Pi VT iz See! THESIS NC Pe eee: Pe . WAMUUINNNN 25 Sam COHN DEWITT McLOUTH (i. a Dake. te THESIS — Cy , . yo ) Kot f wee hee af Cut L.. oo —} ANAL. Ne | -~ \ 7 U a a” ’ ’ : w ‘ ‘ ‘ \ ' oe FP { Row aS , : 1 ‘ ~ bot a oF _ THESIS ON Impurities in Clover Seed, a \ 5 ~ J D MeLouth, eV7=un Ne Agricultural College, Mich, June, 1897, THESIS ON IMPURITIES IN CLOVER SEED, --000-- Clover seed is ;robably the most common medium whereby the seeds of noxious we-ds become scattered, It is known to be a fact that the con- mon clover sved usually found on sale in the market contains more iiwpure- ities than other seed bought by the farmer, Many reasons can be given for te strengbhening of these aprarently broad stat auents, In the first Place, but few men sowing clover secd ever stor to scrutinize carefully the secd they are scattering broadcast. On account of its varied color they take it foregranted that it ig all clover seed, Second, it is as extensively used in the northvurn states, at least, as any other seed because of ita excellent qualitics as a forage plant, as a plant for green wanuring, and also because of its nitrogen yroducing qualities, owing to the tubercles on its roots, fhird, it is impossible to cultivate clover like we do some other crors to exterminate the weeds, nor is the clover sufficiently heavy and tall to smother out the weeds as wheat does, Fourth, Many of our weed secds are about the same size as clover, making it very @aifficult to remove them with a fanning mill, Pifth, wany weeds ripen their seeds in time for the cutting of the common June clover, This crop of seed is commonly the second cutting gathered late in the summer or fall. The theorist would naturally con- clude that the weeds rould all be cut with the Jume cror of hay and thus have nothing to bear seed for the second cutting, but the fact is that many of our comson weeds like plantain, sorrel, and ragweed are very prolific in seed production after having been cut off once, They send 102416 ~ ‘ in 1 \ —_ -= -_ . ¥ ° . e ev ° ‘ ° 7 - . . » ‘ ” — e 7 ° ? - . _ -_— . + ‘ . ~ - = -- c- . te, : eo * a . “ , - . - -_ : - 4 a 4 2 a Cy a at oy e ' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ° . a , ‘ * o. - a ~ i . , x - 4 - » « . ° ¢ s wy - - + - ’ - -f . . ° ¢ ” up seed stalks bearing muuch seed with but little tor or leaves, Ho distinction is made in the following tablcs between the June and the “Mammoth clovers, but I think I am safe in saying from observa- tion vwnile exauining the sagples that the June clover seed of the second cuttings; late in summer contains rniore wecds than tre Marmoth clover sevd of the first cuiting in July. This is accounted for from the fact that the Man oth clover is cut too early for the maturing of nany varieties of vecd se -ds, Ti:e scirles examined for the data making up this thesis were mostly cbtaincd frei cealers in small rural towns which were