j—  ,

THESIS
WNC

KALAMAZOO. MICH,

W.W. MUSSELMAN 4. C, SHERMAN

1908
a
++

— ——— = 3 = _—
| Deas BS trbas
ye

Th Um Socom ists em
re
teal ot

 

THES)<

This thesis was contributed by
Mr. H. C. Sherman
under the date indicated by the aepartment

stamp, to replace the original which was de-
stroyed in the fire of March 5, 1916.

 

| RECEIVED)

APR 1 1918
DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING,

 

 
 

  
 
 

  
   

| lg ENG! NEERING

APR 1 1918

Ku, cast Lansing, Mick

NN Sap AGEN orien & ee

ab

Wey

   

.
1

   
Private Library
ra

5
:

DN UES 30) aysesoue

 

 

This thesis was contributed by
Mr. H. C. Sherman
under the date indicated by the aepartment

stamp, to replace the original which was de-
stroyed in the fire of March 5, 1916.

 

 

| RECEIVES) |
APR 1 1918

DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING,

 

 
' w '

   

  

 

aT MEY
Shi

APR |

 

Naw

Q.
1918

 

  

   
 

“
THESIS.

PAVING IN KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN.

By

a

Hy He Musselman. i. C. Sherman.

rae Sa SE
THES :<.

 
PAVING IN XALAMAZCO, MICHIGAN,

The object of this Thesis is to determine the relative
economic value of ths pavements in Kalamasoo. In carrying
out this object we shall erdeavor, as fa# as our means of
investigation will permit, to determine the relative merits
of the different kinds of pavement, and whether the city has
followed or departed from good engineering practice, and if
so, whether such departure has been beneficial to the city.

The metho@ which were followed in the investigation of
this subject may be stated as follows: first, a careful study
of the requirements of good pavements, and general facts con-
cerning them and their value to a city; second, a study of
the city engineer's and oormmissioner's reports; third, a per
sonal inspection and investigation of the existing conditions
including a traffic census; and fourth, comparing the results
obtained with good paving practice. Of course, here we realise
that the judgment factor is an uncertain quantity owing to —
inexperience, but we feel confident that by closly adhering
to standards established by men who have had years of experience
we can arrive at som@satisfactory conclusions.

The city of Kalamazoo, located in the southwestern part
of Michigan, is at present a thriving business community hav-
ing about 40,000 inhabitants. It is essentially a manufactur-
ing town known in the industrial world by its paper mills,

stove factories, and carriage shops; In addition to this the
city is the market for many tons of farm produce drawn from

1029314
Be
a large area of surrounding territcry. The residence district
ie woll carked for, the streets being shady, well drained, and
many of them paved. Althouzh ot a railroad ce ter the -w-
ber of tons of freight shipped to and from thecity by the
various railroads is large compared to the number of people
in the city. |

Having “ow briefly mentioned a few of the charactoristi os
of the city vo will endeavor to show moro in detail the exper
dence which tho city has undergone in connecting her manufao-
turing a'd market interests to orch other, by a system of
stroets ad pavome rts as they oxist at the prose~t timo.

Forty years 270 whe~ but 1 village and travel was sone-
what limited, common earth roads vith sometimes a little gravel
added, were satisfactory to the people except ina fo low
spots by the rivor. In such places they built a road of logs
or rough planks. But such simple roads became inadequate to
accomodate tho traffio as tho city grew larger ad about 1885
the town fathers became co-vircod that the streets should be
paved. As a result of their convition the end of the year
found one of the streets of Kalamazco paved vith cedar blocks.
The blocks were cylindrical 111i about seven or eight inches
hich when set on od. The spaces betwoo: the blocks were
filled with sad od the gutters constructed of Bobblestone.

The results were satisfactory and each year a little was added
till in the year 1894 there was over six miles of cedar blook

paving in the city, as shown by the following table.
Table l.
Lineal foet of pavome t in the oity April 1,189.
Se

Streets. Kind of pavement Le-gth in feet.
Main &t. Brick 1,127
" Cedar block 6,531
Rose * 8 1,560
Burdick " 5,136
Portage * 5,755
West " 4,632
Wator e 1,870
Walbridge Alloy * 282
Farnors! Ave « 600
Gonger's Alloy * 167
Market " cobble stone 207
Exchange * ® 655
Bates e " 408

The streets in the above table were from 4 to 6 rods
wide, mosly 4, the alloys being from 12 to 20 foot wide.

Constart sprinkli-s of the streets wis of course detri-
montal to the long life of ‘vooden blocks, a'd they soon became
rounded on the eds and decayed, so that the pavement becanie
rough, dirty, and unsanitary. After the introduction of
brick pavement the wooden blocks were no longer laid, ard
those which had bee’: laid wp to that time, have been worn out
and taken up, the last of thom being removed during the summ
er of 1807.

