Se + Staak ig WERT ~~. elke ° , We i de oe LSE Ss * Fs > iH » a OE SEY. ms —. . vA Ky rt ee = ate Ls —) \ , Jv i 7 Vy Oe Ye + 1 +t , J tt SP Bete : we. he ee a. Senior Agricultural Thesis. on YRARL SEWERAGE SYSTEM. ® Mishigen Agricultural College, Agricultural Collefe, hich. FARM SEWERAGE SYSTEM, Many people, if they ever think of such a thing at all, would think thet a fari sererage system was an extrava-— rant thing. Possibly it is, if just looke4 at from one side of the question. Possibly it is extravagant to have a barn when you can stack your hay and grain out doors, or have a reaper when you can cut your grain by hand. Possibly it is extravarant to have a roof over the manure pile, or shelter for the farm machinery, when all could be left out exposed to the weather. These comparisons are perhaps striking, especially as viewed from an economist's standpoint; but that is just the view we purpose dwelling most upon. A sewer, whether in the city where they are so generally used or on a farm where they are so seldom used, is a conduit for carrying away wastes. It is economically important thet the wastes be removed and disposed of properly, because, 1st: They are very liable to pollute the air, water or soil, and therefore causes sickness or death. The question of how to to preserve food health is a great enronomieal one, 2nd. If properly disposed of wastes are used as fertilizers of the soil, and do not contaminate the air, food or water which we use. The impurities which tend to render air, water and food unfavorable for man's best development are the product of his own life, The removal of the source of this impurity mst be effected by his own act. It is my purpose to give the plans of a farm sewerage 102897 system which I have designed for a farm in Northern Michiran, put which would be about the same and cost about the same for any farm of ordinary size. The portion of the farm upon which thie particular sever is to be laid is described as follows: The BE, 1/2 of tho NH. E. 1/4 of Seo, 16, T. 31 N., R. 8 W. This sewer is designed not only to remove the wastes, put to distribute thom over a given area of soil, thus increas- ing its fertility. One of the freat municipal questions of late is: How to dispose of the city sewage; for the time is not far distant when they will be vrohibited from dumping it into rivers or lakes. Several systems are now in successful operation where the sewage is disposed of by using it to irrigate a tract of land near by, which is used for agricultural purposes. Sev- eral extensive ones, as well as many smaller ones, mav be found both in Burope and America. Both surface and subsurface irrigation is used. The latter requires the laying of tile just the same as in land cCrainage, except that the tiles are placed from 8 to 12 inches below the surface. Tre vrinciple of disposing of sewage by irrigation is this: When foul water as sewage is delivered onto land not’ already oecupied by water it descends by eravity. Its in- purities are strained out and attacned to the particles of soil, just as they would be attached to the particles of any other filter. Within a certain distance of the surface the impurities are all removed, and the water descends below that point in a pure state. With this brief explanation of why a farm irrigating system would be a good thing on most farms of any considerable size, I will now take up the one designed. Map No. 1 is a toporraphical one of that portion of the farm concerned with the sewerage system. A mark on the cel- lar wall of the house was used as a benoh mark, and an assumed plane 100 feet below this point was used as e reference or datum plane. It so happers that this, along with a certain Slope of the surface there, causes the 100 foot eontour line to pass through both house ani barn. Map No. 2 illustrates the plimibing system in the house. Just outside of the house is a well and windmill. A force pump raises the water to the suvvly tank in the attic. Fig. III shows the position of the tank in the attic. Fig. IV is a sectional view of the whole plumbing system. "a" is the pipe which conveys the water to the tank, The tank has a capacity of 100 cubic feet, which equals 750 gallons, or about 6260 pounds. A sare arrangement must be provided in case of overflov; accordingly an overflow pipe "b" is put in. It empties into the vertical soil—pipe "c" near the floor of the first story. The