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THESIS

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A Survey of Lighting Conditions.
In lansing.

A Report Submitted to

The Faculty of

WIGHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

t By
\. ; * 7
PV, ee
Ee Re Morrow H. Ae Fellows.
ah. %
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Candidates for the Degree of

Bachelor of Sciense.

Jdme 1921
THESIS
nm" JOON ry NATO TY
A ld wale Of C va ‘avaJe

Introduction coccceccveccccccecccsccsccess seccvesceccccen
APrbaurh’s Veoartment Store ceeccscccccccsccecscscccesccscven
Hoover ~- Bond, Furniture cecccccccccescccsccscceccccoceeld
Mifgflin’s Ledies and Gent's FurnishingBeececoscccccccceclé
O'Connor's Men's Furnishings csecccocccccccccceccensceceel&
Wolverine Restaurant cosccoscsccccscccccccccescsoceccseeld
Boston Cale eoecccccccccccecccccscccescecccsecccseseeseen0
Kresge's 5 and 10 Gant Store cccoccccccccesccccesceseseene
Mi11"s Dry Goods cecccccvcccccccccccvccccccscccececcccceck
State Journal Off1CO cocccccccccccccscce- coer ccccccceveerd
VoOlworth's 5 und 10 Gent storecccccaccccscccccesscsesseoord
City LADrary ccccccccccccccccccccccccccces ccccesccccsseed5
R@SLAONCES coc ccccccncccccscsccccsceccaccsee sce cecceseal5

ConClusion cescccccce vocccccccccccascccecccsccesccccecsenl
Th ACT LON e

The fundumental basis on which a large number of business Jde-
Cisions are formed, is the conparison between a merchant's own practice and
that of compeyors encnged in the same, or similar lines of business. Light-
ing engineers have long been aware that this principle is an important
factor in seciring increased intensities in store lighting. This fact has
formed the basis for a careful comrarisen of foot-cmdle intensities in

several of the larrer cities mech as New York and Soston,.

mat a surwey of this kind is of prac£¥ical value is shown by the
action of the manacers in re juesting informtion for obtaining better light-

ing conditions.

In this report we huve attempted to unalyze the installation
of some of the typicsl stores of Lansing und, at. the same time, suggest
changes which will bring the intensities to the vilues waioh common practice
dictates. The readings were taken on tne coumter or t:.ble level, thus

giving vuluee with which the user is concerned.

Por the readings contained in this report we are mich indebted

to the munugers of the stores bolow civen for their co-operation with us:

Fo Ne Arbuurh Company The Boston Cufee

Hoover-Bond Company Dee Kresge Company.

Elein ‘'1ff1lin Furnishines. “lis Try Goods Company °
James O'Connor, Clothier “he State Journal

Yolverine Lunch. “oolvorth 5 and 10 Gent Store
The apparent lack of interest on the part of the residence owners mde
it impessible to mo kce a complete investigation of this phase of illumination
practice in the city, but at the three residences where conditions were
examined, the people were very much interested and helped in our work.

Ye also owe much gratitude to ‘t. Monger of the Burker-
Fowler Electric Company for his assistance and advice in the compilation
of the data and for the use of hie @oot-candle meter in making the

16a surements.
Arbauch'sa Department Store.
Basenent.

Gon skal DATAs
Room size 100 x 60 feet.
Room area 6000 squsure feet.
Ceiling height, 10 feet.
Number of units 2l.
Type of units, Direct.
Lumps per fixture one, 100 or 200 watt "C".
Wattage consumed 48 watta per squure foot.
Units on ceilings
‘“Naximam intensity, J.00 foot-candles.
‘inimum intensity 1.00 "* "

Average " 2075 =O" "

GUIURAL NOP Gs:

The ceiling is a medium grey and the walls, a dark erey,
The ceiling is covered by a network of pipes and conveyers and the
unite mast be so mounted as to be below them.

The distribution is a negligible factor with the present
installation and, especially in the grocery and soe departments, there
are places where it is difficult to see the goods on display.

The above data applies to half of the basement.

Suggested corrections:

The excessive use of local lights in the basement shows
the need of a fixture with a better distribution. enzar number 400
with a 150 watt “C" lamp would tend to cut down the shadows which are
especially troublesome on this floor md will five 4 mach petter dis-

tribution than is now obtained.

Piret Floor.