The first brick pavement in Kalamazoo was laid in 1894
It vas nearly a quartor of a mile long acd wil be referred
to later. Since that day the city council has chose as its

motto, "More sood pavements for our city", and it has proven
4e

to be a wise choice for tho city, as today it has over 15
miles of good npaveme t, ropresentirs several different
varieties f co struction; brick, asphalt, bitulithio,
granitoid, acd macadam. For details of cost and construction

gee Table 2 in the pocket attached to the back covor.
In order to make a study of the engineering features of

& pavement, it will first be ~ecessary to givo a short review
of the co ditions wider which thoy were constructed. The succ-
ess or failure of any ergineering enterprise depends, to a
large degree, upon the funds allowed, and too often the lack
of funds is made an exouse for bad engineering.

The first cost of all the pavements in this city is
shared in the following proportions. The city pays for all
the grading a-Jd preparing subgrade for the pavoment, the cost
of pavement od curbing being borne by the residents on that
street according to the front foot rule, 1.6. each property
owner's share being proportionate to the lineal frontage on
that street. The cost of pavinz street intersections is
borne by the oity.

The specifications require that the pavement shall be
guaranteed for a period of five years by the co'itractor,
which virtually mea's that the coitractor is responsible foa
their mainterance for that length of time. Failure to per-

form this part of the contract is provided for by withholding
five per cent of the original cost of the pavemont, and the

right. of the city to take over ad porform the work of repair-

ing them. Yhere street railways oporate on tho stroets the
Se

Railway Company is required to pave or pay for paving a
strip eight feet wide alons their tracks.

The funds for street pavement work are provided for
by bonding the city. By this means tho tax payers are
allowed ten yerrs in ‘yhich to pay their assessments. Fivw
per cent interest is charged on tho unpaid monoy from the
time of completion of tho pirvenment.

Aocoording to H.C. Taft, who was for several yoars oity
enzineer in Kalamazoo, the ork of paving has been left
very much to the onsinoer. This has given him opportunity
to work to well diefined plans, which facet shoud be aprre-
ciated, as ongineers are sometimes vostrainel from omploying
the best mothods by authorities vhose technical knowledge of
vork of this nature is inadequate.

General Construction.

Por ears aftor tho first rick pavoment was laid the
city tried in many avs to determina, if possible,thebest
matorinl wl construction for local conlitions. An inspece-
tion of Table 2 vill shov that during this time little patch-
es cf various types of pavenent vere pit down, differont kinds
of brick ani bloc! were usel, girder ani grooved rails re-
placed the old tocs, and tho foundation passed throuch the
successive stazos from stray.) to Portiani cement concrete. |
The results obtained from a close cbservation of this exper-
imental work led tho engineers to establish a standard of
_conefruction which has been closely follovnod for the last
few yearse It is briefly 1s ‘Tol ows: a foundation of 6*

of Portlind ce:.ont concrete conforminz to the surface cf
Ge

the finished pavemont, a cushion of sand from 1" to 3*

nick for brick ani block raveoants, ani a venuring surface

of asphalt, granitoid, brick or asphilt block. The curb

is either Berea stone or the combined cement curd and gut-
tor. Whore a street car trick exists the rails must be 8®
or 9*® girder or rroove! rails.

Tho combined curb and zitter is very yell adapted to

the rositlence streets, es ,ocizlly those pavod vith asphalt.
It rests on a comprct bod of 6* of gravol, tho base and back
being com:osed of a 1 to 6 qrave’ concrete «nd tho face of
al* layer of 1 to 3 comont. See Biguros 3 anl 9. The curb
has a batter of 1 to 128 out-7ard fron tho contor of the street.
At the corners tho curd is laid on 2. curve ant steel banks

are plxced in the frce to protect it from vazon “heels. After
the construction is cormloted the curb and cutter is cut in-
to lengths from 4' to 6G! lon.

Another special foature is tho arranztemont of the put —

tor, catch basins, anil walks at the str-ot intorsoctions.
See Bigure 1. The corners are arranzod accorjing to the
grade of the stroots. Sup-ose tho grade to be in the direct-
idon indicated by the arrov, thon the elevation of the putter
invert at A is 1/10 feet lovor tham the walk. Thors is little
vrater to be taken care of at that point beciuse it is simply
Yoquired to carry off the vater from the -"mlk and the ad-
joining pavement. At 0 tio elevation is about 3/10 feet
lower than at A anid at B “t is still another 1/10 foot lower,

so the water from one hilf tho intorsection flows to the
7e
catch basin as shown. Tho heavy line represents the sutter
invert. For evory 1/10 foot fall from A around to B the
putter invert is the same number of foet from the curb
line. This is a stindard detail in Kalamazoo and as far
as ~@ knov is used novhers else, I[t ios very tocd and eco-.
nomical for «sphalt anil bitulithio pavements, but not quite
so food for brick on account of construction Jlifficulties.
We think, hc'voever, that its simplicity ani durability should
reoommend it to 111 city enzineers. It doos away at one
stroke, “ith tho <iangerous ston down, the iron putter plates
and the cbjectionable catch basin on tho corner.