reason this pipe is carried so far down before entering the vertical soil~pipe is to get five feet below where the vent pipe *d* enters, for it is a rule in sanitary plunbing to have all vents enter tne stack, or vertical soll-pipe, at least five feet above where the highest fixture entrance occurs. The other pipe "e*® connected rith the tank carries water from it to the fixtures belor. Only three fixtures are put in the design; viz: a sink, bath tub and water closet; put more could easily be put in if necessary. ‘these are all in one room, in the first story, Pig. I. This room is drawn to a larger seale, Fig. V, to vetter show the relative size anc position of the fixtures. In Fig. V "a" is a marble sink, with wash bowl. This Figure also shows the hot water pipe "d" which comes from a cylin-— arical fralvanized hot water heater near the kitchen stove. This pipe branches, one branch going to the wash bowl and the other to the bath tub. All these water pinvs leading to fixtures ere 3/4 inch iron pipes. It wiil be noticed in the sectional view, Fig. IV, that tne fixtures are all trapped. The pipe leaving each fixture is, for the first three or four feet, a lead pipe, and a por- tion of this is bent somewhat like a letter S to make the trap. In one classification of traps this would be Known as the S$ trap; and under another it would be known as the water seal, because it always contains some water when being used, in such @ manner 2s to shut off all possibility of foul fas trom the sewer entering the room. Where tne pipes from these fixtures enter the vertical soil-pipe a T branch is put in for each one, as will be seen at "fF", Pig. IV. Now the wastes or sewage, as it would properly be called, runs dawn along the soil-pipe "gf", which is laid at a grade of one foot in eight in this case. After this cast iron pipe passes beyond the house wall e running trap with two four inoh vents is put in, "h", Fig. IV. This is where the plumbing eysten ceases anc the sever begins. The object of a trap here is to provent the sewer gas from getting into the plumbing sys- tem. It passes up the first vent "i" and escapes into the air above all windows of the house. This particular vent is so arranged that it will catch water from the eave trough when it rains, and in this way the sewer can be flushed every time it rains. The plumbing system also mst have ventilation, e7 s This is provided for vy heving a fresh air inlet "Jj" in this some tras. The air passes in here through the soll-pipe "fr" and up the vertical stack "c" which opens four feet above the roof of the house. What little flushing the system in the house will need can be obtaincd from the water supply in the tank. It will be observed that; ist: No foul air oan enter the house, because all fixtures are trapped and, at the same time, all wastes can easily flow away; end: That both sewer end house systems have separate and efficient means of venti- lation; 3rd: That both systeis have the necessary provisions for flushing. Svace will not allow us to describe more fully the finer cotails of the system, so we will follow the sewer corn to the settling ane flusring chambors, Fig. VI, Map No. &. The sewer is 420 fcet long, ane. mate cf 4 inch vitrified sewer pipe. The grace is one foct in one huncred. 0On its way down a little braneh enters it from the barn. The first chamber is the settling chamber. Both are provided with man- holes, so 4 man can zet into them. The sewage flows over into the next chamber, which is arranged with a siphon in it. so when it is full its whole contents will be discharged at once, and will flow out in the little trenches prepared to receive it on the piece of pround to be irrigated. These trenches are shown by red lines on Map No. 1. Having briefly described the system, I will now proceed to give the cost of the various items that center into its construetion.e From pump to supply tank, 60 feet or one inch pipe Overflow pipe, 30 fect of one inch pipe rrom supply tank to fixtures, 40 feet of 3/4 ineh pipe From hot water tank to fixtures, 30 fcet or 3/4 inch pipe. Cast iron sewer pipe; Bbxtra heavy for soil and vertical stack, 65 feet, One quarter bend Three sanitary T-branches One runr.ing trap with tyo 4 inch vents Fixtures; Bath tub Bath tub connection Bath tub lead pipe Reducor Sink and wash bowl 16 feet of 2 ineh extra heavy server pipe 4 feet of lead pipe One sink trap One reducer Water