GE RAL DATA:
Sise of roon 125 x 75 feet.
Floor aros 9375 square feet.
Ceiling height 22 feet.
Humber of waits 30.
aype of units Direct.

Lamps per fixture one ~00 watt "C"
Wattage consumed .64 watts per squsre foot.
Units suspended 4 f06t from ceiling.
Maximum intensity 5.50 foot candles.
Minimum intensity 1.50 foot candles.

iverage intensity 2.25 foot cundles,.

GUNGRAL NOT Se
The wall color is a light grey and the ceiling @ slightly
daykxer frey. These colors are not suitable for indirect lighting units.
The distribution is fairly uniform due to the large number of
fixtures and the high mounting, but the intenalty is only about one third

of that recommended for department stores.
BUGG STAD CORRECTIONS:

Usine the same spacing, but installing a Densar pendant type
unit with ornamental bowl number 601 1/2 with 300 watt "C" lamp, will
rive an intensity of 6 foot caniles, and at the same time improve the
appearance of the estore. This unit is entirely closed and the up keep will
be less than with a more open type. This unit, while simple in appearance
enpodies all the requirenents of the most up-to-date illuminating enzineer-
ing prinoiplese

Norchants who heve inatalled Dengurs in their stores are
enthusizstio over tho greutly improved illumination and the results which
they have broughte

In the shoe department, where the ceiling is only eight fect
high a celling type Densar, number 501 with a 200 watt “C” lamp would
produce an excellent general distribution.

The ribbon department, under the office, should have "Ce@2”
lampe in the fixtures which shold be the same as in the shoe department.

On the mid-floor, where there is a trunk display, number 700
Densar, with a 100 watt "C” lamp would rive the re uired intensity.

Phe arrangement of the desks in tho office is so irregular, that
the present local lighting could not readily be improved. The flexible
ceiling type as was used in the trunk room vith a °00 watt "C" lanp, nwaber
701, might be used in the center of each separate office to an advantage and
the local lighting done away with, Dut the improvenemnt would provably not

be great, due to the ransog just stated.

Second Flcor.
@ateRAL ly.Tas

Sise of room ~- 85 zx 60 feet.
Ploor Area = 5100 square feet.

Height of ceiling - 10 feet.

Humber of umiits - 17

Type of units - direct.

Lamps per unit - One — 200 watt "C"

Wattage consumed - .67 watts per square foot.

Fixtures suspended - 2 feet from the ceiling.

Maximam intensity 6.00 foot cmdles.

Minimam intensity .70 foot candles.

Average intmsity 2.25 foot candles.
GUNERAL NOTES:

The ceiling is a cream and the walls, an ivory tan color.

The distribution is extremely poor, due to the type of fixture used, which

is the Hitro-lite of the Horter Manufacturing Company of Chicago.

SUGGESTED CORRECTIONS:

This is the ladies*® cloak department and, as such, should be
lighted by a more artistic fixture. A direct wit, such as the Phomix Glass
Company's number 231 with a two foot chain suspmsion, would be suitable. With
the same size bulb as is now used, the distribution woubd be better and an
average intensity of 2.5 foot cmdles would be obtained. The dark places
between the fixtures would be eliminated by general appearance.

The north side of this floor contains a new installation of
lighting fixtures which are very artistic in appearance and which also give a

good distribution. There seems to be no change necessary.
Third Floor.

edi ata Dee iabe

Size of room 85 x 60 feet.

Floor area 6100 square feet.

Ceiling heivht 10 feet.

Number of units 18

fype of units direct.

Lamps per fixture One 150 watt "Cc"
“attage consumed .35 watts per square foot.
Units suspended 2 foot from ceiling.
"aximan intensity2.5 foot candles.

"inimum intensity .65 foot candles.

Averare intensity 1.23 foot omdles.

GITwAL POWzSs
The walls and ceiling are the seme as in the lower floor.
Zhe distribution is very poor, in spite of tne fact that there are colors

to examine end tapastries to mtch.

SUuG@ 2. I COMRECT IONG :

a unit suitable for a rug dicrertment is the Dengar with a
“Ca” lampe ‘To obtuin proper intensity, mimber 200 type with a 160
watt "C-2" la: should be used. ‘This size will give an average intensi ty
of about 2.25 foot candles und the shadows will be eliminated, muking it
very easy to examine the stock.

The north half of thie floer contains curtains, art lamps, and
phonographs. The use of "Daylight ‘madas” is hot necessary, as there are
no Colors to be mé@ched. Other than this, the units to be used should be

the sane as in the other part of this floor.
Fourth Floor.

