l o g i c a l

He e x p l a i n e d the r e s u l t s by p o s t u l a t i n g
The p o s s i b i l i t i e s

Sturtevant

c o n s i d e r e d that,

p o n s i b l e for
possibility

the
that

react w i t h the

(194a)

by antibodies

an d E m e r s o n

"if a p a r t i c u l a r gene is

f o r m a t i o n of a g i v e n antigen,
the

an ti b o d i e s

gene".

in s u pp or t o f views
charac te rs

a n t i b o d y pro duc tio n.

of i n d u c t i o n of m u t a t i o n s

have b e e n s u g g e s t e d b y S t u r t e v a n t

changes.

He has

induced by

a d v i s e d that

there

this

(194a).
res­
is a

antigen may

cases p r e s e n t e d

d e m o n s t r a t i n g the i n h e r i t a n c e of a c q u i r e d

s h o u l d be

r e e x a m i n e d w i t h the g e n e - a n t i g e n - a n t i b o d y

i n t e r a c t i o n p o s s i b i l i t y in mind.
The a b o v e m e n t i o n e d

considerations make

the

task of a n ­

alysis

of the v e g e t a t i v e h y b r i d i z a t i o n c o n c e p t v e r y i n t r i ­

cate.

However,

repeat

the e x p e r i m e n t s

there

is no

ot he r

convincing

way than

to

with all p o s s i b l e m o d i f i c a t i o n s , u nd er

-59-

st ri c t l y

c o n t r o l l e d conditi ons ,

de fi ni te

c o nc lu si on s.

in order

to arrive

at

S U M M A R Y -tt-MD CONCLUSIONS

The

re s u l t s

tomatoes
claims

are

of' s t ud ie s

r e p o r t e d m a i n l y w i t h the

of R u s s i a n s c i e n t i s t s

g en et ic

are

they h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d the

p r e s e n t e d of studies,

scion r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,
relation

to to tal

f o r m a ti ve

1.
ted for

that

st im ul u s

S e v e n graft
the

study,

observed.

the
No

and titrat abl e

combinations

of the

d u r i n g 1947.

of the o t h e r g r a f t

in v i s i b l e

characters

which might

graft s y m b i o n t s u n d e r
solids,

titratable

any changes

produced,
and scion,

.analyses

in f ru it

co m p o s i t i o n .

were o b s e r v e d w i t h r e g a r d to

were

fruits

i n di ca te

of

from

d i d not

On l y v a r i e t a l

of

an i n t e r ­

for t ot al

acid,

s ym ­

of lea ve s

of fruits

-different t r e a t m e n t s ,

acidity and ascorbic

graft

of the

selec­

on the

symbiont,

an ot he r va ri e t y ,

st oc k

and

six v a r i e t i e s

of one

the i n f l u e n c e

ac t i o n b e t w e e n

its

ac idity,

The e f f e c t s

a variety which developed under
were

stock-

ascorb ic acid,

of d e f o l i a t e d shoo ts

influence

ch a n g e s

of

to

i n d u c e d b y 2,4-D.

we re m a d e

d e v e l o p m e n t of fru it s
biont under

solids

In addition,

w i t h r e f er en ce

on the s y n t h e s i s

s ol ub le

in

a i m of a n a l y z i n g rece nt

i n t e r a c t i o n betvveen s t o c k and scion.

the results

on the

on s t o c k - s e i o n re l a t i o n s h i p s

solubl e
reveal

differences

the c o m p o s i t i o n f a cto rs u n d e r

study.
attempts

were

made

d u r i n g 1948 w i t h

the i n t e r a c t i o n of v e r y y o u n g

scions

the o b j e c t of studying

and c o m p a r a t i v e l y old er

-61-

stocks.

Scions w i t h two

were s u c c e s s f u l l y
leaves

cotyledons

grafted on

and two small leaves

s i x - w e e k old

consistently developed

stocks.

abnormalities

The

scion

and studies

co ul d

not be continued,
2.
made

Studies

on r e c i p r o c a l

in their

c a p a c it y

on

the a s c o r b i c

gr a f t s
to

m o n s t r a t e d that the

of

developed under
variety,

the

was not

was

content

Wo

fruits

influence

of the le av e s

c h a n g e d ap pr e c i a b l y .

Wo

asc or bi c

5.

total

in the

le ave s,
so lu bl e

a c i d conten t.
acidity

The

ox y a c e t i c

de fi n i te

the fruits,

conclusion

synthesized

the fruits,
the

or was

s u b st ra te b e i n g

the l eav es .

stock w i t h o u t

t itr ata ble

system.

of the ot her

aci d was

tot al

soluble

solids

of fruits which, d e v e l o p e d e i t h e r u n d e r

asc orbic

root

of one v a r i e t y w h i c h

and t h e n t r a n s l o c a t e d into

changes

The

de­

acid p r o c e e d e d in

i n d e p e n d e n t l y of the

of

i n d e p e n d e n t l y s y n t h e s i z e d in
s u pp li ed by

It was

obse rv ed.

could be d r a w n -as to w h e t h e r
in the lea ve s

were

differing greatly

acid.

f o r m a t i o n of a s c o r b i c

Wo r o o t s t o c k i n f l u e n c e
aci d

conte nt of fruits

two v a r i e t i e s

synthesize ascorbic

the g r e e n a s s i m i l a t i n g p ar ts

ascorbic

acid

acid was

in f l u e n c e

or r o o t s t o c k w i t h leaves,
so li d s
Wo

r e l a t i o n s h i p was

stimulus

transmitted

of ro ot -

were no ti ced .

s h ow e d a r e l a t i o n s h i p to

and a s c o r b i c

formative

the

and ac i d co ntents

the

fo un d b e t w e e n

the

acid.
i n d u c e d by 2 , 4 - d i c h l o r o p h e n through graft unions

of tomato

- 62-

plants

from

stock to

ch em ic al n a t u r e but
4„ The resul ts
for a d d i t i o n a l
hybridization
p o r t e d ha v e
clusions „

work

scion.
its

The

actual

of the

stimulus

form was not determined,,

investigations,

to a n a l y z e more

concept, h a v e

s e e m e d to be of

w i t h s u gg est ion s

thoroughly,

b e e n d is cu ss ed .

been considered inadequate

for

the v e g e t a t i v e

The results- r e ­
d r a w i n g final

c on ­

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