probably bought fror. residert farners, The samples secured from these spall dealers rere frcevnc to be on an average as clean if not cleaner than from the larg;e dealers in Chicago, Grand Rapids, and Detroit, This does away vith the trecry that the large dealers have expensive wachinery which they vsc in cleaniug their seed, I believe that we sonetimes get very clean scurles frcouw them is due to their grading, They have the room and the fecilities fcr heering clean seed separate from the poorer grades, Fxplanation of work. Five (&) graus of each sample was cxam ned, Some experiment sta- tiong have cxan ned ten (10) grams, but I find most of them using five. After weighing, the sgecd was spread on a rhite payer and with reading glass tc aid the eyes all foreign matter- or all watter pot clover secd, inelucing brchen and shrunken clover sexd vas removed and weifgred, The yer cent cf clcver and yer cent of foreign matter by weight is shown in tte tro last columns of Table I, The weed seeds found in the foreign iatiercee t@entified and counted and the naue and number of each Ga 5 recorded in Table II, The identification of the weeds was in most oases by comparison with the collections in the college herbarium and verified by either Professor Wheeler or Dr,Beal, Next, two lots of 50 each wceBe couytted out from each of the samples of clover seed and put to germinate by the Geneva method, In colums 4 and & of Table I rill be found the result of the gsrmination, Key to tablegs fable I, Column I contains the miumbers of samples, * 2 gives name of sender of sample, ® 3S " locality from which seed was secured, e 4&65 give result in rer cent of germination, . 6 gives ¢ of clover, ® 7 " * *" foreign matter, Table II, Column I contains numbers of the saur les as Colum I, Pable I, At the tor of the remaining columms vill be found the names of the weeds and in the colums under the names of the weeds will be found the number of wood seéds contained in the sample whose numer is opposite this mmber in the left hand colum, For comvenience in making out the tables the list of weeds are not Quplicates on the various rages, but altogether it makes a list of about 30 weeds in Michigan clover seed, J.D.MeLouth, ‘97, % , me / _ - ( TTBI1A=% = ek. io tc) - Sy Ty yt ie . &. - - NT be i” ” a i te ( a T \ oe ‘- . ) \ ~> - TD yt at te wey Orta ~ Mee ° or r doy meres ta oe (At 3-Yore0 STI woe ony _ {+ - a. ~——s a i.) ae Pye TL ll. + 4 A ° st we Pe (Amnoa07) Doses sree — 4 -—- . +8 —, Pe gh ey —-+ (dO cet oa tw . of fn~- iL ° *. ~~ + oe . be ‘ os <4 <= oT vee. @' , ots .) ° ao ' _— — — - — - T° eme a. meca-y 83} PN 77 - ( IO wv: ws - 0 e a ‘, : \ ‘ et - | : - ema tt tans "TD Vet Cee | = 4 CRT) —™ tm +e - —= —- . . . -~ y= _ tb pe eee ely rt- ’ o9° niet > nn “hoe Ms “ , w o he ‘6 ~ 7 - ~. faqetoooe odopicia @ er =! . ~~ ee ¢ C12 as Te} > “th Lo } Le wa. oe; ( OU) | "OVE Crary 3 - ; (S32 2F OUP