GuNRAL DATA:

Sige of room 8&5 x 60 feet.

Floor 6100 Csusre foete

Celline licht 10 feet.

Nunber of units 18.

@ype of unite Direct.

Lu'aps per fixture - one 150 or 200 watt, "Cc"
.attace consumed 60 units per syuare foote
Units suspended 2 feet fron ceiling.
“‘gxirumn intensity <.25 foot cundlos.

“inimun intensity .50 foot candles.

nvorage intenal ty 1.25 foot candles.

pscatAL ROTTS:
THe walle are a light grey color and also the ceiling.
‘fae floor is very nearly the same us the floor below and

acarcely requires special treatment.

SUGGE TID CORR ACTIONS s

Uniformity of fixtures on the upper floors is a desirable
feature from the standpoint of maintenance. This surgests the installation
of number 200 Densar units with 150 witt "C* lumps., giving an average
intensity of 2.25 foot candies.

The north side of this floor is used for the sume purpose as

the room just treated, . “he sane type and eize of mites would apply.
 

 

 

 

 

—— a —=——__45
Basement = North Side Basement - South Side.

 

 

Second Floor - North Side Second Floor - South Side

  

 

ee ee
Third Floor Fourth Floor
1)

Hoover-Bond. Furniture.

Pirst Floor.

GUvEKaL DaBAs
Sise of room - 40 x 125 feet.
Floor area = 50000 square feet.
Height of ceiling - 18 feet.
Rumber pf fixtures - 12,
lamps per fixture - 1. 200 watt. (C)
Type of fixture - Direct.
Wattage consumed - .48 watts per square foot.
Fixtures suspended —- 4 feet from the ceiling.
Maximum intensity 4.00 feot candles. (4.00 )
Kinisam intensity 1.75 foot candles.
Average intensity 2.75 foot candles.

GUERAL HOTS 8

The ceiling is a cream color end the walls are an ivory tan,
thus direct units are preferable. The furniture en this fleor is dark
and of a sanewhat mixed variety. A bright light is necessary to suitadly
display this and is not furnished by the present installation. ‘The dis-
tribution is not bad, but the goods would show up to a greater advantage
under a brighter and softer light and a modern fixture would give the

store a more pleaséng apperance.

SUGGEITED CORNUCTIONS s

A mit whieh will £111 the requiremente outlined above is th:
Densar # 2 Gatalog #D-6. of the Beardslee Ohendelier Mfg. 00o., Chicago.
At the same time it has the advantage of being a dust proef wit and the
up keep would be lower than with a unit which mst be cleaned mere often.
ll

Heover-Bond. Furniture.
Second Floor.
GENERAL DeTaz
Sise of recom - 60 x 60 feet.
Flocr area - 5600 square feet.
Height of ceiling - 9 feet.
Wenber of wits - 10
Type of units - Direct.
lempe per mit - one 200 watt.
Wattage consumed - .555 watts per square foot.
Fixtures - on ceiling.
Maxinun intensity 10.0 foot candles.
Minimum intensity 1.5 foot ocmdles.

Average intemsaity 5.6 foot omdiles.

GiNEial NOTES s

The ceiling and wall are a cream stone color. The fur-
nishings consist of dining tables and other dining fixtures. The west
side of the room is mostly window ares. Tims, artificial lighting is
not ordinarily required during the day, unlese it is dark.

The spacing is uniform, but the flat metal shades used do
not give an even distribution, There is also a troublesome glare dus

to the low ceiling and the bare lamps.

SUGGESTED CORR ACTIONS s

A replacement of the present mits by Brascolite type AF
Catalog #8., with a °0O watt, type C lap will give an average intensity
of 4 foot candles. This is an added intensity without an added wattage
consumption and the distribution is more uniform. There will be an

absence of glare end at the same time, a sufficient intensity to exhibit
the stock.
12

Roover-Bond. Furniture.
Third Floore

GENERAL Dias
Sise of reom - 75 = 175 feet.
Picer area — 15100 square feet.
Height of ceiling - 9 feet.
Number of unite - 35
Type of units - direct.
Lamps per unit - one 150 watt.
Wattage consumed ~ 4.585 watts per square foot.
Fixtures on coiling.
ieximes intensity 7.00 foot candles.
Jinieos intensity 70 foet candles.