Tho trouble which arisos from usinz a 4" tee rail is
shown in Figures 10 ani‘ll. The const:int jarrins as ell
as freezing in inter causes the brick to rise along the
track, even thouth the ties iro embed.ied in conorete. In-
spection alonz the trac? shown in Pic res above nentioned
showed us that the treatest troudlo vas experienced at the
joints of tho rails. This trouble vas romedied after a
time by onTorcine the stroot car cormany to pt dom 8° or
9*® rirder or sroovod rails on 113° pavod stroetse Those
rails also ipgprove the onpearance of the street ani iinke
it :uch easier for vehicles to cross the strost at a sharp
antle than when a tee rail is used.

Traffic Census.
Table de
Be

Tablo Se
Stroot Kind of Width Humber of Tons Ratio of
Pavement feet. Per day Per Per ft.of autotvehe
total veh. Vehvidth
per day
E, Nain Brick 67 2637 163235 57.9 1:17
N. Burdick 8 423 19301 1.24 4504 1:46
N,.Rose Granitoid 67 2481 157 370 1228
8, Park Block asp. 30 654 1.33 2108 1:6
Acadeny " f 58 496 1.51 10.5 138
S. Vest Bitulithia 39 672 1.23 17a 13:10
7. Lowell Cnoet asz. 350 860 1.20 2806 1310

fhe census from which Table 3 is computed was taken on
the 8th and 9th of May,1908 and ropresents about aweragecon=
ditions, The observations vero for a nericd of seven hours
from 7:50 A.}Hie to 4 P.M, with timo out for dinner, The day
mentioned in the table is for 12 hours and is ocbtninod by
averagins for one hour and rultiniying by 12 on the assump-=
tion that the trafic for the remainder of the timo was about
the avera7a. Tne travel at n’cht a5 novloéted. Hoosorse
Ho. Clark, L.Ce Tucker ind G.¥,. Hayman assisted us in taking

the census.

The folloving values vors assumel in figuring tonnage:

lL horse carriazos
< ton
" wAzTONS ,aNIDty
1 * * loaded 15 tone
2 8 carriages 3 ton
a * wacons, enpty
on «CN wazons, lonadad 3 ton.

The nu:vor of autorobiles “as noted merely to conmmare with
the number cf other vehicles. No account wns taken of them
in figuring tonnage as we thought the tiros caused so little
wear thet it could be neglected. The oil and gasoline
dropping from autcmopiles has, however, an injurious effeot
on asphalt pavements.
Asphalt Pivencnte

There aro 2.50 miles cf asphalt paving in tho city,all
of «nich has been Inid since 1905. The averaze width cf
these stroots is 34,4 feot. Tho averige cost was *1.86
per squaro yard. Sheet asnvhalt «as introduced into the
city about tho time of adopting the more standard forms of
construction. This stiniardization, perhins, oxmlains the
introduction cf asphalt for it surely vould have been unube
to have attompted to lay it on any but a rigid foundation.
Tho rails for tho street riilvays were embadidiel in concrete
stringers which mothod of construction had .lso become stan
dard practice by this time. Bee Figuro 2. Tho combined curb
ani gutter was laid on all sheet asvhalt noved «troets. This
form of curb and sutter is esnscially desirable vith this
paving for its smooth lines which harmonize vell with the
even surfieed paving. This curd anil vutter also forms a
chinnel for street drainazoe ant -rovonts water romiining
on the asphalt itsolf for any groat length of timo to hasten
the .svhalte! disintegration. The ietails of foundation,
track stringors, .n.i street railvay construction boing well
built, ve micsht erpect an oxcollent asphalt pavononte In
the thicknoss or asphilt ccat wo notice a variation from
frenoral practice,- tha binier course boins Jaid ene inch ahd

tho ‘voaring coat ono ind onz—half inches; in sood design
LO

the thickness is usually om:nd one-hn1lf and tvo inches
reopectively. It might be uniorstood, hovevor, that none

cf? the asphalt strceots aro locatcd in that portion of the
city having the heaviest traffic, much cf it being in the
recidenée district “hore tho traffic is comparatively light.
The slipperiness of this kind of navoment is not serious in
Kalamazoo bacauge ths mrades ars 1.1] vor; Plate As to the
woaring qualities of asph.1lt in this city, it is impossible
to revort very (efinitoly as the work has not been done long
enough to damonstrate its dofocta or zool quilities. Accord.
ing to H.C, Taft, the oojection te asyh-lt in this city seens
to be his zeneral ons,- that it is oithor too sponry in sun-
mer or too ant to exac’ in cold voathor. Tho first part of
this statsmnt is borne out by tho statements cf teamsters
who avoid atrests Tail vith nshhalt in summer on account of
the sroeat tractive resistance ‘uo to epontiness. To all