Sato: ,mu7t ~ my _ ~ por vat pu ~e CUd ‘ c “ ~« ~ - . wes iS Tennres rasa 3G Morn. “(9° A Soy “BTTOJOVTS TIN4Le Vz_SOnqUy (ssv0.c3 YOu Tes DTO) “elL@TT To 30 TM TUS ( AULOTITL ) =: ‘este yetl rmeTud, ( 888243-0T730¢) | “STPATA STYUCezeureyy e = a eS — + -. — —- = -- - ee 23 + \ 57 445 26 + 1 : a eh — --- t 1 21 24 iy + 50 229 BO ag ag : 32.419 19 | | a_i us a4 er) tq “4 «jt oO ert | &® : | - Df a a — | | CER a : Al aT *soptoge tp tomts chic | | Si t et | ot ce sO oo ~- mi cji|e| - ! | a“ | i cA et | et | | ! a“ ea _ | : oD : | je] ja e| |/gigig| |& o;s | p o |e © | a 1 - lal» 0 [ et aie “ . et | ot r oe ce a " SOT teorste Tot ih god (WTeeT rr) © + oe ce ToC rad | (p oyu "0 0 ce Qa ji« . ‘BTLOIOVISTE Ie Vc ucgen, a | Tht Tid thie tc © a “|e | (TT81= 792) " oo; ai ‘eoneti} Sho mo orn) | 7 CAL OTITY ) ° (> ov ~~ & O a 8 " na “ © a e me fOstozyOltl thw [Ud . "9 2 ot : (200g ) - 4 co] ee “9 ee a | 7 4 ot |e? ‘xornruy ce (saei3-wsre ) rs *TTTBeS-sn2z29 Tmo pUEd (880.03-01130C) ‘STIP2TA STUdcsecwreyo 12 | 1 st 42 44 45|| t r+ rs yo | ~y r t [ ‘™ «4 de erry: mM: mw - 6 —— (9A : le we woh yy ce , —t tar + — ot - _ ~ ‘ ; . . - Caw / BSODNTIVY TT Tay ty aC , " « Soe tam OI | Sy eo 23 ot jot | “ - CHr ~. ~ = - _ . IT IVI TTT ota hie g = - L -& -ft.e (Og ( es) yy 2 ot) ~ et - . ‘> ‘ hel? ppt fs ay - i a rn b> . (. Ts la | wt * VIAV~ - ‘N ' , 7 ym en ~~ he rTP Oo! - ew . fe re r woe Gd ¥ Pye yl enme w - CUTE TT st rt | © »)" yay (oles ctesg . eee (ye ou) “@TIOTOBW ST ep 1 eo eye __ i - 7- 8 6. eH - . . . (feos TS «| oo 0 mis €.5, +... - BTTOSI Ves. sane rt PTTL lk Lio pig ai Clq o} al} ow | 0 ” ” ™ ‘ 4 cd ~ VOUT Sp ee! 2 TED re - ~ ty’ . ( 2 OG eel - wet. areal rt ot TEA TTT ATTA “ugpr ior — 4 —--@ +--+ TT © e373 Tr _- e | “ (ssead wos >to) ~ ” ° ? rt “ALVTIT [20 rmo pied NX C&noun) fOstroq¢e.s.. TMe Lig ll Sl 18 20 (pc on=FTd) ‘snyUucte4rry 1 1 CDO0g) *xormy 1 6 ~~ (88609-97410) “STIPATA STudeseumeyg 28 10 68/110 59|, 16 60 61) 47 635 65 66 48 67| 68) 65 69); 26 70 74 76 a4 ‘4 t--4 ,- \ o 8 , a a4 a4 t. t- toa . 4 4 Le bk © ¢ 4 . & 4 fy a (3 $2 oe te a4 Cc, . fe . { &. 4 , 7: N . | a | ? 4 ° “4 | a&e a4 } ‘ ° “4 @s. a4 a’. a) ° 4 “ o + . t Lo oe Pr « . ¢ «@ f- . r en & 4 ta oe r . 4 HO Mane. Locality of sood. Germination, clover. uations 1. V.C.Walton, Freeport, Mich. 98 88 938 062 2, Edwards Bros, Flint, . 698 .88 .9904 .0196 5. oo yyy ad ¢! Le > a "fe ) » 7 *, e - » e e . e ‘ e e ~- : : S46 e é w @ 4 A of ame, shots ar [ i] woo. “Sf ’ oN corto UF eh ie et e an @ e ile a a id ~ ‘ e . . -e@ *- — ao: ome ‘ . . @ . - - - ~- ‘ ._ a : e- \ . Sa Poo, e 7 . @ e a e e ‘ -'- ¢ , e ~s - . . - @ as 7 -. a " moby "OBOLYO. Bete! ~ oe e uw e x ‘@ - e 2 e o #6 ar ' @:-- tere a“ we ‘ai wd - “ ‘, 7 oe e. . W . ey! . = ’ 7, ° j ' ore qr e "4 ‘@ -Fo e @ -''@ e oot ‘ oA e e ‘“ @° ay “ . " re : “J fifa” ; TOT te eee 3 .' 