Average intensity 5.04 foot candles.

GIT. KOM:

The ceiling color is on ivory tan and the walls, a light
arey. The furnishings consist of tapestry, bedroom furniture, and
easy chairs, which ure all dark. |

There is no wmiformity in the distributian,

The glare is very bad due to the lew mounting height ef
the unit and te the fact that the room is large, this causes mmny wite
to be in the field of vision and the unshaded lamps are really peinful
to the eves.

SUGGESTED CQiREC SIGNS s
fo obtain a more uniform distribution and to eliminate
the glare which is worse on this fleor than on the second, the use of
 

13

a unit similar to that suggested for the second floor would be desirable
a 200 watt lamp would give an average of 3 foot candles, the same as is
obtained at present at an added sonsumption of 50 watts per unit. There
is no particular reason for increasing the intensity as it compares
favorably with modern standards. The necessity is reducing the glare

to a minimum and obtaining better distribution and this is done by the

suggested unitse

 

 

First Floor

 

 

 

 

 

Second Floor Third Floor
14

Mifflin’'s Ladies and Gent's Furnishings.

GUNURAL DATA
Size of room <5 x 90 feet.
Floor area 2250 square feete
Height of ceiling 14 feet.
Number of mits 4
Type of units total indirect, non-luzinous bowls.
lamps per unit one 400 watt (C)
Wattace consumed .70 watts per square foote
Units suspended 4 feet.
Muxingm intensity 5.50 foot candles.
Rinimam intensity 1.50 foot candles
Average intensity 2.50 foot candles.

GRITRAL NOTTS s

The celling is a medium gray, the walls a dark grey, and
the furnishings are also a dark color. Therefore this cémbination causes
@ very poor efficiency with each an installation. The distribution is
fairly uniform.

SUGGESTZAD CQRRECTIGHISs
The first correction should be in the wall ad ceiling
decoration. A suggestion in this line would be to use a much lighter
shade of the same color.
If the non-luminous bowl is desired, ite efficienay eould
be greatly increased ty the installation of om X-Kay reflector in the bowl.
with these cerrections an average of 4.50 foot eandles could
15

be obtained with the same size lamp, and with a 500 watt lamp an
average intensity of 6.00 foot cmdles would result. This is accordance

with stendard practice.

 

 
16

O*Conners liens urnishingse

Uileuabl DaTas
Gize of room - 50 x 80 foete
Floor area 4000 sjusre feet.
Ceiling heicht 18 feet.
rumber of units /.
type of unite direct (gless siv.de.)
lanpe ner fixture one 00 wutte
atta consumed 2.85 wotts per square foote
tmitr suspended 4,00 feet from ceiling.
“axivnnn intensity 5.00 foot c-zdles.
‘dnimm intensity 2.90 foot cundles.

overere intenal ty 3.50 foot cundles.

General Rotese

Ceiling dark grey, and the walls are & dark tm colore snelves
containing durk mtorisls and boxes extend cround trs wall to a neight of
ubout fourteen feet. Une to the store's location on a northeast corner
artificial illumination is seldom re.juired during the dnytime, However this

does not oliminate the ploom wnich seens to »revail ut all timen.

SWuaG OSD COMRSCT LIONS:

wn indirect lichting systen would be suitable for this type of
store, but owinr to the durk color of the walls and ceiling such an installe
ation would be impractical. Uncrefore it is necessary to use u type of unit
which is more nesrly independent of reflection from the walls and ceiling.

The wits are not congruent. The class of foods sold by thie store warrant
17

the use of a more artistic type of mite ‘The Hrascolite type AN (catalog 8)
would be in accordunce with the ebove surrestionse. This wonld necessitate
the use of a 500 watt (C) lump, producing an intensity of eight foot candles,
which is recomaended for men's furnishings sto rede

‘the mid-floor in the back part of the store makes it necessary
to uss a ceiling unit for the part muder-nesthe Brasoolite AF with 75 watt
#C" lumps would be in hurmony with the main lights and the intensity would
average 6 foot candles.

“ype 431 Brascolite with a 200 watt "C" lamp would give an

intensity of 5 foot cmdles on the mid floor.

 

 
18

Wolverine Restaurant.