2 pearances the surface is in oxoellont conclition, no tone
doncy ‘'o roll on tho founlation, or to crack boing an arent.
For of these pavements have streot ra lways but those which
have show no tendency to broak or crack alon;z tho trackse
Ovinz to the sreat amount of automcbilins done on these streets
some trouble due to the action of grease and o11 on the asphaly

miy be encountered, although ve io not consider this a very
sorious difficulty. A photogravh of sheet asphrilt in the

residence section of tho city ray be seon in Firuro 6.
Asphait Block Pavomonte
Wo asphalt block pavemsant has been laid in tho city
ll.

- Since 190%. Altogethor thoro aro nbout 162 miles of this
kind of pavement in Kalamazoo, the streets having an average
vidth of 51 foet.e It is a significant fact that the cest of
this pavement has avaraged "3.52 »er aquare yard against %1.86
for nesphalt and “1,.7¢C por square yaril for orick. With this
must also be taken into consideration tho fact that the
foundation is commosad of sravel rnd not concrote, and that
sand filler was used. Tho advantages claimui for xsghalt
block, iG. that it is not as slippery as sheet asphalt and
can be laid on stoeper trades, is hardly applicable in Kala-
mazoo because there are no danzerously steep grades in the
citye Tie canitary voluc ct this prvorient is about tho sme
as for brick. The cdafect round in this pavement is the ten-=
dency to disinterrato ovins te the action of traffic and the
~gathere In fact that lait in 1900 on Buriick Ste (S20 Table
S) is badly worn, the blocks beint roundod in somothat the
Game manner as a "orn pivenont cl cylindrical ““caien blocks.
This street has been ropaired, new blocs Loins inserted for
thooe badly ‘vorn, makine 2 vary irrocsular surltace@e A general
viev of the asphalt block pavoment :ay be seen in Pigure 7.
Bitulithic Pavement.

All of this pavement, 183 7&1) be seen in Table 3, amount-
ing to 1.5 miles vais lail in 1905. It was first int reduced
into zoneral practica in 1901. Tho amount laid in Kr lamazoo
seems to in.licate an oxnarimont. This kind of pavement
‘possesses many of the desirable jualities of sheet asphalt.

It costs Dut 1.274 por square yar. against an average of
 
o1e86 for espRalt. it 18 compurstivaly nelsoiass and not
ag slippery a3 esphalt. Hovever, “hon ve conc to exanino
44 closer va find only 1. breken stonds STounsrtione Tho woar-
ing AUP 109, $00, is not ay durvoie os asohalt, bains come
posed of softer miboriale Thon tis founiation stitch 48 of
uncemented broken stones 45 weaker and not suited to the verg
heavy traffic cf ths business gociione. Tho rmeunt ait loca~
Gfien of this kini my be Zounl in Tavle 32owdirsap in nocket
of Thonis, wil 2 ciesurda siocing 4 tonoesal view of 9 portion
in Fivturs 6.
Brick Pavcnonte

There 16 at rresant uocut C miles cf urich covenant
in Kalanizco, having an avoraga vidth of 44 ft. und cost
per eg are vard of “1e70,. In all it rovrsosents sbeut three
fifths cof tha tctal cmowmt of yrivemont in tho city. About
the only doteils net ontionsd umdor "Gonoral Construction"
are the bind of brick ant Jillors uscete Tho city has used
caven kinds of brick ont fiva Wfferont Tillers. As 0 Loe
oult ct the trials rida, et “tietices chev that Netropolitan
block i186 rreven to ie 2 fT vorite anil Nee &, or Piensor
pitoh is nov used Almect axclusivoly ror fLillore Conent
grout is also use. te auite an oxtont but then used specia
expinsion joints hnvo to bo previded fore When pitch is
used it takos caro of expansion. The csmont horever loeps
the corners of tho brick fren chir-int under tio horses
hoofge San? was usrad as 2 “3llar in but for essere. It was
mot suffiocitontiy dirmosrvious te ths »assazea of vater and so

did not tive satis “action.
13.6

Tho first brick or bicck vavamont was laid on E wt
Main Bt, smd wae corsoved of fiavion Block on a 6" gravel
founintion. A tar fillar was uscd. Tho tratfie io modcre
yfoly Lisht on this section cf tro etract ond tha navancnt
is still in fairly ~oot eoniidijon iftor 14 vours oF sorvicds,
amcomt vlont tae atroot car tensrae In fact, some of the
DYIGER ARG ne worn tow tha peimprfons on tla prick, a
emecial fortura, ove Mices: arrad, Jowine the top cf the
brick «orfottiv smocthe