closet Connections Tne 420 feet of 4 inch vitrified sewer pipo, according to prices obtained from The Columbus Sewer Pipe Co., 0., would cost 8.00 3.00 1.50 15.12 Snort branch to barn ¢ 1.08 One Y—branch ~ 18 settling and siphonirg chambers: 2,000 brick 10.00 e barrels cement 2.00 siphon pive anc sereens 1.00 Safety overflow pire 1.00 Lead vipe 80 Estimated cost of labor to do the plumbing vork 40.00 hstimated cost of labor to construct the sewer and charibers 30,00 Total $179.15 tO show how mich land is really needed for the 500 fal- lons, approximately, that will be discharged at a time fron the siphon chember, vould say that if we alloved one-half inch to flow over the surface each 24 hours, it would require about 1/27 of an acre to consume the sewage. If it was 1/4 inch, and a rainfall of 1/4 inch would be a small one, 1/13 acre would be sufricient. It is best to arrange it so we can send the sewage out one portion one dav, and another por- tion anotner dav. But even allowing for this, a half acre Would be great abundantre. May No. 8 shows how I proceeiecé with the ficld work to obtain data for Map No. 1. I was assisted in the field work by F. T. Williams. We adopted as a base line a line parallel to, and 20 feet east of, the west boundary line of the cighty acres. Beginning 600 feet south of the north boundary line of the eighty acres, we ran out a perpendicular. We continued running out perpendiculars every 100 feet, until we had run out thirteen. Then we ran a set of lines parallel to the base. 8. line and 1099 reet anart, so ve had an area 1200 feet long bv 800 feet wide, laid off in 100 foot squares. The perpendiculars are desifrnated by the small letters,"a" being farthest south. The following; are my levelling notes: Level survey Dec. 28th.,'97, by R. E. Morrow and F. T. Willies. Instrument, hLiountain Curley Transit, with level. sta. B.S. de I. +. 5. Fl. Top of stone in wall at B. h.. 075 100.75 100. bese of cellar window cf south part of house. 1800' S and 20' E of N. \. corner stake of N. FE. 1/4 of N. fF. 1/4 of Sec. 16, 2.0 10.86 89.89 T. 31 N., R. 8 W., suppos-— ing the west boundary line of said area to be a NN. and S. Line. pod 12.05 88.70 DL 2.16 91.59 1d 1.72 23.50 8.97 91.78 Near south row of bee—hive: ont 5.24 96.51 o3¢ 11.76 111.07 1.48 99.32 In barn-yard. bes 1.66 99.10 Front stoop of house. al 8.03 92.72 Cn 7.52 93.13 dl 10.78 898.97 CZ 3.09 93.62 10.382 80.43 C4 6.€2 104.465 a4 11.92 99.15 C5 4.14 106.93 b4 E.67 105.50 | as 11.806 1:19.96 an kO LO m0 11.78 1381.37 9.99 99.24 2.94 10.36 037 7.262 9.82 7. 4.73 6.77 11.17 5.88 6.29 6.53 4.25 Bl 102.20 108.31 101.33 117.03 109,70 119.59 112.34 110.14 124,37 126.84 124.60 120.20 87.682 87.19 83.97 89.25 85.44 87.25 84,83 86.564 89.41 89,88 90.86 91.35 92.18 94,24 98.17 95.48 In crove back of house. At east end of strawberric Very nearly same as 80 rod stake 600' from north boundary line 12 C2 C3 g4 &5 G3 q ad 1.10 12.07 88.62 103,95 3.64 3.57 1.64 4.99 6.66 5.07 4.01 1.43 JO.78 96.53 86.57 93.13 95.16 93.08 87.52 89.88 89.85 91,88 83.63 81,96 83.55 84.61 87.19 ms 7 10,91 11.00 4.04 2.240 2.8 9.11 7.11 13.97 14.23 8.44 10.21 12.78 4.62 8.17 10,94 8.40 4.53 Rad 8.57 81.73 80.60 87.48 80.87 77.76 76.63 81.07 85.43 73.72 88.31 77.71 77.62 84.58 86.13 85.82 94.84 96.84 89.98 89.72 95.61 93,74 91.19 99.33 95.78 93.01 95.55 92.42 101.71 95.38 }-~ nner y ers Survey oF EA ot Portion of the Ka Pty whrek DD, wou be possible Y%o irri Gate From bhe buildings Inst tirument, Large Gurley Trans ik ‘ Vernier 880, eve end Xe Y by Morrow édhd Williams , Dee. 370 /§5> | | ! DE reises Lui Conch, Saamrneny cy EG Ral , tue. A a2‘E&. 2, , peweat< OE = /2.3'. 3 Lane 7 GER at. Z¥ DE = p20 FE bane R U8 YER Lowe € 47 4 ste. £6 | Sfa. bas, ’ ’ Act.b. $M. and EG 3 of. wad | Parner 28D =/6 5. 9S CD : Co eset Cnorteae Lae Gf the eb: 2a 0 £ Con ten, Sarvs, e448 Ast. Trownerc Res /oft2x 80 Crerviee Li 4 Bez M./7% 37g. the Ccrats. rR, Mr. c M@= 2z72z’ Gf tte. Zo, 6ve Avk.8 an deo ow Crt, wnreg & < Trommrse i = ~ ms a a. ee | -_ a, = a Ca bad ed 1 Ea ‘ —_ rere ee . - . i f , °F sf 8 . J : ~ ) f 5 ~~ MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES LP BL A A | I I} | | i] | | LNA 3 1293 03142 9263 Wa ‘ Bi. aot —— R I| MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ih aL ANT WU TAAWIA HF Wa WAU A 3 1293 03142 63 . | 92 ~ vv é ee eee A . c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRA iii” 42