GoNRAL DésABA:
Sise of room 25 x 75°
Floer area 1875 sqe ft.
Height ef ceiling 18°
Rumber of unite ll seal-indirect, and 80 direct.
Type of units, light opal semi-indirect; bare lamps on
ceiling.
lempe pe@r fixture Mme 300 watt (C) are lamps 40 watt (5)
Vattage consumed: 5.47 watts per equare feote
Units suepended three feet fran ceiling.
Maximum intensity 10.26 ft. 6.
Minimum intensity 6.00 ft. ce
Average intensity 6.50 ft. 6.

GENERAL NOTES: |

Oeiling light baff, and walls white enamel. The fixtures
are of white marble with nickle trimmings. A three foot band of mirrors
extending along the two sides of the room.

Quring the day all the lights aro burned to combat the effect
of sanlight, giving the intensities shown above, but at night only the
direct units are wned resulting in an intensity of 4.50 foot candles. This
latter value compares favorably with standard pmctice. The high intensity
during the day is considered necessary to provide mfficient brilliancy
to combat nearby competition.

SUGGUSTED CQRXHOTIOCNSs
A redaction of the bulbs in the semieindirect bowls from 800
19

watt to 200 watt would cive an average intensity of 4.00 foot candles,
which could then be used at night in place of the direct units with a
lower wattage consumption and a more pleasing effect. This change wold
not materially alter the daytime effect because the glare from the

direct units is needed in addition to the added intensity.

 

 
20

Boston Cafe.

OmimmalL Data:
vize of room 24 x 70 feete
Floor eres 1750 s,uzre feate
Calling naisht 12 feet.
Naunber of lishting unitse five conerul direct cluster units,
und twenty-one bracnetg liste.
wyve of unite directe
ramps per imit 6, 40 watt "Bb".
vattace consined
‘mits suspended (*iin) five Leete
liaxime intensity 3.50 foot candles.
‘finivmm intensity 1.80 foot candles.

Averasce intemaity 2.75 foot candles.

GN ahead MODs. 3

Tio ceiliny is a livht eroy, while the walls are a sare
#reen COlore A bunu of nirrors three feet wide extenis along the wall
on three sides of the roon at a hei-ht of four fcet from the floor.
728 furnishings are of ua whits oolor, consisting of tuble linens and
marble counter topee

The distrioution is poor mt owing to the fact that light
is needed only on the tables and coimters this does not mter into the

problea.

PUGET COMUC ITO:
The color of the ceiling und walls is not a very great item

in thés store ss special mits furnish light for each t:ble. Fér this
reason, the general lighting is not of very wreat importance and the
artistic effect is more to be considered.
The low intensity of senoral illwaination presents 4 pleas-

ing appearance und the local light is mfficient for the requirements.

 

 
Kresge’e 5 and 10 cent Store.

GENERAL DATA:
Sime ef roan 50 x 125 feet.
Floer area 6250 square feet.
Height of ceiling 15 feet.
Number of units 58.
fype of units direct, total inclosed.
lamps per unit one 75 watt (C)
Wattage consumed .464 per square foot.
Units suspended 5.5 feet.
Maximus intensity 4.00 foot candles.
Minima intensity 2.50 foot candles.
Average intensity 5.35 foot candies.

GEXNSRAL ROTES s

The ceiling is a light gray, and the walls are largly
covered with plctures, msic, ete. They all blend together to make a
pleasing light appearance.

While the average intensity is low, there seems to be a
sufficiency intensity am the working plane. This is probably ane to
the light coler ef all fixtures. The fixtures create a delightful
atmosphere, and there is a noticeable absence of glare.

Not long ago 100 watt lamps were used, but have been
mostly replaced with 75 watt lamps. Measurements taken under the few
remaining former sise mits showed a slight increase in intensity over
those in present use, but Ghe increase was not sufficient to warrant the

greater wattage consumption.
85

SUGGESTED CORRECTION:

Since consideration has been given to the decoration
and the type of lighting unit, and the result is satisfactory, there
is no need to suggest further correction, even though the intensity
is low according to common practice.

 

 
A

Mill's Dry Goods.

GERIRAL DAtA:
Sise of reom —- 125 x 50 feet.
Floor area - 6250 square feet.
Height of ceiling - 18 feet.
Number of fixtures - l2.
lempes per fixture - 1 - 200 and 300. watt 0.
Type of fixture - Direet.
Wattage consumed —- .48 watte per square fact.
Fixtures suspended —~ 4 feet from ceiling.
Maximus intensity 5.00 foot candles.
Momimus intensity 2.00 feot candles.
Average intensity 2.75 foot candles.