Tho Cirst troat trounle “lin brick vavanont ocose along
HNO soraet ene tonsa. Tha eitle vsat vero oleoly £8 tees,
ant atihouch the tias tote aqaupdtie!l in Part? ni canons cone
erata ma qa tannin cf 8 thoe urick boatvrao thornile soon gave

"

‘t. wn ° _ tte ‘et 7 ° eee . a a - ¢e A aa
OU; Dae oye plot ge TA pee Fs cmt w Serio er tikdng up

x fe y

2939 Portion’ eoarmet conersta Sor w Usatonce of (Ca Me ond

roti ting woth cavine ettan cfvad with crwols. Ancohor piece

Was Filled with wivdbis v3cen olons,. Vsitheor co” the ex erie

rients rrovadl nucgegssMd ceri tha treweio do t4 ovovelent,

os edioniiv at the foints of thea vwatise as Pisors 10 ill

SAG «
A your rievad antore novis¢ was dono, the councll of

tne elty beine centomt te wsteh bas eos §ront of che year

«-<

vefora. Bet the fellevine vane fount t*> council asivdin
active eal in 1896 ths city put in a tobi of Lt yGo0 a@eydde
P Wotrovelicin Vloor wh havider oni Mean Sto. Thin time

thoy tried using 2 emiehe. otens vourloation wil sond Piller,

vpoth ef -fiteh hed proven eoseens a Sn thor oftierne But
ls

tha paving thus put down in Frlamasoc mae anythins but
pucease ful, The treffie vor Me cf “idth on Burdick St,
ag will ba noticed in Trblo 3 is the haaviadt of any in
tho city oni this Tact oni conntant terrin?e un of tho atreot
,or runicinal irmrovononts , as mag, wator, and sewor ninos,
has Cwe xd the rvphii declineg «of this -avenente Acceriing
to a Otatorant po vle ov LA, Johnson, nov city oncinoser, it
“AL neva to bo rolait in ono or to vyaarc. Pirurs 11 shows
the axrme troubjo vith a 4*® teo rail for strost car tr:cka an
Burdick St. as vasa oxcoerionced on Hrin Cte

In 1893 the city unistr the supervision o27 its engineer,
20, Tet, wit the stroot coorission, put in tho Pirst brick
roagarant te comm un to tho vrresent cnscificationsa. A 6" cone
crete fountation, sint cushion Motropolitan block, bituninous
trout Tiller and a of O40 sixder esil vore all fenturos “nich
tiny saevrvel at a cost of 41.55 por oie wile This wre Inid
on li.in Ste This jebd and Ise tho tvo put in tha cueccoding
vronr by tho oftyv cnt averaging 71,446 per Bi6e yo. repressor
the lovest Tirst cost of ony tcvancnt tn tho city. x arine
tien of these -avenonts shoved va thit thr wero in very food
corn litdon -ftrr noorly ton -vaars of sorvice, anil vorr much
in contr ots with that 1347 on Mardick 8t. in 1596. Prob.bly
thes throo Joos Ji 1 hore tlion any othaore to stamiardise
sonetrvation in Falamascee. A groit dexl of crodi® is dua to
Me, Taft cool log asalatants for axcalient vcrk at thin timee

From 1S0C to 1008 the construction hag rem-ined ; racti-=
cnlly the same, the cost veryvines fron 71,61 ser one yle as

a mindrum to 41.99 .9 1 miximum, £1.76 representing a fair
as

otal ‘ rape ~ ‘ » 3. ¢ - . a4 a oo « : a a . e
hea Ceallovins tebla ciyecs iste for other citioas of

City Ayvworica Foundation Giirsntoa ite, of

por BueyY.le Mle ydse
fou, Asbo 4-008 o* P.econce 409
Battla Crock 1e5d 67 lie * 24 VIB. LA 712

Pay City £03 DY Pp fw 1 * G 9456
Dobe it ef 65 476

GL. molds 1e@Sh* 58 bp, MW 5 & 73 ,C&5
Lenuing 2820 §ravel 5 (O 2333 4859
eidniy ievl® 59 Dp, “84130

Su vbeygsa hele Ss* Pp, * > p000

epoes mot Liguro cost of wraiinge

Geanktcia Pav sconte

A rcem ef pavoriant for ich much 38 ctainel by its
Vtenegera ts tay "seunitcid® muis by Rudclph 8. Bloma Co,
of Chriciso, Ili. fre trials viccos vera laid in the cityz
$2.9 Bumor of 1907. IFPt is aiso pain: trio. tn Cale
uinat ul Hinaocok, Micha, Gsshington,D.C., Chicago,T : legand
CtUner plisas. Bor tho tine it uan vatn In carvice it has
taVoy soo eabiaoriction.