9 : e e “6 @ e- ae e* he owe . . ow '% ‘ : ‘ \ ® \ “) ‘ _-~ tt -. a) ‘oe & ‘ ‘ ¥e e +. ' @ , - @ e , e-: ow “ ' m~A m O . ~~ . * % t = .. ~ - om! i a & » a * nw re t ‘ em ae . ’ e w- e * @ . e ee‘ 7%: I. ee fc oboe oy Oo Ey a ae ~ - S & ce w . Oo ¥ or 7 . ¢ - ao =< ,4 ~ , o ’ oa w « Coote - - > §$ ” a t ( ? 6 t, e o a e s e ka 1 s woe a e s . ye o wan poe Fade if ae , , , “ \ : r ~ omg ek “+ ai w= @ a. . ' » 6 t @: , (ers 4 co e ‘ ’ e - e 7 N ee -* @ @ . . @ehb. mm 4 ' a e- s 4 6 . 9g 8 a e o - « e a ® mm 94 e A ty 4 Foreign ioe Name. Locality of socd, Gormination. Clover Mattar, | sl. A.H Rove, Chicago, TI1l, 96 .93 .975 027 S86 W.A,Jackson, Allen, ‘Mich, 96 .98 ,966 0014 53. L.V.Beoobe, Elnira, " 088 .92 .993 .007 54. Pear Millis, North Lansing, * 92 694 .938 07 co. " " . " . 80 .738 .951 2069 56. amb « Spenser, Charlotte, * 98 .96 ,898 e102 57. H.W.Landreth, Battle Creek, * 92 «6696 6948 0652 o8, Frank “Miller, Vassar, « 84 .86 ,.95 205 59. H.E.Green, Olivet, * 75 =482 0=—_g 993 2007 60.. €.0.Gardner, Sturgis, " 1.00 .92 ,9946 0054 61. Patterson & Co, Martin, Ind, 96 1.00 .977 923 62. Smith & Corning. Kibbourmg City,Wis. .92 .96 ,995 e005 63 Lewis ¢ Chawbers, Louisville, Ky. 1.00 .96 ,997 2003 64. A.J.Brown, Grand Rapids-Chicago seed .90 .94 ,.983 017 65. A.A,Whitehead, Bath, Mish, 82 .84 .9558 00442 66. J.C, Vaugen, . Chicago, T1ll, 90 .92 .962 038 67. “Albert Dickensen, . ° 2.00 .98 ,9864 0156 168, ° . ® # 84 .86 ,.9&4 0936 69. . Pear} Mills, North Lansing, Mioh..98 .96 ,903 097 70. Whitehead & Co, Lansing, * .88 .98 .973 .027 71. L.F.Beckheart, Hillsdale, " 96 (98) .953 047 72. Hill's Seed Store, Detroit, . 90 .81 ,.952 068 A Most, Hamburg, " 86 .90 .942 .068 “74, John Tichtz, St.Louis, 5 84 .88 .983 017 75, W.Coston, Breckenridge Pe 96 .9754 0266 evn * . e a = A: ° @ — « wee @ @ yj ‘e @ » ad o ' - e ve -~ a el. e ' ® ., eos @ - . . e ms re a . e t e Ca 1 © a) ' e ~®. - e -@ ‘ “ 1 ga e o @ » an -— e t- w.- : ?° e ~~ - ¢ e 7s 2 4 6 ~e 2 - ~ ' . 4 e @ ®: ‘ e f , - * 6 ~= : . 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CAs - ; tol, | — TF eo ~ -- - \ ; . _ \ L . -— . | ox e4 o] et “south sor bat tae ~ . ° “~ = — 4 _ t ( to 7 *.) * we , , ' - - | FT ‘sepTortn TT 1 wole tee Pood Smet tarps on re wake (> iw) "3 roe \ Ae we rkha, fmevtIoD coy ot » 0 1 - set. -~weis { km ag, eo oe 1 Il —_ = . _. } “ — + . - : -- ( ' IOSO OQ . . | i 4 wt ? < (tre Tray ae ) \ | a . rs 6 - ~. a“ t .,! ‘- , 7 = - wre: 6 wet ce. 2 ! . -* & iu On 28. eal 4 (To2293 ae nN ~~ ©. : . et “wr TAs as 2 AO TQ 7 | N ; . . - - saan 7g crac ry 00 | , a (ssc ws o¢ ae ip wv | | | | |) | , | FogeIT TOEFL ae f- at u ; ; (eee) ! | : | | | © areyee oy: | ‘ - EP oa \ -'s- et -rwl | cr ee | | ed et | ot Tectejuss Md PPE ote KT (ssurd-077705) poe fe tt Ss a Soa dae eee pe vw | | : “STDITA Spicer de ee oe - Oo ! (OTY3T Tin) | Z ‘esniereourt snoqzuo | | - =~ - oe a 4 5 6 7 8 | 9 | No weeds, 19 4 a 6-. 4 a 4 Ty {- Ta Sent Cee anne = ( ion ON ee oe gee = eee owe MM 8 ee es