GENE AL EQPES s
The eelling is a dark tan and the wall is a light yellow
bat two-thirds of the wall is covered ty dark shelves and other display.
Artifieial light is required continuously, due to the dark
decoration and furnishings amd the amall percentage of window area.

SUGG5T2D CORRHOTIONS s

Unless Whe room is redecorated, indirect, or semi-indirest
mits would not be advisable., because the ceiling in its present condition
should be kept out of sight as moh as possible. The intensity is low as
compared with common prastice in stores of this nature, 3ix foot candles
average is a ninimm od eight would be more desirable.
fhe type of mits now installed in this store is not in mweping
with a first class store. 4 more congruous fixture should be used, such —
as drascolite, type Y¥ catalog £8. 500 ¥ Gype C lanp per unit will
pivo an intensity of 5 foot cindles.

Por uso under the mid floor and on the mid floor, the same
type of unit would be re juired as on the min floor, exsept that it
would be of the celling type VD. For the part under the mid-floor a 100
watt lamp would give an intensity of 4.5 foot candle when 14 wnits are
used. This would require a slight change in the wiring of the flocr,
but the change is in six outlets only. |

The mid-fleor is used for an office. Using two units in the
back part of the effice and one near the memarcer’s desk, 200 w. units
would give an intensity of 5 foot candles which would be sufficient
intensity. The same type of umit used as in the previous case. For the
Oashier*s and telephone operater’s desk, a 150 watt unit would bring the
intensity up to 5 foot candles. The same size of unit in front of the
’ stairs would even up the distributian on this floor and present a pleasing
appearance.

This systes would require a change in the wiring of the
fleor. The expense incident to this alteration is fully justified a
accomt of the imprevenent in light distribution and general appeerence.

Second Floor.

GENERAL DATA:
Sise of room - 50 x 125 feet.
Floor area - 6250 square fect.

Height of eeiling = 14 feet.
Wumber of fixtures - 28.

lamps per fixture - 1. 75 —- 300 watts.
Type of fixgure - Direct, Same as first floor.

Wattage consumed - .675 watts per square foot.
26

Fixtures suspended - 5 feet from ceiling.
Maximam intensity 8.00 feet candles.
Minimua intensity 2.00 foot candles.
Average intousity 4.50 Foot candles.

GENERAL FOM:S:

The ceiling and walls are the same as the first floor. The
furnishings ure largbly dark, consisting of millinery end ladies elaaks.
In general, this fleor is lighter than the first, and the window area
is greater.

The units are uniformly spaced in four rows running the
luugth of the store. The sise, however, varies from 75 watts to 500 w.,
end the distribution is very irrequler. The intensity at the front
of the store is higher then necessary, bat, in the back part, where
millinery is displayed, the intensity is cerrespondingly lew.

SUGGESTD CORRECTIONS;

fhis being a floor exclusively for ladies, the lighting
should be so planned as to cater to the taste of ladies. The lighting
unit should be such that it would create a pleasing atmosphere, in keep-
ing with the rest room end tea room at the beck of this floor.

A unit of the type of "Decora #35774 E 162" Oatalog #81 of
the Macbeth ~- Evans Company, would be suitable for uee here. The light
is seft and a 200 watt lamp would give 3.5 foot candles on the working
plane, whieh is stanéard for this type of roome

Third Floor.

GENERAL DATA:

Sise of ream - 125 x 50 feet.
sc

Floor area ~- 6250 square fect.

Height of ceiling ~- 14 feet.

Funber of wnits - 10.

Type of units ~ Direct.

lamps per mit —- one. 200 watte (C)

Vattage consumed - .52 watts per square foot.
Fixtures suspended - Sfeet.

Maximum intensity - 11.0 foot candles.
Minimam intensity - 2.00 foot candles.

Average intensity - 5.00 foot candles.

GERERAL NOTES:

The ceiling is light grey and the walls, a tan and sky blue.
fhe floor was used for children's clothing, toys, notions, and ladies
underwear eo

The electric units were supplémented by gas mits of the
same candle power as the electric. There were six of these mits, so the
effect was the same as 16 units. The spacing being very irregular, the
distribution was the same, altho the mits used resenbdle the brascolite
type and have a good curve. ‘The uneven distribution does not have a
detrimental effect on the lcoks of the room and the entire Aémpaphere

is pleasing.