I$ is monolithic in chorseiar, the roarinz surface bee

ing a composition cf crushed arnonite oni oaront, rully patent-
od by ite oromotors. It jis elacad on the rotmiar o8 conorate

founiation in a layer varyins from 1." to 32 in thickness.
Expansion joints 32 conatrectol alon: o:ch oor ard every

50 ft. longitudinally. These joints aro about 1, inches
L6e
wide and are Lilled with .avin: pitoh or asphalte See
Firures 123 andl 15.

In sere mya this nowerstnt is all that its rronotars
claim it te bo, but in cthor ys our examination sho-ed us
very cleurmy that its roerits vere sonavhat oxattoratede OF
Course the 9 nenths traffic te whteoh it his been ou joctat
pives viry iittle idea of its durwbility, but vo can say
that as far 8 79 can see °+t 48 18 7000 16 when laid. ‘fhe
corners had not been chirped cff ant thore was littlo evig-
dence of voir. As it has withstocd ths heat of one s moor
amt the cold of an everacc winter without chowing any hare-
“uloffacts; and 29 stetintion sheyv that aamnant hardons vith
336, 4% 46 not smrovionswbia te guppose tat ite lneting
qualities art as zrrat as asshalt ocr bricke Nothing icine
Gin ba Biid hovevor, tors maioor of years til] 1% hos proven
i4tsell. Tho coupany furr'shes . 6 yaar ~unranteege

Fa can rewltily see ong vroat advontiugs in tho "Greanitoid®
sayomente The tentorial can be@ orsily nleced around the mane
Olea, Loasiliesa strect cir trachs, ant curbs. As it racuires
mo vetlin: like agonalt tho pors ant ig vractically the same
fancityv in those rinses net so aasily acesssille. This is
mot $re cf anphalt which must ve ro’ lel, or briok “hich ::ust
bs fittea «ni rolled. On the other hoini it i3 olaimed that
ceroire can be onasily an. quickly mule lervines the pavonont
in ep tecd condition «ss if was oritinally. Wo de net think
thet thin 19 tude Te 2 a vary GifTianlt matter to tonr
Ur A BCTI TU pave: ont 29 thick ospacially Tos 2 lon; narrow

tronche Tt ja rlaoo Uitfialt to <at 2 toot bond bot-voen
17.

the repaired nortion anil tie old ravonante

In the matter of cons:ruction the ®"Gronitoid® pavoment
his tho advantate ovor otho: forms on a conoreto foundation,
since the streat is not vleckad to tratfic Zor se Tons 4
Girne As tho voarin: surface ani the Joumniation aro Jaid
Stmultancously, the nolo thing «111 dry out and be ready
ror traffic in bout tho siamo timo that thse sypscif cations
rejuire tho "oO nmintion to ve lovn,before ‘he othsr yaving
matevtal can be biult.e Aloo tho:9 is no delay for rolling,
fFillins, tarcine, etce

ret cect is a little hithor than for brick or

3

The «i
aapnalt, the noise fren traffic avout the emo as Lor brick
with 3 tae filter. Tho veanitary foiturcs ara also about
tha sama as for tha Jast cmontionel’ sa'quontse Yo are unable
tc lstomdns hee tha pavimont <o:lt bs tr-ated ~hen it cote
worm Lull ¢f neoles ant mts, wilass thoy coll cover it with
& earn: surfnce af ashalte Obhartiso tha foundation and
Alloce Td have to po torn urie

HSOOnNG«IC COSte

In order te obtain a btusis cr cor: arison botvraen the
diiferont kinis cf streets unicr the caves anit differont trae
ffie ceniitions, we Rave usal a method of somputing economio
cost “hich nurports to t1xka inte account 111 tho factoss
involved in the tra valuation of «a prvoronte Tho true
worth cf 2 yaverent toes not depend usoh tts first cost or
fength of lif: slone 2.8 is cermonly arrrosad. S8emo of the

fa2etore -hich 70 to make uj; the sum total of « socd pavement

aro oxsily detormined; others are tea 1ere estimates assed @
IG.
tho gulecant of er. arisnesa’ encjinerws, TT 2 values wa have
assuncs Horo :o tekon fick TMa.ara! Tusbt-pock y Feed on
Payononte, Yad tha Intorrvides .2 Corzesncntance Sahoel naperee
Theos vabues ar2 atthen wusted Tiractiy cr avoracsoa cf the

a y ~ sp P<. wi. ‘ soa, , 4 ° ’ 2 - .° .
Vilaes flu: cLtainerd; or In fous oagoy cies on our am jJulge

Tug pathod et wrecalurce gf as Tollewss
Let A= Rem+a+e0+e4
“nara k= Pirst sort vor sccayele Inclucine sf, intorect
ohares:. on invos tment.
moAnnual ceset of caintananse mor Gie Yole
g=Annurl carvice cont por 99%6 71, (ccct of woar

and tear, loras3 “ug to reuchnacsd, traative

rostetorga, mice)

ae
tN

Compeayent Tanacan. (unitary value, noleoless -
Noy 2bCe)
NeArmmunkl guc8 csr ote ye

bk fis ebtadnew feo. toa Borouavla

’ fie. as supe de yy - *
Tord O,= Fiest cest oor pe, yl,

T= TInnwi yalue of rountation aint aurtaae water ial

re
~—
\)

~-—f
-@
o:
e
£5
rs

- . * yp > ” ~
FOATS OF nar 2283

L=Ratc cP interest crartal on t4eet aoste

»

In «hich ty=cont of traffie oor ten pl. nar year

J

h=triacfie tonnatg ocr day,
w= width of Street in yards.
]

Tae values usad In acuowtine (ky) wl (a) croc as ocfyan in

Table 5.
196

Table 5.

Sheet Asphalt Brick Bitu- Granitoid

asphalt block lithio
n 10 15 135

#1256 $23.32 £1.86 $1.74 $3400

Sure e109 0.10 0.20 0210 0.10

‘ founds «90 0.90 O «90 0.60 0.90
m 0,09 §.08 0.06 0.08 0.07
o 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.08
8 0.08 Oel3 0.0/2 0.08 Oo .08
d 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02

The traffic tonnaze was takan from Table 3 for the stre@sa
given. The annual cost a and the traffio cost per ton

ya. vere pomruted vith tho results csivon in Table 6.

Table Ge
Stroet. Kind Cost Total Traffic Total fraffioc
per pd.traffic tonnage annual cost per
square. ton per per yle cost per ton yde
day of wR pae yde por yre
E, Main Brick $1,46 2537 8307 £00507 $,00000884
N.Burdick * 1.77 49010 s_(« 1356.2 0.403 200000814
N.Roee Grant - 2400 2451 111.0 0.567 «00000908
O48:
8, Park Aspheblese 9 C46 65 4 0.575 eCQ002844
Acadery "= "* 3444 496 495 0.60 20000331
$.Weot Bituli- 1.74 672 51.6 024283 00000834
trio
W, Lovell Aophalta sg 04434
sheet 1.8 860 85 8 0,383 «0006123
43 cities
U.8e AVe
1900 Asvhalt 2,28 0.453
8 cities
Miche ave
1907 Brick 1.52 0.44
a0.
From Pable 6 it vill be noted that tho colwm hoade

Total Annual cost por sde yde is fairly indicative of the
value of the pavenont 211 thinga conoidorcd. Horo wo find
that brick, asphalt,ini granitoid are nearly ojual, Asphalt
block onl bitulithic are hich oving to high first oost and low
value of tho vounslation at tho ond cf tho retiod of lifes
From the standpoint of trffice cost, vo find that on N.Burdick
St. to be the lovest, although the annuil oost ia higher than
of “Main St. We also find that the roducal cost is due to
the narrowness of the street which consequently inoreasesa the
traffic por yarl of widthe <A comparison botwoon ©. Main St.
ani NH, Rose St. is interosting. Here wo find the same annual
cost and width «f street, vith a aifferont first cost. The
former has the lover traffic cost. If the anount of traffile
per vard of viaith weroincreased to that on thse latter, and
the sorvice cost inoreased in proportion, the traffic cost
woulhd sti11 beglicshtly tesavetiod dees. The vidth of the more
lightly travelied streets could be safely de:rensed vithout
incrersins tne tonnarsof traffic por yari of width above that
of the most hoavily travelled streets. This, howovor, would
not be advisable in practice, for thixty facet is about the
minimum width cf otroets for apnearance and general utilit:.
The last two items of Table © rive tho averase annual eost

of asphalt in 42 cities of tho United Statea for 1900, and
that for brick in ° cities in Michizan for 1907. Phese aro
worked out on thse sams basis as for tho pregeeding items. A
comparison of these costs vith those already computed is

favorable to Kalamazoo.
Ble

In tho matter of future construction we think tho
standari established, shou'd be clossily followed with per-
haps a change to an 8® concrote foundation on Burdick St.
when it to revavod. The stroot intersection is alno a
food features In thonatter of curbing tho oity would do wll
to specify Bemea stone for business streets and tho combinod
Burd ani Butter for all residence streots in tho futuroe

Althouch thers is somo talk against tho grooved ani the
girder rails tho city should insist on thoir use on paved
streets until somo satisfactory construction using the toe
rail ia alvancel. As ve have shom,the trick is a destruce
tive agent in a pavorent, int tho best construction possible
is the only one “nich should bea oonsiderot,.