SUGGESTED CORRECTIONS:

There seem to be no direct changes which might be made in
this installation which would make it much detter, and as the present
installation is satisfactory, no changes will be suggested.
 

 

MILLS DRY GOODS

 

First

 

Third Floor

 

 

Second Floor.

28
 
State Journal office.

Gaal Navies
Size of room - 69 x 90 feet.
Floor urea = 5490 saquere foete
Heicht of ceiling - l2 feet.
Number of fixtures 9
Limp per fixture - 1-300 watt (Cc)
Type of fixture Seni-indirecte
wattage Consumed p 444 watte per square foote
Maxim dnéensity 10.0 foot caniles.
rixtures mespended 3 feet.
Minima intensity 1.25 foot candles.

Averare intensity 5.4 foot cundles.

Guia DeTas

The ceiling is an ivory tan and the walls are a light grey.
The furnishings are dar.

The general illusination is low, but is sufficient because
local lights which cive an intensity as high as 15 foot cundles are used
on every desk. 75 watt C-2 lamps are used in all desx lamps.

As the office hours end at five P.''., there is seldom a need

for the use of the entire number of uits, the local units being mrficient.

SUGGEST COMNCTIONS 3

The lighting unit used is vory dnefficient, due to the great
absorbtion of tne glase. The use of an indirect unit for this installation
would be very desirable. By using EC-14 X-Ray reflector in conjunction

with the bowl now in use, the same intensity could be obtained with a 200
 
30:

watt lump type C. This reflector would convert the present semi-indirect
unit into a luninous bow] inilrect unit and & more uniform distribution
would result with a saving of one third of the wattage consunptione

The 75 watt "C82" lanps used in the desk units are far in
excess of the requirementse 25 watt "B" lamps would be sufficient and

there would be less strain on the eyes of those at the desks.

 

 
31

Yoolworth’s 10 cent Store.

eatiiial DATAS
Size of room @ 50X125 feet.
Fleor area - 6250 square fect.
Height of ceiling - 16 feet.
Rumber of unite - 21.
Type of units - Nitro-Light (Horter, Chi.)
lamps per fixture - 1 500 watt. (6)
Wattage consumed - 1.05 watts per Square foot.
Units suspended 6 feet from celling.
Maximum intensity 10 ft. 6.
Minimm intensity 4.5 ft. ¢.
Average intensity 6 ft. 6.

GR lial NOT:

The ceiling is a light gray end the walls, to adout five
feet from the ceiling, is en ivory color. ‘The remainder of the wall
is covered with miscellaneous articles on display such as masic, ete.

The foot candle meter readings indicated an uneven distri-
bution of light, beeause of the poer curve of unit used. The average,
however, is correct as compared with present lighting practice.

SUGG=STED CORRECTIONS:

The ceiling and walis would be mitable for the use of
indirest mits but, ewing to the nature of the goods, a more brilliant
light is required. The type of mit enswering these requirements is
the Densar $1 (Manufactured by the Beardsley Chandelier Co.). This
wnit,gives an aves distribution with a minimum of glare and shadows.
With this unit, it would be possible to reduce the size of the lamp
to 200 watts and still maintain the average of intensity of 6 fto Ce,
thereby the wattage consumption would be reduced to .66 watts per

square foote

 

 
38

City Library.

Gabiial Tei Das
3ize of room 50 x 100 feet.
Floer area 5,000 square feet.
Ceiling height 12 feet.
Fumber of unita 5.
fype of units Direct.
Lamps per fixture one
,attare consumed .20 watts per square foote
Units on cellinre ,
‘mxi mum intensity 3.00 foot candlea.
‘inimen intensity - foot candles.

Averarce intensity - foot cmdles,.

Tne wall oolor is & dark brown and the ceiling is a dirty

whi tee

The distribution is oor, there being elmost no light on the
book shelves end not eufficiat anywhere without the aid of the desk
lamps, which mould not be necessary. “ne dask lamps now in use cause

glare and are harmful to the eyes.

OUGGIS SoD COMM LIIGIOs

She following design is bused on the decoration as suggested
for tne place can not be mado attructive when the walls and ceiling are in
bad shapee

Zhe first thing which must be done to get cood kbghting in
this place is to redecorate. Ivory white is a desirable color fer the

ceiling and an ivory tan for the aells.
An ideal installation would consist of four symetrically

located #1074 fixtures with three 75 watt "0" lamps, each lamp in its
individual X-Ray indirect lichting reflector, in each of the two larre
reading rooma and tvo in the snaller reading room, and one placed above the
center of the Librarian's deske This would give an average intensity of four
and a half foot cundles in the reuding rooma and a slightly higher value at
the librarian'’s deske

In the adjoining room,containing the book stacks, the same
correction 2s to decoration applies.