Woe recommend the continuance of "standard® brick pavomat
zor the business strete and shoet asphalt for tho rosidence
strootse At present we think that the "Granitoid® is a z0ood
paverent for semi-pusiness streets; but think that the city
should wait three or four years bofcro laying more of it, thus
giving it timo to partially provo itsel’. Ths bitulithio
construction mikes 2 z0ed savement put 1t costs more than
sheet asphalt an: doos rot «ive any better aatisraction. And,
ag in our opinion it vill not vear as long as the shoet asphalt,
wo think the latter sho 1d bo constructed instead of moro

itulithic. It misht be woll also ror tho city to invosti-
gate creosoted ocd block as a forn of pavenente It is now
boing tasted by ths govornmont AW vhich reports oxceedinzly

good resulte fron its use.

Tho block asphalt ahoul. not be ocnsidered as a future
Be

construction in the citye Fho hish cost ani short life aro
certainly not offset by any alvantigss which this pavement
May PoBsesBe

In addition to ths daluctions made above, we will add
that in a general way Kalamazceo his boen very successtul in
her pavinz exreience as comparet vith othor cities of our
acquaintancoe. Efficient oncinesro, systenatio operation, and
unrestrictot authority cannot bo toe highly valnod in clty

enginooring ork.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      

 

ee
a
A
< NY
S >
~ RN
w 3
i)
Side walk 4
ea
Gatch-basit
NS a)
Se
Bd dae
lee
Ya eae ae

STREET INTERSEGT/ON
KALAMAZOO, MICH.
Om ae ae = |
1” Gauge
faving titch Lee oe ul: ueeeaae
agen ag SH
7S WF rd, ve ENG

,

 

  
          
 

<a ° “4 a Y 2 ae 4 —— PPI I
np, oes Wa i ae ee , ‘ PR TERA LEAS, = rare
? = os :
a aya Se Fs a ek en oO * Yen rO oF bd SS , Be SE
F} Ce ere Seay (oa ai Soe) “Pp Preah th RELY od se Paces 5 SOE,
Seer ne Tie LCN hile * Go RIE Wes lea os
See Pats Sem cone ae A) oy 7
a em Pea ee? rey aC) h ere o at hirn oe oe Fa ONeT er eC. Paes a Le eg
A eee ta Pc sa tay ct o” . Pe
i; tg tap er a seta Pay 8 a," & hes" batt os oP eo ie By ‘4
> y= Ce Flan ee Re A ae + was eA ee Roe
n tf _ - | a Fiore ie ia eA ae 2 ae ie Phos gt An
=~ Sonar g wishes aa CLS a
VS Ms AP aaed See Saad cere a i CZ piper Za
a eo ree an’ Pa ae a es Re ‘
Pitter mee ee ee
yr eta wih Inet hae Sarat Ex
Ta Pum Rey | Pons tats Det ar has LE
PP Od apa ees ie Ta Pe aae oS
BN "a save. eg bat Geers ites SA Pips
on B . iN yi <
—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fo) ne od
STREET RAILWAY
CONSTRUCTION.
OA Ag VAC ah
 

Pigure 5e

The cornor of Pitchor St, and Kalamazoo Avo. showing
a typical atroet intersection for brick paveononte Notice
tha manner of laying brick and also tho gutter, sidewalks,

and catch basins shown in ths drawing of Fire le
 

Fisure 6.

Looking west on South St. Another pretty residence
street having a sheet asphalt ravement. Tho standard form
of driveway made with tnecombined curb and gutter is shown
at the left.
 

Figure 7.

Locking west on Academy 8t. A pretty residence
street paved with asphilt block.
 

Pigure 8s.

A view shoving the bitulithic pavement on the comer
of Main Bt. and West St. Notice tho grooved raile with

two rows of vitrified brick alonz tho inner and out>r edszes
 

 

Figure 9.

A view of the brick pavement laid on East Ave. during
the summer of 1907. Ths cement combined curb and gutter is
Plainly shown at the right.
 

Figuro 10.
A view of tho first prick pawment laid in Kalamazoo.

In good condition except along the car track where a 4" toe
rail was used. Construction is especially poor at joints
of rails. Compare with the girder or srooved rails in
Pigs. 8 and 12,
 

 

 

Figure ll.

Brick pavement on N,Burdick St, Laid in 1896.8t is
in such a deplorable condition that there is strong talk
of rolaying it in the near future. The bad effect of
the 4® tea rail is noticable.

stayed. an 14 //

 
 

Pigure 12.
Rose S$. showing "Granitoid® pavement laid in the summer
of 1907. Notice the brick like effect of the pavement to

provent slipping.
 

Picure 13.
Another bit of tho "Granitoid" pavement. Looking

west on Eleanor St, from Rose St,