A practical method of Lighting the book stacks is by the use
of a cylindrical housing mounted on top of the book stack and containing
an X-Ray reflector mit, -15, with a hundred watt"C" lamp. four of these
uniformly spaced on alternate stacks would entirely eliminate hanging
fixtures and would illuninate the books on the lower shelves as well as those

on the uppere

ee r

cn

» .

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Residences.

“he conditions found at the residences examined show the

following intensities:

Noe l ROe Ze Roe 3
Foot-cendiles : Foot—cand les Foot-candles.

Parlor 2415 2-50 2ei0
Dining Room 2200 5ed5 1.20
Library 2040 ~ oe ooo
Hall 1.60 260 70
Hi tchen . 2.65 1.85 1.80
Bed Room 265 1.350 22065
Bath  BeBO 2,50 1.80
Sum Parlor 2045 3200 o 2 @
Sewing Room 4.00 1.40 oe

The standards of illumination as set by common practice at

the present time are:

Parlor 1.50 Kitchen 2.00
Dining Room 1§59 3edroom 2,00
Library 7~.00 Buth 2209
Rall «60 sun Parlor 1.50

Sewing Room <.560

She lighting instullations exumined are all of modern typée

The owners euch consider timt they huve about the best. The tendency
seams to be toward too greut un intensitye

In residence number 1, the fixtures @p the first floor are
richly conservative. In the perlor, or living room, no celling fixtures
are used. Candlestick brackets of the type number 22401 of the orn and
srpannen Manufacturing Cousny are used. art floor lamps are used in
conjunction with these for reviing lights. The remainder of the fixtures
of this floor are of the type of number 16355 of the sume companye

In second floor units consist mostly of a type similar to the
Masbdeth-fvaus number 1500 © 139 Thebian, either of one, two or three

liphts per fixture.
36

itesidence nunber tro containeg,on the first floor, ccndle-
ftico- fixtures almost oxclualvely. “.0 second floor units ars semle
indirect with *hebdlan nunber 4404 S III tyve of flussweree

itecsidence numper three contains similur fixturen on the first
floor to those in mamber two, with the exception that round, frosted bulbs
are used in place of the cundlesticxs. Tre secom floor wilts sre of the
type of Decora number 1604 © 151 of tho tmobeth Evans Glass Companye

The kitchen fixtures aro «ll & sinvle unit in the center of
tne roome Ko provision is made for special licnt on the stove, sink, or
work table. Suis srl change would mxe work in tho kitchen much easier by

renoving the discomfort of working in one’s ow shadow.
57

Our findings would indicate that the intensities used in
Lansing are below those in other cities where surveys have been made. A
comparison of the department store intensities of this city with averases

taken from reports ef the other cities will show this.

Floor Lansing Stores Averages of compared stores.
Foot-candles Foot-candles.

2nd 32358 50S

3rd e285 350

4th 1.25 300

BRusenent 3030 4200

?

The comparison was made with the intensities as they were at
the time of the surveys in the “ast. Complete data as to the present values
are not obtainable, mt, from the chages which are recorded, it would
Sp pear thet these present values are in excess of those recorded in the
above table. Intensities recormended for department stores are 6 to 10 foot-
cundles for the first floor, and 4 to 8 for the other Steors.

Higher intensities permit a more rapid examination of the foods
and thus speed up the operation of selline. An improvement in the personal
appearance of the employees is noticeable in stores having higher intensities.

The problem of maintenance is one which is lightly considered in
most of the stores. Keplacement of lamps at the end of their usefal life
and , more especially, a systematic cleaning of the fixtures would do much
teward bettering the lighting conditions. i ere stores persist in burning

longer than the recommended /ife.vemeval of such lamps

lumps/to the floors above the second, serves to maintain the illumination

of the lower floors at a desirable intensity.
38

In general, the above applies to the atores other than the
department stores. For them no compare tive data is available more than that
riven in the discussions following each individual installation. as
the different stores handle various goods it ie difficult to generalize,

end standard practice along will rule.
ROOM USE ONLY

ROOM USE ONLY,

 
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